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Panginot na pahina Portal kan komunidad Dai pa sana nahahaloy na pagbabago Dawa anong pahina Tabang Espesyal na mga pahina Mag-donate Maggibo nin account Mag-login Mag-donate Maggibo nin account Mag-login Panginot na Pahina Panginot na Pahina Urulay Basáhon Hilingon an source Tanawon sa historiya Basáhon Hilingon an source Tanawon sa historiya Ano an nakatukdo digdi Katakod na mga pagbabago Mag-upload nin file Permanenteng link Impormasyon kan pahina I-cite an pahinang ini Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Magmukna nin sarong libro I-download bilang PDF Bersyon na mapi-print Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikiquote Wikisource Wiktionary Item na Wikidata Dagos tabì sa Wikipedyang Bikol Sentral , an talingkas na ensiklopedya na maliliwat nin siisay man. Igwa nang 21,313 na artikulo sa Bikol Sentral . Sabado , Enero 10 , 2026 , 19:48 ( PHT ) bàgo Napiling artikulo An Pili (Canarium ovatum, Lat.) sarong tanom na nagkakahoy. An bunga kaini ginigibong iba-ibang klaseng dulse, asin an tagok na inaapod salong na naturo kun linulugad an kahoy niya, ginagamit pulot, asin kwenta pang-ilaw sangle sa lana o gas kan mga enot na mga panahon. An pili igwang 600 na species sa pamilyang Burseraceae. Ini tal na tubo sa Filipinas (Merill, 1923) asin dagya' na gayo sa Habagatan Luzon, orog na sa rehiyon Bikol. Igwa man kaini sa ibang parte kan Visayas asin Mindanao alagad an mga paratanom sa mga lugar na ini, susog sa impormasyon kan mga taga Departamento nin Agrikultura sa probinsya nin Camarines Sur, nagkukua nin semilya sainda pa sa pagtubod na mas maray an kalidad kan tinanom na pili sa Bikol. Iba pang mga artikulo: Lea Salonga Hidilyn Diaz Bob Marley Quince Martires Mikroorganismo Tomas Arejola Bagyo Protina Bulkan Mayon Manuel Quezon Corazon Aquino Emilio Aguinaldo Dolores Sison Maria Orosa Lea Salonga Jose Maria Panganiban Jorge Barlin Gregorio Aglipay Syudad nin Naga Jesse Robredo Mi Ultimo Adios asin iba pa. Napiling mga ladawan Boac Cathedral An Boac sarong primera klaseng banwaan na namumugtak sa probinsya nin Marinduque, Filipinas. Igwa ining sukol na 212.70 kilometro kwadrado na kadagaan asin namumugtak sa solong distrito. An designadong zip code kaini iyo 4900. Digdi manunumpongan an Katedral nin Boac. Dakol pang ladawan hali sa mga partisipante kan Wiki Loves Monuments Philippines 2022 . Sawa An sawa sarong klase nin mga halas na igwa nin haralaba, daing tabay, mga reptilyang nagkakakan nin karne kan suborder na Serpentes. Arog kan gabos na iba pang isquamates, an halas ectothermic, amniote vertebrates napapatos sa suruon na mga kiskis. Dakol pang ladawan hali sa mga partisipante kan Wiki Loves Earth Philippines 2023 . Aram daw nindo... Gikan sa mga pinakabàgong artikulo kan Wikipedia : ... na an inot na Filipino na nakakua nin Bulawan na Medalya sa Olimpiko iyo si Hidilyn Diaz ? ... na pigtutubudan na piggamit bilang sarong pangkalkula kan mga simpleng operasyon sa matematika an Tulang nin Ishango ? ...na sa Alpabetong kan Hapon , dakuten an apod sa markang ( ゛) na mahihiling sa ibabaw, arog kan び, samantalang handakuten an apod sa markang ( ゜) na mahihiling sa ibabaw, arog kan ぴ? ...na an Product Exhibition Hall kan Hiroshima na pigdisenyo ni Jan Letzel (yaon sa ladawan), an solo-solong establishimentong nakatindog pagkatapos kan pagsabog kan bombang atomiko sa Hiroshima na haraní sa Hypocenter o pinagsabugan kaini? ... na inot na ginibo an Better Living Through Xeroxography sa syudad nin Naga kan Hulyo 30, 2016? ... na gikan sa antigong kawat na pirilawan an terminong "napilawan"? ... na ipapasali sa Cultural Center of the Philippines para sa Virgin Labfest 2016 an isinurat na dula ni Maki de la Rosa ? ...na an Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamatea turipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu , an pinakahalabang pangaran kan lugar sa New Zealand na ipinangaran sa saróng burol? ... na lukot iyo an apod sa alimbubuyog na dai nin pantudok? ... na Leila Norma Eulalia Josefa Magistrado de Lima an bilog na ngaran ni Senadora Leila de Lima ? ... na an paradalagan gikan Sur na Aprika na si Oscar Pistorius putol an duwang tabay? Mga naaaging pigpili - Magpoon nin bàgong artikulo Mga portal asin kategorya Kabikolan Arte Biyograpiya Kinaban Edukasyon Historya Literatura Matematika Siyensya Sosyedad Tataramon Teknolohiya Gabos na artikulo Dakol pa na mga kategorya... Mga katakod na proyekto Mga katakod na proyekto Tataramon sa Filipinas: Cebuano · Tagalog · Ilokano · Waray-Waray · Kapampangan · Pangasinense · Chavacano Zamboangeño · Hiligaynon (inkubator) · Rinconada Rinconada (inkubator) · Capiznon (inkubator) Mga tataramon kan kinaban: Ingles · Aleman · Espanyol · Pranses · Italyano · 日本語 (Niponggo) · Nederlands (Dutch) · Polski (Polish) · Português (Portuges) · Svenska (Swedish) Kompletong Lista kan Wikipedia · Multilingwal na Koordinasyon · Pàno Magpoon nin Bàgong Wikipedia An Wikimedia Foundation minaoperar nin mangiriba-iba pang multilingual asin mga bukas na proyekto: Wikipedya An Talingkas na Wikipedya Wiksyunaryo Diksyunaryo asin thesaurus Wikilibro Libreng mga Librong-teksto asin mga manuwal Wikibareta Libreng nilalaman nin bareta Wikigunuan Libreng nilalaman nin libraryo Wikiquote Mga Koleksyon kan quotation Wikispecies Direktoryo kan species Commons Pigheheras na repositoryong medya Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination Wikibersidad Libreng mga materyales nin pagkanood asin mga aktibidades Sa aldaw na ini Plantilya:KanEnotNaPanahon/01-10 Sinupan – Sa e-liham – Listahan kan mga makasaysayang anibersaryo An Petsa ngunyan: Enero 10, 2026 ( UTC ) – Purgahon an pahiná Mga proyektong Wikimedia An Wikimedia Foundation, sarong non-profit na organisasyon na nagpapadalagan kan nagkapirang multilinggwal asin talingkas na laog na mga proyekto, kabali an Wikipedia, an talingkas na ensiklopedya na nangagin saro sa mga pinakabantog na websityo sa kinaban. Sa mga tataramon na Bikol , an minasunod iyo an ipigpapabantog asin ipigpapaurog kan komunidad: Bikol Sentral Wikipedia Pandan Bikol Wikipedia Rinconada Bikol Wikipedia Miraya Bikol Wikipedia Bikol Wiktionary Bikol Wikiquote Bikol Wikisource Dagos tabì sa Wikipedyang Bikol Sentral , an talingkas na ensiklopedya na maliliwat nin siisay man. Igwa nang 21,313 na artikulo sa Bikol Sentral . Sabado , Enero 10 , 2026 , 19:48 ( PHT ) bàgo Napiling artikulo An Pili (Canarium ovatum, Lat.) sarong tanom na nagkakahoy. An bunga kaini ginigibong iba-ibang klaseng dulse, asin an tagok na inaapod salong na naturo kun linulugad an kahoy niya, ginagamit pulot, asin kwenta pang-ilaw sangle sa lana o gas kan mga enot na mga panahon. An pili igwang 600 na species sa pamilyang Burseraceae. Ini tal na tubo sa Filipinas (Merill, 1923) asin dagya' na gayo sa Habagatan Luzon, orog na sa rehiyon Bikol. Igwa man kaini sa ibang parte kan Visayas asin Mindanao alagad an mga paratanom sa mga lugar na ini, susog sa impormasyon kan mga taga Departamento nin Agrikultura sa probinsya nin Camarines Sur, nagkukua nin semilya sainda pa sa pagtubod na mas maray an kalidad kan tinanom na pili sa Bikol. Iba pang mga artikulo: Lea Salonga Hidilyn Diaz Bob Marley Quince Martires Mikroorganismo Tomas Arejola Bagyo Protina Bulkan Mayon Manuel Quezon Corazon Aquino Emilio Aguinaldo Dolores Sison Maria Orosa Lea Salonga Jose Maria Panganiban Jorge Barlin Gregorio Aglipay Syudad nin Naga Jesse Robredo Mi Ultimo Adios asin iba pa. Napiling mga ladawan Boac Cathedral An Boac sarong primera klaseng banwaan na namumugtak sa probinsya nin Marinduque, Filipinas. Igwa ining sukol na 212.70 kilometro kwadrado na kadagaan asin namumugtak sa solong distrito. An designadong zip code kaini iyo 4900. Digdi manunumpongan an Katedral nin Boac. Dakol pang ladawan hali sa mga partisipante kan Wiki Loves Monuments Philippines 2022 . Sawa An sawa sarong klase nin mga halas na igwa nin haralaba, daing tabay, mga reptilyang nagkakakan nin karne kan suborder na Serpentes. Arog kan gabos na iba pang isquamates, an halas ectothermic, amniote vertebrates napapatos sa suruon na mga kiskis. Dakol pang ladawan hali sa mga partisipante kan Wiki Loves Earth Philippines 2023 . Aram daw nindo... Gikan sa mga pinakabàgong artikulo kan Wikipedia : ... na an inot na Filipino na nakakua nin Bulawan na Medalya sa Olimpiko iyo si Hidilyn Diaz ? ... na pigtutubudan na piggamit bilang sarong pangkalkula kan mga simpleng operasyon sa matematika an Tulang nin Ishango ? ...na sa Alpabetong kan Hapon , dakuten an apod sa markang ( ゛) na mahihiling sa ibabaw, arog kan び, samantalang handakuten an apod sa markang ( ゜) na mahihiling sa ibabaw, arog kan ぴ? ...na an Product Exhibition Hall kan Hiroshima na pigdisenyo ni Jan Letzel (yaon sa ladawan), an solo-solong establishimentong nakatindog pagkatapos kan pagsabog kan bombang atomiko sa Hiroshima na haraní sa Hypocenter o pinagsabugan kaini? ... na inot na ginibo an Better Living Through Xeroxography sa syudad nin Naga kan Hulyo 30, 2016? ... na gikan sa antigong kawat na pirilawan an terminong "napilawan"? ... na ipapasali sa Cultural Center of the Philippines para sa Virgin Labfest 2016 an isinurat na dula ni Maki de la Rosa ? ...na an Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamatea turipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu , an pinakahalabang pangaran kan lugar sa New Zealand na ipinangaran sa saróng burol? ... na lukot iyo an apod sa alimbubuyog na dai nin pantudok? ... na Leila Norma Eulalia Josefa Magistrado de Lima an bilog na ngaran ni Senadora Leila de Lima ? ... na an paradalagan gikan Sur na Aprika na si Oscar Pistorius putol an duwang tabay? Mga naaaging pigpili - Magpoon nin bàgong artikulo Mga portal asin kategorya Kabikolan Arte Biyograpiya Kinaban Edukasyon Historya Literatura Matematika Siyensya Sosyedad Tataramon Teknolohiya Gabos na artikulo Dakol pa na mga kategorya... Mga katakod na proyekto Mga katakod na proyekto Tataramon sa Filipinas: Cebuano · Tagalog · Ilokano · Waray-Waray · Kapampangan · Pangasinense · Chavacano Zamboangeño · Hiligaynon (inkubator) · Rinconada Rinconada (inkubator) · Capiznon (inkubator) Mga tataramon kan kinaban: Ingles · Aleman · Espanyol · Pranses · Italyano · 日本語 (Niponggo) · Nederlands (Dutch) · Polski (Polish) · Português (Portuges) · Svenska (Swedish) Kompletong Lista kan Wikipedia · Multilingwal na Koordinasyon · Pàno Magpoon nin Bàgong Wikipedia An Wikimedia Foundation minaoperar nin mangiriba-iba pang multilingual asin mga bukas na proyekto: Wikipedya An Talingkas na Wikipedya Wiksyunaryo Diksyunaryo asin thesaurus Wikilibro Libreng mga Librong-teksto asin mga manuwal Wikibareta Libreng nilalaman nin bareta Wikigunuan Libreng nilalaman nin libraryo Wikiquote Mga Koleksyon kan quotation Wikispecies Direktoryo kan species Commons Pigheheras na repositoryong medya Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination Wikibersidad Libreng mga materyales nin pagkanood asin mga aktibidades Sa aldaw na ini Plantilya:KanEnotNaPanahon/01-10 Sinupan – Sa e-liham – Listahan kan mga makasaysayang anibersaryo An Petsa ngunyan: Enero 10, 2026 ( UTC ) – Purgahon an pahiná Mga proyektong Wikimedia An Wikimedia Foundation, sarong non-profit na organisasyon na nagpapadalagan kan nagkapirang multilinggwal asin talingkas na laog na mga proyekto, kabali an Wikipedia, an talingkas na ensiklopedya na nangagin saro sa mga pinakabantog na websityo sa kinaban. Sa mga tataramon na Bikol , an minasunod iyo an ipigpapabantog asin ipigpapaurog kan komunidad: Bikol Sentral Wikipedia Pandan Bikol Wikipedia Rinconada Bikol Wikipedia Miraya Bikol Wikipedia Bikol Wiktionary Bikol Wikiquote Bikol Wikisource Dagos tabì sa Wikipedyang Bikol Sentral , an talingkas na ensiklopedya na maliliwat nin siisay man. Igwa nang 21,313 na artikulo sa Bikol Sentral . Sabado , Enero 10 , 2026 , 19:48 ( PHT ) bàgo Napiling artikulo An Pili (Canarium ovatum, Lat.) sarong tanom na nagkakahoy. An bunga kaini ginigibong iba-ibang klaseng dulse, asin an tagok na inaapod salong na naturo kun linulugad an kahoy niya, ginagamit pulot, asin kwenta pang-ilaw sangle sa lana o gas kan mga enot na mga panahon. An pili igwang 600 na species sa pamilyang Burseraceae. Ini tal na tubo sa Filipinas (Merill, 1923) asin dagya' na gayo sa Habagatan Luzon, orog na sa rehiyon Bikol. Igwa man kaini sa ibang parte kan Visayas asin Mindanao alagad an mga paratanom sa mga lugar na ini, susog sa impormasyon kan mga taga Departamento nin Agrikultura sa probinsya nin Camarines Sur, nagkukua nin semilya sainda pa sa pagtubod na mas maray an kalidad kan tinanom na pili sa Bikol. Iba pang mga artikulo: Lea Salonga Hidilyn Diaz Bob Marley Quince Martires Mikroorganismo Tomas Arejola Bagyo Protina Bulkan Mayon Manuel Quezon Corazon Aquino Emilio Aguinaldo Dolores Sison Maria Orosa Lea Salonga Jose Maria Panganiban Jorge Barlin Gregorio Aglipay Syudad nin Naga Jesse Robredo Mi Ultimo Adios asin iba pa. Napiling mga ladawan Boac Cathedral An Boac sarong primera klaseng banwaan na namumugtak sa probinsya nin Marinduque, Filipinas. Igwa ining sukol na 212.70 kilometro kwadrado na kadagaan asin namumugtak sa solong distrito. An designadong zip code kaini iyo 4900. Digdi manunumpongan an Katedral nin Boac. Dakol pang ladawan hali sa mga partisipante kan Wiki Loves Monuments Philippines 2022 . Sawa An sawa sarong klase nin mga halas na igwa nin haralaba, daing tabay, mga reptilyang nagkakakan nin karne kan suborder na Serpentes. Arog kan gabos na iba pang isquamates, an halas ectothermic, amniote vertebrates napapatos sa suruon na mga kiskis. Dakol pang ladawan hali sa mga partisipante kan Wiki Loves Earth Philippines 2023 . Napiling artikulo Napiling artikulo Napiling artikulo An Pili (Canarium ovatum, Lat.) sarong tanom na nagkakahoy. An bunga kaini ginigibong iba-ibang klaseng dulse, asin an tagok na inaapod salong na naturo kun linulugad an kahoy niya, ginagamit pulot, asin kwenta pang-ilaw sangle sa lana o gas kan mga enot na mga panahon. An pili igwang 600 na species sa pamilyang Burseraceae. Ini tal na tubo sa Filipinas (Merill, 1923) asin dagya' na gayo sa Habagatan Luzon, orog na sa rehiyon Bikol. Igwa man kaini sa ibang parte kan Visayas asin Mindanao alagad an mga paratanom sa mga lugar na ini, susog sa impormasyon kan mga taga Departamento nin Agrikultura sa probinsya nin Camarines Sur, nagkukua nin semilya sainda pa sa pagtubod na mas maray an kalidad kan tinanom na pili sa Bikol. Iba pang mga artikulo: Lea Salonga Hidilyn Diaz Bob Marley Quince Martires Mikroorganismo Tomas Arejola Bagyo Protina Bulkan Mayon Manuel Quezon Corazon Aquino Emilio Aguinaldo Dolores Sison Maria Orosa Lea Salonga Jose Maria Panganiban Jorge Barlin Gregorio Aglipay Syudad nin Naga Jesse Robredo Mi Ultimo Adios asin iba pa. An Pili (Canarium ovatum, Lat.) sarong tanom na nagkakahoy. An bunga kaini ginigibong iba-ibang klaseng dulse, asin an tagok na inaapod salong na naturo kun linulugad an kahoy niya, ginagamit pulot, asin kwenta pang-ilaw sangle sa lana o gas kan mga enot na mga panahon. An pili igwang 600 na species sa pamilyang Burseraceae. Ini tal na tubo sa Filipinas (Merill, 1923) asin dagya' na gayo sa Habagatan Luzon, orog na sa rehiyon Bikol. Igwa man kaini sa ibang parte kan Visayas asin Mindanao alagad an mga paratanom sa mga lugar na ini, susog sa impormasyon kan mga taga Departamento nin Agrikultura sa probinsya nin Camarines Sur, nagkukua nin semilya sainda pa sa pagtubod na mas maray an kalidad kan tinanom na pili sa Bikol. Iba pang mga artikulo: Lea Salonga Hidilyn Diaz Bob Marley Quince Martires Mikroorganismo Tomas Arejola Bagyo Protina Bulkan Mayon Manuel Quezon Corazon Aquino Emilio Aguinaldo Dolores Sison Maria Orosa Lea Salonga Jose Maria Panganiban Jorge Barlin Gregorio Aglipay Syudad nin Naga Jesse Robredo Mi Ultimo Adios asin iba pa. Iba pang mga artikulo: Lea Salonga Hidilyn Diaz Bob Marley Quince Martires Mikroorganismo Tomas Arejola Bagyo Protina Lea Salonga Hidilyn Diaz Bob Marley Quince Martires Mikroorganismo Tomas Arejola Bagyo Protina Bulkan Mayon Manuel Quezon Corazon Aquino Emilio Aguinaldo Dolores Sison Maria Orosa Lea Salonga Bulkan Mayon Manuel Quezon Corazon Aquino Emilio Aguinaldo Dolores Sison Maria Orosa Lea Salonga Jose Maria Panganiban Jorge Barlin Gregorio Aglipay Syudad nin Naga Jesse Robredo Mi Ultimo Adios asin iba pa. Jose Maria Panganiban Jorge Barlin Gregorio Aglipay Syudad nin Naga Jesse Robredo Mi Ultimo Adios asin iba pa. Napiling mga ladawan Napiling mga ladawan Napiling mga ladawan Boac Cathedral An Boac sarong primera klaseng banwaan na namumugtak sa probinsya nin Marinduque, Filipinas. Igwa ining sukol na 212.70 kilometro kwadrado na kadagaan asin namumugtak sa solong distrito. An designadong zip code kaini iyo 4900. Digdi manunumpongan an Katedral nin Boac. Dakol pang ladawan hali sa mga partisipante kan Wiki Loves Monuments Philippines 2022 . Sawa An sawa sarong klase nin mga halas na igwa nin haralaba, daing tabay, mga reptilyang nagkakakan nin karne kan suborder na Serpentes. Arog kan gabos na iba pang isquamates, an halas ectothermic, amniote vertebrates napapatos sa suruon na mga kiskis. Dakol pang ladawan hali sa mga partisipante kan Wiki Loves Earth Philippines 2023 . An Boac sarong primera klaseng banwaan na namumugtak sa probinsya nin Marinduque, Filipinas. Igwa ining sukol na 212.70 kilometro kwadrado na kadagaan asin namumugtak sa solong distrito. An designadong zip code kaini iyo 4900. Digdi manunumpongan an Katedral nin Boac. Dakol pang ladawan hali sa mga partisipante kan Wiki Loves Monuments Philippines 2022 . An sawa sarong klase nin mga halas na igwa nin haralaba, daing tabay, mga reptilyang nagkakakan nin karne kan suborder na Serpentes. Arog kan gabos na iba pang isquamates, an halas ectothermic, amniote vertebrates napapatos sa suruon na mga kiskis. Aram daw nindo... Gikan sa mga pinakabàgong artikulo kan Wikipedia : ... na an inot na Filipino na nakakua nin Bulawan na Medalya sa Olimpiko iyo si Hidilyn Diaz ? ... na pigtutubudan na piggamit bilang sarong pangkalkula kan mga simpleng operasyon sa matematika an Tulang nin Ishango ? ...na sa Alpabetong kan Hapon , dakuten an apod sa markang ( ゛) na mahihiling sa ibabaw, arog kan び, samantalang handakuten an apod sa markang ( ゜) na mahihiling sa ibabaw, arog kan ぴ? ...na an Product Exhibition Hall kan Hiroshima na pigdisenyo ni Jan Letzel (yaon sa ladawan), an solo-solong establishimentong nakatindog pagkatapos kan pagsabog kan bombang atomiko sa Hiroshima na haraní sa Hypocenter o pinagsabugan kaini? ... na inot na ginibo an Better Living Through Xeroxography sa syudad nin Naga kan Hulyo 30, 2016? ... na gikan sa antigong kawat na pirilawan an terminong "napilawan"? ... na ipapasali sa Cultural Center of the Philippines para sa Virgin Labfest 2016 an isinurat na dula ni Maki de la Rosa ? ...na an Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamatea turipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu , an pinakahalabang pangaran kan lugar sa New Zealand na ipinangaran sa saróng burol? ... na lukot iyo an apod sa alimbubuyog na dai nin pantudok? ... na Leila Norma Eulalia Josefa Magistrado de Lima an bilog na ngaran ni Senadora Leila de Lima ? ... na an paradalagan gikan Sur na Aprika na si Oscar Pistorius putol an duwang tabay? Mga naaaging pigpili - Magpoon nin bàgong artikulo Mga portal asin kategorya Kabikolan Arte Biyograpiya Kinaban Edukasyon Historya Literatura Matematika Siyensya Sosyedad Tataramon Teknolohiya Gabos na artikulo Dakol pa na mga kategorya... Mga katakod na proyekto Mga katakod na proyekto Tataramon sa Filipinas: Cebuano · Tagalog · Ilokano · Waray-Waray · Kapampangan · Pangasinense · Chavacano Zamboangeño · Hiligaynon (inkubator) · Rinconada Rinconada (inkubator) · Capiznon (inkubator) Mga tataramon kan kinaban: Ingles · Aleman · Espanyol · Pranses · Italyano · 日本語 (Niponggo) · Nederlands (Dutch) · Polski (Polish) · Português (Portuges) · Svenska (Swedish) Kompletong Lista kan Wikipedia · Multilingwal na Koordinasyon · Pàno Magpoon nin Bàgong Wikipedia An Wikimedia Foundation minaoperar nin mangiriba-iba pang multilingual asin mga bukas na proyekto: Wikipedya An Talingkas na Wikipedya Wiksyunaryo Diksyunaryo asin thesaurus Wikilibro Libreng mga Librong-teksto asin mga manuwal Wikibareta Libreng nilalaman nin bareta Wikigunuan Libreng nilalaman nin libraryo Wikiquote Mga Koleksyon kan quotation Wikispecies Direktoryo kan species Commons Pigheheras na repositoryong medya Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination Wikibersidad Libreng mga materyales nin pagkanood asin mga aktibidades Sa aldaw na ini Plantilya:KanEnotNaPanahon/01-10 Sinupan – Sa e-liham – Listahan kan mga makasaysayang anibersaryo An Petsa ngunyan: Enero 10, 2026 ( UTC ) – Purgahon an pahiná Aram daw nindo... Aram daw nindo... Aram daw nindo... Gikan sa mga pinakabàgong artikulo kan Wikipedia : ... na an inot na Filipino na nakakua nin Bulawan na Medalya sa Olimpiko iyo si Hidilyn Diaz ? ... na pigtutubudan na piggamit bilang sarong pangkalkula kan mga simpleng operasyon sa matematika an Tulang nin Ishango ? ...na sa Alpabetong kan Hapon , dakuten an apod sa markang ( ゛) na mahihiling sa ibabaw, arog kan び, samantalang handakuten an apod sa markang ( ゜) na mahihiling sa ibabaw, arog kan ぴ? ...na an Product Exhibition Hall kan Hiroshima na pigdisenyo ni Jan Letzel (yaon sa ladawan), an solo-solong establishimentong nakatindog pagkatapos kan pagsabog kan bombang atomiko sa Hiroshima na haraní sa Hypocenter o pinagsabugan kaini? ... na inot na ginibo an Better Living Through Xeroxography sa syudad nin Naga kan Hulyo 30, 2016? ... na gikan sa antigong kawat na pirilawan an terminong "napilawan"? ... na ipapasali sa Cultural Center of the Philippines para sa Virgin Labfest 2016 an isinurat na dula ni Maki de la Rosa ? ...na an Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamatea turipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu , an pinakahalabang pangaran kan lugar sa New Zealand na ipinangaran sa saróng burol? ... na lukot iyo an apod sa alimbubuyog na dai nin pantudok? ... na Leila Norma Eulalia Josefa Magistrado de Lima an bilog na ngaran ni Senadora Leila de Lima ? ... na an paradalagan gikan Sur na Aprika na si Oscar Pistorius putol an duwang tabay? Mga naaaging pigpili - Magpoon nin bàgong artikulo Gikan sa mga pinakabàgong artikulo kan Wikipedia : ... na an inot na Filipino na nakakua nin Bulawan na Medalya sa Olimpiko iyo si Hidilyn Diaz ? ... na pigtutubudan na piggamit bilang sarong pangkalkula kan mga simpleng operasyon sa matematika an Tulang nin Ishango ? ...na sa Alpabetong kan Hapon , dakuten an apod sa markang ( ゛) na mahihiling sa ibabaw, arog kan び, samantalang handakuten an apod sa markang ( ゜) na mahihiling sa ibabaw, arog kan ぴ? ...na an Product Exhibition Hall kan Hiroshima na pigdisenyo ni Jan Letzel (yaon sa ladawan), an solo-solong establishimentong nakatindog pagkatapos kan pagsabog kan bombang atomiko sa Hiroshima na haraní sa Hypocenter o pinagsabugan kaini? ... na inot na ginibo an Better Living Through Xeroxography sa syudad nin Naga kan Hulyo 30, 2016? ... na gikan sa antigong kawat na pirilawan an terminong "napilawan"? ... na ipapasali sa Cultural Center of the Philippines para sa Virgin Labfest 2016 an isinurat na dula ni Maki de la Rosa ? ...na an Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamatea turipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu , an pinakahalabang pangaran kan lugar sa New Zealand na ipinangaran sa saróng burol? ... na lukot iyo an apod sa alimbubuyog na dai nin pantudok? ... na Leila Norma Eulalia Josefa Magistrado de Lima an bilog na ngaran ni Senadora Leila de Lima ? ... na an paradalagan gikan Sur na Aprika na si Oscar Pistorius putol an duwang tabay? 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Previous incidents 1.1 Previous incidents 2 Crane collapse 3 Victims 4 Aftermath Toggle Aftermath subsection 4.1 2026 Rama II Road crane collapse 4.1 2026 Rama II Road crane collapse 5 Investigation 6 See also 7 References 2026 Sikhio train disaster العربية Deutsch Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia کٲشُر Қазақша Русский ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This article documents a current event and may change rapidly. Please update outdated or incomplete information with citations to reliable sources . ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) 2026 Sikhio train disaster Details Date 14 January 2026 09:13 ICT (UTC+7) [ 1 ] Location Sikhio district , Nakhon Ratchasima province Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 14°53′28″N 101°42′00″E / 14.89111°N 101.70000°E / 14.89111; 101.70000 Country Thailand Line Northeastern Line Operator State Railway of Thailand Incident type Crane collapse, derailment and fire Cause Under investigation Statistics Trains 1 (Train No. 21) Vehicles ADR 20 railcar [ th ] Passengers 171 [ 2 ] Deaths 32 Injured 66 Missing 5 At 09:13 Indochina Time (UTC+7) [ 1 ] on 14 January 2026, a construction crane fell on a passenger train with 171 people [ 2 ] on board in Sikhio district , Nakhon Ratchasima province, Thailand, killing 32 people and injuring 66 others. [ 3 ] Background The train involved was formed of two APD.20 diesel multiple units , numbers 2515 and 2521, [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ dubious – discuss ] serving as the No. 21 express train from Krung Thep Aphiwat in Bangkok to Ubon Ratchathani . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The incident took place at the construction site of the Bangkok–Nong Khai high-speed railway network under Contract 3–4 ( Lam Takhong to Sikhio ), awarded to the Italian-Thai Development (ITD) company in 2020. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The section of track where the incident occurred was at the intersection of the elevated high-speed railroad platform and the pre-existing railway on ground level. The intersection was created due to the radius of curvature needed for high-speed trains, requiring more space and causing overlap. At the time of the incident, the project was estimated to be 99% complete. [ 8 ] The crane involved was a large overhead crane used to lift concrete slabs to assemble the elevated railroad platform. During construction of the high-speed railway, traffic on the ground-level railway continued. [ 8 ] [ 11 ] Previous incidents Prior to the incident, two construction projects led by ITD suffered structural collapses in 2025; the Rama III-Dao Khanong Expressway collapse on 15 March and the State Audit Office building collapse on 28 March as a result of the 2025 Myanmar earthquake . ITD president Premchai Karnasuta and 21 others were charged in August for gross negligence and manslaughter . As of the time of the incident, the case was still pending and the contract for the now-collapsed building had yet to be cancelled. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Crane collapse The train left Bangkok at 06:10 ICT , [ 14 ] departing from Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal in Bangkok and travelling the Northeastern Line to Ubon Ratchathani province . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 4 ] A total of 208 people were on board the train on departure, though some departed along the way, leaving 171 on the train when the incident occurred. [ 2 ] At 09:13, [ 1 ] at railway kilometre marker 220 [ 17 ] between the Nong Nam Khun station and Sikhio stations in Ban Thanon Khot village, an overhead crane lifting a concrete slab for the construction of the Bangkok–Nong Khai high-speed railway network collapsed onto the train which was passing along a preexisting line. [ 10 ] The last two carriages of the train were severely damaged. The crane fell along with its concrete load, leading to the derailment of the train and a fire in coach 2. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] The train was traveling at an estimated speed of 120 km/h (75 mph) at the time of the crash. [ 21 ] Coaches 1, 2 and 3 were struck by the support base of the crane, which weighed 20–30 tons, and its load, with coach 3 catching fire. Coach 4 was detached from the train as a result of the derailment. [ 17 ] [ 22 ] Initial damages to the train were estimated at more than 100 million baht (US$3.1 million). [ 23 ] The driver, Theerasak Wongsungnoen, said that the impact displaced him and other passengers in coach 1, causing injuries to him and others. After recovering himself, Wongsungnoen and other bystanders helped to evacuate the passengers, but a fire in coach 2 prevented him and others from rescuing those who were trapped inside. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] The crane operator, 52-year-old Sombat Simthantuk, said that before the crash occurred, he heard a sound similar to uneven concrete joints sliding. After Simthantuk ordered the workers to get down from the platform, the support leg holding the concrete slab collapsed, injuring Simthantuk and others. [ 26 ] Victims At least 32 people were killed and 66 others were injured. The deaths include one German and one South Korean citizen; the latter was killed along with his Thai wife. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Among the injured were seven people in critical condition, including a 1-year-old and an 85-year-old. [ 23 ] According to the Health Department of Nakhon Ratchasima province , the majority of casualties were found in coach 2 and were either burned or crushed beyond identification. [ 1 ] Passengers were unable to escape fires in the air-conditioned carriages due to the automatic electric doors and non-opening windows. [ 29 ] Victims suffered head, chest, and leg injuries, including fractures and pneumothorax . [ 30 ] A family of three were initially believed to be dead but were later found to have survived and returned home the next day. [ 31 ] Another group of three were declared missing but were later found under hospital care. [ 32 ] Aftermath Services along the Northeastern Railway were partially suspended, while the State Railway of Thailand (SRT) rerouted other trains away from the affected segment. The SRT also halted the construction of the Contract 3–4 site to make way for investigation. [ 6 ] [ 33 ] Prime Minister Anutin Charnvirakul ordered the blacklisting of companies involved in the disaster. [ 34 ] Later on 14 January, ITD issued an apology statement committing to providing compensation and support for the deceased passengers' families, along with supporting a resolution of the situation. [ 23 ] [ 35 ] 2026 Rama II Road crane collapse Date 15 January 2026 Location Samut Sakhon Province , Thailand Deaths 2 On 15 January, a day after the incident, a crane of similar design and configuration collapsed on Rama II Road in Samut Sakhon province , killing two. The collapse involved the construction site of an elevated section of Motorway No. 82, which is also led by ITD. [ 36 ] [ 12 ] Upon learning about the Rama II collapse, civil engineer Suchatvee Suwansawat , who was inspecting the Sikhio site at the time, called both incidents a "national embarrassment" and criticized ITD for using "substandard" cranes. He also questioned why the authorities were allowing the construction of elevated railways when there was still traffic below. [ 11 ] Later, on 11:00, Zhang Jianwei, the Chinese ambassador to Thailand, met Thai prime minister Anutin Charnvirakul to express condolences and provide a humanitarian aid package worth 20 million yuan (around 2.87 million USD) to the Thai government. Zhang affirmed that the Chinese government has instructed companies that worked on the high-speed railway project to cooperate with the investigation. [ 37 ] The two crane collapses, along with the previous collapse of the State Audit building, led Anutin to terminate two contracts with ITD. [ 13 ] [ 38 ] Investigation The SRT launched an investigation into the incident and announced that it is taking legal action against ITD. [ 39 ] The Department of Rail Transport [ th ] ordered a review of safety protocols regarding the Bangkok–Nong Khai high-speed railway . [ 40 ] The department later said the contractor disobeyed a safety order from the Ministry of Transport prohibiting work on the elevated structure when a train or any vehicle is passing underneath, adding that a fail-safe mechanism at the site failed to activate. [ 21 ] See also 2023 Taichung crane collapse List of rail accidents in Thailand References ^ a b c d .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "นายกฯ รุดที่เกิดเหตุเครนตกทับรถไฟสีคิ้ว ยัน รัฐบาลช่วยเหลือผู้เสียชีวิต-บาดเจ็บเต็มที่" [PM visit the Sikhio crane collapse site. Assures full government support for victims]. Thairath (in Thai). 14 January 2026. ^ a b c "เครนหล่นทับรถไฟ ยอดตายพุ่ง 31 ศพ สูญหายอีก 3 พลเมืองดีเล่า แม่ตะโกนขอให้ช่วยลูก" [Death toll rises to 31 in the crane collapse accident. Good samaritan recalls mother's plea to save her child.]. Thairath (in Thai). 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Nakhon Ratchasima crane tragedy: Search ends with 32 fatalities" . The Nation Thailand . 15 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ a b "Thailand: At least 32 dead as crane collapses onto train" . BBC News . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ Aemocha, Panisa. " 'It was terrifying': Residents describe carnage after Thai train crash" . BBC News Online . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ a b "รฟท. เร่งเยียวยาผู้เสียหาย สั่งหยุดก่อสร้าง สอบหาสาเหตุเครนหล่นทับรถไฟทันที" [SRT commits to compensation for victims. Halted the construction of the railways and ordered the investigation for the cause of the crane collapse]. Thairath (in Thai). 14 January 2026. ^ a b "ยุติการค้นหา ผู้ประสบภัยเหตุ "เครนหล่นทับรถไฟ" ยอดตาย 32 ยังสูญหายอีก 3" [Search halted for the crane collapse on train accident. Death toll remains at 32, with 3 missing]. Thairath (in Thai). 14 January 2026. ^ a b c d "รฟท. ชี้เหตุเครนถล่มทับรถไฟสีคิ้ว แจ้งเอาผิดอาญาฐานประมาท จ่อแบล็กลิสต์ "ผู้รับเหมา" " [SRT explains the Sikhio crane incident. File charge against the contractor over negligence and blacklist them]. Thairath (in Thai). 15 January 2026. ^ Wancharoen, Supoj (26 November 2020). "B40bn high-speed train contracts inked" . Bangkok Post . Archived from the original on 13 October 2021 . Retrieved 21 November 2021 . ^ a b "บ.อิตาเลียนไทย แสดงความเสียใจเหตุ "เครนตกทับรถไฟ" พร้อมรับผิดชอบเยียวยาเต็มที่" [Italian-Thai company expresses condolences over crane falling on passenger train, vow to commits to full compensation]. Thairath (in Thai). 14 January 2026. . ^ a b " "ดร.เอ้" ลั่น อับอายขายหน้าเครนถล่มรายวัน ชงข้อสังเกตุเครนลักษณะเดียวกัน ย้อมแมวขายหรือไม่" [Dr. Ae declared back-to-back crane collapses "national embarrassment." Question if cranes of similar design were of substandard quality]. Thairath (in Thai). 15 January 2026. ^ a b "Accident-prone Thailand: Construction mishaps pile up" . Bangkok Post . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ a b " "อนุทิน" สั่งคมนาคมยกเลิก 2 สัญญาอิตาเลียนไทย พร้อมขึ้นแบล็คลิสต์" [Anutin ordered Minstry of Transport to cancel two Italian-Thai contracts and prepare the blacklist]. Thairath (in Thai). 15 January 2026. ^ "เครนถล่มทับรถไฟที่สีคิ้ว โคราช เสียชีวิตอย่างน้อย 30 ราย เรารู้อะไรแล้วบ้าง ?" [A construction crane for the high-speed rail project collapsed onto a train in Sikhiu, Nakhon Ratchasima, killing 30 people. What do we know so far?] (in Thai). BBC News Thai. 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "At least 12 killed after crane falls on train in Thailand" . Al Arabiya English . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Developing: Crane collapses on train in Thailand, killing at least 22" . South China Morning Post . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ a b "Crane falls onto tracks, causing deadly train crash in Nakhon Ratchasima, 40+ injured" . The Nation Thailand . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "เสียชีวิตพุ่ง 10 ราย เครนก่อสร้าง หล่นทับรถไฟ 8 ตู้ บาดเจ็บกว่า40ราย" [Death toll rises to 10 as construction crane collapses onto train carriages, injuring over 40.] (in Thai). Khaosod . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Thailand latest: At least 27 killed in train disaster – as official warns figure will rise" . Sky News . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "At least 31 killed after crane falls on train in Thailand" . Reuters . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ a b "At least 32 dead after crane falls on moving train in Korat" . Bangkok Post . 14 January 2026. ^ "Search temporarily halted after loud noise from crane causes panic" . The Nation . Thailand. 14 January 2026. ^ a b c "At least 32 killed after crane collapses on train in Thailand" . BBC News . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "หนุ่มพนักงานรถไฟเผยนาทีชีวิต เครนยักษ์ถล่มทับโบกี้รถไฟที่วิ่งด้วยความเร็ว 120 กม./ชม. ร่างถูกเหวี่ยงลอยจากพื้นบาดเจ็บ พอตั้งสติได้รีบช่วยผู้โดยสาร แต่โบกี้ที่ 2 ไฟลุกไหม้ ทำให้มีผู้เสียชีวิต 22 ราย" [Train engineer recounts life-or-death moments as crane collapsed onto a 120 km/h train and fling him from the ground. Came to rescue the passengers after recovering but coach 2 went ablaze, resulting into 22 deaths]. Dailynews (in Thai). 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "รถไฟวิ่ง 120 กิโลเมตรต่อชั่วโมง ตอนขบวนโดนเครนถล่มทับ" [120 km/h train crushed by a crane in the midsection]. Channel 7 (in Thai). 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "เร่งหาสาเหตุเครนหล่นทับรถไฟ คนขับเครนเปิดใจ เล่านาทีเฉียดตาย สังเกตเห็นความผิดปกติ" [Investigation for the crane collapse on the train continues. Crane operater shares near-death experience]. Thairath (in Thai). 14 January 2026. ^ "เครนหล่นใส่รถไฟ ยืนยันอัตลักษณ์แล้ว 13 ราย หญิงเล่าสามีฝรั่ง เสียชีวิตต่อหน้า" [13 victims of the crane collapse on train incident were identified. Wife recalls moments her westerner husband were killed]. Thairath (in Thai). 15 January 2026. ^ "สาวไทย-หนุ่มเกาหลี เสียชีวิตจากเครนหล่นทับรถไฟ เศร้าเพิ่งจดทะเบียนได้เพียง 1 วัน" [Thai woman and Korean husband tragically died in the crane collapse on train incident after having just married a day prior]. Thairath (in Thai). ^ "Update: Crane collapse onto train in Sikhiu, 28 dead, 64 injured" . The Nation . Thailand. 14 January 2026. ^ "Ministry of Public Health provides update on crane accident in Nakhon Ratchasima" . The Nation . Thailand. 14 January 2026. ^ "3 พ่อแม่ลูกรอดปาฏิหาริย์! รายชื่อผีโผล่ศพรถไฟตกราง กลับถึงบ้านทำพิธีเรียกขวัญ" [Family of three miraculously survived! Believed to be dead in the derailment until returned home]. Dailynews (in Thai). 15 January 2026. ^ "ปลอดภัยดี พบแล้ว 3 เคสสูญหาย เครนถล่มทับรถไฟสีคิ้ว อยู่ในการดูแลของโรงพยาบาล" [Good news as the 3 missing persons in the Sikhio disaster was found under hospital care]. Channel 7 (in Thai). 15 January 2026. ^ "Northeastern railway service suspended and route altered, full refunds available" . The Nation . Thailand. 14 January 2026. ^ "Investigation into CREC-linked firms after deadly crane collapse in Nakhon Ratchasima" . The Nation . Thailand. 15 January 2026. ^ "ITD issues statement on crane accident, pledges compensation and support" . nationthailand . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "ITD named contractor in Rama II Road crane collapse; Phiphat investigates" . nationthailand . 15 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "ทูตจีน พบ นายกฯ แสดงความเสียใจเหตุเครนถล่ม ช่วยเหลือ 20 ล้านหยวน กำชับผู้บริษัทจีนร่วมตรวจสอบ" [Chinese ambassador met with PM to paid condolences. Granted 20 million yuan worth of aid and instruct Chinese company to cooperate]. Thairath (in Thai). ^ "PM ends Italian-Thai contracts after deadly crane collapses" . Bangkok Post . 15 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Aemocha, Panisa (15 January 2026). " 'It was terrifying': Residents describe carnage after Thai train crash" . BBC . ^ "Department of Rail Transport orders safety overhaul after deadly crane incident" . The Nation . 14 January 2026. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Railway accidents and incidents in 2026 ( 2026 ) v t e Jan 14 Sikhio train disaster, Thailand Jan 14 Sikhio train disaster, Thailand ◄ 2025 2026 disasters in Thailand 2026 fires Derailments in Thailand January 2026 in Thailand Nakhon Ratchasima province Railway accidents and incidents in Thailand Railway accidents in 2026 Train and rapid transit fires in Asia Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas CS1 Thai-language sources (th) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia semi-protected pages Current events from January 2026 Use dmy dates from January 2026 Coordinates on Wikidata All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2026 Pages using the Kartographer extension This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:07 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Modelo:Eimaige - 10 de janeiro Cumpartir: Eimaiges de culidade ne l Commons Modelo:Curjidades - 10 de janeiro Todas las lhénguas Biquipédias noutras lhénguas: Biquipédias cun 1 000 000 artigos Deutsch (alman) — English (anglés) — Español (spanhol) — Français (francés) — Italiano (eitaliano) — Nederlands (houlandés) — 日本語 (japonés) — Polski (polaco) — Português (pertués) — Русский (russo) — Sinugboanong Binisaya (cebuano) — Svenska (sueco) — Tiếng Việt (biatnamita) — Winaray (samarenho) Biquipédias antre 100 000 i 900 000 artigos العربية (árabe) — Asturianu (sturiano) — Azərbaycanca (azerbaijano) — Български (búlgaro) — Bân-lâm-gú / Hō-ló-oē (min de l sul) — Беларуская (Акадэмічная) (bielorrusso) — Català (catalan) — Čeština (checo) — Dansk (dinamarqués) — Eesti (stónio) — Ελληνικά (griego) — Esperanto (speranto) — Euskara (basco) — فارسی (persa) — Galego (galhego) — 한국어 (coreano) — Հայերեն (arménio) — हिन्दी (hindi) — Hrvatski (croata) — Bahasa Indonesia (andonésio) — עברית (heibraico) 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Føroyskt (faroés) — Frysk (frísio oucidental) — Gaeilge (eirlandés) — Gàidhlig (gaélico scocés) — ગુજરાતી (guzerate) — Hornjoserbsce (alto sorábio) — Ido — Ilokano (ilocano) — Interlingua (anterlhéngua) — Ирон æвзаг (osseto) — Íslenska (eislandés) — Jawa (jabanés) — ಕನ್ನಡ (canarim) — Kreyòl Ayisyen (crioulo haitiano) — Kurdî / كوردی (curdo) — کوردیی ناوەندی (soráni) — Кыргызча (quirguiz) — Кырык Мары (mari de las muntanhas) — Latviešu (leton) — Lëtzebuergesch (luxemburgués) — Limburgs (limburgués) — Lumbaart (lombardo) — मैथिली (maithili) — Македонски (macedónio) — Malagasy (malgaxe) — മലയാളം (malaiala) — मराठी (marata) — მარგალური (mingrélio) — مصرى (árabe eigício) — مازِرونی (mazandarani) — Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ (min ouriental) — Монгол (mongol) — မြန်မာဘာသာ (birmanés) — नेपाल भाषा (neuari) — नेपाली (nepalés) — Nnapulitano (napolitano) — Occitan (occitano) — ଓଡି଼ଆ (oriá) — ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ) (panjabi) — پنجابی (شاہ مکھی) (panjabi oucidental) — Piemontèis (piemontés) — Plattdüütsch (baixo-alman) — Runa Simi (quíchua) — Cymraeg (galés) — संस्कृतम् (sánscrito) — Саха Тыла (iacuta) — Scots (scocés de las Tierras Baixas) — Shqip (albanés) — Sicilianu (siciliano) — සිංහල (cingalés) — Basa Sunda (sundanés) — Kiswahili (suaíli) — Tagalog (filipino) — Татарча / Tatarça (tártaro) — తెలుగు (telugo) — Тоҷикӣ (tajique) — تۆرکجه (azerbaijano oustral) — ᨅᨔ ᨕᨙᨁᨗ / Basa Ugi (buginés) — Vèneto (béneto) — Walon (balon) — ייִדיש (ídiche) — Yorùbá (iorubá) — 粵語 (cantonés) — Žemaitėška (samogício) Biquipédias cun 1 000 artigos ó mais Bahsa Acèh (achém) — Адыгэбзэ (cabardiano) — Ænglisc (anglés antigo) — Аҧсуа (abecásio) — Armãneashce (arromeno) — Arpitan (franco-probençal) — ܐܬܘܪܝܐ (aramaico) — Avañe’ẽ (guarani) — Авар (abar) — Aymar (aimará) — Bahasa Banjar (banjar) — भोजपुरी (biari) — Bikol Central (bicolano central) — Bislama (bislamá) — བོད་ཡིག (tibetano) — Буряад (buriato) — Chabacano de Zamboanga — Corsu (corso) — Cuengh (zhuang) — Deitsch (alman de la Pensilbánia) — ދިވެހިބަސް (maldibano) — Diné Bizaad (nabajo) — Dolnoserbski (baixo sorábio) — Emigliàn–Rumagnòl (emiliano-romanhola) — Эрзянь (erzya) — Estremeñu (stremenho) — Fiji Hindi (hindi fijiano) — Furlan (friulano) — Gaelg (manés) — Gagauz — Gĩkũyũ (kikuyu) — گیلکی (gilaki) — 贛語 (gan) — Hak-kâ-fa / 客家話 (hacá) — Хальмг (calmuco) — Hausa / هَوُسَا (haussá) — ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (habaiano) — Igbo — Interlingue (oucidental) — Kalaallisut (gronelandés) — Kapampangan — Kaszëbsczi (cassúbia) — Kernewek (córnico) — ភាសាខ្មែរ (cambojano) — Kinyarwanda (quiniaruanda) — Коми (komi) — Kongo (quicongo) — कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni (concani de Goa) — ພາສາລາວ (laociano) — Dzhudezmo / לאדינו (judiu-spanhol) — Лакку (lak) — Лезги (lezgui) — Líguru (lígure) — Lingála (lingala) — lojban — لۊری شومالی (luri setentrional) — Luganda — Malti (maltés) — 文言 (chinés clássico) — Reo Mā’ohi (taitiano) — Māori (maori) — Мокшень (moksha) — Nāhuatlahtōlli (nauatle) — Dorerin Naoero (nauruano) — Nedersaksisch (baixo-saxon houlandés) — Nordfriisk (frísio setentrional) — Nouormand / Normaund (normando) — Novial (nuobial) — Олык Марий (mari de las pradarias) — অসমীযা় (assamés) — पाऴि (páli) — Pangasinán (pangasinés) — Papiamentu (papiamento) — پښتو (pastó) — Перем Коми (komi-permyak) — Pfälzisch (alman de l Palatinado) — Picard (picardo) — Къарачай–Малкъар (carachaio-bálcara) — Qaraqalpaqsha (caracalpaque) — Qırımtatarca (tártaro de la Crimeia) — Ripoarisch (ripuário) — Rumantsch (romanche) — Русиньскый Язык (ruteno) — Sámegiella (sami setentrional) — Sardu (sardenho) — Seeltersk (frísio de Saterland) — Sesotho sa Leboa (sesoto setentrional) — ChiShona (xona) — سنڌي (sindi) — Ślůnski (silesiano) — Soomaaliga (somali) — Sranantongo (surinamés) — Taqbaylit (cabila) — Tarandíne (tarantino) — Tetun (tétum) — Tok Pisin — faka Tonga (tonganés) — Türkmençe (turcomeno) — Тыва дыл (tubiniano) — Удмурт (udmurte) — ئۇيغۇرچه (uigure) — Vepsän (bepes) — Võro — West-Vlams (flamengo oucidental) — Wolof (uólofe) — 吳語 (wu) — Zazaki — Zeêuws (zelandés) Biquipédias antre 10 i 100 artigos Akan — Bamanankan (bambara) — Chamoru (chamorro) — Chichewa (cinianja) — Eʋegbe (ewé) — Fulfulde (fula) — 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 (gótico) — ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / Inuktitut (inuctitut) — Iñupiak (inupiat) — كشميري (caxemira) — Latgaļu (latgália) — Молдовеняскэ (moldabo) — Na Vosa Vaka-Viti (fijiano) — Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ (cree) — Norfuk / Pitkern — Afaan Oromoo (oromo) — Ποντιακά (griego póntico) — རྫོང་ཁ (butanés) — Romani — Kirundi — Gagana Sāmoa (samoano) — Sängö (sango) — Sesotho (Sesoto) — Setswana (tsuana) — Словѣ́ньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ (antigo slabo eclesiástico) — SiSwati (suázi) — ትግርኛ (tigrínia) — ᏣᎳᎩ (cheroqui) — Tsėhesenėstsestotse (cheyenne) — Tshivenḓa (benda) — Xitsonga (tsonga) — chiTumbuka (tumbuca) — Twi (axante) — isiXhosa (cosa) — isiZulu (zulu) — Адыгэбзэ (adigue) — Jumiekan Kryuol (patoá jamaicano) — ತುಳು (túlu) — Karjalan (carélio) — डोटेली (doteli) — Atikamekw — Kabɩyɛ (kabiyé) — Thuɔŋjäŋ (dinca) — Гӏалгӏай (íngucho) — Lingua franca nova (lhéngua franca nuoba) — Hulontalo (gorontalo) — ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ (santali) — ၵႂၢမ်းတႆးယႂ် (shan) — Bali — Արեւմտահայերէն (arménio oucidental) — ဘာသာ မန် (mon) — ߒߞߏ (N'Ko) — Kriyòl gwiyannen (crioulo de la Guiana Francesa) — 撒奇萊雅語 (Sakizaya) Restro de Biquipédias Pa mais anformaçones, bei la lhista cumpleta de lhénguas de la Biquipédia . Porjetos armanos La Biquipédia eisiste grácias a la Fundaçon Wikimedia , ua antidade sin fins lhucratibos que gere bários porjetos an dibersas lhénguas, siempre cun cuntenido lhibre: Commons Depósito multimédia lhibre Incubator Ancubadora pa nuobos porjetos Meta-Wiki Cordenaçon de ls porjetos wiki Biquicionairo Dicionairo ounibersal lhibre Wikidata La base de coincimientos lhibre Biquilhibros Lhibros abiertos por un mundo abierto Biquiamboras Fuonte de amboras lhibres Wikiquote Coleçon de ancuontros lhibre Wikisource La biblioteca lhibre Biquispeces Diretório de speces lhibre Biquibersidade La ounibersidade lhibre Wikivoyage L guia lhibre de biaige MediaWiki Zambolbimiento de l porgrama wiki Ajuda - Statísticas Se deseia ber la páigina percipal ne l stilo bielho, clique eiqui . Bienbenidos a Biquipédia La anciclopédia lhibre que todos puoden eiditar. La anciclopédia lhibre que todos puoden eiditar. 4 285 artigos an mirandés 25 outelizadores atibos Cumo se registrar Upa Cumo puodo dar ua upa Preguntas Abiso legal Taberna Páigina de testes Canal IRC Donaçones 4 285 artigos an mirandés 25 outelizadores atibos Cumo se registrar Upa Cumo puodo dar ua upa Preguntas Abiso legal Taberna Páigina de testes Canal IRC Donaçones Arte Biografies Ciéncia Filosofie Geografie Stória Matemática Relegion Sociadade Tecnologie Artigo an çtaque Apersentaçon Pertual , oufecialmente República Pertuesa (an pertués : Portugal i República Portuguesa ), queda ne l sudoeste de la Ouropa , an que l sou território queda na zona oucidental de la Península Eibérica i an arquipélagos ne l Atlántico Norte. Ten ua ária total de 92.391 km², i ye la naçon más oucidental de l cuntinente ouropeu. L território pertués ye delemitado a norte i a este por Spanha i a sul i oeste pul Ouceano Atlántico , i cumprende la parte cuntinental i las regiones outónomas: ls arquipélagos de l Açores i de la Madeira . Durante ls seclos XV i XVI, Pertual fui ua poténcia mundial eiquenómica, social i cultural, custituindo-se l purmeiro i l mais duradouro ampério quelonial de amplitude global. Zde la cunquista de Ceuta an 1415 até a la cessaçon de la admenistraçon de Macau , an 1999. Pertual ye hoije un paíç zambolbido, eiquenomicamente próspero, social i politicamente stable i cun Índece de Zambolbimiento Houmano eilebado. Ancuntra-se antre ls binte paízes de l mundo cun melhor culidade de bida, anque l sou perduto anterno bruto per capita ser l mais pequeinho antre ls paízes de la Ouropa Oucidental. Ye nembro de las Naciones Ounidas i de la Ounion Ouropeia (na altura de la sue adeson an 1986, CEE), i nembro-fundador de la NATO , de la OCDE , de la Zona Ouro (€) i de la CPLP . Partecipa an dibersas missones de manutençon de paç de las Naciones Ounidas. Pertual ye tamien un stado-nembro de l Spácio Schengen. Lher mais... Cumpartir: Artigos an çtaque : catadorie Pertual , oufecialmente República Pertuesa (an pertués : Portugal i República Portuguesa ), queda ne l sudoeste de la Ouropa , an que l sou território queda na zona oucidental de la Península Eibérica i an arquipélagos ne l Atlántico Norte. Ten ua ária total de 92.391 km², i ye la naçon más oucidental de l cuntinente ouropeu. L território pertués ye delemitado a norte i a este por Spanha i a sul i oeste pul Ouceano Atlántico , i cumprende la parte cuntinental i las regiones outónomas: ls arquipélagos de l Açores i de la Madeira . Durante ls seclos XV i XVI, Pertual fui ua poténcia mundial eiquenómica, social i cultural, custituindo-se l purmeiro i l mais duradouro ampério quelonial de amplitude global. Zde la cunquista de Ceuta an 1415 até a la cessaçon de la admenistraçon de Macau , an 1999. Pertual ye hoije un paíç zambolbido, eiquenomicamente próspero, social i politicamente stable i cun Índece de Zambolbimiento Houmano eilebado. Ancuntra-se antre ls binte paízes de l mundo cun melhor culidade de bida, anque l sou perduto anterno bruto per capita ser l mais pequeinho antre ls paízes de la Ouropa Oucidental. Ye nembro de las Naciones Ounidas i de la Ounion Ouropeia (na altura de la sue adeson an 1986, CEE), i nembro-fundador de la NATO , de la OCDE , de la Zona Ouro (€) i de la CPLP . Partecipa an dibersas missones de manutençon de paç de las Naciones Ounidas. Pertual ye tamien un stado-nembro de l Spácio Schengen. Cumpartir: Artigos an çtaque : catadorie La Biquipédia ye un porjeto de anciclopédia colaboratiba, ounibersal i çponible an bárias lhénguas/lénguas, stablecido na Anternete cunforme l percípio wiki . Ten cumo perpósito çponeblizar un cuntenido lhibre, oujetibo i berificable, que todos puodan eiditar i melhorar. L porjeto ye stablecido puls percípios fundamentales . L cuntenido ye çponeblizado cunforme la licéncia Creative Commons BY-SA i puode ser copiado i reoutelizado cunforme la mesma licéncia – mesmo pa fines comerciales – zde que séian respeitados ls termos i las cundiçones de outelizaçon . Todos ls eiditores de la Biquipédia son beluntairos. Eilhes antegran ũa quemunidade colaboratiba, sien un xefe, adonde ls nembros cordenan ls sous sfuorços ne l ámbito de ls porjetos temáticos i dibersos spácios de cumbersa . Dentre las bárias páiginas de upa a la çposiçon de ls antressados an cuntrebuir, stan las que splícan cumo criar ó eiditar un artigo. An causo de dúbedas, nó eisite an preguntar . Todos puoden publicar cuntenido na Biquipédia zde que sigan las reglas básicas stablecidas pula quemunidade, cumo por eisemplo la berificaçon de la anformaçon ó notoriedade i amportança de l tema. Ls debates i comentairos subre ls artigos son siempre bienbenidos. Las páiginas de cumbersa serben pa centralizar las reflessones i abaluaçones subre cumo melhorar l cuntenido de la Biquipédia. Se falas mirandés i achas bien haber ũa anciclopédia nesta lhéngua, puodes ajudá-la a crecer. Wikipedistas lusófonos, cliquem aqui! Portal de la quemunidade La Biquipédia ye un porjeto de anciclopédia colaboratiba, ounibersal i çponible an bárias lhénguas/lénguas, stablecido na Anternete cunforme l percípio wiki . Ten cumo perpósito çponeblizar un cuntenido lhibre, oujetibo i berificable, que todos puodan eiditar i melhorar. L porjeto ye stablecido puls percípios fundamentales . L cuntenido ye çponeblizado cunforme la licéncia Creative Commons BY-SA i puode ser copiado i reoutelizado cunforme la mesma licéncia – mesmo pa fines comerciales – zde que séian respeitados ls termos i las cundiçones de outelizaçon . Todos ls eiditores de la Biquipédia son beluntairos. Eilhes antegran ũa quemunidade colaboratiba, sien un xefe, adonde ls nembros cordenan ls sous sfuorços ne l ámbito de ls porjetos temáticos i dibersos spácios de cumbersa . Dentre las bárias páiginas de upa a la çposiçon de ls antressados an cuntrebuir, stan las que splícan cumo criar ó eiditar un artigo. An causo de dúbedas, nó eisite an preguntar . Todos puoden publicar cuntenido na Biquipédia zde que sigan las reglas básicas stablecidas pula quemunidade, cumo por eisemplo la berificaçon de la anformaçon ó notoriedade i amportança de l tema. Ls debates i comentairos subre ls artigos son siempre bienbenidos. Las páiginas de cumbersa serben pa centralizar las reflessones i abaluaçones subre cumo melhorar l cuntenido de la Biquipédia. Se falas mirandés i achas bien haber ũa anciclopédia nesta lhéngua, puodes ajudá-la a crecer. Upa mwl-0? Não fala mirandês? Clique aqui ! ¿No habla mirandés? Hagan clic aquí ! Don't speak Mirandese? Click here ! You can also visit our guestbook and help page . Se tubires preguntas subre questones lhenguísticas, puoden ser puostas an uso de la lhéngua ó ne ls cachos d’ ourtografie , lhéxico i gramática . Bei tamien la portalada de la quemunidade i la taberna para çcutir las cousas cul restro de la quemunidade. Nun sabes por adonde ampeçar? Bei la lhista d'artigos que toda Biquipédia deberie tener , traduç-los i ampeça a eiditar ls artigos nas lhigaçones que stan a burmeilho. Se quieres saber mais, puodes bejitar la páigina d’ ajuda . Bejita las portaladas temáticas. Se quejires fazer testes para daprender l funcionamiento de la Biquipédia, puodes fazer na páigina de testes . Se quejires ber las statísticas atualizadas de la Biquipédia, puodes fazer eiqui . mwl-0? Não fala mirandês? Clique aqui ! ¿No habla mirandés? Hagan clic aquí ! Don't speak Mirandese? Click here ! You can also visit our guestbook and help page . Se tubires preguntas subre questones lhenguísticas, puoden ser puostas an uso de la lhéngua ó ne ls cachos d’ ourtografie , lhéxico i gramática . Bei tamien la portalada de la quemunidade i la taberna para çcutir las cousas cul restro de la quemunidade. Nun sabes por adonde ampeçar? Bei la lhista d'artigos que toda Biquipédia deberie tener , traduç-los i ampeça a eiditar ls artigos nas lhigaçones que stan a burmeilho. Se quieres saber mais, puodes bejitar la páigina d’ ajuda . Bejita las portaladas temáticas. Se quejires fazer testes para daprender l funcionamiento de la Biquipédia, puodes fazer na páigina de testes . Se quejires ber las statísticas atualizadas de la Biquipédia, puodes fazer eiqui . Eimaige de l die Sabies que... Modelo:Eimaige - 10 de janeiro Cumpartir: Eimaiges de culidade ne l Commons Modelo:Curjidades - 10 de janeiro Modelo:Curjidades - 10 de janeiro Todas las lhénguas Biquipédias noutras lhénguas: Biquipédias cun 1 000 000 artigos Deutsch (alman) — English (anglés) — Español (spanhol) — Français (francés) — Italiano (eitaliano) — Nederlands (houlandés) — 日本語 (japonés) — Polski (polaco) — Português (pertués) — Русский (russo) — Sinugboanong Binisaya (cebuano) — Svenska (sueco) — Tiếng Việt (biatnamita) — Winaray (samarenho) Biquipédias antre 100 000 i 900 000 artigos العربية (árabe) — Asturianu (sturiano) — Azərbaycanca (azerbaijano) — Български (búlgaro) — Bân-lâm-gú / Hō-ló-oē (min de l sul) — Беларуская (Акадэмічная) (bielorrusso) — Català (catalan) — Čeština (checo) — Dansk (dinamarqués) — Eesti (stónio) — Ελληνικά (griego) — Esperanto (speranto) — Euskara (basco) — فارسی (persa) — Galego (galhego) — 한국어 (coreano) — Հայերեն (arménio) — हिन्दी (hindi) — Hrvatski (croata) — Bahasa Indonesia (andonésio) — עברית (heibraico) — ქართული (georgiano) — Latina (lhatin) — Lietuvių (lituano) — Magyar (húngaro) — Bahasa Melayu (malaio) — Bahaso Minangkabau — Norsk (noruegués) ( Bokmål (lhéngua de ls lhibros) i Nynorsk (nuobo noruegués) ) — Нохчийн (checheno) — Oʻzbekcha / Ўзбекча (usbeque) — Қазақша / Qazaqşa / قازاقشا (cazaque) — Română (romeno) — Simple English (anglés simples) — Slovenčina (slobaco) — Slovenščina (slobeno) — Српски / Srpski (sérbio) — Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски (serbo-croata) — Suomi (filandés) — தமிழ் (támil) — ภาษาไทย (tailandés) — Türkçe (turco) — Українська (ucraniano) — اردو (urdu) — Volapük (bolapuque) — 中文 (chinés) Biquipédias cun 10 000 artigos ó mais Afrikaans (africanés) — Alemannisch (alman alemánico) — አማርኛ (amárico) — Aragonés — বাংলা (bengali) — Basa Banyumasan — Башҡортса (basquir) — Беларуская (Тарашкевіца) (ourtografie clássica bielorrussa) — বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী (Bishnupriya Manipuri) — Boarisch (bábaro) — Bosanski (bósnio) — Brezhoneg (breton) — Чӑвашла (chubache) — Føroyskt (faroés) — Frysk (frísio oucidental) — Gaeilge (eirlandés) — Gàidhlig (gaélico scocés) — ગુજરાતી (guzerate) — Hornjoserbsce (alto sorábio) — Ido — Ilokano (ilocano) — Interlingua (anterlhéngua) — Ирон æвзаг (osseto) — Íslenska (eislandés) — Jawa (jabanés) — ಕನ್ನಡ (canarim) — Kreyòl Ayisyen (crioulo haitiano) — Kurdî / كوردی (curdo) — کوردیی ناوەندی (soráni) — Кыргызча (quirguiz) — Кырык Мары (mari de las muntanhas) — Latviešu (leton) — Lëtzebuergesch (luxemburgués) — Limburgs (limburgués) — Lumbaart (lombardo) — मैथिली (maithili) — Македонски (macedónio) — Malagasy (malgaxe) — മലയാളം (malaiala) — मराठी (marata) — მარგალური (mingrélio) — مصرى (árabe eigício) — مازِرونی (mazandarani) — Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ (min ouriental) — Монгол (mongol) — မြန်မာဘာသာ (birmanés) — नेपाल भाषा (neuari) — नेपाली (nepalés) — Nnapulitano (napolitano) — Occitan (occitano) — ଓଡି଼ଆ (oriá) — ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ) (panjabi) — پنجابی (شاہ مکھی) (panjabi oucidental) — Piemontèis (piemontés) — Plattdüütsch (baixo-alman) — Runa Simi (quíchua) — Cymraeg (galés) — संस्कृतम् (sánscrito) — Саха Тыла (iacuta) — Scots (scocés de las Tierras Baixas) — Shqip (albanés) — Sicilianu (siciliano) — සිංහල (cingalés) — Basa Sunda (sundanés) — Kiswahili (suaíli) — Tagalog (filipino) — Татарча / Tatarça (tártaro) — తెలుగు (telugo) — Тоҷикӣ (tajique) — تۆرکجه (azerbaijano oustral) — ᨅᨔ ᨕᨙᨁᨗ / Basa Ugi (buginés) — Vèneto (béneto) — Walon (balon) — ייִדיש (ídiche) — Yorùbá (iorubá) — 粵語 (cantonés) — Žemaitėška (samogício) Biquipédias cun 1 000 artigos ó mais Bahsa Acèh (achém) — Адыгэбзэ (cabardiano) — Ænglisc (anglés antigo) — Аҧсуа (abecásio) — Armãneashce (arromeno) — Arpitan (franco-probençal) — ܐܬܘܪܝܐ (aramaico) — Avañe’ẽ (guarani) — Авар (abar) — Aymar (aimará) — Bahasa Banjar (banjar) — भोजपुरी (biari) — Bikol Central (bicolano central) — Bislama (bislamá) — བོད་ཡིག (tibetano) — Буряад (buriato) — Chabacano de Zamboanga — Corsu (corso) — Cuengh (zhuang) — Deitsch (alman de la Pensilbánia) — ދިވެހިބަސް (maldibano) — Diné Bizaad (nabajo) — Dolnoserbski (baixo sorábio) — Emigliàn–Rumagnòl (emiliano-romanhola) — Эрзянь (erzya) — Estremeñu (stremenho) — Fiji Hindi (hindi fijiano) — Furlan (friulano) — Gaelg (manés) — Gagauz — Gĩkũyũ (kikuyu) — گیلکی (gilaki) — 贛語 (gan) — Hak-kâ-fa / 客家話 (hacá) — Хальмг (calmuco) — Hausa / هَوُسَا (haussá) — ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (habaiano) — Igbo — Interlingue (oucidental) — Kalaallisut (gronelandés) — Kapampangan — Kaszëbsczi (cassúbia) — Kernewek (córnico) — ភាសាខ្មែរ (cambojano) — Kinyarwanda (quiniaruanda) — Коми (komi) — Kongo (quicongo) — कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni (concani de Goa) — ພາສາລາວ (laociano) — Dzhudezmo / לאדינו (judiu-spanhol) — Лакку (lak) — Лезги (lezgui) — Líguru (lígure) — Lingála (lingala) — lojban — لۊری شومالی (luri setentrional) — Luganda — Malti (maltés) — 文言 (chinés clássico) — Reo Mā’ohi (taitiano) — Māori (maori) — Мокшень (moksha) — Nāhuatlahtōlli (nauatle) — Dorerin Naoero (nauruano) — Nedersaksisch (baixo-saxon houlandés) — Nordfriisk (frísio setentrional) — Nouormand / Normaund (normando) — Novial (nuobial) — Олык Марий (mari de las pradarias) — অসমীযা় (assamés) — पाऴि (páli) — Pangasinán (pangasinés) — Papiamentu (papiamento) — پښتو (pastó) — Перем Коми (komi-permyak) — Pfälzisch (alman de l Palatinado) — Picard (picardo) — Къарачай–Малкъар (carachaio-bálcara) — Qaraqalpaqsha (caracalpaque) — Qırımtatarca (tártaro de la Crimeia) — Ripoarisch (ripuário) — Rumantsch (romanche) — Русиньскый Язык (ruteno) — Sámegiella (sami setentrional) — Sardu (sardenho) — Seeltersk (frísio de Saterland) — Sesotho sa Leboa (sesoto setentrional) — ChiShona (xona) — سنڌي (sindi) — Ślůnski (silesiano) — Soomaaliga (somali) — Sranantongo (surinamés) — Taqbaylit (cabila) — Tarandíne (tarantino) — Tetun (tétum) — Tok Pisin — faka Tonga (tonganés) — Türkmençe (turcomeno) — Тыва дыл (tubiniano) — Удмурт (udmurte) — ئۇيغۇرچه (uigure) — Vepsän (bepes) — Võro — West-Vlams (flamengo oucidental) — Wolof (uólofe) — 吳語 (wu) — Zazaki — Zeêuws (zelandés) Biquipédias antre 10 i 100 artigos Akan — Bamanankan (bambara) — Chamoru (chamorro) — Chichewa (cinianja) — Eʋegbe (ewé) — Fulfulde (fula) — 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 (gótico) — ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / Inuktitut (inuctitut) — Iñupiak (inupiat) — كشميري (caxemira) — Latgaļu (latgália) — Молдовеняскэ (moldabo) — Na Vosa Vaka-Viti (fijiano) — Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ (cree) — Norfuk / Pitkern — Afaan Oromoo (oromo) — Ποντιακά (griego póntico) — རྫོང་ཁ (butanés) — Romani — Kirundi — Gagana Sāmoa (samoano) — Sängö (sango) — Sesotho (Sesoto) — Setswana (tsuana) — Словѣ́ньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ (antigo slabo eclesiástico) — SiSwati (suázi) — ትግርኛ (tigrínia) — ᏣᎳᎩ (cheroqui) — Tsėhesenėstsestotse (cheyenne) — Tshivenḓa (benda) — Xitsonga (tsonga) — chiTumbuka (tumbuca) — Twi (axante) — isiXhosa (cosa) — isiZulu (zulu) — Адыгэбзэ (adigue) — Jumiekan Kryuol (patoá jamaicano) — ತುಳು (túlu) — Karjalan (carélio) — डोटेली (doteli) — Atikamekw — Kabɩyɛ (kabiyé) — Thuɔŋjäŋ (dinca) — Гӏалгӏай (íngucho) — Lingua franca nova (lhéngua franca nuoba) — Hulontalo (gorontalo) — ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ (santali) — ၵႂၢမ်းတႆးယႂ် (shan) — Bali — Արեւմտահայերէն (arménio oucidental) — ဘာသာ မန် (mon) — ߒߞߏ (N'Ko) — Kriyòl gwiyannen (crioulo de la Guiana Francesa) — 撒奇萊雅語 (Sakizaya) Restro de Biquipédias Pa mais anformaçones, bei la lhista cumpleta de lhénguas de la Biquipédia . Deutsch (alman) — English (anglés) — Español (spanhol) — Français (francés) — Italiano (eitaliano) — Nederlands (houlandés) — 日本語 (japonés) — Polski (polaco) — Português (pertués) — Русский (russo) — Sinugboanong Binisaya (cebuano) — Svenska (sueco) — Tiếng Việt (biatnamita) — Winaray (samarenho) العربية (árabe) — Asturianu (sturiano) — Azərbaycanca (azerbaijano) — Български (búlgaro) — Bân-lâm-gú / Hō-ló-oē (min de l sul) — Беларуская (Акадэмічная) (bielorrusso) — Català (catalan) — Čeština (checo) — Dansk (dinamarqués) — Eesti (stónio) — Ελληνικά (griego) — Esperanto (speranto) — Euskara (basco) — فارسی (persa) — Galego (galhego) — 한국어 (coreano) — Հայերեն (arménio) — हिन्दी (hindi) — Hrvatski (croata) — Bahasa Indonesia (andonésio) — עברית (heibraico) — ქართული (georgiano) — Latina (lhatin) — Lietuvių (lituano) — Magyar (húngaro) — Bahasa Melayu (malaio) — Bahaso Minangkabau — Norsk (noruegués) ( Bokmål (lhéngua de ls lhibros) i Nynorsk (nuobo noruegués) ) — Нохчийн (checheno) — Oʻzbekcha / Ўзбекча (usbeque) — Қазақша / Qazaqşa / قازاقشا (cazaque) — Română (romeno) — Simple English (anglés simples) — Slovenčina (slobaco) — Slovenščina (slobeno) — Српски / Srpski (sérbio) — Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски (serbo-croata) — Suomi (filandés) — தமிழ் (támil) — ภาษาไทย (tailandés) — Türkçe (turco) — Українська (ucraniano) — اردو (urdu) — Volapük (bolapuque) — 中文 (chinés) Afrikaans (africanés) — Alemannisch (alman alemánico) — አማርኛ (amárico) — Aragonés — বাংলা (bengali) — Basa Banyumasan — Башҡортса (basquir) — Беларуская (Тарашкевіца) (ourtografie clássica bielorrussa) — বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী (Bishnupriya Manipuri) — Boarisch (bábaro) — Bosanski (bósnio) — Brezhoneg (breton) — Чӑвашла (chubache) — Føroyskt (faroés) — Frysk (frísio oucidental) — Gaeilge (eirlandés) — Gàidhlig (gaélico scocés) — ગુજરાતી (guzerate) — Hornjoserbsce (alto sorábio) — Ido — Ilokano (ilocano) — Interlingua (anterlhéngua) — Ирон æвзаг (osseto) — Íslenska (eislandés) — Jawa (jabanés) — ಕನ್ನಡ (canarim) — Kreyòl Ayisyen (crioulo haitiano) — Kurdî / كوردی (curdo) — کوردیی ناوەندی (soráni) — Кыргызча (quirguiz) — Кырык Мары (mari de las muntanhas) — Latviešu (leton) — Lëtzebuergesch (luxemburgués) — Limburgs (limburgués) — Lumbaart (lombardo) — मैथिली (maithili) — Македонски (macedónio) — Malagasy (malgaxe) — മലയാളം (malaiala) — मराठी (marata) — მარგალური (mingrélio) — مصرى (árabe eigício) — مازِرونی (mazandarani) — Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ (min ouriental) — Монгол (mongol) — မြန်မာဘာသာ (birmanés) — नेपाल भाषा (neuari) — नेपाली (nepalés) — Nnapulitano (napolitano) — Occitan (occitano) — ଓଡି଼ଆ (oriá) — ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ) (panjabi) — پنجابی (شاہ مکھی) (panjabi oucidental) — Piemontèis (piemontés) — Plattdüütsch (baixo-alman) — Runa Simi (quíchua) — Cymraeg (galés) — संस्कृतम् (sánscrito) — Саха Тыла (iacuta) — Scots (scocés de las Tierras Baixas) — Shqip (albanés) — Sicilianu (siciliano) — සිංහල (cingalés) — Basa Sunda (sundanés) — Kiswahili (suaíli) — Tagalog (filipino) — Татарча / Tatarça (tártaro) — తెలుగు (telugo) — Тоҷикӣ (tajique) — تۆرکجه (azerbaijano oustral) — ᨅᨔ ᨕᨙᨁᨗ / Basa Ugi (buginés) — Vèneto (béneto) — Walon (balon) — ייִדיש (ídiche) — Yorùbá (iorubá) — 粵語 (cantonés) — Žemaitėška (samogício) Bahsa Acèh (achém) — Адыгэбзэ (cabardiano) — Ænglisc (anglés antigo) — Аҧсуа (abecásio) — Armãneashce (arromeno) — Arpitan (franco-probençal) — ܐܬܘܪܝܐ (aramaico) — Avañe’ẽ (guarani) — Авар (abar) — Aymar (aimará) — Bahasa Banjar (banjar) — भोजपुरी (biari) — Bikol Central (bicolano central) — Bislama (bislamá) — བོད་ཡིག (tibetano) — Буряад (buriato) — Chabacano de Zamboanga — Corsu (corso) — Cuengh (zhuang) — Deitsch (alman de la Pensilbánia) — ދިވެހިބަސް (maldibano) — Diné Bizaad (nabajo) — Dolnoserbski (baixo sorábio) — Emigliàn–Rumagnòl (emiliano-romanhola) — Эрзянь (erzya) — Estremeñu (stremenho) — Fiji Hindi (hindi fijiano) — Furlan (friulano) — Gaelg (manés) — Gagauz — Gĩkũyũ (kikuyu) — گیلکی (gilaki) — 贛語 (gan) — Hak-kâ-fa / 客家話 (hacá) — Хальмг (calmuco) — Hausa / هَوُسَا (haussá) — ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (habaiano) — Igbo — Interlingue (oucidental) — Kalaallisut (gronelandés) — Kapampangan — Kaszëbsczi (cassúbia) — Kernewek (córnico) — ភាសាខ្មែរ (cambojano) — Kinyarwanda (quiniaruanda) — Коми (komi) — Kongo (quicongo) — कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni (concani de Goa) — ພາສາລາວ (laociano) — Dzhudezmo / לאדינו (judiu-spanhol) — Лакку (lak) — Лезги (lezgui) — Líguru (lígure) — Lingála (lingala) — lojban — لۊری شومالی (luri setentrional) — Luganda — Malti (maltés) — 文言 (chinés clássico) — Reo Mā’ohi (taitiano) — Māori (maori) — Мокшень (moksha) — Nāhuatlahtōlli (nauatle) — Dorerin Naoero (nauruano) — Nedersaksisch (baixo-saxon houlandés) — Nordfriisk (frísio setentrional) — Nouormand / Normaund (normando) — Novial (nuobial) — Олык Марий (mari de las pradarias) — অসমীযা় (assamés) — पाऴि (páli) — Pangasinán (pangasinés) — Papiamentu (papiamento) — پښتو (pastó) — Перем Коми (komi-permyak) — Pfälzisch (alman de l Palatinado) — Picard (picardo) — Къарачай–Малкъар (carachaio-bálcara) — Qaraqalpaqsha (caracalpaque) — Qırımtatarca (tártaro de la Crimeia) — Ripoarisch (ripuário) — Rumantsch (romanche) — Русиньскый Язык (ruteno) — Sámegiella (sami setentrional) — Sardu (sardenho) — Seeltersk (frísio de Saterland) — Sesotho sa Leboa (sesoto setentrional) — ChiShona (xona) — سنڌي (sindi) — Ślůnski (silesiano) — Soomaaliga (somali) — Sranantongo (surinamés) — Taqbaylit (cabila) — Tarandíne (tarantino) — Tetun (tétum) — Tok Pisin — faka Tonga (tonganés) — Türkmençe (turcomeno) — Тыва дыл (tubiniano) — Удмурт (udmurte) — ئۇيغۇرچه (uigure) — Vepsän (bepes) — Võro — West-Vlams (flamengo oucidental) — Wolof (uólofe) — 吳語 (wu) — Zazaki — Zeêuws (zelandés) Akan — Bamanankan (bambara) — Chamoru (chamorro) — Chichewa (cinianja) — Eʋegbe (ewé) — Fulfulde (fula) — 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 (gótico) — ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / Inuktitut (inuctitut) — Iñupiak (inupiat) — كشميري (caxemira) — Latgaļu (latgália) — Молдовеняскэ (moldabo) — Na Vosa Vaka-Viti (fijiano) — Nēhiyawēwin / 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Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Esta páigina fui eiditada pula redadeira beç a la(s) 08h02min de 30 de setembre de 2018. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Geography 2 Tourism 3 Cuisine 4 Films 5 See also 6 References Southern France Alemannisch العربية Azərbaycanca Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Occitan Polski Português Sardu Shqip Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Southern France Le Midi ( French ) Lo Miègjorn ( Occitan ) Calanques National Park between Marseille and Cassis , in Bouches-du-Rhône Southern France, based on a split along the 45th parallel Country France Southern France , also known as the south of France or colloquially in French as le Midi , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] is a geographical area consisting of the regions of France that border the Atlantic Ocean south of the Marais Poitevin , [ 3 ] Spain , the Mediterranean Sea and Italy . It includes southern Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the west, Occitania in the centre, the southern parts of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the northeast, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the southeast, as well as the island of Corsica in the southeast. Southern France is generally considered part of southern Europe because of its association with the Mediterranean Sea. The colloquial French name for the region, le Midi , is derived from an Old French compound composed of mi ("middle") and di ("day"), meaning literally "midday". [ 4 ] Thus, the term is comparable in both origin and meaning to Mezzogiorno , which indicates southern Italy, and Romanian Miazăzi which is a synonym for south. Geography The area corresponds in large part to Occitania in southern Europe , the historical and cultural region in which Occitan ( French : langue d'oc ), as distinct from the langues d'oïl of northern France , was the predominant language. Despite being part of Occitania, the regions of Auvergne and Limousin are not normally considered part of southern France. The largest cities of southern France are Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Nice and Montpellier . The Pyrenees and French Alps are also located in the area, in respectively its southwestern and eastern parts. Corsica , which is south of Continental France and just north of Sardinia , Italy , may also be included. Tourism Notable touristic landmarks include the Roman -era Pont du Gard and the Arena of Nîmes ; the Verdon Gorge , in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence ; the Canal du Midi , linking Toulouse by to the Mediterranean Sea ; and the natural regions of Larzac , Luberon and Camargue . The French Riviera is in southern France's southeastern quadrant. Several towns in southern France are renowned for their architecture and surroundings, such as Roussillon , Ménerbes , Cordes-sur-Ciel , Gordes , Rocamadour , Rennes-le-Château , Les Baux-de-Provence , Lourmarin , Gassin , Saint-Paul-de-Vence , L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue , Seillans , Crillon-le-Brave and Saint-Rémy-de-Provence . Nice is often considered abroad to be southern France's best-known city although Marseille is the largest. Coastal road near Sainte-Maxime Lavender fields, a well-known feature of southern France, are mainly in Provence . Pont du Gard , a UNESCO World Heritage Site View of Vaucluse vineyards producing Provence wine Traditional landscape of the historical province of Béarn , in Pyrénées-Atlantiques Village of Fontaine-de-Vaucluse , near Avignon Cuisine Southern France has a cuisine that is different from those of northern France and other Mediterranean countries. The major difference from the rest of France is in the use of olive oil, instead of butter. Local agriculture supplies the olives for consumption as well as cooking, the ducks and geese to make foie gras , haricot beans that are used in cassoulet , the sheep whose milk produces Roquefort cheese, tomatoes and melons. To accompany the richer food, the area also supplies much stronger wines, from Bordeaux , Cahors , Madiran , and Languedoc , all of which are washed down with brandy from Armagnac . [ 5 ] Films The following films are set in southern France: To Catch a Thief (1955) Summer Holiday (1963) Pierrot le Fou (1965) The Sucker (1965) Lacombe, Lucien (1974) French Connection II (1975) Never Say Never Again (1983) Under the Cherry Moon (1986) Jean de Florette (1986) Manon des Sources (1986) Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (1988) Happiness Is in the Field (1995) GoldenEye (1995) Taxi (1998) Chocolat (2000) The Transporter (2002) Swimming Pool (2003) Le Grand Voyage (2004) Priceless (2006) The Grocer's Son (2007) Mr. Bean's Holiday (2007) Amer (2009) Magic in the Moonlight (2014) Johnny English Strikes Again (2018) See also Béarn Corsica French Riviera Gascony Mediterranean Sea Northern Basque Country Northern Catalonia Novempopulania Occitania Southern Europe Southern Italy Vichy France References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Lyons, Declan (18 February 2009). Cycling guide to the Canal du Midi, Languedoc, France, Europe . Midpoint Trade Books. ISBN 978-1-85284-559-9 . ^ Passy, Paul (1904). International French–English and English–French dictionary . Hinds, Noble & Eldredge. ^ Louis Papy, Le midi atlantique , Atlas et géographie de la France moderne, Flammarion, Paris, 1984. ^ "MIDI : Définition de MIDI" . Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales (in French) . Retrieved 2025-03-19 . ^ Taylor, Colin Duncan (2021). Menu from the Midi: A Gastronomic Journey through the South of France . Matador. ISBN 978-1800464964 . Authority control databases International GND GND National United States Czech Republic United States Czech Republic Other Yale LUX Yale LUX Southern France Regions of France Geography of France Occitania CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles containing French-language text Articles containing Occitan (post 1500)-language text Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates Articles containing Italian-language text Articles containing Romanian-language text This page was last edited on 29 December 2025, at 06:51 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. 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An official website of the United States government Here's how you know The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. An official website of the United States government The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. Account Dashboard Publications Account settings Log out Clipboard My Bibliography Collections Citation manager Save citation to file Email citation Add to Collections Create a new collection Add to an existing collection Add to My Bibliography My Bibliography Your saved search Yes No Create a file for external citation management software Your RSS Feed Full text links Actions Create a new collection Add to an existing collection Page navigation Title & authors Abstract Conflict of interest statement Publication types MeSH terms Associated data LinkOut - more resources Search in PubMed Search in NLM Catalog Add to Search Safety and equity in scaling minimally invasive surgery worldwide in 109 countries using cholecystectomy as a tracer procedure: a prospective cohort study PMID: 41519150 DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(25)00476-0 Safety and equity in scaling minimally invasive surgery worldwide in 109 countries using cholecystectomy as a tracer procedure: a prospective cohort study Search in PubMed Search in NLM Catalog Add to Search PMID: 41519150 DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(25)00476-0 Abstract Background: Minimally invasive surgery is rapidly expanding globally, yet there is insufficient knowledge of how to scale this technology safely and equitably across diverse health systems. We aimed to identify health-system factors associated with safe implementation of minimally invasive surgery globally, using minimally invasive cholecystectomy as a tracer procedure. Methods: We conducted a multicentre, prospective cohort study of consecutive adults undergoing cholecystectomy between July 31 and Nov 19, 2023, in 1218 hospitals across 109 countries. Data were collected by more than 10 000 health-care workers using a core measurement set mapped to the WHO Health System Building Blocks and the Global Patient Safety Action Plan. The primary outcome was 30-day procedure-specific complications, with multilevel logistic regression used to examine associations between health-system features and patient outcomes. This study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT06223061 ). Findings: Among 52 187 included patients, the adjusted procedure-specific complication rate varied 40-fold between hospitals, from 0·3% in the lowest risk quintile to 12·1% in the highest risk quintile. Despite large structural differences across income groups in access to minimally invasive surgery, diagnostics, and emergency services, country income level was not independently associated with complication rates (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0·81 [95% CI 0·59-1·10] for upper-middle income vs high income and 0·99 [0·70-1·39] for lower-middle income or low income vs high income). Three modifiable hospital-level factors were strongly associated with safer outcomes: establishment of local simulation-based training facilities (adjusted OR 0·78 [0·71-0·86]; p<0·0001), adoption of intraoperative safety and communication strategies (0·87 [0·79-0·96]; p=0·0046), and on-site CT diagnostics (0·79 [0·65-0·97]; p=0·0220). Training facilities showed the greatest benefit in hospitals with limited infrastructure and an inexperienced workforce: the number needed to treat to prevent a procedure-specific complication was 21 (95% CI 14-35; p<0·0001). Interpretation: Safe implementation of minimally invasive surgery varies widely worldwide but is not defined by national income level; differences in outcomes reflect the ability of health systems to adopt and safely deploy new surgical techniques. We identified for the first time that the presence of local simulation-based training facilities is independently associated with improved patient outcomes. Simulation appears to be fundamental to the safe delivery of minimally invasive surgery, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Together with safety systems and diagnostic capacity, these findings offer actionable targets for health systems seeking to equitably scale up essential surgical technologies. Funding: NIHR Global Health Research Unit and Wellcome Leap SAVE Programme. Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved. PubMed Disclaimer Conflict of interest statement Declaration of interests We declare no competing interests. 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Electronic address: emergency.lin@gmail.com. 2 Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. 3 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. 4 Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan. 5 Department of Emergency Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. PMID: 27411878 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30978-3 Medical response to 2016 earthquake in Taiwan Search in PubMed Search in NLM Catalog Add to Search Authors Affiliations 1 Department of Emergency Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Initial adaptations Toggle Initial adaptations subsection 1.1 Early films 1.2 Limbo 1.1 Early films 1.2 Limbo 2 Original film series Toggle Original film series subsection 2.1 Batman (1989) 2.2 Batman Returns (1992) 2.3 Batman Forever (1995) 2.4 Batman & Robin (1997) 2.5 Unrealized proposals 2.1 Batman (1989) 2.2 Batman Returns (1992) 2.3 Batman Forever (1995) 2.4 Batman & Robin (1997) 2.5 Unrealized proposals 3 Planned relaunch 4 The Dark Knight trilogy Toggle The Dark Knight trilogy subsection 4.1 Batman Begins (2005) 4.2 The Dark Knight (2008) 4.3 The Dark Knight Rises (2012) 4.1 Batman Begins (2005) 4.2 The Dark Knight (2008) 4.3 The Dark Knight Rises (2012) 5 DC Extended Universe Toggle DC Extended Universe subsection 5.1 Title roles 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.2 Ensemble roles 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 5.1 Title roles 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.2 Ensemble roles 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 6 The Batman Epic Crime Saga Toggle The Batman Epic Crime Saga subsection 6.1 The Batman (2022) 6.2 The Batman: Part II (2027) 6.1 The Batman (2022) 6.2 The Batman: Part II (2027) 7 DC Universe Toggle DC Universe subsection 7.1 The Brave and the Bold 7.1 The Brave and the Bold 8 Joker duology 9 Animated film 10 Recurring cast and characters 11 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 11.1 Box office performance 11.2 Critical and public response 11.3 Accolades 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 11.1 Box office performance 11.2 Critical and public response 11.3 Accolades 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 Notes 15 References Toggle References subsection 15.1 Citations 15.2 Bibliography 15.1 Citations 15.2 Bibliography 16 External links Batman in film العربية Български Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本語 Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Adaptations of Batman in other media Batman actors since 1943. Top to bottom, left to right: Lewis Wilson , Adam West , Michael Keaton , Val Kilmer , George Clooney , Christian Bale , Ben Affleck , Robert Pattinson . Created by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Original source Comics published by DC Comics First appearance Detective Comics #27 ( 1939 ) Films and television Film(s) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin (1949) Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Catwoman (2004) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Suicide Squad (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) Justice League (2017) Joker (2019) Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) The Batman (2022) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Flash (2023) [ a ] Batgirl (unreleased) Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) The Batman: Part II (2027) The Brave and the Bold (TBA) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin (1949) Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Catwoman (2004) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Suicide Squad (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) Justice League (2017) Joker (2019) Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) The Batman (2022) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Flash (2023) [ a ] Batgirl (unreleased) Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) The Batman: Part II (2027) The Brave and the Bold (TBA) Batman , a superhero created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger for comic books published by DC Comics , has appeared in nearly every form of media , including film since the 1940s. Columbia Pictures supervised the first film adaptations with Batman (1943) and Batman and Robin (1949), deviating significantly from the source material. 20th Century Fox then released a theatrical spinoff of the American Broadcasting Company 's (ABC) live-action television series about the character in the 1960s, starring Adam West . After several years in limbo, Warner Bros. Pictures purchased the copyrights and developed a succession of Batman films in the late twentieth century, two directed by Tim Burton and another pair by Joel Schumacher . Michael Keaton portrays Batman in the Burton films, while Val Kilmer and George Clooney feature as the titular hero in the Schumacher films. Warner Bros. spent the turn of the millennium in another protracted development period, leading to the production of a reboot trilogy featuring Christian Bale as Batman: Batman Begins (2005), The Dark Knight (2008), and The Dark Knight Rises (2012). The creation of the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), a media franchise bound by a shared universe , spawned additional works. Ben Affleck plays the character in the DCEU films, beginning with the Zack Snyder -directed entry Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016). Affleck, Keaton, and Clooney's Batmen have also appeared in crossover films within the DCEU. The Batman (2022) and The Brave and the Bold will revamp the established continuity of the live-action films with new incarnations of Batman portrayed by Robert Pattinson and another actor. Joker (2019) features a depiction of the character as a civilian, predating his transformation into a vigilante. Numerous actors voice Batman in animated film. The Batman films are generally successful and comprise one of the highest-grossing franchises of all time, grossing over $6.8 billion globally. Critical opinion of films vary substantially. For example, The Dark Knight trilogy was critically acclaimed, whereas other films, such as Batman & Robin (1997) and those of the DCEU, were not well reviewed in the media. Occasionally, Batman films attract Academy Award recognition for acting and technical achievement. Initial adaptations Early films Following the success of comic books featuring Batman in the early 1940s, three major Hollywood studios approached DC Comics [ b ] to purchase the film rights. [ 2 ] Columbia Pictures bought the rights shortly afterward, and, in 1943, released a fifteen-chapter serial film directed by Lambert Hillyer and starring Lewis Wilson as Batman. [ 3 ] The story follows Batman and Robin's attempts to sabotage a Japanese spy's plot to aid Axis conquest of the United States by producing a super weapon. [ 4 ] Elements of Batman deviate from the source material in significant respects, most notably the addition of a Japanese villain, underscoring the film's propaganda function . [ 5 ] Conceived eighteen months after the December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor , Batman reflected a wider cultural shift to arouse mass support for US intervention in World War II . [ 6 ] Nevertheless, the serial introduced the Batcave and the Wayne Manor 's secret grandfather clock entrance in Batman mythology. [ 7 ] It was re-released in theaters in 1965 under the title An Evening with Batman and Robin . [ 8 ] In 1949, Columbia developed another fifteen-part serial, Batman and Robin , as the sequel to Batman , compelled by the success of Superman the previous year. [ 8 ] Robert Lowery was Wilson's replacement as Batman, leading a new ensemble of actors opposite Johnny Duncan as Robin. [ 9 ] Batman and Robin details the duo's retrieval of a stolen remote control machine from criminal mastermind Wizard , whose schemes threaten to disrupt Gotham City's transportation networks. [ 10 ] Producer Sam Katzman sought to keep the cost of filming low, and the diminished budget led to further changes to the onscreen world. [ 8 ] As a consequence, Batman and Robin fared poorly in reviews from the press. [ 11 ] The American Broadcasting Company 's (ABC) creation of a live-action TV adaptation of Batman in the mid-1960s resurrected the character's popularity. [ 11 ] 20th Century Fox released a theatrical film intended to be a precursor to the show in 1966. [ 12 ] Featuring Adam West as the superhero, author Matthew J. Smith viewed the projects as campy , yet more faithful interpretations of the comics than the serials. [ 11 ] West stated he was hesitant to consider the part because he feared being typecast , but was convinced by his agent. [ 13 ] In the film, Batman and Robin ( Burt Ward ) confront the main antagonists of the series: the Joker ( Cesar Romero ), Penguin ( Burgess Meredith ), the Riddler ( Frank Gorshin ), and Catwoman ( Lee Meriwether ). [ 14 ] Limbo The cancellation of Batman decreased Hollywood interest in further film adaptations. [ 11 ] A concerted effort to produce another film did not begin until a year after the release of Superman (1978). [ 15 ] Producers Michael Uslan and Benjamin Melniker purchased the rights with the aim of conceiving a more faithful adaptation of the comics. [ 16 ] Superman was another catalyst for Uslan and Melniker's vision of a Batman film. [ 17 ] Uslan pitched to multiple studios unsuccessfully, including Columbia and United Artists , prompting him to devise an outline, Return of the Batman , to better articulate his idea. [ 16 ] [ 18 ] By November 1979, Uslan and Melniker obtained funding through a joint venture with Peter Guber , chairman of the film division of Casablanca Records . [ 19 ] Under the arrangement, the producers were entitled to 40 percent of profits yielded by Casablanca. [ 20 ] They commissioned a Batman film with a $15 million budget in 1981, but a series of corporate acquisitions prolonged negotiations over the film's distribution, stalling development. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Casablanca's preexisting distribution agreement with Universal Pictures dissolved after the company was acquired by PolyGram Pictures . [ 20 ] By this point, PolyGram faced bankruptcy after investing $80 million to increase their rate of output, and Guber brokered an agreement to transfer ownership of the Batman film rights to him and associate Jon Peters . [ 23 ] Another associate pitched the project to Warner Bros. Pictures executive Frank Wells , and afterwards Peters signed a deal with studio president Terry Semel which overlapped with the Casablanca contract. [ 21 ] [ 23 ] However, because Uslan and Melniker were unaware of the dealings, they challenged Warner Bros. over the claim that it had breached the Casablanca agreement. [ 20 ] Screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz completed the project's first draft in June 1983, titled The Batman . [ 24 ] The draft focused on an origin story chronicling Bruce Wayne's transformation into Batman. [ 24 ] Moreover, Mankiewicz developed the story to indicate a sequel following Batman and Dick Grayson as a crimefighting duo. [ 24 ] Mankiewicz took inspiration from Batman: Strange Apparitions , a multi-issue limited series by Steve Englehart and Marshall Rogers . [ 25 ] Though The Batman was announced with a mid-1985 release date, revisions to the script impeded progress on the film. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] In total, the script underwent nine rewrites from nine separate screenwriters. [ 27 ] Original film series Batman (1989) Warner Bros. appointed Tim Burton as Batman director in 1988. [ 28 ] The studio approached Burton as early as 1985, but had no formalized deal until a week after Beetlejuice opened in theaters. [ 28 ] Burton discarded Mankiewicz's screenplay as he found the tone too similar to Superman . [ 26 ] Englehart and Julie Hickson prepared film treatments which Sam Hamm reworked into the script. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns (1986) guided Hamm's script, reflecting a darker approach than previous interpretations to that point. [ 30 ] When the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to resign, Warner Bros. engaged Warren Skaaren , Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems for additional rewrites to lighten the tone. [ 15 ] Burton chose Michael Keaton among a number of leading men as Batman / Bruce Wayne , despite resistance from studio executives. [ 26 ] [ 31 ] Keaton was a controversial casting choice; he had been mainly known as a comedic actor and was not perceived to fit the Batman archetype. [ 32 ] Jack Nicholson stars opposite Keaten as the Joker , earning as much as $50–$90 million for his work. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Principal photography occurred from October 1988 to January 1989 on constructed sets at the backlot of Pinewood Studios in London. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] After its June 1989 release, Batman received mostly positive reviews and finished the theatrical run as the year's second highest-grossing film , with a box office take of $400 million. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] At the 62nd Academy Awards , the film won Best Art Direction . [ 39 ] Batman Returns (1992) Studio executives prioritized a sequel to Batman beginning in late-1989. [ 40 ] Warner Bros. secured Burton's commitment as director for Batman Returns in 1991. [ 41 ] Burton was reluctant to return for another film because he was cynical about sequels. [ 40 ] He had also been frustrated with the authority Guber and Peters exerted over the original film, agreeing to Batman Returns only on the condition of greater independence. [ 42 ] Daniel Waters replaced Hamm as screenwriter based on Burton's preference for a writer that had no involvement with Batman . [ 43 ] Waters developed the script with greater emphasis on the villains—including Catwoman ( Michelle Pfeiffer ) and the Penguin ( Danny DeVito ). [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Burton brought on Wesley Strick for an uncredited rewrite before assigning Waters further script editing duties. [ 40 ] Keaton reprised his role for a $10 million salary. [ 40 ] [ 43 ] Filmmakers shot Batman Returns from September 1991 to February 1992, and the film was released in theaters that June. [ 40 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Batman Returns polarized critics and, to the dismay of Warner Bros., saw diminished returns at the box office. [ 40 ] [ 47 ] Batman Forever (1995) To improve their profit-making potential, Warner Bros. developed Batman Forever with a more family-friendly tone. [ 46 ] The studio did not want to continue the series with Burton and encouraged the filmmaker to seek other projects, though Burton remained involved as an executive producer. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] They hired Joel Schumacher as Burton's replacement, believing he could better realize a film conducive to advertising toys. [ 50 ] The screenplay was conceived by Lee and Janet Scott-Batchler, a husband-and-wife writing team, and Akiva Goldsman . [ 51 ] Keaton at first supported the changes but in time dropped out, objecting to the script. [ 46 ] [ 52 ] Ethan Hawke , Daniel Day-Lewis , Ralph Fiennes , and Kurt Russell were among those considered to play Batman, which inevitably went to Val Kilmer . [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Kilmer came to Schumacher's attention for his work in the Western film Tombstone (1993). [ 56 ] Shooting took place from September 1994 to March 1995, [ 49 ] [ 57 ] followed by the theatrical rollout in June 1995. [ 58 ] Batman Forever finished the year as the sixth highest-grossing film by amassing $350 million globally, but drew a tepid critical response. [ 59 ] Nonetheless, the film received three nominations at the 68th Academy Awards . [ 60 ] Batman & Robin (1997) Schumacher was signed as director of Batman & Robin while Batman Forever ran in theaters. [ 61 ] Goldman and Chris O'Donnell returned, the former as the film's sole screenwriter. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Kilmer did not reappear, and reports give conflicting accounts about the circumstance of the actor's departure. Schumacher maintained in a 1996 interview that producers "sort of fired" Kilmer because he was volatile on the set of Batman Forever . [ 64 ] On the other hand, Kilmer cited scheduling conflicts that arose as a result of prior commitments to Heat (1995) and The Saint (1997). [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In his documentary film Val (2021), the actor clarified further that the experience working in the Batsuit, which he found cumbersome, influenced his decision to leave. [ 65 ] Executive Bob Daly mentioned George Clooney in casting discussions, leading to Clooney's hiring based on his performance in From Dusk till Dawn (1996) and his likeness to Batman's comic book counterpart. [ 67 ] Filming for Batman & Robin began in September 1996 and finished two weeks ahead of schedule in January 1997, [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 70 ] and the theatrical release was scheduled in June 1997. [ 71 ] Batman & Robin was a critical and commercial failure and is cited as one the worst blockbuster films ever made. [ 59 ] [ 72 ] Unrealized proposals Warner Bros. initiated plans to expand the franchise with several films, including a third Schumacher Batman film commissioned as Batman & Robin was in production. The studio announced the project with Mark Protosevich as screenwriter. [ 61 ] Schumacher said he planned to revisit a darker storytelling approach, contradicting a Los Angeles Times piece that claimed he would continue the direction of his other Batman films. [ 47 ] [ 73 ] Protosevich's treatment, a 150-page script named Batman Unchained , revolves around Wayne's efforts to confront figures of his turmoiled past, chiefly the Scarecrow , Harley Quinn , and, ultimately, the Joker through a drug-induced hallucination. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] In the film's final scene, Wayne is besieged by a swarm of bats as a symbol of triumph over his fears. [ 73 ] Warner Bros. cast Coolio to play Scarecrow, introducing the character in a cameo in Batman & Robin . [ 75 ] Sequel development collapsed after the failure of Batman & Robin . [ 47 ] Around the same time, another project titled Batman: DarKnight was approved by Warner Bros., from a script conceived by novice writers Lee Shapiro and Stephen Wise. [ 73 ] [ 76 ] Shapiro and Wise pitched to the studio on learning that they were contemplating a new direction for Batman. [ 73 ] Their story was inspired by The Dark Knight Returns , featuring Wayne, disillusioned by crimefighting, retreating from the public, and encouraging Grayson to pursue college. [ 76 ] Grayson has an adversarial relationship with professor Jonathan Crane, civilian persona of Scarecrow, who kidnaps and tortures Grayson in psychological experiments in Arkham Asylum . [ 73 ] Man-Bat features in DarKnight as a secondary villain whose crimes are erroneously blamed on Batman, luring Wayne out of hiding. [ 76 ] By 2001, Warner Bros. brought on Jeff Robinov to commence plans for a reboot, ending all active development of their original Batman series. [ 73 ] [ 76 ] Planned relaunch At the turn of the millennium, Warner Bros. entered a protracted development period over a Batman film. [ 47 ] Three reboot proposals emerged during this time, the earliest being an adaptation of Miller's comic book story arc Batman: Year One (1987). [ 73 ] Schumacher made the suggestion to Warner Bros. in 1998, and within a year, the studio solicited the then-relatively unknown filmmaker Darren Aronofsky for ideas to approach a remake. [ 73 ] [ 77 ] According to Aronofsky, the studio was receptive after he quipped, "I'd cast Clint Eastwood as the Dark Knight, and shoot it in Tokyo, doubling for Gotham City." [ 78 ] He joined as director in 2000. [ 79 ] Aronofsky worked with Miller to write the Batman: Year One script in their second collaboration; their first work together was an undeveloped screenplay of Miller's multi-issue series Ronin . [ 80 ] Their script re-conceptualized Batman with working class origins and placed greater emphasis on the character's psychological profile. [ 47 ] [ 73 ] Christian Bale and Freddie Prinze, Jr. were discussed to star, and Aronofsky campaigned to hire Joaquin Phoenix against studio intent, but Batman: Year One never went into production. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] Owing to creative disagreements with Aronofsky and Miller, Warner Bros. abandoned efforts on the project. [ 83 ] Alan Horn succeeded Terry Semel and Bob Daly as COO and president of Warner Bros. in 1999. There he implemented plans to relaunch the Batman and Superman franchises as part of a broader measure to increase the studio's output of blockbuster films. [ 47 ] The efforts may have been shaped in part by a corporate merger between parent company Time Warner and AOL in 2001. [ 84 ] Although the idea of a crossover film portraying Batman and Superman as foes long circulated in the press, it was screenwriter Andrew Kevin Walker who first brought forward the concept in earnest in August 2001. [ 85 ] Warner Bros. engaged Wolfgang Petersen to direct Batman Vs. Superman , who then secured Walker's services to prepare a draft. [ 47 ] Goldman was brought on for a rewrite when the studio rejected Walker's draft, but the successive script drew mixed reactions. [ 85 ] Thereafter Petersen left to make another Warner project, the historical drama Troy (2004), and Horn clashed with producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura because they had competing visions for the franchises. [ 47 ] [ 85 ] Ultimately, the studio proceeded with plans for solo films and development of Batman Vs. Superman unraveled. [ 85 ] In 2000, Warner Bros. oversaw a live-action adaptation of their animated TV program Batman Beyond . [ 47 ] They commissioned Boaz Yakin and Batman Beyond creators Paul Dini and Alan Burnett to write a draft, but found the direction unsatisfactory and severed further commitment. [ 47 ] Little else is known about the project and filmmakers involved seldom discuss information in interviews with the media. [ 73 ] A younger Wayne played by Armie Hammer was a subject of a Justice League film known as Justice League: Mortal , which was meant to launch a franchise independent of the mainline Batman films in the late 2000s. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Several problems beset the production. Warner Bros. suspended filming in the wake of an industrywide labor strike by the Writers Guild of America and again over disputes concerning the studio's request for tax subsidies from the government of Australia, which was denied by the Australian Film Commission . [ 88 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] In turn, Warner Bros. relocated the film's administrative operations to Canada, before cancelling production to mandate solo films of the DC characters, enacted after the release of The Dark Knight (2008). [ 91 ] [ 92 ] The Dark Knight trilogy The Dark Knight trilogy was ranked as one of the greatest film trilogies by /Film , Time Out , and CBR . [ 93 ] [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Batman Begins (2005) Christopher Nolan was signed to a pay-or-play contract as director of Batman Begins in early 2003, [ 47 ] [ 96 ] after approaching Warner Bros. with the idea of making a Batman film centered on the character's origins. [ 97 ] What's more, the studio wanted to reconcile relations with the filmmaker after Petersen took his place as Troy director. [ 98 ] Nolan said he aimed to develop a more realistic, grittier film setting to differentiate Batman Begins from Warner's original Batman movies. [ 99 ] This encompassed the creation of an updated Batmobile and an all-black Batsuit designed for more agile movement. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] Nolan and David S. Goyer produced the film's completed script. [ 102 ] Management cast Bale, at the time a largely-unknown actor, under Nolan's belief that he exuded "exactly the balance of darkness and light" they desired for the character. [ 47 ] [ 103 ] To prepare for the role, Bale was given martial arts training, regained the weight he lost for The Machinist (2004), and increased his muscle mass, weighing about 220 pounds (100 kg). [ 104 ] [ 105 ] The filmmaking crew spent 2004 shooting Batman Begins in Iceland, the United Kingdom and Chicago, the lattermost within a three-week period. [ 106 ] They relied on miniature effects and traditional stunts during the production, using computer-generated imagery (CGI) only sparingly. [ 107 ] Despite a poor box office prognosis, the film was released in June 2005 to improved results, grossing $375.4 million worldwide. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Reviews from critics were very positive, and Batman Begins became a candidate for Best Cinematography at the 78th Academy Awards . [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The Dark Knight (2008) Nolan did not plan to make a sequel, but nevertheless brainstormed ideas with Goyer during the filming of Batman Begins . [ 112 ] The men worked together to outline The Dark Knight 's essential plot points for three months. [ 113 ] Nolan next assisted his brother Jonathan with development of the script, starting with a draft screenplay finished in six months. [ 113 ] The brothers spent another six months collaborating on the final script. [ 113 ] Filmmakers again redesigned the Batsuit to make it more comfortable to wear. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Bale reprised his role as Batman, performing many of his own stunts. [ 116 ] The film story sees Batman battling his arch-nemesis the Joker ( Heath Ledger ), who obstructs efforts to control organized crime by his newly-forged alliance with district attorney Harvey Dent ( Aaron Eckhart ) and police lieutenant James Gordon ( Gary Oldman ). The Dark Knight was shot on a 127-day schedule from April to November 2007, and opened to widespread critical acclaim in July 2008. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] It broke numerous box office records, becoming the highest-grossing film of 2008 and exceeding $1 billion by February 2009. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] Near the end of its global rollout, the film entered the 81st Academy Awards season as a frontrunner with eight nominations, winning two. [ 121 ] Ledger's posthumous win for Best Supporting Actor made The Dark Knight the first comic book film to win an Academy Award for acting. [ 122 ] In 2020, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry . [ 123 ] The Dark Knight Rises (2012) After initial hesitation, Nolan returned to direct The Dark Knight Rises , and, with his brother and Goyer, conceived a story he believed would conclude the trilogy on a satisfying note. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] He contemplated story and character ideas with Goyer before tasking Jonathan with the scriptwriting. [ 126 ] Warner Bros. proposed a character similar to Ledger's Joker as the film's primary villain, but Nolan picked Bane ( Tom Hardy ), favoring a physically imposing figure as antagonist. [ 102 ] [ 127 ] The director cited Metropolis (1927), Doctor Zhivago (1965), The Battle of Algiers (1966), Prince of the City (1981), and Blade Runner (1982) as major influences on The Dark Knight Rises 's artistic direction. [ 128 ] One of Nolan's main goals was to shoot the film with IMAX cameras as he wanted visual uniformity between The Dark Knight projects. [ 129 ] Production lasted from May to November 2011, and The Dark Knight Rises debuted in North American theaters in July 2012. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] The film eventually surpassed The Dark Knight 's box office gross and drew highly positive reviews from critics. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] DC Extended Universe Title roles Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Press speculation about a sequel to Man of Steel (2013) preceded the 46th San Diego Comic-Con . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] At that event, director Zack Snyder announced Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice as Man of Steel 's follow-up, based on a narrative inspired by The Dark Knight Returns . [ 136 ] Goyer returned to develop a screenplay that was rewritten at least three times, including once by Chris Terrio , because he was working concurrently on other projects of the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). [ 137 ] [ 138 ] Terrio's script was influenced by The Dark Knight trilogy and "Musée des Beaux Arts", an allegorical poem by English poet W. H. Auden . [ 139 ] Nolan worked as an executive producer, albeit in an advisory role, but Warner Bros. did not approach Bale to reprise Batman. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] Ben Affleck stars in said role in Dawn of Justice , news of which was confirmed in August 2013. [ 142 ] The casting choice was contingent on studio demands for an older Batman whose age could juxtapose the story. [ 142 ] Snyder and Affleck also had a strong professional relationship. [ 140 ] Filming occurred in 2014, and following multiples changes in the exhibition schedule, Warner Bros. released the film in March 2016. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] [ 145 ] Dawn of Justice was derided in professional reviews, while the film fared better with audiences. [ 146 ] At the box office, it emerged as the seventh highest-grossing film of 2016 with $874 million. [ 147 ] Ensemble roles Justice League (2017) Warner Bros. filed a lawsuit against the estate of Joe Shuster over the execution of a termination clause barring the disposition of the estate's share of the copyrights to Superman. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] The US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled in favor of Warner Bros. in October 2012, and the studio immediately moved forward with plans to create a Justice League film. [ 150 ] They hired Will Beall to conceive the initial draft, which was replaced when Goyer took over as the scriptwriter the following year. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Goyer's work was discarded for a rewritten script completed by Terrio in July 2015. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] Afterwards, Justice League fell into a drawn-out development phase involving a succession of rewrites and a dispute concerning the budget, delaying the film's production. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Affleck returned as Batman, and Snyder continued his duties as director until his departure due to his daughter's death in 2017. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] His replacement, Joss Whedon , made substantial changes to the script and supervised reshoots, though only Snyder is billed as Justice League director. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] The film was shot from April to October 2016, [ 162 ] [ 163 ] and was released in November 2017 to largely negative reviews. [ 164 ] It was also a box office disappointment by failing to recoup enough money to break-even . [ 165 ] After Justice League 's release, Whedon was criticized for his treatment of the actors, and Terrio disavowed the film, citing studio interference. [ 166 ] [ 167 ] Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Given the negative reaction to Justice League , a fan campaign went viral on social media under the hashtag "#ReleaseTheSnyderCut", calling for the release of Snyder's version of the film. [ 160 ] [ 168 ] Snyder had an unedited cut of this film version saved on his laptop around the time of his departure, which was presented to Warner Bros. executives in February 2020 in an event he organized with his wife Deborah . [ 166 ] [ 169 ] That May, it was announced as an official project, a director's cut titled Zack Snyder's Justice League ; the film premiered on HBO Max in March 2021. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] Warner Bros. allocated a $70 million budget to complete work related mostly to visual effects. [ 172 ] The film does not share continuity with the DCEU. [ 173 ] Zack Snyder's Justice League features a newly filmed scene with Affleck's Batman. [ 174 ] Other DCEU films In Suicide Squad (2016), Affleck features in flashback scenes depicting the arrests of Floyd Lawton / Deadshot ( Will Smith ) and Harley Quinn ( Margot Robbie ). [ 175 ] Keaton and Clooney's Batmen appear in supporting roles in The Flash (2023). [ 176 ] [ 177 ] Both actors play alternate versions of DCEU's main-continuity Batman (Affleck). [ 177 ] West makes a posthumous cameo appearance in a multiverse sequence developed with a combination of archival footage, deepfake effects, and artificial intelligence . [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Keaton was set to return to the DCEU in an expanded capacity in Batgirl until the film's cancellation in August 2022. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman (2022) Work on a standalone Batman film was well underway once Warner Bros. cast Affleck in 2014. [ 182 ] He was signed as director, writer, and the film's starring actor, but stepped down amidst various personal and professional struggles. [ 183 ] [ 184 ] Matt Reeves replaced Affleck as director and writer, [ 185 ] creating the story anew with Mattson Tomlin and Peter Craig . [ 186 ] [ 187 ] [ 188 ] Reeves focused on a younger Batman, borrowing from the tradition of a detective story, [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] and expunged connections to the DCEU in the script. [ 192 ] To conceptualize the film world, and to bolster the plot, the director sought inspiration from an array of Batman comics and New Hollywood era films. [ c ] The Batman universe is separate from the DC Universe (DCU), and hence will exist simultaneously with a DCU Batman within the continuity of a multiverse. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] The search for an actor to play Batman was described as "intense", but unusually quick for a superhero film. [ 200 ] Speculation in the media favored Robert Pattinson , and Warner Bros. signed the actor in May 2019, prompting backlash from some fans. [ 200 ] [ 201 ] [ 202 ] Reeves said he wrote the character with Pattinson in mind, having been impressed with his performances in Good Time (2017) and High Life (2018). [ 200 ] [ 203 ] Pattinson received a $3 million salary for his work. [ 204 ] Filmmakers spent over a year shooting The Batman thanks to the COVID-19 pandemic , which halted production for five-and-a-half months. [ 205 ] Postponed twice, Warner Bros. released the film in March 2022. [ 206 ] [ 207 ] The Batman: Part II (2027) A sequel, The Batman: Part II , was announced in April 2022; Reeves, Tomlin, and Pattinson will reprise their respective roles. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] The production was delayed to accommodate changes in the writing, and a completed script was submitted in June 2025. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] Part II is slated to be released on October 1, 2027. [ 212 ] DC Universe The Brave and the Bold In October 2022, Warner Bros. Discovery formed DC Studios , with filmmakers James Gunn and Peter Safran as its co-chairmen and CEOs, to facilitate development of film and TV adaptations within the context of a new shared universe, the DCU. [ 213 ] [ 214 ] A Batman film gleaning comic books by Grant Morrison , titled The Brave and the Bold , was confirmed as one of the DCU projects in active development in January 2023. The story will concentrate on Wayne and his relationship with his teenage son Damian . [ 214 ] Warner Bros. enlisted Andy Muschietti as the film's director, with his sister Barbara set to produce through their production company Double Dream, alongside Gunn and Safran. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Joker duology Beginning in 2019, Warner Bros. distributed two standalone films based on the Joker, directed by Todd Phillips . [ 217 ] [ 218 ] Both films predate Wayne's transformation into Batman. [ 219 ] Joker depicts an origin story about a failed comedian's (Phoenix) descent into madness, culminating in the murders of Wayne's parents by a masked rioter. [ 220 ] [ 221 ] The film portrays Wayne as a young child (played by Dante Pereira-Olson ). [ 222 ] Animated film Batman has appeared in a variety of animated film adaptations since the early 1990s. [ 223 ] His first appearance was in Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993), voiced by Kevin Conroy . [ 224 ] It originated as a direct-to-video release, following the breakout success of Fox 's TV adaptation of the character, Batman: The Animated Series , itself influenced by the live-action Burton films. [ 225 ] Mask of Phantasm received notice for its subject matter, animation style, and music. [ 226 ] Conroy continued voicing the character in various productions up to his death in 2022. [ 227 ] Batman is the titular lead in 39 films and features in another 35 in a supporting capacity, generally as part of an ensemble for the Justice League. [ 223 ] Warner Bros. occasionally produces theatrical features, as is the case with Batman: The Killing Joke (2016) and films of The Lego Movie franchise , in which Will Arnett portrays the character. [ 228 ] [ 229 ] Numerous actors voice Batman in animation, including Jensen Ackles , Michael C. Hall , Roger Craig Smith , and Troy Baker . [ 230 ] [ 231 ] Further development of animated Batman films is ongoing as of 2025. [ 232 ] Recurring cast and characters This section includes characters who will appear or have appeared in multiple Batman or Batman-centered films that received a wide theatrical release. An empty grey cell indicates the character was not in the film, or that the character's official presence has not yet been confirmed. A indicates an appearance through archival footage or audio. C indicates a cameo role. P indicates an appearance in onscreen photographs. S indicates an appearance through use of special effects. U indicates an uncredited appearance. V indicates a voice-only role. Y indicates a younger version of the character. L indicates the actor or actress lent only their likeness for the film. Character Serial films Batman Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher films Batman: Mask of the Phantasm The Dark Knight trilogy Batman: The Killing Joke DC Extended Universe films The Lego Batman Movie Joker films The Batman films 1943, 1949 1966 1989–1997 1993 2005–2012 2016 2016–2023 2017 2019, 2024 2022, 2027 Batman Lewis Wilson Robert Lowery Adam West Michael Keaton Charles Roskilly Y Val Kilmer Ramsey Ellis Y George Clooney Eric Lloyd Y Kevin Conroy V Christian Bale Gus Lewis Y Kevin Conroy V Ben Affleck Brandon Spink Y Michael Keaton [ i ] George Clooney [ i ] Adam West L [ ii ] Will Arnett V Adam West [ ii ] A Dante Pereira-Olson [ iii ] Robert Pattinson Oscar Novak Y Alfred Pennyworth William Austin U Eric Wilton U Alan Napier Michael Gough Jon Simmons Y Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. V Michael Caine Brian George V Jeremy Irons Ralph Fiennes V Douglas Hodge Andy Serkis James "Jim" Gordon Lyle Talbot Neil Hamilton Pat Hingle Bob Hastings V Gary Oldman Ray Wise V J. K. Simmons Héctor Elizondo V Jeffrey Wright Robin Douglas Croft Johnny Duncan Burt Ward Chris O'Donnell Joseph Gordon-Levitt [ iv ] Burt Ward L Michael Cera V Vicki Vale Jane Adams Kim Basinger Appeared Joker Cesar Romero Jack Nicholson [ v ] Hugo E. Blick Y David U. Hodges U Y Mark Hamill V Heath Ledger Mark Hamill V Jared Leto Jack Nicholson L [ i ] Cesar Romero L [ ii ] Zach Galifianakis V Joaquin Phoenix [ vi ] Connor Storrie [ vii ] Barry Keoghan [ viii ] Catwoman Lee Meriwether Michelle Pfeiffer Anne Hathaway Eartha Kitt L [ ii ] Zoë Kravitz V Zoë Kravitz Penguin Burgess Meredith Danny DeVito John Venzon V Colin Farrell Riddler Frank Gorshin Jim Carrey Conan O'Brien V Paul Dano Joseph Walker Y Two-Face Billy Dee Williams [ ix ] Tommy Lee Jones Aaron Eckhart Billy Dee Williams V Harry Lawtey [ ix ] Thomas Wayne David Baxt Michael Scranton C Linus Roache Jeffrey Dean Morgan P Brett Cullen Luke Roberts Martha Wayne Sharon Holm Eileen Seeley C Sara Stewart Lauren Cohan P Carrie Louise Putrello Stella Stocker Joe Chill Clyde Gatell [ x ] Richard Brake Damon Caro U U Sal Maroni Dennis Paladino Eric Roberts Rick D. Wasserman V Mr. Freeze Arnold Schwarzenegger David Burrows V Poison Ivy Uma Thurman Riki Lindhome V Batgirl Alicia Silverstone [ xi ] Hannah Gunn [ xii ] Tara Strong V Rosario Dawson V Bane Robert Swenson Michael Reid MacKay [ xiii ] Tom Hardy Doug Benson V Harvey Bullock Robert Costanzo V Robin Atkin Downes V Scarecrow Cillian Murphy Jason Mantzoukas V Carmine Falcone Tom Wilkinson John Turturro Superman Henry Cavill Channing Tatum V The Flash Ezra Miller Adam Devine V Harley Quinn Margot Robbie Jenny Slate V Lady Gaga Killer Croc Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje Matt Villa V Additionally, President pro tempore of the United States Senate Patrick Leahy has a brief role as himself in Batman Forever and Batman & Robin , an unnamed Wayne Enterprise board member in The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises , and as Senator Purrington in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice . [ 234 ] Reception Box office performance Film Release date Box office revenue All-time ranking Budget Ref. North America Other territories Worldwide U.S. and Canada Worldwide Batman (1966) July 30, 1966 $1,700,000 — .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} N/a $1,700,000 — N/a — N/a $1.5 million [ 235 ] [ 236 ] Batman (1989) June 23, 1989 $251,409,241 $160,160,000 $411,569,241 #131 #308 $35 million [ 237 ] Batman Returns June 19, 1992 $162,924,631 $103,990,656 $266,915,287 #334 #592 $80 million [ 238 ] Batman: Mask of the Phantasm December 25, 1993 $5,635,204 — N/a $5,635,204 #6,208 #9,093 — N/a [ 239 ] Batman Forever June 16, 1995 $184,069,126 $152,498,032 $336,567,158 #253 #438 $100 million [ 240 ] Batman & Robin June 20, 1997 $107,353,792 $130,881,927 $238,235,719 #681 #685 $125 million [ 241 ] Batman Begins June 15, 2005 $206,863,479 $166,809,514 $373,672,993 #206 #363 $150 million [ 242 ] The Dark Knight July 18, 2008 $534,987,076 $471,115,201 $1,006,102,277 #13 #33 (A) #49 $185 million [ 243 ] The Dark Knight Rises July 20, 2012 $448,149,584 $633,003,513 $1,081,153,097 #22 #73 (A) #32 $250 million [ 244 ] Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice March 25, 2016 $330,360,194 $543,277,334 $873,637,528 #71 #212 (A) #73 $250 million [ 245 ] Batman: The Killing Joke July 25, 2016 $3,775,000 $687,034 $4,462,034 — N/a — N/a $3.5 million [ 246 ] The Lego Batman Movie February 10, 2017 $175,936,671 $136,200,000 $312,136,671 #287 #489 $80 million [ 247 ] Joker October 4, 2019 $335,477,657 $738,968,073 $1,074,445,730 #65 #33 $55 million [ 248 ] The Batman March 4, 2022 $369,313,618 $401,000,000 $770,313,618 #50 #106 $200 million [ 249 ] Total $ 3,117,955,273 $ 3,798,799,766 $ 6,756,546,557 #5 #4 (A) #10 $1.915 billion [ 250 ] List indicator (A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo ). Batman Begins and The Dark Knight gross includes 2012 re-releases. (A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo ). Batman Begins and The Dark Knight gross includes 2012 re-releases. Critical and public response Film Critical Public Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore [ 251 ] Batman: The Movie 81% (36 reviews) [ 252 ] 71 (4 reviews) [ 253 ] — N/a Batman 77% (142 reviews) [ 254 ] 69 (21 reviews) [ 255 ] A Batman Returns 82% (93 reviews) [ 256 ] 68 (23 reviews) [ 257 ] B Batman: Mask of the Phantasm 81% (52 reviews) [ 258 ] — N/a — N/a Batman Forever 40% (70 reviews) [ 259 ] 51 (23 reviews) [ 260 ] A− Batman & Robin 12% (97 reviews) [ 261 ] 28 (21 reviews) [ 262 ] C+ Batman Begins 85% (285 reviews) [ 263 ] 70 (41 reviews) [ 264 ] A The Dark Knight 94% (341 reviews) [ 265 ] 84 (39 reviews) [ 266 ] A The Dark Knight Rises 87% (376 reviews) [ 267 ] 78 (45 reviews) [ 268 ] A Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice 29% (439 reviews) [ 269 ] 44 (51 reviews) [ 270 ] B Batman: The Killing Joke 36% (44 reviews) [ 271 ] — N/a — N/a The Lego Batman Movie 89% (313 reviews) [ 272 ] 75 (48 reviews) [ 273 ] A− Justice League 39% (411 reviews) [ 274 ] 45 (52 reviews) [ 275 ] B+ Joker 68% (603 reviews) [ 276 ] 59 (60 reviews) [ 277 ] B+ Zack Snyder's Justice League 71% (314 reviews) [ 278 ] 54 (45 reviews) [ 279 ] — N/a The Batman 85% (528 reviews) [ 280 ] 72 (68 reviews) [ 281 ] A– Accolades Academy Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Picture Nominated Director Nominated Actor Won Supporting Actor Won Adapted Screenplay Nominated Cinematography Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Film Editing Nominated Nominated Makeup Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Original Score Won Production Design Won Nominated Sound [ d ] Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Sound Editing [ d ] Nominated Won Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Nominated Nominated British Academy Film Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Film Nominated Direction Nominated Actor in a Leading Role Won Supporting Actor Nominated Won Adapted Screenplay Nominated Casting Won Cinematography Nominated Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Nominated Editing Nominated Nominated Makeup and Hair Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Original Music Nominated Won Production Design Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Sound Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Saturn Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Fantasy Film Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Action / Adventure / Thriller Film Won Nominated Comic-to-Film Motion Picture Nominated Won Nominated Director Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Actor Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Actress Nominated Supporting Actor Nominated Nominated Won [ e ] Nominated Nominated [ f ] Supporting Actress Nominated Nominated Won Nominated Writing Won Won Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Editing Nominated Make-up Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Music Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Production Design Nominated Nominated Special Effects Nominated Nominated Won See also Speculative fiction portal Film portal United States portal Batman franchise media Category:Fan films based on Batman Superman in film Catwoman (film) Footnotes ^ a b c Version from Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher films continuity. ^ a b c d Version from 1966 film continuity. ^ This version of the character does not appear as Batman. ^ In The Dark Knight Rises , Gordon-Levitt portrays "Robin John Blake", a detective working for the GCPD whom Bruce Wayne deems an ally and entrusts the Batcave to. ^ In the Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher continuity, the character's real name is Jack Napier. ^ In the Joker film continuity, the character's real name is Arthur Fleck. ^ Joker: Folie à Deux implies that Storrie’s character is the real Joker. [ 233 ] ^ Credited as "Unseen Arkham Prisoner". ^ a b Two-Face identity not used. ^ Credited as "Other Mugger". ^ This version of the character appears using the name Barbara Wilson. ^ Credited as "Gordon's daughter" ^ MacKay portrays Antonio Diego, an Arkham Asylum inmate who is transformed into Bane. Notes ^ Features different versions of the Bruce Wayne/Batman character: the DCEU version played by Ben Affleck , the 1989 series version played by Michael Keaton , the Batman & Robin version played by George Clooney , and the 1960s version in archival footage of Adam West ^ At the time, DC was known as Detective Comics, one of at least two imprints of National Comics Publications . [ 1 ] ^ Attributed to multiple sources: [ 191 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] [ 195 ] [ 196 ] [ 197 ] ^ a b Starting with the 93rd Academy Awards (2021), the Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing categories were consolidated into a single Best Sound category. ^ Received one award out of two nominations in this category. ^ Received two nominations in this category. 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External links Batman franchise overview at Box Office Mojo .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category Category v t e Batman franchise media v t e Live-action television Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Batman episodes episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production The Batman production production Animated television The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes The Batman characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes characters episodes The Batman characters episodes characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Batman v t e Bob Kane Bill Finger Other contributors Bob Kane Bill Finger Other contributors Characters Supporting characters Enemies In other media Supporting characters Enemies In other media In other media Locations in Gotham City Arkham Asylum Batcave Gotham City Police Department S.T.A.R. Labs Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Arkham Asylum Batcave Gotham City Police Department S.T.A.R. Labs Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Technology Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Transport Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Transport Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Batman in other media In film In video games In amusement parks In children's books In film In video games In amusement parks In children's books Ongoing publications ( history ) Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics – The Legend of Batman Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics – The Legend of Batman Miscellaneous Detective Comics #27 Origin of Batman Batman and Robin Homosexuality in the Batman franchise The Bat Whispers Batkid Begins Detective Comics #27 Origin of Batman Batman and Robin Homosexuality in the Batman franchise The Bat Whispers Batkid Begins Category Category Batman in other media Batman films Film series introduced in 1943 Lists of films by franchise Warner Bros. Pictures franchises IMDb ID (Cite Mojo) not in Wikidata Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from December 2022 Comics infobox image less alt text IOM index pop Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 09:59 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Overview Toggle Overview subsection 1.1 Themes 1.2 Plugins 1.3 Mobile applications 1.4 Accessibility 1.5 Other features 1.1 Themes 1.2 Plugins 1.3 Mobile applications 1.4 Accessibility 1.5 Other features 2 Multi-user and multi-blogging 3 History Toggle History subsection 3.1 Awards and recognition 3.2 Release history 3.2.1 WordPress 5.0 "Bebo" 3.2.1.1 Classic Editor plugin 3.1 Awards and recognition 3.2 Release history 3.2.1 WordPress 5.0 "Bebo" 3.2.1.1 Classic Editor plugin 3.2.1 WordPress 5.0 "Bebo" 3.2.1.1 Classic Editor plugin 3.2.1.1 Classic Editor plugin 4 Vulnerabilities 5 Development and support Toggle Development and support subsection 5.1 Key developers 5.2 WordPress Foundation 5.3 WordPress Photo Directory 5.4 WordCamp developer and user conferences 5.5 Support 5.6 Hosting 5.1 Key developers 5.2 WordPress Foundation 5.3 WordPress Photo Directory 5.4 WordCamp developer and user conferences 5.5 Support 5.6 Hosting 6 See also 7 References 8 External links WordPress Afrikaans العربية Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština ChiTumbuka Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Lombard Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikiversity Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page WordPress WordPress 6.4 Dashboard Original authors .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Mike Little Matt Mullenweg Mike Little Matt Mullenweg Developers Community contributors WordPress Foundation Community contributors WordPress Foundation Initial release May 27, 2003 ; 22 years ago ( 2003-05-27 ) [ 1 ] Stable release 6.9 [ 2 ] / 2025-12-02; 45 days ago Repository core .trac .wordpress .org /browser core .trac .wordpress .org /browser Written in PHP Operating system Unix-like , Windows , Linux Size 23.2 MB (compressed) Type Blog software , content management system , content management framework License GPLv2 or later [ 3 ] Website wordpress .org WordPress ( WP , or WordPress.org ) is a web content management system . It was originally created as a tool to publish blogs but has evolved to support publishing other web content, including more traditional websites, mailing lists , Internet forums , media galleries, membership sites, learning management systems , and online stores . Available as free and open-source software, WordPress is among the most popular content management systems – it was used by 22.52% of the top one million websites as of December 2024 [update] . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] WordPress is written in the PHP programming language and paired with a MySQL or MariaDB database . [ 6 ] Features include a plugin architecture and a template system , known as “themes”. Since 2018, WordPress has included a block-based editor (“Gutenberg”). To function, WordPress has to be installed on a web server , either as part of an Internet hosting service or on a personal computer. [ 7 ] WordPress was first released on May 27, 2003, by its founders, American developer Matt Mullenweg and English developer Mike Little . [ 8 ] The WordPress Foundation owns WordPress, WordPress projects, and other related trademarks. [ 9 ] Overview "WordPress is a factory that makes webpages" [ 10 ] is a core analogy designed to clarify the functions of WordPress: it stores content and enables a user to create and publish webpages , requiring nothing beyond a domain and a hosting service . WordPress has a web template system using a template processor . Its architecture is a front controller , routing all requests for non-static URIs to a single PHP file that parses the URI and identifies the target page. This allows support for more human-readable permalinks . [ 11 ] Themes WordPress users may install and switch among many different themes . Themes allow users to change the look and functionality of a WordPress website without altering the core code or site content. Custom code can be added to the website by using a child theme or through a code editor. Every WordPress website requires at least one theme to be present. Themes may be directly installed using the WordPress "Appearance" administration tool in the dashboard, or theme folders may be copied directly into the themes directory. [ 12 ] WordPress themes are generally classified into two categories: free and premium. Many free themes are listed in the WordPress theme directory (also known as the repository), and premium themes are available for purchase from marketplaces and individual WordPress developers. WordPress users may also create and develop their own custom themes and upload them in the WordPress directory or repository. [ 13 ] Plugins WordPress' plugin architecture allows users to extend or depreciate the features and functionality of a website or blog. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] As of December 2021 [update] , WordPress.org has 59,756 plugins available, [ 16 ] each of which offers custom functions and features enabling users to tailor their sites to their specific needs. However, this does not include the available premium plugins (approximately 1,500+), which may not be listed in the WordPress.org repository . These customizations range from search engine optimization (SEO) to client portals used to display private information to logged-in users, to content management systems, to content displaying features, such as the addition of widgets and navigation bars . Not all available plugins are always abreast with the upgrades, and as a result, they may not function properly or may not function at all. If the plugin developer has not tested the plugin with the last two major versions of WordPress, a warning message will be displayed on the plugin directory, informing users that the plugin may not work properly with the latest WordPress version. [ 17 ] Most plugins are available through WordPress themselves, either via downloading them and installing the files manually via FTP or through the WordPress dashboard. However, many third parties offer plugins through their websites, many of which are paid packages. Web developers who wish to develop plugins need to learn WordPress' hook system, which consists of over 2,000 hooks (as of Version 5.7 in 2021) [ 18 ] divided into two categories: action hooks and filter hooks. [ 19 ] Plugins also represent a development strategy that can transform WordPress into all sorts of software systems and applications, limited only by the imagination and creativity of programmers. These are implemented using custom plugins to create non-website systems, such as headless WordPress applications and Software as a Service (SaaS) products. Plugins could also be used by hackers targeting sites that use WordPress, as hackers could exploit bugs in WordPress plugins instead of bugs in WordPress itself. [ 20 ] Mobile applications Phone apps for WordPress exist for Android , [ 21 ] iOS , [ 22 ] [ 23 ] .These applications, designed by Automattic , have options such as adding new blog posts and pages, commenting, moderating comments, replying to comments in addition to the ability to view the stats. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] Accessibility The WordPress Accessibility Coding Standards state that "All new or updated code released in WordPress must conform with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 at level AA." [ 24 ] Other features WordPress also features integrated link management, a search engine –friendly, clean permalink structure; the ability to assign multiple categories to posts; and support for tagging of posts. Automatic filters are also included, providing standardized formatting and styling of text in posts (for example, converting regular quotes to smart quotes ). WordPress also supports the trackback and pingback standards for displaying links to other sites that have themselves linked to a post or an article. WordPress posts can be edited in HTML, using the visual editor, or using one of several plugins that allow for a variety of customized editing features. Multi-user and multi-blogging Before version 3, WordPress supported one blog per installation, although multiple concurrent copies may be run from different directories if configured to use separate database tables. WordPress Multisites (previously referred to as WordPress Multi-User, WordPress MU, or WPMU) was a fork of WordPress created to allow multiple blogs to exist within one installation but can be administered by a centralized maintainer. WordPress MU makes it possible for those with websites to host their own blogging communities, as well as control and moderate all the blogs from a single dashboard. WordPress MU adds eight new data tables for each blog. As of the release of WordPress 3, WordPress MU has merged with WordPress. [ 25 ] History b2/cafelog , more commonly known as b2 or catalog , was the precursor to WordPress. [ 26 ] b2/cafelog was estimated to have been installed on approximately 2,000 blogs as of May 2003. [ 27 ] It was written in PHP for use with MySQL by Michel Valdrighi, who was a contributing developer to WordPress until 2005. Although WordPress is the official successor, another project, b2evolution , is also in active development. As the development of b2/cafelog slowed down, Matt Mullenweg began pondering the idea of forking b2/cafelog and new features that he would want in a new CMS, in a blog post written on January 24, 2003. [ 28 ] Mike Little, a professional developer, became the first to comment on the blog post expressing interest to contribute. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] The two worked together to create the first version of WordPress, version 0.70, [ 30 ] which was released on May 27, 2003. [ 31 ] Christine Selleck Tremoulet, a friend of Mullenweg, suggested the name WordPress . [ 32 ] [ 33 ] In 2004, the licensing terms for the competing Movable Type package were changed by Six Apart , resulting in many of its most influential users migrating to WordPress. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] By October 2009, the Open Source CMS MarketShare Report concluded that WordPress enjoyed the greatest brand strength of any open-source content management system. As of December 2024 [update] , WordPress was used by 62.0% of all the websites whose content management system is known, and 22.52% of the top one million websites. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Starting September 2024, Mullenweg engaged WordPress, Wordpress.com, and Automattic in a dispute leading to a lawsuit with hosting company WP Engine , causing widespread community concern. [ 36 ] Awards and recognition Winner of InfoWorld 's "Best of open source software awards: Collaboration", awarded in 2008. [ 37 ] Winner of Open Source CMS Awards's "Overall Best Open Source CMS", awarded in 2009. [ 38 ] Winner of digital synergy's "Hall of Fame CMS category in the 2010 Open Source", awarded in 2010. [ 39 ] Winner of InfoWorld 's "Bossie award for Best Open Source Software", awarded in 2011. [ 40 ] Release history Main releases of WordPress are codenamed after well-known jazz musicians, starting from version 1.0. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] Although only the current release is officially supported, security updates are backported "as a courtesy" to all versions as far back as 4.0. [ 43 ] Version [ 44 ] Codename Release date [ 45 ] Notes Unsupported: 0.7 .mw-parser-output .version-legend{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:12px}.mw-parser-output .version-legend-vertical{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .version-legend .legend-item,.mw-parser-output .version-legend-vertical .legend-item{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .version-legend .legend-item .swatch,.mw-parser-output .version-legend-vertical .legend-item .swatch{display:inline-block;width:1.25em;height:1.25em;border:1px solid #aaa;margin-top:1px}.mw-parser-output .swatch-unsupported{background-color:#fdb3ab}.mw-parser-output .swatch-maintained{background-color:#f8eaba}.mw-parser-output .swatch-latest{background-color:#d4f4b4}.mw-parser-output .swatch-preview{background-color:#c1e6f5}.mw-parser-output .swatch-future{background-color:#f2e2fc}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .version-legend .legend-item .swatch,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .version-legend-vertical .legend-item .swatch{border-color:#72777d}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .swatch-unsupported{background-color:#421511}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .swatch-maintained{background-color:#433500}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .swatch-latest{background-color:#334423}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .swatch-preview{background-color:#154467}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .swatch-future{background-color:#3C2e69}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .version-legend .legend-item .swatch,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .version-legend-vertical .legend-item .swatch{border-color:#72777d}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .swatch-unsupported{background-color:#421511}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .swatch-maintained{background-color:#433500}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .swatch-latest{background-color:#334423}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .swatch-preview{background-color:#154467}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .swatch-future{background-color:#3C2e69}} — .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} N/a May 27, 2003 [ 46 ] Used the same file structure as its predecessor, b2/cafelog , and continued the numbering from its last release, 0.6. [ 47 ] Only 0.71-gold is available for download in the official WordPress Release Archive page. Unsupported: 1.0 Davis January 3, 2004 [ 48 ] Added search engine-friendly permalinks, multiple categories, dead-simple installation, and upgrade, comment moderation, XFN support, and Atom support. Unsupported: 1.2 Mingus May 22, 2004 [ 49 ] Added support of Plugins; in which the same identification headers are used unchanged in WordPress releases as of 2011 [update] . Unsupported: 1.5 Strayhorn February 17, 2005 [ 50 ] Added a range of vital features, such as the ability to manage static pages and a template/Theme system. It was also equipped with a new default template (codenamed Kubrick ). [ 51 ] designed by Michael Heilemann. Unsupported: 2.0 Duke December 31, 2005 [ 52 ] Added rich editing, better administration tools, image uploading, faster posting, improved import system, fully overhauled the back end, and various improvements to Plugin developers. Unsupported: 2.1 Ella January 22, 2007 [ 53 ] Corrected security issues, a redesigned interface, enhanced editing tools (including integrated spell check and auto save), and improved content management options. Unsupported: 2.2 Getz May 16, 2007 [ 54 ] Added widget support for templates, updated Atom feed support, and speed optimizations. Unsupported: 2.3 Dexter September 24, 2007 [ 55 ] Added native tagging support, new taxonomy system for categories, and easy notification of updates, fully supports Atom 1.0, with the publishing protocol, and some much-needed security fixes. Unsupported: 2.5 Brecker March 29, 2008 [ 56 ] Major revamp to the dashboard, dashboard widgets, multi-file upload, extended search, improved editor, an improved plugin system, and more. Unsupported: 2.6 Tyner July 15, 2008 [ 57 ] Added new features that made WordPress a more powerful CMS: it can now track changes to every post and page and allow easy posting from anywhere on the web. Unsupported: 2.7 Coltrane December 11, 2008 [ 58 ] Administration interface was redesigned fully, added automatic upgrades, and installed plugins, from within the administration interface. Unsupported: 2.8 Baker June 10, 2009 [ 59 ] Added speed improvements, automatically installing themes from within the administration interface, introducing the CodePress editor for syntax highlighting , and a redesigned widget interface. Unsupported: 2.9 Carmen December 19, 2009 [ 60 ] Added global undo, built-in image editor, batch plugin updating, and many less visible tweaks. Unsupported: 3.0 Thelonious June 17, 2010 [ 61 ] Added new theme APIs , merged WordPress and WordPress MU, creating the new multi-site functionality, new default theme "Twenty Ten" and a refreshed, lighter admin UI. Unsupported: 3.1 Reinhardt February 23, 2011 [ 62 ] Added the Admin Bar, which is displayed on all blog pages when an admin is logged in, and Post Format, best explained as a Tumblr-like micro-blogging feature. It provides easy access to many critical functions, such as comments and updates. Includes internal linking abilities, a newly streamlined writing interface, and many other changes. Unsupported: 3.2 Gershwin July 4, 2011 [ 63 ] Focused on making WordPress faster and lighter. Released only four months after version 3.1, reflecting the growing speed of development in the WordPress community. Unsupported: 3.3 Sonny December 12, 2011 [ 64 ] Focused on making WordPress friendlier for beginners and tablet computer users. Unsupported: 3.4 Green June 13, 2012 [ 65 ] Focused on improvements to theme customization, Twitter integration and several minor changes. Unsupported: 3.5 Elvin December 11, 2012 [ 66 ] Support for the Retina Display , color picker, a new default theme "Twenty Twelve", improved image workflow. Unsupported: 3.6 Oscar August 1, 2013 [ 67 ] New default theme "Twenty Thirteen", admin enhancements, post formats UI update, menus UI improvements, new revision system, autosave, and post locking. Unsupported: 3.7 Basie October 24, 2013 [ 68 ] Automatically apply maintenance and security updates in the background, stronger password recommendations, and support for automatically installing the right language files and keeping them up to date. Unsupported: 3.8 Parker December 12, 2013 [ 69 ] Improved admin interface, responsive design for mobile devices, new typography using Open Sans , admin color schemes, redesigned theme management interface, simplified main dashboard, "Twenty Fourteen" magazine-style default theme, second release using "Plugin-first development process". Unsupported: 3.9 Smith April 16, 2014 [ 70 ] Improvements to the editor for media, live widget and header previews, and new theme browser. Unsupported: 4.0 Benny September 4, 2014 [ 71 ] Improved media management, embeds, writing interface, easy language change, theme customizer, plugin discovery, and compatibility with PHP 5.5 and MySQL 5.6. [ 72 ] Unsupported: 4.1 Dinah December 18, 2014 [ 73 ] Twenty Fifteen as the new default theme, distraction-free writing, easy language switch, Vine embeds, and plugin recommendations. Unsupported: 4.2 Powell April 23, 2015 [ 74 ] New "Press This" features, improved characters support, emoji support, improved customizer, new embeds, and updated plugin system. Unsupported: 4.3 Billie August 18, 2015 [ 75 ] Focus on the mobile experience, better passwords, and improved customizer. Unsupported: 4.4 Clifford December 8, 2015 [ 76 ] Introduction of "Twenty Sixteen" theme, and improved responsive images and embeds. Unsupported: 4.5 Coleman April 12, 2016 [ 77 ] Added inline linking, formatting shortcuts, live responsive previews, and other updates under the hood. Unsupported: 4.6 Pepper August 16, 2016 [ 78 ] Added streamlined updates, native fonts, editor improvements with inline link checker and content recovery, and other updates under the hood. Supported: 4.7 Vaughan December 6, 2016 [ 79 ] Comes with new default theme "Twenty Seventeen", Video Header Support, PDF preview, custom CSS in the live preview, editor Improvements, and other updates under the hood. Supported: 4.8 Evans June 8, 2017 [ 80 ] The next-generation editor. Additional specific goals include the TinyMCE inline element/link boundaries, new media widgets, and WYSIWYG in the text widget. End Support for Internet Explorer Versions 8, 9, and 10. Supported: 4.9 Tipton November 16, 2017 [ 81 ] Improved theme customizer experience, including scheduling, frontend preview links, autosave revisions, theme browsing, improved menu functions, and syntax highlighting. Added a new gallery widget and updated text and video widgets. Theme editor gives warnings and rollbacks when saving files that produce fatal errors. [ 82 ] Supported: 5.0 Bebo December 6, 2018 [ 83 ] New block-based editor Gutenberg [ 84 ] with new default theme "Twenty Nineteen". Supported: 5.1 Betty February 21, 2019 [ 85 ] PHP version upgrade notices and block editor improvements. Supported: 5.2 Jaco May 7, 2019 [ 86 ] Include Site Health Check, PHP error protection, the all-new block directory, and update package signing. Supported: 5.3 Kirk November 12, 2019 [ 87 ] Polish current user interactions and make user interfaces more user-friendly. New default theme "Twenty Twenty", was designed by Anders Norén. Supported: 5.4 Adderley March 31, 2020 [ 88 ] Social Icons and Buttons blocks added, blocks customization and user interface improved, added features for personal data exports, custom fields for menu items, blocks improvements for developers. [ 89 ] Supported: 5.5 Eckstine August 11, 2020 [ 90 ] Added lazy-loading images, XML sitemaps by default, auto-updates to plugins and themes, and improvements to the block editor. [ 91 ] Supported: 5.6 Simone December 8, 2020 [ 92 ] New default theme "Twenty Twenty-One," Gutenberg enhancements, automatic updates for core releases, increased support for PHP 8, application passwords for REST API authentication, improved accessibility. [ 93 ] Supported: 5.7 Esperanza March 9, 2021 [ 94 ] New editor is easier to use, do more without writing custom code, simpler default color palette, from HTTP to HTTPS in a single click, new Robots API, lazy-load your iframes and ongoing cleanup after update to jQuery 3.5.1. [ 95 ] Supported: 5.8 Tatum July 20, 2021 [ 96 ] Block widgets, query loop blocks, block themes, List View, Pattern Transformations, Duotone, new theme.json file, dropped IE11 support, WebP image support, new block support flags. [ 97 ] Supported: 5.9 Joséphine January 25, 2022 [ 98 ] New default theme "Twenty Twenty-Two", new WordPress Admin feature Site Editor, Block Themes manageable through Site Editor, new Navigation block, improved block controls, Pattern Directory, List View, refactored Gallery block, Theme.json child theme support, block-level locking, multiple stylesheets per block. [ 99 ] Supported: 6.0 Arturo May 24, 2022 [ 100 ] Gutenberg writing improvements, multiple style variations and expanded template options for block themes, integrated patterns, additional design tools, multiple block selections from the list view, block locking, and various performance, and accessibility improvements. [ 101 ] Supported: 6.1 Misha November 1, 2022 [ 102 ] Gutenberg writing improvements, design tools for more consistency and control, cleaner layouts and document settings visualization, menu management, fluid typography, improved block placeholders, and spacing presets. [ 103 ] Supported: 6.2 Dolphy March 29, 2023 [ 104 ] Reimagined Site Editor interface, improved Navigation block, Block Inserter, and organized block settings sidebar with tabs for Settings and Styles. A collection of header and footer patterns for block themes is also available, as well as Openverse media integration and Distraction Free mode for writing. The new Style Book provides a complete overview of how each block in the site's library looks, and users can now copy and paste styles and add custom CSS for more control over their site's appearance. Other features include sticky positioning for top-level group blocks, options to import favorite widgets from Classic themes, and local fonts in default WordPress themes for better privacy with Google Fonts included. [ 105 ] Supported: 6.3 Lionel August 8, 2023 [ 106 ] Full content management through Site Editor, Block Theme preview, new My Patterns section for saved block arrangements, template and editor preference management via Command Palette, improved design tools and workflow, new Footnotes and Details block, performance and accessibility improvements. Image aspect ratio settings, distraction-free editing for Site Editor, updated Top Toolbar, improved List View, pattern template building. [ 107 ] Supported: 6.4 Shirley November 7, 2023 [ 108 ] New default theme "Twenty Twenty-Four," writing enhancements, improved Command Palette, advanced Pattern filtering, expanded Block design tools, image lightbox functions, Group block renaming, image previews in List View, export custom patterns as JSON files, new Block Hooks feature, and various performance and accessibility improvements. [ 109 ] Supported: 6.5 Regina April 2, 2024 [ 110 ] Google Fonts management via Font Library, view timestamps, quick summaries, and revision history via Style Book, enhanced background tools, aspect ratios, and box shadows for Block layouts and groups, Data views, enhanced drag-and-drop, improved link controls, new Interactivity and Block Bindings API's, new appearance tools for Classic themes without using theme.json , Plugin Dependencies, and various performance and accessibility improvements. [ 111 ] Supported: 6.6 Dorsey July 16, 2024 [ 112 ] Additional color palette and font set choices, quick previews for pages, rollbacks for automatic plugin updates, Block style overrides, and various performance and accessibility improvements. [ 113 ] Supported: 6.7 Rollins November 12, 2024 [ 114 ] New default theme "Twenty Twenty-Five," Zoom Out preview, custom fields for Blocks, font size presets for Styles, HEIC image support, and various performance and accessibility improvements. [ 115 ] Latest version: 6.8 Cecil April 15, 2025 [ 116 ] Style Book update, editor improvements, speculative loading, stronger password security with bcrypt. [ 117 ] Legend: Unsupported Supported Latest version Preview version Future version WordPress 5.0 "Bebo" The December 2018 release of WordPress 5.0, "Bebo", is named in homage to the pioneering Cuban jazz musician Bebo Valdés . [ 118 ] It included a new default editor "Gutenberg" – a block-based editor; that allows users to modify their displayed content in a much more user-friendly way than prior iterations. Blocks are abstract units of markup that, composed together, form the content or layout of a web page . [ 119 ] Past content that was created on WordPress pages is listed under what is referred to as a Classic Block. [ 120 ] Before Gutenberg, there were several block-based editors available as WordPress plugins, e.g. Elementor . Following the release of Gutenberg, comparisons were made between it and those existing plugins. [ 121 ] [ 122 ] Classic Editor plugin The Classic Editor plugin was created as a result of User preferences and helped website developers maintain past plugins only compatible with WordPress 4.9, giving plugin developers time to get their plugins updated & compatible with the 5.0 release. Having the Classic Editor plugin installed restores the "classic" editing experience that WordPress has had up until the WordPress 5.0 release. [ 123 ] The Classic Editor plugin will be supported at least until 2024. [ 124 ] As of August 2023, the Classic Editor plugin is active on over 5 million installations of WordPress. [ 125 ] Vulnerabilities Many security issues [ 126 ] have been uncovered and patched in the software, particularly in 2007, 2008, and 2015. A cumulative list of WordPress security vulnerabilities, not all of which have been corrected in the version current at any time, is maintained by SecurityScorecard. [ 127 ] In January 2007, many high-profile search engine optimization (SEO) blogs, as well as many low-profile commercial blogs featuring AdSense , were targeted and attacked with a WordPress exploit. [ 128 ] A separate vulnerability on one of the project site's web servers allowed an attacker to introduce exploitable code in the form of a back door to some downloads of WordPress 2.1.1. The 2.1.2 release addressed this issue; an advisory released at the time advised all users to upgrade immediately. [ 129 ] In May 2007, a study revealed that 98% of WordPress blogs being run were exploitable because they were running outdated and unsupported versions of the software. [ 130 ] To help mitigate this problem, WordPress made updating the software a much easier, "one-click" automated process in version 2.7 (released in December 2008). [ 131 ] However, the filesystem security settings required to enable the update process can be an additional risk. [ 132 ] In a June 2007 interview, Stefan Esser, the founder of the PHP Security Response Team, spoke critically of WordPress' security track record, citing problems with the application's architecture that made it unnecessarily difficult to write code that is secure from SQL injection vulnerabilities, as well as some other problems. [ 133 ] In June 2013, it was found that some of the 50 most downloaded WordPress plugins were vulnerable to common Web attacks such as SQL injection and XSS . A separate inspection of the top 10 e-commerce plugins showed that seven of them were vulnerable. [ 134 ] To promote better security and to streamline the update experience overall, automatic background updates were introduced in WordPress 3.7. [ 135 ] Individual installations of WordPress can be protected with security plugins that prevent user enumeration, hide resources, and thwart probes. Users can also protect their WordPress installations by taking steps such as keeping all WordPress installations, themes, and plugins updated, using only trusted themes and plugins, [ 136 ] and editing the site's .htaccess configuration file if supported by the webserver to prevent many types of SQL injection attacks and block unauthorized access to sensitive files. It is especially important to keep WordPress plugins updated because would-be hackers can easily list all the plugins a site uses and then run scans searching for any vulnerabilities against those plugins. If vulnerabilities are found, they may be exploited to allow hackers to, for example, upload their files (such as a web shell ) that collect sensitive information. Developers can also use tools to analyze potential vulnerabilities, including Jetpack Protect, WPScan, WordPress Auditor, and WordPress Sploit Framework developed by 0pc0deFR. These types of tools research known vulnerabilities, such as CSRF , LFI , RFI , XSS, SQL injection, and user enumeration. However, not all vulnerabilities can be detected by tools, so it is advisable to check the code of plugins, themes, and other add-ins from other developers. In March 2015, it was reported that the Yoast SEO plugin was vulnerable to SQL injection, allowing attackers to potentially execute arbitrary SQL commands. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] The issue was fixed in version 1.7.4 of the plugin. [ 139 ] In January 2017, security auditors at Sucuri identified a vulnerability in the WordPress REST API that would allow any unauthenticated user to modify any post or page within a site running WordPress 4.7 or greater. The auditors quietly notified WordPress developers, and within six days WordPress released a high-priority patch to version 4.7.2, which addressed the problem. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] As of WordPress 6.0, the minimum PHP version requirement is PHP 5.6, [ 142 ] which was released on August 28, 2014, [ 143 ] and which has been unsupported by the PHP Group and not received any security patches since December 31, 2018. [ 143 ] Thus, WordPress recommends using PHP version 7.4 or greater. [ 142 ] In the absence of specific alterations to their default formatting code, WordPress-based websites use the canvas element to detect whether the browser can correctly render emoji . Because Tor Browser does not currently discriminate between this legitimate use of the Canvas API and an effort to perform canvas fingerprinting , it warns that the website is attempting to 'extract HTML5 canvas image data. Ongoing efforts seek workarounds to reassure privacy advocates while retaining the ability to check for proper emoji rendering capability. [ 144 ] Development and support Key developers Matt Mullenweg and Mike Little were co-founders of the project. Current key people are listed on WordPress's Web site. [ 145 ] WordPress is also developed by its community, including WP tester , a group of volunteers who test each release. They have early access to nightly builds , beta versions, and release candidates. Errors are documented via a mailing list and the project's Trac tool. Though largely developed by the community surrounding it, WordPress is closely associated with Automattic , the company founded by Matt Mullenweg. [ 146 ] WordPress Foundation WordPress Foundation is a non-profit organization that was set up to support the WordPress project. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] [ 149 ] The purpose of the organization is to guarantee open access to WordPress's software projects forever. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] As part of this, the organization owns and manages WordPress, WordCamp, and related trademarks . [ 147 ] [ 9 ] [ 150 ] In January 2010, Matt Mullenweg formed the organization [ 147 ] to own and manage the trademarks of WordPress project. [ 151 ] [ 150 ] Previously – from 2006 onwards – Automattic acted as a short-term owner of the WordPress trademarks. From the beginning, he intended later to place the WordPress trademarks with the WordPress Foundation, which did not yet exist in 2006 and which eventually took longer to set up than expected. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] WordPress Photo Directory On December 14, 2021, Matt Mullenweg announced the WordPress Photo Directory at the State of the Word 2021 event. [ 153 ] It is an open-source image directory for open images maintained by the WordPress project. [ 153 ] The image directory aims to provide an open alternative to closed image banks , such as Unsplash , Pixbaby, and Adobe Stock , whose licensing terms have become restrictive in recent years. Use in WordPress themes, for example, is restricted. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] In January 2022, the project began to gather volunteers, and in February, its own developer website was launched, where team representatives were next selected. [ 155 ] WordCamp developer and user conferences WordCamps are casual, locally organized conferences covering everything related to WordPress. [ 156 ] The first such event was WordCamp 2006 in August 2006 in San Francisco , which lasted one day and had over 500 attendees. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] The first WordCamp outside San Francisco was held in Beijing in September 2007. [ 159 ] Since then, there have been over 1,022 WordCamps in over 75 cities in 65 countries around the world. [ 156 ] WordCamp San Francisco 2014 was the last official annual conference of WordPress developers and users taking place in San Francisco, having now been replaced with WordCamp US. [ 160 ] First ran in 2013 as WordCamp Europe, regional WordCamps in other geographical regions are held to connect people who are not already active in their local communities and inspire attendees to start user communities in their hometowns. [ 161 ] In 2019, the Nordic region had its own WordCamp Nordic. [ 162 ] [ 163 ] The first WordCamp Asia was to be held in 2020, [ 164 ] but cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic . [ 165 ] Support WordPress' primary support website is WordPress.org. This support website hosts both WordPress Codex, the online manual for WordPress and a living repository for WordPress information and documentation, [ 166 ] and WordPress Forums, an active online community of WordPress users. [ 167 ] Hosting This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2025 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) WordPress hosting services typically offer one-click WordPress installations, automated updates and backups, and security features to safeguard against common threats. Many also provide support and are configured for optimal performance with the CMS. There are two primary types of WordPress hosting: shared WordPress hosting and managed WordPress hosting. Shared WordPress hosting is a budget-friendly option where multiple websites reside on a single server, sharing resources. Managed WordPress hosting includes comprehensive management of a WordPress site, including technical support, security, performance optimization, and often higher server resources, but comes at a higher price. See also Free and open-source software portal Internet portal List of content management systems NextGEN Gallery Weblog software WordPress.com References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Mullenweg, Matt (May 27, 2003). 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.mw-parser-output div.hp-portalen a{color:white}} Welkom op Wikipedia De vrije encyclopedie Aantal artikelen: 2.209.154 Aantal actieve gebruikers: 8.625 Portaal van de week: Spanje Biologie Geschiedenis Kunst & Cultuur Landen & Volken Mens & Maatschappij Politiek Religie Sport Taal Wetenschap & Technologie Uitgelicht Straatfotografie Straatfotografie is een fotografiegenre waarbij mensen op publieke plaatsen zoals straten, parken en metrostations gefotografeerd worden zonder dat ze zich daar bewust van zijn. Het is een kunstzinnige vorm van candid-camerafotografie die natuurlijke in plaats van geposeerde foto’s oplevert. Hoewel straatfotografie reeds beoefend werd van in het begin van de fotografie, legden pioniers als Eugène Atget en Henri Cartier-Bresson in de 20e eeuw de basis voor straatfotografie als kunstvorm. De ontwikkeling van kleinbeeldcamera's met 135-film midden jaren twintig – en in het bijzonder de Leica met meetzoekersysteem – betekende een grote stimulans voor de straatfotografie. ( Lees verder ) Etalage Johan Helmich Roman Georgius Macropedius Amsterdamse tram Vlinders Legio X Fretensis Paus Benedictus XV Elene Achvlediani Heterocyclische verbinding Over Wikipedia Wikipedia is een online encyclopedie die ernaar streeft om in alle erkende talen informatie te bieden die objectief , verifieerbaar en vrij herbruikbaar is. Het project is gebaseerd op vijf basisprincipes . De Nederlandstalige versie startte op 19 juni 2001 en is met meer dan 2,2 miljoen artikelen de op vijf na grootste van circa 345 taalversies. De encyclopedie is vrij bewerkbaar. Dat houdt in dat iedereen tekst en afbeeldingen kan toevoegen of aanpassen, met inachtneming van de basisregels . Voor de bewerkers zijn er diverse hulppagina's beschikbaar. Er is ook een snelcursus voor nieuwelingen. Zaken uitproberen kan in de zandbak en vragen kunnen gesteld worden bij de helpdesk . Voor privacyvragen kunt u hier terecht . Wist je dat ... ... de ijsbeer een witgelige vacht heeft, maar een zwarte huid? ... de artiesten Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young alle vier tot tweemaal toe zijn opgenomen in de Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , hoewel Young beide keren om andere prestaties dan zijn lidmaatschap van deze band werd geëerd? ... de Duitse socioloog Wolfgang Streeck de kredietcrisis ziet als voorbode van het einde van het kapitalisme ? ... de zeespiegel bij de monding van het Suezkanaal aan de kant van de Rode Zee ongeveer 1,2 meter hoger ligt dan aan de kant van de Middellandse Zee? ... Lawson Craddock in 2018 als eerste wielrenner ooit na elke etappe van de Tour de France laatste in het klassement stond? Afbeelding De uitbarstingskolom van de eruptie in 2022 van de onderzeese vulkaan Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai in Tonga gezien vanuit het International Space Station , 433km boven de Grote Oceaan ten noordwesten van Auckland (Nieuw-Zeeland). Actueel Kabinet-Trump II Het kabinet–Trump II is sinds 20 januari 2025 de uitvoerende macht van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika . Voormalig president Donald Trump van de Republikeinse Partij werd tijdens de presidentsverkiezingen van 2024 voor een tweede termijn verkozen als de 47e president van de Verenigde Staten , en volgde Joe Biden op. ( Lees verder ) Recent overleden 13 jan Pé Langen (72), Nederlands ondernemer en politicus 13 jan Claudette Colvin (86), Amerikaans mensenrechtenactiviste 13 jan Jo Körver (74), Nederlands voetballer 13 jan Annemarie Prins (93), Nederlands actrice, regisseuse en schrijfster 12 jan Robert Jensen (52), Nederlands radio-dj en televisiepresentator In het nieuws 3 jan Verenigde Staten arresteren president Maduro van Venezuela Militaire eenheden van de Verenigde Staten voeren acties uit in Venezuela . In de hoofdstad Caracas worden explosies gemeld en helikopters gezien. President Nicolás Maduro en diens vrouw zijn gevangengenomen en overgebracht naar de VS. 1 jan Brand in Zwitsers skiresort Tijdens de nieuwjaarsviering in een bar in het Zwitserse ski-resort Crans-Montana breekt een grote brand uit. Ongeveer 40 mensen komen om het leven en 119 raken gewond. Velen worden behandeld voor ernstige brandwonden. 14 dec Aanslag Bondi Beach Twee mannen, vader en zoon, plegen een terreuraanslag op joodse feestvierders op Bondi Beach , een populair strand in Sydney , Australië . Bij de schietpartij vallen minstens 16 doden. 16 januari in de geschiedenis 1547 Geschiedenis van Rusland Ivan IV (de Verschrikkelijke ) wordt tot eerste tsaar aller Russen gekroond. 1969 Jan Palach Uit protest tegen de teruggedraaide hervormingen van de Praagse Lente steekt een student zichzelf op het Wenceslausplein in Praag in brand. 2003 Spaceshuttle Columbia Bij de lancering van de spaceshuttle Columbia raakt het hitteschild beschadigd, waardoor het ruimteveer op 1 februari 2003 bij terugkeer in de dampkring verongelukt. Zusterprojecten Wikipedia is onderdeel van de Wikimedia Foundation , een non-profitorganisatie , en heeft diverse zusterprojecten die ook van de wikisoftware gebruikmaken: Wikinieuws Vrije nieuwsbron WikiWoordenboek Vrij woordenboek Wikibooks Handleidingen & vrije boeken Wikisource Vrije bibliotheek Wikiquote Citaten & spreekwoorden Wikispecies Catalogus van levende wezens Wikiversity Vrije onderwijsprojecten Wikivoyage Vrije, wereldwijde reisgids Commons Vrije media Wikidata Vrije database Wikifuncties Bibliotheek met codefuncties Meta-Wiki Coördinatie MediaWiki Ontwikkeling wiki-software Perscontact • Publiekscontact • Statistieken Welkom op Wikipedia De vrije encyclopedie Aantal artikelen: 2.209.154 Aantal actieve gebruikers: 8.625 Portaal van de week: Spanje Biologie Geschiedenis Kunst & Cultuur Landen & Volken Mens & Maatschappij Politiek Religie Sport Taal Wetenschap & Technologie Uitgelicht Straatfotografie Straatfotografie is een fotografiegenre waarbij mensen op publieke plaatsen zoals straten, parken en metrostations gefotografeerd worden zonder dat ze zich daar bewust van zijn. Het is een kunstzinnige vorm van candid-camerafotografie die natuurlijke in plaats van geposeerde foto’s oplevert. Hoewel straatfotografie reeds beoefend werd van in het begin van de fotografie, legden pioniers als Eugène Atget en Henri Cartier-Bresson in de 20e eeuw de basis voor straatfotografie als kunstvorm. De ontwikkeling van kleinbeeldcamera's met 135-film midden jaren twintig – en in het bijzonder de Leica met meetzoekersysteem – betekende een grote stimulans voor de straatfotografie. ( Lees verder ) Uitgelicht Straatfotografie Straatfotografie is een fotografiegenre waarbij mensen op publieke plaatsen zoals straten, parken en metrostations gefotografeerd worden zonder dat ze zich daar bewust van zijn. Het is een kunstzinnige vorm van candid-camerafotografie die natuurlijke in plaats van geposeerde foto’s oplevert. Hoewel straatfotografie reeds beoefend werd van in het begin van de fotografie, legden pioniers als Eugène Atget en Henri Cartier-Bresson in de 20e eeuw de basis voor straatfotografie als kunstvorm. De ontwikkeling van kleinbeeldcamera's met 135-film midden jaren twintig – en in het bijzonder de Leica met meetzoekersysteem – betekende een grote stimulans voor de straatfotografie. ( Lees verder ) Uitgelicht Straatfotografie Straatfotografie is een fotografiegenre waarbij mensen op publieke plaatsen zoals straten, parken en metrostations gefotografeerd worden zonder dat ze zich daar bewust van zijn. Het is een kunstzinnige vorm van candid-camerafotografie die natuurlijke in plaats van geposeerde foto’s oplevert. Hoewel straatfotografie reeds beoefend werd van in het begin van de fotografie, legden pioniers als Eugène Atget en Henri Cartier-Bresson in de 20e eeuw de basis voor straatfotografie als kunstvorm. De ontwikkeling van kleinbeeldcamera's met 135-film midden jaren twintig – en in het bijzonder de Leica met meetzoekersysteem – betekende een grote stimulans voor de straatfotografie. ( Lees verder ) Etalage Johan Helmich Roman Georgius Macropedius Amsterdamse tram Vlinders Legio X Fretensis Paus Benedictus XV Elene Achvlediani Heterocyclische verbinding Etalage Johan Helmich Roman Georgius Macropedius Amsterdamse tram Vlinders Legio X Fretensis Paus Benedictus XV Elene Achvlediani Heterocyclische verbinding Etalage Johan Helmich Roman Georgius Macropedius Amsterdamse tram Vlinders Legio X Fretensis Paus Benedictus XV Elene Achvlediani Heterocyclische verbinding Over Wikipedia Wikipedia is een online encyclopedie die ernaar streeft om in alle erkende talen informatie te bieden die objectief , verifieerbaar en vrij herbruikbaar is. Het project is gebaseerd op vijf basisprincipes . De Nederlandstalige versie startte op 19 juni 2001 en is met meer dan 2,2 miljoen artikelen de op vijf na grootste van circa 345 taalversies. De encyclopedie is vrij bewerkbaar. Dat houdt in dat iedereen tekst en afbeeldingen kan toevoegen of aanpassen, met inachtneming van de basisregels . Voor de bewerkers zijn er diverse hulppagina's beschikbaar. Er is ook een snelcursus voor nieuwelingen. Zaken uitproberen kan in de zandbak en vragen kunnen gesteld worden bij de helpdesk . Voor privacyvragen kunt u hier terecht . Over Wikipedia Wikipedia is een online encyclopedie die ernaar streeft om in alle erkende talen informatie te bieden die objectief , verifieerbaar en vrij herbruikbaar is. Het project is gebaseerd op vijf basisprincipes . De Nederlandstalige versie startte op 19 juni 2001 en is met meer dan 2,2 miljoen artikelen de op vijf na grootste van circa 345 taalversies. De encyclopedie is vrij bewerkbaar. Dat houdt in dat iedereen tekst en afbeeldingen kan toevoegen of aanpassen, met inachtneming van de basisregels . Voor de bewerkers zijn er diverse hulppagina's beschikbaar. Er is ook een snelcursus voor nieuwelingen. Zaken uitproberen kan in de zandbak en vragen kunnen gesteld worden bij de helpdesk . Voor privacyvragen kunt u hier terecht . Over Wikipedia Wikipedia is een online encyclopedie die ernaar streeft om in alle erkende talen informatie te bieden die objectief , verifieerbaar en vrij herbruikbaar is. Het project is gebaseerd op vijf basisprincipes . De Nederlandstalige versie startte op 19 juni 2001 en is met meer dan 2,2 miljoen artikelen de op vijf na grootste van circa 345 taalversies. De encyclopedie is vrij bewerkbaar. Dat houdt in dat iedereen tekst en afbeeldingen kan toevoegen of aanpassen, met inachtneming van de basisregels . Voor de bewerkers zijn er diverse hulppagina's beschikbaar. Er is ook een snelcursus voor nieuwelingen. Zaken uitproberen kan in de zandbak en vragen kunnen gesteld worden bij de helpdesk . Voor privacyvragen kunt u hier terecht . Wist je dat ... ... de ijsbeer een witgelige vacht heeft, maar een zwarte huid? ... de artiesten Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young alle vier tot tweemaal toe zijn opgenomen in de Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , hoewel Young beide keren om andere prestaties dan zijn lidmaatschap van deze band werd geëerd? ... de Duitse socioloog Wolfgang Streeck de kredietcrisis ziet als voorbode van het einde van het kapitalisme ? ... de zeespiegel bij de monding van het Suezkanaal aan de kant van de Rode Zee ongeveer 1,2 meter hoger ligt dan aan de kant van de Middellandse Zee? ... Lawson Craddock in 2018 als eerste wielrenner ooit na elke etappe van de Tour de France laatste in het klassement stond? Wist je dat ... ... de ijsbeer een witgelige vacht heeft, maar een zwarte huid? ... de artiesten Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young alle vier tot tweemaal toe zijn opgenomen in de Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , hoewel Young beide keren om andere prestaties dan zijn lidmaatschap van deze band werd geëerd? ... de Duitse socioloog Wolfgang Streeck de kredietcrisis ziet als voorbode van het einde van het kapitalisme ? ... de zeespiegel bij de monding van het Suezkanaal aan de kant van de Rode Zee ongeveer 1,2 meter hoger ligt dan aan de kant van de Middellandse Zee? ... Lawson Craddock in 2018 als eerste wielrenner ooit na elke etappe van de Tour de France laatste in het klassement stond? Wist je dat ... ... de ijsbeer een witgelige vacht heeft, maar een zwarte huid? ... de artiesten Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young alle vier tot tweemaal toe zijn opgenomen in de Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , hoewel Young beide keren om andere prestaties dan zijn lidmaatschap van deze band werd geëerd? ... de Duitse socioloog Wolfgang Streeck de kredietcrisis ziet als voorbode van het einde van het kapitalisme ? ... de zeespiegel bij de monding van het Suezkanaal aan de kant van de Rode Zee ongeveer 1,2 meter hoger ligt dan aan de kant van de Middellandse Zee? ... Lawson Craddock in 2018 als eerste wielrenner ooit na elke etappe van de Tour de France laatste in het klassement stond? Afbeelding De uitbarstingskolom van de eruptie in 2022 van de onderzeese vulkaan Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai in Tonga gezien vanuit het International Space Station , 433km boven de Grote Oceaan ten noordwesten van Auckland (Nieuw-Zeeland). Afbeelding De uitbarstingskolom van de eruptie in 2022 van de onderzeese vulkaan Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai in Tonga gezien vanuit het International Space Station , 433km boven de Grote Oceaan ten noordwesten van Auckland (Nieuw-Zeeland). Afbeelding Actueel Kabinet-Trump II Het kabinet–Trump II is sinds 20 januari 2025 de uitvoerende macht van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika . Voormalig president Donald Trump van de Republikeinse Partij werd tijdens de presidentsverkiezingen van 2024 voor een tweede termijn verkozen als de 47e president van de Verenigde Staten , en volgde Joe Biden op. ( Lees verder ) Actueel Kabinet-Trump II Het kabinet–Trump II is sinds 20 januari 2025 de uitvoerende macht van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika . Voormalig president Donald Trump van de Republikeinse Partij werd tijdens de presidentsverkiezingen van 2024 voor een tweede termijn verkozen als de 47e president van de Verenigde Staten , en volgde Joe Biden op. ( Lees verder ) Actueel Kabinet-Trump II Het kabinet–Trump II is sinds 20 januari 2025 de uitvoerende macht van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika . Voormalig president Donald Trump van de Republikeinse Partij werd tijdens de presidentsverkiezingen van 2024 voor een tweede termijn verkozen als de 47e president van de Verenigde Staten , en volgde Joe Biden op. ( Lees verder ) Recent overleden 13 jan Pé Langen (72), Nederlands ondernemer en politicus 13 jan Claudette Colvin (86), Amerikaans mensenrechtenactiviste 13 jan Jo Körver (74), Nederlands voetballer 13 jan Annemarie Prins (93), Nederlands actrice, regisseuse en schrijfster 12 jan Robert Jensen (52), Nederlands radio-dj en televisiepresentator Recent overleden 13 jan Pé Langen (72), Nederlands ondernemer en politicus 13 jan Claudette Colvin (86), Amerikaans mensenrechtenactiviste 13 jan Jo Körver (74), Nederlands voetballer 13 jan Annemarie Prins (93), Nederlands actrice, regisseuse en schrijfster 12 jan Robert Jensen (52), Nederlands radio-dj en televisiepresentator Recent overleden 13 jan Pé Langen (72), Nederlands ondernemer en politicus 13 jan Claudette Colvin (86), Amerikaans mensenrechtenactiviste 13 jan Jo Körver (74), Nederlands voetballer 13 jan Annemarie Prins (93), Nederlands actrice, regisseuse en schrijfster 12 jan Robert Jensen (52), Nederlands radio-dj en televisiepresentator In het nieuws In het nieuws In het nieuws 3 jan Verenigde Staten arresteren president Maduro van Venezuela Militaire eenheden van de Verenigde Staten voeren acties uit in Venezuela . In de hoofdstad Caracas worden explosies gemeld en helikopters gezien. President Nicolás Maduro en diens vrouw zijn gevangengenomen en overgebracht naar de VS. 3 jan Verenigde Staten arresteren president Maduro van Venezuela Militaire eenheden van de Verenigde Staten voeren acties uit in Venezuela . In de hoofdstad Caracas worden explosies gemeld en helikopters gezien. President Nicolás Maduro en diens vrouw zijn gevangengenomen en overgebracht naar de VS. 1 jan Brand in Zwitsers skiresort Tijdens de nieuwjaarsviering in een bar in het Zwitserse ski-resort Crans-Montana breekt een grote brand uit. Ongeveer 40 mensen komen om het leven en 119 raken gewond. Velen worden behandeld voor ernstige brandwonden. 1 jan Brand in Zwitsers skiresort Tijdens de nieuwjaarsviering in een bar in het Zwitserse ski-resort Crans-Montana breekt een grote brand uit. Ongeveer 40 mensen komen om het leven en 119 raken gewond. Velen worden behandeld voor ernstige brandwonden. 14 dec Aanslag Bondi Beach Twee mannen, vader en zoon, plegen een terreuraanslag op joodse feestvierders op Bondi Beach , een populair strand in Sydney , Australië . Bij de schietpartij vallen minstens 16 doden. 14 dec Aanslag Bondi Beach Twee mannen, vader en zoon, plegen een terreuraanslag op joodse feestvierders op Bondi Beach , een populair strand in Sydney , Australië . Bij de schietpartij vallen minstens 16 doden. 16 januari in de geschiedenis 16 januari in de geschiedenis 16 januari in de geschiedenis 1547 Geschiedenis van Rusland Ivan IV (de Verschrikkelijke ) wordt tot eerste tsaar aller Russen gekroond. 1547 Geschiedenis van Rusland Ivan IV (de Verschrikkelijke ) wordt tot eerste tsaar aller Russen gekroond. 1969 Jan Palach Uit protest tegen de teruggedraaide hervormingen van de Praagse Lente steekt een student zichzelf op het Wenceslausplein in Praag in brand. 1969 Jan Palach Uit protest tegen de teruggedraaide hervormingen van de Praagse Lente steekt een student zichzelf op het Wenceslausplein in Praag in brand. 2003 Spaceshuttle Columbia Bij de lancering van de spaceshuttle Columbia raakt het hitteschild beschadigd, waardoor het ruimteveer op 1 februari 2003 bij terugkeer in de dampkring verongelukt. 2003 Spaceshuttle Columbia Bij de lancering van de spaceshuttle Columbia raakt het hitteschild beschadigd, waardoor het ruimteveer op 1 februari 2003 bij terugkeer in de dampkring verongelukt. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Chapter and cathedral 1.2 Albigensians 1.3 Episcopal elections and appointments of 1456 1.4 Educational establishments 1.5 French Revolution 1.6 Restoration 1.1 Chapter and cathedral 1.2 Albigensians 1.3 Episcopal elections and appointments of 1456 1.4 Educational establishments 1.5 French Revolution 1.6 Restoration 2 Bishops Toggle Bishops subsection 2.1 To 1000 2.2 1000 to 1300 2.3 1300 to 1500 2.4 1500 to 1800 2.5 From 1802 2.1 To 1000 2.2 1000 to 1300 2.3 1300 to 1500 2.4 1500 to 1800 2.5 From 1802 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 5.1 Reference works 5.2 Studies 5.3 Collections 5.4 For further reading 5.1 Reference works 5.2 Studies 5.3 Collections 5.4 For further reading 6 External links Diocese of Carcassonne-Narbonne Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Jawa Nederlands Occitan Polski Русский 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Diocese of Carcassonne and Narbonne Dioecesis Carcassonensis et Narbonensis Diocèse de Carcassonne et Narbonne Carcassonne Cathedral Location Country France Ecclesiastical province Montpellier Metropolitan Archdiocese of Montpellier Statistics Area 6,313 km 2 (2,437 sq mi) Population Total Catholics Total Catholics .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} (as of 2023) 375,806 229,000 (guess) (as of 2023) 375,806 229,000 (guess) Parishes 325 Information Denomination Catholic Church Sui iuris church Latin Church Rite Roman Rite Established 6th cent. (renamed as Diocese of Carcassonne et Narbonne: 14 June 2006) Cathedral Cathedral of St. Michael in Carcassonne Patron saint St. Nazarius and St. Celsus St. Michael the Archangel Secular priests 50 (Diocesan) 46 (Religious Orders) 9 Permanent Deacons Current leadership Pope Leo XIV Bishop Bruno Valentin Metropolitan Archbishop Norbert Turini Bishops emeritus Jacques Despierre Alain Planet Jacques Despierre Alain Planet Map Website Website of the Diocese The Diocese of Carcassonne and Narbonne ( Latin : Dioecesis Carcassonensis et Narbonensis ; French : Diocèse de Carcassonne et Narbonne ) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Catholic Church in France . The diocese comprises the entire department of Aude . It is suffragan to the Archdiocese of Montpellier . On the occasion of the Concordat of 1802 , the former Diocese of Carcassonne, nearly all the old Archdiocese of Narbonne , almost the entire Diocese of Saint-Papoul , a part of the ancient Diocese of Alet and ancient Diocese of Mirepoix , and the former Diocese of Perpignan , were united to make the one Diocese of Carcassonne. In 1822 the Diocese of Perpignan was re-established. In 2006 the diocese of Carcassonne was renamed the Diocese of Carcassonne and Narbonne. [ 1 ] History Carcassonne was founded by the Visigoths (the Volcaii Tectosages), who sought to compensate themselves for the loss of Lodève and Uzès by having Carcassonne made an episcopal see. The first of its bishops known to history was Sergius (589) and an Archdeacon of Carcassonne, Donnel, is recorded as having subscribed to the acts of the 4th Council of Toledo in 633. [ 2 ] In 759, Pepin the Short conquered Septimania from the Muslims and united it, Carcassonne included, to the Frankish crown. [ 3 ] The churches of Nôtre-Dame de Canabès and Nôtre-Dame de Limoux, both of which date back to the ninth century, are still visited by pilgrims. Peter of Castelnau , the Cistercian inquisitor, was murdered in January 1208, perhaps on order of Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse . St. John Francis Regis (1597-1640), the Jesuit, born at Fontcouverte, Aude , in the Diocese of Narbonne, is honored in the present Diocese of Carcassonne. Chapter and cathedral The date of the foundation of the first cathedral is unknown. [ 4 ] The Cathedral of Saints-Nazaire-et-Celse at Carcassonne was rebuilt toward the end of the eleventh century, the first work upon it being blessed by Pope Urban II , who had come to Carcassonne in 1088 to urge the Viscount Bernard Ato IV de Trincavel to join the Crusade. In that year the cathedral Chapter was already in existence and its canons followed the Rule of Saint Augustine . The Chapter had existed for a considerable time, perhaps going back to Bishop Gimerius in the tenth century, but papal sanction confirmed and strengthened its position as a corporate body living under a Rule. [ 5 ] On 26 May 1095, Pope Urban addressed a letter to Bishop Pierre, confirming the institution of Clercs Regular of Saint Augustine in the Chapter of the Cathedral and two other churches in the diocese of Carcassonne. [ 6 ] The approbation of Urban II was confirmed by Pope Anastasius IV on 5 April 1154. [ 7 ] On 11 June 1096, Pope Urban II arrived in Carcassonne from Toulouse, where he spent five days, celebrating a pontifical Mass in the unfinished cathedral. [ 8 ] The Chapter included as officers the two Archdeacons, two archpriests, a Sacristan, a Precentor, a Chamberlain, an Eleemosynary, and a master of the works. On 28 January 1227, Pope Gregory IX issued a bull in which he took the Prior and canons and cathedral of Saint-Nazaire under papal protection, along with all the churches which belonged to it, which are listed. [ 9 ] In 1439, the canons were secularized by Pope Eugenius IV , and the Chapter came to have as officers a Dean, the Archdeacon, a Precentor, and a Sacristan. There were thirty Canons, each with a prebend, and they received a new set of Statutes. [ 10 ] In 1660, there were four dignities and sixteen canons. [ 11 ] In 1730, there were three dignities and twelve canons. [ 12 ] There was a collegiate church dedicated to Saint-Vincent at Montréal, established by Pope John XXII in 1317. [ 13 ] It was administered by fifteen canons, among whom were three dignities (Dean, Sacristan, and Precentor). The Deanship was elective, but the bishop of Carcassonne had to be summoned to the electoral meeting, and he had the first vote as well as the right to confirm or decline the dean-elect. [ 14 ] Since the Synod of 2007, the diocese has been reorganized into fourteen 'new parishes'. [ 15 ] Albigensians The history of the region of Carcassonne is intimately connected with that of the Albigenses . Notre-Dame-de-Prouille Monastery , where the Spaniard Dominic de Guzman established a religious institute for converted Albigensian women in 1206, is still a place of pilgrimage. In 1206 or 1207, the Abbot Guy of Vaux de Cernay (Paris) began a preaching tour of the province of Narbonne, from which he returned to France in 1208, to help launch a crusade against the heretics of Languedoc. He was back in Languedoc in 1209, as a friend and councilor of Simon de Montfort. [ 16 ] In 1209, the people of Carcassonne, faced with the approaching forces of the Albigensian Crusade , destroyed the stalls of the canons in the cathedra, as well as the refectory and cellars of the quarters of the canons, from which they reinforced the city walls. [ 17 ] Vicomte Raymond Roger of Carcassonne died in prison, attended in his last hours by Bishop Bernard-Raimond de Roquefort, on 10 November 1209. [ 18 ] In July 1210, a massacre of Albigensians was perpetrated at a place called Minerva, under the superrvision of Simon de Montfort and Abbot Gy de Vaux, in which 140 men and women were burnt alive, after having refused Abbot Guy's exhortations to reject their heresy. On 15 April 1211, Pope Innocent III , who was a firm supporter of the crusade and of Simon de Montfort, wrote to hi papal legate, Bishop Raymond of Uzès, to accept the resignation of the bishop of Carcassonne, Bishop Bernard-Raimond, and to absolve him from pontifical responsibilities. [ 19 ] Within eight days, with the legate's assistance, a suitable successor was to be found; a second letter was directed to the Chapter of Carcassone, ordering them to elect a person who was suitable for the honor and burden ( oneri et honore ). [ 20 ] In the same year, Abbot Guy de Vaux de Cernay was named bishop of Carcassonne, with the support of Simon de Montfort. He was still bishop-elect in June and July 1211, when he participated in the siege of Toulouse. His consecration, along with that of Arnaud de Cîteaux, archbishop-elect of Narbonne, took place after 12 March 1212, [ 21 ] but before the council of Narbonne on 30 April 1212, summoned by Archbishop Arnaud and attended by Bishop Guy. [ 22 ] In February 1213, Bishop Guy de Vaux set off for Paris to secure additional support for the crusading forces; he left his diocese in the care of Dominic de Guzman as his vicar-general. [ 23 ] Simon de Montfort , Lord of Montfort (1188), Earl of Leicester (1204), Viscount of Albi, Béziers and Carcassonne (1213), and Count of Toulouse (1215), died on 26 June 1218 [ 24 ] and was buried in the cathedral of Carcassonne. [ 25 ] In 1229, the Inquisition was formally established in Carcassonne, and on 22 April 1232 (i.e. 1233) Pope Gregory IX assigned the Dominicans to staff it. [ 26 ] On June 1245, at the First Council of Lyon , Pope Innocent IV ordered six bishops including Bishop Clarus of Carcassonne to continue the operation of the Inquisition in their dioceses. [ 27 ] In 1247, Count Raymond II Trencavel of Carcassonne surrendered to King Louis IX of France , and the County of Carcassonne became part of the French kingdom. [ 28 ] In 1270, Bishop Bernard de Capendu (1265–1278) held a synod and issued constitutions. [ 29 ] Bishop Pierre de Roquefort (1300–1321) held a diocesan synod in 1309, and issued a set of statutes. [ 30 ] Episcopal elections and appointments of 1456 Following the death of Bishop Jean d’Étampes on 25 January 1456, the Chapter of the cathedral of Carcassonne met, on 3 February, to set a date for the election of the next bishop and to elect a vicar general for the period of the sede vacante . They chose instead two co-vicars, the Archdeacon-major Bartholomaeus Alqueri and the Precentor Dominique de Furcata. On 14 February, the thirteen participants unanimously chose a fellow canon, the subdeacon Geoffroy de Basilhac. [ 31 ] Since the elected had taken place by the Via inspirationis Spiritus Sancti , and since there was uncertainty as to whether the bishop-elect was of the minimal canonical age, the Chapter sent a delegation to Pope Calixtus III to seek confirmation of the election. [ 32 ] The pope replied in a decree of 25 June 1456, voiding the election. [ 33 ] On 25 June the pope also appointed to the vacant diocese of Carcassonne the Bishop of Nîmes, Jean du Chastel, [ 34 ] who was a nephew of Cardinal Alain de Coëtivy , a brother of Tanneguy de Chastel, Constable of France, and also a canon of the cathedral Chapter. Refusing to be deterred from their original intention, or their electoral rights, the Chapter held another election on 21 July 1256, and again elected Geoffroy de Basilhac, this time by voting viva voce . Geoffroy was immediately conducted to the cathedral and enthroned in the episcopal seat, and his election was proclaimed to the clergy and people by the senior canon. [ 35 ] Application was made to the metropolitan archbishop of Narbonne, and, in his absence, the Vicar-General, Raoul Bouvier, who issued letters on 14 August 1456 to Bishop Guillaume d'Estampes of Condom, a canon of Carcassonne; to Canon Jean du Chastel; and to Canon Pierre de Trillia; they were ordered to appear in Narbonne on 15 September to explain their reasons for opposing the election. [ 36 ] On 6 April 1457, Cardinal de Coëtivy, papal legate in Avignon, named Bishop-elect Jean de Chastel of Carcassonne abbot commendatory of Saint-Léonard de Ferrières in Poitou. [ 37 ] Surviving documents from Carcassonne indicate only that Jean du Chastel was recognized by the Chapter of Carcassonne by 8 December 1459. [ 38 ] He did not make his formal entry into his diocese until 13 May 1464. He died in Toulouse on 15 September 1475. [ 39 ] Geoffroy de Basilhac was never recognized by Calixtus III, or by his successor Pius II , as bishop of Carcassonne, despite extensive litigation both in France and in Rome. On 30 April 1262, Pius II named him bishop of Rieux, but he is referred to as bishop-elect of Carcassone in the documents referring to the appointment. He died in March 1480. [ 40 ] Educational establishments There was already a collège (high school) in Carcassonne in the 16th century, financed and housed by the municipal government, but its administration and staffing was haphazard. By the beginning of the 17th century, it was recognized that something better was needed. In 1605 and 1610, discussions took place, and finally the matter was submitted to King Henry IV. In April 1610, the king issued letters patent in favor of the establishment of a Jesuit collège in Carcassonne. By 1614, the method of financing it from various sources, including 1,000 livres Tournois per annum from the bishop of Carcassonne, was agreed upon. Forty-nine houses were acquired, and new construction was undertaken, and the chapel was finally consecrated in 1677. In 1764, following the expulsion of the Jesuits from France, King Louis XV handed over the collège to the Priests of Christian Doctrine, who adopted the methods of study of the University of Paris. [ 41 ] French Revolution On 2 November 1789, the French National Assembly proclaimed that all ecclesiastical property in France was confiscated by the State. [ 42 ] Even before it directed its attention to the Church directly, the National Constituent Assembly attacked the institution of monasticism. On 13 February 1790. it issued a decree which stated that the government would no longer recognize solemn religious vows taken by either men or women. In consequence, Orders and Congregations which lived under a Rule were suppressed in France. Members of either sex were free to leave their monasteries or convents if they wished, and could claim an appropriate pension by applying to the local municipal authority. [ 43 ] The National Constituent Assembly ordered the replacement of political subdivisions of the ancien régime with subdivisions called "departments" , to be characterized by a single administrative city in the center of a compact area. The decree was passed on 22 December 1789, and the boundaries fixed on 26 February 1790, with the effective date of 4 March 1790. [ 44 ] A new department was created, called "Aude", and its administrative center was fixed at Carcassonne. [ 45 ] The National Constituent Assembly then, on 6 February 1790, instructed its ecclesiastical committee to prepare a plan for the reorganization of the clergy. At the end of May, its work was presented as a draft Civil Constitution of the Clergy , which, after vigorous debate, was approved on 12 July 1790. There was to be one diocese in each department, [ 46 ] requiring the suppression of approximately fifty dioceses. [ 47 ] The former diocese of Carcassonne became the diocese of Aude, with its seat at Narbonne. [ 48 ] Ten new "metropolitanates" were created, and the diocese of Aude (formerly Carcassonne) was assigned to the Metropole du Sud, whose metropolitan was seated at Toulouse. [ 49 ] The Civil Constitution of the Clergy also abolished Chapters, canonries, prebends, and other offices both in cathedrals and in collegiate churches. [ 50 ] Restoration The French Directory fell in the coup engineered by Talleyrand and Napoleon on 10 November 1799. The coup resulted in the establishment of the French Consulate , with Napoleon as the First Consul. To advance his aggressive military foreign policy, he decided to make peace with the Catholic Church in France and with the Papacy. [ 51 ] In the concordat of 1801 with Pope Pius VII , and in the enabling papal bull, "Qui Christi Domini", the constitutional diocese of Aude and all the other dioceses in France, were suppressed. This removed all the institutional contaminations and novelties introduced by the Constitutional Church, and voided all of the episcopal appointments of both authentic and constitutional bishops. [ 52 ] The diocesan structure was then canonically re-established by the papal bull "Qui Christi Domini" of 29 November 1801, including the diocese of Carcassonne, which was named a suffragan (subordinate) of Toulouse. [ 53 ] The Concordat was registered as a French law on 8 April 1802. [ 54 ] From 1848 to 1855 the see was occupied by Bishop de Bonnechose , who was created a Cardinal by Pope Pius IX on 11 December 1863; [ 55 ] From 1855 to 1873, the see was held by the mystical writer, François-Alexandre Roullet de La Bouillerie . [ 56 ] Bishops To 1000 (589) – Sergius [ 58 ] (633) – Solemnius [ 59 ] (636) – Elpidius [ 60 ] (653) – Sylvester [ 61 ] (683) – Stephanus [ 62 ] (813) – Senior [ 64 ] (860) – Eurus [ 65 ] (883–897) – Gislerranus [ 66 ] (902–931) – Guimera [ 67 ] (933–934) – Abbo [ 68 ] (934–952) – Gisandus [ 69 ] ( c. 965–977) – Franco [ 70 ] (982–986) – Aimeric [ 71 ] 1000 to 1300 (1002–1020) – Adalbert [ 72 ] ( c. 1028) – Fulco [ 73 ] (1031–1058) – Guifred (1072–1075) – Bernard (1077–1083) – Pierre Artaud [ 74 ] (1083–1101) – Petrus (II) [ 75 ] (1106–1107?) – Guillaume Bernardi [ 76 ] (1107–1110) – Raimond (I) [ 77 ] (1113–1130) – Arnaud de Girone (1131–1141) – Raimond de Sorèze (1142–1159) – Pons de Tresmals [ 78 ] (1159–1166?) – Pons de Brugals [ 79 ] (1170?–1201) – Othon [ 80 ] (1201–1209) – Bérenger [ 81 ] (1209–1231) – Bernard-Raimond de Roquefort [ 82 ] (1212–1223) – Guy de Vaux-de-Cernay (contested) [ 83 ] (1226–1248) – Clarínus [ 84 ] (1248–1255) – Guillaume Arnaud (1256–1264) – Guillaume Rudolphe [ 85 ] (1265–1278) – Bernard de Capendu (1278–1280) – Gauthier [ 86 ] (1280) – Bérenger [ 87 ] ( c. 1286) – Isarn [ 88 ] (1291–1298) – Pierre de La Chapelle-Taillefer [ 89 ] (1298–1300) – Jean de Chevry [ 90 ] 1300 to 1500 (1300–1321) – Pierre de Roquefort (1322–1323) – Guillaume de Flavacourt (1323–1330) – Pierre Rodier (1330–1336) – Pierre Jean (1337–1346) – Gaucelmus de Jean (1347–1354) – Gilbert Jean (1354–1357) – Arnaud Aubert (1358–1361) – Geoffroi de Vayrols (1361) – Étienne Aubert [ 91 ] (1362–1370) – Jean Fabri [ 92 ] (1371) – Hugues de La Jugie [ 93 ] (1372–1391) – Pierre de Saint-Martial [ 94 ] (1391–1409) – Simon de Cramaud Administrator (Avignon Obedience) [ 95 ] (1409–1412) – Pierre Aimerici, (Avignon Obedience) [ 96 ] (1413–1420) – Géraud du Puy [ 97 ] (1420–1445) – Geoffroi de Pompadour [ 98 ] (1446–1456) – Jean d’Étampes [ 99 ] [ (1456–1459) – Geoffroi de Basilhac ] [ 100 ] (1456–1475) – Jean du Chastel [ 101 ] (1476–1497) – Guichard d'Aubusson [ 102 ] (1497–1501) – Cardinal Juan Lopez, Administrator [ 103 ] 1500 to 1800 (1497–1512) – Pierre d'Auxillon [ 104 ] (1512–1516) – Hugues de Voisins [ 105 ] (1516–1521) – Jean de Basilhac [ 106 ] (1521–1545) – Martín de Saint-André [ 107 ] (1546–1552) – Charles de Bourbon-Vendôme , Administrator [ 108 ] (1556–1565) – François de Faucon (1565–1567) – Charles de Bourbon-Vendôme , Administrator [ 109 ] (1567–1568) – Vitelli Vitelloti , Administrator [ 110 ] (1569–1601) – Annibal de Ruccellai [ 111 ] (1603–1621) – Christophe de L’Estang (1621–1652) – Vitalis de L'Estang (1653–1654) – François de Servien (1655–1679) – Louis de Nogaret de La Valette (1680) – Louis d'Anglure de Bourlemont [ 112 ] (1681–1722) – Louis Joseph de Grignan [ 113 ] (1722–1729) – Louis Joseph de Chateauneuf de Rochebonne [ 114 ] (1730–1778) – Armand Bazin de Bezons [ 115 ] (1778–1788) – Jean Auguste de Chastenet de Puységur [ 116 ] (1789–1791) – François Marie Fortuné de Vintimille [ 117 ] (1791–1801) – Guillaume Bésaucèle, Constitutional bishop [ 118 ] (1801) – Louis Belmas , (Constitutional Bishop) [ 119 ] From 1802 (1802–1824) – Arnaud-Ferdinand de La Porte [ 120 ] (1824–1847) – Joseph-Julien de Saint-Rome Gualy [ 121 ] (1848–1855) – Henri-Marie-Gaston de Bonnechose [ 122 ] (1855–1873) – François-Alexandre Roullet de La Bouillerie [ 123 ] (1873–1881) – François-Albert Leuillieux [ 124 ] (1881–1901) – Paul-Félix Arsène Billard [ 125 ] (1902–1930) – Paul-Félix Beuvain de Beauséjour (1930–1931) – Emmanuel Coste [ 126 ] (1932–1951) – Jean-Joseph Pays (1952–1982) – Pierre-Marie Joseph Puech (1982–2004) – Jacques Despierre [ 127 ] (2004–2023) – Alain Planet [ 128 ] (2023–pres.) – Bruno Valentin [ 129 ] See also Ancient Diocese of Narbonne Catholic Church in France List of Catholic dioceses in France References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Diocese of Carcassonne et Narbonne" . Catholic-Hierarchy.org . David M. Cheney . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . ^ Mahul, V, pp. 393 and 539. ^ Gaetano Moroni (ed.), Dizionario di erudizione historico-ecclesiastica (in Italian) , Volume 9 (Venice: Tip. Emiliana 1841), p. 255. Trouvé, Etats de Languedoc... Vol. 2, p. 166 . ^ Mahul V, p. 539: "Nous ne connaissons aucun monument authentique pour dater avec précision, la fondation ou même l'existence de la première église cathédrale de Carcassonne, dédiée aux SS. Nazaire et Celse, martyrs de Milan, sous Néron." ^ Mahul, V, pp. 403 , 501, and 539, insisting on a date of 1088, but the Pope was nowhere near Milan, the place from which the letter was issued, in 1088. The correct date is 21 May 1095. See Philipp Jaffé, Regesta pontificum Romanorum I (Leipzig 1885), no. 5565. ^ Gallia christiana VI, "Instrumenta", pp. 431-432, no. XXIII, with the incorrect date of 1288. ^ Mahul V, p. 543. ^ Mahul V, p. 544: "Anno Dominicæ incarnationis M.XCVI. IVO indictione, feria Iv³ , Vrbanus papa Carcassonam ingressus et missas ibidem celebravit, vivos et defunctos benedicens absolvit, etiam ecclesiæ B. Nazarii saxa benedixit; et subsequenti sexta feria super B. Mariæ semper virginis, sanctique Salvatoris altare missas celebratus, sermonem nobis fecit, cometerium propriis manibus, salis aspersione absolvit, et sic, diebus quinque nobiscum commorans, vivis ac defunctis consignatis, cum laude et gratiarum actione discesit." Gallia christiana Vol. VI, p. 841. ^ Mahul V, pp. 550-551. ^ Mahul, V, pp. 575-586 . The first Dean was Hélie de Pompadour, Canon of the Cathedral, licentiate in laws and Bachelor of Canon Law. ^ Ritzler & Sefrin V, p. 143, note 1. ^ Ritzler & Sefrin VI, p. 147, note 1. ^ Mahul III, pp. 281-288 . ^ Gallia christiana VI, p. 862. Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione... volume 9, p. 256. Mahul III, p. 281. ^ Le diocèse de Carcassonne et Narbonne, les-paroisses . Retrieved: 2016-07-29. ^ Mahul V, pp. 411-412. Gallia christiana VI, pp. 881-882. ^ Mahul V, p. 548: "Nec silendum quod cives Carcassonenses pessimi et infideles refectorium et cellarium Canonicorum Carcassonensium qui erant canonici regulares, ipsas etiam stallas ecclesiæ, quod execrabilius est, destruxerunt, ut muros Civitatis indè munirent (Petrus Vallium Cernaii, Historia Albigensium , cap. 16). ^ Mahul V, pp. 289-290. ^ August Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum Volume I (Berlin De Decker 1874), p. 364, nos. 4223-4224. He died in 1224, calling himself quondam eiscopus et Praepositus Montislongi. ^ Benedict Wiedemann, Papal Overlordship and European Princes, 1000-1270 (Oxford: OUP 2022), p. 129 . ^ Mahul V, p. 412. Eubel I, p. 356. ^ Gallia christiana VI, p. 62 . ^ Bede Jarrett, Life of St. Dominic (1170-1221) (London: Burns, Oates & washbourne 1924), p. 61 . Mahul V, p. 413. ^ Elaine Graham-Leigh, The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade (Woodbridge: Boydell Press 2005), p. 45. ^ Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay , Historia Albigensis 615. Chanson de la Croisade Albigeoise laisse 206. Rion Klawinsky, "Carcassonne," in: Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger (edd.), Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places (London-New York: Routledge, 2013): "Also within the walls on the Cité is the basilica of Saint-Nazaire, the first stones of which were blessed by Pope Urban II and laid in 1096. The tomb of Simon the Montfort is located in the basilica, although his body is not. It has been removed from the tomb and placed at Montfort l'Amaury, west of Paris." ^ Claude-Joseph baron Trouvé, États de Languedoc et Département de l'Aude , Volume 2, pp. 170-171 . A. Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum (in Latin) , Volume 1 (Berlin: De Decker 1874), p. 784, no. 7155. ^ Gallia christiana VI, p. 886 . ^ Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione ... vol. 9, p. 255. ^ Mahul V, pp. 419-435. ^ Mahul V, p. 535. ^ Mahul V, p. 466. ^ Mahul, p. 467: "Dubitantes probabiliter de ætatis maturitate eiusdem modo et forma in processu dictarum electionis et postulationis contentarum, ipsamque postulationem seu electionem, sicut præmittitur factam, unà cum processu super eadem exordito, ad scitationem vestram, per certos destinauerimus ipsius ecclesiæ concanonicos...." ^ "...didiscimus, ipsa V(estra). S(anctitas). dictam postulationem ut præfertur, ex inspiratione diuina vnanimiter et concorditer factam in crastinum festi natiuitatis S. Johannis Baptistæ nouissime decursi, duxit non admittendam." ^ Eubel II, p. 201 . ^ "Et himnum Te Deum laudamus solemniter decantantes, dictum electum nostrum remittentem in ecclesiam prædictam deportantes, in episcopali cathedra ipsius ecclesiæ intronisamus, iuxta morem in talibus seruari solitum: et confestim electionem ipsam clero et populo, per prænominatum D. Heliam Magne, vice et nomine nostrum omnium, fecimus publicarj." ^ Mahul, pp. 466, 468. ^ Gallia christiana VI, p. 915. ^ Mahul V, pp. 468-469 . ^ Mahul V, p. 469 . ^ Gallia christiana VI, p. 914 . Eubel II, p. 223. Eubel says that the date of appointment was 16 May 1462. ^ Claude-Joseph baron Trouvé, États de Languedoc et Département de l'Aude , (in French) . Volume 2 (Paris: Didot 1818), pp. 97-98 . ^ J. B. Duvergier, Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état, (in French) , Volume 1 (Paris: A. Guyot et Scribe, 1834), p. 64-65 : "L'Assemblée nationale décrète, 1º que tous les biens ecclésiastiques sont à la disposition de la nation, à la charge de pourvoir, d'une manière convenable, aux frais du culte, à l'entretien de ses ministres, et au soulagement des pauvres, sous la surveillance et d'après les instructions des provinces; 2º que dans les dispositions à faire pour subvenir à l'entretien des ministres de la religion, il ne pourra être assuré à la dotation d'aucune cure moins de douze cents livres par année, non compris le logement et les jardins en dépendant". Marais & Beaudoin, pp. 255-257 . ^ Duvergier, Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état, Volume 1, p. 118 : "La loi constitutionnelle du royaume ne reconnaitra plus de voeux monastiques solennels des personnes de l'un ni de l'autre sexe: en conséquence, les ordres et congrégations réguliers dans lesquels on fait de pareils voeux sont et demeureront supprimés en France, sans qu'il puisse en être établi de semblables à l'avenir." Michael Burleigh, Earthly Powers: The Clash of Religion and Politics in Europe, from the French Revolution to the Great War (New York: Harper Collins 2006), p. 54. ^ Pisani, pp. 10-11 . ^ Duvergier, p. 104 : "10. AUDE. L'assemblée de ce département se tiendra provisoirement à Carcassonne, et les électeurs délibéreront si elle doit alterner, et entre quelles villes cet alternat aura lieu. Ce département est divisé en six districts, dont les chefs-lieux sont: Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, la Grasse, Limoux, Narbonne, Quillan." ^ "Civil Constitution," Title I, "Article 1. Chaque département formera un seul diocèse, et chaque diocèse aura la même étendue et les mêmes limites que le département." ^ Ludovic Sciout, Histoire de la constitution civile du clergé (1790-1801): L'église et l'Assemblée constituante, (in French and Latin) , Vol. 1 (Paris: Firmin Didot 1872), p. 182 : Art. 2 "...Tous les autres évêchés existant dans les quatre-vingt-trois départements du royaume, et qui ne sont pas nommément compris au présent article, sont et demeurent supprimés." ^ Duvergier, p. 242 , col. 2. ^ Duvergier, p. 243 , col. 1: "L'arrondissement de la métropole du sud comprendra les évêchés des départemens de la Haute-Garonne, du Gers, des Basses-Pyrénées, des Hautes-Pyrénées, de l'Ariége, des Pyrénées-Orientales, de l'Aude, de l'Aveyron, du Lot, du Tarn." ^ Duvergier, Vol. 1, p. 285 : Article I, "20. Tous titres et offices, autres que ceux mentionnés en la présente constitution, les dignités, canonicats, prébendes, demi-prébendes, chapelles, chapellenies, tant des églises cathédrales que des églises collégiales, et tous chapitres réguliers et séculiers de l'un et de l'autre sexe, les abbayes et prieurés en règle ou en commende, aussi de l'un et de l'autre sexe, et tous autres bénéfices et prestimonies généralement quelconques, de quelque nature et sous quelque dénomination que ce soit, sont, à compter du jour de la publication du présent décret, éteints et supprimés, sans qu'il puisse jamais en être établi de semblables." ^ Hippolyte Taine, The Origins of Contemporary France. The Modern Régime, Volume 1 (H. Holt, 1890), p. 153. ^ J.B. Duvergier (ed.), Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens et avis du Conseil d'état, (in French and Latin) , Volume 13 (Paris: A. Guyot et Scribe, 1826), p. 372, col. 2: "L'archevêché de Narbonne et ses suffragans, les évêchés de Beziers, Agde, Nimes, Carcassonne, Montpellier, Lodève, Uzès, Saint-Pons, Alet, Alais et Elne ou Perpignan." ^ Duvergier, Vol. 13, p.375 : "L'archevêché de Toulouse, et les nouveaux évêchés de Cahors, Ágen, Carcassonne, Montpellier et Baïonne, que nous lui assignōns pour suffragans." p. 384 . ^ Duvergier, Vol. 13, p.318 . The law was published by an arrété of 18 April 1802. ^ On 22 September 1864 he was given the red hat and named Cardinal-Priest of San Clemente . David M. Cheney, Catholic-Hierarchy: Henri-Marie-Gaston Boisnormand Cardinal de Bonnechose . Retrieved: 2016-07-29. Salvador Miranda, The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Consistory of December 11, 1863. Retrieved: 2016-07-29. ^ François-Alexandre de La Bouillerie (1866). Etude sur le symbolisme de la nature interprété d'après l'Écriture sainte et les Pères... (in French) (deuxieme ed.). Paris: Libr. Martin-Beaupré Fres. ^ Both Gallia christiana VI, pp. 862-864 , and Duchesne, p. 319, note 1 , point out that the Sainte-Marthe brothers had no evidence for Hilarius, only speculation and a conjectured date. Duchesne notes that there were Hilaries at Poitiers, Arles, and Toulouse in the 4th century, and a Hilarius at Narbonne in the 5th. ^ Bishop Sergius was present at the Third Council of Toledo, summoned by the Visigothic king Reccared in May 589, and at the Council of Narbonne on 1 November 589. Duchesne, p. 319, no. 1 . Charles De Clercq, Concilia Galliae A. 511 - A. 695 , (in Latin) (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), p. 254: "...Migetius, Sedatius, Benenatus, Boetius, Pelagius, Tigridius, Agripinus et Sergis, episcopi Gallie prouincie, concilia sanctorum antiquorum patrum uel decreta obseruare cum Dei timore cupientes, nos in urbe Narbona, secundum quod sancta synodus per ordinationem gloriosissimi domni nostri Reccharedi regis in urbe Toletana finibit, die kalendas Nouembres Deo auspice in unum conuenimus...." ^ Bishop Solemnius' archdeacon Donellius participated in the fourth council of Toledo on 9 December 633. Gallia christiana VI, p. 864 . J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio , editio novissima (in Latin) volume 10 (Florence: A. Zatta 1764), p. 643 . Duchesne, p. 319, no. 2 . ^ Bishop Elpidius was present at the fifth council of Toledo in 636. Garsias Loiasa, Collectio Conciliorum Hispaniae , (in Latin) , (Madrid: Petrus Madrigal 1593), p. 381 . Mansi, p. 657 . His name is omitted by Gallia christiana and by Duchesne. ^ Bishop Sylvester participated in the 8th council of Toledo on 16 December 653. Loaisa, p. 440 . Mansi, vol. 10, p. 1222 . Duchesne, p. 319, no. 3 . ^ Bishop Stephanus (Étienne, Stapin) had a delegate at the council of Toledo in 683. Duchesne, p. 319, no. 4 . Rouch de Cavanac, (Abbe) (1867). Mémoire sur Saint Stapin, cinquième évêque de Carcassonne, etc (in French). Carcassonne: Pierre Polere. ^ Hiscipio: Duchesne, p. 319, no. 5 . J.D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio , editio novissima, (in Latin) , Volume 13 (Florence: A. Zatta 1767), p. 823 . Antonio Pagi, cited by Mansi at pp. 824-825, gives numerous examples proving that the one document, "The False Council of Narbonne", in which the name Hispicio appears, is a forgery. Charlemagne, for example, is thrice called "Emperor" in a document of 788, though he did not receive the title until 25 December 800. ^ Senior (Eniar): Duchesne, p. 319, no. 6 . Élisabeth Magnou-Nortier, Recueil des chartes de l'Abbaye de La Grasse , volume I, 779-1119 (Paris, 1996), pp. 10-11. ^ Bishop Eurus was present and signed the decrees of the Council of Thuzey ( Concilium Tullense II apud Thusiacum ) on 22 October 860. Jacques Sirmond, Concilia antiqua Galliae (in Latin) , volume 3 (Paris: Sebastian Cramoisy 1629), p. 163 . Duchesne, p. 319, no. 7 . ^ Willeran attended the council of Narbonne in villa Portu , which took place on 18 November 886, according to Sirmond, p. 522 ; and J.D. Mansi Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio , editio novissima, Volume 18, pp. 44-45]. Duchesne puts the date in 897. Duchesne, p. 319, no. 8 . ^ Bishop Gimara was present at the council of Barcelona in 906 (Mansi 18, pp. 255-256 ), at the council of Maguelonne on 4 May 909 (Mansi, vol. 18, p. 261 ). On 6 February 917, Bishop Gimerra consecrated a church altar. He is said to have died on 13 February 931 (modern 932?). Gallia christiana VI, pp. 865-866 . Mansi, vol. 18, p. 261 . ^ Abbo: Gallia christiana VI, pp. 866-867 . Mahul, p. 399 . ^ Wisandus, Guisandus, Gisandus, was present at the council of Narbonne in 947. On 24 July 951, he ratified an exchange of porperty. Gallia christiana VI, p. 867 . Mahul, pp. 399-400 . ^ Franco: Mahul, p. 400 . ^ Aimeric: Mahul, p. 400 . ^ Adalbertus is attested in documents from 1002 to 1020; his episcopate may have begun earlier than that date and lasted longer than the latter date. Mahul, p. 400 . ^ In 1028 Foulques took part in the consecration of the church of Saint-Martial in Limoges. Mahul, p. 401 . ^ Petrus Artaldus Mahul, pp. 402-403 . ^ Pierre: Mahul, pp. 403-404 . ^ Guillaume was bishop before 5 November 1106, his earliest attestation. He signed a document on 2 August 1107. Mahul, p. 404 . ^ The date, even the year, of the beginning of his episcopate is unknown. On 1 April 1110, Bishop Raimond signed a document. Mahul, p. 404 . ^ Bishop Pons died on 11 February 1159. Mahul V, p. 407 . ^ Pons de Brugals was elected on 31 October 1259. His date of death is not recorded, though he was in attendance at the provincial council of Narbonne on 17 July 1166. Mahul V, p. 407 . ^ Otho was already bishop of Carcassonne on 27 June 1170. The date of his election is unknown. He died on 6 December 1201. Mahul V, p. 407 . ^ Bishop Berengarius is attested in 1201 and 1206. He was present at the deathbed of the Vicomte of Carcassonne on 10 November 1209, and died shortly thereafter. Mahul V, p. 409 . Eubel I, p. 166. ^ Bishop Bernard-Raimond was elected in March 1209. He resigned in 1211, and was still alive in 1224. Eubel I, p. 166 with note 1. ^ Guy died in March 1223. Mahul, pp. 411-414 . ^ Clarin had been chancellor of Simon de Montfort and his son Amaury. He was named bishop of Carcassonne by King Louis VIII of France during his visit to Carcassonne in September 1226. On April 1246, Clarinus participated in the provincial council held a Béziers to formulate rules for the Inquisition, of which the bishop was a strong supporter. Bishop Clarinus died on 25 April 1248. Mahul, pp. 414-416 . ^ Jean-Pierre Cros-Mayrevieille (1840). Notice sur la chapelle et le mausolée de l'évêque Guillaume Radulphe, situés à côté de la cathédrale Saint-Nazaire dans la Cité de Carcassonne (in French). Carcassonne: L. Pomiés-Gardel. ^ called Jean Gauthier, without warrant. Mahul, V, pp. 437–439. Gauthier had previously been Archdeacon of Carcassonne. ^ Gams, p. 528, but not recognized by Eubel, I, p. 166. Cf. Mahul, V, pp. 438–439. ^ Gams, p. 528, but not recognized by Eubel, I, p. 166. Cf. Mahul, V, pp. 438–439. ^ Canon of Paris and Royal clerk; one of the royal commissioners who held the Parliament at Toulouse, 1288–1290. Mahul, V, p. 439-441. ^ Jean de Chevry had been archdeacon of Rouen when he was named Bishop of Carcassonne by Pope Boniface VIII . In 1299–1300 he was ambassador of Philip IV of France to Edward I of England . Mahul, V, p. 441. ^ Étienne Aubert was a grand-nephew of Pope Innocent VI . Named cardinal on 17 September 1361. Mahul, V, pp. 453–454 . 6 March 1361 – 17 September 1361 (never consecrated). ^ Mahul, V, pp. 454–455 . ^ Hugues de La Jugie was a nephew of Pope Clement VI . Bishop of Béziers (1350–1371). Transferred to Carcassonne by his cousin, Pope Gregory XI , on 27 June 1371. He died suddenly at Avignon, where he had gone to swear allegiance to his cousin, on 13 July 1371. He was buried in the Cathedral of Béziers. Mahul, V, p. 456 . 27 June – 13 July 1371 (never installed) ^ Mahul, V, pp. 456–459 . ^ Simon was Patriarch of Alexandria (1391–1409)On 2 July 1409, Simon Cremaud was named Archbishop of Reims. He was named a Cardinal by Antipope John XXIII on 13 April 1413. He died on 15 December 1422. Mahul, V, pp. 459–460 . Eubel, I, p. 33, 82, 166. ^ Pierre had been archbishop of Bourges (1390–1409), appointed by Pope Clement VII . Mahul, V, p. 460 . Eubel I, pp. 139, 166. ^ Mahul, V, pp. 461–463 . ^ Mahul, V, pp. 463–464 . ^ Jean d'Estampes died in Nevers on 25 January 1456 (1455 O.S.). Mahul, V, pp. 464–466 . ^ Gaufridus had been a canon and sub-Dean of the cathedral Chapter. He was twice elected bishop, but his candidacy was rejected by Pope Calixtus III. Gallia christiana VI, pp. 914-915 . Mahul, V, pp. 466–468 . ^ Jean du Chastel, nephew of Cardinal Alain de Coëtivy, was appointed bishop of Carcassonne by Pope Calixtus III on 25 June 1456. Mahul V, p. 468 . ^ Guichard was appointed on 15 July 1476. He died on 24 November 1497. Eubel III, p. 152, note 2. ^ The election by the cathedral Chapter in 1497 was contested between Pierre d'Auxillon and Jacques Hurauld. The king of France and the clergy of Carcassonne treated Pierre as the legitimate and functioning bishop. An appeal was entered in Rome, however, and the cardinal archbishop of Capua was appointed administrator of the diocese of Carcassonne on 24 December 1497. He died on 5 August 1501. The Papacy treated the matter as under judgment until 1503. Eubel II, p. 23, no. 17; III, p. 152. ^ Pierre d'Auxillon was elected by the cathedral Chapter on 6 December 1497, in competition with Jacques Hurauld. On 19 January 1504, in an agreement made with Pierre d'Auxillon, Jacques Hurauld abandoned his claim, which he was never able to establish: Register of Pope Alexander VI : "XIV cal. febr. anno 1503. Petrus canonicus Carcassonensis electus Carcassonensis episcopus, per cessionem Jacobi ejusdem ecclesiæ possessione nondum habita." Bishop Pierre died on 24 September 1512. Eubel III, p. 152. Mahul V, pp. 472-478 . ^ Hugues de Voisins: Mahul V, p. 479 . ^ Jean de Basilhac: Mahul V, pp. 479-480 . ^ Martin was elected a canon of Carcassonne in 1510, when he was not yet 13 years old. He studied at the University of Toulouse. Hugh de Vicinis was elected bishop of Carcassonne by nine of the fifteen canons of the cathedral on 28 September 1512, but Martin was chosen by four of the canons; the Council of Pisa and King Louis XII directed the Chapter to reject Hugh and elect Martin, though the Chapter rejected their intervention on 31 May and 1 June 1512. In any case, Martin was still below the canonical age for consecration. Martin was elected bishop at the assembly of Lyon in 1513, thanks to letters from King Louis XII , resigning his canonicate in favor of his brother (d. 1522), without election by the Chapter. The bishopric of Carcassonne was in litigation from 1512 to 1521. Martin was declared bishop by an arrêt of the Grand Council, on 22 March 1521, after provision of Pope Leo X and King Francis I of France . On 8 November 1523, Martin made his formal entry into Carcassonne. Gallia christiana VI, pp. 918-920 . Mahul V, pp. 480-485 . Eubel III, p. 152. ^ Cardinal de Bourbon was appointed archbishop of Rouen on 3 October 1550. Eubel III, p. 152 with notes 6 and 7; 287. ^ Cardinal de Bourbon died in prison on 9 May 1590. Eubel III, pp. 30 no. 67; 152 with note 10. ^ Cardinal Vitelloti was Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church from 17 November 1564, and was papal envoy to King Charles IX of France in 1566. He died on 19 November 1568. Mahul V, p. 490 . Eubel III, pp. 36, no. 17; 152. ^ Ruccellai was named bishop of Carcassonne by King Charles IX, and approved by Pope Pius V in the consistory of 1 April 1569. He took possession of the diocese in person on 11 November 1572. He died in Rome on 28 January 1601. Mahul V, pp. 490-492 . Eubel III, p. 152 with note 11. ^ Louis d'Anglure: Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 143 with note 3. ^ Louis Joseph de Grignan: He died on 1 March 1722. Jean, p. 261, no. 76 . Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 143 with note 4. ^ Rochebonne was a doctor of theology, and had been vicar-general of Lyon, for his older brother, the archbishop. He became canon, and then Dean of the cathedral Chapter in 1713. He became titular bishop of Hierocaesarea (Lydia, Turkey) and coadjutor of his uncle Bishop de Grignan on 4 March 1720, and succeeded to the episcopal throne on 1 March 1722. He died on 31 December 1729. Guillaume Beaufils (1730). Oraison funèbre de... Louis-Joseph de Chateau-Neuf de Rochebonne, évêque de Carcassonne,... doyen, comte de Lyon... (in French). chez Claude Journet. Jean, p. 261-262, no. 77 . Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 143 with note 5; 220. ^ Bazin: Jean, p. 262, no. 78 . Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 147 with note 2. ^ Puységur: Jean, p. 262, no. 79 . Mahul, pp. 521-522 . Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 148 with note 3. ^ Monerie De Cabrens (1888). Mgr de Vintimille, des comtes de Marseille: évêque de Carcassone, d'après sa correspondance de 1788 à 1814 (in French). Marseille: Imp. marseillaise. When the Civil Constitution of the Clergy made his position impossible, subsuming his diocese into the 'Diocese of the Aude', Vintimille fled to Italy, where he found refuge with Cardinal de Bernis. He refused to resign in 1801, when Pius VII signed the Concordat with First Consul Bonaparte, even at papal request. Armand Jean (1891). Les évêques et les archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801 (in French). Paris: A. Picard. p. 263. . Mahul, p. 523-529 . ^ Besaucèle had been Dean of the Chapter of Carcassonne before the Revolution. He was consecrated at Toulouse by Archbishop Antoine-Pascal-Hyacinthe Sermet of the Haute-Garonne on 15 May 1791. He was 78 years old. Mahul, pp. 529-533 . Paul Pisani (1907). Répertoire biographique de l'épiscopat constitutionnel (1791–1802) (in French). Paris: A. Picard et fils. pp. 371–374 and 457. ^ Belmas was elected as Coadjutor to Constitutional Bishop Besaucèle, and was consecrated on 26 October 1800. Under the new Concordat of 1801 , he retracted his schismatic adherence to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, and obtained the See of Cambrai, of which he took possession on 6 June 1802. He repeated his retraction to Pius VII personally in 1804. He died, as Bishop of Cambrai, on 21 July 1841. Mahul, V, pp. 534–535. ^ La Porte: Charpentier, pp. 170–171 . ^ Gualy: Charpentier, pp. 171-172 . ^ Charpentier, pp. 172-173 . ^ Bouillerie was named bishop of Carcassonne on 20 February 1855, and confirmed by Pope Gregory XVI on 23 March 1855; he was consecrated in Paris by Archbishop Sibour on 20 May. He was named coadjutor bishop of Bordeaux on 16 December 1872, and transferred by Pope Pius IX on 21 March 1873. He died on 8 July 1882. Antoine Ricard (1887). Vie de Mgr de La Bouillerie: évêque de Carcassonne, archevêque de Perga, coadjuteur de Bordeaux, 1810–1882 (in French). Paris: Société genérale de librairie catholique. pp. 213– 249. Charpentier, pp. 173-175 . Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VIII, pp. 162, 181, 447. ^ Leuillieux: Charpentier, pp. 174-175 . translated to Chambéry inn1881. ^ Billard: Charpentier, pp. 175-176 . ^ In 1931, Coste wastransferred to the Diocese of Aix . ^ Despierre: Diocèse de Carcassonne et Narbonne, "Monseigneur Jacques DESPIERRE;" (in French) ; retrieved: 10 May 2025. ^ Planet: 2004 – 31 March 2023. "Resignations and Appointments, 31.03.2023" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. 31 March 2023 . Retrieved 1 April 2023 . . Diocèse de Carcassonne et Narbonne, "Monseigneur Alain PLANET;" (in French) ; retrieved: 10 May 2025. ^ (31 March 2023 – present) Diocèse de Carcassonne et Narbonne, "Biographie de Mgr Bruno Valentin;" (in French) ; retrieved: 10 May 2025. Bibliography Reference works Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo . Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. pp. 528–529. (Use with caution; obsolete) Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 1 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 2 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. Eubel, Conradus; Gulik, Guilelmus, eds. (1923). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 3 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 4 (1592-1667). Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi (in Latin). Vol. V (1667-1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi (in Latin). Vol. VI (1730-1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1968). Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VII (1800–1846). Monasterii: Libr. Regensburgiana. Remigius Ritzler; Pirminus Sefrin (1978). Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VIII (1846–1903). Il Messaggero di S. Antonio. Pięta, Zenon (2002). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. IX (1903–1922). Padua: Messagero di San Antonio. ISBN 978-88-250-1000-8 . Sainte-Marthe, Denis de; Hauréau, Barthélemy (1739). Gallia Christiana: In Provincias Ecclesiasticas Distributa, De provincia Narbonensi (in Latin). Vol. Tomus sextus (VI). Paris: Typographia Regia. Pages 860–1028; Instrumenta , pp. 411–475. Studies Bouges, Thomas Augustin (1741). Histoire ecclesiastique et civile de la ville et diocése de Carcassonne: avec les pièces justificatives & une notice ancienne & moderne de ce diocése (in French). Paris: Chez Pierre Gandouin, Pierre Emery, Pierre Piget. Carayon, Charles (1903). L'Inquisition à Carcassonne au XIIIe et au XIVe siècle (in French). Paris: C. Lacour. ISBN 978-2-84149-761-4 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Charpentier, Léon (1907). L'épiscopat français depuis le Concordat jusqu'à la Séparation (1802-1905) . Paris: Librairie des Saints-Pères. De Vic, Cl.; Vaissete, J. (1876). Histoire générale de Languedoc (in French). Vol. Tome IV. Toulouse: Edouard Privat. [Archbishops of Narbonne]. De Vic, Claude; Vaissete, J. (1745). Histoire générale de Languedoc avec des notes et les pièces justificatives (in French). Vol. 5. Paris: chez Jacques Vincent. Douais, Célestin (1900). Documents pour servir à l'histoire de l'Inquisition dans le Languedoc (in Latin and French). Vol. Deuxième partie: Textes. Paris: Renouard. Du Mege de la Haye, Alexandre (1832–1833). "Notice sur le tombeau de Saint-Hilaire, évêque de Carcassonne" . Mémoires de la Société archéologique du midi de la France . 1 : 83– 92. Duchesne, Louis (1907). Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule: I. Provinces du Sud-Est . Paris: Fontemoing. pp. 289– 295, 307– 308. second edition (in French) Jean, Armand (1891). Les évêques et les archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801 (in French). Paris: A. Picard. Poux, Joseph (1922–1938). La cité de Carcassonne: histoire et description (in French). Vol. 5 volumes. Toulouse: É. Privat. Vidal, Jean-Marie (1903). Un Inquisiteur jugé par ses "victimes": Jean Galand et les Carcassonnais (in French). Paris: A. Picard. Collections Douais, Célestin (1900). Documents pour servir à l'histoire de l'Inquisition dans le Languedoc: publiés pour la Société de l'histoire de France (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Honoré Champion. Fédération historique du Languedoc méditerranéen et du Roussillon (1970). Carcassonne et sa région: actes des 41e et 24e Congrès d'études régionales . Fédération historique du Languedoc et du Roussillon. [papers given at a congress] Mahul, Alphonse Jacques (1867). Cartulaire et archives des communes de l'ancien diocèse et de l'arrondissement administratif de Carcassonne: Villes-Villages-Églises-Abbayes-Prieurés-Chateaux-Seigneuries-Fiefs-Généalogies-Blasons-Métaires-Lieux bâtis- Quartiers ruraux-Notes statistiques (in French and Latin). Vol. 5. Paris: Didron. [Bishops of Carcassonne: pp. 390–535] For further reading Sparks, Chris (2014). Heresy, Inquisition and Life Cycle in Medieval Languedoc . York: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-1-903153-52-9 . Strayer, Joseph Reese (1992). The Albigensian Crusades . Ann Arbor MI USA: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-06476-2 . Sumption, Jonathan (2011). The Albigensian Crusade . London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-26657-9 . Vaux De Cernay, Pierre (1951). P. Guebin and H. Maisonneuve (ed.). Histoire Albigeoise (in French). Paris: Vrin. ISBN 978-2-7116-0608-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) External links (in French) Centre national des Archives de l'Église de France, L’Épiscopat francais depuis 1919 Archived 2017-05-10 at the Wayback Machine , retrieved: 2016-12-24. Goyau, Georges (1908). Carcassonne (Carcassum). The Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved: 2016-07-28. (obsolete) .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 43°12′56″N 2°21′12″E / 43.21556°N 2.35333°E / 43.21556; 2.35333 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Catholic Church in France v t e Bishops' Conference of France Province of Besançon Archdiocese of Besançon Diocese of Belfort–Montbéliard Diocese of Nancy Diocese of Saint-Claude Diocese of Saint-Dié Diocese of Verdun Archdiocese of Besançon Diocese of Belfort–Montbéliard Diocese of Nancy Diocese of Saint-Claude Diocese of Saint-Dié Diocese of Verdun Province of Bordeaux Archdiocese of Bordeaux Diocese of Agen Diocese of Aire and Dax Diocese of Bayonne, Lescar and Oloron Diocese of Périgueux Archdiocese of Bordeaux Diocese of Agen Diocese of Aire and Dax Diocese of Bayonne, Lescar and Oloron Diocese of Périgueux Province of Clermont Archdiocese of Clermont Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay Diocese of Moulins Diocese of Saint-Flour Archdiocese of Clermont Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay Diocese of Moulins Diocese of Saint-Flour Province of Dijon Archdiocese of Dijon Archdiocese of Sens Diocese of Autun Diocese of Nevers Mission de France Archdiocese of Dijon Archdiocese of Sens Diocese of Autun Diocese of Nevers Mission de France Province of Lille Archdiocese of Lille Archdiocese of Cambrai Diocese of Arras Archdiocese of Lille Archdiocese of Cambrai Diocese of Arras Province of Lyon Archdiocese of Lyon Archdiocese of Chambéry Diocese of Annecy Diocese of Belley–Ars Diocese of Grenoble–Vienne-les-Allobroges Diocese of Saint-Étienne Diocese of Valence Diocese of Viviers Archdiocese of Lyon Archdiocese of Chambéry Diocese of Annecy Diocese of Belley–Ars Diocese of Grenoble–Vienne-les-Allobroges Diocese of Saint-Étienne Diocese of Valence Diocese of Viviers Province of Marseille Archdiocese of Marseille Archdiocese of Aix-en-Provence Archdiocese of Avignon Diocese of Ajaccio Diocese of Digne Diocese of Fréjus–Toulon Diocese of Gap-Embrun Diocese of Nice Archdiocese of Marseille Archdiocese of Aix-en-Provence Archdiocese of Avignon Diocese of Ajaccio Diocese of Digne Diocese of Fréjus–Toulon Diocese of Gap-Embrun Diocese of Nice Province of Montpellier Archdiocese of Montpellier Diocese of Carcassone-Narbonne Diocese of Mende Diocese of Nîmes Diocese of Perpignan–Elne Archdiocese of Montpellier Diocese of Carcassone-Narbonne Diocese of Mende Diocese of Nîmes Diocese of Perpignan–Elne Province of Paris Archdiocese of Paris Diocese of Créteil Diocese of Évry-Corbeil-Essonnes Diocese of Meaux Diocese of Nanterre Diocese of Pontoise Diocese of Saint-Denis Diocese of Versailles Archdiocese of Paris Diocese of Créteil Diocese of Évry-Corbeil-Essonnes Diocese of Meaux Diocese of Nanterre Diocese of Pontoise Diocese of Saint-Denis Diocese of Versailles Province of Poitiers Archdiocese of Poitiers Diocese of Angoulême Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes Diocese of Limoges Diocese of Tulle Archdiocese of Poitiers Diocese of Angoulême Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes Diocese of Limoges Diocese of Tulle Province of Reims Archdiocese of Reims Diocese of Amiens Diocese of Beauvais Diocese of Châlons Diocese of Langres Diocese of Soissons Diocese of Troyes Archdiocese of Reims Diocese of Amiens Diocese of Beauvais Diocese of Châlons Diocese of Langres Diocese of Soissons Diocese of Troyes Province of Rennes Archdiocese of Rennes Diocese of Angers Diocese of Laval Diocese of Le Mans Diocese of Luçon Diocese of Nantes Diocese of Quimper Diocese of Saint-Brieuc Diocese of Vannes Archdiocese of Rennes Diocese of Angers Diocese of Laval Diocese of Le Mans Diocese of Luçon Diocese of Nantes Diocese of Quimper Diocese of Saint-Brieuc Diocese of Vannes Province of Rouen Archdiocese of Rouen Diocese of Bayeux Diocese of Coutances Diocese of Évreux Diocese of Le Havre Diocese of Séez Archdiocese of Rouen Diocese of Bayeux Diocese of Coutances Diocese of Évreux Diocese of Le Havre Diocese of Séez Province of Toulouse Archdiocese of Toulouse Archdiocese of Albi Archdiocese of Auch Diocese of Cahors Diocese of Montauban Diocese of Pamiers Diocese of Rodez Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes Archdiocese of Toulouse Archdiocese of Albi Archdiocese of Auch Diocese of Cahors Diocese of Montauban Diocese of Pamiers Diocese of Rodez Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes Province of Tours Archdiocese of Tours Archdiocese of Bourges Diocese of Blois Diocese of Chartres Diocese of Orléans Archdiocese of Tours Archdiocese of Bourges Diocese of Blois Diocese of Chartres Diocese of Orléans Province of Martinique Archdiocese of Fort-de-France Diocese of Basse-Terre Diocese of Cayenne Archdiocese of Fort-de-France Diocese of Basse-Terre Diocese of Cayenne Province of Papeete Archdiocese of Papeete Diocese of Taiohae Archdiocese of Papeete Diocese of Taiohae Province of Noumea Archdiocese of Nouméa Diocese of Wallis and Futuna Diocese of Port-Vila Archdiocese of Nouméa Diocese of Wallis and Futuna Diocese of Port-Vila Directly under Holy See Archdiocese of Strasbourg Diocese of Metz Diocese of Saint-Denis de La Réunion Military Ordinariate of France Archdiocese of Strasbourg Diocese of Metz Diocese of Saint-Denis de La Réunion Military Ordinariate of France Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Sainte-Croix-de-Paris Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Sainte-Croix-de-Paris Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris See also Cathedrals in France Apostolic Nuncio to France France–Holy See relations Former dioceses Cathedrals in France Apostolic Nuncio to France France–Holy See relations Former dioceses Catholicism France Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND ISNI VIAF GND National United States France BnF data United States France BnF data Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX Roman Catholic dioceses in France Dioceses established in the 6th century Carcassonne 6th-century establishments in Francia Articles with Italian-language sources (it) Articles with Latin-language sources (la) Articles with French-language sources (fr) CS1 French-language sources (fr) Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles containing Latin-language text CS1 Latin-language sources (la) CS1: long volume value CS1 errors: ISBN date Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates not on Wikidata This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 03:18 (UTC) . 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Sam atikel Ambae Aelan Confucius Elisabet II France Kalkot Mataskelekele Kapitol Kwerrya Ostrelia Papua New Guinea Port Vila Sato Kilman Serge Vohor Spain Unaeted Neisen United Kingdom Vanuatu Vanuatu Brodcasting mo Television Corporation Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika Gud atikel Flaeg blong Vanuatu Vanuatu i wan kaontri long pasifik we olgeta save tok tok long Bislama . Ol tu narafala ofisol langwis blong kantri em i inglis mo franis. I gat klosap 115 aelan langwis we manples blong Vanuatu i toktok oltaem. Kapital blong hem i Port Vila . Hemi independent aot blong British mo Franis long 30 July 1980. Hed blong Stet : Nikenike Vurobaravu Praem Minista : Ishmael Kalsakau Sam impoten atikel At mo kalja Arkitekisa - At - Dansing - Film - Kalja - Fokloa - Fotografi - Litorasa - Miusik - Skulpting - Faen At - Drama Politik mo Lau Ekonomi - Komiunikesons - Militeri - Lau - Diplomasi - Ejukesan - Mani - Envaeromen - Famili - Administreson - Politikis God mo Rilijin Rilijin - Mith - Thioloji - Budisim - Kristaniti - Jisas Kraes - Hinduisim - Islam - Jeinisim - Jiudeisim - Sikisim - Daoisim - Animisim - Mistisisim - Spiritualiti Saens blong Pipol Antropoloji - Arkioloji - Ejukesan - Jiografi - Histori - Lenggwij mo Linggwistikis - Miusikoloji - Filosofi - Saekoloji - Sosioloji Fan mo Geim Soliteir - Kwisin - Entoteinmen - Gadening - Geim - Spot - Television - Turisim - Transpot Saens Baeoloji - Boteni - Kemistri - Ikoloji - Entomoloji - Astronomi - Fisikis - Jialoji - Lojik - Matematikis - Medisin - Naturel Saens - Statistikis Teknoloji Erospeis - Agrikultua - Akitekisa - Disaen - Elektrisiti - Elektronikis - Internet - Manajmen - Enjiniring - Farmakoloji - Robotikis - Teknoloji - Transpot Vanuatu Vanuatu - Ambae Aelan - Bislama - Kwerrya - Flaeg blong Vanuatu - Port Vila - Praem Minista blong Vanuatu - Yumi, Yumi, Yumi Wol Jiografi - Wol Wo Tu - Tok Pisin - India - Unaeted Neisen Help English Help Page edit Welkam long Wikipedia , fri insaeklopidia long Bislama ! Namba blong atikel blong tok tok Bislama: 1,487 Samting ia i Wikipedia long Bislama. Wikipedia i wan fri insiklopedia, mo long hem, evriwan i save jenisem hem blong mekem infomesen insaed long hem i mo gud. Sam atikel Ambae Aelan Confucius Elisabet II France Kalkot Mataskelekele Kapitol Kwerrya Ostrelia Papua New Guinea Port Vila Sato Kilman Serge Vohor Spain Unaeted Neisen United Kingdom Vanuatu Vanuatu Brodcasting mo Television Corporation Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika Gud atikel Flaeg blong Vanuatu Vanuatu i wan kaontri long pasifik we olgeta save tok tok long Bislama . Ol tu narafala ofisol langwis blong kantri em i inglis mo franis. I gat klosap 115 aelan langwis we manples blong Vanuatu i toktok oltaem. Kapital blong hem i Port Vila . Hemi independent aot blong British mo Franis long 30 July 1980. Hed blong Stet : Nikenike Vurobaravu Praem Minista : Ishmael Kalsakau Sam impoten atikel At mo kalja Arkitekisa - At - Dansing - Film - Kalja - Fokloa - Fotografi - Litorasa - Miusik - Skulpting - Faen At - Drama Politik mo Lau Ekonomi - Komiunikesons - Militeri - Lau - Diplomasi - Ejukesan - Mani - Envaeromen - Famili - Administreson - Politikis God mo Rilijin Rilijin - Mith - Thioloji - Budisim - Kristaniti - Jisas Kraes - Hinduisim - Islam - Jeinisim - Jiudeisim - Sikisim - Daoisim - Animisim - Mistisisim - Spiritualiti Saens blong Pipol Antropoloji - Arkioloji - Ejukesan - Jiografi - Histori - Lenggwij mo Linggwistikis - Miusikoloji - Filosofi - Saekoloji - Sosioloji Fan mo Geim Soliteir - Kwisin - Entoteinmen - Gadening - Geim - Spot - Television - Turisim - Transpot Saens Baeoloji - Boteni - Kemistri - Ikoloji - Entomoloji - Astronomi - Fisikis - Jialoji - Lojik - Matematikis - Medisin - Naturel Saens - Statistikis Teknoloji Erospeis - Agrikultua - Akitekisa - Disaen - Elektrisiti - Elektronikis - Internet - Manajmen - Enjiniring - Farmakoloji - Robotikis - Teknoloji - Transpot Vanuatu Vanuatu - Ambae Aelan - Bislama - Kwerrya - Flaeg blong Vanuatu - Port Vila - Praem Minista blong Vanuatu - Yumi, Yumi, Yumi Wol Jiografi - Wol Wo Tu - Tok Pisin - India - Unaeted Neisen Help English Help Page edit Welkam long Wikipedia , fri insaeklopidia long Bislama ! Namba blong atikel blong tok tok Bislama: 1,487 Samting ia i Wikipedia long Bislama. Wikipedia i wan fri insiklopedia, mo long hem, evriwan i save jenisem hem blong mekem infomesen insaed long hem i mo gud. Sam atikel Ambae Aelan Confucius Elisabet II France Kalkot Mataskelekele Kapitol Kwerrya Ostrelia Papua New Guinea Port Vila Sato Kilman Serge Vohor Spain Unaeted Neisen United Kingdom Vanuatu Vanuatu Brodcasting mo Television Corporation Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika Gud atikel Flaeg blong Vanuatu Vanuatu i wan kaontri long pasifik we olgeta save tok tok long Bislama . Ol tu narafala ofisol langwis blong kantri em i inglis mo franis. I gat klosap 115 aelan langwis we manples blong Vanuatu i toktok oltaem. Kapital blong hem i Port Vila . Hemi independent aot blong British mo Franis long 30 July 1980. Hed blong Stet : Nikenike Vurobaravu Praem Minista : Ishmael Kalsakau Sam impoten atikel At mo kalja Arkitekisa - At - Dansing - Film - Kalja - Fokloa - Fotografi - Litorasa - Miusik - Skulpting - Faen At - Drama Politik mo Lau Ekonomi - Komiunikesons - Militeri - Lau - Diplomasi - Ejukesan - Mani - Envaeromen - Famili - Administreson - Politikis God mo Rilijin Rilijin - Mith - Thioloji - Budisim - Kristaniti - Jisas Kraes - Hinduisim - Islam - Jeinisim - Jiudeisim - Sikisim - Daoisim - Animisim - Mistisisim - Spiritualiti Saens blong Pipol Antropoloji - Arkioloji - Ejukesan - Jiografi - Histori - Lenggwij mo Linggwistikis - Miusikoloji - Filosofi - Saekoloji - Sosioloji Fan mo Geim Soliteir - Kwisin - Entoteinmen - Gadening - Geim - Spot - Television - Turisim - Transpot Saens Baeoloji - Boteni - Kemistri - Ikoloji - Entomoloji - Astronomi - Fisikis - Jialoji - Lojik - Matematikis - Medisin - Naturel Saens - Statistikis Teknoloji Erospeis - Agrikultua - Akitekisa - Disaen - Elektrisiti - Elektronikis - Internet - Manajmen - Enjiniring - Farmakoloji - Robotikis - Teknoloji - Transpot Vanuatu Vanuatu - Ambae Aelan - Bislama - Kwerrya - Flaeg blong Vanuatu - Port Vila - Praem Minista blong Vanuatu - Yumi, Yumi, Yumi Wol Jiografi - Wol Wo Tu - Tok Pisin - India - Unaeted Neisen Help English Help Page edit Welkam long Wikipedia , fri insaeklopidia long Bislama ! Namba blong atikel blong tok tok Bislama: 1,487 Samting ia i Wikipedia long Bislama. Wikipedia i wan fri insiklopedia, mo long hem, evriwan i save jenisem hem blong mekem infomesen insaed long hem i mo gud. Sam atikel Ambae Aelan Confucius Elisabet II France Kalkot Mataskelekele Kapitol Kwerrya Ostrelia Papua New Guinea Port Vila Sato Kilman Serge Vohor Spain Unaeted Neisen United Kingdom Vanuatu Vanuatu Brodcasting mo Television Corporation Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika Sam atikel Ambae Aelan Confucius Elisabet II France Kalkot Mataskelekele Kapitol Kwerrya Ostrelia Papua New Guinea Port Vila Sato Kilman Serge Vohor Spain Unaeted Neisen United Kingdom Vanuatu Vanuatu Brodcasting mo Television Corporation Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika Gud atikel Flaeg blong Vanuatu Vanuatu i wan kaontri long pasifik we olgeta save tok tok long Bislama . Ol tu narafala ofisol langwis blong kantri em i inglis mo franis. I gat klosap 115 aelan langwis we manples blong Vanuatu i toktok oltaem. Kapital blong hem i Port Vila . Hemi independent aot blong British mo Franis long 30 July 1980. Hed blong Stet : Nikenike Vurobaravu Praem Minista : Ishmael Kalsakau Gud atikel Vanuatu i wan kaontri long pasifik we olgeta save tok tok long Bislama . Ol tu narafala ofisol langwis blong kantri em i inglis mo franis. I gat klosap 115 aelan langwis we manples blong Vanuatu i toktok oltaem. Kapital blong hem i Port Vila . Hemi independent aot blong British mo Franis long 30 July 1980. Hed blong Stet : Nikenike Vurobaravu Praem Minista : Ishmael Kalsakau Sam impoten atikel At mo kalja Arkitekisa - At - Dansing - Film - Kalja - Fokloa - Fotografi - Litorasa - Miusik - Skulpting - Faen At - Drama Politik mo Lau Ekonomi - Komiunikesons - Militeri - Lau - Diplomasi - Ejukesan - Mani - Envaeromen - Famili - Administreson - Politikis God mo Rilijin Rilijin - Mith - Thioloji - Budisim - Kristaniti - Jisas Kraes - Hinduisim - Islam - Jeinisim - Jiudeisim - Sikisim - Daoisim - Animisim - Mistisisim - Spiritualiti Saens blong Pipol Antropoloji - Arkioloji - Ejukesan - Jiografi - Histori - Lenggwij mo Linggwistikis - Miusikoloji - Filosofi - Saekoloji - Sosioloji Fan mo Geim Soliteir - Kwisin - Entoteinmen - Gadening - Geim - Spot - Television - Turisim - Transpot Saens Baeoloji - Boteni - Kemistri - Ikoloji - Entomoloji - Astronomi - Fisikis - Jialoji - Lojik - Matematikis - Medisin - Naturel Saens - Statistikis Teknoloji Erospeis - Agrikultua - Akitekisa - Disaen - Elektrisiti - Elektronikis - Internet - Manajmen - Enjiniring - Farmakoloji - Robotikis - Teknoloji - Transpot Vanuatu Vanuatu - Ambae Aelan - Bislama - Kwerrya - Flaeg blong Vanuatu - Port Vila - Praem Minista blong Vanuatu - Yumi, Yumi, Yumi Wol Jiografi - Wol Wo Tu - Tok Pisin - India - Unaeted Neisen Help English Help Page edit Sam impoten atikel At mo kalja Arkitekisa - At - Dansing - Film - Kalja - Fokloa - Fotografi - Litorasa - Miusik - Skulpting - Faen At - Drama Politik mo Lau Ekonomi - Komiunikesons - Militeri - Lau - Diplomasi - Ejukesan - Mani - Envaeromen - Famili - Administreson - Politikis God mo Rilijin Rilijin - Mith - Thioloji - Budisim - Kristaniti - Jisas Kraes - Hinduisim - Islam - Jeinisim - Jiudeisim - Sikisim - Daoisim - Animisim - Mistisisim - Spiritualiti Saens blong Pipol Antropoloji - Arkioloji - Ejukesan - Jiografi - Histori - Lenggwij mo Linggwistikis - Miusikoloji - Filosofi - Saekoloji - Sosioloji Fan mo Geim Soliteir - Kwisin - Entoteinmen - Gadening - Geim - Spot - Television - Turisim - Transpot At mo kalja Arkitekisa - At - Dansing - Film - Kalja - Fokloa - Fotografi - Litorasa - Miusik - Skulpting - Faen At - Drama Arkitekisa - At - Dansing - Film - Kalja - Fokloa - Fotografi - Litorasa - Miusik - Skulpting - Faen At - Drama Politik mo Lau Ekonomi - Komiunikesons - Militeri - Lau - Diplomasi - Ejukesan - Mani - Envaeromen - Famili - Administreson - Politikis Ekonomi - Komiunikesons - Militeri - Lau - Diplomasi - Ejukesan - Mani - Envaeromen - Famili - Administreson - Politikis God mo Rilijin Rilijin - Mith - Thioloji - Budisim - Kristaniti - Jisas Kraes - Hinduisim - Islam - Jeinisim - Jiudeisim - Sikisim - Daoisim - Animisim - Mistisisim - Spiritualiti Rilijin - Mith - Thioloji - Budisim - Kristaniti - Jisas Kraes - Hinduisim - Islam - Jeinisim - Jiudeisim - Sikisim - Daoisim - Animisim - Mistisisim - Spiritualiti Saens blong Pipol Antropoloji - Arkioloji - Ejukesan - Jiografi - Histori - Lenggwij mo Linggwistikis - Miusikoloji - Filosofi - Saekoloji - Sosioloji Antropoloji - Arkioloji - Ejukesan - Jiografi - Histori - Lenggwij mo Linggwistikis - Miusikoloji - Filosofi - Saekoloji - Sosioloji Fan mo Geim Soliteir - Kwisin - Entoteinmen - Gadening - Geim - Spot - Television - Turisim - Transpot Soliteir - Kwisin - Entoteinmen - Gadening - Geim - Spot - Television - Turisim - Transpot Saens Baeoloji - Boteni - Kemistri - Ikoloji - Entomoloji - Astronomi - Fisikis - Jialoji - Lojik - Matematikis - Medisin - Naturel Saens - Statistikis Teknoloji Erospeis - Agrikultua - Akitekisa - Disaen - Elektrisiti - Elektronikis - Internet - Manajmen - Enjiniring - Farmakoloji - Robotikis - Teknoloji - Transpot Vanuatu Vanuatu - Ambae Aelan - Bislama - Kwerrya - Flaeg blong Vanuatu - Port Vila - Praem Minista blong Vanuatu - Yumi, Yumi, Yumi Wol Jiografi - Wol Wo Tu - Tok Pisin - India - Unaeted Neisen Help English Help Page edit Saens Baeoloji - Boteni - Kemistri - Ikoloji - Entomoloji - Astronomi - Fisikis - Jialoji - Lojik - Matematikis - Medisin - Naturel Saens - Statistikis Baeoloji - Boteni - Kemistri - Ikoloji - Entomoloji - Astronomi - Fisikis - Jialoji - Lojik - Matematikis - Medisin - Naturel Saens - Statistikis Teknoloji Erospeis - Agrikultua - Akitekisa - Disaen - Elektrisiti - Elektronikis - Internet - Manajmen - Enjiniring - Farmakoloji - Robotikis - Teknoloji - Transpot Erospeis - Agrikultua - Akitekisa - Disaen - Elektrisiti - Elektronikis - Internet - Manajmen - Enjiniring - Farmakoloji - Robotikis - Teknoloji - Transpot Vanuatu Vanuatu - Ambae Aelan - Bislama - Kwerrya - Flaeg blong Vanuatu - Port Vila - Praem Minista blong Vanuatu - Yumi, Yumi, Yumi Vanuatu - Ambae Aelan - Bislama - Kwerrya - Flaeg blong Vanuatu - Port Vila - Praem Minista blong Vanuatu - Yumi, Yumi, Yumi Wol Jiografi - Wol Wo Tu - Tok Pisin - India - Unaeted Neisen Jiografi - Wol Wo Tu - Tok Pisin - India - Unaeted Neisen Help English Help Page English Help Page Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Power and responsibilities 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Position established 2.2 Modern era 2.1 Position established 2.2 Modern era 3 Related officials Toggle Related officials subsection 3.1 Acting president pro tempore 3.1.1 Permanent acting president pro tempore 3.2 Deputy president pro tempore 3.3 President pro tempore emeritus/emerita 3.1 Acting president pro tempore 3.1.1 Permanent acting president pro tempore 3.1.1 Permanent acting president pro tempore 3.2 Deputy president pro tempore 3.3 President pro tempore emeritus/emerita 4 Salary 5 See also 6 References 7 External links President pro tempore of the United States Senate العربية Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Русский Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item President pro tempore of the United States Senate Seal of the president pro tempore Incumbent Chuck Grassley since January 3, 2025 United States Senate Style .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Mr. President (when presiding) The Honorable (formal) Mr. President (when presiding) The Honorable (formal) Seat Senate chamber , United States Capitol , Washington, D.C. Appointer United States Senate Term length At the pleasure of the Senate, and until another is elected or their term of office as a senator expires Constituting instrument United States Constitution Formation March 4, 1789 First holder John Langdon Succession Third [ 1 ] Deputy Any senator, typically a member of the majority party, designated by the president pro tempore Salary US$ 193,400 per annum Website www.senate.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States Federal government Constitution of the United States Laws Treaties Constitution of the United States Laws Treaties Legislature United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Mike Johnson (R) Majority Leader Steve Scalise (R) Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries (D) Congressional districts ( list ) Non-voting members Senate President JD Vance (R) President Pro Tempore Chuck Grassley (R) Majority Leader John Thune (R) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Mike Johnson (R) Majority Leader Steve Scalise (R) Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries (D) Congressional districts ( list ) Non-voting members Senate President JD Vance (R) President Pro Tempore Chuck Grassley (R) Majority Leader John Thune (R) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D) Executive President of the United States Donald Trump (R) Vice President of the United States JD Vance (R) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office President of the United States Donald Trump (R) Vice President of the United States JD Vance (R) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Thomas Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Kavanaugh Barrett Jackson Inferior Courts of the United States Courts of appeals District courts ( list ) Court of International Trade Alien Terrorist Removal Court Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review Other 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Passports Visa requirements Visa policy United States and the United Nations United States–Gulf Cooperation Council relations United States portal Politics portal United States portal Politics portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The president pro tempore of the United States Senate (often shortened to president pro tem ) is the second-highest-ranking official of the United States Senate , after the vice president . According to Article One , Section Three of the United States Constitution , the vice president of the United States is the president of the Senate (despite not being a senator), and the Senate must choose a president pro tempore to act in the vice president's absence. The president pro tempore is elected by the Senate as a whole, usually by a resolution which is adopted by unanimous consent without a formal vote. The Constitution does not specify who can serve in this position, but the Senate has always elected one of its current members. Unlike the vice president, the president pro tempore cannot cast a tie-breaking vote when the Senate is evenly divided. The president pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges and some limited powers. [ 2 ] During the vice president's absence, the president pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions. Except when necessary or to highlight important votes, the vice president and the president pro tempore rarely preside; instead, the duty of presiding officer is rotated among junior U.S. senators of the majority party to give them experience in parliamentary procedure . [ 3 ] Since 1945, the most senior U.S. senator in the majority party has generally (though not always) been chosen to be president pro tempore and holds the office continuously until the election of another. [ 4 ] Since the enactment of the current Presidential Succession Act in 1947, the president pro tempore is third in the presidential line of succession , after the vice president and the speaker of the House of Representatives . [ 5 ] The current president pro tempore of the U.S. Senate is Chuck Grassley . Power and responsibilities Although the position is in some ways analogous to the speaker of the United States House of Representatives , the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited. In the Senate, most power rests with the majority leader and other individual senators, but as the chamber's presiding officer , the president pro tempore is authorized to perform certain duties in the absence of the vice president, including ruling on points of order . [ 6 ] Additionally, under the 25th Amendment to the Constitution , the president pro tempore and the speaker are the two authorities to whom declarations must be transmitted that the president is unable to perform the duties of the office, or is able to resume doing so. The president pro tempore is third in the line of presidential succession , following the vice president and the speaker, [ 6 ] and consequently is one of the few members of Congress entitled to a full-time security detail. [ 7 ] Additional duties include appointment of various congressional officers, certain commissions, advisory boards, and committees. [ 6 ] The president pro tempore is the designated legal recipient of various reports to the Senate, including War Powers Act reports under which they, jointly with the speaker, may require the president to call Congress back into session. The officeholder is an ex officio member of various boards and commissions. With the secretary and sergeant at arms , the president pro tempore maintains order in Senate portions of the Capitol and Senate buildings. [ 6 ] [ 8 ] History Position established The office of president pro tempore was established by the Constitution of the United States in 1789. Between 1792 and 1886, the president pro tempore was second in the line of presidential succession , following the vice president and preceding the speaker. Through 1891, the president pro tempore was appointed on an intermittent basis only, when the vice president was not present to preside over the Senate, or at the adjournment of a session of Congress. [ 9 ] The first president pro tempore, John Langdon , was elected on April 6, 1789, [ 6 ] serving four separate terms between 1789 and 1793. "More than twelve senators held the office during the Senate's first decade", [ 10 ] presiding over sessions, signing legislation, and performing routine administrative tasks. Whenever the office of the vice presidency was vacant, as it was on ten occasions between 1812 and 1889, [ 11 ] the office garnered heightened importance, for although he did not assume the vice presidency, the president pro tempore stood next in line for the presidency. [ 12 ] Before the ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, a vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled only by a regular election; several individuals who served during these vacancies were referred to informally as "acting vice president". [ 13 ] [ better source needed ] On three occasions during the 19th century, the Senate was without both a president and a president pro tempore: from July 9 to July 11, 1850, following Millard Fillmore 's accession to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor , until William R. King was elected president pro tempore; [ 14 ] from September 19 to October 10, 1881, following Chester Arthur 's accession to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield , until Thomas F. Bayard was elected president pro tempore; [ 15 ] from November 25 to December 7, 1885, following the death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks , until John Sherman was elected president pro tempore. [ 15 ] When President Andrew Johnson , who had no vice president, was impeached and tried in 1868, Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Franklin Wade was next in line to the presidency. Wade's radicalism is thought by many historians to be a major reason why the Senate, which did not want to see Wade in the White House , acquitted Johnson. [ 16 ] Vice President Henry Wilson died on November 22, 1875. Senator Thomas W. Ferry , being President pro tempore of the Senate, was next in the line of presidential succession , and remained so until March 4, 1877. As acting president of the senate, he presided over the 1876 impeachment trial of U.S. Secretary of War William Belknap and the meetings of the Electoral Commission created by Congress to resolve the disputed 1876 presidential election . Still president pro tempore at that time, he would have temporally become the acting president had the Electoral College vote not been certified by March 4, 1877; Congress certified Rutherford B. Hayes as the winner of the Electoral College vote on March 2. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] The president pro tempore and the speaker of the House were removed from the presidential line of succession in 1886. Both were restored to it in 1947, though this time with the president pro tempore following the speaker. [ 6 ] William P. Frye served as president pro tempore from 1896 to 1911 (the 54th through the 62nd Congresses), a tenure longer than anyone else. He resigned from the position due to ill health shortly before his death. Electing his successor proved difficult, as Senate Republicans, then in the majority, were split between progressive and conservative factions, each promoting its own candidate. Likewise, the Democrats proposed their own candidate. As a result of this three-way split, no individual received a majority vote. It took four months for a compromise solution to emerge: Democrat Augustus Bacon served for a single day, August 14, 1911, during the vice president's absence. Thereafter, Bacon and four Republicans— Charles Curtis , Jacob Gallinger , Henry Cabot Lodge , and Frank Brandegee —alternated as president pro tempore for the remainder of that Congress's session. [ 6 ] Modern era In January 1945, the Senate elected Kenneth McKellar , who at the time was the senator with the longest continuous service , as its president pro tempore. Since then, it has become customary for the majority party's most senior member to hold this position. Patty Murray was elected president pro tempore in January 2023, the first woman to hold the position. At the time of her election, she was the second-most senior member of the majority party. [ 19 ] Historically, presidents pro tempore would preside over any joint session of the United States Congress alongside the speaker of the house when there was a vacancy in the vice presidency. With the ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1967, vacancies in the vice presidency became much less common. However, a need for the president pro tempore to preside came in September 2001, following the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Due to heightened security concerns during President George W. Bush 's September 20 address to Congress, Vice President Dick Cheney stayed at another location as a designated survivor , and President Pro Tempore Robert Byrd presided in his absence. [ 20 ] President pro tempore Patrick Leahy presided over the second impeachment of Donald Trump in 2021. The Chief Justice of the United States had presided over all previous presidential impeachment trials, as prescribed by the Constitution, but in this case Trump was no longer a sitting president when the trial began. [ 21 ] Related officials Acting president pro tempore While the president pro tempore does have other official duties, the holders of the office have, like the vice president, over time ceased presiding over the Senate on a daily basis, owing to the mundane and ceremonial nature of the position. [ 9 ] Furthermore, as the president pro tempore is usually the most senior senator of the majority party, they most likely also chair a major Senate committee and have other significant demands on their time. Therefore, the president pro tempore has less time now than in the past to preside daily over the Senate. Instead, junior senators from the majority party are designated acting president pro tempore to preside over the Senate. [ 22 ] This allows junior senators to learn proper parliamentary procedure. [ 3 ] The acting president pro tempore is usually reappointed daily by the president pro tempore. [ 23 ] Permanent acting president pro tempore In June 1963, because of the illness of president pro tempore Carl Hayden , Lee Metcalf was designated permanent acting president pro tempore. No term was imposed on this designation, so Metcalf retained it until he died in office in 1978. [ 8 ] Deputy president pro tempore The ceremonial post of deputy president pro tempore was created for Hubert Humphrey , a former vice president, in 1977 following his losing bid to become the Senate majority leader . [ 24 ] The Senate resolution creating the position stated that any former president or former vice president serving in the Senate would be entitled to this position. However, since Humphrey, none has served. [ 8 ] George J. Mitchell was elected deputy president pro tempore in 1987, because of the illness of president pro tempore John C. Stennis , similar to Metcalf's earlier designation as permanent acting president pro tempore. The office has remained vacant since 1989 and no senator other than Humphrey and Mitchell has held it since its creation. [ 8 ] President pro tempore emeritus/emerita Since 2001, the honorary title of president pro tempore emeritus has been given to a senator of the minority party who has previously served as president pro tempore. It has been held by Strom Thurmond (R- South Carolina ) (2001–2003), Robert Byrd (D- West Virginia ) (2003–2007), Ted Stevens (R- Alaska ) (2007–2009), Patrick Leahy (D- Vermont ) (2015–2021), Chuck Grassley (R- Iowa ) (2021–2025), and Patty Murray (D- Washington ) (2025–present). From 2009 to 2015, no senator met the requirements for it. The position was created for Thurmond when the Democratic Party regained a majority in the Senate in June 2001. [ 25 ] With the change in party control, Democrat Robert Byrd of West Virginia replaced Thurmond as president pro tempore, reclaiming a position he had previously held from 1989 to 1995 and briefly in January 2001. Thurmond's retirement from the Senate on January 3, 2003, coincided with a change from Democratic to Republican control, making Stevens president pro tempore and Byrd the second president pro tempore emeritus. In 2007, Byrd returned as president pro tempore, and Stevens became the third president pro tempore emeritus, when the Democrats gained control of the Senate. [ 8 ] Although a president pro tempore emeritus has no official duties, they are entitled to an increase in staff, [ 26 ] and advise party leaders on the functions of the Senate. [ citation needed ] The office's accompanying budget increase was removed toward the end of the 113th Congress , shortly before Patrick Leahy was to become the first holder of the office in six years. [ 27 ] Salary The salary of the president pro tempore for 2024 was $193,400, equal to that of the majority leaders and minority leaders of both houses of Congress. If there is a vacancy in the office of vice president, then the salary would be the same as that of the vice president. The salary alongside the salary of the members of Congress has not been adjusted since 2009. [ 8 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] See also United States portal Seniority in the United States Senate References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act" . LII / Legal Information Institute . ^ Senate Historical Office; With a preface by Senator Robert C. Byrd , President pro tempore (2008). Erickson, Nancy (Secretary of the Senate) (ed.). Pro Tem: Presidents Pro Tempore of the United States Senate since 1789 . U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 9 . ISBN 978-0-16-079984-6 . Retrieved January 9, 2017 . ^ a b "Hillary takes Senate gavel–for an hour" . CNN. January 24, 2001. Archived from the original on January 20, 2010. ^ Davis, Christopher M. (December 20, 2012). The President Pro Tempore of the Senate: History and Authority of the Office (Report). Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 23, 2015 . ^ Lord, Debbie (June 18, 2018). "A president resigns, dies or is impeached: What is the line of succession?" . wftv.com . Cox Media Group . Retrieved June 18, 2018 . ^ a b c d e f g "President Pro Tempore" . United States Senate . Retrieved May 2, 2017 . ^ Stricherz, Mark (June 16, 2017). "Congressional Security Details Remain Murky" . rollcall.com . Retrieved March 18, 2019 . ^ a b c d e f Sachs, Richard C. (January 22, 2003). "The President Pro Tempore of the Senate: History and Authority of the Office" (PDF) . Congressional Research Service Report . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved December 9, 2008 . ^ a b Richard E. Berg-Andersson (June 7, 2001). "A Brief History of Congressional Leadership" . The Green Papers . Retrieved November 17, 2009 . ^ Erickson, Nancy, ed. (August 22, 2008). "Chapter 1:The Formative Years, 1789–1860" (PDF) . Pro tem : presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate since 1789 . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing office. pp. 7–10 . ISBN 978-0-16-079984-6 . Retrieved July 12, 2018 . ^ Neale, Thomas H. (September 27, 2004). "Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation" (PDF) . CRS Report for Congress . Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service , the Library of Congress . p. 22 . Retrieved June 16, 2018 . ^ "John Tyler, Tenth Vice President (1841)" . Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary, United States Senate. Archived from the original on May 6, 2011 . Retrieved August 16, 2023 . ^ "Lafayette Foster" . Art & History . Washington, D.C.: Secretary of the Senate. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011 . Retrieved August 16, 2023 . ^ Feerick, John D.; Freund, Paul A. (1965). From Failing Hands: the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City: Fordham University Press. pp. 104– 105. LCCN 65-14917 . ^ a b Erickson, Nancy, ed. (August 22, 2008). "Chapter 2: A Question of Succession, 1861-1889" (PDF) . Pro tem : presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate since 1789 . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing office. pp. 55–57 . ISBN 978-0-16-079984-6 . Retrieved July 12, 2018 . ^ Smith, Gene (1977). High Crimes and Misdemeanors: The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson . William Morrow & Company. ISBN 0-688-03072-6 . ^ Bomboy, Scott (August 11, 2017). "Five little-known men who almost became president". Constitution Daily . Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center. Retrieved July 18,2018. ^ "THOMAS WHITE FERRY DEAD.; Once a Senator, Acting Vice President, and a National Figure" . The New York Times . October 15, 1896. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved July 21, 2021 . ^ Goodwin, Liz (January 3, 2023). "Patty Murray makes history as first female Senate pro tem" . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 3, 2023 . ^ "Cheney not at the speech" . Tampa Bay Times . September 21, 2001 . Retrieved May 8, 2023 . ^ "Senator Patrick Leahy to preside over Trump's second impeachment trial" . CBS News . January 26, 2021 . Retrieved May 8, 2023 . ^ Gold, Martin B.; Gupta, Dimple. "The Constitutional Option to Change Senate Rules and Procedures: A Majoritarian Means to Over Come the Filibuster" (PDF) . Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy . 28 (1): 211. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 7, 2010 . Retrieved November 18, 2009 . ^ "Appointment of a Senator to the Chair – Rules of the Senate" . United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration . Archived from the original on December 2, 2016. ^ "Hubert H. Humphrey" . Virtualology . Evisum Inc. 2000 . Retrieved December 24, 2009 . ^ S.Res. 103 , adopted, June 6, 2001. "Thanking and Electing Strom Thurmond President pro tempore emeritus." ^ 2 U.S.C. § 6115 , amended 2003 ^ Lesniewski, Niels (December 10, 2014). "Leahy: 'Kind of Petty' Not to Fund Emeritus Office in 'Cromnibus ' " . CQ Roll Call . Retrieved January 7, 2015 . ^ "U.S. Senate: Senate Salaries (1789 to Present)" . www.senate.gov . Retrieved November 14, 2024 . ^ "How much money do U.S. House members make? - CBS News" . www.cbsnews.com . November 5, 2024 . Retrieved November 14, 2024 . External links "President pro tempore" . Official website of the United States Senate . Retrieved November 27, 2008 . U.S. presidential line of succession Preceded by Speaker of the House of Representatives Mike Johnson 3rd in line Succeeded by Secretary of State Marco Rubio v t e Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate v t e ▌ Langdon (1789) ▌ Lee (1792) ▌ Langdon (1792–1793) ▌ Izard (1794) ▌ H. Tazewell (1795) ▌ Livermore (1796) ▌ Bingham (1797) ▌ Bradford (1979) ▌ Read (1797) ▌ Sedgwick (1798) ▌ Laurance (1798) ▌ Ross (1799) ▌ Livermore (1799) ▌ Tracy (1800) ▌ Howard (1800) ▌ Hillhouse (1801) ▌ Baldwin (1801–1802) ▌ Bradley (1802–1803) ▌ Brown (1803–1804) ▌ Franklin (1804) ▌ Anderson (1805) ▌ Smith (1805–1808) ▌ Bradley (1808–1809) ▌ Milledge (1809) ▌ Gregg (1809) ▌ Gaillard (1810) ▌ Pope (1811) ▌ Crawford (1812–1813) ▌ Varnum (1813–1814) ▌ Gaillard (1814–1819) ▌ Barbour (1819) ▌ Gaillard (1820–1825) ▌ Macon (1826–1827) ▌ Smith (1828–1831) ▌ L. Tazewell (1832) ▌ White (1832–1833) ▌ Poindexter (1834) ▌ Tyler (1835) ▌ W. R. King (1836–1841) ▌ Southard (1841–1842) ▌ Mangum (1842–1845) ▌ Sevier (1845) ▌ Atchison (1846–1849) ▌ W. R. King (1850–1852) ▌ Atchison (1852–1854) ▌ Cass (1854) ▌ Bright (1854–1856) ▌ Stuart (1856) ▌ Bright (1856–1857) ▌ Mason (1857) ▌ Rusk (1857) ▌ Fitzpatrick (1857–1860) ▌ Bright (1860) ▌ Fitzpatrick (1860) ▌ Foot (1861–1864) ▌ Clark (1864–1865) ▌ Foster (1865–1867) ▌ Wade (1867–1869) ▌ Anthony (1869–1873) ▌ Carpenter (1873–1875) ▌ Anthony (1875) ▌ Ferry (1875–1879) ▌ Thurman (1879–1880) ▌ Bayard (1881) ▌ Davis (1881–1883) ▌ Edmunds (1883–1885) ▌ Sherman (1885–1887) ▌ Ingalls (1887–1891) ▌ Manderson (1891–1893) ▌ Harris (1893–1895) ▌ Ransom (1895) ▌ Harris (1895) ▌ Frye (1896–1911) ▌ Bacon / ▌ Curtis / ▌ Gallinger / ▌ Brandegee / ▌ Lodge (1911–1913) ▌ Clarke (1913–1916) ▌ Saulsbury (1916–1919) ▌ Cummins (1919–1925) ▌ Moses (1925–1933) ▌ Pittman (1933–1940) ▌ W. H. King (1940–1941) ▌ Harrison (1941) ▌ Glass (1941–1945) ▌ McKellar (1945–1947) ▌ Vandenberg (1947–1949) ▌ McKellar (1949–1953) ▌ Bridges (1953–1955) ▌ George (1955–1957) ▌ Hayden (1957–1969) ▌ Metcalf (1963–1969, acting) ▌ Russell (1969–1971) ▌ Ellender (1971–1972) ▌ Eastland (1972–1978) ▌ Magnuson (1979–1980) ▌ Young (1980) ▌ Magnuson (1980–1981) ▌ Thurmond (1981–1987) ▌ Stennis (1987–1989) ▌ Byrd (1989–1995) ▌ Thurmond (1995–2001) ▌ Byrd (2001) ▌ Thurmond (2001) ▌ Byrd (2001–2003) ▌ Stevens (2003–2007) ▌ Byrd (2007–2010) ▌ Inouye (2010–2012) ▌ Leahy (2012–2015) ▌ Hatch (2015–2019) ▌ Grassley (2019–2021) ▌ Leahy (2021–2023) ▌ Murray (2023–2025) ▌ Grassley (2025–present) ▌ Langdon (1789) ▌ Lee (1792) ▌ Langdon (1792–1793) ▌ Izard (1794) ▌ H. Tazewell (1795) ▌ Livermore (1796) ▌ Bingham (1797) ▌ Bradford (1979) ▌ Read (1797) ▌ Sedgwick (1798) ▌ Laurance (1798) ▌ Ross (1799) ▌ Livermore (1799) ▌ Tracy (1800) ▌ Howard (1800) ▌ Hillhouse (1801) ▌ Baldwin (1801–1802) ▌ Bradley (1802–1803) ▌ Brown (1803–1804) ▌ Franklin (1804) ▌ Anderson (1805) ▌ Smith (1805–1808) ▌ Bradley (1808–1809) ▌ Milledge (1809) ▌ Gregg (1809) ▌ Gaillard (1810) ▌ Pope (1811) ▌ Crawford (1812–1813) ▌ Varnum (1813–1814) ▌ Gaillard (1814–1819) ▌ Barbour (1819) ▌ Gaillard (1820–1825) ▌ Macon (1826–1827) ▌ Smith (1828–1831) ▌ L. Tazewell (1832) ▌ White (1832–1833) ▌ Poindexter (1834) ▌ Tyler (1835) ▌ W. R. King (1836–1841) ▌ Southard (1841–1842) ▌ Mangum (1842–1845) ▌ Sevier (1845) ▌ Atchison (1846–1849) ▌ W. R. King (1850–1852) ▌ Atchison (1852–1854) ▌ Cass (1854) ▌ Bright (1854–1856) ▌ Stuart (1856) ▌ Bright (1856–1857) ▌ Mason (1857) ▌ Rusk (1857) ▌ Fitzpatrick (1857–1860) ▌ Bright (1860) ▌ Fitzpatrick (1860) ▌ Foot (1861–1864) ▌ Clark (1864–1865) ▌ Foster (1865–1867) ▌ Wade (1867–1869) ▌ Anthony (1869–1873) ▌ Carpenter (1873–1875) ▌ Anthony (1875) ▌ Ferry (1875–1879) ▌ Thurman (1879–1880) ▌ Bayard (1881) ▌ Davis (1881–1883) ▌ Edmunds (1883–1885) ▌ Sherman (1885–1887) ▌ Ingalls (1887–1891) ▌ Manderson (1891–1893) ▌ Harris (1893–1895) ▌ Ransom (1895) ▌ Harris (1895) ▌ Frye (1896–1911) ▌ Bacon / ▌ Curtis / ▌ Gallinger / ▌ Brandegee / ▌ Lodge (1911–1913) ▌ Clarke (1913–1916) ▌ Saulsbury (1916–1919) ▌ Cummins (1919–1925) ▌ Moses (1925–1933) ▌ Pittman (1933–1940) ▌ W. H. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 4 Themes 5 Marketing 6 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 7.1 Video games 7.2 Comic book continuations 7.3 Direct sequel novels 7.4 Home media 7.1 Video games 7.2 Comic book continuations 7.3 Direct sequel novels 7.4 Home media 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Batman (1989 film) العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Theatrical release poster by Bill Garland Directed by Tim Burton Screenplay by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Story by Sam Hamm Based on Characters by DC Comics Batman by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Characters by DC Comics Batman by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Produced by Jon Peters Peter Guber Jon Peters Peter Guber Starring Jack Nicholson Michael Keaton Kim Basinger Robert Wuhl Pat Hingle Billy Dee Williams Michael Gough Jack Palance Jack Nicholson Michael Keaton Kim Basinger Robert Wuhl Pat Hingle Billy Dee Williams Michael Gough Jack Palance Cinematography Roger Pratt Edited by Ray Lovejoy Music by Danny Elfman (score) Prince (songs) Production companies Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Guber-Peters Company [ 2 ] PolyGram Pictures [ 2 ] Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Guber-Peters Company [ 2 ] PolyGram Pictures [ 2 ] Distributed by Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Release dates June 19, 1989 ( 1989-06-19 ) ( Westwood, Los Angeles ) June 23, 1989 ( 1989-06-23 ) (United States) August 11, 1989 ( 1989-08-11 ) (United Kingdom) June 19, 1989 ( 1989-06-19 ) ( Westwood, Los Angeles ) June 23, 1989 ( 1989-06-23 ) (United States) August 11, 1989 ( 1989-08-11 ) (United Kingdom) Running time 126 minutes Countries United States [ 3 ] United Kingdom [ 4 ] United States [ 3 ] United Kingdom [ 4 ] Language English Budget $48 million [ 5 ] Box office $411.6 million [ 6 ] Batman is a 1989 superhero film based on the DC Comics character , created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger . Directed by Tim Burton , it is the first installment of Warner Bros. ' initial Batman film series . The film stars Jack Nicholson , Michael Keaton , Kim Basinger , Robert Wuhl , Pat Hingle , Billy Dee Williams , Michael Gough , and Jack Palance . The film's score was composed by Danny Elfman , and songs were written by Prince . The film takes place early in the war on crime of the title character (Keaton) and depicts his conflict with his archenemy the Joker (Nicholson). After Burton was hired as director in 1986, Steve Englehart and Julie Hickson wrote film treatments before Sam Hamm wrote the first screenplay. Batman was not greenlit until after the success of Burton's Beetlejuice (1988). The tone and themes of the film were partly influenced by Alan Moore and Brian Bolland 's The Killing Joke and Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns . The film primarily adapts and then diverges from the " Red Hood " origin story for the Joker, having Batman inadvertently cause gangster Jack Napier to fall into Axis Chemical acid, triggering his transformation into the psychotic Joker. Additionally, Batman co-creator Bob Kane worked as a consultant for the film. Numerous leading men were considered for the role of Batman before Keaton was cast. Keaton's casting was controversial since, by 1988, he had become typecast as a comedic actor and many observers had doubt he could portray a serious role. [ 7 ] Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated top billing , a portion of the film's earnings (including associated merchandise), and his own shooting schedule. Filming took place at Pinewood Studios from October 1988 to January 1989. The budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million, while the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to drop out. Warren Skaaren did rewrites, with additional uncredited drafts done by Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems . Batman was both critically and financially successful, earning over $400 million in box office totals. Critics and audiences particularly praised Nicholson and Keaton's performances, Burton's direction, the production design, and composer Danny Elfman 's score. It was the sixth-highest-grossing film in history at the time of its release. The film received several Saturn Award nominations and a Golden Globe nomination for Nicholson's performance, and won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction . The film was followed by three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), with both Burton and Keaton returning; Batman Forever (1995), with Joel Schumacher directing and Val Kilmer in the lead role; and Batman & Robin (1997), which featured George Clooney in the role. Keaton would later reprise the role of Batman in the DC Extended Universe film The Flash (2023). The film also led to the development of Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995), which in turn began the DC Animated Universe of spin-off media, and has influenced Hollywood 's modern marketing and development techniques of the superhero film genre. Two sequel novels were written by John Jackson Miller , Batman: Resurrection (2024) and Batman: Revolution (2025). Plot Newspaper reporter Alexander Knox and photojournalist Vicki Vale investigate sightings of " Batman ", a masked vigilante targeting Gotham City 's criminals. Both attend a fundraiser hosted by billionaire Bruce Wayne, who is secretly Batman, having chosen this path after witnessing a mugger murder his parents when he was a child. During the event, Wayne becomes attracted to Vale. Meanwhile, mob boss Carl Grissom sends his sociopathic second-in-command Jack Napier to break into Axis Chemicals and retrieve incriminating evidence. However, this is secretly a ploy to have Napier murdered for carrying on an affair with Grissom's mistress, Alicia Hunt. Corrupt Gotham City police lieutenant Max Eckhardt arranges the hit on Napier by conducting an unauthorized raid on Axis Chemicals. However, Commissioner James Gordon learns of the raid and takes command, ordering the officers to capture Napier alive. Batman also appears, while Napier shoots and kills Eckhardt as revenge for the double-cross. During a scuffle with Batman, Napier topples off a catwalk and falls into a vat of chemicals. Although presumed dead, Napier survives with various disfigurements including chalk white skin and emerald-green hair and nails. He undergoes surgery to repair the damage, but ends up with a rictus grin . Driven insane by his hideous appearance, Napier, now calling himself "the Joker", kills Grissom, massacres Grissom's associates, and takes over his operations. The Joker begins terrorizing Gotham by lacing various hygiene products with "Smylex" – a deadly chemical that causes victims to die laughing . Joker soon becomes obsessed with Vicki and lures her to the Flugelheim Museum, which his henchmen vandalize . Batman rescues Vicki, takes her to the Batcave , and provides her with all of his research on Smylex, which will allow Gotham's residents to escape the toxin. Conflicted with his love for her, Wayne visits her apartment intending to reveal his secret identity, only for the Joker to interrupt the meeting. Joker asks Wayne, "Have you ever danced with the devil in the pale moonlight?", which Wayne recognizes as the phrase used by the mugger who murdered his parents. He shoots Wayne, who survives by hiding a serving tray underneath his shirt. Vicki is taken to the Batcave by Wayne's butler, Alfred Pennyworth , who had been coaxing the relationship between the pair. After Vicki learns his secret, Wayne chooses to battle the Joker for the sake of the city over their relationship. He then departs to destroy the Axis plant used to create Smylex. Meanwhile, Joker lures Gotham's citizens to a parade honoring Gotham's bicentennial with the promise of free money. This turns out to be a trap designed to dose them with Smylex gas held within giant parade balloons. Batman foils his plan by using his Batwing to remove the balloons, but Joker shoots him down. The Batwing crashes in front of a cathedral, which Joker uses to take Vicki hostage. Batman pursues the Joker, and in the ensuing fight, he identifies Napier killed his parents and thus, indirectly created Batman. Joker eventually pulls Batman and Vicki over the cathedral's roof, leaving them hanging while he calls for a helicopter piloted by his goons, who throw down a ladder for him to climb. Batman uses a grappling hook to attach Joker's leg to a crumbling gargoyle that eventually falls off the roof. Unable to bear the statue's immense weight, Joker falls to his death while Batman and Vicki make it to safety. Sometime later, Gordon announces that the police have arrested all of Joker's men, effectively dismantling the remains of Grissom's organizations, and unveils the Bat-Signal . Batman leaves the police a note, promising to defend Gotham should crime strike again, and asking them to use the Bat-Signal to summon him in times of need. Alfred takes Vicki to Wayne Manor , explaining that Wayne will be a little late. She responds that she is not surprised, as Batman looks at the signal's projection from a rooftop, standing watch over the city. Cast Jack Nicholson as Jack Napier / The Joker Hugo E. Blick as young Jack Napier Hugo E. Blick as young Jack Napier Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman Charles Roskilly as young Bruce Wayne Charles Roskilly as young Bruce Wayne Kim Basinger as Vicki Vale Robert Wuhl as Alexander Knox Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon Billy Dee Williams as Harvey Dent Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth Jack Palance as Carl Grissom Jerry Hall as Alicia Hunt Tracey Walter as Bob the Goon Lee Wallace as Mayor Borg William Hootkins as Lt. Max Eckhardt Liza Ross as tourist mom Garrick Hagon as tourist dad Adrian Meyers as tourist son David Baxt as Thomas Wayne Sharon Holm as Martha Wayne Production Development "I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan – and I think it started when I was a child – is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was dyslexia or whatever, but that's why I loved The Killing Joke , because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable." "I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan – and I think it started when I was a child – is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was dyslexia or whatever, but that's why I loved The Killing Joke , because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable." In the late 1970s, Batman's popularity was waning. [ 9 ] CBS was interested in producing a Batman in Outer Space film. Producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan purchased the film rights of Batman from DC Comics on October 3, 1979. It was Uslan's wish "to make the definitive, dark, serious version of Batman, the way Bob Kane and Bill Finger had envisioned him in 1939. A creature of the night; stalking criminals in the shadows." [ 9 ] Richard Maibaum was approached to write a script with Guy Hamilton to direct, but the two turned down the offer. Uslan was unsuccessful with pitching Batman to various movie studios because they wanted the film to be similar to the campy 1960s television series . Columbia Pictures and United Artists were among those to turn down the film. [ 10 ] A disappointed Uslan then wrote a script titled Return of the Batman to give the film industry a better idea of his vision for the film. Uslan later compared its dark tone to that of the successful four-part comic book The Dark Knight Returns , which his script predated by six years. [ 9 ] In November 1979, producers Jon Peters and Peter Guber joined the project. [ 5 ] Melniker and Uslan became executive producers. The four felt it was best to pattern the film's development after that of Superman (1978). [ 11 ] Uslan, Melniker and Guber pitched Batman to Universal Pictures , but the studio turned it down. [ 12 ] Though no movie studios were yet involved, the project was publicly announced with a budget of $15 million in July 1980 at the Comic Art Convention in New York. Warner Bros. , the studio behind the successful Superman film franchise , decided to also accept and produce Batman . [ 13 ] Tom Mankiewicz completed a script titled The Batman in June 1983, focusing on Batman and Dick Grayson 's origins, with the Joker and Rupert Thorne as villains and Silver St. Cloud as the romantic interest. [ 14 ] Mankiewicz took inspiration from the limited series Batman: Strange Apparitions , written by Steve Englehart . [ 15 ] Comic book artist Marshall Rogers , who worked with Englehart on Strange Apparitions , was hired for concept art . [ 12 ] The Batman was then announced in late 1983 for a mid-1985 release date on a budget of $20 million. Originally, Mankiewicz had wanted an unknown actor for Batman, William Holden for James Gordon , David Niven as Alfred Pennyworth , and Peter O'Toole as the Penguin , whom Mankiewicz wanted to portray as a mobster with low body temperature. [ 13 ] Holden died in 1981 and Niven in 1983, so this would never come to pass. A number of filmmakers were attached to Mankiewicz' script, including Ivan Reitman and Joe Dante . Reitman wanted to cast Bill Murray as Batman and Eddie Murphy as Robin. [ 7 ] Nine rewrites were performed by nine separate writers. Most of them were based on Strange Apparitions . However, Mankiewicz's script was still being used to guide the project. [ 16 ] Due to the work they did together with the film Swamp Thing (1982), Wes Craven was among the names that Melniker and Uslan considered while looking for a director. [ 17 ] After the financial success of Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985), Warner Bros. hired Tim Burton to direct Batman . Burton had then-girlfriend Julie Hickson write a new 30-page film treatment , feeling the previous script by Mankiewicz was campy . The success of The Dark Knight Returns and the graphic novel Batman: The Killing Joke rekindled Warner Bros.' interest in a film adaptation. Burton was initially not a comic book fan, but he was impressed by the dark and serious tone found in both The Dark Knight Returns and The Killing Joke . [ 7 ] Warner Bros. enlisted the aid of Englehart to write a new treatment in March 1986. [ 18 ] Like Mankiewicz's script, it was based on his own Strange Apparitions and included Silver St. Cloud, Dick Grayson, the Joker, and Rupert Thorne, as well as a cameo appearance by the Penguin . Warner Bros. was impressed, but Englehart felt there were too many characters. He removed the Penguin and Dick Grayson in his second treatment, finishing in May 1986. [ 18 ] Burton approached Sam Hamm , a comic book fan, to write the screenplay. [ 13 ] Hamm decided not to use an origin story , feeling that flashbacks would be more suitable and that "unlocking the mystery" would become part of the storyline. [ 15 ] He reasoned, "You totally destroy your credibility if you show the literal process by which Bruce Wayne becomes Batman." [ 19 ] Hamm replaced Silver St. Cloud with Vicki Vale and Rupert Thorne with his own creation, Carl Grissom. He completed his script in October 1986, which demoted Dick Grayson to a cameo rather than a supporting character. [ 20 ] One scene in Hamm's script had a young James Gordon on duty the night of the murder of Bruce Wayne's parents. When Hamm's script was rewritten, the scene was deleted, reducing it to a photo in the Gotham Globe newspaper seen in the film. [ 21 ] Warner Bros. was less willing to move forward on development, despite their enthusiasm for Hamm's script, which Kane greeted with positive feedback. [ 7 ] Hamm's script was then bootlegged at various comic book stores in the United States. [ 15 ] Batman was finally given the greenlight to commence pre-production in April 1988, after the success of Burton's Beetlejuice the same year. [ 7 ] When comic book fans found out about Burton directing the film with Michael Keaton starring in the lead role, controversy arose over the tone and direction Batman was going in. [ 22 ] Hamm explained, "They hear Tim Burton's name and they think of Pee-wee's Big Adventure . They hear Keaton's name, and they think of any number of Michael Keaton comedies. You think of the 1960s version of Batman , and it was the complete opposite of our film. We tried to market it with a typical dark and serious tone, but the fans didn't believe us." [ 15 ] To combat negative reports on the film's production, Kane was hired as creative consultant. [ 11 ] Batman's co-creator, Bill Finger , was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman-related media until 2016. [ 1 ] Casting Parallel to the Superman casting, a variety of Hollywood A-listers were considered for the role of Batman, including Mel Gibson , Michael Biehn , [ 23 ] Steven Seagal , [ 24 ] Kevin Costner , Charlie Sheen , Tom Selleck , Bill Murray, [ 5 ] [ 13 ] Harrison Ford and Dennis Quaid . [ 25 ] Burton was pressured by Warner Bros. to cast an obvious action movie star, [ 7 ] and had approached Pierce Brosnan , but he had no interest in playing a comic book character. [ 26 ] Burton was originally interested in casting an unknown actor, [ 25 ] Willem Dafoe , who was falsely reported to be considered for the Joker but had actually been considered for Batman early in development. [ 27 ] Producer Jon Peters suggested Michael Keaton, arguing he had the right "edgy, tormented quality" after having seen his dramatic performance in Clean and Sober (1988). [ 28 ] Having directed Keaton in Beetlejuice , Burton agreed. [ 5 ] The casting of Keaton caused a furor among comic book fans, [ 22 ] [ 29 ] with 50,000 protest letters sent to Warner Bros. offices. [ 20 ] Kane, Hamm, and Uslan also heavily questioned the casting. [ 15 ] "Obviously there was a negative response from the comic book people. I think they thought we were going to make it like the 1960s TV series, and make it campy, because they thought of Michael Keaton from Mr. Mom and Night Shift and stuff like that." [ 30 ] Keaton studied The Dark Knight Returns for inspiration. [ 31 ] Tim Curry , David Bowie , John Lithgow , Brad Dourif , Ray Liotta , and James Woods were all considered for the Joker. [ 19 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Lithgow, during his audition, attempted to talk Burton out of casting him, a decision he would later publicly regret, stating, "I didn't realize it was such a big deal." [ 35 ] Burton wanted to cast John Glover , but the studio insisted on using a movie star. [ 36 ] Robin Williams lobbied hard for the part. [ 20 ] Jack Nicholson had been the studio's top choice since 1980. Peters approached Nicholson as far back as 1986, during filming of The Witches of Eastwick ; [ 37 ] unlike Keaton, he was a popular choice for his role. [ 29 ] Nicholson had what was known as an "off-the-clock" agreement. His contract specified the number of hours he was entitled to have off each day, from the time he left the set to the time he reported back for filming, [ 13 ] as well as being off for Los Angeles Lakers home games. [ 38 ] Nicholson demanded that all of his scenes be shot in a three-week block, but the schedule lapsed into 106 days. [ 37 ] He reduced his standard $10 million fee to $6 million in exchange for a cut of the film's earnings (including associated merchandise), which led to remuneration in excess of $50 million [ 39 ] —biographer Marc Eliot reports that Nicholson may have received as much as $90 million. [ 40 ] He also demanded top billing on promotional materials. [ 41 ] Sean Young was originally cast as Vicki Vale, but was injured in a horse-riding accident prior to commencement of filming. [ 42 ] Young's departure necessitated an urgent search for an actress who, besides being right for the part, could commit to the film at very short notice. Peters suggested Kim Basinger : she was able to join the production immediately and was cast. [ 5 ] [ 42 ] As a fan of Michael Gough 's work in various Hammer horror films, Burton cast Gough as Bruce Wayne's mysterious butler, Alfred . [ 43 ] Reporter Alexander Knox was portrayed by Robert Wuhl . In the original script, Knox was killed by the Joker's poison gas during the climax, but the filmmakers "liked [my] character so much," Wuhl said, "that they decided to let me live." [ 44 ] Burton chose Billy Dee Williams as Harvey Dent because he wanted to include the villain Two-Face in a future film using the concept of an African-American Two-Face for the black and white concept, [ 45 ] but Tommy Lee Jones was later cast in the role for Batman Forever (1995), which disappointed Williams. [ 44 ] Nicholson convinced the filmmakers to cast his close friend Tracey Walter as the Joker's henchman Bob. [ 46 ] Irish child actor Ricky Addison Reed was cast as Dick Grayson before the character was removed by Warren Skarren for the revised shooting script. [ 47 ] The rest of the cast included Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon , Jerry Hall as Alicia, Lee Wallace as Mayor Borg, William Hootkins as Lt. Eckhardt, and Jack Palance as crime boss Carl Grissom. Design "On Batman , our vision of Gotham City was influenced by the tone of the 'Dark Knight' comics, and also Andreas Feininger 's photographs of New York buildings and the work of Japanese architect Shin Takamatsu . ( Blade Runner was consciously avoided as a reference; no one was allowed to watch it while we were designing the film and neon was shunned altogether!)" "On Batman , our vision of Gotham City was influenced by the tone of the 'Dark Knight' comics, and also Andreas Feininger 's photographs of New York buildings and the work of Japanese architect Shin Takamatsu . ( Blade Runner was consciously avoided as a reference; no one was allowed to watch it while we were designing the film and neon was shunned altogether!)" Burton had been impressed with the design of Neil Jordan 's The Company of Wolves (1984), but was unable to hire its production designer Anton Furst for Beetlejuice [ 29 ] as he had instead committed to Jordan's London-filmed ghost comedy High Spirits (1988), a choice he later regretted. [ 13 ] A year later Burton successfully hired Furst for Batman , and they enjoyed working with each other. "I don't think I've ever felt so naturally in tune with a director," Furst said. "Conceptually, spiritually, visually, or artistically. There was never any problem because we never fought over anything. Texture, attitude and feelings are what Burton is a master at." [ 11 ] Furst and the art department deliberately mixed clashing architectural styles to "make Gotham City the ugliest and bleakest metropolis imaginable". [ 49 ] Furst continued, "[W]e imagined what New York City might have become without a planning commission . A city run by crime, with a riot of architectural styles. An essay in ugliness. As if hell erupted through the pavement and kept on going". [ 50 ] The 1985 film Brazil by Terry Gilliam was also a notable influence upon the film's production design, as both Burton and Furst studied it as a reference. [ 11 ] Black and white charcoal drawings of key locations and sets were created by Furst's longtime draftsman, Nigel Phelps . Derek Meddings served as the visual effects supervisor , overseeing the miniatures and animation. Conceptual illustrator Julian Caldow designed the Batmobile, Batwing and assorted bat-gadgets that were later constructed by prop builder John Evans. Keith Short sculpted the final body of the Batmobile , [ 51 ] adding two Browning machine guns . [ 52 ] On designing the Batmobile, Furst explained, "We looked at jet aircraft components, we looked at war machines, we looked at all sorts of things. In the end, we went into pure expressionism, taking the Salt Flat Racers of the 30s and the Sting Ray macho machines of the 50s". The car was built upon a Chevrolet Impala when previous development with a Jaguar and Ford Mustang failed. [ 37 ] The car itself was later purchased by standup comedian/ventriloquist Jeff Dunham , who had it outfitted with a Corvette engine to make it street legal. [ 53 ] Costume designer Bob Ringwood turned down the chance to work on Licence to Kill (1989) in favor of Batman . Ringwood found it difficult designing the Batsuit because "the image of Batman in the comics is this huge, big six-foot-four hunk with a dimpled chin. Michael Keaton is a guy with average build", he stated. "The problem was to make somebody who was average-sized and ordinary-looking into this bigger-than-life creature." [ 54 ] Burton commented, "Michael is a bit claustrophobic , which made it worse for him. The costume put him in a dark, Batman-like mood though, so he was able to use it to his advantage". [ 54 ] Burton's idea was to use an all-black suit, and was met with positive feedback by Bob Kane. Vin Burnham was tasked with sculpting the Batsuit, in association with Alli Eynon. Jon Peters wanted to use a Nike product placement with the Batsuit. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Ringwood studied over 200 comic book issues for inspiration. 28 sculpted latex designs were created; 25 different cape looks and 6 different heads were made, accumulating a total cost of $250,000. [ 57 ] Comic book fans initially expressed negative feedback against the Batsuit. [ 29 ] Burton opted not to use tights, spandex, or underpants as seen in the comic book, feeling it was not intimidating. [ 7 ] Prosthetic makeup designer Nick Dudman used acrylic-based makeup paint called PAX for Nicholson's chalk-white face. Part of Nicholson's contract was approval over the makeup designer. [ 58 ] Filming The filmmakers considered filming Batman entirely on the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank, California , but media interest in the film made them change the location. It was shot at Pinewood Studios in England from October 10, 1988, to February 14, 1989, with 80 days of main shooting and 86 days of second unit shooting. [ 59 ] 18 sound stages were used, with seven stages occupied, including the 51 acre backlot for the Gotham City set, one of the biggest ever built at the studio. [ 59 ] [ 11 ] Locations included Knebworth House and Hatfield House doubling for Wayne Manor , plus Acton Lane Power Station and Little Barford Power Station . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] For the production at Acton Lane Power Station, the power plant and alien nest sets from Aliens (1986) were reused as interiors for Axis Chemicals. [ 62 ] The original production budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million. [ 5 ] Filming was highly secretive. The unit publicist was offered and refused £ 10,000 for the first pictures of Nicholson as the Joker. The police were later called in when two reels of footage (about 20 minutes' worth) were stolen. [ 37 ] With various problems during filming, Burton called it "Torture. The worst period of my life!" [ 5 ] Hamm was not allowed to perform rewrites during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike . [ 13 ] Warren Skaaren , who had also worked on Burton's Beetlejuice , did rewrites. Jonathan Gems and Charles McKeown rewrote the script during filming. [ 63 ] Only Skaaren received screenplay credit with Hamm. Hamm criticized the rewrites, but blamed the changes on Warner Bros. [ 15 ] Burton explained, "I don't understand why that became such a problem. We started out with a script that everyone liked, although we recognized it needed a little work." [ 7 ] Dick Grayson appeared in the shooting script but was deleted because the filmmakers felt he was irrelevant to the plot; [ 13 ] Kane supported this decision. [ 43 ] Keaton used his comedic experience for scenes such as Bruce and Vicki's Wayne Manor dinner. [ 29 ] He called himself a "logic freak" and was concerned that Batman's secret identity would in reality be fairly easy to uncover. Keaton discussed ideas with Burton to better disguise the character, including the use of contact lenses . Ultimately, Keaton decided to perform Batman's voice at a lower register than when he was portraying Bruce Wayne, which became a hallmark of the film version of the character, with Christian Bale later using the same technique. [ 64 ] Originally in the climax, the Joker was meant to kill Vicki Vale, sending Batman into a vengeful fury. Jon Peters reworked the climax without telling Burton and commissioned production designer Anton Furst to create a 38-foot (12 m) model of the cathedral. [ 65 ] This cost $100,000 when the film was already well over budget. Burton disliked the idea, having no clue how the scene would end: "Here were Jack Nicholson and Kim Basinger walking up this cathedral, and halfway up Jack turns around and says, 'Why am I walking up all these stairs? Where am I going?' 'We'll talk about it when you get to the top!' I had to tell him that I didn't know." [ 65 ] Music Burton hired Danny Elfman of Oingo Boingo , his collaborator on Pee-wee's Big Adventure and Beetlejuice , to compose the music score. For inspiration, Elfman was given The Dark Knight Returns . Elfman was worried, as he had never worked on a production this large in budget and scale. [ 66 ] In addition, producer Jon Peters was skeptical of hiring Elfman, but was later convinced when he heard the opening number. [ 67 ] Peters and Peter Guber wanted Prince to write music for the Joker and Michael Jackson to do the romance songs. Elfman would then combine the style of Prince and Jackson's songs together for the entire film score. [ 7 ] At the encouragement of Prince's then-manager Albert Magnoli , it was agreed that Prince himself would write and sing the film's songs . [ 68 ] Burton protested the ideas, citing "my movies aren't commercial like Top Gun ." [ 7 ] Elfman enlisted the help of composer Shirley Walker and Oingo Boingo lead guitarist Steve Bartek to arrange the compositions for the orchestra. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] Elfman was later displeased with the audio mixing of his film score. " Batman was done in England by technicians who didn't care, and the non-caring showed," he stated. "I'm not putting down England because they've done gorgeous dubs there, but this particular crew elected not to." [ 71 ] Batman was one of the first films to spawn two soundtracks. One of them featured songs written by Prince while the other showcased Elfman's score. Both were successful, [ 72 ] and compilations of Elfman's opening credits were used in the title sequence theme for Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995), also composed by Walker. [ 33 ] Themes When discussing the central theme of Batman , director Tim Burton explained, "the whole film and mythology of the character is a complete duel of the freaks. It's a fight between two disturbed people", adding, "The Joker is such a great character because there's a complete freedom to him. Any character who operates on the outside of society and is deemed a freak and an outcast then has the freedom to do what they want... They are the darker sides of freedom. Insanity is in some scary way the most freedom you can have, because you're not bound by the laws of society". [ 7 ] Burton saw Bruce Wayne as the bearer of a double identity, exposing one while hiding the reality from the world. [ 7 ] Burton biographer Ken Hanke wrote that Bruce Wayne, struggling with his alter-ego as Batman, is depicted as an antihero . Hanke felt that Batman has to push the boundaries of civil justice to deal with certain criminals, such as the Joker. [ 16 ] Kim Newman theorized that "Burton and the writers saw Batman and the Joker as a dramatic antithesis, and the film deals with their intertwined origins and fates to an even greater extent". [ 73 ] Batman conveys trademarks found in 1930s pulp magazines , notably the design of Gotham City stylized with Art Deco design. [ 74 ] Richard Corliss , writing for Time , observed that Gotham's design was a reference to films such as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) and Metropolis (1927). "Gotham City, despite being shot on a studio backlot ", he continued, "is literally another character in the script. It has the demeaning presence of German Expressionism and fascist architecture , staring down at the citizens." [ 75 ] Hanke further addressed the notions of Batman being a period piece , in that "The citizens, cops, people and the black-and-white television looks like it takes place in 1939"; but later said: "Had the filmmakers made Vicki Vale a femme fatale rather than a damsel in distress , this could have made Batman as a homage and tribute to classic film noir ." [ 60 ] Portions of the climax pay homage to Vertigo (1958). [ 76 ] Marketing The B.D. Fox ad agency created hundreds of unused logos and posters for promotion, many by John Alvin . In the end Burton and producers decided on only using a gold and black logo designed by Anton Furst and airbrushed by Bill Garland, with no other key art variation, to keep an air of mystery about the film. [ 77 ] The logo is also an ambiguous image , which can be read either as Batman's symbol or as a gaping mouth. [ 78 ] Earlier designs "had the word 'Batman' spelled in RoboCop or Conan the Barbarian -type font". [ 5 ] Jon Peters unified all the film's tie-ins , even turning down $6 million from General Motors to build the Batmobile because the car company would not relinquish creative control. [ 5 ] During production, Peters read in The Wall Street Journal that comic book fans were unsatisfied with the casting of Michael Keaton. In response, Peters rushed the first film trailer that played in thousands of theaters during Christmas. It was simply an assemblage of scenes without music, but created enormous anticipation for the film, with audiences clapping and cheering. [ 5 ] [ 29 ] DC Comics allowed screenwriter Sam Hamm to write his own comic book miniseries . Hamm's stories were collected in the graphic novel Batman: Blind Justice ( .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ISBN 978-1563890475 ). Denys Cowan and Dick Giordano illustrated the artwork. [ 19 ] Blind Justice tells the story of Bruce Wayne trying to solve a series of murders connected to Wayne Enterprises . It also marks the first appearance of Henri Ducard , who was later used in the rebooted Batman Begins (2005), albeit as an alias for the more notable Ra's al Ghul . [ 19 ] In the months leading up to Batman ' s release in June 1989, a popular culture phenomenon known as " Batmania " began. Over $750 million worth of merchandise was sold. [ 33 ] Cult filmmaker and comic book writer Kevin Smith remembered: "That summer was huge. You couldn't turn around without seeing the Bat-Signal somewhere. People were cutting it into their fucking heads. It was just the summer of Batman and if you were a comic book fan it was pretty hot." [ 79 ] Hachette Book Group USA published a novelization, Batman , written by Craig Shaw Gardner . [ 80 ] It remained on The New York Times Best Seller list throughout June 1989. [ 81 ] Burton admitted he was annoyed by the publicity. David Handelman of The New York Observer categorized Batman as a high concept film. He believed "it is less movie than a corporate behemoth ". [ 76 ] Reception Box office Batman grossed $2.2 million in late night previews on June 22, 1989, on 1,215 screens and grossed $40.49 million in 2,194 theaters during its opening weekend. [ 82 ] This broke the opening weekend records held by Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (which had a 4-day Memorial Day weekend gross of $37.0 million the previous month) [ 83 ] and Ghostbusters II (which had a $29.4 million 3-day weekend the previous weekend). [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Upon opening, the film would go on to reach the number one spot above Honey, I Shrunk the Kids . [ 86 ] Additionally, it had the largest opening weekend for a Jack Nicholson film for 14 years until it was dethroned by Anger Management in 2003. [ 87 ] Batman also set a record for a second weekend gross with $30 million (also the second biggest 3-day weekend of all time) [ 83 ] and became the fastest film to earn $100 million, reaching it in 11 days (10 days plus late night previews). [ 84 ] [ 88 ] The film closed on December 14, 1989, with a final gross of $251.4 million in North America and $160.2 million internationally, totaling $411.6 million. [ 89 ] The film would hold the record for being the highest-grossing Warner Bros. film until 1996 when Twister surpassed it. [ 90 ] It was the highest-grossing film based on a DC comic book until The Dark Knight (2008). [ 91 ] Furthermore, Batman held the record for being the highest-grossing superhero film of all time until it was taken by Spider-Man in 2002. [ 92 ] The film's gross is the 143rd highest ever in North American ranks. [ 93 ] Although Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade made the most money worldwide in 1989, [ 94 ] Batman was able to beat The Last Crusade in North America , [ 95 ] and made a further $150 million in home video sales. [ 96 ] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 60 million tickets in the US. [ 97 ] Despite the film's box office – over $400 million against a budget of no more than $48 million – Warner Bros. claimed it ended up losing $35.8 million and "not likely to ever show a profit," which has been attributed to a case of Hollywood accounting . [ 98 ] Critical response Batman was criticized by some for being too dark, but nonetheless received a generally positive response from critics. [ 7 ] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 77% based on 142 reviews, with an average score of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "An eerie, haunting spectacle, Batman succeeds as dark entertainment, even if Jack Nicholson's Joker too often overshadows the title character." [ 99 ] On Metacritic , the film received a weighted average score of 69 based on 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 100 ] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. [ 101 ] Many observed that Burton was more interested in the Joker and the art and set production design than Batman or anything else in terms of characterization and screentime. [ 7 ] Comic book fans reacted negatively over the Joker murdering Thomas and Martha Wayne ; in the comic book, Joe Chill is responsible. Writer Sam Hamm said it was Burton's idea to have the Joker murder Wayne's parents. "The Writer's Strike was going on, and Tim had the other writers do that. I also hold innocent to Alfred letting Vicki Vale into the Batcave . Fans were ticked off with that, and I agree. That would have been Alfred's last day of employment at Wayne Manor ," Hamm said. [ 67 ] The songs written by Prince were criticized for being "too out of place". [ 13 ] While Burton stated he had no problem with the Prince songs, he was less enthusiastic with their use in the film. [ 16 ] On the film, Burton remarked, "I liked parts of it, but the whole movie is mainly boring to me. It's OK, but it was more of a cultural phenomenon than a great movie." [ 96 ] Despite initial negative reactions from comics fans prior to the film's release, Keaton's portrayal of Batman was generally praised. [ 76 ] [ 102 ] James Berardinelli called the film entertaining, with the highlight being the production design. However, he concluded, "the best thing that can be said about Batman is that it led to Batman Returns , which was a far superior effort." [ 103 ] Variety felt "Jack Nicholson stole every scene" but still greeted the film with positive feedback. [ 104 ] Roger Ebert was highly impressed with the production design, but claimed " Batman is a triumph of design over story, style over substance, a great-looking movie with a plot you can't care much about." He also called the film "a depressing experience". [ 105 ] On the syndicated television series Siskel & Ebert , his reviewing partner Gene Siskel disagreed, describing the film as having a "refreshingly adult" approach with performances, direction and set design that "draws you into a psychological world". [ 106 ] Legacy Anton Furst and Peter Young won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction , [ 107 ] while Nicholson was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor (Musical or Comedy) . [ 108 ] The British Academy of Film and Television Arts nominated Batman in six categories ( Production Design , Visual Effects , Costume Design , Makeup , Sound and Actor in a Supporting Role for Nicholson), but it won none of the categories. [ 109 ] Nicholson, Basinger, the makeup department, and costume designer Bob Ringwood all received nominations at the Saturn Awards . The film was also nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film [ 110 ] and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . [ 111 ] The success of Batman prompted Warner Bros. Animation to create the acclaimed Batman: The Animated Series , as a result beginning the long-running DC Animated Universe [ 112 ] and helped establish the modern day superhero film genre. Series co-creator Bruce Timm stated the television show's Art Deco design was inspired from the film. Timm commented, "our show would never have gotten made if it hadn't been for that first Batman movie." [ 113 ] Burton joked, "ever since I did Batman , it was like the first dark comic book movie. Now everyone wants to do a dark and serious superhero movie. I guess I'm the one responsible for that trend." [ 114 ] Batman initiated the original Batman film series and spawned three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), Batman Forever (1995), and Batman & Robin (1997), the latter two of which were directed by Joel Schumacher instead of Burton and replaced Keaton as Batman with Val Kilmer and George Clooney , respectively. Executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan filed a breach of contract lawsuit in Los Angeles County Superior Court on March 26, 1992. Melniker and Uslan claimed to be "the victims of a sinister campaign of fraud and coercion that has cheated them out of continuing involvement in the production of Batman and its sequels. We were denied proper credits, and deprived of any financial rewards for our indispensable creative contribution to the success of Batman ." [ 5 ] A superior court judge rejected the lawsuit. Total revenues of Batman have topped $2 billion, with Uslan claiming to have "not seen a penny more than that since our net profit participation has proved worthless." [ 5 ] Warner Bros. offered the pair an out-of-court settlement, a sum described by Melniker and Uslan's attorney as "two popcorns and two Cokes ". [ 115 ] Reflecting on the twentieth anniversary of its release in a retrospective article on Salon.com , film commentator Scott Mendelson noted the continuing impact that Batman has had on the motion film industry, including the increasing importance of opening weekend box office receipts; the narrowing window between a film's debut and its video release that caused the demise of second-run movie theaters; the accelerated acquisition of pre-existing, pre-sold properties for film adaptations that can be readily leveraged for merchandizing tie-ins; the primacy of the MPAA PG-13 as the target rating for film producers; and more off-beat, non-traditional casting opportunities for genre films. [ 116 ] The film was responsible for the British Board of Film Classification introducing its "12" age rating, as its content fell between what was expected for a "PG" or "15" certificate. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] The American Film Institute anointed Batman the 46th greatest movie hero and the Joker the 45th greatest movie villain on AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains . [ 119 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – Nominated [ 120 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated [ 121 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains : The Joker – #45 Villain Batman – #46 Hero The Joker – #45 Villain Batman – #46 Hero AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes : "Have you ever danced with the Devil in the pale moonlight?" – Nominated [ 122 ] "Have you ever danced with the Devil in the pale moonlight?" – Nominated [ 122 ] AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated [ 123 ] AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Fantasy Film [ 124 ] Robert Wuhl reprises his role as Alexander Knox in The CW 's Arrowverse crossover, Crisis on Infinite Earths . The event also retroactively established that the world of the film and its sequel, Batman Returns , takes place on Earth-89; which is one of the worlds destroyed by the Anti-Monitor ( LaMonica Garrett ) during the Crisis. [ 125 ] Michael Keaton reprises his role as Batman in The Flash set in the DC Extended Universe . [ 126 ] Video games Several video games based on the film were released: By Ocean Software in 1989 , [ 127 ] by Sunsoft in 1989 and 1990 , [ 128 ] [ 129 ] and by Atari Games in 1991 . [ 130 ] Konami was also in talks of releasing an arcade game around the same time as Atari. [ 131 ] Comic book continuations In March 2016, artist Joe Quinones revealed several art designs he and Kate Leth had created to pitch a comic book continuation set in the 1989 Batman universe to DC Comics. The pitch, which was rejected, would have included the story of Billy Dee Williams' Harvey Dent turning into Two-Face as well as the inclusion of characters such as Batgirl in a story that took place following the events of Batman Returns . [ 132 ] In 2021, DC announced it would be releasing a comic book continuation of the film titled Batman '89 . The series would be written by Sam Hamm and illustrated by Joe Quinones. The comic's synopsis revealed that it would include the return of Selina Kyle/Catwoman, an introduction of a new Robin, and the transformation of Williams' Harvey Dent into Two-Face. [ 133 ] A follow-up series was later announced by DC Comics on August 17, 2023. The first issue of the new series was released on November 28, 2023. It was written again by Sam Hamm, with art by Joe Quinones. In the series, Batman has mysteriously disappeared after Dent's death, leading Gotham citizens to take to the streets to fight in his place, including Barbara Gordon, who becomes Batgirl . Scarecrow and Harley Quinn will be featured as the main antagonists, [ 134 ] seemingly referencing the unproduced fifth film in the Burton and Schumacher series, Batman Unchained . [ 135 ] Direct sequel novels On April 11, 2024, it was announced that a new novel would be released which would tie-in to the film. Announced with the title Batman: Resurrection , the novel was written by author John Jackson Miller , and acts as a direct sequel to the film, being set between the events of Batman and its sequel Batman Returns , with Batman focusing on dismantling the remnants of Joker's organization, while contemplating on the idea that Joker might not actually be dead. The novel also includes certain characters introduced in the sequel, with one example being Max Shreck. [ 136 ] It was released on October 15, 2024, by Penguin Random House ; a sequel, titled Batman: Revolution , was later revealed by Miller and was released in October 2025. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] [ 139 ] Home media Batman has been released on various formats, including VHS , LaserDisc , DVD and Blu-ray . In an unprecedented move at the time, it was made available to buy on VHS in the United States on November 15, 1989, less than six months after its theatrical release, at a suggested retail price of only $24.95 although most sellers sold it for less. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] It was first released on DVD on March 25, 1997, as a double sided disc containing both Widescreen (1.85:1) and Full Screen (1.33:1) versions of the film. The 2005 Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology 1989–1997 included 2-disc special edition DVDs of the film and all three of its sequels. The anthology was also released as a 4-disc Blu-ray set in 2009, with each film and its previous extras contained on a single disc. Other Blu-ray reissues include a "30th Anniversary" Digibook with 50-page booklet, and a steelcase edition; both also include a Digital Copy . Most recently the "25th Anniversary" Diamond Luxe reissue contained the same disc as before and on a second disc, a new 25-minute featurette: "Batman: The Birth of the Modern Blockbuster". The film was also included in The Tim Burton Collection DVD and Blu-ray set in 2012, alongside its first sequel, Batman Returns . Batman was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on June 4, 2019. [ 142 ] Notes ^ Bill Finger , co-creator of Batman, the Penguin, and Catwoman, was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman related media until 2016. [ 1 ] References ^ a b "DC Will Finally Credit Bill Finger As Co-Creator Of Batman" . Gizmodo . September 20, 2015. Archived from the original on August 31, 2019 . Retrieved August 31, 2019 . ^ a b c d "Batman (1989)" . American Film Institute . 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Archived from the original on August 3, 2018 . Retrieved July 5, 2012 . ^ "1989 Worldwide Grosses" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 15, 2007 . Retrieved May 3, 2008 . ^ "1989 Domestic Grosses" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 16, 2008 . Retrieved May 3, 2008 . ^ a b Jeffrey Resner (August 1992). "Three Go Mad in Gotham", Empire , pp. 44–52. Retrieved on August 14, 2008. ^ "Batman (1989)" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 4, 2016 . Retrieved May 31, 2016 . ^ McDougal, Dennis (March 21, 1991). "A Blockbuster Deficit : 'Batman' Accounts Show a $35.8-Million Deficit for the Warners Hit That Grossed $253.4 Million; the Film May Never Show Profit" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 31, 2020 . Retrieved May 5, 2020 . ^ "Batman (1989)" . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Archived from the original on July 25, 2022 . Retrieved August 28, 2024 . ^ "Batman (1989): Reviews" . Metacritic . Archived from the original on March 26, 2013 . Retrieved February 21, 2020 . ^ "CinemaScore" . Archived from the original on September 16, 2017 . Retrieved May 6, 2021 . ^ Sauriol, Patrick (July 1998). "Dark Knight Triumphant". Wizard . p. 208. ^ Berardinelli, James (June 5, 2001). "Batman (1989)" . ReelViews . Archived from the original on November 21, 2020 . Retrieved May 5, 2008 . ^ "Film Reviews: Batman" . Variety . June 14, 1989 . Retrieved May 5, 2008 . ^ Ebert, Roger (June 23, 1989). "Batman" . Chicago Sun-Times . Archived from the original on April 13, 2013 . Retrieved May 5, 2008 – via RogerEbert.com . ^ Ebert, Roger (host); Gene, Siskel (host) (June 24, 1989). "Batman, Honey I Shrunk the Kids, Tummy Trouble, Ghostbusters II, Kung-fu Master!" . Siskel & Ebert . Season 3. Episode 41. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021 – via YouTube. ^ "Batman" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on September 17, 2017 . Retrieved September 16, 2017 . ^ "Batman" . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on August 28, 2008 . Retrieved May 6, 2008 . ^ "Batman" . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on July 7, 2012 . Retrieved October 4, 2008 . ^ "Past Saturn Awards" . Saturn Awards .org . Archived from the original on May 11, 2008 . Retrieved May 7, 2008 . ^ "1990 Hugo Awards" . The Hugo Awards . Archived from the original on March 2, 2013 . Retrieved May 6, 2008 . ^ Dini, Paul ; Kidd, Chip (1998). Batman Animated . Titan Books . p. 2. ISBN 1-84023-016-9 . ^ Timm, Bruce ; Nolen-Weathington, Erick (2004). Modern Masters Volume 3: Bruce Timm . TwoMorrows Publishing . pp. 38– 49. ISBN 1-893905-30-6 . ^ Boucher, Geoff (October 15, 2008). "Tim Burton talks about Johnny Depp, 'Alice in Wonderland' and 'The Dark Knight' " . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 2, 2013 . Retrieved April 18, 2016 . ^ Olly Richards (September 1992). "Trouble in Gotham", Empire , pp. 21–23. Retrieved on August 14, 2008. ^ Mendelson, Scott (June 24, 2009). "20 years later, how Batman changed the movie business..." Salon.com . Archived from the original on June 27, 2009 . Retrieved July 4, 2009 . ^ "The 12: From Batman to Spider-Man" . BBC News . August 29, 2002. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021 . Retrieved March 2, 2021 . ^ "Along came a spider" . The Independent . January 10, 2014. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021 . Retrieved March 2, 2021 . ^ "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2011 . Retrieved 2010-05-21 . ^ "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Greatest American Movie Nominees" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on October 26, 2013 . Retrieved September 16, 2017 . ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills Nominees" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2011 . Retrieved August 20, 2011 . ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes Nominees" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2011 . Retrieved August 20, 2011 . ^ "HollywoodBowlBallot" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2011 . Retrieved August 20, 2011 . ^ "AFI's 10 Top 10 Ballot" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on March 26, 2017 . Retrieved August 20, 2011 . ^ Drum, Nicole (October 13, 2019). "Batman '89 Universe Confirmed For Crisis on Infinite Earths" . ComicBook . Archived from the original on December 8, 2019 . Retrieved December 8, 2019 . ^ Breznican, Anthony (August 20, 2020). "Ben Affleck Will Return as Batman in The Flash " . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on August 20, 2020 . Retrieved August 20, 2020 . ^ Glancey, Paul (November 1989). "Review - Amiga - Batman". Computer & Video Games (96). EMAP : 54, 55. ^ Rasa, Chris (December 12, 2014). "Batman: The Video Game (NES)" . Hardcore Gaming 101 . Retrieved March 15, 2023 . ^ Levi Buchanan (July 23, 2008). "Batman Retro Review The game" . IGN . Retrieved March 23, 2014 . ^ Schwartz, Michael; Dykman, Joan. "Overview - Batman" . allgame . Archived from the original on December 10, 2014 . Retrieved October 23, 2015 . ^ Yarwood, Jack (March 15, 2023). "Ex-Konami Artist Says Developer Wanted To Make A Batman Game For Arcades" . Time Extension . Hookshot Media . Retrieved March 15, 2023 . ^ Whitbrook, James (February 17, 2021). "Behold the Batman '89 Comic That DC Rejected Because They Hate Joy" . Gizmodo . Archived from the original on February 16, 2021 . Retrieved February 17, 2021 . ^ Arvedon, Jon (February 17, 2021). "DC Announces Batman '89 and Superman '78 Digital First Series" . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 17, 2021 . Retrieved February 17, 2021 . ^ Matthew Aguilar (August 17, 2023). "DC Reveals Sequels to Batman '89 and Superman '78 (Exclusive)" . Comicbook.com . Retrieved April 13, 2024 . ^ Schedeen, Jesse (August 21, 2023). "Batman '89: Echoes Adds Scarecrow and Harley Quinn to the Burtonverse" . IGN . ^ Matthew Aguilar (April 11, 2024). "Batman 1989 Continues, in a Brand New Novel" . Gizmodo . Retrieved April 13, 2024 . ^ "Batman: Resurrection by John Jackson Miller" . Penguin Random House . Archived from the original on April 11, 2024 . Retrieved April 14, 2024 . ^ "Batman: Resurrection Continues the Dark Knight's Tale From the Tim Burton Film (Exclusive)" . comicbook.com . October 13, 2024. ^ "New Batman: Resurrection Book Fills In The Gap Between Batman 1989 And Batman Returns" . slashfilm.com . October 15, 2024. ^ " 'Batman' a Potent Weapon in Sell-through Crusade". Variety . November 15, 1989. p. 31. ^ " 'Batman' Vids Fly Off Shelves; Stores Face Limited Supploy". Variety . November 22, 1989. p. 81. ^ Batman 4K Blu-ray , archived from the original on April 9, 2019 , retrieved April 12, 2019 Further reading Halfyard, Janet K. (October 28, 2004). Danny Elfman's Batman: A Film Score Guide (Paperback). A careful study of Elfman's scoring technique with a detailed analysis of the film itself. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-5126-1 . Craig Shaw Gardner (June 1, 1989). Batman (Mass Market Paperback). Novelization of the film. Hachette Book Group USA . ISBN 0-446-35487-2 . External links Film portal United States portal Speculative fiction portal 1980s portal Batman at IMDb Batman at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) Official website Batman (1989) Official website at Warner Bros. Official website Batman (1989) Official website at DC Comics .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e President's Memorial Award v t e Time Bandits (1982) Roger Corman (1984) Jack Arnold (1985) Woody Allen (1986) The Purple Rose of Cairo (1986) Joseph Stefano (1987) Marshall Brickman (1987) The Manhattan Project (1987) Mike Jittlov (1988) The Wizard of Speed and Time (1988) Carrie Fisher (1990) Batman (1991) Robert Shaye (1992) Gale Anne Hurd (1993) Steven Spielberg (1994) Bryan Singer (1996) Robert Wise (1996) Billy Bob Thornton (1997) James Cameron (1998) Gods and Monsters (1998) William Friedkin (1999) David Shepard (1999) Richard Donner (2000) Dustin Lance Black (2001) Sherry Lansing (2002) James Cameron (2003) Gale Anne Hurd (2004) Steven E. de Souza Elsa Lanchester Guillermo del Toro (2018) Time Bandits (1982) Roger Corman (1984) Jack Arnold (1985) Woody Allen (1986) The Purple Rose of Cairo (1986) Joseph Stefano (1987) Marshall Brickman (1987) The Manhattan Project (1987) Mike Jittlov (1988) The Wizard of Speed and Time (1988) Carrie Fisher (1990) Batman (1991) Robert Shaye (1992) Gale Anne Hurd (1993) Steven Spielberg (1994) Bryan Singer (1996) Robert Wise (1996) Billy Bob Thornton (1997) James Cameron (1998) Gods and Monsters (1998) William Friedkin (1999) David Shepard (1999) Richard Donner (2000) Dustin Lance Black (2001) Sherry Lansing (2002) James Cameron (2003) Gale Anne Hurd (2004) Steven E. de Souza Elsa Lanchester Guillermo del Toro (2018) v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category Category v t e Batman franchise media v t e Live-action television Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Batman episodes episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production The Batman production production Animated television The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes The Batman characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes characters episodes The Batman characters episodes characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Tim Burton v t e Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Director Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Writer Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) TV series created Beetlejuice (1989–91) Beetlejuice (1989–91) v t e Yearly highest-grossing films in the United States v t e Films listed as number-one by in-year release 1970s–1980s Star Wars ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Three Men and a Baby ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Three Men and a Baby ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) 1990s−2000s Home Alone ( 1990 ) Terminator 2: Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone ( 2001 ) Spider-Man ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ( 2006 ) Spider-Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Terminator 2: Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone ( 2001 ) Spider-Man ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ( 2006 ) Spider-Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) 2010s−2020s Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire ( 2013 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Star Wars: The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars: The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Avengers: Endgame ( 2019 ) Bad Boys for Life ( 2020 ) Spider-Man: No Way Home ( 2021 ) Top Gun: Maverick ( 2022 ) Barbie ( 2023 ) Inside Out 2 ( 2024 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire ( 2013 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Star Wars: The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars: The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Avengers: Endgame ( 2019 ) Bad Boys for Life ( 2020 ) Spider-Man: No Way Home ( 2021 ) Top Gun: Maverick ( 2022 ) Barbie ( 2023 ) Inside Out 2 ( 2024 ) List of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada Authority control databases International VIAF 2 3 4 GND VIAF 2 3 4 2 3 4 GND National United States France BnF data Spain Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Spain Israel Catalonia 1989 films 1989 action films 1989 American films 1989 British films 1980s English-language films 1980s superhero films American action films American films about revenge American superhero films Films set in art museums and galleries Batman (1989 film series) British action films British films about revenge British superhero films Casting controversies in film Films adapted into comics Films directed by Tim Burton Films produced by Jon Peters Films produced by Peter Guber Films scored by Danny Elfman Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Bedfordshire Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in London Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design Academy Award Films with screenplays by Sam Hamm Films with screenplays by Warren Skaaren Gothic films Joker (character) in other media PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Saturn Award–winning films Warner Bros. films English-language action films Dolby Cinema films CS1 maint: archived copy as title Pages containing links to subscription-only content Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from January 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2015 Template film date with 3 release dates Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 06:53 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Administrative divisions 3 Demographics 4 Economy 5 Politics Toggle Politics subsection 5.1 Legislature 5.2 Executive 5.1 Legislature 5.2 Executive 6 Geography 7 Nature reserves and parks 8 Sister relations 9 References Toggle References subsection 9.1 Notes 9.2 Sources 9.1 Notes 9.2 Sources 10 External links Samara Oblast Acèh Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Ladin Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lombard Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Мокшень Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Tolışi Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Wikidata item Samara Oblast Самарская область ( Russian ) Oblast .mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top} Flag Coat of arms Anthem: Anthem of Samara Oblast [ ru ] Interactive map of Samara Oblast Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 53°27′N 50°27′E / 53.450°N 50.450°E / 53.450; 50.450 Country Russia Federal district Volga Economic region Volga Established December 5, 1936 [ 1 ] Administrative center Samara [ 2 ] Government • Body Regional Duma [ 3 ] • Governor [ 4 ] Vyacheslav Fedorishchev Area • Total 53,565 km 2 (20,682 sq mi) • Rank 50th Population ( 2021 census ) [ 5 ] • Total 3,172,925 .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 83.8% Russians 2.9% Tatars 1.4% Mordvins 0.6% Armenians 4.8% other 6.4% not stated 83.8% Russians 2.9% Tatars 1.4% Mordvins 0.6% Armenians 4.8% other 6.4% not stated • Estimate (2018) [ 6 ] 3,193,514 • Rank 11th • Density 59.235/km 2 (153.42/sq mi) • Urban 79.6% • Rural 20.4% Time zone UTC+4 ( MSK+1 ) ISO 3166 code RU-SAM License plates 63, 163, 763 OKTMO ID 36000000 Official languages Russian Website www .samregion .ru Samara Oblast ( Russian : Сама́рская о́бласть , romanized : Samarskaya oblastʹ , [sɐˈmarskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ] ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast ). Its administrative center is the city of Samara . From 1935 to 1991, it was known as Kuybyshev Oblast . [ a ] As of the 2021 Census , the population of the oblast was 3,172,925. [ 5 ] The oblast borders Tatarstan in the north, Orenburg Oblast in the east, Kazakhstan ( West Kazakhstan Province ) in the south, Saratov Oblast in the southwest and Ulyanovsk Oblast in the west. It is located in 3 natural landscape zones: the forest zone (coniferous and broad-leaved forests), the basis of which is pine-oak forests, pine forests and broad-leaved forests with the participation of oak and maple. Spruce occasionally joins them. Areas of the southern taiga are found on the coast of the region. The forest-steppe zone occupies the central regions of the region and is represented by a combination of areas of broad-leaved forests, most often oak and meadow steppes. Red deer , roe deer , elk , and sometimes bears are found in these forests. The south of the region is occupied by steppes consisting of typchak and sagebrush . History The Samara region contains a remarkable succession of archaeological cultures from 7000 BC to 4000 BC. These sites have revealed Europe's earliest pottery ( Elshanka culture ), [ 8 ] the world's oldest horse burial and signs of horse worship (the Syezzheye cemetery of Samara culture ) [ 9 ] and the earliest kurgans associated with Proto-Indo-Europeans (e.g., Krivoluchye assigned to Khvalynsk culture [ 10 ] ). The Russian Empire established the Samara Governorate as a guberniya in the area in 1851. It was administered from the city of Samara . During the Revolution of 1905 , a rebellion took place in November that year at the village of Novaya Tsarevshchina (now Volzhsky) and spread to the village of Stary Buyan, leading to the formation of the short-lived separatist state, the Stary Buyan Republic , within the governorate. There was little local opposition to the new state, and after the failure of local police to end the rebellion, it was successfully suppressed by a punitive expedition of Cossacks and gendarmes led by the vice-governor of the governorate in Samara. After the decree of Tsar Nicholas II on religious tolerance the Old Believers were forced to pay taxes in favour to the Orthodox Church that they believed to be heretical. The then Ministry of Interior forbade Samara's public officials to prosecute in this practice, which was contrary to the spirit of the decree. [ 11 ] During the Russian Civil War , the region was heavily affected by the Russian famine of 1921–1922 . Under Soviet rule most of the governorate's territory was transformed into the Middle Volga Oblast, which was established on May 14, 1928, and a year later on October 20, 1929, it was again transformed into Middle Volga Krai. [ 1 ] On January 27, 1935, Samara and the Middle Volga Krai were renamed Kuybyshev and Kuybyshev Krai, respectively, in honor of the Bolshevik leader Valerian Kuybyshev . [ 1 ] On December 5, 1936, Kuybyshev Krai was transformed into Kuybyshev Oblast upon the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution . [ 1 ] On January 25, 1991 by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the Kuibyshev Oblast was renamed the Samara Oblast. [ 12 ] On April 21, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia approved the decision of the presidium of the parliament to rename the region, amending Art. 71 of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978, [ 13 ] which entered into force on May 16, 1992. [ 14 ] On 1 August 1997 Samara Oblast signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. [ 15 ] This agreement would be abolished on 22 February 2002. [ 16 ] Tolyatti is the largest city in Russia which does not serve as the administrative center of a federal subject. Administrative divisions Demographics Year Pop. ±% 1897 2,751,336 — 1926 2,413,403 −12.3% 1959 2,258,359 −6.4% 1970 2,750,926 +21.8% 1979 3,092,866 +12.4% 1989 3,265,586 +5.6% 2002 3,239,737 −0.8% 2010 3,215,532 −0.7% 2021 3,172,925 −1.3% Source: Census data Population: 3,172,925 ( 2021 census ) ; [ 5 ] 3,215,532 ( 2010 census ) ; [ 17 ] 3,239,737 ( 2002 census ) ; [ 18 ] 3,265,586 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . [ 19 ] Vital statistics for 2024: [ 20 ] Births: 22,992 (7.4 per 1,000) Deaths: 43,273 (13.9 per 1,000) Total fertility rate (2024): [ 21 ] 1.31 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): [ 22 ] Total — 69.33 years (male — 64.62, female — 73.86) Ethnic groups: According to the 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the oblast was: [ 17 ] 2,645,124 Russians (85.6%) 126,124 Tatars (4.1%) 84,105 Chuvash (2.7%) 65,447 Mordvins (2.1%) 42,169 Ukrainians (1.4%) 22,981 Armenians (0.7%) 123,691 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. [ 23 ] Russian Orthodoxy 35% Other Orthodox 1.6% Other Christians 7.8% Islam 1.9% Rodnovery and other native faiths 0.8% Spiritual but not religious 29.6% Atheism and irreligion 12.6% Other and undeclared 10.7% According to a 2012 survey [ 24 ] 35% of the population of Samara Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 7% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 1% are Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to any church or are members of non-Russian Orthodox churches , 3% are Muslims , and 1% of the population are adherents of Rodnovery (Slavic folk religion). In addition, 30% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 13% is atheist , and a further 10% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question. [ 24 ] Economy In 1997, Samara Oblast became one of the few federal subjects to receive the approval of the President of Russia to implement external bonded loans (Presidential decree No. 1212, dated 12.10.1997 "On Creating Conditions to Conduct Loans Operations on the Internal and External Capital Markets"). Samara Oblast (or Samara Region) has several special investment sites which are built to implement new plants, industries, factories, create new jobs and increase investments in the Samara Region, in addition to legacy plants such as the Kuibyshev refinery . [ 26 ] Special economic zone of industrial-production type «Togliatti» [ 27 ] Industrial Park «Preobrazhenka» [ 28 ] Industrial Park «Chapaevsk» [ 29 ] Technopark in the sphere of high technologies "Zhiguli Valley" [ 30 ] Industrial Park «Togliattisyntez» [ 31 ] Industrial Park «Stavropolskiy» In order to help Russian and foreign investors to select a site for project implementation, to provide consulting services free of charge Ministry for Economic Development, Investments and Trade of the Samara Region organized a Non-Profit Unitary Organization – Fund "Investment Promotion Agency of the Samara Region". [ 32 ] The Agency cooperates with investors on the "one-stop-shop" principle, as well as: Searches for foreign partners according to the companies' priorities; Provides investment consulting services and monitors the implementation of investment projects; Promotes the investment opportunities of the Samara Region in Russia and foreign countries by participation in conferences, exhibitions, forums and other events. [ 33 ] Politics During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Samara CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). After the abolition of Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR in March 1990, the CPSU lost its monopoly on power. The head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament . The Charter of Samara Oblast is the fundamental law of the oblast. The Legislative Assembly of Samara Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia . Governors: Konstantin Titov (1991–2007) Vladimir Artyakov (2007–2012) Nikolay Merkushkin (2012–2017) Dmitry Azarov (2017–2024) Vyacheslav Fedorishchev (2024–) Legislature The current 7th convocation was elected in September 2021 until 2026. All 50 deputies were elected from parties: 36 from United Russia , 10 from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation , 2 from A Just Russia - For Truth , 1 from the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia , 1 from New People . Gennady Kotelnikov (United Russia) was elected chairman of the Duma. Andrey Kislov (United Russia) was elected as the representative of the Samara provincial Duma in the Federation Council until 2026. Executive Since September 2017, the position of Governor of Samara Oblast has been held by Dmitry Azarov . On 25 September 2017, he was appointed acting governor by President Putin after the early resignation of Nikolay Merkushkin , and on 9 September 2018, he was elected by the United Russia party in early elections . Farit Mukhametshin has been appointed representative in the Federation Council of the Government of the Samara Region until 2023. Geography The region is located in the southeastern part of the European territory of Russia, in the middle reaches of the Volga , on both sides of it. This is the fifth largest region of the Volga region — it occupies an area of 53.6 thousand km2, which is 0.31% of the territory of Russia. The region stretches from north to south for 335 km, and from west to east for 315 km. The southernmost point of the region lies on the border with Kazakhstan (51°47' s. w. and 50°47' v. d.), the northernmost point is on the border with the Republic of Tatarstan (54°41's. w. and 51°23' v. d.). The westernmost point lies on the border with the Ulyanovsk region (53°22' s. w. and 47°55' v. d.), and the extreme eastern one is on the border with the Orenburg region (54°20's. w. and 52°35' v. d.). [ citation needed ] Due to the proximity of the West Kazakhstan region of Kazakhstan , part of the Bolshechnigovsky district has the status of a border territory. [ citation needed ] Nature reserves and parks At the end of 2012, there are protected areas of the following categories in the Samara region: state nature reserve, national parks , biosphere reserves, protected areas of regional importance, botanical gardens , therapeutic areas. At the moment, a unique network of various protected natural areas has been formed in the Samara region. It is based on protected areas of federal significance: the I. I. Sprygin Zhiguli State Nature Reserve (23,157 thousand hectares) and the Samarskaya Luka National Park (127,186 thousand hectares). [ 34 ] General forest cover of the region: [ 35 ] 1696 1763 1868 1887 1914 1970 1988 33,6 % 29 % 25,3 % 20,5 % 17,8 % 12,4 % 12,5 % The Sergievsky Mineral Waters resort area operates on the basis of the Sernovodsk mineral spring. Sister relations Győr-Moson-Sopron County , Hungary [ 36 ] References ^ a b c d Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Union Republics. 1987. , p. 162 ^ Charter of Samara Oblast, Article 53 ^ Charter of Samara Oblast, Article 59 ^ Charter of Samara Oblast, Article 61 ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service . ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года" . Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved January 23, 2019 . ^ Samara Oblast Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service . Численность населения по полу и возрасту на 1 января 2015 года, Самарская область Archived April 30, 2018, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) ^ Anthony, David W. (August 15, 2010). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World . Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691148182 . ^ Kuzʹmina, Elena Efimovna (2007). The Origin of the Indo-Iranians . BRILL. ISBN 9789004160545 . ^ Marija Gimbutas . The Prehistory of Eastern Europe . Part 1 (1956). P. 55. ^ Budkina, Irina (May 2, 2005). "Religious Freedom Since 1905 - Any Progress in Russia?" . Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe . 26 (2): 27. OCLC 8092013871 . ^ "О переименовании города Куйбышева в город Самару и Куйбышевской области в Самарскую область - docs.cntd.ru" . docs.cntd.ru . ^ "Закон РФ от 21 апреля 1992 г. N 2708-I "Об изменениях и дополнениях Конституции (Основного Закона) Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики" / Раздел I (п.п. 1 - 25)" . constitution.garant.ru . ^ "Çàêîíû ÐÑÔÑÐ/ÐÔ 1990-1993 è ïîïðàâêè ê íèì äî âåñíû 1995" . www.politika.su . ^ "Newsline - August 4, 1997 Power-Sharing Agreement Signed with Samara Oblast" . Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty . August 1, 1997 . Retrieved May 3, 2019 . ^ Chuman, Mizuki. "The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia" (PDF) . Demokratizatsiya : 146. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2019 . Retrieved May 6, 2019 . ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service . ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS) . Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly . ^ "Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов российской федерации за декабрь 2024 года" . Rosstat . February 21, 2025 . Retrieved February 25, 2025 . ^ "Рейтинг рождаемости в регионах: кто в лидерах, а кто в аутсайдерах | Москва" . ФедералПресс (in Russian). February 25, 2025 . Retrieved February 26, 2025 . ^ "Демографический ежегодник России" [The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat) . Retrieved June 1, 2022 . ^ "Перепись-2010: русских становится больше" . Perepis-2010.ru. December 19, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012 . Retrieved August 13, 2012 . ^ a b c "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia" . Sreda, 2012. ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps . "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived . ^ Neftepererabotka , Rosneft.com, retrieved 28 August 2025. ^ "Особая экономическая зона "Тольятти" " . oeztlt.ru . ^ "Home" . preobrazhenka.investsamara.ru . ^ "Home" . chapaevsk.investsamara.ru . ^ "Home" . z-valley.cik63.ru . ^ " "Тольяттисинтез" - индустриальный парк Тольятти | развитая инфраструктура, быстрый старт" . ip-ts.ru . ^ "Инвестиции в Самарскую область" . investinsamara.ru . ^ "Invest In Samara | Инвестиционная привлекательность Самарской области" . investinsamara.ru . Retrieved September 7, 2017 . ^ "Поздравляем с Днем заповедников и национальных парков!" . ^ "Известия Самарского научного центра РАН : журнал. — Самара, 1999. — Вып. 1" (PDF) . ^ "Раздел > Основная информация о Венгрии > Информация от А до Я Города побратимы, cотрудничающие области" . vengria.ru . September 19, 2012. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012 . Retrieved March 31, 2018 . Notes ^ Russian : Ку́йбышевская о́бласть , romanized : Kuybyshevskaya oblast' , [ˈkujbɨʂɨfskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ] Sources Самарская Губернская Дума. Закон №22-ГД от 13 октября 1998 г. «О государственных символах Самарской области», в ред. Закона №146-ГД от 31 декабря 2014 г. «О внесении изменения в статью 2 Закона Самарской области "О государственных символах Самарской области"». Вступил в силу с момента опубликования (17 октября 1998 г.). Опубликован: "Волжская коммуна", No.186, 17 октября 1998 г. (Samara Governorate Duma. Law #22-GD of October 13, 1998 On the State Symbols of Samara Oblast , as amended by the Law #146-GD of December 31, 2014 On Amending Article 2 of the Law of Samara Oblast "On the State Symbols of Samara Oblast" . Effective as of the moment of publication (October 17, 1998).). Самарская Губернская Дума. №179-ГД 18 декабря 2006 г. «Устав Самарской области», в ред. Закона №6-ГД от 11 января 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав Самарской области». Вступил в силу 1 января 2007 г. Опубликован: "Волжская коммуна", №237 (25790), 20 декабря 2006 г. (Samara Governorate Duma. #179-GD December 18, 2006 Charter of Samara Oblast , as amended by the Law #6-GD of January 11, 2016 On Amending the Charter of Samara Oblast . Effective as of January 1, 2007.). Президиум Верховного Совета РСФСР. Указ №526-1 от 25 января 1991 г. «О переименовании города Куйбышева в город Самару и Куйбышевской области в Самарскую область». ( Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR . Decree #526-1 of January 25, 1991 On Changing the Name of the City of Kuybyshev to the City of Samara and of Kuybyshev Oblast to Samara Oblast . ). External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Samara Oblast at Wikimedia Commons Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch ; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). "Samara (government)" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 24 (11th ed.). pp. 107– 108. Official website of Samara Oblast Archived March 3, 2022, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) Central Eurasian Information Resource: Images of Samara Oblast , University of Washington Digital Collection .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Subdivisions of Russia v t e Federal subjects Oblasts (48) Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kherson 1 Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl Zaporozhye 1 Republics (24) Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Crimea 1 Dagestan Donetsk 1 Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Luhansk 1 Karelia Khakassia Komi Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia–Alania Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Udmurtia Krais (9) Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky Autonomous okrugs (4) Chukotka Khanty-Mansi 2 Nenets 3 Yamalo-Nenets 2 Federal cities (3) Moscow Saint Petersburg Sevastopol 1 Autonomous oblast (1) Jewish 1 Considered by most of the international community to be part of Ukraine . 2 Administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast . 3 Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast . Federal subjects Oblasts (48) Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kherson 1 Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl Zaporozhye 1 Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kherson 1 Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl Zaporozhye 1 Republics (24) Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Crimea 1 Dagestan Donetsk 1 Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Luhansk 1 Karelia Khakassia Komi Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia–Alania Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Udmurtia Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Crimea 1 Dagestan Donetsk 1 Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Luhansk 1 Karelia Khakassia Komi Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia–Alania Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Udmurtia Krais (9) Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky Autonomous okrugs (4) Chukotka Khanty-Mansi 2 Nenets 3 Yamalo-Nenets 2 Chukotka Khanty-Mansi 2 Nenets 3 Yamalo-Nenets 2 Federal cities (3) Moscow Saint Petersburg Sevastopol 1 Moscow Saint Petersburg Sevastopol 1 Autonomous oblast (1) Jewish Jewish 1 Considered by most of the international community to be part of Ukraine . 2 Administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast . 3 Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast . 1 Considered by most of the international community to be part of Ukraine . 2 Administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast . 3 Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast . Non-constitutional official divisions by various institutions Federal districts (by President ) Economic regions (by Ministry of Economic Development ) Military districts (by Ministry of Defence ) Judicial districts Non-constitutional official divisions by various institutions Federal districts (by President ) Economic regions (by Ministry of Economic Development ) Military districts (by Ministry of Defence ) Judicial districts Federal districts (by President ) Economic regions (by Ministry of Economic Development ) Military districts (by Ministry of Defence ) Judicial districts v t e Administrative divisions of Samara Oblast v t e Administrative center : Samara • Rural localities Districts Alexeyevsky Bezenchuksky Bogatovsky Bolshechernigovsky Bolsheglushitsky Borsky Chelno-Vershinsky Isaklinsky Kamyshlinsky Khvorostyansky Kinel-Cherkassky Kinelsky Klyavlinsky Koshkinsky Krasnoarmeysky Krasnoyarsky Neftegorsky Pestravsky Pokhvistnevsky Privolzhsky Sergiyevsky Shentalinsky Shigonsky Stavropolsky Syzransky Volzhsky Yelkhovsky Alexeyevsky Bezenchuksky Bogatovsky Bolshechernigovsky Bolsheglushitsky Borsky Chelno-Vershinsky Isaklinsky Kamyshlinsky Khvorostyansky Kinel-Cherkassky Kinelsky Klyavlinsky Koshkinsky Krasnoarmeysky Krasnoyarsky Neftegorsky Pestravsky Pokhvistnevsky Privolzhsky Sergiyevsky Shentalinsky Shigonsky Stavropolsky Syzransky Volzhsky Yelkhovsky Cities and towns Chapayevsk Kinel Neftegorsk Novokuybyshevsk Oktyabrsk Otradny Pokhvistnevo Samara Syzran Tolyatti Zhigulevsk Chapayevsk Kinel Neftegorsk Novokuybyshevsk Oktyabrsk Otradny Pokhvistnevo Samara Syzran Tolyatti Zhigulevsk Urban-type settlements Alexeyevka Balasheyka Bezenchuk Mezhdurechensk Mirny Novosemeykino Osinki Petra Dubrava Roshchinsky Smyshlyayevka Stroykeramika Sukhodol Ust-Kinelsky Volzhsky Alexeyevka Balasheyka Bezenchuk Mezhdurechensk Mirny Novosemeykino Osinki Petra Dubrava Roshchinsky Smyshlyayevka Stroykeramika Sukhodol Ust-Kinelsky Volzhsky Authority control databases National Czech Republic Israel Czech Republic Israel Geographic MusicBrainz area MusicBrainz area Other IdRef IdRef Samara Oblast Oblasts of Russia Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru) CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Russian-language sources (ru) CS1: unfit URL Articles containing Russian-language text Pages with Russian IPA Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024 Commons category link from Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Use mdy dates from December 2015 Pages using the Kartographer extension This page was last edited on 28 November 2025, at 02:06 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Editions 1.1.1 1768–1824 1.1.2 1827–1901 1.1.3 1901–1973 1.1.4 1974–1994 1.1.5 1994–present 1.2 Dedications 1.1 Editions 1.1.1 1768–1824 1.1.2 1827–1901 1.1.3 1901–1973 1.1.4 1974–1994 1.1.5 1994–present 1.1.1 1768–1824 1.1.2 1827–1901 1.1.3 1901–1973 1.1.4 1974–1994 1.1.5 1994–present 1.2 Dedications 2 Print version 3 Related printed material 4 Optical disc, online, and mobile versions 5 Personnel and management Toggle Personnel and management subsection 5.1 Contributors 5.2 Staff 5.3 Editorial advisors 5.4 Corporate structure 5.5 Sales and marketing 5.1 Contributors 5.2 Staff 5.3 Editorial advisors 5.4 Corporate structure 5.5 Sales and marketing 6 Competition Toggle Competition subsection 6.1 Print encyclopaedias 6.2 Digital encyclopaedias on optical media 6.3 Wikipedia 6.1 Print encyclopaedias 6.2 Digital encyclopaedias on optical media 6.3 Wikipedia 7 Critical and popular assessments Toggle Critical and popular assessments subsection 7.1 Reputation 7.2 Awards 7.3 Coverage of topics 7.4 Criticism of editorial decisions 7.5 Other criticisms 7.1 Reputation 7.2 Awards 7.3 Coverage of topics 7.4 Criticism of editorial decisions 7.5 Other criticisms 8 Edition summary 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Encyclopædia Britannica Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 粵語 中文 Nupe Tolışi Toki pona Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Wikinews Wikisource Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page Author As of 2008 [update] , 4,411 named contributors Illustrator Several; initial engravings by Andrew Bell Language British English Subject General knowledge Published Since 1768 Publisher Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Publication date 1768–2010 (printed version) 1994–present (online) 1768–2010 (printed version) 1994–present (online) Publication place .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} United Kingdom (1768–1901) United States (1901–present) United Kingdom (1768–1901) United States (1901–present) Media type Multivolume print (discontinued in 2012), 15 named editions, see edition summary CD-ROM Online digital ( Britannica.com ) Multivolume print (discontinued in 2012), 15 named editions, see edition summary CD-ROM Online digital ( Britannica.com ) Dewey Decimal 031 Website britannica .com The Encyclopædia Britannica ( Latin for 'British Encyclopaedia') is a general-knowledge English-language encyclopaedia . It has been published since 1768, and after several ownership changes is currently owned by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, which spans 32 volumes and 32,640 pages, was the last printed edition. [ 1 ] Since 2016, it has been published exclusively as an online encyclopaedia at the website Britannica.com . Printed for 245 years, the Britannica was the longest-running in-print encyclopaedia in the English language. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh , Scotland, in weekly instalments that came together to form three volumes. At first, the encyclopaedia, from edition to edition, grew quickly in size. The second edition was extended to 10 volumes, and by its fourth edition (1801–1810), the Britannica had expanded to 20 volumes. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, its size (at least in terms of total word length) has remained roughly steady, at about 40 million words. [ 2 ] The Britannica 's rising stature as an authoritative and scholarly work helped recruit eminent contributors , and the 9th (1875–1889) and 11th editions (1911) are landmark encyclopaedias for scholarship and literary style. Starting with the 11th edition and following its acquisition by an American firm, the Britannica shortened and simplified articles to broaden its appeal to the North American market. Though published in the United States since 1901, the Britannica has for the most part maintained British English spelling . In 1932, the Britannica adopted a policy of "continuous revision," in which the encyclopaedia is continually revised and reprinted, with every article updated on a schedule. [ 3 ] The publishers of Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia had already pioneered such a policy. [ 4 ] The 15th edition (1974–2010) has a three-part structure: a 12-volume Micropædia of short articles (generally fewer than 750 words), a 17-volume Macropædia of long articles (two to 310 pages), and a single Propædia volume to give a hierarchical outline of knowledge. The Micropædia was meant for quick fact-checking and as a guide to the Macropædia ; readers are advised to study the Propædia outline to understand a subject's context and to find more detailed articles. In the 21st century, the Britannica faced strong competition: in particular from the digital and multimedia encyclopaedia Microsoft Encarta , [ 5 ] and later from the online peer-produced encyclopaedia Wikipedia . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Despite (or perhaps because of) such competition, Britannica retained its reputation for authoritative, comprehensive, structured, and scholarly treatments of included subjects. [ 9 ] While it continued to score well in assessments of its overall quality, [ 10 ] as compared to its competitors, it could not (as an expert-authored compilation of a limited number of articles on only important subjects), match their breadth of coverage and continuous updating. [ 7 ] In March 2012, it announced it would no longer publish printed editions and would focus instead on the online version. [ 7 ] [ 11 ] History Past owners have included, in chronological order, the Scottish printers Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, the Scottish bookseller Archibald Constable, the Scottish publisher A. & C. Black, Horace Everett Hooper , Sears Roebuck, William Benton , and Jacqui Safra , a Swiss billionaire residing in New York . Recent advances in information technology and the rise of electronic encyclopaedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite, Encarta and Wikipedia have reduced the demand for print encyclopaedias. [ 12 ] To remain competitive, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has stressed the reputation of the Britannica , reduced its price and production costs, and developed electronic versions on CD-ROM , DVD, and the World Wide Web . Since the early 1930s, the company has also promoted spin-off reference works. [ 13 ] Editions The Encyclopaedia Britannica has been issued in 15 editions, with multi-volume supplements to the 3rd edition and to the 4th, 5th, and 6th editions as a group (see the Table below). The 5th and 6th editions were reprints of the 4th, and the 10th edition was only a supplement to the 9th, just as the 12th and 13th editions were supplements to the 11th. For the 15th edition (1974), the Britannica underwent a massive reorganization and became the New Encyclopaedia Britannica . The 14th and 15th editions were edited every year throughout their runs, so that later printings of each were quite different from early ones. Throughout its history, the Britannica has had two aims: to be an excellent reference book, and to provide educational material. [ 14 ] In 1974, the 15th edition adopted a third goal: to systematize all human knowledge. [ 15 ] The history of the Britannica can be divided into five eras, punctuated by changes in management or reorganization of the encyclopaedia. 1768–1824 In the first era (1st–6th editions, 1768–1824), the Britannica was managed and published by its founders, Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, by Archibald Constable, and by others. The Britannica was first published in serial instalments between December 1768 and about August 1771 in Edinburgh as the Encyclopædia Britannica, or, A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, compiled upon a New Plan . [ 16 ] The new plan in question was an organizational one, namely to include two kinds of typographically distinct entries (articles and longer "treatises") in a single alphabetical sequence. In principle, "treatises" were to cover the arts and sciences, leaving articles to deal with their subordinate objects. The idea may have been inspired by Dennis de Coetlogon's Universal History of Arts and Sciences , an alphabetical encyclopaedia that contained only treatises. [ 17 ] Regardless, the Britannica continued to intermix formally distinguished articles and treatises through the 10th edition. [ 18 ] According to Arthur Herman's book How the Scots Invented the Modern World , the Encyclopaedia Britannica is one of the most enduring legacies of the Scottish Enlightenment . [ 19 ] It is important to be more specific, however, about how the early Britannica was and was not Scottish and a monument to the Scottish Enlightenment. The two publishers and William Smellie , whom they engaged to compile the work, were all Scots. Much of the first edition was compiled by Smellie from Scottish sources. [ 20 ] At the same time, despite working in Edinburgh, the centre of the Scottish Enlightenment, neither Smellie nor James Tytler , the editor of the second edition, arranged for contributions from any local luminaries. [ 21 ] Nor does the work seem to have been much noticed by participants in the Scottish Enlightenment before its third edition. [ 22 ] Likewise, it is significant that the title chosen was the Encyclopaedia Britannica (and not the Encyclopaedia Scotorum , or 'Scottish Encyclopaedia'). Indeed, by the time of the third edition, the Britannica was starting to evolve into a symbol of Britishness. [ 23 ] In this era, the Britannica grew significantly in size, sales, and reputation. Just as important were changes to the way it was compiled and edited. On his tombstone, Smellie was characterized as the editor of the first edition of the Britannica , but he was not an editor in anything like the sense in which Macvey Napier, who edited the Supplement to the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Editions , was. Smellie compiled nearly all the articles in the first edition himself, although we know he had minor help from at least one contributor, James Anderson, who wrote the articles "Dictionary," "Pneumatics," and "Smoke." [ 24 ] For the third edition and its Supplement , editors still compiled the bulk of the articles, but they were assisted by dozens of collaborators. We know of thirty-five who wrote for the third edition, for example, some of them named in the preface, including the chemist Joseph Black and the natural philosopher John Robison . [ 25 ] Then, by the time of the Supplement , Napier had become mostly a managing editor. He still wrote some articles, but his main job was recruiting collaborators, for the prospectus stipulated that "the various articles, in the Supplement, shall be written by the most Eminent Men, in the different departments of Science." [ 26 ] Several other encyclopaedias competed with the Britannica throughout this period, among them editions of Ephraim Chambers' and Abraham Rees 's Cyclopædia , Coleridge's Encyclopædia Metropolitana , and David Brewster 's Edinburgh Encyclopædia . 1827–1901 During the second era (7th–9th editions, 1827–1901), the Britannica was managed by the Edinburgh publishing firm A & C Black . Although some contributors were again recruited through friendships of the chief editors, notably Macvey Napier , others were attracted by the Britannica 's reputation. The contributors often came from other countries and included the world's most respected authorities in their fields. A general index of all articles was included for the first time in the 7th edition, a practice maintained until 1974. Production of the 9th edition was overseen by Thomas Spencer Baynes, the first English-born editor-in-chief. Dubbed the "Scholar's Edition", the 9th edition is the most scholarly of all Britannicas . [ 27 ] [ 28 ] After 1880, Baynes was assisted by William Robertson Smith . [ 29 ] No biographies of living persons were included. [ 30 ] James Clerk Maxwell and Thomas Huxley were special advisors on science. [ 31 ] However, by the close of the 19th century, the 9th edition was outdated, and the Britannica faced financial difficulties. 1901–1973 In the third era (10th–14th editions, 1901–1973), the Britannica was managed by American businessmen who introduced direct marketing and door-to-door sales. The American owners gradually simplified articles, making them less scholarly for a mass market. The 10th edition was an eleven-volume supplement (including one each of maps and an index) to the 9th, numbered as volumes 25–35, but the 11th edition was a completely new work; its owner, Horace Hooper, lavished enormous effort on the project. [ 28 ] When Hooper fell into financial difficulties, the Britannica was managed by Sears Roebuck for 18 years (1920–1923, 1928–1943). In 1932, the vice-president of Sears, Elkan Harrison Powell, assumed presidency of the Britannica ; in 1936, he began the policy of continuous revision. This was a departure from earlier practice, in which the articles were not changed until a new edition was produced, at roughly 25-year intervals, some articles unchanged from earlier editions. [ 13 ] Powell developed new educational products that built upon the Britannica 's reputation. In 1943, Sears donated the Encyclopædia Britannica to the University of Chicago . William Benton , then a vice president of the university, provided the working capital for its operation. The stock was divided between Benton and the university, with the university holding an option on the stock. [ 32 ] Benton became chairman of the board and managed the Britannica until his death in 1973. [ 33 ] Benton set up the Benton Foundation, which managed the Britannica until 1996, and whose sole beneficiary was the University of Chicago. [ 34 ] In 1968, the Britannica celebrated its bicentennial . 1974–1994 In the fourth era (1974–1994), the Britannica introduced its 15th edition, which was reorganized into three parts: the Micropædia , the Macropædia , and the Propædia . Under Mortimer J. Adler (member of the Board of Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica since its inception in 1949, and its chair from 1974; director of editorial planning for the 15th edition of Britannica from 1965), [ 35 ] the Britannica sought not only to be a good reference work and educational tool, but to systematize all human knowledge. The absence of a separate index and the grouping of articles into parallel encyclopaedias (the Micro- and Macropædia ) provoked a "firestorm of criticism" of the initial 15th edition. [ 27 ] [ 36 ] In response, the 15th edition was completely reorganized and indexed for a re-release in 1985. This second version of the 15th edition continued to be published and revised through the release of the 2010 print version. The official title of the 15th edition is the New Encyclopædia Britannica , although it has also been promoted as Britannica 3 . [ 27 ] On 9 March 1976 the US Federal Trade Commission entered an opinion and order enjoining Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. from using: a) deceptive advertising practices in recruiting sales agents and obtaining sales leads, and b) deceptive sales practices in the door-to-door presentations of its sales agents. [ 37 ] 1994–present In the fifth era (1994–present), digital versions have been developed and released on optical media and online. In 1996, the Britannica was bought by Jacqui Safra at well below its estimated value, owing to the company's financial difficulties. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. split in 1999. One part retained the company name and developed the print version, and the other, Britannica.com Incorporated, developed digital versions. Since 2001, the two companies have shared a CEO, Ilan Yeshua , who has continued Powell's strategy of introducing new products with the Britannica name. In March 2012, Britannica's president, Jorge Cauz , announced that it would not produce any new print editions of the encyclopaedia, with the 2010 15th edition being the last. The company will focus only on the online edition and other educational tools. [ 1 ] [ 38 ] Britannica 's final print edition was in 2010, a 32-volume set. [ 1 ] Britannica Global Edition was also printed in 2010, containing 30 volumes and 18,251 pages, with 8,500 photographs, maps, flags, and illustrations in smaller "compact" volumes, as well as over 40,000 articles written by scholars from across the world, including Nobel Prize winners. Unlike the 15th edition, it did not contain Macro- and Micropædia sections, but ran A through Z as all editions up through the 14th had. The following is Britannica 's description of the work: [ 39 ] The editors of Encyclopædia Britannica , the world standard in reference since 1768, present the Britannica Global Edition . Developed specifically to provide comprehensive and global coverage of the world around us, this unique product contains thousands of timely, relevant, and essential articles drawn from the Encyclopædia Britannica itself, as well as from the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia , the Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions , and Compton's by Britannica. Written by international experts and scholars, the articles in this collection reflect the standards that have been the hallmark of the leading English-language encyclopedia for over 240 years. The editors of Encyclopædia Britannica , the world standard in reference since 1768, present the Britannica Global Edition . Developed specifically to provide comprehensive and global coverage of the world around us, this unique product contains thousands of timely, relevant, and essential articles drawn from the Encyclopædia Britannica itself, as well as from the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia , the Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions , and Compton's by Britannica. Written by international experts and scholars, the articles in this collection reflect the standards that have been the hallmark of the leading English-language encyclopedia for over 240 years. In 2020, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. released the Britannica All New Children's Encyclopedia: What We Know and What We Don't , an encyclopaedia aimed primarily at younger readers, covering major topics. The encyclopaedia was widely praised for bringing back the print format. It was Britannica 's first encyclopaedia for children since 1984. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] Dedications The Britannica was dedicated to the reigning British monarch from 1788 to 1901 and then, upon its sale to an American partnership, to the British monarch and the President of the United States. [ 27 ] Thus, the 11th edition is "dedicated by Permission to His Majesty George the Fifth , King of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India , and to William Howard Taft , President of the United States of America." [ 43 ] The order of the dedications has changed with the relative power of the United States and Britain, and with relative sales; the 1954 version of the 14th edition is "Dedicated by Permission to the Heads of the Two English-Speaking Peoples, Dwight David Eisenhower , President of the United States of America, and Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth the Second ." [ 44 ] Print version From 1985, the Britannica consisted of four parts: the Micropædia , the Macropædia , the Propædia , and a two-volume index. The Britannica 's articles are contained in the Micro- and Macropædia , which encompass 12 and 17 volumes, respectively, each volume having roughly one thousand pages. The 2007 Macropædia has 699 in-depth articles, ranging in length from two pages to 310 pages, with references and named contributors. In contrast, the 2007 Micropædia has roughly 65,000 articles, the vast majority (about 97%) of which contain fewer than 750 words, no references, and no named contributors. [ 45 ] The Micropædia articles are intended for quick fact-checking and to help in finding more thorough information in the Macropædia . The Macropædia articles are meant as authoritative, well-written commentaries on their subjects, as well as storehouses of information not covered elsewhere. [ 27 ] The longest article (310 pages) is on the subject of the United States, and it resulted from merging separate articles on the individual US states . A 2013 "Global Edition" of Britannica contained approximately 40,000 articles. [ 39 ] Information can be found in the Britannica by following the cross-references in the Micropædia and Macropædia ; these are sparse, however, averaging one cross-reference per page. [ 46 ] Readers are instead recommended to consult the alphabetical index or the Propædia , which organizes the Britannica 's contents by topic. [ 47 ] The core of the Propædia is its "Outline of Knowledge", which aims to provide a logical framework for all human knowledge. [ 15 ] Accordingly, the Outline is consulted by the Britannica 's editors to decide which articles should be included in the Micro- and Macropædia . [ 15 ] The Outline can also be used as a study guide, as it puts subjects in their proper perspective and suggests a series of Britannica articles for the student wishing to learn a topic in depth. [ 15 ] However, libraries have found that it is scarcely used for this purpose, and reviewers have recommended that it be dropped from the encyclopaedia. [ 48 ] The Propædia contains colour transparencies of human anatomy and several appendices listing the staff members, advisors, and contributors to all three parts of the Britannica . Taken together, the Micropædia and Macropædia comprise roughly 40 million words and 24,000 images. [ 47 ] The two-volume index has 2,350 pages, listing the 228,274 topics covered in the Britannica , together with 474,675 subentries under those topics. [ 46 ] The Britannica generally prefers British spelling over American ; [ 46 ] for example, it uses colour (not color ), centre (not center ), and encyclopaedia (not encyclopedia ). There are some exceptions to this rule, such as defense rather than defence . [ 49 ] Common alternative spellings are provided with cross-references such as "Color: see Colour." Since 1936, the contents (articles) of Britannica have been revised on a regular schedule, with at least 10% of the articles considered for revision each year. [ 46 ] [ 13 ] According to one Britannica website, 46% of the articles in the 2007 edition were revised over the preceding three years; [ 50 ] however, according to another Britannica website, only 35% of the articles were revised over the same period. [ 51 ] [ better source needed ] The alphabetization of articles in the Micropædia and Macropædia follows strict rules. [ 52 ] Diacritical marks and non-English letters are ignored, while numerical entries such as " 1812, War of " are alphabetized as if the number had been written out ("Eighteen-twelve, War of"). Articles with identical names are ordered first by persons, then by places, then by things. Rulers with identical names are organized first alphabetically by country and then by chronology; thus, Charles III of France precedes Charles I of England , listed in Britannica as the ruler of Great Britain and Ireland. (That is, they are alphabetized as if their titles were "Charles, France, 3" and "Charles, Great Britain and Ireland, 1".) Similarly, places that share names are organized alphabetically by country, then by ever-smaller political divisions. In March 2012, the company announced that the 2010 edition would be the last printed version. This was part of a move by the company to adapt to the times and focus on its future using digital distribution. [ 53 ] The peak year for the printed encyclopaedia was 1990, when 120,000 sets were sold, but sales had dropped to 40,000 per annum by 1996. [ 54 ] There were 12,000 sets of the 2010 edition printed, of which 8,000 had been sold by March 2012. [ 55 ] By late April 2012, the remaining copies of the 2010 edition had sold out at Britannica's online store. As of 2016 [update] , a replica of Britannica's 1768 first edition is available via the online store. [ 56 ] Related printed material Britannica Junior was first published in 1934 as 12 volumes. It was expanded to 15 volumes in 1947, and renamed Britannica Junior Encyclopædia in 1963. [ 57 ] It was taken off the market after the 1984 printing. A British Children's Britannica edited by John Armitage was issued in London in 1960. [ 58 ] Its contents were determined largely by the eleven-plus standardized tests given in Britain. [ 59 ] Britannica introduced the Children's Britannica to the US market in 1988, aimed at ages seven to 14. In 1961, a 16-volume Young Children's Encyclopaedia was issued for children just learning to read. [ 59 ] My First Britannica is aimed at children ages six to 12, and the Britannica Discovery Library is for children aged three to six (issued 1974 to 1991). [ 60 ] Compton's by Britannica , first published in 2007, incorporating the former Compton's Encyclopedia , is aimed at 10- to 17-year-olds and consists of 26 volumes and 11,000 pages. [ 61 ] There have been, and are, several abridged Britannica encyclopaedias. The single-volume Britannica Concise Encyclopædia has 28,000 short articles condensing the larger 32-volume Britannica ; [ 62 ] there are authorized translations in languages such as Chinese [ 63 ] created by Encyclopedia of China Publishing House [ 64 ] and Vietnamese . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] Since 1938, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has also published an annual Book of the Year to 'update' the encyclopaedia proper: this covers the past year's events and presents a variety of updated statistics (eg as to national populations, Nobel Prize winners, and the like). A given edition of the Book of the Year is named in terms of the year of its publication, though the volume actually covers the events and statistics of the previous year. The company also publishes several specialized reference works, such as Shakespeare: The Essential Guide to the Life and Works of the Bard (2006). Optical disc, online, and mobile versions The Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite 2012 DVD contains over 100,000 articles. [ 67 ] This includes regular Britannica articles, as well as others drawn from the Britannica Student Encyclopædia , and the Britannica Elementary Encyclopædia. The package includes a range of supplementary content including maps, videos, sound clips, animations and web links. It also offers study tools and dictionary and thesaurus entries from Merriam-Webster . Britannica Online is a website with more than 120,000 articles and is updated regularly. [ 68 ] It has daily features, updates and links to news reports from The New York Times and the BBC . As of 2009 [update] , roughly 60% of Encyclopædia Britannica's revenue came from online operations, of which around 15% came from subscriptions to the consumer version of the websites. [ 69 ] As of 2006 [update] , subscriptions were available on a yearly, monthly or weekly basis. [ 70 ] Special subscription plans are offered to schools, colleges and libraries; such institutional subscribers constitute an important part of Britannica's business. Beginning in early 2007, the Britannica made articles freely available if they are hyperlinked from an external site. Non-subscribers are served pop-ups and advertising. [ 71 ] On 20 February 2007, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced that it was working with mobile phone search company AskMeNow to launch a mobile encyclopaedia. [ 72 ] [ needs update ] Users would be able to send a question via text message, and AskMeNow would search Britannica 's 28,000-article concise encyclopaedia to return an answer to the query. Daily topical features sent directly to users' mobile phones were also planned. On 3 June 2008, an initiative to facilitate collaboration between online expert and amateur scholarly contributors for Britannica's online content (in the spirit of a wiki ), with editorial oversight from Britannica staff, was announced. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Approved contributions would be credited, [ 75 ] though contributing automatically grants Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. perpetual, irrevocable licence to those contributions. [ 76 ] On 22 January 2009, Britannica's president, Jorge Cauz , announced that the company would be accepting edits and additions to the online Britannica website from the public. The published edition of the encyclopaedia would not be affected by the changes. [ 77 ] Individuals wishing to edit the Britannica website would have to register under their real name and address prior to editing or submitting their content. [ 78 ] All edits submitted would be reviewed and checked and will have to be approved by the encyclopaedia's professional staff. [ 78 ] Contributions from non-academic users would sit in a separate section from the expert-generated Britannica content, [ 79 ] as would content submitted by non- Britannica scholars. [ 80 ] Articles written by users, if vetted and approved, would also only be available in a special section of the website, separate from the professional articles. [ 77 ] [ 80 ] Official Britannica material would carry a "Britannica Checked" stamp, to distinguish it from the user-generated content. [ 81 ] On 14 September 2010, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced a partnership with mobile phone development company Concentric Sky to launch a series of iPhone products aimed at the K–12 market. [ 82 ] On 20 July 2011, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced that Concentric Sky had ported the Britannica Kids product line to Intel's Intel Atom -based Netbooks [ 83 ] [ 84 ] and on 26 October 2011 that it had launched its encyclopaedia as an iPad app . [ 85 ] In 2010, Britannica released Britannica ImageQuest, a database of images. [ 86 ] In March 2012, it was announced that the company would cease printing the encyclopaedia set, and that it would focus on its online version. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] On 7 June 2018, Britannica released a Google Chrome extension , "Britannica Insights", which shows snippets of information from Britannica Online whenever the user performs a Google Search , in a box to the right of Google's results. [ 89 ] Britannica Insights was also available as a Firefox extension but this was taken down due to a code review issue. [ 90 ] Personnel and management Contributors The print version of the Britannica has 4,411 contributors, many eminent in their fields, such as Nobel laureate economist Milton Friedman , astronomer Carl Sagan , and surgeon Michael DeBakey . [ 91 ] Roughly a quarter of the contributors are deceased, some as long ago as 1947 ( Alfred North Whitehead ), while another quarter are retired or emeritus . Most (approximately 98%) [ citation needed ] contribute to only a single article; however, 64 contributed to three articles, 23 contributed to four articles, 10 contributed to five articles, and 8 contributed to more than five articles. An exceptionally prolific contributor is Christine Sutton of the University of Oxford , who contributed 24 articles on particle physics . [ 92 ] While Britannica 's authors have included writers such as Albert Einstein , [ 93 ] Marie Curie , [ 94 ] and Leon Trotsky , [ 93 ] as well as notable independent encyclopaedists such as Isaac Asimov , [ 95 ] some have been criticized for lack of expertise. In 1911, the historian George L. Burr wrote: With a temerity almost appalling, [the Britannica contributor, Mr. Philips] ranges over nearly the whole field of European history, political, social, ecclesiastical... The grievance is that [this work] lacks authority. This, too—this reliance on editorial energy instead of on ripe special learning—may, alas, be also counted an "Americanizing": for certainly nothing has so cheapened the scholarship of our American encyclopaedias. [ 96 ] With a temerity almost appalling, [the Britannica contributor, Mr. Philips] ranges over nearly the whole field of European history, political, social, ecclesiastical... The grievance is that [this work] lacks authority. This, too—this reliance on editorial energy instead of on ripe special learning—may, alas, be also counted an "Americanizing": for certainly nothing has so cheapened the scholarship of our American encyclopaedias. [ 96 ] Staff As of 2007 [update] , in the 15th edition of Britannica , Dale Hoiberg , a sinologist , was listed as Britannica 's Senior Vice President and editor-in-chief. [ 97 ] Among his predecessors as editors-in-chief were Hugh Chisholm (1902–1924), James Louis Garvin (1926–1932), Franklin Henry Hooper (1932–1938), [ 98 ] Walter Yust (1938–1960), Harry Ashmore (1960–1963), Warren E. Preece (1964–1968, 1969–1975), Sir William Haley (1968–1969), Philip W. Goetz (1979–1991), [ 27 ] and Robert McHenry (1992–1997). [ 99 ] As of 2007 [update] Anita Wolff was listed as the Deputy Editor and Theodore Pappas as Executive Editor. [ 97 ] Prior Executive Editors include John V. Dodge (1950–1964) and Philip W. Goetz. Paul T. Armstrong remains the longest working employee of Encyclopædia Britannica. He began his career there in 1934, eventually earning the positions of treasurer, vice president, and chief financial officer in his 58 years with the company, before retiring in 1992. [ 100 ] The 2007 editorial staff of the Britannica included five Senior Editors and nine Associate Editors, supervised by Dale Hoiberg and four others. The editorial staff helped to write the articles of the Micropædia and some sections of the Macropædia . [ 101 ] Editorial advisors As of 2012, Britannica had an editorial board of advisors, which included a number of distinguished figures, primarily scholars from a variety of disciplines. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] The Propædia and its Outline of Knowledge were produced by dozens of editorial advisors under the direction of Mortimer J. Adler . [ 104 ] Roughly half of these advisors have since died, including some of the Outline's chief architects – Rene Dubos (d. 1982), Loren Eiseley (d. 1977), Harold D. Lasswell (d. 1978), Mark Van Doren (d. 1972), Peter Ritchie Calder (d. 1982) and Mortimer J. Adler (d. 2001). The Propædia also lists just under 4,000 advisors who were consulted for the unsigned Micropædia articles. [ 105 ] Corporate structure During much of the 20th century, the Britannica had a significant ownership stake from the University of Chicago , with many people associated with the university serving senior positions in the organization. [ 106 ] 331-332 During the mid-20th century, managers and executives at the Britannica company were lavishly rewarded due to the healthy profit encyclopaedia sales generated, with division managers at the top of the sales organization earning an average salary of $125,000 in 1958 (adjusting for inflation, some $1,362,313 in current USD). [ 106 ] 329 From 1974, the company was controlled by the Benton Foundation , of which the University of Chicago was the sole beneficiary. [ 107 ] In January 1996, the Britannica was purchased from the Benton Foundation by billionaire Swiss financier Jacqui Safra , [ 108 ] who serves as its current chair of the board. In 1997, Don Yannias, a long-time associate and investment advisor of Safra, became CEO of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [ 109 ] In 1999, a new subsidiary company, Britannica.com Incorporated , was created to develop digital versions of the Britannica ; Yannias assumed the role of CEO in the new company, while his former position at the parent company remained vacant for two years. Yannias' tenure at Britannica.com Incorporated was marked by missteps, considerable lay-offs, and financial losses. [ 110 ] In 2001, Yannias was replaced by Ilan Yeshua , who reunited the leadership of the two companies. [ 111 ] Yannias later returned to investment management, but remains on Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc's Board of Directors. In 2003, former management consultant Jorge Aguilar-Cauz was appointed President of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Cauz is the senior executive and reports directly to the Britannica 's Board of Directors. Cauz has been pursuing alliances with other companies and extending the Britannica brand to new educational and reference products, continuing the strategy pioneered by former CEO Elkan Harrison Powell in the mid-1930s. [ 112 ] Sales and marketing Although prior to 1920 the Britannica was primarily sold by mail-order , [ 113 ] after that time the Britannica was almost exclusively sold by door-to-door salesmen , [ 114 ] [ 113 ] who often used high-pressure sales tactics or outright deception in order to secure purchases of the expensive work, [ 113 ] [ 106 ] 317-330 from which they gained a significant commission. This commission in the United States in 1971 was $120–200 (around $932-$1553 adjusted for inflation) per sale. [ 115 ] These high-pressure sales tactics resulted in high levels of turnover among Britannica salesmen, with the company often exaggerating the ease of making a sale to employees, as well as engaging in deceptive job advertising in order to entice people to become salesmen. [ 106 ] 317-330 The Britannica was sued several times by the American Federal Trade Commission for deceptive practices. [ 106 ] 317-330 These practices were common among American encyclopaedia companies. [ 106 ] 317-330 [ 115 ] The development of the significant sales force began in 1932, with most senior leadership of the company by the late 20th century coming from the sales division. [ 107 ] While early on the Britannica was marketed to adults and in particular during the 19th and early 20th centuries, to an elite educated audience, [ 106 ] 152-153 by the mid 20th century, the Britannica (as well as other American encyclopaedias [ 115 ] ) were primarily marketed to middle-class parents who wished to seek a good education for their children, despite the text not being aimed at a child's reading level. [ 107 ] [ 106 ] 317-330 [ 115 ] During the 20th century, the Britannica differentiated itself from other encyclopaedias by using its long pedigree to present itself as a premium brand. [ 107 ] Once the encyclopaedia was purchased, it was typically only opened a few times a year by an average owner. [ 114 ] Competition As the Britannica is a general encyclopaedia, it does not seek to compete with specialized encyclopaedias such as the Encyclopaedia of Mathematics or the Dictionary of the Middle Ages , which can devote much more space to their chosen topics. In its first years, the Britannica 's main competitor was the general encyclopaedia of Ephraim Chambers and, soon thereafter, Rees's Cyclopædia and Coleridge's Encyclopædia Metropolitana . In the 20th century, successful competitors included Collier's Encyclopedia , the Encyclopedia Americana , and the World Book Encyclopedia . Nevertheless, from the 9th edition onwards, the Britannica was widely considered to have the greatest authority of any general English-language encyclopaedia, [ 10 ] especially because of its broad coverage and eminent authors. [ 27 ] [ 46 ] The print version of the Britannica was also thus significantly more expensive than its competitors. [ 27 ] [ 46 ] Since the early 1990s, the Britannica has faced new challenges from digital information sources. The Internet, facilitated by the development of search engines , has grown into a common source of information for many people, and provides easy access to reliable original sources and expert opinions, thanks in part to initiatives such as Google Books , MIT 's release of its educational materials and the open PubMed Central library of the National Library of Medicine . [ 116 ] [ 117 ] The Internet tends to provide more current coverage than print media, due to the ease with which material on the Internet can be updated and then made available to users. [ 118 ] In rapidly changing fields such as science, technology, politics, culture and modern history, the Britannica has struggled to stay up to date, a problem first analysed systematically by its former editor Walter Yust. [ 44 ] Eventually, the Britannica turned to focus more on its online edition. [ 119 ] Print encyclopaedias The Encyclopædia Britannica has been compared with other print encyclopaedias, both qualitatively and quantitatively. [ 45 ] [ 27 ] [ 46 ] A well-known comparison is that of Kenneth Kister , who gave a qualitative and quantitative comparison of the 1993 Britannica with two comparable encyclopaedias, Collier's Encyclopedia and the Encyclopedia Americana . [ 27 ] For the quantitative analysis, ten articles were selected at random— circumcision , Charles Drew , Galileo , Philip Glass , heart disease , IQ , panda bear , sexual harassment , Shroud of Turin and Uzbekistan —and letter grades of A–D or F were awarded in four categories: coverage, accuracy, clarity, and recency. In all four categories and for all three encyclopaedias, the four average grades fell between B− and B+ , chiefly because none of the encyclopaedias had an article on sexual harassment in 1994. In the accuracy category, the Britannica received one "D" and seven "A"s, Encyclopedia Americana received eight "A"s, and Collier's received one "D" and seven "A"s; thus, Britannica received an average score of 92% for accuracy to Americana 's 95% and Collier's 92%. In the timeliness category, Britannica averaged an 86% to Americana 's 90% and Collier's 85%. [ citation needed ] [ 120 ] Digital encyclopaedias on optical media The most notable competitor of the Britannica among CD/DVD-ROM digital encyclopaedias was Encarta , [ 121 ] now discontinued, a modern multimedia encyclopaedia that incorporated three print encyclopaedias: Funk & Wagnalls , Collier's, and the New Merit Scholar's Encyclopedia . Encarta was the top-selling multimedia encyclopaedia, based on total US retail sales from January 2000 to February 2006. [ 122 ] Both occupied the same price range, with the 2007 Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate CD or DVD costing US$40–50 [ 123 ] [ 124 ] and the Microsoft Encarta Premium 2007 DVD costing US$45. [ 125 ] The Britannica disc contains 100,000 articles and Merriam-Webster's Dictionary and Thesaurus (US only) and offers primary and secondary school editions. [ 124 ] Encarta contained 66,000 articles, a user-friendly Visual Browser, interactive maps, math, language, and homework tools, a US and UK dictionary, and a youth edition. [ 125 ] Like Encarta , the digital Britannica has been criticized for being biased towards United States audiences; the United Kingdom-related articles are updated less often, maps of the United States are more detailed than those of other countries, and it lacks a UK dictionary. [ 121 ] Like the Britannica , Encarta was available online by subscription, although some content could be accessed for free. [ 126 ] Wikipedia The main online alternative to Britannica is Wikipedia . [ 127 ] [ 128 ] [ 129 ] The key differences between the two lie in accessibility; the model of participation they bring to an encyclopaedic project ; their respective style sheets and editorial policies; relative ages; the number of subjects treated; the number of languages in which articles are written and made available; and their underlying economic models: unlike Britannica , Wikipedia is not-for-profit, does not carry advertising on its site, and is not connected with traditional profit- and contract-based publishing distribution networks. Britannica ' s articles either have known authorship or a set of possible authors (the editorial staff). With the exception of the editorial staff, most Britannica 's contributors are experts in their field—some are Nobel laureates. [ 91 ] By contrast, the articles on Wikipedia are written by people of unknown degrees of expertise; most do not claim any particular expertise, and of those who do, many are anonymous and have no verifiable credentials. [ 130 ] It is for this lack of institutional vetting or certification that former Britannica editor-in-chief Robert McHenry noted his belief in 2004 that Wikipedia could not hope to rival the Britannica in accuracy. [ 131 ] In 2005, the journal Nature chose articles from both websites in a wide range of science topics and sent them to what it called "relevant" field experts for peer review. The experts then compared the competing articles—one from each site on a given topic—side by side, but were not told which article came from which site. Nature got back 42 usable reviews. The journal found just eight serious errors, such as general misunderstandings of vital concepts: four from each site. It also discovered many factual errors, omissions or misleading statements: 162 in Wikipedia and 123 in Britannica , an average of 3.86 mistakes per article for Wikipedia and 2.92 for Britannica . [ 130 ] [ 132 ] Although Britannica was revealed as the more accurate encyclopaedia, with fewer errors, in its rebuttal, it called Nature' s study flawed and misleading [ 133 ] and called for a "prompt" retraction. It noted that two of the articles in the study were taken from a Britannica yearbook and not the encyclopaedia, and another two were from Compton's Encyclopedia (called the Britannica Student Encyclopedia on the company's website). Nature defended its story and declined to retract, stating that, as it was comparing Wikipedia with the web version of Britannica , it used whatever relevant material was available on Britannica 's website. [ 134 ] Interviewed in February 2009, the managing director of Britannica UK said: Wikipedia is a fun site to use and has a lot of interesting entries on there, but their approach wouldn't work for Encyclopædia Britannica . My job is to create more awareness of our very different approaches to publishing in the public mind. They're a chisel, we're a drill, and you need to have the correct tool for the job. [ 69 ] Wikipedia is a fun site to use and has a lot of interesting entries on there, but their approach wouldn't work for Encyclopædia Britannica . My job is to create more awareness of our very different approaches to publishing in the public mind. They're a chisel, we're a drill, and you need to have the correct tool for the job. [ 69 ] For the 15th anniversary of Wikipedia, the Telegraph published two opinion pieces which compared Wikipedia to Britannica and falsely claimed that Britannica had gone bankrupt in 1996. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] In a January 2016 press release, Britannica responded by calling Wikipedia "an impressive achievement" but argued that critics should avoid "false comparisons" to Britannica in terms of differing models and purposes. [ 137 ] Critical and popular assessments Reputation Since the 3rd edition, the Britannica has enjoyed a popular and critical reputation for general excellence, [ 45 ] [ 27 ] [ 46 ] though this reputation has not been without its critics. [ 106 ] The 3rd and 9th editions were pirated for sale in the United States, [ 28 ] beginning with Dobson's Encyclopædia . [ 138 ] On the release of the 14th edition, Time magazine dubbed the Britannica the "Patriarch of the Library". [ 139 ] In a related advertisement, naturalist William Beebe was quoted as saying that the Britannica was "beyond comparison because there is no competitor". [ 140 ] References to the Britannica can be found throughout English literature , most notably in one of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's favourite Sherlock Holmes stories, " The Red-Headed League ". The tale was highlighted by the Lord Mayor of London , Gilbert Inglefield , at the bicentennial of the Britannica . [ 141 ] The Britannica has a reputation for summarizing knowledge. [ 10 ] To further their education, some people have devoted themselves to reading the entire Britannica , taking anywhere from three to 22 years to do so. [ 28 ] When Fat'h Ali became the Shah of Persia in 1797, he was given a set of the Britannica 's 3rd edition; after reading the complete set, he extended his royal title to include "Most Formidable Lord and Master of the Encyclopædia Britannica ". [ 141 ] Writer George Bernard Shaw has claimed to have read the complete 9th edition, except for the science articles; [ 28 ] Richard Evelyn Byrd took the Britannica as reading material for his five-month stay at the South Pole in 1934; and Philip Beaver read it during a sailing expedition. More recently, A. J. Jacobs , an editor at Esquire magazine, read the entire 2002 version of the 15th edition, describing his experiences in the well-received 2004 book The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World . Only two people are known to have read two independent editions: the author C. S. Forester [ 28 ] and Amos Urban Shirk , an American businessman who read the 11th and 14th editions, devoting roughly three hours per night for four and a half years to read the 11th. [ 142 ] Awards The CD/DVD-ROM version of the Britannica , Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite , received the 2004 Distinguished Achievement Award from the Association of Educational Publishers . [ 143 ] On 15 July 2009, Encyclopædia Britannica was awarded a spot as one of "Top Ten Superbrands in the UK" by a panel of more than 2,000 independent reviewers, as reported by the BBC. [ 144 ] Coverage of topics Topics are chosen in part by reference to the Propædia "Outline of Knowledge". [ 15 ] The bulk of the 15th edition of the Britannica is devoted to geography (26% of the Macropædia ), biography (14%), biology and medicine (11%), literature (7%), physics and astronomy (6%), religion (5%), art (4%), Western philosophy (4%), and law (3%). [ 27 ] A complementary study of the Micropædia found that geography accounted for 25% of articles, science 18%, social sciences 17%, biography 17%, and all other humanities 25%. [ 46 ] Writing in 1992, one reviewer judged that the "range, depth, and catholicity of coverage [of the Britannica ] are unsurpassed by any other general Encyclopaedia." [ 145 ] The Britannica does not cover topics in equal detail; for example, the whole of Buddhism and most other religions is covered in a single Macropædia article, whereas 14 articles are devoted to Christianity, comprising nearly half of all religion articles. [ 146 ] The Britannica covers 50,479 biographies, 5,999 of them about women, with 11.87% being British citizens and 25.51% US citizens. [ 147 ] However, the Britannica has been lauded as the least biased of general Encyclopaedias marketed to Western readers [ 27 ] and praised for its biographies of important women of all eras. [ 46 ] It can be stated without fear of contradiction that the 15th edition of the Britannica accords non-Western cultural, social, and scientific developments more notice than any general English-language encyclopedia currently on the market. It can be stated without fear of contradiction that the 15th edition of the Britannica accords non-Western cultural, social, and scientific developments more notice than any general English-language encyclopedia currently on the market. — Kenneth Kister , in Kister's Best Encyclopedias (1994) Criticism of editorial decisions Harvey Einbinder in the Myth of the Britannica criticized the 11th edition for the inaccessibility of the text for laymen, saying that many of its articles were too technical for people unfamiliar to the subject to understand. [ 106 ] 152-153 He made similar criticisms of many of the mathematics and science articles of the then-current 14th edition. [ 106 ] 236-250 On rare occasions, the Britannica has been criticized for its editorial choices. Given its roughly constant size, the encyclopaedia has needed to reduce or eliminate some topics to accommodate others, resulting in controversial decisions. The initial 15th edition (1974–1985) was faulted for having reduced or eliminated coverage of children's literature, military decorations , and the French poet Joachim du Bellay ; editorial mistakes were also alleged, such as inconsistent sorting of Japanese biographies. [ 148 ] Its elimination of the index was condemned, as was the apparently arbitrary division of articles into the Micropædia and Macropædia . [ 27 ] [ 36 ] Summing up, one critic called the initial 15th edition a "qualified failure ... [that] cares more for juggling its format than for preserving." [ 148 ] More recently, reviewers from the American Library Association were surprised to find that most educational articles had been eliminated from the 1992 Macropædia , along with the article on psychology . [ 48 ] Harvey Einbinder in The Myth of the Britannica criticized the practice of condensing entries in the 14th edition, which usually involved simply removing large amounts of the text rather than attempting to condense it by rewriting, resulting in what he considered to be considerable reduction in the quality of the articles. [ 106 ] 151-168 Some very few Britannica -appointed contributors are mistaken. A notorious instance from the Britannica 's early years is the rejection of Newtonian gravity by George Gleig , the chief editor of the 3rd edition (1788–1797), who wrote that gravity was caused by the classical element of fire . [ 28 ] The Britannica has also staunchly defended a scientific approach to cultural topics, as it did with William Robertson Smith 's articles on religion in the 9th edition, particularly his article stating that the Bible was not historically accurate (1875). [ 28 ] Other criticisms The Britannica has received criticism, particularly as editions become outdated. It is expensive to produce a completely new edition of the Britannica , [ a ] and its editors delay for as long as fiscally sensible (usually about 25 years). [ 13 ] For example, despite continuous revision, the 14th edition became outdated after 35 years (1929–1964). When American physicist Harvey Einbinder detailed its failings in his 1964 book, The Myth of the Britannica , [ 106 ] the encyclopaedia was provoked to produce the 15th edition, which required 10 years of work. [ 27 ] Editors have struggled at times to keep the Britannica current: one 1994 critic writes, "It is not difficult to find articles that are out-of-date or in need of revision", noting that the longer Macropædia articles are more likely to be outdated than the shorter Micropædia articles. [ 27 ] Information in the Micropædia is sometimes inconsistent with the corresponding Macropædia article(s), mainly because of the failure to update one or the other. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] The bibliographies of the Macropædia articles have been criticized for being more out-of-date than the articles themselves. [ 45 ] [ 27 ] [ 46 ] In 2005, a 12-year-old schoolboy in Britain found several inaccuracies in the Britannica 's entries on Poland and wildlife in Eastern Europe. [ 149 ] In 2010, an entry about the Irish Civil War , which incorrectly described it as having been fought between the north and south of Ireland, was discussed in the Irish press following a decision by the Department of Education and Science to pay for online access. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] Writing about the 3rd edition (1788–1797), Britannica 's chief editor George Gleig observed that "perfection seems to be incompatible with the nature of works constructed on such a plan and embracing such a variety of subjects." [ 152 ] In March 2006, the Britannica wrote, "we in no way mean to imply that Britannica is error-free; we have never made such a claim". [ 133 ] However, the Britannica sales department had previously made a well-known claim in 1962 regarding the 14th edition that "[i]t is truth. It is unquestionable fact." [ 153 ] The sentiment of the 2006 statement was also reflected in the introduction to the first edition of the Britannica , written by its original editor William Smellie : [ 154 ] With regard to errors in general, whether falling under the denomination of mental, typographical or accidental, we are conscious of being able to point out a greater number than any critic whatever. Men who are acquainted with the innumerable difficulties attending the execution of a work of such an extensive nature will make proper allowances. To these we appeal, and shall rest satisfied with the judgment they pronounce. With regard to errors in general, whether falling under the denomination of mental, typographical or accidental, we are conscious of being able to point out a greater number than any critic whatever. Men who are acquainted with the innumerable difficulties attending the execution of a work of such an extensive nature will make proper allowances. To these we appeal, and shall rest satisfied with the judgment they pronounce. Edition summary Edition / supplement Publication years Size Sales Chief editor(s) Notes 1st 1768–1771 3 volumes, 2,391 pages, [ b ] 160 plates 3,000 [ c ] William Smellie Largely the work of one editor, Smellie; An estimated 3,000 sets were eventually sold, priced at £12 apiece; 30 articles longer than three pages. The pages were bound in three equally sized volumes covering Aa–Bzo, Caaba–Lythrum, and Macao–Zyglophyllum. 2nd 1777–1784 10 volumes, 8,595 pages, 340 plates 1,500 [ 28 ] James Tytler Largely the work of one editor, Tytler; 150 long articles; pagination errors; all maps under "Geography" article; 1,500 sets sold [ 28 ] 3rd 1788–1797 18 volumes, 14,579 pages, 542 plates 10,000 or 13,000 [ d ] Colin Macfarquhar and George Gleig £42,000 profit on 10,000 copies sold; first dedication to monarch; pirated by Moore in Dublin and Thomas Dobson in Philadelphia supplement to 3rd 1801, revised in 1803 2 volumes, 1,624 pages, 50 plates George Gleig Copyright owned by Thomas Bonar 4th 1801–1810 20 volumes, 16,033 pages, 581 plates 4,000 [ 158 ] James Millar Authors first allowed to retain copyright. Material in the supplement to 3rd not incorporated due to copyright issues. 5th 1815–1817 20 volumes, 16,017 pages, 582 plates James Millar Reprint of the 4th edition. Financial losses by Millar and Andrew Bell's heirs; EB rights sold to Archibald Constable supplement to 4th, 5th, and 6th 1816–1824 6 volumes, 4,933 pages, 125 plates 1 10,500 [ 28 ] Macvey Napier Famous contributors recruited, such as Sir Humphry Davy , Sir Walter Scott , Malthus 6th 1820–1823 20 volumes Charles Maclaren Reprint of the 4th and 5th editions with modern font. Constable went bankrupt on 19 January 1826; EB rights eventually secured by Adam Black 7th 1830–1842 21 volumes, 17,101 pages, 506 plates, plus a 187-page index volume 5,000 [ 28 ] Macvey Napier, assisted by James Browne , LLD Widening network of famous contributors, such as Sir David Brewster , Thomas de Quincey , Antonio Panizzi ; 5,000 sets sold [ 28 ] 8th 1853–1860 21 volumes, 17,957 pages, 402 plates; plus a 239-page index volume, published 1861 2 8,000 [ citation needed ] Thomas Stewart Traill Many long articles were copied from the 7th edition; 344 contributors including William Thomson ; authorized American sets printed by Little, Brown in Boston; 8,000 sets sold altogether 9th 1875–1889 24 volumes, plus a 499-page index volume labeled Volume 25 55,000 authorized [ e ] plus 500,000 pirated sets Thomas Spencer Baynes (1875–80); then W. Robertson Smith Some carry-over from 8th edition, but mostly a new work; high point of scholarship; 10,000 sets sold by Britannica and 45,000 authorized sets made in the US by Little, Brown in Boston and Schribners' Sons in NY, but pirated widely (500,000 sets) in the US. 3 10th, supplement to 9th 1902–1903 11 volumes, plus the 24 volumes of the 9th. Volume 34 containing 124 detailed country maps with index of 250,000 names 4 70,000 Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace and Hugh Chisholm in London; Arthur T. Hadley and Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City American partnership bought EB rights on 9 May 1901; high-pressure sales methods 11th 1910–1911 28 volumes, plus volume 29 index 1,000,000 Hugh Chisholm in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City Another high point of scholarship and writing; more articles than the 9th, but shorter and simpler; financial difficulties for owner, Horace Everett Hooper; EB rights sold to Sears Roebuck in 1920 12th, supplement to 11th 1921–1922 3 volumes with own index, plus the 29 volumes of the 11th 5 Hugh Chisholm in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City Summarized state of the world before, during, and after World War I 13th, supplement to 11th 1926 3 volumes with own index, plus the 29 volumes of the 11th 6 James Louis Garvin in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City Replaced 12th edition volumes; improved perspective of the events of 1910–1926 14th 1929–1933 24 volumes 7 James Louis Garvin in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City Publication just before Great Depression was financially catastrophic [ citation needed ] revised 14th 1933–1973 24 volumes 7 Franklin Henry Hooper until 1938; then Walter Yust, Harry Ashmore , Warren E. Preece, William Haley Began continuous revision in 1936: every article revised at least twice every decade 15th 1974–1984 30 volumes 8 Warren E. Preece, then Philip W. Goetz Introduced three-part structure; division of articles into Micropædia and Macropædia ; Propædia Outline of Knowledge; separate index eliminated 1985–2010 32 volumes 9 Philip W. Goetz, then Robert McHenry , currently Dale Hoiberg Restored two-volume index; some Micropædia and Macropædia articles merged; slightly longer overall; new versions were issued every few years. This edition is the last printed edition. Global 2009 30 compact volumes Dale Hoiberg Unlike the 15th edition, it did not contain Macro- and Micropedia sections, but ran A through Z as all editions up to the 14th had. Edition notes 1 "Supplement to the fourth, fifth, and sixth editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica. With preliminary dissertations on the history of the sciences." 2 The 7th to 14th editions included a separate index volume. 3 The 9th edition featured articles by notables of the day, such as James Clerk Maxwell on electricity and magnetism, and William Thomson (who became Lord Kelvin) on heat. 4 The 10th edition included a maps volume and a cumulative index volume for the 9th and 10th edition volumes: the new volumes, constituting, in combination with the existing volumes of the 9th ed., the 10th ed. ... and also supplying a new, distinctive, and independent library of reference dealing with recent events and developments 5 "Vols. 30–32 ... the New volumes constituting, in combination with the twenty-nine volumes of the eleventh edition, the twelfth edition" 6 This supplement replaced the previous supplement: The three new supplementary volumes constituting, with the volumes of the latest standard edition, the thirteenth edition. 7 At this point Encyclopædia Britannica began almost annual revisions. New revisions of the 14th edition appeared every year between 1929 and 1973 with the exceptions of 1931, 1934 and 1935. [ 160 ] 8 Annual revisions were published every year between 1974 and 2007 with the exceptions of 1996, 1999, 2000, 2004 and 2006. [ 160 ] The 15th edition (introduced as "Britannica 3") was published in three parts: a 10-volume Micropædia (which contained short articles and served as an index), a 19-volume Macropædia , plus the Propædia (see text). 9 In 1985, the system was modified by adding a separate two-volume index; the Macropædia articles were further consolidated into fewer, larger ones (for example, the previously separate articles about the 50 US states were all included into the "United States of America" article), with some medium-length articles moved to the Micropædia . The Micropædia had 12 vols. and the Macropædia 17. The first CD-ROM edition was issued in 1994. At that time also an online version was offered for paid subscription. In 1999 this was offered free, and no revised print versions appeared. The experiment was ended in 2001 and a new printed set was issued in 2001. 1 "Supplement to the fourth, fifth, and sixth editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica. With preliminary dissertations on the history of the sciences." 2 The 7th to 14th editions included a separate index volume. 3 The 9th edition featured articles by notables of the day, such as James Clerk Maxwell on electricity and magnetism, and William Thomson (who became Lord Kelvin) on heat. 4 The 10th edition included a maps volume and a cumulative index volume for the 9th and 10th edition volumes: the new volumes, constituting, in combination with the existing volumes of the 9th ed., the 10th ed. ... and also supplying a new, distinctive, and independent library of reference dealing with recent events and developments 5 "Vols. 30–32 ... the New volumes constituting, in combination with the twenty-nine volumes of the eleventh edition, the twelfth edition" 6 This supplement replaced the previous supplement: The three new supplementary volumes constituting, with the volumes of the latest standard edition, the thirteenth edition. 7 At this point Encyclopædia Britannica began almost annual revisions. New revisions of the 14th edition appeared every year between 1929 and 1973 with the exceptions of 1931, 1934 and 1935. [ 160 ] 8 Annual revisions were published every year between 1974 and 2007 with the exceptions of 1996, 1999, 2000, 2004 and 2006. [ 160 ] The 15th edition (introduced as "Britannica 3") was published in three parts: a 10-volume Micropædia (which contained short articles and served as an index), a 19-volume Macropædia , plus the Propædia (see text). 9 In 1985, the system was modified by adding a separate two-volume index; the Macropædia articles were further consolidated into fewer, larger ones (for example, the previously separate articles about the 50 US states were all included into the "United States of America" article), with some medium-length articles moved to the Micropædia . The Micropædia had 12 vols. and the Macropædia 17. The first CD-ROM edition was issued in 1994. At that time also an online version was offered for paid subscription. In 1999 this was offered free, and no revised print versions appeared. The experiment was ended in 2001 and a new printed set was issued in 2001. See also Scotland portal Chicago portal Books portal Encyclopædia Britannica Films Great Books of the Western World List of encyclopedias by branch of knowledge List of encyclopedias by date List of encyclopedias by language § English List of online encyclopedias Notes ^ According to Kister, the initial 15th edition (1974) required over $32 million to produce. [ 27 ] ^ Vol. I has (viii), 697, (i) pages, but 10 unpaginated pages are added between pages 586 and 587. Vol. II has (iii), 1009, (ii) pages, but page numbers 175–176 as well as page numbers 425–426 were used twice; additionally page numbers 311–410 were not used. Vol. III has (iii), 953, (i) pages, but page numbers 679–878 were not used. [ 155 ] ^ Archibald Constable estimated in 1812 that there had been 3,500 copies printed, but revised his estimate to 3,000 in 1821. [ 156 ] ^ According to Smellie, it was 10,000, as quoted by Robert Kerr in his "Memoirs of William Smellie." Archibald Constable was quoted as saying the production started at 5,000 and concluded at 13,000. [ 157 ] ^ 10,000 sets sold by Britannica plus 45,000 genuine American reprints by Scribner's Sons, and "several hundred thousand sets of mutilated and fraudulent 9th editions were sold..." [ 159 ] Most sources estimate there were 500,000 pirated sets. References ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Bosman, Julie (13 March 2012). "After 244 Years, Encyclopædia Britannica Stops the Presses" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . ^ Jeff Loveland, "Why Encyclopedias Got Bigger ... and Smaller," Information and Culture 47 (2012): 244. ^ Paul Kruse, "The Story of the Encyclopaedia Britannica , 1768-1943," PhD dissertation (University of Chicago, 1958), 389. ^ M. A. Khan, The Principles and Practice of Library Science (New Delhi: Sarup and Sons, 1996), 281. ^ Carmody, Tim (14 March 2012). "Wikipedia Didn't Kill Britannica. Windows Did" . Wired . ISSN 1059-1028 . Retrieved 15 July 2023 . Note that in 1985 Microsoft approached Encyclopaedia Britannica to collaborate on digitizing and releasing Britannica's material on CD-ROM; this collaboration did not eventuate, and Microsoft then pursued deals with other encyclopaedia companies (including Funk and Wagnalls ) instead. ^ Cooke, Richard (17 February 2020). "Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet" . Wired . Retrieved 30 March 2021 . ^ a b c Bosman, Julie (13 March 2012). "After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses" . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . ^ McArdle, Megan (15 March 2012). "Encyclopaedia Britannica Goes Out of Print, Won't Be Missed" . The Atlantic . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . ^ "Britannica sold by Benton Foundation" . University of Chicago Chronicle . 15 (8). 4 January 1996. ^ a b c Thomas, Gillian (1992). A Position to Command Respect: Women and the Eleventh Britannica . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978-0-8108-2567-3 . ^ Kearney, Christine (14 March 2012). "Encyclopaedia Britannica: After 244 years in print, only digital copies sold" . The Christian Science Monitor . Reuters . Archived from the original on 31 May 2019 . Retrieved 31 May 2019 . ^ Day, Peter (17 December 1997). "Encyclopaedia Britannica changes to survive" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 12 April 2006 . Retrieved 27 March 2007 . 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Bibcode : 1991neb..book.....G . ^ Richard Yeo, Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 176. ^ Kafker and Loveland, "William Smellie's Edition," 23-24. ^ Jeff Loveland, “Unifying Knowledge and Dividing Disciplines: The Development of Treatises in the Encyclopaedia Britannica ,” Book History 9 (2006): 73-74. ^ Herman, Arthur (2002). How the Scots Invented the Modern World . Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-609-80999-0 . ^ Richard B. Sher, The Enlightenment & the Book: Scottish Authors & their Publishers in Eighteenth-Century Britain, Ireland & America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 135-36. ^ Frank A. 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LCCN 58008379 . ^ Cousin, John William (1910). " Baynes, Thomas Spencer ". A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature . London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via Wikisource . ^ Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). "Editor's Advertisement" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 1 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ^ Baynes, T. S., ed. (1875–1889). "Prefatory Notice" . Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ^ Chicago Tribune , 22 February 1945. ^ Chicago Tribune , 28 January 1943. ^ Feder, Barnaby J. (19 December 1995). "Deal Is Set for Encyclopaedia Britannica" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 21 May 2020 . Retrieved 2 May 2020 . ^ Mortimer J. Adler, A Guidebook to Learning: for the lifelong pursuit of wisdom . Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1986, p. 88. ^ a b Baker, John F. (14 January 1974). "A New Britannica Is Born". Publishers Weekly . pp. 64– 65. Wolff, Geoffrey (June 1974). "Britannica 3, History of". The Atlantic . pp. 37– 47. Cole, Dorothy Ethlyn (June 1974). "Britannica 3 as a Reference Tool: A Review". Wilson Library Bulletin. pp. 821– 825. Britannica 3 is difficult to use ... the division of content between Micropædia and Macropædia makes it necessary to consult another volume in the majority of cases; indeed, it was our experience that even simple searches might involve eight or nine volumes. Davis, Robert Gorham (1 December 1974). "Subject: The Universe". The New York Times Book Review . pp. 98– 100. Hazo, Robert G. (9 March 1975). "The Guest Word". The New York Times Book Review . p. 31. McCracken, Samuel (February 1976). "The Scandal of 'Britannica 3' ". Commentary . pp. 63– 68. This arrangement has nothing to recommend it except commercial novelty. Waite, Dennis V. (21 June 1976). "Encyclopædia Britannica: EB 3, Two Years Later". Publishers Weekly . pp. 44– 45. Wolff, Geoffrey (November 1976). "Britannica 3, Failures of". The Atlantic . pp. 107– 110. It is called the Micropædia , for 'little knowledge', and little knowledge is what it provides. It has proved to be grotesquely inadequate as an index, radically constricting the utility of the Macropædia . Baker, John F. (14 January 1974). "A New Britannica Is Born". Publishers Weekly . pp. 64– 65. Wolff, Geoffrey (June 1974). "Britannica 3, History of". The Atlantic . pp. 37– 47. Cole, Dorothy Ethlyn (June 1974). "Britannica 3 as a Reference Tool: A Review". Wilson Library Bulletin. pp. 821– 825. Britannica 3 is difficult to use ... the division of content between Micropædia and Macropædia makes it necessary to consult another volume in the majority of cases; indeed, it was our experience that even simple searches might involve eight or nine volumes. Davis, Robert Gorham (1 December 1974). "Subject: The Universe". The New York Times Book Review . pp. 98– 100. Hazo, Robert G. (9 March 1975). "The Guest Word". The New York Times Book Review . p. 31. McCracken, Samuel (February 1976). "The Scandal of 'Britannica 3' ". Commentary . pp. 63– 68. This arrangement has nothing to recommend it except commercial novelty. Waite, Dennis V. (21 June 1976). "Encyclopædia Britannica: EB 3, Two Years Later". Publishers Weekly . pp. 44– 45. Wolff, Geoffrey (November 1976). "Britannica 3, Failures of". The Atlantic . pp. 107– 110. It is called the Micropædia , for 'little knowledge', and little knowledge is what it provides. It has proved to be grotesquely inadequate as an index, radically constricting the utility of the Macropædia . ^ "In the Matter of Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. et al" (PDF) . pp. 421– 541. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . ^ Pepitone, Julianne (13 March 2012). "Encyclopedia Britannica to stop printing books" . CNN . Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . ^ a b "Britannica Global Edition" . Encyclopædia Britannica Store . 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A History of Information Storage and Retrieval . p. 116. ^ William Smellie in the Preface to the 1st edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Kafker & Loveland (2009) , p. 22. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKafkerLoveland2009 ( help ) ^ Kafker & Loveland (2009) , p. 58. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKafkerLoveland2009 ( help ) ^ "Encyclopedia". Britannica . Vol. 8 (14th ed.). p. 374. ^ Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). "Encyclopedia". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 8 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ^ "Encyclopedia". Britannica . Vol. 8 (14th ed.). p. 376. ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica (15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. interior flap. Further reading Boyles, Denis (2016). Everything Explained That Is Explainable: On the Creation of the Encyclopædia Britannica 's Celebrated Eleventh Edition, 1910–1911 (2016) online review Archived 7 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine Einbinder, Harvey (1964). The Myth of the Britannica . New York: Grove Press. Reprint: ISBN 978-0-384-14050-9 . Greenstein, Shane, and Michelle Devereux (2006). " The Crisis at Encyclopædia Britannica " case history, Kellogg School of Management , Northwestern University . Jacobs, Arnold Stephen Jr. (2004). The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World . New York: Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978-0-7432-5062-7 . Kister, Kenneth F. (1994). Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and Specialized Encyclopedias (2nd ed.). Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press. ISBN 978-0-89774-744-8 . Kogan, Herman (1958). The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica . Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press . LCCN 58008379 . Lee, Timothy (2 June 2008). "Techdirt Interviews Britannica President Jorge Cauz" . Techdirt.com. External links Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Official website Works by or about Encyclopædia Britannica at the Internet Archive Works by Encyclopædia Britannica at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Encyclopaedia Britannica at the National Library of Scotland , first ten editions (and supplements) in PDF format. Encyclopaedia Britannica at the Online Books Page , hosted by the library of University of Pennsylvania , currently including the 1st–13th editions in multiple formats. 3rd edition, (1797, first volume, use search facility for others) at Bavarian State Library 7th edition (1842) coloured scan via HathiTrust 8th edition (1860, index volume, use search facility for others) at Bavarian State Library 9th Edition (1878), published by Charles Scribner's Sons on the Internet Archive 9th and 10th (1902) editions ; Archived 22 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine on 1902Encyclopedia.com The Reader's Guide to the Encyclopaedia Britannica (1913) on Project Gutenberg —A handbook containing sixty-six courses of systematic study or occasional reading. Authority control databases International VIAF GND VIAF GND National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Norway Poland Israel United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Norway Poland Israel Other IdRef Open Library Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine IdRef Open Library Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine Encyclopædia Britannica 1768 establishments in Scotland 1768 non-fiction books American encyclopedias American online encyclopedias British online encyclopedias Encyclopedias in English History of Edinburgh Publications established in 1768 Scottish encyclopedias Scottish Enlightenment Articles containing Latin-language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from SBDEL Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 CS1 Vietnamese-language sources (vi) Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Harv and Sfn no-target errors Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use Oxford spelling from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in British English with Oxford spelling Use dmy dates from April 2024 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2025 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2024 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links This page was last edited on 27 December 2025, at 22:16 (UTC) . 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Niule latgaļu volūdā: 1 112 rakstīņs Registrētīs Smiļkšu skreine Aizsuokt jaunu rakstīni Rakstīņa papiļdeišona Administracejis ībolsuošona Dūmu meits Administraceja Vikipedejis termini Vierteigs rakstīņs Igaunejis karūgs Igaunejis Republika ( igauņu : Eesti Vabariik ) irā vaļsteiba Pūstumu Europā pi Baļtejis jiurys . Vaļsteiba tur rūbežu ar Latveju dīnavydūs (343 km) i Krīveju reitūs (338 km). Baļtejis jiura skoloj Igaunejis molys vokorūs, pūstumūs Suomu leics , a dīnavydvokorūs — Reigys leics . Vaļsteibys 45 226 km² pluotā dzeivoj tik 1,31 milijoni dzeivuotuoju, ite vīns nu vysuzamuokūs bīzeibys ruodejumu Europā. Igauneja irā demokratiska parlamentariska republika, padaleita pīcpadsmit apleiciņūs. Igaunejis golvysmīsts i leluokais mīsts irā Talins . Igauni vīna nu Baļtejis suomu tautu, kura etniskai radneiga suomu , līvu , votu i cytom tautom. Viesturiskai i kulturiskai igauņu zeme sasīta ar Švedeju , Daneju , Suomeju i Latveju . Igauņu volūda pīdar Suomugru volūdu saimei, jei leidzeiga suomu volūdai i tuoleimai leidzeiga vengru volūdai , tok natur radneibys ar latgaļu ci latvīšu volūdu . Igauņu, suomu, vengru i maltīšu volūdys vīneiguos vaļsteibys volūdys Europys Savīneibā , kurys napīdar pi Indoeuropīšu volūdu saimys. Igauneja paslūdynova sovu napavaļdeibu 1918 gods pebraļa 24 dīnā, tok piec parvareigys daškieršonys PSRS , napavaļdeiba atjaunynuota 1991 gods augusta 20 dīnā. Nu 2004 gods maja 1 dīnys Igauneja irā Europys Savīneibys i nu 2004 gods marta 29 dīnys — NATO dalinīkvaļsteiba. Vaira... Mieneša aizdavums Europys karūgs Viereibys! Itymā mienesī vadynojam vysus papyldinuot rakstīņus ap Europys vaļsteibom. Vadynojam veiduot jaunus rakstīņus, lai latgaļu Vikipedeja dreiži dasnīgtu ļeidz pirmajim 1000 rakstīņim . Kategorejis Doba Geografeja Kultura Latveja Latgola Ļaudeiba Muoksla Nūtikšonys Politika Religeja Tehnologeja Viesture Zineiba Vysi rakstīni pa alfabetam – Pošjaunī rakstīni – Vysis rakstīņu kategorejis Izalaseits atvaigs Nimfenburgys piļs - baroka stila piļs, Vuocejā , Bavārejis nūvodā. arhivs Cyti projekti Vikipedeja irā napeļneiguos organizacejis Vikiviesteitivu Fonds projekts i tys irā sasīts ar nazcik cytu daudzivolūdeigu i breivai dabojamu turīņu projektu: Vikivuordineica Breivuo vuordineica Vikiteka Viesteitivu kūplasejums Vikigruomotys Gruomotys i pavuicīni Vikicitatys Aforizmi i seņtencejis Metaviki Vikimedijis projektu sadarynuošona Vikiviests Aktualumi i pošjaunuos viests Vikiolūti Vysaidi breivai dabojami teksti Vikiškirys Škiru katalogs Vikiškola Vuiceibu materiali Baltu volūdu Vikipedejis Latvīšu Vikipedeja • Lītaunīku Vikipedeja • Žemaišu Vikipedeja Vysys volūdys – Volūdu sadarynuošona Vasali Vikipedejā , breivajā eņciklopedejā latgaļu volūdā! Niule latgaļu volūdā: 1 112 rakstīņs Vasali Vikipedejā , breivajā eņciklopedejā latgaļu volūdā! Niule latgaļu volūdā: 1 112 rakstīņs Registrētīs Smiļkšu skreine Aizsuokt jaunu rakstīni Rakstīņa papiļdeišona Administracejis ībolsuošona Dūmu meits Administraceja Vikipedejis termini Registrētīs Smiļkšu skreine Aizsuokt jaunu rakstīni Rakstīņa papiļdeišona Registrētīs Smiļkšu skreine Aizsuokt jaunu rakstīni Rakstīņa papiļdeišona Administracejis ībolsuošona Dūmu meits Administraceja Vikipedejis termini Administracejis ībolsuošona Dūmu meits Administraceja Vikipedejis termini Vierteigs rakstīņs Igaunejis karūgs Igaunejis Republika ( igauņu : Eesti Vabariik ) irā vaļsteiba Pūstumu Europā pi Baļtejis jiurys . Vaļsteiba tur rūbežu ar Latveju dīnavydūs (343 km) i Krīveju reitūs (338 km). Baļtejis jiura skoloj Igaunejis molys vokorūs, pūstumūs Suomu leics , a dīnavydvokorūs — Reigys leics . Vaļsteibys 45 226 km² pluotā dzeivoj tik 1,31 milijoni dzeivuotuoju, ite vīns nu vysuzamuokūs bīzeibys ruodejumu Europā. Igauneja irā demokratiska parlamentariska republika, padaleita pīcpadsmit apleiciņūs. Igaunejis golvysmīsts i leluokais mīsts irā Talins . Igauni vīna nu Baļtejis suomu tautu, kura etniskai radneiga suomu , līvu , votu i cytom tautom. Viesturiskai i kulturiskai igauņu zeme sasīta ar Švedeju , Daneju , Suomeju i Latveju . Igauņu volūda pīdar Suomugru volūdu saimei, jei leidzeiga suomu volūdai i tuoleimai leidzeiga vengru volūdai , tok natur radneibys ar latgaļu ci latvīšu volūdu . Igauņu, suomu, vengru i maltīšu volūdys vīneiguos vaļsteibys volūdys Europys Savīneibā , kurys napīdar pi Indoeuropīšu volūdu saimys. Igauneja paslūdynova sovu napavaļdeibu 1918 gods pebraļa 24 dīnā, tok piec parvareigys daškieršonys PSRS , napavaļdeiba atjaunynuota 1991 gods augusta 20 dīnā. Nu 2004 gods maja 1 dīnys Igauneja irā Europys Savīneibys i nu 2004 gods marta 29 dīnys — NATO dalinīkvaļsteiba. Vaira... Mieneša aizdavums Europys karūgs Viereibys! Itymā mienesī vadynojam vysus papyldinuot rakstīņus ap Europys vaļsteibom. Vadynojam veiduot jaunus rakstīņus, lai latgaļu Vikipedeja dreiži dasnīgtu ļeidz pirmajim 1000 rakstīņim . Kategorejis Doba Geografeja Kultura Latveja Latgola Ļaudeiba Muoksla Nūtikšonys Politika Religeja Tehnologeja Viesture Zineiba Vysi rakstīni pa alfabetam – Pošjaunī rakstīni – Vysis rakstīņu kategorejis Vierteigs rakstīņs Igaunejis karūgs Igaunejis Republika ( igauņu : Eesti Vabariik ) irā vaļsteiba Pūstumu Europā pi Baļtejis jiurys . Vaļsteiba tur rūbežu ar Latveju dīnavydūs (343 km) i Krīveju reitūs (338 km). Baļtejis jiura skoloj Igaunejis molys vokorūs, pūstumūs Suomu leics , a dīnavydvokorūs — Reigys leics . Vaļsteibys 45 226 km² pluotā dzeivoj tik 1,31 milijoni dzeivuotuoju, ite vīns nu vysuzamuokūs bīzeibys ruodejumu Europā. Igauneja irā demokratiska parlamentariska republika, padaleita pīcpadsmit apleiciņūs. Igaunejis golvysmīsts i leluokais mīsts irā Talins . Igauni vīna nu Baļtejis suomu tautu, kura etniskai radneiga suomu , līvu , votu i cytom tautom. Viesturiskai i kulturiskai igauņu zeme sasīta ar Švedeju , Daneju , Suomeju i Latveju . Igauņu volūda pīdar Suomugru volūdu saimei, jei leidzeiga suomu volūdai i tuoleimai leidzeiga vengru volūdai , tok natur radneibys ar latgaļu ci latvīšu volūdu . Igauņu, suomu, vengru i maltīšu volūdys vīneiguos vaļsteibys volūdys Europys Savīneibā , kurys napīdar pi Indoeuropīšu volūdu saimys. Igauneja paslūdynova sovu napavaļdeibu 1918 gods pebraļa 24 dīnā, tok piec parvareigys daškieršonys PSRS , napavaļdeiba atjaunynuota 1991 gods augusta 20 dīnā. Nu 2004 gods maja 1 dīnys Igauneja irā Europys Savīneibys i nu 2004 gods marta 29 dīnys — NATO dalinīkvaļsteiba. Vaira... Igaunejis Republika ( igauņu : Eesti Vabariik ) irā vaļsteiba Pūstumu Europā pi Baļtejis jiurys . Vaļsteiba tur rūbežu ar Latveju dīnavydūs (343 km) i Krīveju reitūs (338 km). Baļtejis jiura skoloj Igaunejis molys vokorūs, pūstumūs Suomu leics , a dīnavydvokorūs — Reigys leics . Vaļsteibys 45 226 km² pluotā dzeivoj tik 1,31 milijoni dzeivuotuoju, ite vīns nu vysuzamuokūs bīzeibys ruodejumu Europā. Igauneja irā demokratiska parlamentariska republika, padaleita pīcpadsmit apleiciņūs. Igaunejis golvysmīsts i leluokais mīsts irā Talins . Igauni vīna nu Baļtejis suomu tautu, kura etniskai radneiga suomu , līvu , votu i cytom tautom. Viesturiskai i kulturiskai igauņu zeme sasīta ar Švedeju , Daneju , Suomeju i Latveju . Igauņu volūda pīdar Suomugru volūdu saimei, jei leidzeiga suomu volūdai i tuoleimai leidzeiga vengru volūdai , tok natur radneibys ar latgaļu ci latvīšu volūdu . Igauņu, suomu, vengru i maltīšu volūdys vīneiguos vaļsteibys volūdys Europys Savīneibā , kurys napīdar pi Indoeuropīšu volūdu saimys. Igauneja paslūdynova sovu napavaļdeibu 1918 gods pebraļa 24 dīnā, tok piec parvareigys daškieršonys PSRS , napavaļdeiba atjaunynuota 1991 gods augusta 20 dīnā. Nu 2004 gods maja 1 dīnys Igauneja irā Europys Savīneibys i nu 2004 gods marta 29 dīnys — NATO dalinīkvaļsteiba. Mieneša aizdavums Europys karūgs Viereibys! Itymā mienesī vadynojam vysus papyldinuot rakstīņus ap Europys vaļsteibom. Vadynojam veiduot jaunus rakstīņus, lai latgaļu Vikipedeja dreiži dasnīgtu ļeidz pirmajim 1000 rakstīņim . Kategorejis Doba Geografeja Kultura Latveja Latgola Ļaudeiba Muoksla Nūtikšonys Politika Religeja Tehnologeja Viesture Zineiba Vysi rakstīni pa alfabetam – Pošjaunī rakstīni – Vysis rakstīņu kategorejis Viereibys! Itymā mienesī vadynojam vysus papyldinuot rakstīņus ap Europys vaļsteibom. Vadynojam veiduot jaunus rakstīņus, lai latgaļu Vikipedeja dreiži dasnīgtu ļeidz pirmajim 1000 rakstīņim . Kategorejis Doba Geografeja Kultura Latveja Latgola Ļaudeiba Muoksla Nūtikšonys Politika Religeja Tehnologeja Viesture Zineiba Vysi rakstīni pa alfabetam – Pošjaunī rakstīni – Vysis rakstīņu kategorejis Doba Geografeja Kultura Latveja Latgola Ļaudeiba Muoksla Nūtikšonys Politika Religeja Tehnologeja Viesture Zineiba Vysi rakstīni pa alfabetam – Pošjaunī rakstīni – Vysis rakstīņu kategorejis Izalaseits atvaigs Nimfenburgys piļs - baroka stila piļs, Vuocejā , Bavārejis nūvodā. arhivs Izalaseits atvaigs Nimfenburgys piļs - baroka stila piļs, Vuocejā , Bavārejis nūvodā. arhivs Nimfenburgys piļs - baroka stila piļs, Vuocejā , Bavārejis nūvodā. Cyti projekti Vikipedeja irā napeļneiguos organizacejis Vikiviesteitivu Fonds projekts i tys irā sasīts ar nazcik cytu daudzivolūdeigu i breivai dabojamu turīņu projektu: Vikivuordineica Breivuo vuordineica Vikiteka Viesteitivu kūplasejums Vikigruomotys Gruomotys i pavuicīni Vikicitatys Aforizmi i seņtencejis Metaviki Vikimedijis projektu sadarynuošona Vikiviests Aktualumi i pošjaunuos viests Vikiolūti Vysaidi breivai dabojami teksti Vikiškirys Škiru katalogs Vikiškola Vuiceibu materiali Vikipedeja irā napeļneiguos organizacejis Vikiviesteitivu Fonds projekts i tys irā sasīts ar nazcik cytu daudzivolūdeigu i breivai dabojamu turīņu projektu: Vikivuordineica Breivuo vuordineica Vikiteka Viesteitivu kūplasejums Vikigruomotys Gruomotys i pavuicīni Vikicitatys Aforizmi i seņtencejis Metaviki Vikimedijis projektu sadarynuošona Vikiviests Aktualumi i pošjaunuos viests Vikiolūti Vysaidi breivai dabojami teksti Vikiškirys Škiru katalogs Vikiškola Vuiceibu materiali Baltu volūdu Vikipedejis Latvīšu Vikipedeja • Lītaunīku Vikipedeja • Žemaišu Vikipedeja Vysys volūdys – Volūdu sadarynuošona Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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Home Events Keep Singapore Clean campaign by Chia, Joshua Yeong Jia Feedback on article The Keep Singapore Clean campaign was one of Singapore’s first national campaigns as an independent nation. Launched on 1 October 1968 by then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew , the month-long campaign aimed to make Singapore the cleanest and greenest city in the region by addressing the problem of inconsiderate littering. The campaign reached out to every stratum of society and sought to instil in Singaporeans the importance of keeping public places clean. It was part of a larger public cleaning plan that included changes in public-health laws, relocation and licensing of itinerant hawkers , development of proper sewage systems, and disease control. The government believed that improved environmental conditions would not only enhance the quality of life for Singaporeans and cultivate national pride, but also attract foreign investors and tourists to Singapore. 1 Background Prior to 1968, Singapore had conducted a number of similar campaigns. One of the earliest was the Keep Your City Clean campaign, an anti-littering initiative organised by the City Council in 1958. The following year, the government launched Gerakkan Pembersehan Bandar Raya Singapura , meaning “movement to clean the city of Singapore” in Malay. In his speech at the campaign’s launch on 23 November 1959, Lee said that he wanted to use the campaign as a starting point for Singapore to become one of the cleanest and healthiest cities in Asia. 2 In the subsequent years leading up to the launch of the Keep Singapore Clean campaign, the government continued to conduct campaigns regularly to instil a sense of responsibility in individuals to keep Singapore clean and to encourage them to bin their rubbish. 3 Inaugural edition of Keep Singapore Clean campaign In August 1968, the government announced that a national campaign committee had been formed to run the Keep Singapore Clean campaign to be held in October that year. Headed by then Health Minister Chua Sian Chin , the committee comprised representatives from various government agencies such as the Ministry of Education , Ministry of Culture, Public Works Department and Jurong Town Corporation , as well as non-government organisations like employers’ and employees’ associations. 4 The campaign opened at the Singapore Conference Hall with much fanfare. Over 1,500 community leaders attended the event. Explaining the rationale of the campaign in his opening speech on 1 October 1968, Lee stated that cleaner communities would lead to a more pleasant life and keep morale high and sickness rate low, thus creating the necessary social conditions for higher economic growth through industry and tourism. Lee noted that if Singaporeans wanted to keep their communities clean, they had to raise their personal and public standards of hygiene. He urged Singaporeans to be more conscious and thoughtful about their actions, but added that the government would not hesitate to impose penalties on litterbugs if needed. 5 Campaign activities During campaign period, mass media – the press, radio and television – was used extensively for publicity. Posters and banners in Singapore’s four official languages (English, Malay, Mandarin and Tamil) were displayed in public places such as shops, restaurants, offices, factories, community centres, bus shelters and public notice boards. Mini-posters, stick-up strips, leaflets, pamphlets and car-bumper stickers were also distributed. Besides having postal items and cinema tickets bearing stamps with the campaign slogan, letters and bills in government correspondence were also rubber-stamped with the slogan “Keep Singapore Clean”. 6 In addition to the distribution of collaterals, various public education activities were organised. These included talks and lectures by health officials, inspections and spot checks by government officials, as well as house visits, rallies, exhibitions and estate cleaning exercises by grassroots organisations. Competitions for the cleanest offices, shops, restaurants, markets, factories, government buildings, schools and public vehicles were also conducted. The results of these competitions were announced publicly, highlighting both the cleanest and the dirtiest. Film clips and photographs of dirty premises or people caught in the act of littering were also shown in the mass media. 7 Besides the use of social pressure, the Keep Singapore Clean campaign marked the first time that fines were used as a way to control social behaviour. The police, special constabulary and public health inspectorate sent officers on patrol to advise members of the public against littering. Those who were caught littering were warned of the penalties during the campaign; once the campaign ended, first-time litter-bugs were fined up to S$500, while repeat offenders were fined up to S$2,000. 8 To ensure that good habits were cultivated from a young age, children were a special target group of the campaign. Teachers and other officials were roped in to remind students not to litter. Clean campaigns through the years As the inaugural Keep Singapore Clean campaign had been deemed a success, the programme continued yearly. The government also introduced various environmental campaigns to supplement the main campaign. 9 In the 1970s, for instance, there were campaigns such as Tree Planting , Clean Water, Use Your Hands, Keep Singapore Pollution Free and Keep Your Factory Clean. In the following decade, there were others like Keep the Toilets Clean , Please Keep My Park Clean, and Keep Our Buses and Interchanges Clean. 10 In 1990, the Keep Singapore Clean campaign was merged with the Garden City campaign to form the Clean and Green Week . The new annual programme adopted a more holistic approach in generating greater community awareness and participation in caring for the environment. 11 Selected clean campaigns of the past 1958: Keep Your City Clean 12 1959: Gerakkan Pembersehan Bandar Raya Singapura 13 1960: Operation Clean-up 14 1961: Anti-cholera campaign 15 1963: Keep Our State Clean 16 1964: Help Keep Our City Clean 17 1966: Keep Your Beach Clean 18 1967: Big Sweep 19 1968: Keep Singapore Clean 20 1969: Keep Singapore Clean and Mosquito Free 21 1970: Keep Singapore Clean and Pollution Free 22 1971: Tree Planting campaign 23 1973: Keep Our Water Clean 24 1978: Use Your Hands 25 1979: Keep Your Factory Clean 26 1983: Keep the Toilet Clean 27 1984: Please Keep My Park Clean 28 1988: Singapore is Our Home – Let’s Keep It Clean and Beautiful 29 1988: Keep Our Buses and Interchanges Clean 30 Authors Joshua Chia Yeong Jia & Lim Tin Seng References 1. Ministry of Environment. (1997). Singapore – My clean & green home . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 63. (Call no.: RSING 354.3095957 MIN); Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, pp. 1, 3, 7, 18. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN); Long, S. (2003, May 25). Welcome to campaign country . The Straits Times , p. 27; The public must co-operate . (1968, October 1). The Straits Times , p. 10; Teo, G. (2003, May 11). Dirty pockets still exist . The Straits Times , p. 3. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 2. 2,000 tour city with anti-litter leaflets . (1958, October 4). The Singapore Free Press , p. 7; Long, S. (2003, May 25). Welcome to campaign country . The Straits Times , p. 27; Premier leads mass drive to clean city . (1959, November 24). The Straits Times , p. 2. Retrieved from NewspaperSG 3. Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 58. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN); Singapore launches 3-month clean-up drive . (1963, December 24). The Straits Times , p. 6. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 4. Ministry of Health. (1968, August 23). ‘Keep Singapore Clean’ campaign, 1st to 31st October, 1968 [Press release]. Retrieved from National Archives of Singapore website: ; Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 3. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN); The public must co-operate . (1968, October 1). The Straits Times , p. 10. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 5. The public must co-operate . (1968, October 1). The Straits Times , p. 10. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Ministry of Culture. (1968, October 1). Speech by the prime minister inaugurating the ‘Keep Singapore Clean’ campaign on Tuesday, 1st October, 1968 . Retrieved from National Archives of Singapore website: 6. The public must co-operate . (1968, October 1). The Straits Times , p. 10. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 3. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN); Ministry of Environment. (1997). Singapore – My clean & green home . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 63. (Call no.: RSING 354.3095957 MIN) 7. Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, pp. 5, 15. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN); Ministry of Environment. (1997). Singapore – My clean & green home . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 63. (Call no.: RSING 354.3095957 MIN); The public must co-operate . (1968, October 1). The Straits Times , p. 10. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 8. Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, pp. 5, 15–16, 21. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN); Nathan, D. (1995, July 9). New approach to keep S’pore litter-free . The Straits Times , p. 3. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 9. Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 15. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN); Nathan, D. (1995, July 9). New approach to keep S’pore litter-free . The Straits Times , p. 3; Teo, G. (2003, May 11). Dirty pockets still exist . The Straits Times , p. 3. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Ministry of Environment. (1997). Singapore – My clean & green home . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 63. (Call no.: RSING 354.3095957 MIN) 10. Dr. Goh to launch Tree Plant Day today . (1971, November 7). The Straits Times , p. 7; Prime Minister to open campaign . (1971, October 1). The Straits Times , p. 19; It means more than annual clean-up . (1978, June 12). The Straits Times , p. 8; Manufacturers call for ‘keep clean’ drive at each factory . (1979, March 19). The Straits Times , p. 8; Keep the toilets clean campaign launched . (1983, July 2). The Straits Times , p. 14; ‘Birds’ to keep park clean . (1984, April 16). The Straits Times , p. 10; SBS begins keep-clean drive today . (1988, March 14). The Straits Times , p. 15. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 11. Ministry of Information and the Arts. (1990, November 4). Speech by Mr Goh Chok Tong, first deputy prime minister and minister for defence, at the launching of ‘Clean and Green Week... Green for Life’, at Esplanade Park on Sunday, 4 November 1990 at 10.00pm . Retrieved from National Archives of Singapore website: ; Greening of S’poreans campaign to start in Nov . (1990, October 25). The Straits Times , p. 2. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 12. 2,000 tour city with anti-litter leaflets . (1958, October 4). The Singapore Free Press , p. 7. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 13. Premier leads mass drive to clean city . (1959, November 24). The Straits Times , p. 2. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 14. Minister leads ‘big sweep’ in housing estate . (1960, November 7). The Straits Times , p. 4. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 15. ‘Keep clean’ call to hawkers . (1961, September 18). The Singapore Free Press , p. 7. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 16. Singapore launches 3-month clean-up drive . (1963, December 24). The Straits Times , p. 6. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 17. Minister opens big drive to clean up city . (1964, January 2). The Straits Times , p. 4. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 18. Keep beaches clean to impress tourists: Sim . (1966, March 21). The Straits Times , p. 4. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 19. MPs lead 1,000 in ‘keep clean’ campaign . (1967, July 30). The Sunday Times , p. 14. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 20. Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 4. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN); Ministry of Environment. (1997). Singapore – My clean & green home . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 22. (Call no.: RSING 354.3095957 MIN) 21. Next campaign: Keep Singapore free of mosquitoes . (1969, June 15). The Straits Times , p. 9. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, pp. 11, 32. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN) 22. Anti-pollution drive tomorrow . (1970, October 13). The Straits Times , p. 2. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 11. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN); Ministry of Environment. (1997). Singapore – My clean & green home . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 63. (Call no.: RSING 354.3095957 MIN) 23. Dr. Goh to launch Tree Plant Day today . (1971, November 7). The Straits Times , p. 7. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 24. Minister opens keep water clean campaign . (1973, June 28). The Straits Times , p. 17. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 25. It means more than annual clean-up . (1978, June 12). The Straits Times , p. 8. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 26. Manufacturers call for ‘keep clean’ drive at each factory . (1979, March 19). The Straits Times , p. 8. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 27. Keep the toilets clean campaign launched . (1983, July 2). The Straits Times , p. 14. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 28. ‘Birds’ to keep park clean . (1984, April 16). The Straits Times , p. 10. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 29. Nathan, D. (1995, July 9). New approach to keep S’pore litter-free . The Straits Times , p. 3. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Ministry of Environment. (1997). Singapore – My clean & green home . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 65. (Call no.: RSING 354.3095957 MIN) 30. SBS begins keep-clean drive today . (1988, March 14). The Straits Times , p. 15. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. The information in this article is valid as at 2012 and correct as far as we are able to ascertain from our sources. It is not intended to be an exhaustive or complete history of the subject. Please contact the Library for further reading materials on the topic. Subject Health and medicine>>Healthy living>>Environmental health Environmental health--Singapore Keep Singapore Clean Campaign, 1968-1990 Litter (Trash)--Singapore National campaigns Events>>National Campaigns Keep Singapore Clean campaign by Chia, Joshua Yeong Jia The Keep Singapore Clean campaign was one of Singapore’s first national campaigns as an independent nation. Launched on 1 October 1968 by then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew , the month-long campaign aimed to make Singapore the cleanest and greenest city in the region by addressing the problem of inconsiderate littering. The campaign reached out to every stratum of society and sought to instil in Singaporeans the importance of keeping public places clean. It was part of a larger public cleaning plan that included changes in public-health laws, relocation and licensing of itinerant hawkers , development of proper sewage systems, and disease control. The government believed that improved environmental conditions would not only enhance the quality of life for Singaporeans and cultivate national pride, but also attract foreign investors and tourists to Singapore. 1 Background Prior to 1968, Singapore had conducted a number of similar campaigns. One of the earliest was the Keep Your City Clean campaign, an anti-littering initiative organised by the City Council in 1958. The following year, the government launched Gerakkan Pembersehan Bandar Raya Singapura , meaning “movement to clean the city of Singapore” in Malay. In his speech at the campaign’s launch on 23 November 1959, Lee said that he wanted to use the campaign as a starting point for Singapore to become one of the cleanest and healthiest cities in Asia. 2 In the subsequent years leading up to the launch of the Keep Singapore Clean campaign, the government continued to conduct campaigns regularly to instil a sense of responsibility in individuals to keep Singapore clean and to encourage them to bin their rubbish. 3 Inaugural edition of Keep Singapore Clean campaign In August 1968, the government announced that a national campaign committee had been formed to run the Keep Singapore Clean campaign to be held in October that year. Headed by then Health Minister Chua Sian Chin , the committee comprised representatives from various government agencies such as the Ministry of Education , Ministry of Culture, Public Works Department and Jurong Town Corporation , as well as non-government organisations like employers’ and employees’ associations. 4 The campaign opened at the Singapore Conference Hall with much fanfare. Over 1,500 community leaders attended the event. Explaining the rationale of the campaign in his opening speech on 1 October 1968, Lee stated that cleaner communities would lead to a more pleasant life and keep morale high and sickness rate low, thus creating the necessary social conditions for higher economic growth through industry and tourism. Lee noted that if Singaporeans wanted to keep their communities clean, they had to raise their personal and public standards of hygiene. He urged Singaporeans to be more conscious and thoughtful about their actions, but added that the government would not hesitate to impose penalties on litterbugs if needed. 5 Campaign activities During campaign period, mass media – the press, radio and television – was used extensively for publicity. Posters and banners in Singapore’s four official languages (English, Malay, Mandarin and Tamil) were displayed in public places such as shops, restaurants, offices, factories, community centres, bus shelters and public notice boards. Mini-posters, stick-up strips, leaflets, pamphlets and car-bumper stickers were also distributed. Besides having postal items and cinema tickets bearing stamps with the campaign slogan, letters and bills in government correspondence were also rubber-stamped with the slogan “Keep Singapore Clean”. 6 In addition to the distribution of collaterals, various public education activities were organised. These included talks and lectures by health officials, inspections and spot checks by government officials, as well as house visits, rallies, exhibitions and estate cleaning exercises by grassroots organisations. Competitions for the cleanest offices, shops, restaurants, markets, factories, government buildings, schools and public vehicles were also conducted. The results of these competitions were announced publicly, highlighting both the cleanest and the dirtiest. Film clips and photographs of dirty premises or people caught in the act of littering were also shown in the mass media. 7 Besides the use of social pressure, the Keep Singapore Clean campaign marked the first time that fines were used as a way to control social behaviour. The police, special constabulary and public health inspectorate sent officers on patrol to advise members of the public against littering. Those who were caught littering were warned of the penalties during the campaign; once the campaign ended, first-time litter-bugs were fined up to S$500, while repeat offenders were fined up to S$2,000. 8 To ensure that good habits were cultivated from a young age, children were a special target group of the campaign. Teachers and other officials were roped in to remind students not to litter. Clean campaigns through the years As the inaugural Keep Singapore Clean campaign had been deemed a success, the programme continued yearly. The government also introduced various environmental campaigns to supplement the main campaign. 9 In the 1970s, for instance, there were campaigns such as Tree Planting , Clean Water, Use Your Hands, Keep Singapore Pollution Free and Keep Your Factory Clean. In the following decade, there were others like Keep the Toilets Clean , Please Keep My Park Clean, and Keep Our Buses and Interchanges Clean. 10 In 1990, the Keep Singapore Clean campaign was merged with the Garden City campaign to form the Clean and Green Week . The new annual programme adopted a more holistic approach in generating greater community awareness and participation in caring for the environment. 11 Selected clean campaigns of the past 1958: Keep Your City Clean 12 1959: Gerakkan Pembersehan Bandar Raya Singapura 13 1960: Operation Clean-up 14 1961: Anti-cholera campaign 15 1963: Keep Our State Clean 16 1964: Help Keep Our City Clean 17 1966: Keep Your Beach Clean 18 1967: Big Sweep 19 1968: Keep Singapore Clean 20 1969: Keep Singapore Clean and Mosquito Free 21 1970: Keep Singapore Clean and Pollution Free 22 1971: Tree Planting campaign 23 1973: Keep Our Water Clean 24 1978: Use Your Hands 25 1979: Keep Your Factory Clean 26 1983: Keep the Toilet Clean 27 1984: Please Keep My Park Clean 28 1988: Singapore is Our Home – Let’s Keep It Clean and Beautiful 29 1988: Keep Our Buses and Interchanges Clean 30 Authors Joshua Chia Yeong Jia & Lim Tin Seng References 1. Ministry of Environment. (1997). Singapore – My clean & green home . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 63. (Call no.: RSING 354.3095957 MIN); Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, pp. 1, 3, 7, 18. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN); Long, S. (2003, May 25). Welcome to campaign country . The Straits Times , p. 27; The public must co-operate . (1968, October 1). The Straits Times , p. 10; Teo, G. (2003, May 11). Dirty pockets still exist . The Straits Times , p. 3. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 2. 2,000 tour city with anti-litter leaflets . (1958, October 4). The Singapore Free Press , p. 7; Long, S. (2003, May 25). Welcome to campaign country . The Straits Times , p. 27; Premier leads mass drive to clean city . (1959, November 24). The Straits Times , p. 2. Retrieved from NewspaperSG 3. Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 58. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN); Singapore launches 3-month clean-up drive . (1963, December 24). The Straits Times , p. 6. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 4. Ministry of Health. (1968, August 23). ‘Keep Singapore Clean’ campaign, 1st to 31st October, 1968 [Press release]. Retrieved from National Archives of Singapore website: ; Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 3. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN); The public must co-operate . (1968, October 1). The Straits Times , p. 10. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 5. The public must co-operate . (1968, October 1). The Straits Times , p. 10. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Ministry of Culture. (1968, October 1). Speech by the prime minister inaugurating the ‘Keep Singapore Clean’ campaign on Tuesday, 1st October, 1968 . Retrieved from National Archives of Singapore website: 6. The public must co-operate . (1968, October 1). The Straits Times , p. 10. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 3. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN); Ministry of Environment. (1997). Singapore – My clean & green home . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 63. (Call no.: RSING 354.3095957 MIN) 7. Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, pp. 5, 15. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN); Ministry of Environment. (1997). Singapore – My clean & green home . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 63. (Call no.: RSING 354.3095957 MIN); The public must co-operate . (1968, October 1). The Straits Times , p. 10. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 8. Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, pp. 5, 15–16, 21. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN); Nathan, D. (1995, July 9). New approach to keep S’pore litter-free . The Straits Times , p. 3. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 9. Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 15. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN); Nathan, D. (1995, July 9). New approach to keep S’pore litter-free . The Straits Times , p. 3; Teo, G. (2003, May 11). Dirty pockets still exist . The Straits Times , p. 3. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Ministry of Environment. (1997). Singapore – My clean & green home . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 63. (Call no.: RSING 354.3095957 MIN) 10. Dr. Goh to launch Tree Plant Day today . (1971, November 7). The Straits Times , p. 7; Prime Minister to open campaign . (1971, October 1). The Straits Times , p. 19; It means more than annual clean-up . (1978, June 12). The Straits Times , p. 8; Manufacturers call for ‘keep clean’ drive at each factory . (1979, March 19). The Straits Times , p. 8; Keep the toilets clean campaign launched . (1983, July 2). The Straits Times , p. 14; ‘Birds’ to keep park clean . (1984, April 16). The Straits Times , p. 10; SBS begins keep-clean drive today . (1988, March 14). The Straits Times , p. 15. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 11. Ministry of Information and the Arts. (1990, November 4). Speech by Mr Goh Chok Tong, first deputy prime minister and minister for defence, at the launching of ‘Clean and Green Week... Green for Life’, at Esplanade Park on Sunday, 4 November 1990 at 10.00pm . Retrieved from National Archives of Singapore website: ; Greening of S’poreans campaign to start in Nov . (1990, October 25). The Straits Times , p. 2. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 12. 2,000 tour city with anti-litter leaflets . (1958, October 4). The Singapore Free Press , p. 7. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 13. Premier leads mass drive to clean city . (1959, November 24). The Straits Times , p. 2. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 14. Minister leads ‘big sweep’ in housing estate . (1960, November 7). The Straits Times , p. 4. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 15. ‘Keep clean’ call to hawkers . (1961, September 18). The Singapore Free Press , p. 7. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 16. Singapore launches 3-month clean-up drive . (1963, December 24). The Straits Times , p. 6. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 17. Minister opens big drive to clean up city . (1964, January 2). The Straits Times , p. 4. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 18. Keep beaches clean to impress tourists: Sim . (1966, March 21). The Straits Times , p. 4. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 19. MPs lead 1,000 in ‘keep clean’ campaign . (1967, July 30). The Sunday Times , p. 14. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 20. Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 4. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN); Ministry of Environment. (1997). Singapore – My clean & green home . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 22. (Call no.: RSING 354.3095957 MIN) 21. Next campaign: Keep Singapore free of mosquitoes . (1969, June 15). The Straits Times , p. 9. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, pp. 11, 32. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN) 22. Anti-pollution drive tomorrow . (1970, October 13). The Straits Times , p. 2. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Ministry of Environment. (1973). Towards a clean and healthy environment . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 11. (Call no.: RSING 614.7 SIN); Ministry of Environment. (1997). Singapore – My clean & green home . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 63. (Call no.: RSING 354.3095957 MIN) 23. Dr. Goh to launch Tree Plant Day today . (1971, November 7). The Straits Times , p. 7. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 24. Minister opens keep water clean campaign . (1973, June 28). The Straits Times , p. 17. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 25. It means more than annual clean-up . (1978, June 12). The Straits Times , p. 8. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 26. Manufacturers call for ‘keep clean’ drive at each factory . (1979, March 19). The Straits Times , p. 8. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 27. Keep the toilets clean campaign launched . (1983, July 2). The Straits Times , p. 14. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 28. ‘Birds’ to keep park clean . (1984, April 16). The Straits Times , p. 10. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 29. Nathan, D. (1995, July 9). New approach to keep S’pore litter-free . The Straits Times , p. 3. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Ministry of Environment. (1997). Singapore – My clean & green home . Singapore: Ministry of the Environment, p. 65. (Call no.: RSING 354.3095957 MIN) 30. SBS begins keep-clean drive today . (1988, March 14). The Straits Times , p. 15. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. The information in this article is valid as at 2012 and correct as far as we are able to ascertain from our sources. It is not intended to be an exhaustive or complete history of the subject. Please contact the Library for further reading materials on the topic. Subject Health and medicine>>Healthy living>>Environmental health Environmental health--Singapore Keep Singapore Clean Campaign, 1968-1990 Litter (Trash)--Singapore National campaigns Events>>National Campaigns ~ Recommendations ~ National Campaigns in Singapore Since gaining independence in 1965, Singapore has conducted many national campaigns. These have covered a wide range ... Tree Planting Day Tree Planting Day is an annual event in Singapore which typically involves the planting of trees and shrubs in public ... Corrective Work Order The Corrective Work Order (CWO), which came into effect on 1 November 1992, is an amendment to the anti-littering law. ... Keep Public Toilets Clean campaigns The Keep Public Toilets Clean campaign series was launched by the Ministry of Environment (ENV) in July 1983. Held in ... Tree Planting Campaign The Tree Planting campaign was launched by the government in 1963 with the objective of making Singapore a green city. ... Singapore Green Plan The Singapore Green Plan (SGP) is Singapore's first environmental blueprint. Released in 1992 by the then Ministry of ... National Healthy Lifestyle Programme The Ministry of Health launched the National Healthy Lifestyle Programme in 1992 to promote a healthy lifestyle among ... Environmental Public Health Act The Environmental Public Health Act became law on 2 January 1969. The act was aimed at setting up a standard code to ... National Courtesy Campaign The National Courtesy Campaign was launched on 1 June 1979 by the then prime minister Lee Kuan Yew. The aim of the campaign ... Productivity campaign (1970s–1990s) The first productivity promotion campaign was inaugurated on 12 April 1975 by then Minister for Foreign Affairs S. Rajaratnam ... Dental health campaign The islandwide dental health campaign was launched in February 1969 as part of the Ministry of Health’s efforts to inculcate ... The Great Singapore Workout Launched by then prime minister Goh Chok Tong at the National Stadium on 3 October 1993, the Great Singapore Workout ... Dengue Dengue or dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection characterised by the sudden onset of fever for three to five ... Water conservation in Singapore As an island that lacks natural water resources and land for water storage facilities, Singapore is one of the most ... First Road Courtesy Campaign The Road Courtesy Campaign launched by then Deputy Prime Minister Toh Chin Chye on 10 September 1966 is the first national ... Singapore’s first family planning campaign Recognising the importance of family planning to national development, the government organised Singapore’s first national ... Public Utilities Board PUB, Singapore’s national water agency, formerly known as the Public Utilities Board (PUB), is a statutory board under ... Chua Sian Chin Chua Sian Chin (b. 26 November 1933, Malacca–d. 26 February 2014, Singapore) was a former cabinet member and one of ... Clean-up of Singapore River and Kallang Basin The clean-up of Singapore River and Kallang Basin took place largely between 1977 and 1987. Besides the physical cleaning ... National School Savings Campaign The National School Savings Campaign (NSSC) was introduced to government and government-aided schools in 1969 to cultivate ... The sanitation system in Singapore Singapore is served by a modern sanitation system in which all used water is collected through a network of sewers and ... Censorship Review Committee The Censorship Review Committee (CRC) is a government-appointed committee that reviews and makes recommendations regarding ... Chewing gum ban A ban on the sale, import and manufacture of chewing gum in Singapore took effect on 3 January 1992, four days after ... The Next Lap The Next Lap is a plan for Singapore’s long-term development. It includes ideas and proposals to make Singapore a nation ... National Archives of Singapore The National Archives of Singapore (NAS) is responsible for the collection and management of records pertaining to the ... Singapore Kindness Movement The Singapore Kindness Movement (SKM) was launched in 1997 in response to the then prime minister Goh Chok Tong’s call ... Aneka Ragam Ra’ayat From 1959 up till the early 1960s, Singapore's then Ministry of Culture (now known as the Ministry of Communications ... National Campaign to Minimise Cash Transactions The National Campaign to Minimise Cash Transactions was launched on 14 March 1985 to urge Singaporeans to carry out ... Singapore Conference Hall The Singapore Conference Hall is located at 7 Shenton Way. Besides serving as the headquarters of the National Trades ... Speak Mandarin Campaign The Speak Mandarin Campaign was launched on 7 September 1979 by the then prime minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew. ... Deep Tunnel Sewerage System The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) was conceptualised in the 1990s as a sustainable, cost-effective solution to ... Programme for Active Learning (PAL) In 2009, the Ministry of Education (MOE) supported the implementation of the Programme for Active Learning (PAL), which ... Two-child policy The two-child policy was a population control measure introduced by the Singapore government during the 1970s to encourage ... Ceylon Sports Club The Ceylon Sports Club at 101 Balestier Road was established in 1928. It was reconstituted from the Lanka Union, which ... New Singapore Shares The New Singapore Shares is a scheme introduced in 2001 by then Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong as a means of sharing Singapore’s ... Pasar malam Pasar malam is the Malay term for night market or night bazaar, and a pasar malam typically opens for business when ... Speak Good English Movement The Speak Good English Movement (SGEM) was launched on 29 April 2000 by then Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong to “encourage ... National nutrition programmes Awareness of good diet and nutrition has been an ongoing theme in the government's drive to impart a healthy lifestyle ... Clean Air Act of 1971 The Clean Air Act was passed by parliament on 2 December 1971. It was Singapore’s earliest attempt to control industrial ... Staff Training Institute (Civil Service College) The Staff Training Institute was set up in 1971 by the government for the training of civil servants in order to enhance ... Thinking Schools, Learning Nation The “Thinking Schools, Learning Nation” (TSLN) vision was launched by then Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong in June 1997. ... China-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (CSFTA) The China-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (CSFTA) marks Singapore as the first Asian country to have a comprehensive ... Ho See Beng Ho See Beng (b. 5 February 1918, Fujian, China–d. 5 December 2008, Singapore) served as a labour union leader and member ... National AIDS Control Programme The National AIDS Control Programme is an action plan for protecting against and preventing the spread of HIV (human ... Capitol Theatre The Capitol Theatre, located at the junction of Stamford Road and North Bridge Road, opened in 1930 and was considered ... Public Service Division The Public Service Division (PSD) was established under the Ministry of Finance (MOF) on 3 January 1983 to serve as ... Edusave Established in 1993, the Edusave scheme aims to provide Singaporean students with a holistic education. The scheme maximises ... Michael Fay Michael Peter Fay (b. 30 May 1975, St. Louis, Missouri, United States–), then an American teenager living in Singapore, ... Clean and Green Week Launched in November 1990, the Clean and Green Week (CGW) took place for a week in November each year until 2007 when ... The Cleanest Estate Competition and the Cleanest Block Competition The Cleanest Estate Competition and the Cleanest Block Competition were launched by the government with the aim of elevating ... ~ Related Pictures ~ Categories Arts Communications Community and Social Services Economy Education Events Geography and Travels Heritage and Culture Nature and Environment Organisations Personalities Politics and Government Sports and Recreation Streets and Places Transportation
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Operation Decisive Storm Toggle Operation Decisive Storm subsection 2.1 Air campaign 2.1.1 March 2015 2.1.2 April 2015 2.2 Naval role 2.3 Ground clashes 2.1 Air campaign 2.1.1 March 2015 2.1.2 April 2015 2.1.1 March 2015 2.1.2 April 2015 2.2 Naval role 2.3 Ground clashes 3 Operation Restoring Hope Toggle Operation Restoring Hope subsection 3.1 Airstrikes 3.1.1 Aircraft losses 3.2 Cross-border fighting 3.3 Ground combat 3.4 Naval involvement 3.5 Scale and participation of Saudi-led coalition members 3.1 Airstrikes 3.1.1 Aircraft losses 3.1.1 Aircraft losses 3.2 Cross-border fighting 3.3 Ground combat 3.4 Naval involvement 3.5 Scale and participation of Saudi-led coalition members 4 Reports of war crimes Toggle Reports of war crimes subsection 4.1 Attacks on facilities run by aid organizations 4.2 Saudi Arabia's response to accusations 4.3 Overall airstrike casualties 4.1 Attacks on facilities run by aid organizations 4.2 Saudi Arabia's response to accusations 4.3 Overall airstrike casualties 5 Foreign support and funding 6 Operation costs 7 Responses Toggle Responses subsection 7.1 In Yemen 7.1.1 Opposition 7.1.2 Support 7.2 Saudi Arabia 7.2.1 Opposition 7.2.2 Support 7.3 Other coalition countries 7.3.1 Bahrain 7.3.2 Egypt 7.3.3 Kuwait 7.4 International 7.1 In Yemen 7.1.1 Opposition 7.1.2 Support 7.1.1 Opposition 7.1.2 Support 7.2 Saudi Arabia 7.2.1 Opposition 7.2.2 Support 7.2.1 Opposition 7.2.2 Support 7.3 Other coalition countries 7.3.1 Bahrain 7.3.2 Egypt 7.3.3 Kuwait 7.3.1 Bahrain 7.3.2 Egypt 7.3.3 Kuwait 7.4 International 8 Al-Qaeda and Islamic State 9 Other effects 10 Peace efforts Toggle Peace efforts subsection 10.1 Cease fire talks 10.2 15–19 June 2015 talks 10.3 Ramadan peace agreement 10.4 Further peace talks 10.5 2016 talks 10.6 2020 ceasefire in response to the COVID-19 pandemic 10.1 Cease fire talks 10.2 15–19 June 2015 talks 10.3 Ramadan peace agreement 10.4 Further peace talks 10.5 2016 talks 10.6 2020 ceasefire in response to the COVID-19 pandemic 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war العربية تۆرکجه বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia עברית مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Русский Simple English Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war Part of the Yemeni civil war and the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Date 26 March 2015 – ongoing (10 years, 9 months, 3 weeks and 1 day) Operation Decisive Storm 26 March – 21 April 2015 (3 weeks and 6 days) Operation Restoring Hope 22 April 2015 – present (10 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 5 days) Location Yemen Status Ongoing, ceasefire since 30 March 2022 [ 35 ] Date 26 March 2015 – ongoing (10 years, 9 months, 3 weeks and 1 day) Operation Decisive Storm 26 March – 21 April 2015 (3 weeks and 6 days) Operation Restoring Hope 22 April 2015 – present (10 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 5 days) Operation Decisive Storm 26 March – 21 April 2015 (3 weeks and 6 days) Operation Restoring Hope 22 April 2015 – present (10 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 5 days) Location Yemen Status Ongoing, ceasefire since 30 March 2022 [ 35 ] Belligerents Saudi Arabia [ 1 ] The Alliance United Arab Emirates [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Columbian mercenaries [ 5 ] Sudan (2015–19) [ 2 ] Rapid Support Forces Bahrain [ 2 ] Kuwait [ 2 ] [ 6 ] Qatar (2015–17) [ 2 ] Egypt [ 2 ] [ 7 ] Jordan [ 2 ] Morocco (2015–19) [ 2 ] [ 8 ] Senegal [ a ] [ 10 ] Academi contractors [ 11 ] (2015–16) [ 12 ] Saudi-paid Yemeni mercenaries [ 13 ] Supported by: United States [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] U.S. Navy [ b ] United States Army [ 20 ] (Special Forces) United Kingdom [ c ] France Canada South Korea National Intelligence Service [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Malaysia Australia In support of: Republic of Yemen ( Presidential Leadership Council ) Yemeni Armed Forces [ 27 ] Yemeni Air Force Hirak Popular Resistance Committee Al-Islah Movement Saudi Arabia [ 1 ] United Arab Emirates [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Columbian mercenaries [ 5 ] Sudan (2015–19) [ 2 ] Rapid Support Forces Bahrain [ 2 ] Kuwait [ 2 ] [ 6 ] Qatar (2015–17) [ 2 ] Egypt [ 2 ] [ 7 ] Jordan [ 2 ] Morocco (2015–19) [ 2 ] [ 8 ] Senegal [ a ] [ 10 ] Academi contractors [ 11 ] (2015–16) [ 12 ] Saudi-paid Yemeni mercenaries [ 13 ] Columbian mercenaries [ 5 ] Columbian mercenaries [ 5 ] Rapid Support Forces Bahrain [ 2 ] Kuwait [ 2 ] [ 6 ] Qatar (2015–17) [ 2 ] Egypt [ 2 ] [ 7 ] Jordan [ 2 ] Morocco (2015–19) [ 2 ] [ 8 ] Senegal [ a ] [ 10 ] Rapid Support Forces Bahrain [ 2 ] Kuwait [ 2 ] [ 6 ] Qatar (2015–17) [ 2 ] Egypt [ 2 ] [ 7 ] Jordan [ 2 ] Morocco (2015–19) [ 2 ] [ 8 ] Senegal [ a ] [ 10 ] United States [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] U.S. Navy [ b ] United States Army [ 20 ] (Special Forces) United Kingdom [ c ] France Canada South Korea National Intelligence Service [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Malaysia Australia U.S. Navy [ b ] United States Army [ 20 ] (Special Forces) National Intelligence Service [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Republic of Yemen ( Presidential Leadership Council ) Yemeni Armed Forces [ 27 ] Yemeni Air Force Hirak Popular Resistance Committee Al-Islah Movement Yemeni Armed Forces [ 27 ] Yemeni Air Force Hirak Popular Resistance Committee Al-Islah Movement Revolutionary Committee / Supreme Political Council Houthi militants Yemen Army (pro- Saleh and Houthis ) (2015–17) Yemeni Republican Guard (2015–17) Supported by: Iran (alleged by USA, denied by Iran) [ 28 ] North Korea (according to USA and South Korea) [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Al-Qaeda AQAP [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Revolutionary Committee / Supreme Political Council Houthi militants Yemen Army (pro- Saleh and Houthis ) (2015–17) Yemeni Republican Guard (2015–17) Iran (alleged by USA, denied by Iran) [ 28 ] North Korea (according to USA and South Korea) [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Al-Qaeda AQAP [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Commanders and leaders Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Mohammed bin Salman Fahd bin Turki Al Saud (2015–20) Mutlaq bin Salem bin Mutlaq Al-Azima [ 36 ] The Alliance Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah # Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah # Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani (2015–17) Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Omar al-Bashir (2015–19) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (2015–19) Hemedti (2015–19) Abdullah II Mohamed VI (2015–19) Macky Sall Rashad al-Alimi (2022–) Mohammed al-Maqdashi Gen. Ali al-Ahmar [ 37 ] Former Leaders Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi (2015–22) Gen. Abd Rabbo Hussein † [ 38 ] Gen. Ahmad Al-Yafei † [ 39 ] Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Mohammed bin Salman Fahd bin Turki Al Saud (2015–20) Mutlaq bin Salem bin Mutlaq Al-Azima [ 36 ] Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah # Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah # Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani (2015–17) Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Omar al-Bashir (2015–19) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (2015–19) Hemedti (2015–19) Abdullah II Mohamed VI (2015–19) Macky Sall Rashad al-Alimi (2022–) Mohammed al-Maqdashi Gen. Ali al-Ahmar [ 37 ] Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi (2015–22) Gen. Abd Rabbo Hussein † [ 38 ] Gen. Ahmad Al-Yafei † [ 39 ] Mohammed Ali al-Houthi Mohamed al-Atifi (2016–) Mahdi al-Mashat (2018–) Saleh Ali al-Sammad † (2015–18) Hussein Khairan (2015–16) Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Khalid Batarfi Ibrahim al Qosi [ 40 ] Mohammed Ali al-Houthi Mohamed al-Atifi (2016–) Mahdi al-Mashat (2018–) Saleh Ali al-Sammad † (2015–18) Hussein Khairan (2015–16) Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Strength 100 warplanes and 150,000 troops (2015) [ 41 ] 2,500 troops (2024) [ 42 ] The Alliance 30 warplanes and 15,000 troops [ 43 ] [ 44 ] 4 warplanes [ citation needed ] and over 40,000 troops [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] 15 warplanes [ 48 ] 300 troops [ 49 ] 15 warplanes [ 48 ] 10 warplanes, 1,000 troops [ 48 ] [ 50 ] (until 2017) 4 warships [ 51 ] and warplanes [ 52 ] 6 warplanes [ 48 ] 6 warplanes, 1,500 troops [ 48 ] [ 53 ] 2,100 troops [ 10 ] (soldiers not yet deployed in 2016) [ 9 ] Academi : 1,800 security contractors [ 54 ] 30 warplanes and 15,000 troops [ 43 ] [ 44 ] 4 warplanes [ citation needed ] and over 40,000 troops [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] 15 warplanes [ 48 ] 300 troops [ 49 ] 15 warplanes [ 48 ] 10 warplanes, 1,000 troops [ 48 ] [ 50 ] (until 2017) 4 warships [ 51 ] and warplanes [ 52 ] 6 warplanes [ 48 ] 6 warplanes, 1,500 troops [ 48 ] [ 53 ] 2,100 troops [ 10 ] (soldiers not yet deployed in 2016) [ 9 ] Academi : 1,800 security contractors [ 54 ] 150,000–200,000 fighters [ 55 ] 200,000–250,000 Republican Guard : 100,000 Popular Committees : 100,000 AQAP Ansar al-Sharia : 6,000–8,000 [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] 150,000–200,000 fighters [ 55 ] 200,000–250,000 Republican Guard : 100,000 Popular Committees : 100,000 AQAP Ansar al-Sharia : 6,000–8,000 [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Casualties and losses 1,000 [ 60 ] –3,000 [ 61 ] soldiers killed by 2016; 10 captured [ 62 ] 108–130 soldiers killed [ 63 ] [ 64 ] 1,000–4,000 soldiers killed [ 65 ] [ 66 ] 15 soldiers killed [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] 1 F-16 crashed [ 70 ] 4 soldiers killed [ 71 ] [ 72 ] 10 soldiers killed [ 73 ] [ 74 ] 1 F-16 shot down [ 75 ] [ 74 ] 1 F-16 lost [ 76 ] Academi : 71 mercenaries killed [ 12 ] Unknown 1,000 [ 60 ] –3,000 [ 61 ] soldiers killed by 2016; 10 captured [ 62 ] 108–130 soldiers killed [ 63 ] [ 64 ] 1,000–4,000 soldiers killed [ 65 ] [ 66 ] 15 soldiers killed [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] 1 F-16 crashed [ 70 ] 4 soldiers killed [ 71 ] [ 72 ] 10 soldiers killed [ 73 ] [ 74 ] 1 F-16 shot down [ 75 ] [ 74 ] 1 F-16 lost [ 76 ] Academi : 71 mercenaries killed [ 12 ] Thousands killed (Aljazeera; as of May 2018) [ 77 ] 11,000+ killed (Arab Coalition claim; as of Dec. 2017) [ 78 ] Al-Qaeda AQAP 1,000 killed, 1,500 captured [ 79 ] Thousands killed (Aljazeera; as of May 2018) [ 77 ] 11,000+ killed (Arab Coalition claim; as of Dec. 2017) [ 78 ] AQAP 1,000 killed, 1,500 captured [ 79 ] .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} This box: view talk edit view talk edit v t e Yemeni crisis v t e Revolution (2011–12) Saada Sana'a Taiz Dammaj Ansar al-Shariah campaign (2011–14) Zinjibar Dofas Abyan 2012 Sana'a Radda Nov 2013 Sanaa Dec 2013 Sana'a Rescue operations Houthi rebellion (2014) 2nd Dammaj Amran Civil war (2014–present) 2nd Battle of Sana'a Rada'a [ ar ] Houthi takeover 1st Shabwah Saudi-led intervention Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Taiz Marib governorate Marib city Dhale Aden airport 2015 2018 2019 Abyan 2015 campaign 2016 southern offensive Lahij 2015 Shabwah 2015 Mukalla Zinjibar and Jaar Nihm Port Midi Hadramaut Al Masini Battle of Mukalla June 2016 Mukalla 2017 Battle of Sana'a Al Hudaydah Al Hudaydah city UAE occupation of Socotra Victory from God Jabara Al-Jawf offensive STC takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive 2022 Southern Yemen Operation Prosperity Guardian 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Aden Bombings and terrorist attacks in Yemen Radda Ibb Jan 2015 Sana'a Mar 2015 Sana'a Sep 2015 Sana'a Oct 2015 Aden Dec 2015 Aden 4 Mar 2016 Aden 25 Mar 2016 Aden May 2016 Mukalla May 2016 Aden Aug 2016 Aden Dec 2016 Aden Mar 2022 Aden Mar 2024 al-Bayda Houthi missile and drone attacks in Yemen 2015 Marib 2015 Taiz 2016 al-Anad 2019 al-Anad Aug 2019 Aden Jan 2020 Marib Aug 2020 Marib Dec 2020 Aden airport 2021 Marib 2021 al-Anad US–Saudi arms deal Peace process UN Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Saudi-led intervention (2015–present) Saudi Arabian airstrikes on Yemen Mokha Sana'a Hajjah Dahyan Dhamar Saada Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia 2018 Riyadh Abha Airport Abqaiq–Khurais 2020 Riyadh 2022 Jeddah Houthi attacks on the United Arab Emirates 2022 Abu Dhabi U.S. raids on al-Qaeda Yakla Hathla Red Sea crisis (2023–present) Attacks Galaxy Leader MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda MV Rubymar MV True Confidence MV Tutor 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel MT Sounion MV Maersk Hangzhou 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel Jul 2024 Israeli attack Sep 2024 Israeli attacks Dec 2024 Israeli attack Jan 2025 Israeli attack Mar–May 2025 US attacks 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Saada prison airstrike 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport 2025–present Israeli attacks Military operations Operation Prosperity Guardian Operation Aspides Operation Poseidon Archer 30 May 2024 attacks on Yemen Operation Outstretched Arm Diplomacy UNSC Resolution 2722 2025 US–Houthi ceasefire Effects Environmental impact Humanitarian crisis Blockade Disease outbreaks Cholera COVID-19 Famine Locust infestation Refugees on Jeju Island War crimes and human rights violations Revolution (2011–12) Saada Sana'a Taiz Dammaj Ansar al-Shariah campaign (2011–14) Zinjibar Dofas Abyan 2012 Sana'a Radda Nov 2013 Sanaa Dec 2013 Sana'a Rescue operations Houthi rebellion (2014) 2nd Dammaj Amran Saada Sana'a Taiz Dammaj Zinjibar Dofas Abyan 2012 Sana'a Radda Nov 2013 Sanaa Dec 2013 Sana'a Rescue operations 2nd Dammaj Amran Civil war (2014–present) 2nd Battle of Sana'a Rada'a [ ar ] Houthi takeover 1st Shabwah Saudi-led intervention Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Taiz Marib governorate Marib city Dhale Aden airport 2015 2018 2019 Abyan 2015 campaign 2016 southern offensive Lahij 2015 Shabwah 2015 Mukalla Zinjibar and Jaar Nihm Port Midi Hadramaut Al Masini Battle of Mukalla June 2016 Mukalla 2017 Battle of Sana'a Al Hudaydah Al Hudaydah city UAE occupation of Socotra Victory from God Jabara Al-Jawf offensive STC takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive 2022 Southern Yemen Operation Prosperity Guardian 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Aden Bombings and terrorist attacks in Yemen Radda Ibb Jan 2015 Sana'a Mar 2015 Sana'a Sep 2015 Sana'a Oct 2015 Aden Dec 2015 Aden 4 Mar 2016 Aden 25 Mar 2016 Aden May 2016 Mukalla May 2016 Aden Aug 2016 Aden Dec 2016 Aden Mar 2022 Aden Mar 2024 al-Bayda Houthi missile and drone attacks in Yemen 2015 Marib 2015 Taiz 2016 al-Anad 2019 al-Anad Aug 2019 Aden Jan 2020 Marib Aug 2020 Marib Dec 2020 Aden airport 2021 Marib 2021 al-Anad US–Saudi arms deal Peace process UN Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement 2nd Battle of Sana'a Rada'a [ ar ] Houthi takeover 1st Shabwah Saudi-led intervention Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Taiz Marib governorate Marib city Marib city Dhale Aden airport 2015 2018 2019 airport 2015 2018 2019 Abyan 2015 campaign 2016 southern offensive 2015 campaign 2016 southern offensive Lahij 2015 Shabwah 2015 Mukalla Zinjibar and Jaar Nihm Port Midi Hadramaut Al Masini Al Masini Battle of Mukalla June 2016 Mukalla 2017 Battle of Sana'a Al Hudaydah Al Hudaydah city Al Hudaydah city UAE occupation of Socotra Victory from God Jabara Jabara Al-Jawf offensive STC takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive 2022 Southern Yemen Operation Prosperity Guardian 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Aden Aden Radda Ibb Jan 2015 Sana'a Mar 2015 Sana'a Sep 2015 Sana'a Oct 2015 Aden Dec 2015 Aden 4 Mar 2016 Aden 25 Mar 2016 Aden May 2016 Mukalla May 2016 Aden Aug 2016 Aden Dec 2016 Aden Mar 2022 Aden Mar 2024 al-Bayda 2015 Marib 2015 Taiz 2016 al-Anad 2019 al-Anad Aug 2019 Aden Jan 2020 Marib Aug 2020 Marib Dec 2020 Aden airport 2021 Marib 2021 al-Anad US–Saudi arms deal Peace process UN Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Saudi-led intervention (2015–present) Saudi Arabian airstrikes on Yemen Mokha Sana'a Hajjah Dahyan Dhamar Saada Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia 2018 Riyadh Abha Airport Abqaiq–Khurais 2020 Riyadh 2022 Jeddah Houthi attacks on the United Arab Emirates 2022 Abu Dhabi U.S. raids on al-Qaeda Yakla Hathla Mokha Sana'a Hajjah Dahyan Dhamar Saada 2018 Riyadh Abha Airport Abqaiq–Khurais 2020 Riyadh 2022 Jeddah 2022 Abu Dhabi Yakla Hathla Red Sea crisis (2023–present) Attacks Galaxy Leader MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda MV Rubymar MV True Confidence MV Tutor 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel MT Sounion MV Maersk Hangzhou 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel Jul 2024 Israeli attack Sep 2024 Israeli attacks Dec 2024 Israeli attack Jan 2025 Israeli attack Mar–May 2025 US attacks 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Saada prison airstrike 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport 2025–present Israeli attacks Military operations Operation Prosperity Guardian Operation Aspides Operation Poseidon Archer 30 May 2024 attacks on Yemen Operation Outstretched Arm Diplomacy UNSC Resolution 2722 2025 US–Houthi ceasefire Effects Environmental impact Galaxy Leader MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda MV Rubymar MV True Confidence MV Tutor 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel MT Sounion MV Maersk Hangzhou 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel Jul 2024 Israeli attack Sep 2024 Israeli attacks Dec 2024 Israeli attack Jan 2025 Israeli attack Mar–May 2025 US attacks 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Saada prison airstrike 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Saada prison airstrike 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport 2025–present Israeli attacks Operation Prosperity Guardian Operation Aspides Operation Poseidon Archer 30 May 2024 attacks on Yemen 30 May 2024 attacks on Yemen Operation Outstretched Arm UNSC Resolution 2722 2025 US–Houthi ceasefire Environmental impact Humanitarian crisis Blockade Disease outbreaks Cholera COVID-19 Famine Locust infestation Refugees on Jeju Island War crimes and human rights violations Blockade Disease outbreaks Cholera COVID-19 Cholera COVID-19 Famine Locust infestation Refugees on Jeju Island War crimes and human rights violations Part of a series on the Yemeni crisis Main topics Yemeni revolution 2012 Yemeni presidential election Houthi insurgency al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen South Yemen insurgency Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war COVID-19 pandemic Red Sea crisis Yemeni revolution 2012 Yemeni presidential election Houthi insurgency al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen South Yemen insurgency Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war COVID-19 pandemic Red Sea crisis Background History of Yemen Yemeni unification Yemeni peace process Human rights in Yemen History of Yemen Yemeni unification Yemeni peace process Human rights in Yemen v t e v t e On 26 March 2015, Saudi Arabia , leading a coalition of nine countries from West Asia and North Africa , staged a military intervention in Yemen at the request of Yemeni president Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi , who had been ousted from the capital, Sanaa , in September 2014 by Houthi insurgents during the Yemeni civil war . Efforts by the United Nations (UN) to facilitate a power sharing arrangement under a new transitional government collapsed, leading to escalating conflict between government forces, Houthi rebels, and other armed groups, which culminated in Hadi fleeing to Saudi Arabia shortly before it began military operations in the country. The first month of the intervention, codenamed Operation Decisive Storm ( Arabic : عملية عاصفة الحزم , romanized : Amaliyyat 'Āṣifat al-Ḥazm ), consisted of airstrikes on Houthi rebels and a full blockade [ 80 ] On 22 April, the Saudi-led coalition declared that it had achieved its initial goals and announced Operation Restoring Hope , which would comprise a "combination of political, diplomatic and military action" while continuing "to prevent the Houthi militias from moving or undertaking any operations inside Yemen". [ 81 ] Ground forces were subsequently deployed into the country [ 82 ] as part of a broader offensive against both Houthi militants and loyalists of Hadi's predecessor, Ali Abdullah Saleh . [ 83 ] Owing to Iran's support of these factions, the conflict is widely regarded as part of the broader Saudi-Iran proxy conflict . Egypt , Morocco , Jordan , Sudan , and the United Arab Emirates provided air and ground forces, while Kuwait , Qatar , Bahrain , and Constellis headed several ground operations. Djibouti , Eritrea , and Somalia opened their airspace, territorial waters, and military bases to coalition forces. [ 84 ] At varying stages, the intervention was backed by the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Canada. The U.S. provided intelligence and logistical support, such as aerial refueling and search-and-rescue for downed coalition pilots, [ 85 ] accelerated the sale of weapons to coalition states, [ 86 ] and continued strikes against AQAP. American and British servicemen have provided advice and training related to Saudi-led airstrikes in Yemen. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] [ 89 ] The intervention was criticized for killing thousands of noncombatants, destroying civilian infrastructure, and intensifying Yemen's humanitarian crisis . [ 90 ] [ 91 ] Academics also dispute whether it violates Article 2(4) of the UN Charter . [ 92 ] [ 93 ] [ 94 ] By 2019, the conflict was reported as a "military stalemate", [ 95 ] and the following year, Saudi Arabia declared its first unilateral ceasefire. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] On 29 March 2022, the Saudi-led coalition announced that it would cease all hostilities within Yemen to facilitate political talks and peacekeeping efforts; [ 98 ] Houthi and Saudi officials subsequently began bilateral peace talks mediated by Oman under UN auspices, and most restrictions on commercial goods were lifted by April 2023. [ 99 ] As of April 2024, open hostilities have largely ceased, though negotiations are ongoing due to complications caused by Houthi attacks on Red Sea shipping since October 2023. [ 99 ] .mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none} Background Saudi-backed Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi , running unopposed as the only candidate for president, won the 2012 Yemeni elections . [ 100 ] Since August 2014, the Houthis (or Ansar Allah), a Zaidi Shia movement and militant group backed by Iran , dissatisfied with Hadi government's decisions and the new constitution, arranged mass protests which culminated into their takeover of the Yemeni government in 2015, declaring victory of the revolution and drafting a new constitution when the term of Hadi's provisional government had already expired. Saudi Arabia and other countries denounced this as an unconstitutional coup d'état. [ 101 ] The Houthis were supported by sections of the Yemeni armed forces loyal to the former president Ali Abdullah Saleh , who was removed from power as part of the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings and ironically assassinated later on by his Houthi allies. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] By September 2014, Houthi fighters captured Sanaa , toppling Hadi's government. Soon after, a peace deal (known as the 'Peace and Partnership Agreement') was sealed between the Hadi government and the Houthis, but was not honored by either party. The deal was drafted with the intent of defining a power-sharing government. A conflict over a draft constitution resulted in the Houthis consolidating control over the Yemeni capital in January 2015. After resigning from his post alongside his prime minister and remaining under virtual house arrest for one month, Hadi fled to Aden in southern Yemen in February. [ 104 ] [ 105 ] Upon arriving in Aden, Hadi withdrew his resignation, saying that the actions of the Houthis from September 2014 had amounted to a "coup" against him. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] By 25 March, forces answering to Sanaa were rapidly closing in on Aden , which Hadi had declared to be Yemen's temporary capital. [ 108 ] During the Houthis' southern offensive , Saudi Arabia began a military buildup on its border with Yemen. [ 109 ] In response, a Houthi commander boasted that his troops would counterattack against any Saudi aggression and would not stop until they had taken Riyadh , the Saudi capital. [ 110 ] On 25 March, Hadi called on the UN Security Council to authorise "willing countries that wish to help Yemen to provide immediate support for the legitimate authority by all means and measures to protect Yemen and deter the Houthi aggression". [ 111 ] Yemen's foreign minister, Riad Yassin , requested military assistance from the Arab League on 25 March, amid reports that Hadi had fled his provisional capital. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] On 26 March, Saudi state TV station Al-Ekhbariya TV reported that Hadi arrived at a Riyadh airbase and was met by Saudi defense minister Mohammed bin Salman . His route from Aden to Riyadh was not immediately known. [ 114 ] At a summit of the Arab League held in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, on 28–29 March, President Hadi again repeated his calls for international intervention in the fighting. A number of League members pledged their support to Hadi's government during that meeting. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] After more than seven years of hostilities that left thousands of civilians dead or injured and devastated Yemen , a surprise deal was agreed between regional rivals Saudi Arabia and Iran in March 2023. The deal aimed to restore diplomatic relations that could end the Saudi war in Yemen. Experts raised a warning that the war could worsen instead of ending, if Saudi Arabia agrees to end military operations. [ 117 ] Operation Decisive Storm According to the Saudi news outlet Al Arabiya , Saudi Arabia contributed 100 warplanes and 150,000 soldiers to the military operation. Several media agencies reported that planes from Egypt , Morocco , Jordan , Sudan , Kuwait , the United Arab Emirates , Qatar and Bahrain were taking part. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] [ 120 ] [ 121 ] [ 122 ] [ 123 ] [ excessive citations ] Egypt had previously sent four warships supporting the Saudi naval blockade. [ 124 ] The operation was declared over on 21 April 2015. [ 125 ] Air campaign March 2015 In March 2015, in a joint statement, the member-states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (with the exception of Oman ) said they had decided to intervene against the Houthis at the request of Hadi's government. [ 126 ] The coalition declared Yemeni airspace to be a restricted area, with King Salman declaring the Royal Saudi Air Force to be in full control of the zone . [ 121 ] Saudi Arabia began airstrikes, reportedly relying on US intelligence reports and surveillance images to select and hit targets, including weapons, aircraft [ 127 ] on the ground and air defences. [ 128 ] Al Jazeera reported that Mohammed Ali al-Houthi , a Houthi commander appointed in February as president of the Revolutionary Committee , was injured and three other Houthi commanders were killed by airstrikes in Sanaa. [ 129 ] Strikes on 26 March also hit Al Anad Air Base , a former US special operations forces facility in Lahij Governorate seized by Houthis earlier in the week. [ 130 ] The targets reportedly included the Houthi-controlled missile base in Sanaa and its fuel depot. [ 131 ] Strikes overnight also targeted Houthis in Taiz and Saada . Thousands demonstrated in Sanaa against the intervention, which ex-president Ali Abdullah Saleh also condemned. In Taiz thousands came out supporting Hadi and Saudi Arabia. [ 132 ] The scope of strikes expanded further on 27 March, with a radar installation in the Marib Governorate and an airbase in the Abyan Governorate coming under air attack. The commander of the operation dismissed reports of civilian casualties, saying airstrikes were being carried out with precision. [ 133 ] Additional strikes early on the next day hit targets in Hodeidah , Saada and the Sanaa area, as well as Ali Abdullah Saleh 's main base. Rumours indicated Saleh fled to Sanhan , on the outskirts of the Houthi-controlled capital. [ 134 ] An Aden government official said Saudi strikes destroyed a long-range missile facility controlled by the Houthis. [ 135 ] The Houthis claimed to have shot down a Sudanese Air Force plane over northern Sanaa and captured its pilot on 28 March. The Sudanese government denied that any of its four warplanes had come under fire or been shot down. [ 122 ] On the previous day, the Houthis claimed to have shot down a "hostile" Saudi drone in Sanaa. [ 136 ] Airstrikes hit an arms depot, military airbase and special forces headquarters in Sanaa early on 29 March. A weapons depot outside Sanaa was destroyed, causing damage to an airport and planes on the ground. Saada and Hodeidah were targeted as well. Brigadier General Ahmed Asiri , the coalition's spokesman, said Saudi artillery and Apache attack helicopters were mobilised to "deter" Houthi fighters massing on the border with Saudi Arabia. [ 137 ] On 30 March, at least 40 people including children were killed and 200 were injured [ 138 ] by an airstrike that hit Al-Mazraq refugee camp near a military installation in northern district of Haradh , international organizations said. Airstrikes also hit areas near the presidential palace in Sanaa, [ 139 ] as well as Aden International Airport . [ 140 ] Food storage of Yemen Economic Corporation in Hodeidah was destroyed by three coalition strikes on 31 March. [ 141 ] Airstrikes were not limited to the Yemeni mainland. Missiles struck homes on the island of Perim , according to residents who fled by boat to Djibouti . [ 142 ] April 2015 Dozens of casualties came from an explosion in a dairy and oil factory in Hodeidah , which was variously blamed on an airstrike or a rocket from a nearby military base on 1 April. Medical sources reported 25 deaths, while the Yemen Army said 37 were killed and 80 wounded. [ 143 ] Airstrikes also hit targets in Saada on 1 April. [ 144 ] Despite persistent airstrikes, Houthi and allied units continued to advance on central Aden, backed by tanks and heavy artillery. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] Houthis seized the presidential palace on 2 April, but reportedly withdrew after overnight air raids early the next day. [ 147 ] Coalition planes also airdropped weapons and medical aid to pro-Hadi fighters in Aden. [ 148 ] The International Committee of the Red Cross announced on 5 April that it had received permission from the coalition to fly medical supplies and aid workers into Sanaa and was awaiting permission to send a surgical team by boat to Aden . The coalition said it had set up a special body to coordinate aid deliveries to Yemen. [ 149 ] On 6 April, airstrikes began before sunset and struck targets in western Sanaa, Saada and the Ad Dali' Governorate , a supply route for Houthis in the Battle of Aden . [ 150 ] Airstrikes on 7 April hit a Republican Guard base in the Ibb Governorate , injuring 25 troops. Yemeni sources claimed three children at a nearby school were killed by the attack, [ 151 ] while six were injured. [ 152 ] The Parliament of Pakistan voted against military action on 10 April, despite a request from Saudi Arabia that it join the coalition. [ 153 ] Airstrikes launched on 12 April, against the base of the 22nd Brigade of the Yemeni Republican Guard in the Taiz Governorate struck both the brigade and a nearby village inhabited by members of the Al-Akhdam minority community, killing eight civilians and injuring more than ten others. [ 154 ] On 17 April, both the GCC coalition's spokesman called by Saudi broadcaster Al-Ehkbariya TV and a commander of the pro-Hadi rebels on the ground said airstrikes had intensified, focusing on both Sanaa and Taiz. [ 155 ] One strike on the Republican Palace in Taiz killed 19 pro-Houthi gunmen. [ 156 ] Naval role Egypt and Saudi Arabia committed warships to support coalition operations. [ 158 ] Somalia offered its airspace and territorial waters. [ 84 ] Four Egyptian Navy vessels steamed toward the Gulf of Aden after operations began. [ 130 ] Riyadh requested access to Somali airspace and waters to carry out operations. [ 159 ] On 27 March, the Egyptian military said a squadron of Egyptian and Saudi warships took up positions at the Bab al-Mandab strait. [ 133 ] The Saudi military threatened to destroy any ship attempting to make port. [ 160 ] The Royal Saudi Navy evacuated diplomats and United Nations staff from Aden to Jeddah on 28 March. [ 161 ] Witnesses told Reuters that Egyptian warships bombarded Houthi positions as they attempted to advance on Aden on 30 March. [ 162 ] Warships again fired on Houthi positions at Aden International Airport on or about 1 April. [ 144 ] Djibouti foreign minister Mahmoud Ali Youssouf said the Houthis placed heavy weapons and fast attack boats on Perim and a smaller island in the Bab al-Mandab strait. He warned "the prospect of a war in the strait of Bab al-Mandab is a real one" and said the weapons posed "a big danger" to his country, commercial shipping traffic, and military vessels. He called on the coalition to clear the islands, which he said included missiles and long-range cannons. [ 163 ] On 4 April, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi called protecting Red Sea shipping and securing the Bab al-Mandab "a top priority for Egypt's national security". [ 164 ] On 15 April, coalition spokesman Saudi Brigadier General Ahmed Al-Asiri, said that its warships were focusing on protecting shipping routes and screening ships heading to port for shipments intended for the Houthis. [ 165 ] The US Navy provided support to the naval blockade, halting and searching vessels suspected of carrying Iranian arms to the Houthis. [ 166 ] On 21 April, the United States announced it was deploying warships to Yemeni waters to monitor Iranian ships. [ 167 ] The US in particular noted a convoy of Iranian vessels, which US authorities said could potentially be carrying weapons to Houthi fighters in contravention of UN sanctions. [ 168 ] The US reported that the Iranian convoy reversed course on 23 April. [ 169 ] Ground clashes Sudan said it was stationing ground troops in Saudi Arabia. [ 170 ] The Special Forces of the Bahrain Defence Force , Taskforce 11, were also deployed to Yemen. [ 171 ] Between 31 March and April, Saudi and Houthi forces reportedly traded artillery and rocket fire across the border between SA and Yemen. [ 140 ] [ 172 ] A Saudi border guard was killed on 2 April, the campaign's first confirmed coalition casualty. [ 173 ] Followed by another two soldiers killed the next day. [ 174 ] An Egyptian truck driver was killed by Houthi shelling. [ 175 ] SA reportedly began removing sections of the Saudi–Yemen barrier fence along its border with the Saada and Hajjah governorates on 3 April. The purpose of the removal was not immediately clear. [ 176 ] On 12 April, members of the Takhya tribe launched an attack on a Saudi base after several of its members died in an airstrike. Weapons and ammunition were taken. [ 177 ] [ 178 ] [ 179 ] On 19 April, as Houthi leader Abdul-Malek El-Houthi accused SA of planning to invade Yemen, [ 180 ] Asiri claimed that coalition forces had information regarding a planned Houthi incursion into SA. [ 181 ] A Saudi border guard died on 19 April and two others were injured from gunfire and mortar shelling across the border. [ 182 ] Operation Restoring Hope On 21 April 2015, the Saudi Defence Ministry declared it was ending the campaign of airstrikes because it had "successfully eliminated the threat" to its security posed by Houthi ballistic and heavy weaponry. [ 183 ] It announced the start of a new phase codenamed Operation Restoring Hope. [ 184 ] In a televised address, Hadi said the end of airstrikes had come at his request and thanked the Arab coalition for their support. [ 185 ] Earlier that day King Salman ordered the Saudi National Guard to join the military operation. [ 186 ] Air and naval strikes continued despite the announcement that Decisive Storm had ended. Both the Omani [ 187 ] and Iranian [ 185 ] [ 188 ] governments said they welcomed the end of airstrikes. On 22 April, Oman presented a seven-point peace deal to both parties. The proposed peace treaty entailed the reinstatement of Hadi's government and the evacuation of Houthi fighters from major cities. [ 187 ] Outside intervention On 8 May, Saudi Arabia announced a five-day ceasefire set to start on 12 May, [ 189 ] following heavy pressure from the US. [ 190 ] Later in the day, Saudi airplanes dropped leaflets in the Saada Governorate warning of airstrikes throughout the area. [ 191 ] Houthi spokesman Mohamed al-Bukhaiti later told the BBC that the ceasefire had not been formally proposed and the Houthis would not respond until a plan was properly laid out. [ 192 ] A spokesman for the Houthi-aligned military announced agreement to the ceasefire plan on 10 May, although he warned that a breach of the truce would prompt a military response. [ 193 ] On 13 May, humanitarian agencies said they were trying to get aid into Yemen after a five-day ceasefire took effect on Tuesday night. Ships carrying humanitarian supplies docked at the Houthi-controlled Red Sea port of Hodeidah as planes were standing by to help evacuate the injured. [ 194 ] Meanwhile, King Salman doubled his country's Yemen aid pledge to $540 million, funds the UN said would "meet the life-saving and protection needs of 7.5 million people affected". [ 195 ] Airstrikes At the operation's announcement, coalition leadership stressed that their campaign would attempt a political solution and that they would continue the air and naval blockade. [ 196 ] Airstrikes resumed almost immediately following the coalition's announcement of the end of Operation Decisive Storm. [ 197 ] On 22 April airstrikes continued in Taiz , where an army base was hit shortly after Houthi fighters took it over, [ 198 ] and Aden, where an airstrike targeted Houthi tanks moving into a contested district, [ 199 ] among other locations, such as Hodeidah and Ibb . [ 200 ] The Houthis continued to fight for territory, [ 198 ] with a Houthi spokesman saying the group would be prepared for peace talks on the condition of "a complete halt of attacks". The previous round of UN-sponsored talks collapsed after Houthi rebels attacked Hadi's residence in Sanaa. [ 201 ] By 26 April, coalition forces were striking what they described as Houthi military targets in Sanaa and Aden and in other locations, notably in Sa'ada province near the Saudi border, nearly every night. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] On 26 April, after midnight, airstrikes struck Houthi and pro-Saleh positions and targets in and around Sanaa, Aden, and the Marib and Ad Dali' governorates, backing up anti-Houthi fighters in the latter three locations, with more than 90 rebels reportedly killed. [ 204 ] Coalition warships shelled fighters near Aden's commercial port. Saudi warplanes also targeted Houthis in the Saada Governorate, while Saudi artillery fired on targets in the Hajjah Governorate along the border. [ 205 ] The Saudi National Guard was deployed on the border. [ 206 ] On 28 April, Sanaa International Airport was bombed [ 207 ] by Saudi F-15 fighters to prevent an Iranian plane [ 208 ] belonging to Iranian Red Crescent Society (IRCS) from landing, while it was approaching to land. The fighters had warned the plane to turn back, in an unsuccessful attempt to thwart its landing, but the Iranian pilot ignored the "illegal warnings", saying that, on the basis of international law, his plane did not need further permission to land. [ 209 ] On the night of 6 May 2015, the Saudi-led coalition carried out 130 airstrikes in Yemen in a 24-hour period. At first, coalition spokesperson Ahmed Asiri admitted that schools and hospitals were targeted but claimed that these were used as weapon storage sites. Asiri later claimed that his words had been mistranslated. The United Nations humanitarian coordinator for Yemen Johannes Van Der Klaauw said that these bombings constituted a war crime . "The indiscriminate bombing of populated areas, with or without prior warning, is a contravention international humanitarian law," he said. He continued to say that he was particularly concerned about airstrikes on Saada "where scores of civilians were reportedly killed and thousands were forced to flee their homes after the coalition declared the entire governate a military target". [ 210 ] The Iranian Foreign Ministry summoned the Saudi chargé d'affaires , and the Iranian Parliament and the Iranian Red Crescent Society blasted Saudi Arabia for blocking Iranian humanitarian aid. [ 211 ] [ 212 ] The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) "strongly urged" the coalition to stop targeting airports and seaports so that aid could reach all Yemenis. [ 213 ] [ 214 ] ICRC and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), also known as Doctors Without Borders, said that they were extremely concerned about damage to the airports at Sanaa and to the port city of Hodeidah . [ 213 ] Overnight on 29 and 30 April, SA was reported to have airdropped arms to anti-Houthi fighters in Taiz. [ 215 ] On 30 April airstrikes hit five provinces. [ 215 ] New airstrikes hit SIA, completely halting aid deliveries. [ 216 ] On 6 May coalition airstrikes targeted the Police Training Center in the Dhamar Governorate , damaging nearby houses [ 217 ] meanwhile the civil aviation authority announced it would re-open the airport to receive aid. [ 218 ] Coalition airstrikes targeted the houses of Saleh in Sanaa in the early hours of 10 May, eyewitnesses said. Khabar, a Yemeni news agency allied with Saleh said that the former president and his family were unharmed. [ 219 ] The Moroccan government said on 10 May that one of its General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft taking part in the air campaign went missing in action over Yemen, along with its pilot. [ 220 ] The Houthis claimed responsibility, with Yemeni state TV broadcasting a report on the jet being downed by tribal militias over the Saada Governorate and showing images of the wreckage. [ 221 ] On 18 May Saudi-led airstrikes reportedly resumed on Houthi positions after a humanitarian ceasefire expired late on Sunday. Three coalition airstrikes hit Sa'ada on Monday. Yemen's exiled Foreign Minister Riyadh Yassin blamed the rebel group for the renewal of hostilities. Al-Arabiya said Saudi forces shelled Houthi outposts along Yemen's northern border after the fighters fired mortars at a Saudi army post in Najran province. [ 222 ] On 23 May OCHA reported that airstrikes continued in the northern governorates of Sa'ada (Baqim, Haydan, Saqayn and As Safra) and Hajjah (Abs, Hayran, Haradh, Huth, Kuhlan Affar and Sahar districts). The road connecting Haradh and Huth districts was reportedly hit. Airstrikes were also reported in Al Jawf Governorate (Bart Al Anan district). [ 223 ] On 27 May airstrikes hit a police station in the capital, Sanaa , killing 45 officers. [ 224 ] The Houthi-controlled Ministry of Health announced that in total, 96 people were killed. On 3 June the residence of a Houthi leader in Ibb province was hit by an airstrike, according to eyewitnesses. [ 225 ] On 12 June Saudi jets bombed the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Sanaa Old City, killing at least six people and destroying some of the ancient buildings. UNESCO Director General Irina Bokova said in a statement that she is "profoundly distressed by the loss of human lives as well as by damage inflicted on one of the world's oldest jewels of Islamic urban landscape". Locals also condemned the action. [ 226 ] On 23 September 2015, the Saudi-led coalition destroyed a ceramics factory in the town of Matnah. One civilian was killed and others were wounded. According to the BBC, the bomb is believed to have been produced in the United Kingdom by GEC-Marconi Dynamics. [ 227 ] The factory's owner Ghalib al-Sawary told the BBC: "We built it over 20 years but to destroy it took only twenty minutes." [ 228 ] Campaigners say this attack was a violation of the laws of war. On 26 October 2015 Médecins Sans Frontières reported that a coalition airstrike had completely destroyed a hospital they ran in Saada province's Haydan governorate, including the operating room. When the first strike hit an unused part of the hospital the facility was completely evacuated, so there were no direct casualties. A spokesman for the coalition forces, Brig-Gen Ahmed al-Asiri , denied responsibility for the attack. [ 229 ] "With the hospital destroyed, at least 200,000 people now have no access to lifesaving medical care," MSF said. "This attack is another illustration of a complete disregard for civilians in Yemen, where bombings have become a daily routine," said Hassan Boucenine, MSF head of mission in Yemen. The GPS coordinates of the only hospital in the Haydan district were regularly shared with the Saudi-led coalition, and the roof of the facility was clearly identified with the MSF logo, he said. [ 230 ] UNICEF said the hospital in Saada was the 39th health center hit in Yemen since March, when the violence escalated. "More children in Yemen may well die from a lack of medicines and healthcare than from bullets and bombs," its executive director Anthony Lake said in a statement. He added that critical shortages of fuel, medication, electricity and water could mean many more will close. Amnesty International said the strike may amount to a war crime and called for an independent investigation. [ 231 ] [ 232 ] In February 2016, the Saudis bombed the ancient citadel of Kawkaban, killing seven civilians. [ 228 ] On 8 October 2016, Saudi-led airstrikes targeted a hall in Sanaa where a funeral was taking place. At least 140 people were killed and about 600 were wounded. According to The Independent , one rescuer said: "The place has been turned into a lake of blood." [ 233 ] After initially denying it was behind the attack, the Coalition's Joint Incidents Assessment Team admitted that it had bombed the hall but claimed that this attack had been a mistake caused by bad information. [ 234 ] After this attack, US national security spokesperson said that the US government was "deeply disturbed" by the bombing and added that US support for the Saudi-led coalition was "not a blank cheque". He added "we have initiated an immediate review of our already significantly reduced support to the Saudi-led Coalition." [ 233 ] The United Nations humanitarian co-ordinator in Yemen Jamie McGoldrick said he was "shocked and outraged" by the "horrific" bombing. "This violence against civilians in Yemen must stop," he said. [ 233 ] On the night of 15 February 2017, the Saudi-led coalition bombed a funeral reception near Sanaa. Initial reports suggest the bombing killed nine women and one child with ten more women reported wounded. "People heard the sound of planes and started running from the house but then the bombs hit the house directly. The roof collapsed and there was blood everywhere," a resident of the village told a Reuters news agency cameraman. [ 235 ] An explosion in a warehouse on Sunday 7 April 2019, in Sanaa, have killed at least 11 civilians, including school children and left more than 39 people wounded. The Associated Press news agency said 13 killed, including 7 children and more than 100 were wounded. According to Al Jazeera and Houthi officials, the civilians were killed in a Saudi-led coalition airstrike. [ 236 ] The Saudi-led coalition denied any airstrikes took place that day on Sanaa. The state-run news agency in Aden, aligned with the internationally recognized government, said the rebels had stored weapons at the warehouse. According to The Washington Post , "some families and residents of the district of Sawan said the explosion occurred after a fire erupted inside the warehouse. They said a fire sent columns of white smoke rising into the air, followed by the explosion." Their accounts were confirmed by several videos filmed by bystanders. [ 237 ] [ 238 ] Aircraft losses Cross-border fighting Ground combat On 3 April, CNN cited an unnamed Saudi source who claimed that Saudi special forces were on the ground in and around Aden , "coordinating and guiding" the resistance. [ 239 ] The Saudi government officially declined to comment on whether it had special forces , with Saudi Ambassador to the United States Adel al-Jubeir saying on 2 April that Saudi Arabia had no "formal" troops in Aden. [ 176 ] The Battle of Aden came to an end with pro-Hadi forces again seized control of Aden port and moving into the city's commercial center. [ 240 ] [ 241 ] On 22 July, pro-Hadi forces had retaken full control of Aden, and the Aden Airport was reopened. In late July, an offensive launched by pro-Hadi forces drove Houthi forces out of the towns neighboring Aden. [ 131 ] On 4 September a Houthi OTR-21 Tochka missile hit an ammunition dump at a military base in Safer in Ma'rib Governorate killing 52 UAE, 10 Saudi and 5 Bahraini soldiers. The Safer base was being built up by coalition forces for a push against Sanaa. [ 242 ] [ 243 ] [ 244 ] "It was the deadliest single attack on coalition soldiers since the start of its operation against Houthi rebels in March" Asseri said. [ 245 ] The attacked was the highest casualty loss in the history of the UAE military. [ 246 ] Qatar deployed 1000 troops to Yemen after the incident. [ 247 ] By 8 September it was reported that the Saudi-led forces deployed in Yemen exceeded 10,000 troops and included 30 AH-64 Apache attack helicopters. [ 248 ] On 14 December media reported a Houthi & Saleh Forces missile attack at a Saudi military camp south-west of the besieged city of Taiz , [ 249 ] [ 250 ] while sources confirmed the killings of over 150 coalition soldiers including 23 Saudi troops, 9 UAE officers and soldiers, 7 Moroccan soldiers and 42 Blackwater troops. [ 251 ] [ 252 ] On 19 December 2015, reported clashes leaves over 40 Houthi rebels and 35 government loyalists dead, with dozens wounded on both sides. [ 253 ] In June 2018, anti-Houthi forces led by Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates assaulted the port of Hodeidah , [ 254 ] in an effort to dislodge Houthi forces. [ 255 ] In January 2022, Yemeni troops backed by the Saudi-led coalition took control of the entire Shabwah Governorate from the Houthis. [ 256 ] This operation was supported and directed by the United Arab Emirates. [ 257 ] Naval involvement This graph was using the legacy Graph extension , which is no longer supported. It needs to be converted to the new Chart extension . Saudi Arabia faced growing criticism for the Saudi-led naval and air blockade, which effectively isolated the country. [ 262 ] A "military source and pro-Hadi militiamen" told the AFP on 26 April that coalition warships were participating in the shelling of Aden. [ 263 ] On 30 April, the Iranian navy announced it had deployed two destroyers to the Gulf of Aden to "ensure the safety of commercial ships of our country against the threat of pirates", according to a rear admiral. [ 264 ] According to the same source, the deployment was scheduled to last until mid-June. Iran's deputy foreign minister, Hossein Amir-Abdollahian , told state-run Tasnim News Agency , "others will not be allowed to put our shared security at risk with military adventures". [ 265 ] Scale and participation of Saudi-led coalition members Pakistan was called on by Saudi Arabia to join the coalition, but its parliament voted to maintain neutrality. [ 266 ] In February 2016, Constellis (commonly known as Blackwater, named Academi at the time) withdrew from front-line duties in the Yemen campaign. [ 12 ] Qatar was suspended from the coalition due to the 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis . [ 267 ] Morocco ended their participation in 2019 due to deterioration of Morocco–Saudi Arabia relations [ 268 ] followed by United Arab Emirates in July 2019 amid possible tensions with Iran on the Persian Gulf and differences with Saudi Arabia. [ 4 ] Sudan announced its decision to reduce troops commitment from 15,000 to 5,000 in early December 2019. [ 269 ] Saudi Arabia had 2,500 troops deployed for Operation Restoring Hope as of 2024, a total of two armored brigades from the Royal Saudi Land Forces , according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies . [ 42 ] Reports of war crimes Date (in 2015) Location / governorate Objectives or targets struck Civilians killed (at least) Civilians injured Men Women Children Total 11 April Amran / Amran buildings in the town 1 2 1 4 1 12 May Abs / Hajjah Abs/Kholan Prison and other buildings in the town 21 1 3 25 18 12 May Zabid / Al Hudaydah Shagia market and lemon grove in the town 39 13 8 60 155 4 July Muthalith Ahim / Al Hudaydah marketplace in the village ? ? 3 65 105 6 July Amran 1. Bawn market between Amran und Raydah; 2. Jawb market outside the town 13 1 15 29 20 12 July Sanaa -Sawan / Sanaa muhamashee residential neighborhood 2 7 14 23 31 people 19 July Yarim / Ibb residential homes and buildings in the town 4 3 9 16 16 24 July Mocha / Taiz residential compound of Mokha Steam Power Plant 42 13 10 65 55 8 August Shara'a / Ibb homes in the village (Radhma district) 2 3 3 8 2 30 August Abs / Hajjah Al-Sham Water Bottling Factory in the outskirts of the town 11 3 14 11 Civilian airstrike casualties for all 10 airstrikes, investigated by HRW (report of 26 November 2015) 309 414 The Saudi-led campaign has received widespread criticism and had a dramatic worsening effect on the humanitarian situation in Yemen, that reached the level of a "humanitarian disaster" [ 91 ] or "humanitarian catastrophe". The war has contributed to the famine in Yemen which has threatened over 17 million people, according to the UN, as well as an outbreak of cholera which has infected hundreds of thousands. [ 90 ] [ 271 ] [ 272 ] After the Saudi-led coalition declared the entire Saada Governorate a military target in May 2015, the UN's Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen and Human Rights Watch expressed concern that the bombing there was unnecessarily harming civilians. [ 273 ] [ 274 ] On 1 July 2015, the UN declared for Yemen a "level-three" emergency—the highest UN emergency level—for a period of six months. [ 275 ] [ 276 ] Human rights groups repeatedly blamed the Saudi-led military coalition for killing civilians and destroying health centres and other infrastructure with airstrikes. [ 277 ] In June 2015, aid agencies said the de facto blockade of Yemen had dramatically worsened the humanitarian situation, with 78% (20 million) of the population in urgent need of food, water and medical aid. Aid ships are allowed, but the bulk of commercial shipping, on which the country relies, is blocked. [ 278 ] In one incident, coalition jets prevented an Iranian Red Crescent plane from landing by bombing Sanaa International Airport 's runway, which blocked aid delivery by air. [ 279 ] According to Farea Al-Muslim , direct war crimes were committed during the conflict; for example, an IDP (internally displaced person) camp was hit by a Saudi airstrike, while Houthis sometimes prevented aid workers from giving aid. [ 280 ] The UN and human rights groups discussed the possibility that war crimes may have been committed by Saudi Arabia during the air campaign. [ 281 ] US Representative Ted Lieu has criticized the Saudi-led attacks on Yemen: "Some of these strikes look like war crimes to me, and I want to get answers as to why the US appears to be assisting in the execution of war crimes in Yemen." [ 282 ] In March 2017, Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported, "Since the start of the current conflict, at least 4,773 civilians had been killed and 8,272 wounded, the majority by coalition airstrikes.... Human Rights Watch has documented 62 apparently unlawful coalition airstrikes, some of which may amount to war crimes, that have killed nearly 900 civilians, and documented seven indiscriminate attacks by Houthi-Saleh forces in Aden and Taizz that killed 139 people, including at least eight children." [ 283 ] In an April 2020 report, Human Rights Watch said that war crimes committed by Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates in Yemen go unmentioned. They stated that these countries were responsible for most child casualties and illegal attacks on schools. [ 284 ] On December third, 2020, more than 60 organizations urged the U.N. General Assembly to establish an investigative body to gather and preserve evidence of serious human rights violations during Yemen's seven-year conflict, including possible war crimes and crimes against humanity. [ 285 ] On 20 December 2021, the Saudi-led coalition carried out air raids at the international airport in the Yemeni capital, Sanaa . As a result of these airstrikes, UN aid flights into Sanaa were halted as the airport was no longer able to receive aircraft operated by the United Nations or international humanitarian organisations. Since 2016, humanitarian flights into Sanaa airport have been largely interrupted by a Saudi-led blockade. [ 286 ] According to a report released in December 2022 by the Largest Dutch and Yemeni humanitarian organizations, PAX and Mwatana , the Houthis and the Saudi/UAE-led coalition have used explosive weapons in densely populated areas "extensively" throughout the duration of the Yemen conflict. [ 287 ] In the report it is said that Mwatana had independently documented 1,044 coalition airstrikes that caused 7,591 civilian casualties , and 805 ground-launched attacks perpetrated by both parties that resulted in 2,636 civilian casualties by August 2022. The further accusation is made that the Saudi/UAE-led coalition's use of guided missiles against civilian targets is in breach of International humanitarian law , a claim evidenced through photos containing the remnants of 2 GBU-12 Paveway IIs supposedly in 2 family houses where 15 innocents are said to have died. [ 288 ] The 3 instances discussed in that report are in addition to the 27 Mwatana had already provided in a report published 2 year prior with the University Network for Human Rights showing Precision-guided munition remnants present in alleged war crimes targeting 16 "civilian gatherings and structures," 5 "educational and health facilities," 5 "civilian businesses" and a "government cultural center" where "at least 203" civilians died is claimed to suggest "the Saudi/UAE-led Coalition airstrikes ... violate IHL ’s requirements of distinction and proportionality ." [ 289 ] On August 21, 2023, The Washington Post [ 290 ] reported that Saudi security forces killed hundreds of Ethiopian migrants and asylum seekers attempting to cross the country's border with Yemen, according to Human Rights Watch. The Saudis allegedly shot at people at close range and fired explosive weapons at groups in the mountains, in what could amount to crimes against humanity. Attacks on facilities run by aid organizations Since the Saudi-led coalition began military operations against Ansar Allah on 26 March 2015, Saudi-led coalition airstrikes unlawfully struck hospitals and other facilities run by aid organizations, according to Human Rights Watch. [ 291 ] Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) medical facilities in Yemen were attacked four times in three months. [ 292 ] On 26 October 2015, HRW documented six Saudi-led airstrikes which bombed a MSF hospital in Haydan district (Saada Governorate), wounding two patients. [ 291 ] [ 292 ] [ 293 ] MSF's director of operations Raquel Ayora said: "The way war is being waged in Yemen is causing enormous suffering and shows that the warring parties do not recognise or respect the protected status of hospitals and medical facilities. We witness the devastating consequences of this on people trapped in conflict zones on a daily basis. Nothing has been spared—not even hospitals, even though medical facilities are explicitly protected by international humanitarian law." [ 292 ] Saudi Arabia's response to accusations On 16 May 2016, Brigadier General Ahmed Hassan Asiri responded to Human Rights Watch's accusations, stating that Saudi Arabia's actions are not motivated by self-interest, but rather "because we saw population undermined and oppressed by the militias". [ 294 ] Ahmed Asiri claimed that Human Rights Watch did not have a team on the ground in Yemen, and when told by Mary Louise Kelly during an interview that Human Rights Watch had visited Yemen, stated "No. No one can get in Yemen without the permission of the coalition". [ 294 ] Human Rights Watch responded to these statements on 16 May 2016. Belkis Wille stated, "In fact, this two-week trip was the fourth I had made to Yemen since the beginning of the war in March 2015. Given what I go through to get into Yemen, al-Assiri's statement was laughable". [ 295 ] She stated that on each of her visits to Yemen during this time period her passport has been confiscated, with no reason being given. She claims that this indicates that the coalition knows that she is visiting Yemen. [ 295 ] After initially denying responsibility, on 15 October 2016, Saudi Arabia admitted responsibility for the funeral airstrikes which killed at least 140 and injured 525. [ 296 ] Saudi Arabian forces blamed the airstrikes on "wrong information" which was provided by an unnamed party, which had reportedly claimed the funeral was a legitimate target. [ 296 ] Human Rights Watch has claimed that the airstrikes likely constitute a war crime, due to the indiscriminate nature of the attack. [ 297 ] Overall airstrike casualties Year Date Place Deaths Source 2015 26 March – 7 April [ 298 ] Sanaa 88 civilians U.N. 26 March – 23 April [ 299 ] Sanaa 2019 people U.N. 30 March [ 300 ] Mazraq 29 civilians U.N. 31 March [ 301 ] Saada 19 civilians U.N. 31 March [ 302 ] Ibb province 14 people (11 civilians) Local sources 31 March [ 303 ] Wadi Saan 10 civilians Local sources 31 March [ 304 ] Hodeida governorate 31 civilians HRW 4 April [ 305 ] Sanaa governorate 9 civilians of the same family Reuters via local sources 7 April [ 306 ] [ 307 ] Maitam 3 civilians Local sources 12 April [ 308 ] Taiz 8 civilians Local sources 14 April [ 309 ] Taiz 10 civilians Amnesty International 17 April [ 310 ] Yarim, south of Sanaa 7 civilians Local sources 17 April [ 311 ] Sanaa 8 civilians 18 April [ 312 ] Saada 1 civilian Local sources 19–29 April [ 313 ] Haradh 15 people U.N. 20 April [ 314 ] Fajj Atan military base, Sanaa 91 people ICRC 21 April–5 May [ 315 ] Aden 22 civilians U.N. 21 April [ 316 ] Ibb province 20 people Local sources 21 April [ 316 ] Haradh 9 people Local sources 26 April [ 317 ] Al-Thawra hospital, Taiz 19 people U.N. 27 April [ 318 ] Aden 2 civilians Local sources 27–28 April [ 319 ] Bajel District 30 people U.N. 28 April [ 320 ] between Al-Qaras and Basatir 40 civilians Local sources 1 May [ 315 ] Sanaa 17 civilians U.N. 6 May [ 321 ] [ 322 ] Sadaa 34 people including at least 27 civilians U.N. and HRW 6 May [ 321 ] Sanaa 20 people U.N. 6 May [ 323 ] Kitaf 7 civilians Local sources 6 May [ 217 ] Dhamar governorate 11 people Local sources 9 May [ 324 ] Saada 4 civilians U.N. 11 May [ 325 ] Sanaa 5 people Agence France-Presse 14 May [ 326 ] Saada 9 people Associated Press 21 May [ 327 ] Hajjah Governorate 5 civilians U.N 26 May [ 328 ] Saada 7 civilians Local sources 26 May [ 309 ] Taiz 8 civilians Amnesty International 27 May [ 329 ] [ 330 ] Saada and Yemen 80–100 people Reuters 4 June [ 331 ] Across Yemen 58 people Local sources 6 June [ 332 ] Across Yemen 38 people Local sources 7 June [ 333 ] Sanaa 44 people Local sources 12 June [ 334 ] Old City of Sanaa 6 people Local sources 13 June [ 335 ] Bait Me'yad, Sanaa 9 people Medical sources 16 June [ 309 ] Taiz 5 civilians Amnesty International 19 June [ 336 ] Across Yemen 10 civilians Local sources 21 June [ 337 ] Across Yemen 15 people BBC 30 June [ 338 ] Saada 2 people Local sources 30 June [ 309 ] Taiz 4 civilians Amnesty International 2 July [ 338 ] Sanaa 8 people Houthi-controlled Saba News Agency . 3 July [ 339 ] Across Yemen 16 people Local sources 6 July [ 340 ] Across Yemen 100 people Local and medical sources 7 July [ 309 ] Taiz 11 Lahj Amnesty International 9 July [ 309 ] [ 341 ] Taiz 11 Lahj Amnesty International 25 July [ 342 ] Mokha, Yemen 120 civilians Associated Press 17 August [ 343 ] Jibla and Al-Jawf 17 civilians Local officials 19 August [ 344 ] Sanaa 15 civilians UN 21 August [ 345 ] Taiz 65 civilians Doctors Without Borders 28 August [ 346 ] Taiz 10 people Reuters 30 August [ 347 ] Hajjah and Sanaa 40 civilians Local sources 5 September [ 348 ] Sanaa 27 civilians Reuters 6 September [ 348 ] Al Jawf Governorate 30 people Reuters 12 September [ 349 ] Across Yemen 16 civilians Reuters 14 September [ 350 ] Sanaa, Yemen 10 people Reuters 20 September [ 351 ] Saada 20 People Reuters 21 September [ 351 ] Hajjah and Sanaa 50 people Reuters 27 September [ 352 ] Hajjah 30 civilians Local sources 28 September [ 352 ] Al-Wahijah, Taiz 131 civilians Medics 8 October [ 353 ] Dhamar, Yemen 25–50 people Reuters 2016 10 January [ 354 ] Saada, Yemen 6 civilians Doctors Without Borders 13 January [ 355 ] Bilad al-Rus 15 civilians Local sources 27 February [ 356 ] Sanaa 40 civilians Reuters 15 March [ 357 ] Mastaba at least 119 people UN 20 June [ 358 ] Sanaa 8 civilians Yemeni officials 7 August [ 359 ] Nehm district 18 civilians Local officials 9 August [ 360 ] Sanaa 13 civilians Reuters 13 August [ 361 ] Saada 19 civilians MSF 15 August [ 362 ] [ 363 ] Hajjah province 19 civilians MSF 10 September [ 364 ] Arhab district 30 people UN 21 September [ 365 ] Al Hudaydah Governorate 26 civilians Reuters 8 October [ 366 ] Sanaa 140 people UN 29 October [ 367 ] Hodeidah 60 inmates Reuters 28 November [ 368 ] Hodeidah at least 13 civilians Yemeni officials 2017 1 January [ 369 ] Sirwah District 5 civilians Military officials 7 January [ 370 ] Sanaa 12 civilians Medics 10 January [ 370 ] Nihm District 8 children Rescuers 15 February [ 371 ] north of Sanaa 10 women and children Reuters 10 March [ 372 ] Al Khawkhah district 18 civilians UN 15 March [ 373 ] Mastaba 119 people Human Rights Watch 16 March [ 374 ] Bab-el-Mandeb 42 Somali refugees UN 3 April [ 375 ] Sarawah District 8 civilians Security and tribal officials 17 May [ 376 ] Mawza District 23 civilians Houthis 17 June [ 377 ] Saada Governorate 24 civilians Health officials 18 July [ 378 ] al-Atera village, Mawza District 20+ civilians UN 23 August [ 379 ] [ 380 ] Arhab, Sanaa 48+ civilians Medical officials 26 December [ 381 ] Taiz, Hodeidah 68 civilians UN 2018 3 April [ 382 ] Hodeidah 14+ civilians Medics 23 April [ 383 ] Hajja 40+ civilians Medical officials 9 August [ 384 ] [ 385 ] Saada 51 killed, including 40 children International Committee of the Red Cross; Houthi Health Ministry 13 October [ 386 ] Hodeidah 17 people Deutsche Welle 24 October [ 387 ] Al Hudaydah Governorate 21+ civilians UN 2019 29 July [ 388 ] Saada Governorate 13+ civilians Medics 1 September [ 389 ] Dhamar 100+ civilians Red Cross (ICRC) 2020 15 February [ 390 ] Al Jawf Governorate 31+ civilians UN 8 August [ 391 ] Al Jawf Governorate 20+ women and children UN, Houthis 2022 21 January [ 392 ] Saada 100+ people MSF, Houthis Date Location Objectives struck Civilians killed (at least) Civilians injured (if known) Men Women Children Total 4 September Hadda Neighborhood, Sanaa four-story apartment building 0 1 2 3 18 September Marib Street, Sanaa house and unused iron lathe workshop 3 1 1 5 8 18 September Old City, Sanaa buildings of the World Heritage Site 4 2 7 13 12 21 September Al-Hassaba Neighborhood, Sanaa homes in the densely populated residential area 3 6 11 20 ? 23 September Al-Asbahi Neighborhood, Sanaa buildings in the residential neighborhood 7 2 10 19 ? 26 October Thabwa, Sanaa buildings in the residential neighborhood 2 Civilian airstrike casualties for all 6 airstrikes, investigated by HRW (report of 21 December 2015) 60 ? Foreign support and funding In March 2015, President Barack Obama declared that he had authorized US forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their military intervention in Yemen. [ 397 ] Deputy Secretary of State Antony Blinken said, "as part of that effort, we have expedited weapons deliveries, we have increased our intelligence sharing, and we have established a joint coordination planning cell in the Saudi operation centre." [ 398 ] NATO powers such as the United Kingdom and the United States support the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen primarily through arms sales and technical assistance. [ 399 ] France had also made recent military sales to Saudi Arabia. [ 400 ] MSF emergency coordinator Karline Kleijer called the US, France and the UK part of the Saudi-led coalition, which imposed the weapons embargo and blocked all ships from entering Yemen with supplies. [ 401 ] Rights groups have criticized the countries for supplying arms, and accuse the coalition of using cluster munitions , which are banned in most countries. [ 402 ] Oxfam pointed out that Germany, Iran, and Russia have also reportedly sold arms to the conflicting forces. [ 403 ] Tariq Riebl, head of programmes in Yemen for Oxfam, said, "it's difficult to argue that a weapon sold to Saudi Arabia would not in some way be used in Yemen," or "if it's not used in Yemen it enables the country to use other weapons in Yemen." [ 399 ] Amnesty International urged the US and the UK to stop supplying arms to Saudi Arabia and to the Saudi-led coalition. [ 404 ] On August 3, 2019, a United Nations report said the US, UK and France may be complicit in committing war crimes in Yemen by selling weapons and providing support to the Saudi-led coalition which it accused of using starvation of civilians as a tactic of warfare. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] In 2016, the United States government sold 1.3 billion dollars of arms to Saudi Arabia despite concerns from officials that it could be complicit in war crimes through its support for the Saudi Arabian-led coalition in Yemen. U.S. government lawyers were unable to conclude whether the U.S. support for the coalition made them a co-belligerents under international law. [ 407 ] Arms sale by United Kingdom to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates in 2019 reportedly soared by £1bn, i.e. 300%, in comparison to the figures in 2018. Campaign Against Arms Trade spokesperson Andrew Smith condemned the increase and claimed that the UK arms industry "is dominated by human rights abusers, despots and dictatorships." [ 408 ] According to official figures released by the Department for International Trade (DIT), British firms exported £11bn worth of arms in 2019, becoming the second-highest arms exporter after the United States. Although a June 2019 court ruling halted the sale of UK arms to the Saudis which could be used in Yemen, such sales were resumed in June following a review by the British government. [ 409 ] In January 2020, the State Department told lawmakers that it was planning to permit Raytheon to sell precision-guided missiles worth $478 million to Saudi Arabia and expand its manufacturing inside the country, despite the kingdom's human rights record and objections by both Democratic and Republican lawmakers. [ 410 ] On February 4, 2021, the new US President Joe Biden announced an end to the U.S. support for Saudi-led operations in Yemen. [ 411 ] However, U.S. arms sales have continued. [ 412 ] [ 413 ] In early June 2020, the French government published a report on the arms exports of 2019, where the sale of €1.4 billion arms was made to Saudi Arabia . Human Rights Watch urged the French authorities to halt any arms sale to Saudi, considering the country is accused in possible war crimes and human rights abuses in Yemen . [ 414 ] In July 2020, Amnesty International revealed that France had promoted a private military center to train Saudi troops and backed it both financially and politically. According to the report, France intended to train the Saudi soldiers in the operations of the latest versions of weapons that had already been used in the Yemeni conflict. The training center has been set up at the town of Commercy in Meuse with funds extracted from the French taxpayer's money, violating international treaties, as per Lebel. [ 415 ] [ 416 ] In September 2020, a United Nations panel listed Canada among the countries who contributed to fueling the war in Yemen. Following that, 39 human rights organizations, arms-control groups and labor unions, including the Public Service Alliance of Canada , sent a joint letter to the Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau , urging for the country to end arms exports to Saudi Arabia . [ 417 ] The Saudi-led coalition used a precision-guided munition developed in the United States in an air hit on a detention facility in Sa'adah, northwestern Yemen, that killed at least 80 people and injured over 200, according to Doctors Without Borders. The laser-guided bomb used in the raid was made by Raytheon, a US defence company. [ 418 ] Following a spate of missile assaults by Yemeni rebels, the US will deploy a guided-missile destroyer and cutting-edge fighter jets to help defend the United Arab Emirates, according to a US statement released Wednesday, February 2, 2022. [ 419 ] The commander of US Central Command arrived in the United Arab Emirates on Sunday, February 6, 2022, to expand on previous Pentagon announcements to assist the UAE in bolstering its defenses following attacks in Yemen by Iranian-backed rebels. [ 420 ] In a June 2022 joint analysis, the Washington Post in association with Security Force Monitor at Columbia Law School's Human Rights Institute (SFM) reported that the United States supported the majority of the Saudi-led coalition's airforce squadrons. A large portion of the coalition airstrikes were carried out by aircraft developed, maintained and sold by U.S. companies, and were flown by pilots trained by the U.S. military. Out of the 39 air force units of the coalition that could have conducted airstrikes, 38 likely benefited by U.S. approved contracts and in the seven years since the beginning of the bombing campaign, the U.S. approved 213, out of the 902 total contracts, that potentially served the coalition's airforce units. [ 421 ] [ 422 ] On 7 June 2022, an internal report from the Government Accountability Office (GAO) was released which concluded that the United States' State Department and the Defense Department had failed to properly assess war crimes allegations against the Saudi-led coalition and had not adequately tracked civilians deaths caused by American-made weapons. The report concluded that there were serious gaps in U.S. government oversight on how arms sold to Saudi Arabia and the UAE were used. [ 423 ] Yemeni citizen, Ayman Mohammed Saleh Al-Sanabani filed a lawsuit against Saudi Arabia and the UAE, the US State Department, the US Department of Defense, Raytheon , Lockheed Martin and general Dynamics , alleging them of human rights abuses in Yemen . In an opinion article on The Guardian in March 2023, he said his family, including his bride, were massacred on his wedding day in a missile attack by Saudi and the UAE in October 2015. Ayman Mohamed also accused the US of the tragedy and war crimes in Yemen. He said the US and its defense contractors of complicity in the humanitarian crisis in Yemen. He also called on the Joe Biden to fulfill his campaign promise and stop the arms sales to Saudi Arabia. [ 424 ] Operation costs In December 2015, David Ottaway, a senior scholar at the Wilson Center in Washington, estimated the Saudi-led military coalition was spending $200 million a day on military operations in Yemen. His sources speculate that the Saudis are supplying most of the funding. [ 425 ] On 20 October 2020, State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (Seco) published a report that Swiss companies exported war material to the value of almost 690 million francs. According to this report Saudi Arabia, currently involved in a conflict in Yemen bought war material from Switzerland for 3.8 million francs. [ 426 ] Responses In Yemen Opposition Following the call by the leader of the Houthi movement, Abdul-Malik al-Houthi , tens of thousands Yemenis of various socioeconomic backgrounds took to the streets of the rebel-controlled capital, Sanaa, to voice their anger at the Saudi intervention. [ 427 ] On 21 April 2015, representatives of 19 Yemeni political parties and associations rejected UN Resolution 2216, stating that it encouraged terrorist expansion, intervened in Yemen's sovereign affairs, violated Yemen's right of self-defence and emphasized the associations' support of the Yemeni Army. [ 428 ] [ 429 ] On 23 April, a spokesman for the Houthis said UN-sponsored peace talks should continue, but only following "a complete halt of attacks" by the coalition. [ 430 ] In a televised address on 24 April, Saleh called on the Houthis and other armed groups to withdraw from the territory they had seized and participate in UN-sponsored peace talks, in exchange for an end to the air campaign. [ 431 ] Exiled Yemeni Foreign Minister rejected the peace proposal saying that Saleh had no role in the talks. [ 432 ] On 26 April, the General Authority for Archeology and Museums in Yemen condemned attacks targeting historical sites. The statement highlighted an attack that completely destroyed an ancient fortress in the Damt District of the Ad Dali' Governorate . [ 433 ] Yemeni political parties issued a letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon requesting that he continue the peace talks. The letter emphasized that Yemen was still under attack by air, land and sea and that the existing blockade was increasing the humanitarian crisis and that education had been denied for 3 million students due to the "random attacks". [ 434 ] On 2 May 2015, the Yemenis Forum of Persons With Disability stated that 300 centres and organizations had been forced to stop operations following the intervention. The organization denounced the air and sea blockade that "increased the suffering of the disabled greatly". [ 435 ] The same day Hussein al-Ezzi, the Houthi head of foreign relations, sent a letter addressed to Secretary General Ban seeking an end to the "unjustified Saudi aggression". [ 436 ] He asked the UN to seek an end to what Houthis described as blatant aggression against the country. [ 437 ] On 7 May, 17 humanitarian agencies stressed that life-saving aid would run out in a week and emphasized the need to remove the existing blockade. The International Non-Government Organizations Forum in Yemen appealed for allowing basic materials to enter the country immediately. [ 438 ] On 10 May, Houthi military spokesman Sharaf Luqman welcomed the Russian initiative, which advocated a suspension of military operations and also lifting the blockade. [ 439 ] On 26 March 2017, the second anniversary of the war, over a hundred thousand Houthi supporters demonstrated in Sanaa protesting the Saudi aggression and expressing solidarity. [ 440 ] Support Anti-Houthi groups, especially Sunnis, while supporting the intervention did not wish for the return to power of Hadi, since they viewed him as the man "who ceded control of the capital without a fight six months ago". [ 441 ] On 3 April, the Al-Islah party, the Yemeni branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, declared its support for the campaign. [ 442 ] Supporters of the party reportedly suffered consequences, including kidnappings and raids, as a result of this declaration. [ 443 ] [ 444 ] On 26 April, the foreign minister in Hadi's government, Riad Yaseen, rejected Saleh's calls for UN-sponsored peace talks on the ground. [ 445 ] Saudi Arabia Opposition On 5 April a firefight broke out between anti-government Shiite rioters and security forces in Saudi Arabia's Shiite-minority in Eastern Province, with one police officer killed and three others injured. [ 446 ] The firefight broke out after calls in the Eastern Province to protest against the military intervention. [ 447 ] On 29 April, King Salman dismissed his appointed crown prince , Muqrin of Saudi Arabia . Some regional political analysts speculated that the decision was precipitated by Muqrin's alleged opposition to the intervention. Salman appointed Muhammad bin Nayef , who publicly announced his support of the operation, to replace Muqrin. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] Support On 21 April, Saudi prince Al-Waleed bin Talal reportedly offered 100 Bentleys to participating pilots. The announcement was met with substantial criticism. [ 450 ] Among the general populace, the war was popular. [ 451 ] Other coalition countries Bahrain On 3 April Bahrainis protested against the war on Yemen. [ 452 ] A prominent Bahraini opposition politician, Fadhel Abbas, was reportedly arrested by Bahraini authorities for condemning the bombing as "flagrant aggression". [ 453 ] Egypt Supporters of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood demonstrated against Egypt's military intervention. [ 454 ] Kuwait Kuwaiti politician Abdul-Hamid Dashti reportedly criticized the war and described it as an "act of aggression". [ 455 ] A prominent Kuwaiti lawyer, Khalid Al Shatti, was summoned by Kuwaiti authorities for his criticism of the Saudi government. [ 456 ] On 28 April, Kuwaiti Foreign Minister Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah stated that the only solution to the Yemen crisis was political. [ 457 ] International The Arab League , United States, Turkey, OIC and Hamas voiced support for the intervention, [ 458 ] [ 459 ] [ 460 ] [ 461 ] but the European Union , Russia [ 462 ] and the United Nations criticised it. [ 463 ] [ 464 ] [ 465 ] The United Kingdom, and France supported the intervention, [ 466 ] and along with Canada have supplied the Saudi military with equipment. [ 467 ] [ 468 ] [ 469 ] Iran condemned intervention as "US-backed aggression". [ 470 ] Iran's U.N. Ambassador Gholamali Khoshroo said, "those who violate international law, including international humanitarian law, should be held accountable for their acts and there should be no room for impunity." [ 471 ] Iraqi Prime Minister Haidar al-Abadi expressed the Iraqi government 's opposition to the intervention: "This (Yemen war) can engulf the whole region in another conflict. We don't need another sectarian war in the region." [ 472 ] The Hezbollah secretary general criticized Saudi Arabia and its allies, saying "all invaders end up being defeated". [ 473 ] The Chinese foreign ministry expressed in January 2016 its support for the intervention and the Hadi government, while stressing its desire for a resumption of stability in Yemen. [ 474 ] Somalia 's government blamed the Saudi-led coalition for the killing of at least 42 Somali refugees off the Yemeni coast. Somali Prime Minister Hassan Ali Khaire called the attack on a boat carrying refugees "atrocious" and "appalling". [ 374 ] Asian countries including China, India, Malaysia and Pakistan, moved within days to evacuate their citizens from Yemen . [ 475 ] [ 476 ] [ 477 ] [ 478 ] On 4 April, the ICRC called for a 24-hour humanitarian ceasefire after the coalition blocked three aid shipments to Yemen. [ 479 ] Russia also called for "humanitarian pauses" in the coalition bombing campaign, bringing the idea before the United Nations Security Council in a 4 April emergency meeting. [ 480 ] Saudi Arabia's UN ambassador raised questions over whether humanitarian pauses are the best way of delivering humanitarian assistance. [ 481 ] On 7 April, China renewed calls for an immediate ceasefire. [ 482 ] On 10 April, the Pakistani Parliament declined a Saudi Arabian request to join the coalition. The Parliament clarified the wish to maintain a neutral diplomatic stance. [ 483 ] On 16 April a group of US and UK-based Yemen scholars wrote an open letter, stating that the operation was illegal under international law and calling for the UN to enforce an immediate ceasefire. [ 484 ] On 19 April, international aid agency Oxfam condemned SA over airstrikes it said hit one of its warehouses containing humanitarian supplies in Saada. [ 485 ] Aid groups came out against the air campaign: Amnesty International said some of the coalition's airstrikes "appear to have failed to take necessary precautions to minimize harm to civilians and damage to civilian objects". [ 486 ] Reporters without Borders condemned a strike in Sanaa on 20 April that caused the deaths of four employees of Al-Yemen Al-Youm TV and injured ten others; it also condemned attacks on journalists by pro-Houthi forces. [ 487 ] On 4 May the UN called on the coalition to stop attacking Sanaa Airport to allow delivery of humanitarian aid. [ 488 ] On 10 May the UN Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen stated that the attacks on Saada province were in breach of international law. [ 489 ] On 29 June, Secretary General Ban Ki-moon denounced a coalition airstrike that had hit a UN compound in Aden the previous day and requested a full investigation. [ 490 ] Human Rights Watch criticized the UN Security Council repeatedly for "remaining almost silent on coalition abuses". [ 277 ] [ 270 ] [ 491 ] In January 2016 an unpublished United Nations panel investigating the Saudi-led bombing campaign in Yemen uncovered "widespread and systematic" attacks on civilian targets in violation of international humanitarian law, calling UN Security Council up for an international commission of inquiry. [ 492 ] [ 493 ] [ 494 ] Saudi Arabia had previously objected to an inquiry being set up, [ 492 ] [ 495 ] and had not been supported by Western governments. [ 496 ] [ 497 ] [ 498 ] [ 499 ] In February 2016 the Secretary-General of the UN (UNSG) Ban Ki-moon raised strong concerns over continued Saudi-led airstrikes, saying, "coalition air strikes in particular continue to strike hospitals, schools, mosques and civilian infrastructures" in Yemen. He urged States that are signatories to the Arms Trade Treaty to "control arms flows to actors that may use them in ways that breach of international humanitarian law". [ 500 ] [ 501 ] In June 2016, Ban Ki-moon removed a Saudi-led coalition from a list of children's rights violators, [ 502 ] saying that Saudi Arabia threatened to cut Palestinian aid and funds to other UN programs if coalition was not removed from blacklist for killing children in Yemen. According to one source, there was also a threat of "clerics in Riyadh meeting to issue a fatwa against the UN, declaring it anti-Muslim, which would mean no contacts of OIC members, no relations, contributions, support, to any UN projects, programs". [ 503 ] In September 2016, British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson was accused of blocking the UN inquiry into Saudi war crimes in Yemen. [ 504 ] In April 2018, French President Emmanuel Macron voiced support for the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen and defended France's arms sales to the Saudi-led coalition. [ 505 ] France authorised $18 billion (€16 billion) in arms sales to Saudi Arabia in 2015. [ 469 ] Bahri Abha – the Saudi Arabian ship arrived on 10 December 2019, at the Sagunto, Valencia port, where they were faced by Spanish Control Arms campaign organizations. Since the beginning of the Yemen war, the same ship has reportedly ferried $162 million worth of US-made arms to the kingdom. The organizations of the likes of Amnesty International, FundiPau , Greenpeace and Oxfam Intermón have objected to the shipment of arms from Spanish port. [ 506 ] On June 15, 2020, Secretary-General of the UN, António Guterres , removed the Saudi-led coalition from a list of children's rights violators despite continued grave violations against children in Yemen. [ 507 ] On 12 November 2021, in opposition to Saudi Arabia's offensive operations in the Yemen civil war, Rep. Ilhan Omar introduced a joint resolution to block the sale of $650 million US weapons to the Kingdom. The weapons sale was authorized by the Biden administration and was expected to include 280 missiles, 596 LAU-128 Missile Rail Launchers, and other equipment. Omar said in a statement, "It is simply unconscionable to sell weapons to Saudi Arabia while they continue to slaughter innocent people and starve millions in Yemen, kill and torture dissidents, and support modern-day slavery." [ 508 ] On 28 December 2021, The Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Yemen, Hans Grundberg, raised an alarm about the safety of civilians in the war-torn Yemen given the escalating violence, including airstrikes carried out by the Saudi-led coalition. According to his statement, airstrikes on Sanaa resulted in loss of civilian lives, and damage to the country's infrastructure. He also underlined that violations of international humanitarian and human rights law cannot continue with impunity. [ 509 ] On 29 July 2022, the United Nations' Committee against Torture issued its findings on the United Arab Emirates after review of the States party. In the session, the committee expressed concerns regarding the country's inhuman practices despite compliance of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. In its finding, the committee issued concerns about allegations of torture and maltreatment against the UAE-led armed forces, related non-state armed groups, and state security agencies in the Yemen war and fight against terrorism. The committee announced a special onus on the probe and prosecution of the allegations of offenses concerning torture and ill-treatment in the said situations and demanded for a viable pathway to be introduced for the victims in order for them to seek redress, justice and rehabilitation. [ 510 ] On 29 January 2021, Italy blocked the arms sales to Saudi Arabia and the UAE , which ranked biggest arms importers for Italian weapons. The decision from late prime minister Matteo Renzi cited heavy humanitarian crises in Yemen, in which the UAE and Saudi-led coalition were involved. Renzi had agreed sales of approximately 20,000 missiles worth are 400 million euros, the supply of which were also blocked. [ 511 ] However, Italy lifted the embargo on arms sales to the UAE, on 17 April 2023. [ 512 ] A month after, Italy also lifted the embargo on arms sales to Saudi Arabia , on 31 May 2023. [ 513 ] Al-Qaeda and Islamic State Both al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and Islamic State had a presence in Yemen before the Saudi-led intervention. AQAP had controlled substantial pieces of territory for some time, while Islamic State claimed responsibility for twin bombings in Sanaa the following month that killed 140 people and injured hundreds more. [ 514 ] The two radical groups have used the conflict to expand and consolidate, an obvious fact accepted by the Pentagon. [ 515 ] The Houthis disengaged fighting AQAP to face rival Yemeni militias at the same time as they were being hit by coalition air strikes; [ 515 ] [ 516 ] A source indicates that Yemeni troops in the south remained in their bases instead of confronting al-Qaeda militants, fearing Saudi air strikes on any troop movements. [ 517 ] There are questions about the ability of the country to confront its Islamist militancy problem due to the major infrastructure damage caused by the war. [ 517 ] Within weeks of the commencement of the Yemen's civil war, AQAP had exploited the chaos to capture the south-eastern port city of Mukalla , [ 518 ] along with nearby military, transport, and economic infrastructure. [ 515 ] A series of prison breaks by al-Qaeda—they emptied Mukalla's jail of 300 prisoners and emptied 1,200 inmates in June 2015 from the central prison in Taiz —released jailed jihadists of all ranks. [ 519 ] [ 520 ] Reports indicate that Yemen's prisons had, in preceding years, reportedly become "de facto jihadi academies", as veteran militants were placed in cells alongside young, regular criminals. [ 517 ] The coalition campaign against the Houthis in Yemen's city of Aden in July 2015 and subsequent chaos increased AQAP and Islamic State presence in the city. [ 521 ] Residents of Aden faced a wave of bombings and shootings that prevented efforts at stabilization. [ 522 ] AQAP conducted assassinations of judges, security officials, and police. [ 523 ] On 26 August 2015, Bob Semple, a British petroleum engineer who was kidnapped and held as a hostage by Al Qaeda in Yemen was freed by the UAE armed forces after 18 months of captivity. [ 524 ] At the start of February 2016, AQAP recaptured Azzan, an important commercial city in Shabwa province. [ 525 ] A few weeks later, al-Qaeda fighters and Saudi-led coalition forces were seen fighting a common target; the Houthis. [ 526 ] But the situation is different in Aden, the AQAP/ISIS and pro-Hadi that were fighting a common enemy in Taiz are enemies in Aden. On 29 February 2016, a suicide car killed 4 pro-Hadi troops in Shiek Othman district in Aden, the city that Hadi uses as a temporary capital. [ 527 ] The United Arab Emirates has spearheaded an active role against fighting AQAP and ISIL-YP presence in Yemen through a partnership with the United States. [ 528 ] In April 2016, UAE armed forces assisted Yemeni forces in retaking the city of Mukalla from AQAP during the Battle of Mukalla . [ 529 ] [ 530 ] In August 2017, the UAE armed forces assisted a Yemeni army offensive against AQAP in Shabwah Governorate . [ 531 ] In an Op-Ed in The Washington Post Yousef Al Otaiba , the UAE ambassador to the United States, described that the intervention has reduced AQAP presence in Yemen to its weakest point since 2012 with many areas previously under their control liberated. [ 532 ] The ambassador declared that more than 2,000 militants have been removed from the battlefield, with their controlled areas now having improved security and a better delivered humanitarian and development assistance such as to the port city of Mukalla and other liberated areas. [ 532 ] An Associated Press investigation outlined that the military coalition in Yemen actively reduced AQAP in Yemen without military intervention, instead by offering them deals and even actively recruiting them in the coalition because "they are considered as exceptional fighters". [ 533 ] UAE Brigadier General Musallam Al Rashidi responded to the accusations by stating that Al Qaeda cannot be reasoned with and cited that multiple of his soldiers have been killed by them. [ 534 ] The UAE military stated that accusations of allowing AQAP to leave with cash contradicts their primary objective of depriving AQAP of its financial strength. [ 535 ] The notion of the coalition recruiting or paying AQAP has been thoroughly denied by the United States Pentagon with Colonel Robert Manning, spokesperson of the Pentagon, calling the news source "patently false". [ 536 ] The governor of Hadramut Faraj al-Bahsani, dismissed the accusations that Al Qaeda has joined with the coalition rank, explaining that if they did there would be sleeper cells and that he would be "the first one to be killed". According to The Independent , AQAP activity on social media as well as the number of terror attacks conducted by them has decreased since the Emirati intervention. [ 535 ] In January 2019, CNN stated that Saudi Arabia and the UAE provided al-Qaeda linked groups in Yemen with US-made military equipment including vehicles. [ 537 ] [ 538 ] On 25 June 2019, Saudi special forces announced that they captured the leader of the ISIL-YP, Abu Osama al-Muhajer , on the 3 June along with other members including the chief financial officer of the organization. [ 539 ] In April 2020, Yemeni journalist Salah Bin Laghbar revealed documents showing cooperation between Saudi-led coalition and al-Qaeda in Yemen; "An official document from the al-Humiqani tribe warns Saudi-led coalition against sending weapons to terrorist organizations through the Al-Rashad Party , Muslim Brotherhood and terrorist Abdul Rahman Abu al-Harith al-Humiqani, who is affiliated with Daesh." [ 540 ] Other effects On 25 March 2015, Gulf Air , the Bahraini flag carrier airline announced the immediate suspension of service to Sanaa. [ 541 ] Somali airlines such as Daallo Airlines and Jubba Airways also encountered difficulties, as they were unable to fly over Yemen after its airspace became restricted. [ 542 ] On 15 April 2015, Turkish Airlines suspended all Yemen flights until 1 June. [ 543 ] Following Hadi's request, the administration of the Egypt-based Nilesat and Saudi-based Arabsat , two satellite communication companies, stopped broadcasting Yemeni state-run television channels that had fallen under Houthi control. The channels included Al-Yemen, Al-Eman, Saba News Agency and Aden TV. Armed Houthis closed down the Sanaa offices of four media outlets, including Al Jazeera , Yemen Shabab and Suhail channels, as well as Al-Masdar's newspaper and website. Al-Saeeda channel was also stormed, but was allowed to remain open on the condition it not broadcast anti-Houthi material. Houthi Political Office member Mohammad Al-Bukhaiti said the channels were closed for supporting the coalition. [ 544 ] King Salman replaced his half-brother Muqrin as crown prince with Muhammad bin Nayef and named his son Mohammed bin Salman as defence minister, and then-Ambassador to the United States Adel al-Jubeir as foreign minister. Some reports linked the cabinet reshuffle to the war. [ 545 ] [ 546 ] At least one political analyst suggested that Muqrin was not supportive of the military intervention, and that this cost him his position. [ 547 ] Prince Muqrin's Yemeni Lineage was pointed out as another possible cause. [ 548 ] The exiled Yemeni government sent a request to the UN, asking for foreign troops on the ground. [ 549 ] On 19 June 2015, WikiLeaks announced the intention of releasing over 500,000 Saudi diplomatic documents to the internet. In its statement, WikiLeaks referred to a recent electronic attack on the Saudi Foreign Ministry by a group calling itself the Yemen Cyber Army , but did not indicate whether they passed the documents to WikiLeaks. [ 550 ] The Sudanese Rapid Support Forces (RSF), which went on to gain international notoriety for committing genocide in Darfur during the Sudanese Civil War , participated in the intervention on a mercenary basis. They reportedly killed civilians and destroyed infrastructure during the operation, for which they were accused of war crimes by organisations such as Human Rights Watch . [ 551 ] [ 552 ] [ 553 ] [ 554 ] Importantly, the RSF also traces back its ongoing relations with the United Arab Emirates to the intervention in Yemen, which brought RSF leader Hemedti in contact with Emirati representatives. [ 555 ] [ 556 ] [ 557 ] Peace efforts This section needs to be updated . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( April 2019 ) Cease fire talks On 15 May 2015, new UN envoy to Yemen Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed proposed peace talks in Geneva. Rebel spokesman Hamed al-Bokheiti said the Houthis were willing to hold talks in any "neutral" country. [ 558 ] Five days later the Secretary-General of the United Nations , Ban Ki-moon announced that peace talks would be held in Geneva starting on 28 May and urged all parties to participate. [ 559 ] Houthi rebels reiterated their support for the talks while exiled government officials said they would participate only if the Houthi's withdrew from occupied cities. [ 560 ] On 26 May, Ban announced that the peace talks were to be postponed indefinitely after exiled Yemeni officials refused to attend until rebels withdrew from all occupied cities. [ 561 ] On 6 June the UN announced that peace talks would take place on 14 June [ 562 ] Both the exiled officials and the Houthi group confirmed their attendance. [ 331 ] 15–19 June 2015 talks Secretary-General Ban called for a "humanitarian pause" during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan . Peace talks between the exiled government and the Houthis concluded in Geneva without reaching a ceasefire. [ 563 ] [ 564 ] Ramadan peace agreement On 4 July 2015, Houthi spokesman Mohammed Abdul Salam said in a post on his Facebook page that he had met Ahmed on Friday to discuss a Ramadan truce. The US and EU announced their support for a humanitarian truce. [ 565 ] On 9 July, the UN announced an unconditional truce between 10 July until the end of Eid ul Fitr on 17 July. The Special Envoy to Yemen assured the agreement of all warring factions. [ 566 ] The truce was interrupted within an hour by airstrikes. [ 567 ] Coalition spokesman later added that the coalition was not bound by the truce and that any truce would be counterproductive. [ 568 ] It later added that it was not requested to pause by the exiled Yemeni Government. [ 569 ] Further peace talks On 8 September 2015, Vice News revealed a leaked email by UN Envoy to Yemen Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed. In it, the envoy confirms that Houthi rebels and the party of former president and Houthi ally Ali Abdullah Saleh have expressed willingness to accept—with some reservations—a UN Security Council resolution, approved in April. This demanded the rebels "withdraw their forces from all areas they have seized, including the capital, Sanaa". "AA/GPC agreed to a new wording on UNSC resolution 2216 that states unequivocally that they are committed to the implementation of 2216 (see document attached) with the exception of article which infringe on Yemeni sovereignty and those related to sanctions," wrote Ould Cheikh Ahmed, referring to Ansar Allah (AA)—another name for the Houthis—and Saleh's General People's Congress party (GPC). "In addition, the new text includes acceptance of the return of the current government for a period of 60 days during which a government of national unity shall be formed," wrote the envoy in the email. According to Ould Cheikh Ahmed, during talks, the Houthis gave ground on certain language, including "mandatory support by the international community for reconstruction that was in the earlier version". "The latter was particularly opposed by KSA Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and GCC Gulf Cooperation Council who did not want it to be interpreted as a form of mandatory compensation," added the UN envoy. [ 570 ] On 10 September, UN Envoy to Yemen announced that all parties had agreed to peace talks. A statement from Hadi's office following a meeting on the issue of new talks affirmed the president's "complete support for the sincere efforts exerted by the special envoy". It urged Ahmed to "exert efforts to achieve the public and honest commitment on the part of the Houthis and Saleh" to implement 14 April council resolution unconditionally. [ 571 ] On 13 September, the exiled Yemeni government announced that it would no longer participate in the peace talks. [ 572 ] 2016 talks On 18 April, peace talks aimed at ending Yemen's civil war that were set to begin faltered before they could start, when delegates representing Yemen's Houthi rebels refused to attend. [ 573 ] On 20 April, talks convened, based on UN Security Council resolution 2216 which called for the Houthi fighters to withdraw from areas they seized since 2014 and hand heavy weapons back to the government. [ 574 ] On 6 August, the UN special envoy to Yemen, Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed, announced the suspension in Kuwait, where the talks were being held. He said that the negotiations were not a failure and that they would resume in a month at an undisclosed location. Mr. Ahmed is the second United Nations envoy to try to broker peace talks between the Houthis and other factions in Yemen since March 2015. His predecessor quit after similar peace talk efforts failed. After the breakdown of the talks, one of the Houthi negotiators, Nasser Bagazgooz, blamed the United Nations envoy for seeking what he said amounted to a military solution on behalf of the Saudi-led coalition. [ 575 ] Previous negotiations floated the idea of forming a unity government—composed of Houthi and former Hadi government leaders. But the exiled Hadi leaders have consistently rejected any deal that would diminish their power over Yemen, and the Houthis have said that they will reject any deal that does not give them a seat at the table. [ 576 ] [ 577 ] [ 578 ] The Saudi-led military coalition and Houthis (Ansar Allah) arrived at a swift ceasefire agreement effective 17 November 2016, as a result of efforts of US Secretary of State John Kerry and Omani dignitaries. [ 579 ] 2020 ceasefire in response to the COVID-19 pandemic After the United Nations urged both sides to pursue peace talks in order to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen , [ 580 ] Saudi-led coalition spokesman Turki Al-Maliki announced a unilateral ceasefire beginning 9 April at noon, to support efforts to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic . [ 581 ] However, despite pledging ceasefire in Yemen , Saudi-led coalition carried out dozens of airstrikes in the span of a week. The Yemen Data Project stated that at least 106 Saudi-led airstrikes, across 26 raids in Yemen had been carried out by the Kingdom in just one week. [ 582 ] On July 2, coalition fighter jets launched scores of airstrikes on several Yemeni provinces. The operation was a response to ballistic missile and drone launchings by the Houthis against Saudi Arabia. [ 583 ] Both sides stepped up their attacks in September. [ 584 ] On 10 January 2020, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced plans to designate Abdul Malik al-Houthi , Abd al-Khaliq Badr al-Din al-Houthi and Abdullah Yahya al Hakim as Specially Designated Global Terrorists . [ 585 ] A month later, Antony J. Blinken revoked the designation of the trio as Specially Designated Global Terrorists,. [ 586 ] See also Saudi Arabia portal Iran portal Outline of the Yemeni crisis, revolution, and civil war (2011–present) Timeline of the Yemeni crisis (2011–present) North Yemen civil war Famine in Yemen Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Qatar diplomatic crisis Battle of Sanaa (2017) Saudi Arabia and weapons of mass destruction List of modern conflicts in the Middle East Notes ^ soldiers not yet deployed in 2016 [ 9 ] ^ logistic support and assistance with the naval blockade of Houthi-held territories in October 2016 [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] ^ training, intelligence, logistical support, weapons, and blockade up to 2017 [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Mazzetti, Mark and Kirkpatrick, David D. 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External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to 2015 military intervention in Yemen at Wikimedia Commons v t e Yemeni civil war (2014–present) v t e Timeline Outline Yemeni crisis Timeline Outline Yemeni crisis Background Houthi insurgency Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Battle of Sanaa (2014) Human rights in Yemen Houthi insurgency Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Battle of Sanaa (2014) Human rights in Yemen Battles and attacks Shabwah Governorate offensive (2014–present) Battle of Aden Airport 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings March 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Abqaiq–Khurais attack January 2020 Marib attack Al-Jawf offensive Southern Transitional Council takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive August 2020 Marib attack 2020 Aden airport attack Battle of Marib 2021 Aden bombings 2022 Abu Dhabi attack 2022 Saada prison airstrike 2022 Jeddah missile attack 2022 Southern Yemen offensive Red Sea Crisis (2023–) Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Southern Yemen offensive Shabwah Governorate offensive (2014–present) Battle of Aden Airport 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings March September March September Marib campaign Battle of Dhale Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen Battle of Aden (2015) Abyan campaign (March–August 2015) Lahij insurgency Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Shabwah campaign (March–August 2015) Battle of Mukalla (2015) Taiz campaign (2015–present) September 2015 Marib Tochka missile attack Aden unrest (2015–2019) October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings Zinjibar and Jaar December 2015 Taiz missile attack Nihm Offensive Battle of Port Midi Hadramaut insurgency Southern Abyan Offensive (2016) Abyan conflict (2016–2018) Battle of Mukalla (2016) May 2016 Yemen police bombings June 2016 Mukalla attacks 2016 Sanaa funeral airstrike Raid on Yakla Raid on Al Hathla Battle of Sanaa (2017) Battle of Aden (2018) Battle of Al Hudaydah Dahyan air strike 2019 Abha International Airport attacks Battle of the Jabara Valley 2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack January 2020 Marib attack Al-Jawf offensive Southern Transitional Council takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive August 2020 Marib attack 2020 Aden airport attack Battle of Marib 2021 Aden bombings 2022 Abu Dhabi attack 2022 Saada prison airstrike 2022 Jeddah missile attack 2022 Southern Yemen offensive Red Sea Crisis (2023–) Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Southern Yemen offensive Reactions Foreign involvement in the Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Foreign involvement in the Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Impacts Humanitarian crisis Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation War crimes and human rights violations Humanitarian crisis Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation War crimes and human rights violations Belligerents Alimi government Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Houthi government Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee Alimi government Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Houthi government Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee People Alimi government Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Houthi government Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Alimi government Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Houthi government Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Related United States–Houthi conflict (2023–present) Reactions to the Saudi-led military intervention List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen United States–Houthi conflict (2023–present) Reactions to the Saudi-led military intervention List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen v t e Iran–Saudi Arabia relations v t e Diplomatic posts Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran Diplomacy Safari Club Safari Club Conflicts Iranian Revolution 1979 Khuzestan insurgency Arab separatism in Khuzestan Qatif conflict 1979 Qatif Uprising Iran–Iraq War Action of June 5, 1984 Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict Qatar diplomatic crisis 2011 Egyptian revolution 2011 Bahraini uprising Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain insurgency in Bahrain 2011 Libyan civil war Syrian civil war Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Saudi involvement Spillover in Lebanon Axis of Resistance Funding of the Axis of Resistance Iranian intervention in Iraq Yemeni crisis Houthi insurgency Operation Scorched Earth Operation Blow to the Head Yemeni revolution Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in Yemen Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Houthi takeover in Yemen Second Libyan civil war Iranian Revolution 1979 Khuzestan insurgency Arab separatism in Khuzestan Qatif conflict 1979 Qatif Uprising 1979 Khuzestan insurgency Arab separatism in Khuzestan Qatif conflict 1979 Qatif Uprising 1979 Qatif Uprising Iran–Iraq War Action of June 5, 1984 Action of June 5, 1984 Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict Qatar diplomatic crisis Qatar diplomatic crisis 2011 Egyptian revolution 2011 Bahraini uprising Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain insurgency in Bahrain Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain insurgency in Bahrain 2011 Libyan civil war Syrian civil war Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Saudi involvement Spillover in Lebanon Axis of Resistance Funding of the Axis of Resistance Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Saudi involvement Spillover in Lebanon Axis of Resistance Funding of the Axis of Resistance Funding of the Axis of Resistance Iranian intervention in Iraq Yemeni crisis Houthi insurgency Operation Scorched Earth Operation Blow to the Head Yemeni revolution Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in Yemen Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Houthi takeover in Yemen Houthi insurgency Operation Scorched Earth Operation Blow to the Head Operation Scorched Earth Operation Blow to the Head Yemeni revolution Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in Yemen Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Houthi takeover in Yemen Second Libyan civil war Incidents 1987 Mecca incident Khobar Towers bombing 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran 2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 2015 Mina stampede 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 2017–2020 Qatif unrest 2018 Riyadh missile strike International Maritime Security Construct United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 2019 Afif attack Abha International Airport attacks Abqaiq–Khurais attack 1987 Mecca incident Khobar Towers bombing 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran 2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran 2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 2015 Mina stampede 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 2017–2020 Qatif unrest 2018 Riyadh missile strike International Maritime Security Construct United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 2019 Afif attack Abha International Airport attacks Abqaiq–Khurais attack Iranian relations with GCC member states Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar United Arab Emirates Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar United Arab Emirates Related Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Iran–Israel proxy conflict Arab League–Iran relations United States–Gulf Cooperation Council relations Arab–Israeli alliance Warsaw Middle East conference Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Opposition to military action against Iran Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition Gulf Cooperation Council Iran International Shia–Sunni relations Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Iran–Israel proxy conflict Arab League–Iran relations United States–Gulf Cooperation Council relations Arab–Israeli alliance Warsaw Middle East conference Warsaw Middle East conference Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Opposition to military action against Iran Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition Gulf Cooperation Council Iran International Shia–Sunni relations Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations v t e Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war v t e Background Iranian Revolution 1979 Khuzestan insurgency Arab separatism in Khuzestan Qatif conflict 1979 Qatif Uprising Iranian Revolution 1979 Khuzestan insurgency Arab separatism in Khuzestan Qatif conflict 1979 Qatif Uprising 1979 Khuzestan insurgency Arab separatism in Khuzestan Qatif conflict 1979 Qatif Uprising 1979 Qatif Uprising Conflicts Assadist–Saddamist conflict (until 1990) Iran–Iraq War Action of June 5, 1984 Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict Qatar diplomatic crisis 2011 Egyptian revolution 2011 Bahraini uprising Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain insurgency in Bahrain First Libyan civil war Syrian civil war Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Saudi involvement Spillover in Lebanon Axis of Resistance Funding of the Axis of Resistance War in Iraq (2013–2017) Iranian intervention in Iraq Yemeni crisis Houthi insurgency Operation Scorched Earth Operation Blow to the Head Yemeni revolution Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in Yemen Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Houthi takeover in Yemen Second Libyan civil war Assadist–Saddamist conflict (until 1990) Iran–Iraq War Action of June 5, 1984 Action of June 5, 1984 Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict Qatar diplomatic crisis Qatar diplomatic crisis 2011 Egyptian revolution 2011 Bahraini uprising Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain insurgency in Bahrain Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain insurgency in Bahrain First Libyan civil war Syrian civil war Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Saudi involvement Spillover in Lebanon Axis of Resistance Funding of the Axis of Resistance Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Saudi involvement Spillover in Lebanon Axis of Resistance Funding of the Axis of Resistance Funding of the Axis of Resistance War in Iraq (2013–2017) Iranian intervention in Iraq Iranian intervention in Iraq Yemeni crisis Houthi insurgency Operation Scorched Earth Operation Blow to the Head Yemeni revolution Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in Yemen Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Houthi takeover in Yemen Houthi insurgency Operation Scorched Earth Operation Blow to the Head Operation Scorched Earth Operation Blow to the Head Yemeni revolution Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in Yemen Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Houthi takeover in Yemen Second Libyan civil war Incidents 1987 Mecca incident Khobar Towers bombing 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran 2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 2015 Mina stampede 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 2017–2020 Qatif unrest 2018 Riyadh missile strike International Maritime Security Construct United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 2019 Afif attack Abha International Airport attacks Abqaiq–Khurais attack 1987 Mecca incident Khobar Towers bombing 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and education 2 Early political career 3 Head of government of Mexico City Toggle Head of government of Mexico City subsection 3.1 2012 elections 3.2 First year 3.3 Second year 3.4 Third year 3.5 Fourth year 3.6 Fifth year 3.7 Sixth year 3.8 Investigations of Miguel Ángel Mancera's administration 3.1 2012 elections 3.2 First year 3.3 Second year 3.4 Third year 3.5 Fourth year 3.6 Fifth year 3.7 Sixth year 3.8 Investigations of Miguel Ángel Mancera's administration 4 Senator of the Republic 5 Personal life Toggle Personal life subsection 5.1 Awards 5.1 Awards 6 Bibliography 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Miguel Ángel Mancera Español فارسی Français مصرى Simple English Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Miguel Ángel Mancera Mancera in 2022 Senator of the Republic ( proportional representation ) In office 1 September 2018 ( 2018-09-01 ) – 31 August 2024 ( 2024-08-31 ) 6th head of government of Mexico City In office 5 December 2012 ( 2012-12-05 ) – 29 March 2018 ( 2018-03-29 ) Preceded by Marcelo Ebrard Succeeded by José Ramón Amieva (acting) National Conference of Governors In office 3 May 2017 ( 2017-05-03 ) – 13 December 2017 ( 2017-12-13 ) Preceded by Graco Ramírez Succeeded by Arturo Núñez Jiménez Attorney General of Justice of Mexico City In office 8 July 2008 ( 2008-07-08 ) – 6 January 2012 ( 2012-01-06 ) Governor Marcelo Ebrard Preceded by Rodolfo Félix Cárdenas Succeeded by Jesús Rodríguez Almeida Personal details Born Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa ( 1966-01-16 ) 16 January 1966 (age 60) Miguel Hidalgo , Mexico City , Mexico Party Independent [ a ] Children 3 Residence(s) Mexico City, Mexico Alma mater National Autonomous University of Mexico Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Spanish: [miˌɣeˈlaŋxel manˈseɾa] ; born 16 January 1966) is a Mexican lawyer and politician who has represented the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). [ a ] He served as the head of government of Mexico City from 2012 to 2018. Mancera earned his law degree from the Faculty of Law at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in 1989 and received the Gabino Barreda Medal in 1991 for academic excellence. He holds a master's degree from both the University of Barcelona and the Metropolitan Autonomous University , as well as a Juris Doctor from UNAM. Mancera has taught at several universities, including the UNAM, the Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico and the University of the Valley of Mexico . In 2002, he began working in public service when Marcelo Ebrard , then Secretary of Public Security of Mexico City, invited him to serve as an adviser. In 2006, Mancera was appointed Assistant Attorney General, and from 2008 to 2012, he served as the city's Attorney General. In early 2012, Mancera was selected as the candidate for Head of Government of the Federal District by the Progressive Movement coalition, which included the PRD, the Labor Party , and the Citizens' Movement . In the election held on 1 July 2012, he won with over 66 percent of the vote. He took office on 5 December 2012. During his mandate, Mancera faced the increase of the Mexico City Metro fare, the first closure of Metro Line 12 due to construction issues, the introduction of the city's constitution, the implementation of new driving regulations, and the 2017 Puebla earthquake . He resigned on 29 March 2018, to run for the Senate , leaving office with the lowest approval rating for a head of government. His administration was scrutinized by his successor, Claudia Sheinbaum , who prosecuted multiple crimes allegedly committed during his tenure. Ultimately, Mancera was sanctioned with a one-year disqualification from holding any public office in the city after promoting a presidential candidate while serving as head of government. He served as proportional-representation senator from 2018 to 2024. Early life and education Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa was born on 16 January 1966, in the colonia (neighborhood) of Anáhuac, [ 3 ] in the Miguel Hidalgo borough of the Federal District (later known as Mexico City ). His father founded the restaurant chain Bisquets Obregón . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Mancera has four half-siblings. [ 5 ] When he was four, he lived in the colonia of Tacuba , [ 6 ] where he attended kindergarten. [ 5 ] He later studied at Miguel Alemán Primary School and Secondary School No. 45, both located in the Benito Juárez borough. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] For high school, he enrolled at Preparatoria 6 , part of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). [ 5 ] [ 6 ] As a teenager, Mancera was involved in a car accident in whicht in which the vehicle he was riding in was hit by another. The public prosecutor's office asked him to sign a document absolving the driver of liability . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Mancera refused and took the case to Victoria Adato Green, then-Attorney General of the Federal District. With the help of legal advisor Diego Ramudia, he succeeded in having the driver fined. [ 6 ] The experience led him to change his career path from a science-related field to law. He studied at the Faculty of Law [ es ] of the UNAM from 1985 to 1989. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] His thesis, " La libertad por desvanecimiento de datos en el Proceso Penal y la Absolución de la Instancia " ("The progressive release of public data on criminal prosecutions and acquittals") earned him the Diario de México Medal " Los Mejores Estudiantes de México " in November 1990. [ 7 ] A year later, in November 1991, he received the Gabino Barreda Medal from the UNAM Faculty of Law for graduating at the top of his 1989 class. [ 4 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Mancera went on to earn a master's degree from both the University of Barcelona and the Metropolitan Autonomous University, Azcapotzalco campus , [ 6 ] [ 8 ] and later obtained a Juris Doctor from UNAM, with honors. [ 9 ] His doctoral thesis was titled " El injusto en la tentativa y la graduación de su pena en el derecho penal mexicano " ("Injustice and disparity in Mexican criminal sentencing"). [ 6 ] He also pursued specialized studies in criminal law at the University of Salamanca and the University of Castile-La Mancha , Spain, [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] under the auspices of the Panamerican University , Mexico. [ 9 ] [ 11 ] Early political career Mancera has worked as a candidate attorney, lawyer, and adviser at several law firms, including García Cordero y Asociados and Grupo de Abogados Consultores. [ 5 ] [ 12 ] He has also been a professor at various Mexican universities, including the UNAM, the Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico , the University of the Valley of Mexico , the Panamerican University , the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes , and the Autonomous University of Baja California . [ 4 ] [ 6 ] [ 9 ] In 2002, Mancera served as a member of the review committee for the Criminal Procedure Code for the Federal District. [ 9 ] Around the same time, he began working in government when Marcelo Ebrard , then Secretary of Public Security of Mexico City, invited him to serve as an adviser. [ 1 ] [ 10 ] When Ebrard was later appointed Secretary of Social Development by the head of government Andrés Manuel López Obrador , Mancera was named Legal Director of the Social Development Secretariat. [ 10 ] In 2006, he was appointed Assistant Attorney General of Mexico City. [ 10 ] Mancera was appointed Attorney General of Mexico City [ es ] on 8 July 2008, following the dismissal of Rodolfo Félix Cárdenas due to the New's Divine nightclub tragedy , [ 13 ] [ 14 ] in which nine teenagers and three police officers died during a failed police operation. [ 3 ] [ 15 ] According to official reports, [ 16 ] crime in Mexico City decreased by 12 percent from 2010 to 2011, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 16 ] while the national crime rate rose by 10.4 percent. [ 3 ] During this period, 179 street gangs comprising 706 members were dismantled, [ 17 ] and kidnappings dropped by 61 percent. [ 18 ] Head of government of Mexico City 2012 elections On 6 January 2012, Mancera resigned as Attorney General to run for Head of Government in the 1 July 2012 election . Jesús Rodríguez Almeida succeeded him in the role. [ 19 ] Two days later, on 8 January, Mancera registered as a Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) precandidate for head of government of Mexico City. [ 20 ] On 19 January, he was named the official candidate, representing the leftist Progressive Movement coalition, which also included the Labor Party , and the Citizen's Movement . He ran against Alejandra Barrales , Gerardo Fernández Noroña , Martí Batres , and Joel Ortega Cuevas. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Mancera's opponents were Beatriz Paredes Rangel , representing the Institutional Revolutionary Party – Ecologist Green Party of Mexico coalition Commitment to Mexico ; Isabel Miranda de Wallace , for the National Action Party (PAN); and Rosario Guerra for the New Alliance Party . [ 23 ] Late-January polls showed Mancera leading Paredes by 18 to 30 points, though his support dropped nine points the following month. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] According to El Universal , his favorability rose from 36 percent in March to 41 percent in April, and to 57.5 percent in May. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] That same month, Adolfo Hellmund, Luis Mandoki , and Costa Bonino allegedly borrowed six million dollars on behalf of Mancera and López Obrador at the home of Luis Creel. Both politicians denied involvement, and Mancera filed a complaint with the Attorney General of Mexico City for unauthorized use of his name. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] As candidate, the proposals of Mancera included continuing Ebrard's policies, [ 30 ] increasing the number of security cameras from 13,000 to 20,000, [ 31 ] reducing car travel times, expanding Mexico City Metro Line 12 , addressing solid waste management, removing minibuses from circulation, building 18 water purification plants, implementing a Green Plan , and replacing garbage trucks to enable the separation of organic and inorganic waste, among other initiatives. [ 32 ] On 1 July 2012, exit polls indicated Mancera as the likely winner of the election, with an estimated vote share of 59.5–64.5 percent, [ 33 ] placing him roughly 40 percentage points ahead of the second-place candidate, Paredes. [ 1 ] On 7 July, the Federal District Electoral Institute (IEDF) declared Mancera the Head of Government-elect and issued him a certificate of majority after he secured 3,031,156 votes (66.56 percent of the total) in a landslide victory , [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] which he received on 8 October 2012. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] First year Mancera assumed office on 5 December 2012, [ 38 ] as the sixth head of government of the Federal District. [ 39 ] On 24 December of the same year, he launched a voluntary disarmament campaign in the borough of Iztapalapa . In exchange for turning in firearms and grenades, participants received money, tablet computers , or home appliances. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] The program was later implemented across all Mexico City boroughs in the following years. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] City Mayors Foundation named Mancera the mayor of June 2013. [ 45 ] In November 2013, Mancera opened Line 5 of the Mexico City Metrobús running along northeastern Mexico City from Río de los Remedios to San Lázaro metro station . [ 46 ] In the same month, Mancera announced the increase of the Mexico City Metro fare, raising the price from three to five pesos per ride. According to the Metro operator, Sistema Transporte Colectivo, the additional revenue would be used to improve infrastructure and maintain the system's twelve lines and its stations . [ 47 ] The fare increase drew criticism from parts of the city's population, who viewed it as a strain on household finances, especially given that the minimum wage in Mexico City was 64.76 pesos as of January 2013. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] In response, Mancera stated that three polling companies would conduct surveys with 7,200 Metro riders between 29 November and 2 December to gather public opinion—the sample represented less than one percent of the system's 5.5 million daily users. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] According to polling company results, over 50 percent of respondents supported the fare increase. The new fare was approved to take effect on 13 December. [ 52 ] Due to this, through the short-lived Movimiento Pos Me Salto , users called to civil disobedience protests by jumping over the turnstiles . [ 53 ] [ 54 ] However, Mexico City Government announced they would take legal actions against those who skip them. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Second year On 11 March 2014, Mancera's administration closed twelve metro stations on Line 12 of the Metro due to construction-related issues. Metro authorities stated the shutdown would last at least six months, or until "the necessary studies, corrections, and maintenance are carried out to ensure user safety". The line had been inaugurated just a few months earlier, on 30 October 2012, by Ebrard. [ 57 ] Twelve curves suffered significant damage in their tracks, and there was wear on the rails due to incompatibility with the FE-10 model trains. ICA , Grupo Carso and Alstom , the consortium that built the line, denied any wrongdoing. Bernardo Quintana, president of ICA, described the closure as "arbitrary" and stated that proper maintenance and measures to address the incompatibilities were necessary for the line to function correctly. [ 58 ] In addition, the Superior Auditor of the Federation detected a diversion of 7.5 billion pesos from the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation during the construction of the line. [ 59 ] Thirty-three officials and former officials, including Enrique Horcasitas, the director of the Line 12 project, were sanctioned with disqualifications from public service, fines, or both, due to project failures and cost overruns. The relationship between Mancera and Ebrard became strained amid efforts to investigate Ebrard for possible corruption, which he described as a smear campaign . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] The administration introduced a basic driving test for all new driver's license applicants. Previously, individuals only needed to present identification, proof of residence, and pay a fee, without having to demonstrate any driving knowledge or skill. [ 62 ] The environmental program Hoy No Circula , which restricts certain vehicles from circulating in the city one day a week based on their license plate number, [ 62 ] was expanded to two days per week over the course of the year. [ 63 ] Third year Mexico City's taxis had their traditional green color replaced with a white-and- Mexican-pink color scheme. [ 64 ] In May 2015, Mancera signed a law granting universal access to individuals accompanied by assistance dogs . [ 65 ] In July, Mancera reshuffled his cabinet, reassigning several secretaries to different positions. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] In the same month, Mancera's administration announced a major urban development project: the Corredor Cultural Creativo Chapultepec-Zona Rosa (Creative Cultural Corridor, or CCC), aimed at revitalizing Chapultepec Avenue [ es ] , a thoroughfare connecting Chapultepec Park to the Zona Rosa neighborhood. [ 68 ] Mexican architect Fernando Romero was appointed to lead the design team, alongside architects Juan Pablo Maza and Ruysdael Vivanco. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] The plan included preserving the avenue's trees and the Chapultepec aqueduct , while prioritizing pedestrian and cyclist access. [ 71 ] The project later received the International Architecture Award in the Urban Planning category. [ 70 ] On 19 September, Mancera commemorated the 30th anniversary of the 1985 earthquake with a tribute that included a concert by Plácido Domingo , who had lost four relatives in a building collapse in Tlatelolco . [ 72 ] On 29 November, the government reopened all the Line 12 stations that had been closed in 2014. [ 73 ] In December, following a public consultation with residents of Cuauhtémoc , the borough where Chapultepec is located, 63 percent voted against the CCC project, leading to its official cancellation. [ 74 ] Fourth year Mancera inaugurated Line 6 of the Mexico City Metrobús on 21 January 2016, serving northern Mexico City from El Rosario metro station to Villa de Aragón metro station . [ 75 ] That same month, on 29 January, following a political reform, Mexico City, then officially known as the Federal District, was renamed Ciudad de México (City of Mexico), and commonly abbreviated as CDMX. [ 76 ] According to a March poll by El Universal , Mancera's approval rating had dropped to 24 percent and 57 percent of disapproval. Survey respondents identified insecurity, corruption, unemployment, and poverty as the most pressing issues. [ 77 ] Mancera announced that for the first time since 2004, a Major League Baseball game would be held in Mexico City, as the Houston Astros and San Diego Padres played two exhibition games at Alfredo Harp Helú Stadium on 26 and 27 March. [ 78 ] In April, construction began on the westbound expansion of Line 12. The project included plans to build two additional stations and to extend the line's terminal at Observatorio metro station . [ 79 ] In July, the city distributed plastic whistles as a means of defense against sexual harassment targeting women, a measure that was criticized as ineffective. [ 80 ] In August, the city's public markets were designated intangible cultural heritage as a way to ensure their preservation. [ 81 ] Fifth year The city's constitution was enacted on 5 February 2017, and was set to take effect on 17 September 2018. [ 82 ] Mancera served as president of the National Conference of Governors from 3 May to 13 December 2017. [ 83 ] [ 84 ] On 19 September 2017, a 7.1 '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-000000A0-QINU`"' M w earthquake hit Mexico City at 13:14 CDT (18:14 UTC ). He led the annual national drill commemorating the 1985 earthquake, held two hours earlier. [ 85 ] In the city, over 220 people died, at least 44 buildings collapsed, and over 3,000 others were evicted. There were nearly 6,000 complaints regarding construction violations since 2012. In 2016, Mancera had halted the law that allowed city departments to penalize Directors Responsible for Construction, the officials in charge of overseeing earthquake resilience. Critics like Josefina MacGregor from the association Suma Urbana, saw it as a way to prioritize urban development over safety. Mancera stated that new regulations were not a factor in the collapse, as many buildings had been constructed before 1985 and were not required to meet the updated standards. However, pre-1985 buildings with newer additions were required to comply with these regulations. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Sixth year Line 7 of the Metrobús system opened on 5 March 2018, running along Paseo de la Reforma . [ 88 ] On 29 March of that year, Mancera left the post of city head after requesting leave to run as a proportional-representation Senate candidate for the PAN in the July elections . José Ramón Amieva succeeded him as interim head of government. [ 89 ] Mancera left office with the lowest approval rating in 20 years, facing criticism over rising insecurity and affected by internal conflicts within the PRD. [ 90 ] Investigations of Miguel Ángel Mancera's administration When Claudia Sheinbaum took office as Mancera's successor as head of government of Mexico City, the city's Attorney General's Office launched several investigations. These focused on prosecuting various crimes and administrative offenses allegedly committed during Mancera's administration, including actions involving some of his close collaborators. [ 91 ] In 2020, 1,680 public servants were sanctioned by Mexico City Comptroller Office. [ 92 ] On 5 October 2020, the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary sanctioned Mancera with a one-year disqualification to any public role in Mexico City after determining that he promoted a presidential candidate, Ricardo Anaya , in 2018, while being head of government, and sanctioned by Mexican electoral laws. [ 93 ] Senator of the Republic Mancera was elected as a senator and led the PRD's legislative caucus, despite having been elected through the PAN party. [ 94 ] On 6 March 2024, he was elected president of the Tourism Commission of the Senate. [ 95 ] Personal life Mancera has been married twice. His first marriage was to a woman named Martha in the early 1990s, with whom he lived in civil union for one year. [ 5 ] They divorced two years later. Six years later, Mancera married Magnolia, with whom he had two children. [ 5 ] [ 10 ] After about a decade, he divorced Magnolia. [ 5 ] Mancera also has a daughter out of wedlock, but he has said the child's mother does not want him to have contact with her. [ 5 ] From 2008 to 2009, Mancera dated Alejandra Barrales , [ 5 ] [ 10 ] who was then president of the PRD party, [ 96 ] and who sought to become the PRD candidate for Mayor of Mexico City in 2012. [ 22 ] In September 2007, two assailants on a motorcycle intercepted and attempted to rob Mancera while he was driving his BMW on Periférico Sur . His bodyguard intervened and shot one of the robbers, killing him. [ 10 ] In his spare time, he practices various sports, including Krav Maga , indoor cycling , strength training , hunting and aviation. [ 97 ] On 31 October 2014, he underwent cardiac surgery after a cardiac arrhythmia was detected three months earlier. [ 98 ] During the surgery, he experienced a cardiac perforation. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] He recovered two weeks later. [ 100 ] Awards In 2008, Mancera received the Alfonso Caso Award from the UNAM Faculty of Law, recognizing him as the most distinguished graduate of the doctoral program. [ 101 ] In September 2011, he was awarded the Latin American Prize for Life and Security of Women and Girls in Latin America and the Caribbean. [ 102 ] In February 2012, UNAM's Faculty of Law awarded Mancera the Raúl Carrancá y Trujillo Medal for his "academic and professional trajectory". [ 103 ] Bibliography La Tentativa en el Código Penal para el Distrito Federal, una Nueva Propuesta (2003) [ 104 ] La Comisión por Omisión en el Nuevo Código Penal para el Distrito Federal (2003) [ 105 ] López Obrador Caso el Encino. Implicaciones Constitucionales, Penales y de Procedimiento Penal (2005) [ 101 ] Caso el Encino ¿Delito? (2005) [ 101 ] Nuevo Código para el Distrito Federal Comentado, Tomo III (2006) [ 106 ] Estudios Jurídicos en Homenaje a Olga Islas de González Mariscal, Tomo II (2007) [ 107 ] Estudios Jurídicos en Homenaje al Dr. Ricardo Franco Guzmán (2008) [ 101 ] Derecho Penal, Especialidad y Orgullo Universitario Papel del Abogado (2011) [ 101 ] Derecho Penal del enemigo (2011) [ 101 ] El Tipo de la Tentativa: Teoría y Práctica (2012) [ 108 ] See also Ministry of Public Security (Mexico City) Notes ^ a b Although Mancera has worked in PRD-led administrations, he has never been a member of the party. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] References ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Ventaja histórica de Mancera en el DF" [Historic lead for Mancera in the Federal District]. 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No. 129. ^ García Ramírez, Sergio; Islas de González Mariscal, Olga; et al. (2003). Análisis del Nuevo Código Penal Para el Distrito Federal: Terceras Jornadas sobre Justicia Penal "Fernando Castellanos Tena" . Doctrína jurídica (in Spanish) (I ed.). Mexico: National Autonomous University of Mexico . ISBN 970-32-0568-2 . OCLC 53836151 . No. 144. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . ^ García Ramírez, Sergio; Islas de González Mariscal, Olga; et al. (2006). Nuevo Código para el Distrito Federal Comentado. Libro Segundo (Artículos 250 al 365 y Transitorios) Tomo III . Doctrína jurídica (in Spanish). Vol. XIX (I ed.). Mexico City: National Autonomous University of Mexico. Editorial Porrúa . ISBN 9700766799 . OCLC 254345014 . No. 348. ^ García Ramírez, Sergio; et al. (2007). Estudios Jurídicos en Homenaje a Olga Islas de González Mariscal, Tomo II . Doctrína jurídica (in Spanish) (I ed.). Mexico: National Autonomous University of Mexico. ISBN 978-970-32-439-14 . OCLC 166310075 . No. 129. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . ^ "Presentan libro de Mancera" [Mancera's book unveiled]. La Razón (in Spanish). 4 April 2012. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . External links Mayor of the Month for June 2013 by the City Mayors Foundation Profile of Miguel Ángel Mancera by the Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (in Spanish) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Heads of government of Mexico City v t e 1824–1917 Before the formal declaration Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Governors of the Federal District Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Governors of the Department of Mexico Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Governors of the Federal District ( reinstatement ) José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo Governors of the City Council of Mexico ( U.S. Invasion ) Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Head of the Federal District (American) Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Governors of the Federal District ( second reinstatement ) Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1857 ) Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Reform War ) Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Second Empire ) José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora Governors of the Federal District ( Restored Republic ) Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Governors of the Federal District ( Madero Revolution ) Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Governors of the Federal District ( Government of Victoriano Huerta ) Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Governors of the Federal District ( Constitutionalist Revolution ) Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Governors of the Federal District ( Conventional Government ) Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Governor of Valley of Mexico ( Constitutional Government ) César López de Lara 1824–1917 Before the formal declaration Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Governors of the Federal District Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Governors of the Department of Mexico Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Governors of the Federal District ( reinstatement ) José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo Governors of the City Council of Mexico ( U.S. Invasion ) Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Head of the Federal District (American) Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Governors of the Federal District ( second reinstatement ) Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1857 ) Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Reform War ) Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Second Empire ) José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora Governors of the Federal District ( Restored Republic ) Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Governors of the Federal District ( Madero Revolution ) Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Governors of the Federal District ( Government of Victoriano Huerta ) Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Governors of the Federal District ( Constitutionalist Revolution ) Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Governors of the Federal District ( Conventional Government ) Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Governor of Valley of Mexico ( Constitutional Government ) César López de Lara Before the formal declaration Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Governors of the Federal District Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Governors of the Department of Mexico Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Governors of the Federal District ( reinstatement ) José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo Governors of the City Council of Mexico ( U.S. Invasion ) Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Head of the Federal District (American) Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Governors of the Federal District ( second reinstatement ) Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1857 ) Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Reform War ) Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Second Empire ) José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora Governors of the Federal District ( Restored Republic ) Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Governors of the Federal District ( Madero Revolution ) Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Governors of the Federal District ( Government of Victoriano Huerta ) Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Governors of the Federal District ( Constitutionalist Revolution ) Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Governors of the Federal District ( Conventional Government ) Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Governor of Valley of Mexico ( Constitutional Government ) César López de Lara César López de Lara 1917–present Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1917 ) Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Governors of the Federal District ( Carrancistas ) Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Governors of the Federal District ( Obregón ) Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez Governor of Federal District ( Regents ) Javier Rojo Gómez Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Heads of Government of the Federal District (1997–2015) Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Heads of Government of Mexico City ( since 2015 ) Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada 1917–present Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1917 ) Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Governors of the Federal District ( Carrancistas ) Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Governors of the Federal District ( Obregón ) Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez Governor of Federal District ( Regents ) Javier Rojo Gómez Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Heads of Government of the Federal District (1997–2015) Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Heads of Government of Mexico City ( since 2015 ) Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1917 ) Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Governors of the Federal District ( Carrancistas ) Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Governors of the Federal District ( Obregón ) Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez Governor of Federal District ( Regents ) Javier Rojo Gómez Javier Rojo Gómez Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Heads of Government of the Federal District (1997–2015) Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Heads of Government of Mexico City ( since 2015 ) Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada v t e National Autonomous University of Mexico v t e Faculties Engineering Accounting and Administration Architecture Chemistry Economics Law Medicine Odontology Philosophy and Letters Political and Social Sciences Psychology Sciences Veterinarian Medicine Engineering Accounting and Administration Architecture Chemistry Economics Law Medicine Odontology Philosophy and Letters Political and Social Sciences Psychology Sciences Veterinarian Medicine FES Acatlán Aragón Cuautitlán Iztacala Zaragoza Acatlán Aragón Cuautitlán Iztacala Zaragoza Schools Arts and Design Music Nursery and Obstetrics Social Work National Preparatory School Arts and Design Music Nursery and Obstetrics Social Work National Preparatory School Centres Cinematographic Studies DGSCA Centro de Relaciones Internacionales (CRI) Cinematographic Studies DGSCA Centro de Relaciones Internacionales (CRI) Institutes Applied Mathematics and Systems Research Institute Aesthetics Research Institute Engineering Institute Applied Mathematics and Systems Research Institute Aesthetics Research Institute Engineering Institute Buildings Central Library National Library of Mexico Central Library National Library of Mexico Facilities Ciudad Universitaria (Main Campus) Olympic Stadium Radio UNAM ( AM , FM ) TV UNAM Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo (MUAC) National Observatory Kan Balam (Super Computer) Ciudad Universitaria (Main Campus) Olympic Stadium Radio UNAM ( AM , FM ) TV UNAM Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo (MUAC) National Observatory Kan Balam (Super Computer) History 1999 students' strike 2018 students' protests National Autonomous University of Mexico Okupa Che Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico 1999 students' strike 2018 students' protests National Autonomous University of Mexico Okupa Che Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico Alumni Alumni Astronomical Society Alumni Astronomical Society Professors and researchers Axel Didriksson Luis E. Miramontes Francisco Gil Villegas Miguel Ángel Mancera Arturo Zaldívar Lelo de Larrea Fernando Quevedo Francisco González de la Vega Antonio Lazcano Axel Didriksson Luis E. Miramontes Francisco Gil Villegas Miguel Ángel Mancera Arturo Zaldívar Lelo de Larrea Fernando Quevedo Francisco González de la Vega Antonio Lazcano Sports Football club Pumas Dorados de la UNAM Football club Pumas Dorados de la UNAM v t e Senators of the LXIV Legislature of the Mexican Congress v t e PRI Aceves del Olmo Anaya Añorve Ávila Beltrones García Yáñez Martínez García Mayorga Delgado Osorio Chong Paredes Rangel Ramírez Marín Rubio Márquez Ruiz Massieu Salinas Zamora Gastélum Aceves del Olmo Anaya Añorve Ávila Beltrones García Yáñez Martínez García Mayorga Delgado Osorio Chong Paredes Rangel Ramírez Marín Rubio Márquez Ruiz Massieu Salinas Zamora Gastélum PAN Bermúdez Méndez Cruz Blackledge Fuentes Solís Gálvez Ruiz Gama Basarte García Cabeza de Vaca Hernández Ramos Kuri González López Rabadán Madero Muñoz Márquez Alvarado Martín del Campo Martínez Simón Moya Clemente * Murguía Gutiérrez Navarro Acevedo Paz Alonzo Rementería del Puerto Reynoso Sánchez Rosales San Román Saldaña Cisneros Vázquez Mota Zepeda Vidales Bermúdez Méndez Cruz Blackledge Fuentes Solís Gálvez Ruiz Gama Basarte García Cabeza de Vaca Hernández Ramos Kuri González López Rabadán Madero Muñoz Márquez Alvarado Martín del Campo Martínez Simón Moya Clemente * Murguía Gutiérrez Navarro Acevedo Paz Alonzo Rementería del Puerto Reynoso Sánchez Rosales San Román Saldaña Cisneros Vázquez Mota Zepeda Vidales PRD Fócil Pérez García Conejo Mancera Fócil Pérez García Conejo Mancera PVEM Benavides Cobos Bolaños Camino Farjat Lagunes Noyola Cervantes Velasco Coello Zamora Guzmán * Benavides Cobos Bolaños Camino Farjat Lagunes Noyola Cervantes Velasco Coello Zamora Guzmán * PT de la Sierra Arámburo León Gastélum Lucero Olivas * Padilla Peña Pinedo Alonso de la Sierra Arámburo León Gastélum Lucero Olivas * Padilla Peña Pinedo Alonso MC Castañeda Hoeflich Castañón Ramírez * Delgadillo García Delgado Rannauro García Sepúlveda Kempis Martínez Mercado Castro Núñez Sánchez Quiñonez Ruiz * Zepeda Hernández Castañeda Hoeflich Castañón Ramírez * Delgadillo García Delgado Rannauro García Sepúlveda Kempis Martínez Mercado Castro Núñez Sánchez Quiñonez Ruiz * Zepeda Hernández MORENA Abreu Artiñano Arias Solís Armenta Mier Balderas Espinoza Batres Bours Griffith * Caraveo Camarena Cárdenas Mariscal Castro Covarrubias Dothé Mata Fernández Balboa Galaz Caletti Gómez Urrutia González González * Guadiana Tijerina Guerrero Sánchez * Gutiérrez Castorena Harp Hernández Mora Jara Cruz Jiménez Yáñez * Luévano Cantú Martínez Cázares Martínez y Hernández Menchaca Salazar Méndez Ortiz Meza Guzmán Micher Camarena Molina Ramírez * Monreal Moreno Bastida * Narro Navarro Quintero Novelo Osuna * Ostoa Ortega Pech Várguez Peña Villa * Peralta Suárez * Pérez Astorga * Pérez Cuellar Piña Gudiño Ramírez Aguilar Rivera Rivera Rocha Moya Rodríguez Ramírez * Salazar Solorio Salgado García Salgado Macedonio Sánchez García Sánchez Hernández * Téllez Trasviña Valdez Martínez Valencia de la Mora Vasconcelos y Cruz * Vázquez Alatorre * Velázquez Meza * Villarreal Anaya Villegas Canché Abreu Artiñano Arias Solís Armenta Mier Balderas Espinoza Batres Bours Griffith * Caraveo Camarena Cárdenas Mariscal Castro Covarrubias Dothé Mata Fernández Balboa Galaz Caletti Gómez Urrutia González González * Guadiana Tijerina Guerrero Sánchez * Gutiérrez Castorena Harp Hernández Mora Jara Cruz Jiménez Yáñez * Luévano Cantú Martínez Cázares Martínez y Hernández Menchaca Salazar Méndez Ortiz Meza Guzmán Micher Camarena Molina Ramírez * Monreal Moreno Bastida * Narro Navarro Quintero Novelo Osuna * Ostoa Ortega Pech Várguez Peña Villa * Peralta Suárez * Pérez Astorga * Pérez Cuellar Piña Gudiño Ramírez Aguilar Rivera Rivera Rocha Moya Rodríguez Ramírez * Salazar Solorio Salgado García Salgado Macedonio Sánchez García Sánchez Hernández * Téllez Trasviña Valdez Martínez Valencia de la Mora Vasconcelos y Cruz * Vázquez Alatorre * Velázquez Meza * Villarreal Anaya Villegas Canché PES Ávila Vázquez de León Villard Mora Arellano Romo Molina Ávila Vázquez de León Villard Mora Arellano Romo Molina No party Álvarez Icaza Álvarez Icaza Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND WorldCat National United States Netherlands United States Netherlands 1966 births Living people Academic staff of the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes Academic staff of the Autonomous University of Baja California Academic staff of the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México Academic staff of the National Autonomous University of Mexico Academic staff of the Panamerican University Academic staff of Universidad del Valle de México Heads of government of Mexico City National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni Politicians from Mexico City Senators of the LXIV and LXV Legislatures of Mexico University of Barcelona alumni Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana alumni University of Salamanca alumni CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1: unfit URL Articles with short description Short 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Start Community Lates' change Any page, it nuh matta which Help Special page Sen' on a money Set up a account Log on Sen' on a money Set up a account Log on Mien Piej Start Reasonin' Read View source Pree di change dem Read View source Pree di change dem All a di page dem weh link yah suh Change pon di page dem weh link to da one yah Upload Page link weh naw guh change Page information Cite da page yah Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Mek a book Download inna PDF Page wah betta fi print Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata entry Welkom tu di Jumiekan Patwa Wikipidia ! di frii insaiklopidia we enibadi kiah edit! Sayans Sayans Geografi Jaagrafi Matimatix Matimatix Aat Aat Ischri Ischri Jumieka Jumieka Jinaral Infamieshan Flag a Jumieka Jumieka Demya piej ya a fi wah Wikipidia ina Jumiekan Patwa. Wi uda riili laik di elp a di Jumiekandem out de. Wi a sen a big shout-out tu aal a di piipldem we taak Jumiekan Patwa , fi kom koh rait soh tap kualiti h aatikl. Nof tangx. Wid we mi brejin opa tap se, jos fi mek unu nuo, wi a-chrai mek Patwa wan a 'i Wikipidia languijdem. No Jamiekan Ingglish, Patwa. Nof a 'i piejdem we rait aredi de ina Jamiekan Ingglish, a no Patwa. Jamiekan Ingglish a we muos a wi chat ebi die. Patwa a 'i raa baan ting we unu griet gran muma did chat, we tiicha did biit unu fa ah se "Speak Properly!". Wah nex ting tu, a nof dayalek de ina Jumieka. Rait aatikl ina fi yu dayalek. Piipl wi andastan an iwi ton standad suun. Dis ya we mi a-rait a 'i Wesmolan dayalek. Wi pronoons wi "h" ah kaal "di" "i". Wi ha nof difrens frah Kinston dayalek. Eniwiez, fi mek unu si we mi a-chat se, mi a-go rait wah sentans ina Ingglish, wan ina Jamiekan Ingglish aa wan ina Patwa fi mek unu si 'i difrens. "The feet of the cow went over the fence before the tail and bent when it reached the ground." "Di fiit a di cow went oova di fens bifoor di tail an ben wen it toch di groun." "'I cow futdem did go uoba 'i fens bifuor 'i tiel ah ben wen itoch 'i grong." Mi a-beg unu fi andastan mi egzampl ah loern frani. Tangks ah rispek. Wikipidia: Lis a nesiseri h aatikl Help:Jumiekan Patwa spelling policy Wikipidia: Lis a aatikl we Jumiekan Wikipidia fi ab Vuotin piej Di Jumiekan Patwa Wikipidia nou gat 1,730 h aatikl Refresh Aal piej · Kiatigari · Elp piej · Templet fi Jumiekan Patwa Wikipidia Mien Kiatigari Jumieka Jumiekan Kryuol · Jumiekan Fuud · Jumiekan Ischri · Jumieka, Lan Wi Lob · Ischri a Juudizam ina Jumieka · Di Parish Dem · Kinston · Aafwe Chrii · Blak Riva · Falmot · Luusi · Mandivl · Mantigo Bie · Mie Pen · Morant Bie · Panish Tong · Puot Antuoni · Puot Maraya · Savlamaar · Sint Anz Bie · Jaagrafi Kiaribiyan · Kiaribiyan Sii · Yuurop · Ieja · Amoerkaz · Uoshania · Afrika · Oertkwiek · Volkieno · Flod · Languij Jumiekan Kryuol · Languij a h Afrika · Indo-Yuropiyan languij · Joermanik languij · Ingglish · Doch · French · Puotigiis · Panish · Joerman · Rilijan Kristianiti · Juudizim · Ischri a Juudizim ina Jumieka · Budizim · Induizim · Sebm-Die Adventis Choch · Baptis Choch · Pratestantizam · Riil Jiizas Choch · Ruoman Kiaklik Choch · Puop · Pokomienia · Mayal · Rivaivalizm · Piipl Kojo · Taki · Aizak Mendiz Belisario · Mieri Siikuol · Maakos Giaavi · Luwiiz Benit · Yuuna Maasn · Evan Juonz · Bab Maali · Barintan Oervin · Yusien Buolt · Laozi · Geber · Albert Einstein · Sigmund Freud · Nelson Mandela · Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī · Katsushika Hokusai · Konchri Jumieka · Chrinidad ah Tubiego · Baabiedoz · Daminiika · Grinieda · Sin Kits ah Niivis · Sin Luusha · Sin Vinsn ah di Grenidiinz · Ieti · Ba’aamaz · Antiiga ah Baabyuuda · Kyuuba · Daminikan Ripoblik · Aajentiina · Aschrielia · Brazil · Filipiinz · Frans · Griis · Itali · Japan · Mexiko · Nedalanz · Naijiiria · Pakistan · Di Piiplz Ripoblik a Chaina · Ripoblik a Chaina · Rosha · Saadi Ariebia · Singgapuor · Sout Afrika · Spien · Swiidn · Suitsalan · Tailan · Toerki · Yunaitid Stiet · Yunaitid Kindom · Yuukrien · Vietnam · Plaant Katn Chrii · Kuoknat Chrii · Banaana · Lignom Vaiti · Soersi · Manggo · Kalalu · Gianja · Saach Mi Aat · Bluu Ma'uo · Jumiekan Aakid · Animal Paarat · Blakbil Paarat · Yelobil Paarat · Dakta Bod · Kiangkro · Bat · Bulfraag · Manatii · Aligeta · Iguaana · Mangguus · Siitoerkl · Uutia · Yunivoersiti Ischri · Sayans · Kimischri · Fizix · Bailoji · Injinierin · Jaaloji · Aschranami · Bizniz · Chried · Ikanamix · Spuots Baaskitbaal · Tenis · Futbaal · Baxin · Atletix · Krikit · Swimin · Aas-riesin · Yusien Buolt · Welkom tu di Jumiekan Patwa Wikipidia ! di frii insaiklopidia we enibadi kiah edit! Welkom tu di Jumiekan Patwa Wikipidia ! di frii insaiklopidia we enibadi kiah edit! Sayans Sayans Geografi Jaagrafi Matimatix Matimatix Aat Aat Ischri Ischri Jumieka Jumieka Jinaral Infamieshan Flag a Jumieka Jumieka Demya piej ya a fi wah Wikipidia ina Jumiekan Patwa. Wi uda riili laik di elp a di Jumiekandem out de. Wi a sen a big shout-out tu aal a di piipldem we taak Jumiekan Patwa , fi kom koh rait soh tap kualiti h aatikl. Nof tangx. Wid we mi brejin opa tap se, jos fi mek unu nuo, wi a-chrai mek Patwa wan a 'i Wikipidia languijdem. No Jamiekan Ingglish, Patwa. Nof a 'i piejdem we rait aredi de ina Jamiekan Ingglish, a no Patwa. Jamiekan Ingglish a we muos a wi chat ebi die. Patwa a 'i raa baan ting we unu griet gran muma did chat, we tiicha did biit unu fa ah se "Speak Properly!". Wah nex ting tu, a nof dayalek de ina Jumieka. Rait aatikl ina fi yu dayalek. Piipl wi andastan an iwi ton standad suun. Dis ya we mi a-rait a 'i Wesmolan dayalek. Wi pronoons wi "h" ah kaal "di" "i". Wi ha nof difrens frah Kinston dayalek. Eniwiez, fi mek unu si we mi a-chat se, mi a-go rait wah sentans ina Ingglish, wan ina Jamiekan Ingglish aa wan ina Patwa fi mek unu si 'i difrens. "The feet of the cow went over the fence before the tail and bent when it reached the ground." "Di fiit a di cow went oova di fens bifoor di tail an ben wen it toch di groun." "'I cow futdem did go uoba 'i fens bifuor 'i tiel ah ben wen itoch 'i grong." Mi a-beg unu fi andastan mi egzampl ah loern frani. Tangks ah rispek. Wikipidia: Lis a nesiseri h aatikl Help:Jumiekan Patwa spelling policy Wikipidia: Lis a aatikl we Jumiekan Wikipidia fi ab Vuotin piej Di Jumiekan Patwa Wikipidia nou gat 1,730 h aatikl Refresh Aal piej · Kiatigari · Elp piej · Templet fi Jumiekan Patwa Wikipidia Mien Kiatigari Jumieka Jumiekan Kryuol · Jumiekan Fuud · Jumiekan Ischri · Jumieka, Lan Wi Lob · Ischri a Juudizam ina Jumieka · Di Parish Dem · Kinston · Aafwe Chrii · Blak Riva · Falmot · Luusi · Mandivl · Mantigo Bie · Mie Pen · Morant Bie · Panish Tong · Puot Antuoni · Puot Maraya · Savlamaar · Sint Anz Bie · Jaagrafi Kiaribiyan · Kiaribiyan Sii · Yuurop · Ieja · Amoerkaz · Uoshania · Afrika · Oertkwiek · Volkieno · Flod · Languij Jumiekan Kryuol · Languij a h Afrika · Indo-Yuropiyan languij · Joermanik languij · Ingglish · Doch · French · Puotigiis · Panish · Joerman · Rilijan Kristianiti · Juudizim · Ischri a Juudizim ina Jumieka · Budizim · Induizim · Sebm-Die Adventis Choch · Baptis Choch · Pratestantizam · Riil Jiizas Choch · Ruoman Kiaklik Choch · Puop · Pokomienia · Mayal · Rivaivalizm · Piipl Kojo · Taki · Aizak Mendiz Belisario · Mieri Siikuol · Maakos Giaavi · Luwiiz Benit · Yuuna Maasn · Evan Juonz · Bab Maali · Barintan Oervin · Yusien Buolt · Laozi · Geber · Albert Einstein · Sigmund Freud · Nelson Mandela · Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī · Katsushika Hokusai · Konchri Jumieka · Chrinidad ah Tubiego · Baabiedoz · Daminiika · Grinieda · Sin Kits ah Niivis · Sin Luusha · Sin Vinsn ah di Grenidiinz · Ieti · Ba’aamaz · Antiiga ah Baabyuuda · Kyuuba · Daminikan Ripoblik · Aajentiina · Aschrielia · Brazil · Filipiinz · Frans · Griis · Itali · Japan · Mexiko · Nedalanz · Naijiiria · Pakistan · Di Piiplz Ripoblik a Chaina · Ripoblik a Chaina · Rosha · Saadi Ariebia · Singgapuor · Sout Afrika · Spien · Swiidn · Suitsalan · Tailan · Toerki · Yunaitid Stiet · Yunaitid Kindom · Yuukrien · Vietnam · Plaant Katn Chrii · Kuoknat Chrii · Banaana · Lignom Vaiti · Soersi · Manggo · Kalalu · Gianja · Saach Mi Aat · Bluu Ma'uo · Jumiekan Aakid · Animal Paarat · Blakbil Paarat · Yelobil Paarat · Dakta Bod · Kiangkro · Bat · Bulfraag · Manatii · Aligeta · Iguaana · Mangguus · Siitoerkl · Uutia · Yunivoersiti Ischri · Sayans · Kimischri · Fizix · Bailoji · Injinierin · Jaaloji · Aschranami · Bizniz · Chried · Ikanamix · Spuots Baaskitbaal · Tenis · Futbaal · Baxin · Atletix · Krikit · Swimin · Aas-riesin · Yusien Buolt · Jinaral Infamieshan Flag a Jumieka Jumieka Demya piej ya a fi wah Wikipidia ina Jumiekan Patwa. Wi uda riili laik di elp a di Jumiekandem out de. Wi a sen a big shout-out tu aal a di piipldem we taak Jumiekan Patwa , fi kom koh rait soh tap kualiti h aatikl. Nof tangx. Wid we mi brejin opa tap se, jos fi mek unu nuo, wi a-chrai mek Patwa wan a 'i Wikipidia languijdem. No Jamiekan Ingglish, Patwa. Nof a 'i piejdem we rait aredi de ina Jamiekan Ingglish, a no Patwa. Jamiekan Ingglish a we muos a wi chat ebi die. Patwa a 'i raa baan ting we unu griet gran muma did chat, we tiicha did biit unu fa ah se "Speak Properly!". Wah nex ting tu, a nof dayalek de ina Jumieka. Rait aatikl ina fi yu dayalek. Piipl wi andastan an iwi ton standad suun. Dis ya we mi a-rait a 'i Wesmolan dayalek. Wi pronoons wi "h" ah kaal "di" "i". Wi ha nof difrens frah Kinston dayalek. Eniwiez, fi mek unu si we mi a-chat se, mi a-go rait wah sentans ina Ingglish, wan ina Jamiekan Ingglish aa wan ina Patwa fi mek unu si 'i difrens. "The feet of the cow went over the fence before the tail and bent when it reached the ground." "Di fiit a di cow went oova di fens bifoor di tail an ben wen it toch di groun." "'I cow futdem did go uoba 'i fens bifuor 'i tiel ah ben wen itoch 'i grong." Mi a-beg unu fi andastan mi egzampl ah loern frani. Tangks ah rispek. Wikipidia: Lis a nesiseri h aatikl Help:Jumiekan Patwa spelling policy Wikipidia: Lis a aatikl we Jumiekan Wikipidia fi ab Vuotin piej Di Jumiekan Patwa Wikipidia nou gat 1,730 h aatikl Refresh Aal piej · Kiatigari · Elp piej · Templet fi Jumiekan Patwa Wikipidia Demya piej ya a fi wah Wikipidia ina Jumiekan Patwa. Wi uda riili laik di elp a di Jumiekandem out de. Wi a sen a big shout-out tu aal a di piipldem we taak Jumiekan Patwa , fi kom koh rait soh tap kualiti h aatikl. Nof tangx. Wid we mi brejin opa tap se, jos fi mek unu nuo, wi a-chrai mek Patwa wan a 'i Wikipidia languijdem. No Jamiekan Ingglish, Patwa. Nof a 'i piejdem we rait aredi de ina Jamiekan Ingglish, a no Patwa. Jamiekan Ingglish a we muos a wi chat ebi die. Patwa a 'i raa baan ting we unu griet gran muma did chat, we tiicha did biit unu fa ah se "Speak Properly!". Wah nex ting tu, a nof dayalek de ina Jumieka. Rait aatikl ina fi yu dayalek. Piipl wi andastan an iwi ton standad suun. Dis ya we mi a-rait a 'i Wesmolan dayalek. Wi pronoons wi "h" ah kaal "di" "i". Wi ha nof difrens frah Kinston dayalek. Eniwiez, fi mek unu si we mi a-chat se, mi a-go rait wah sentans ina Ingglish, wan ina Jamiekan Ingglish aa wan ina Patwa fi mek unu si 'i difrens. "The feet of the cow went over the fence before the tail and bent when it reached the ground." "Di fiit a di cow went oova di fens bifoor di tail an ben wen it toch di groun." "'I cow futdem did go uoba 'i fens bifuor 'i tiel ah ben wen itoch 'i grong." Mi a-beg unu fi andastan mi egzampl ah loern frani. Tangks ah rispek. Wikipidia: Lis a nesiseri h aatikl Help:Jumiekan Patwa spelling policy Wikipidia: Lis a aatikl we Jumiekan Wikipidia fi ab Vuotin piej Di Jumiekan Patwa Wikipidia nou gat 1,730 h aatikl Refresh Aal piej · Kiatigari · Elp piej · Templet fi Jumiekan Patwa Wikipidia Mien Kiatigari Jumieka Jumiekan Kryuol · Jumiekan Fuud · Jumiekan Ischri · Jumieka, Lan Wi Lob · Ischri a Juudizam ina Jumieka · Di Parish Dem · Kinston · Aafwe Chrii · Blak Riva · Falmot · Luusi · Mandivl · Mantigo Bie · Mie Pen · Morant Bie · Panish Tong · Puot Antuoni · Puot Maraya · Savlamaar · Sint Anz Bie · Jaagrafi Kiaribiyan · Kiaribiyan Sii · Yuurop · Ieja · Amoerkaz · Uoshania · Afrika · Oertkwiek · Volkieno · Flod · Languij Jumiekan Kryuol · Languij a h Afrika · Indo-Yuropiyan languij · Joermanik languij · Ingglish · Doch · French · Puotigiis · Panish · Joerman · Rilijan Kristianiti · Juudizim · Ischri a Juudizim ina Jumieka · Budizim · Induizim · Sebm-Die Adventis Choch · Baptis Choch · Pratestantizam · Riil Jiizas Choch · Ruoman Kiaklik Choch · Puop · Pokomienia · Mayal · Rivaivalizm · Piipl Kojo · Taki · Aizak Mendiz Belisario · Mieri Siikuol · Maakos Giaavi · Luwiiz Benit · Yuuna Maasn · Evan Juonz · Bab Maali · Barintan Oervin · Yusien Buolt · Laozi · Geber · Albert Einstein · Sigmund Freud · Nelson Mandela · Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī · Katsushika Hokusai · Konchri Jumieka · Chrinidad ah Tubiego · Baabiedoz · Daminiika · Grinieda · Sin Kits ah Niivis · Sin Luusha · Sin Vinsn ah di Grenidiinz · Ieti · Ba’aamaz · Antiiga ah Baabyuuda · Kyuuba · Daminikan Ripoblik · Aajentiina · Aschrielia · Brazil · Filipiinz · Frans · Griis · Itali · Japan · Mexiko · Nedalanz · Naijiiria · Pakistan · Di Piiplz Ripoblik a Chaina · Ripoblik a Chaina · Rosha · Saadi Ariebia · Singgapuor · Sout Afrika · Spien · Swiidn · Suitsalan · Tailan · Toerki · Yunaitid Stiet · Yunaitid Kindom · Yuukrien · Vietnam · Plaant Katn Chrii · Kuoknat Chrii · Banaana · Lignom Vaiti · Soersi · Manggo · Kalalu · Gianja · Saach Mi Aat · Bluu Ma'uo · Jumiekan Aakid · Animal Paarat · Blakbil Paarat · Yelobil Paarat · Dakta Bod · Kiangkro · Bat · Bulfraag · Manatii · Aligeta · Iguaana · Mangguus · Siitoerkl · Uutia · Yunivoersiti Ischri · Sayans · Kimischri · Fizix · Bailoji · Injinierin · Jaaloji · Aschranami · Bizniz · Chried · Ikanamix · Spuots Baaskitbaal · Tenis · Futbaal · Baxin · Atletix · Krikit · Swimin · Aas-riesin · Yusien Buolt · Jumieka Jumiekan Kryuol · Jumiekan Fuud · Jumiekan Ischri · Jumieka, Lan Wi Lob · Ischri a Juudizam ina Jumieka · Di Parish Dem · Kinston · Aafwe Chrii · Blak Riva · Falmot · Luusi · Mandivl · Mantigo Bie · Mie Pen · Morant Bie · Panish Tong · Puot Antuoni · Puot Maraya · Savlamaar · Sint Anz Bie · Jaagrafi Kiaribiyan · Kiaribiyan Sii · Yuurop · Ieja · Amoerkaz · Uoshania · Afrika · Oertkwiek · Volkieno · Flod · Languij Jumiekan Kryuol · Languij a h Afrika · Indo-Yuropiyan languij · Joermanik languij · Ingglish · Doch · French · Puotigiis · Panish · Joerman · Rilijan Kristianiti · Juudizim · Ischri a Juudizim ina Jumieka · Budizim · Induizim · Sebm-Die Adventis Choch · Baptis Choch · Pratestantizam · Riil Jiizas Choch · Ruoman Kiaklik Choch · Puop · Pokomienia · Mayal · Rivaivalizm · Piipl Kojo · Taki · Aizak Mendiz Belisario · Mieri Siikuol · Maakos Giaavi · Luwiiz Benit · Yuuna Maasn · Evan Juonz · Bab Maali · Barintan Oervin · Yusien Buolt · Laozi · Geber · Albert Einstein · Sigmund Freud · Nelson Mandela · Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī · Katsushika Hokusai · Jumieka Jumiekan Kryuol · Jumiekan Fuud · Jumiekan Ischri · Jumieka, Lan Wi Lob · Ischri a Juudizam ina Jumieka · Di Parish Dem · Kinston · Aafwe Chrii · Blak Riva · Falmot · Luusi · Mandivl · Mantigo Bie · Mie Pen · Morant Bie · Panish Tong · Puot Antuoni · Puot Maraya · Savlamaar · Sint Anz Bie · Jumiekan Kryuol · Jumiekan Fuud · Jumiekan Ischri · Jumieka, Lan Wi Lob · Ischri a Juudizam ina Jumieka · Di Parish Dem · Kinston · Aafwe Chrii · Blak Riva · Falmot · Luusi · Mandivl · Mantigo Bie · Mie Pen · Morant Bie · Panish Tong · Puot Antuoni · Puot Maraya · Savlamaar · Sint Anz Bie · Jaagrafi Kiaribiyan · Kiaribiyan Sii · Yuurop · Ieja · Amoerkaz · Uoshania · Afrika · Oertkwiek · Volkieno · Flod · Kiaribiyan · Kiaribiyan Sii · Yuurop · Ieja · Amoerkaz · Uoshania · Afrika · Oertkwiek · Volkieno · Flod · Languij Jumiekan Kryuol · Languij a h Afrika · Indo-Yuropiyan languij · Joermanik languij · Ingglish · Doch · French · Puotigiis · Panish · Joerman · Jumiekan Kryuol · Languij a h Afrika · Indo-Yuropiyan languij · Joermanik languij · Ingglish · Doch · French · Puotigiis · Panish · Joerman · Rilijan Kristianiti · Juudizim · Ischri a Juudizim ina Jumieka · Budizim · Induizim · Sebm-Die Adventis Choch · Baptis Choch · Pratestantizam · Riil Jiizas Choch · Ruoman Kiaklik Choch · Puop · Pokomienia · Mayal · Rivaivalizm · Kristianiti · Juudizim · Ischri a Juudizim ina Jumieka · Budizim · Induizim · Sebm-Die Adventis Choch · Baptis Choch · Pratestantizam · Riil Jiizas Choch · 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and education 2 Career Toggle Career subsection 2.1 Acting 2.2 Directing 2.3 Producing 2.1 Acting 2.2 Directing 2.3 Producing 3 Personal life 4 Acting credits and accolades 5 References 6 External links Danny DeVito Afrikaans العربية Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Malagasy მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Danny DeVito DeVito in 2013 Born Daniel Michael DeVito Jr. ( 1944-11-17 ) November 17, 1944 (age 81) Neptune, New Jersey , U.S. Education American Academy of Dramatic Arts ( AOS ) Occupations .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Actor comedian filmmaker Actor comedian filmmaker Years active 1969–present Works Full list Height 5 ft 0 in (1.52 m) [ 1 ] Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Rhea Perlman ( m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} 1982 ; sep. 2012 ) Children 3, including Lucy Signature Daniel Michael DeVito Jr. (born November 17, 1944) is an American actor and filmmaker. Known for his short stature, raspy voice, distinct accent, and energetic comedy roles, he gained prominence for his portrayal of the taxi dispatcher Louie De Palma in the television series Taxi (1978–1983), which won him a Golden Globe Award and an Emmy Award . Since 2006, he has played Frank Reynolds on the FXX sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . DeVito is known for his film roles in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), Terms of Endearment (1983), Romancing the Stone (1984), The Jewel of the Nile (1985), Ruthless People (1986), Throw Momma from the Train (1987), Twins (1988), The War of the Roses (1989), Batman Returns (1992), Jack the Bear (1993), Junior (1994), Matilda (1996), L.A. Confidential (1997), The Big Kahuna (1999), Big Fish (2003), Deck the Halls (2006), When in Rome (2010), Wiener-Dog (2016) and Jumanji: The Next Level (2019). He has voiced roles in such films as Hercules (1997), The Lorax (2012), Smallfoot (2018) and Migration (2023). DeVito and Michael Shamberg founded Jersey Films. Soon afterwards, Stacey Sher became an equal partner. The production company is known for films such as Pulp Fiction (1994), Garden State (2004) and Freedom Writers (2007). DeVito also owned Jersey Television, which produced the Comedy Central series Reno 911! . DeVito and wife Rhea Perlman starred together in his 1996 film Matilda , based on Roald Dahl 's children's novel. DeVito was also one of the producers nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture for Erin Brockovich (2000). From 2012 to 2013, DeVito played Willie Clark in the West End revival of Neil Simon 's The Sunshine Boys . He made his Broadway debut as Gregory Solomon in the revival of Arthur Miller 's The Price (2017), earning a Tony Award nomination for his performance. He returned to Broadway in the Theresa Rebeck play I Need That (2023). Early life and education DeVito was born at Raleigh Fitkin-Paul Morgan Memorial Hospital in Neptune Township, New Jersey , the son of Daniel DeVito Sr., a small business owner and Julia DeVito ( née Moccello). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] He grew up in a family of five, with his parents and two older sisters. [ 4 ] He is of Italo-Albanian descent; his family is originally from San Fele , Basilicata, [ 5 ] as well as from the Arbëresh Albanian community of Calabria . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] He was raised in Asbury Park, New Jersey . He lived a few miles away from the original Jersey Mike's location and would eat there frequently, which would inspire him to become the sub shop's first celebrity spokesman in a line of commercials that began to air in September 2022. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] DeVito was raised as a Catholic. When he was 14, he persuaded his father to send him to boarding school to "keep him out of trouble", [ 4 ] and graduated from Oratory Preparatory School in Summit, New Jersey , in 1962. While working as a beautician at his sister's salon, his search for a professional makeup instructor led him to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts , [ 10 ] where he graduated in 1966. In his early theater days, he performed with the Colonnades Theater Lab at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut . Along with his future wife Rhea Perlman , he appeared in plays produced by the Westbeth Playwrights Feminist Collective . Career Acting Before he became an actor, Danny DeVito worked in a morgue as a cosmetologist, styling the hair of the deceased. He began this after a client of his died where he worked as a beautician at his sister's salon in New Jersey, and her family asked him to do her hair for her funeral. [ 11 ] DeVito started his career acting off-Broadway in the plays Shoot Anything With Hair That Moves and The Man with the Flower in His Mouth both in 1969. DeVito played Martini in the 1975 film One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest directed by Milos Forman , reprising his role from the 1971 off-Broadway play of the same title. He had his feature film debut in the drama Dreams of Glass (1970). Early film roles include Lady Liberty (1971), Hurry Up, or I'll Be 30 (1973) and Deadly Hero (1975). In 1977, DeVito played the role of John "John John the Apple" DeAppoliso in the Starsky & Hutch episode "The Collector". [ 12 ] DeVito gained fame in 1978 playing Louie De Palma, the short but domineering dispatcher for the fictional Sunshine Cab Company, on the hit TV show Taxi . For his performance he received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film . He got the role by astonishing the show's creators during the audition when asking them "Who wrote this shit?" then throwing the script on the table. [ 13 ] After his breakthrough on the sitcom Taxi , DeVito devoted more effort to a growing successful film career. He took a supporting role as Vernon Dalhart in the James L. Brooks directed comedy-drama Terms of Endearment (1983) acting alongside Shirley MacLaine , Debra Winger and Jack Nicholson . The film earned critical acclaim as well as the Academy Award for Best Picture . The following year, he acted in the crime comedy Johnny Dangerously (1984) and took the role as the comic rogue Ralph in the romantic adventure Romancing the Stone (1984), starring Michael Douglas and Kathleen Turner ; and its sequel, The Jewel of the Nile (1985). In 1986, DeVito starred in Ruthless People with Bette Midler and Judge Reinhold and also voiced the character Grundle King in My Little Pony: The Movie . In 1987, he acted in director Barry Levinson 's Tin Men , as a rival salesman to Richard Dreyfuss ' character. DeVito also acted opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger in the comedies Twins (1988) and Junior (1994). In 1990, he and Rhea Perlman played the couple Vic & Paula, commenting on the state of the environment in The Earth Day Special . The following year, he acted in Other People's Money (1991) with Gregory Peck . In 1991 and 1992, DeVito voiced Herb Powell in The Simpsons episodes " Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes? " and " Oh Brother, Where Art Thou? ". [ 14 ] [ 15 ] In 1992, he portrayed the villain Oswald Cobblepot / The Penguin in director Tim Burton 's Batman Returns acting opposite Michael Keaton , Michelle Pfeiffer and Christopher Walken . That same year he directed and produced the biographical drama film Hoffa starring Jack Nicholson . He also acted in the film portraying Bobby Ciaro. In 1993, he played a single father in the comedy-drama film Jack the Bear . In 1995, DeVito appeared in the gangster comedy Get Shorty . In 1996, he took supporting roles as Swackhammer in the Looney Tunes live-action / animated sports comedy Space Jam and reunited with Tim Burton 's science fiction comedy Mars Attacks! starring Jack Nicholson , Glenn Close , Annette Bening , Pierce Brosnan , Martin Short and Natalie Portman . In 1997, he played Deck Shifflet in the legal thriller The Rainmaker starring Matt Damon and Claire Danes as well as Sid Hudgens, editor of a sleazy tabloid called Hush-Hush , who gets tips ahead of time of celebrity arrests in the neo-noir thriller L.A. Confidential with Russell Crowe , Guy Pearce and Kevin Spacey , the latter of which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . That same year he also voiced Phil in the Walt Disney Animated film Hercules (1997). Leonard Klady of Variety praised the voice performances writing, "As in Aladdin , the melding of character animation with the screen personae of the actors voicing the roles provides forceful and amusing entertainment, particularly in DeVito's turn as a physical trainer and the acid wit James Woods brings to his villainous role." [ 16 ] He starred in Living Out Loud (1998) alongside Helen Hunt and Queen Latifah , reunited with Kevin Spacey in The Big Kahuna (1999) and hosted the last Saturday Night Live episode before the year 2000. In 1999, he produced and co-starred in the biographical drama film Man on the Moon , a film about the unusual life of his former Taxi co-star Andy Kaufman , played in the film by Jim Carrey . He also played Dr. Hornicker in the Sofia Coppola directed The Virgin Suicides (1999) starring Kirsten Dunst . He continued to take roles in comedy films such as Drowning Mona (2000), Screwed (2000), What's the Worst That Could Happen? (2001), Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002), Anything Else (2003) and Be Cool (2005). [ 17 ] He also acted in the drama films Heist (2001) and Big Fish (2003). He earned a 2004 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series nomination for his role of a stripper in the NBC sitcom Friends , [ 18 ] In 2006, he joined the cast of the FX / FXX sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia as Frank Reynolds . DeVito stars opposite Glenn Howerton , Rob McElhenney , Kaitlin Olson and Charlie Day . The character of Frank Reynolds is introduced at the beginning of Season 2 . He received a nomination for the Satellite Award for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy Series . DeVito said of the show "I loved it. It was fucking outrageous just the way they are. I immediately said, 'Yeah, this is an amazing show. ' " [ 19 ] Also in 2006 he starred opposite Matthew Broderick in the Christmas comedy film Deck the Halls . DeVito has an interest in documentaries. In 2006 he began a partnership with Morgan Freeman 's company ClickStar , for whom he hosts the documentary channel Jersey Docs. He was also interviewed in the documentary Revenge of the Electric Car , discussing his interest in and ownership of electric vehicles . DeVito has directed eight short films between 1973 and 2016, five of which were released across 2010 and 2011. These are The Sound Sleeper (1973), Minestrone (1975), Oh Those Lips (2010), Evil Eye (2010), Poison Tongue (2011), Skin Deep (2011), Nest of Vipers (2011) and Curmudgeons (2016). In 2010, DeVito appeared in the romantic comedy When in Rome . In 2011, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in television. [ 20 ] In 2012, he voiced the title character in the animated version of Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax . He appeared in the Angry Birds Friends "Champions for Earth" tournament advertisement in September 2015. Following the Japanese release of the Nintendo 3DS game Detective Pikachu , dedicated Pokémon fans submitted a 40,000-signature petition requesting that DeVito be the English voice actor for the title character. However, he declined to audition for the role, commenting that he was unfamiliar with the franchise. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] In April 2012, DeVito made his West End acting debut in a revival of the Neil Simon play The Sunshine Boys as Willie Clark, alongside Richard Griffiths . [ 12 ] It previewed at the Savoy Theatre in London from April 27, 2012, opened on May 17 and played a limited 12-week season until July 28. [ 23 ] DeVito played a fictional version of himself in the music video of One Direction 's song " Steal My Girl " (2014). [ 24 ] [ 25 ] He also appeared in the short film Curmudgeons , [ 26 ] which he also produced and directed. In 2013, he would voice Herb for a third time in the episode " The Changing of the Guardian ". [ citation needed ] DeVito made his Broadway debut in a Roundabout Theatre Company revival of the Arthur Miller play The Price as Gregory Solomon. He acted opposite Mark Ruffalo and Tony Shalhoub . Marilyn Stasio of Variety praised DeVito's performance writing, "DeVito, who holds the audience in the palm of his hand, tends to favor the comic side, making an extended meal out of an egg-eating visual gag. But he also draws on down-to-earth Jewish wisdom to keep family hostilities from boiling over and spoiling the financial negotiations". [ 27 ] He went on to be nominated for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play . The production began preview performances at the American Airlines Theatre on February 16, 2017, and opened on March 16 for a limited run-through on May 7. In 2016, DeVito appeared as part of the ensemble cast of Todd Solondz 's anthology film Wiener-Dog . [ 28 ] In 2018, he had a guest starring role in the Netflix comedy series The Kominsky Method acting opposite Michael Douglas and Alan Arkin . He also voiced Dorgle in the Warner Bros. animated film Smallfoot (2018). The following year in 2019 he reunited with Tim Burton playing Max Medici in the live action Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Dumbo , a remake of the 1941 animated film . He acted alongside Colin Farrell , Michael Keaton and Eva Green . He also played Eddie Gilpin in the action comedy film Jumanji: The Next Level starring Dwayne Johnson , Kevin Hart , Jack Black and Karen Gillan . The film was a box office and critical success. In 2020 he voiced Bob, a stray dog in The One and Only Ivan . In 2021 he played Charlie Goldman the biographical HBO drama film The Survivor . That same year DeVito wrote a 12-page story centered on the Penguin and Catwoman for the anthology comic Gotham City Villains . [ 29 ] In 2023 he acted in the Disney horror comedy Haunted Mansion , Chris Pine 's directorial film debut Poolman and the Illumination animated film Migration . Also in 2023 he returned to Broadway in the Theresa Rebeck play I Need That . Directing DeVito made his directorial debut in 1984 with The Ratings Game . In 1986, he directed and starred in the black comedy "The Wedding Ring", a season 2 episode of Steven Spielberg 's anthology series Amazing Stories , where his character acquires an engagement ring for his wife (played by DeVito's real-life wife, actress Rhea Perlman ). When the ring is slipped on his wife's finger, she is possessed by the ring's former owner, a murderous black widow. In 1987 he made his feature-directing debut with the dark comedy Throw Momma from the Train , in which he starred with Billy Crystal and Anne Ramsey . [ 30 ] For his performance he earned a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy nomination. [ 31 ] DeVito reunited with Jewel of the Nile co-stars Michael Douglas and Kathleen Turner in 1989 when he directed and starred alongside them in The War of the Roses . In 1996 he directed Matilda (1996), a film adaptation of Roald Dahl 's 1988 classic children's novel of the same name . Critic Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times wrote, "There is never a moment (except toward the happy ending) that we sense DeVito is anything other than quite serious about this material. He goes with Dahl's macabre vision." [ 32 ] He also served as the Narrator and played the villainous used-car dealer father Harry Wormwood opposite his wife Rhea Perlman . The following year, he was in talks to direct the crime drama The Little Things with Robert De Niro at that time set to star, [ 33 ] and The Crowded Room with Leonardo DiCaprio . [ 34 ] Both projects were eventually realized in the 2020s, but without DeVito's involvement. In 1997, DeVito was in talks for a $13-million deal to both star in and direct Mystery Men , but negotiations broke down over who would produce the soundtrack. "It was a big deal for me," DeVito said. "I really wanted it, so I walked away from the project." [ 35 ] In 1998, he committed to star in and direct both the sci-fi film Barthe for TriStar , about an alien who falls in love, [ 36 ] [ 33 ] and a remake of The Man Who Came to Dinner for DreamWorks . [ 37 ] In 1999, DeVito was attached to star, direct and produce Jason Keller 's spec script Sugar's Sweet Science of Bruising for New Line Cinema . [ 38 ] [ 33 ] For the next two years, DeVito was attached to film Michael Petroni 's Revelations , a "supernatural religious thriller" that was to have starred George Clooney . The project was delayed due to rewrites however. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] DeVito was also at one time attached to direct How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days . [ 41 ] He instead resurfaced with Death to Smoochy (2002) and Duplex (2003), which were made back-to-back. Before the release of the latter, DeVito agreed to direct a remake of 1942's I Married a Witch for Tom Cruise and Columbia Pictures , announcing to Variety that he hoped to begin production by the end of the year. [ 42 ] Instead of I Married a Witch , he sought to make Trump vs. Wynn as his next directorial project after receiving an offer from HBO . Written by Rick Cleveland , the script chronicles business tycoons Donald Trump and Steve Wynn 's competition to build a casino in Atlantic City . [ 43 ] DeVito was expected to direct, produce and star in an unspecified role, but he dropped out after meeting with both figures, who protested the film's production. [ 33 ] He directed the pilot episode for a proposed 2005 Imagine TV sitcom Queen B , [ 44 ] which was not picked up by the network for series. In 2009, it was reported that DeVito would direct and produce the biopic Crazy Eddie , based on the life of consumer electronics king Eddie Antar , from a script by Peter Steinfeld . [ 45 ] However the film could not be made due to a life rights deal that was made with Antar. [ 46 ] Instead, he pivoted to making the apocalyptic horror thriller St. Sebastian , [ 47 ] which completed post-production in 2012 but to this day has not been released. [ 48 ] DeVito also worked on the independently financed Honeymoon with Dad , a comedy which never went into production. [ 49 ] DeVito has written a film adaptation of and been, since 2008, attached to direct The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle with Morgan Freeman , Pierce Brosnan and Saoirse Ronan starring. [ 50 ] The production was halted when Freeman was seriously injured in a car accident two weeks before filming was scheduled to commence. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] DeVito returned to the subject in February 2013, saying he was looking for another young actress to star in the title role and scouting movie locations in Ireland. Production was expected to restart in July 2014. [ 51 ] [ 53 ] The release date is still classified as "TBD" without any new information as to whether it will be shot. [ 54 ] Producing DeVito founded Jersey Films in 1991, [ 55 ] producing films like Pulp Fiction (1994), Get Shorty (1995), Erin Brockovich (2000) (for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture), Gattaca (1997) and Garden State (2004). DeVito also produced the Comedy Central series Reno 911! , the film spin-off Reno 911!: Miami and the revival on Quibi . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] In 2019, his company Jersey Films optioned the screen rights to make a film of Toms River: A Story of Science and Salvation , by Dan Fagin. [ 58 ] Personal life DeVito stands 5 ft 0 in (1.52 m) tall. [ 1 ] His short stature is the result of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (Fairbank's disease), a rare genetic disorder that affects bone growth. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] On January 17, 1971, DeVito met Rhea Perlman when she went to see a friend in the single performance of the play The Shrinking Bride , which featured DeVito. [ 61 ] They moved in together two weeks later [ 62 ] and married on January 28, 1982. [ 63 ] They have three children: Lucy , Grace and Jacob. [ 64 ] Perlman and DeVito have acted alongside each other several times, including in the television show Taxi and the feature film Matilda (where they played Matilda's parents). [ 64 ] They separated in October 2012, after 30 years of marriage and over 40 years together, [ 64 ] then reconciled in March 2013. [ 65 ] They separated for a second time in March 2017, but remained on amicable terms and Perlman stated they had no intent of filing for divorce. [ 66 ] In 2019, Perlman told interviewer Andy Cohen that she and DeVito have become closer friends after their separation than they were in their final years as a couple. [ 67 ] Before their separation, DeVito and Perlman resided in a 14,579-square-foot (1,354 m 2 ) house in Beverly Hills, California , that they purchased in 1994; they sold the property for US$24 million in April 2015. They still own a bungalow near Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills and a multi-residence compound on Broad Beach in Malibu . [ 68 ] [ 69 ] They also frequented a home they owned in Interlaken, New Jersey , to get away from Los Angeles. [ 70 ] DeVito has mentioned being a big fan of singer Mike Patton 's various musical projects, being introduced to his work through his son Jacob in 2005. [ 71 ] DeVito collaborated with Patton on a music video and has attended several of his concerts, with Perlman contributing an introductory voiceover to an album by Mr. Bungle , one of Patton's bands. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] In 2016, DeVito also included music from Patton's band Faith No More on It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. [ 74 ] Acting credits and accolades DeVito has an extensive film career , dating back to the early 1970s. Selected work: One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) Taxi (1978–1983) Terms of Endearment (1983) Romancing the Stone (1984) The Jewel of the Nile (1985) Tin Men (1987) Throw Momma from the Train (1987) Twins (1988) The War of the Roses (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Hoffa (1992) Jack the Bear (1993) Reality Bites (1994) Junior (1994) Renaissance Man (1994) Get Shorty (1995) Sunset Park (1996) Matilda (1996) Space Jam (1996) Mars Attacks! (1996) The Rainmaker (1997) L.A. Confidential (1997) Hercules (1997) Gattaca (1997) Out of Sight (1998) Living Out Loud (1998) Man on the Moon (1999) The Virgin Suicides (1999) Drowning Mona (2000) Erin Brockovich (2000) How High (2001) Death to Smoochy (2002) Anything Else (2003) Big Fish (2003) Be Cool (2005) Deck the Halls (2006) It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (2006–present) Solitary Man (2009) The Lorax (2012) Wiener-Dog (2016) Dumbo (2019) Jumanji: The Next Level (2019) References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} McMahon, Danny (November 22, 2024). Danny DeVito: Hollywood's Unlikely Giant . Event occurs at 2:34–2:39. You're exactly five feet?" "Mhm. ^ Mikle, Jean. "Jack Nicholson, Danny DeVito childhood homes: see where they grew up at the Shore" . Asbury Park Press . Retrieved August 29, 2022 . ^ "Biography - Yahoo! Movies" . movies.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on March 3, 2012 . Retrieved February 10, 2010 . ^ a b Ellen, Barbara (April 14, 2012). "Danny DeVito: 'It all worked out for me. Life is good' " . The Guardian . ^ Shapiro, Dani (June 29, 2010). "My favorite place: Danny DeVito" . CNN . Archived from the original on November 11, 2010 . Retrieved May 31, 2012 . ^ "Daniel Michael DeVito of Arbëresh descent born on November 17" . Oculus News . November 17, 2019 . Retrieved December 20, 2022 . ^ "American actor Danny DeVito returns to his Albanian origins and shows how much he adored his grandmother's Georgian dialect" . Vox News . Retrieved December 20, 2022 . ^ Shaw, David. "DeVito! Although He Has a Penchant for Dark Comedies, Actor-Director Danny DeVito Is Serious About His Craft, His Family and His Cigars" Archived April 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine , Cigar Aficionado profile, accessed May 2, 2007. "Danny DeVito was born in 1944 in the shore town of Neptune, New Jersey—hence the name of his production company—and raised in neighboring Asbury Park, the youngest of five children (two of whom died before he was born)." ^ "Campaign Trail: Jersey Mike's Subs serves up authenticity with Danny DeVito" . Marketing Dive . ^ Danny DeVito on how beauty school led him to acting - EMMYTVLEGENDS.ORG , archived from the original on December 11, 2021 , retrieved March 26, 2021 ^ "Danny DeVito reveals he was a 'part-time mortician' for his dead hairdressing clients" . uk.style.yahoo.com . December 22, 2022 . Retrieved September 20, 2025 . ^ a b Raab, Scott (January 31, 2014). "The Serene Beauty of the Five-Foot Fury of Asbury Park" . Esquire . ^ Rosen, Lisa (December 2024 – January 2025). "Danny DeVito: 'You Gotta Tamp Me Down in the Joy Department!' " . AARP: The Magazine . ^ "Danny DeVito lends his voice to 'The Simpsons' " . Observer-Reporter . February 11, 1991 . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . ^ " "The Simpsons" guests stars over the years" . CBS . February 17, 2012 . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . ^ "Hercules" . Variety . June 16, 1997 . Retrieved November 13, 2023 . ^ "Danny DeVito Movie Box Office Results" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 10, 2010 . ^ "Danny DeVito" . Emmy Award . Archived from the original on May 15, 2013 . Retrieved December 27, 2011 . ^ "The story of how Danny DeVito joined 'It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia' " . Far Out . December 22, 2022 . Retrieved November 13, 2023 . ^ "Danny DeVito gets star on Hollywood Walk" . KTAR.com . Bonneville International. Associated Press . August 18, 2011. Archived from the original on October 1, 2011 . Retrieved August 19, 2011 . ^ "Pokémon Fans Petitioning to Make Danny DeVito the Voice of Pikachu (He'd Be Perfect)" . Yahoo! . February 2, 2016 . Retrieved February 12, 2016 . ^ @paleycenter (April 2, 2016). "Paley Center on Twitter: "Audience Q:Will Danny DeVito voice the Detective Pikachu videogame? Danny says "No" and asks what it is, "What the F is Pokemon?" #PaleyLive" ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 2, 2016 – via Twitter . ^ "The Sunshine Boys – Reviews" . What's On Stage. May 18, 2012 . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . ^ "One Direction's 'Steal My Girl' Video Features Danny DeVito... What!?" . MTV News . Archived from the original on October 14, 2014 . Retrieved May 7, 2016 . ^ "One Direction's New 'Steal My Girl' Video Will Feature Danny DeVito" . Billboard . October 11, 2014 . Retrieved October 19, 2014 . ^ "Curmudgeons" . Curmudgeons . Archived from the original on October 13, 2016. ^ "Broadway Review: 'The Price' Starring Mark Ruffalo, Tony Shalhoub, Danny DeVito" . Variety . March 17, 2017 . Retrieved November 13, 2023 . ^ Setoodeh, Ramin; Lang, Brent (January 26, 2016). "Sundance: Amazon Lands Todd Solondz Comedy Wiener-Dog (EXCLUSIVE)" . Variety . Archived from the original on July 13, 2023 . Retrieved January 28, 2025 . ^ Christian Holub (November 30, 2021). "Danny DeVito on why he returned to the Penguin for new Batman comic 'Gotham City Villains' " . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Maslin, Janet (December 1, 1987). "Throw Momma from the Train" . The New York Times . ^ "1988 Golden Globe Awards" . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved November 13, 2023 . ^ "Matilda movie review" . Rogerebert.com . Retrieved November 13, 2023 . ^ a b c d Bradford, Evans (September 15, 2011). "The Lost Roles of Danny DeVito" . Vulture . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Fleming, Michael Fleming (December 8, 1997). "DeVito checks into 'Room' " . Variety . Retrieved May 22, 2024 . ^ Los Angeles Times , November 16, 1997: CAL, 5:1. ^ Variety Staff (January 14, 1998). "DeVito does double duty; Love troubles" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Hindes, Andrew; Petrikin, Chris (October 12, 1998). "D'works, DeVito make 'Dinner' reservations" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Cox, Dan (May 6, 1999). "NL offers 'Sweet' pic deal to Keller" . Variety . Retrieved May 22, 2024 . ^ Jones, Oliver; Moerk, Christian (November 22, 1999). " 'Revelations' comes to DeVito & Warners" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Fleming, Michael (October 10, 2000). "Salerno tries on Jersey deal" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Swanson, Tim; Dunkley, Cathy (October 14, 2001). "Romantic laffer 'Lose' loses Jersey Films" . Variety . Retrieved April 2, 2025 . ^ Harris, Dana (February 24, 2003). "Embarrassment of witches at Col" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Fleming, Michael (December 4, 2003). "DeVito plays Trump card for Wynn gig" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Schneider, Michael (March 9, 2005). "DeVito king of 'Queen B' " . Variety . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . ^ Fleming, Michael (March 10, 2009). "Danny Devito crazy for 'Eddie' " . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (April 26, 2010). "Why Rights Wrangling Is Crazy Business" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ @DannyDeVito (December 14, 2011). "last five days on St. Sebastian. Having a blast. William Fichtner,Lance Reddick, Constance Zimmer, David Margulies. Fun peeps to work with" ( Tweet ) – via Twitter . ^ The Deadline Team (May 11, 2012). "Locomotive Selling Danny DeVito-Directed Thriller At Cannes" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Sneider, Jeff (October 10, 2012). "Danny DeVito to direct 'Honeymoon' (EXCLUSIVE)" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Fleming, Michael (July 15, 2008). "DeVito to direct 'Charlotte Doyle' " . Variety . Retrieved June 25, 2024 . ^ a b "Danny DeVito wants to cast rising star actress" . Contactmusic.com. February 24, 2013 . Retrieved February 6, 2014 . ^ Avi (September 9, 2014). "Movie option" . Wordcraft . Retrieved November 6, 2015 . ^ "Danny DeVito on scouting movie locations in Ireland | Late Late Show" . YouTube . February 24, 2013 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle - ComingSoon.net" . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on August 18, 2018 . Retrieved April 13, 2018 . ^ Guttarado, Andrew (September 25, 2019). "Danny DeVito, Never Retire (Bitch)" . The Ringer . Retrieved September 26, 2019 . ^ Petski, Denise (December 6, 2019). " 'Reno 911!' Revival Gets Green Light At Quibi" . Deadline . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ Newman, Melinda (September 13, 2010). "Danny DeVito Reminisces About Growing Up In New Jersey-www.njmonthly.com" . New Jersey Monthly . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (June 5, 2019). "Danny DeVito's Jersey 2nd Avenue Options Dan Fagin's Pulitzer-Winning Book 'Toms River: A Story Of Science And Salvation' " . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 14, 2024 . ^ Jenkins, Mark (September 26, 2013). "For Richer And For Poorer, But What Of That Vanishing Middle?" . NPR . Retrieved October 5, 2015 . ^ Joseph, Pat (September 10, 2013). "Lights, Camera, Economics Robert Reich brings his message to the big screen" . Berkeley . Retrieved October 5, 2015 . ^ Lovece, Frank ; with Franco, Jules (1988). Hailing Taxi: The Official Book of the Show . New York: Simon & Schuster / Prentice Hall Press . pp. 53, 286. ISBN 978-0-13-372103-4 . ^ Lovece, pp. 53, 80 ^ Wallace, Carol (December 12, 1983). "Chalk Up a Successful Marriage for TV's Tart-Tongued Twosome, Danny De Vito and Rhea Perlman" . People . Archived from the original on November 20, 2012 . Retrieved October 8, 2012 . ^ a b c "Exclusive: Danny DeVito and Rhea Perlman Separate" . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on October 10, 2012 . Retrieved October 8, 2012 . ^ Leonard, Elizabeth (March 15, 2013). "Danny DeVito and Rhea Perlman Are Back Together" . People . Archived from the original on March 17, 2013 . Retrieved March 16, 2013 . ^ Hoffman, Barbara (March 8, 2018). "Why Rhea Perlman won't divorce Danny DeVito" . New York Post . Retrieved July 9, 2018 . ^ Squires, Bethy (May 10, 2019). "Rhea Perlman and Danny DeVito May Be Separated, but They're Still Bros" . Vulture . Retrieved May 26, 2019 . ^ David, Mark (April 21, 2015). "Danny DeVito and Rhea Perlman Quietly List BevHills Estate" . Variety . ^ Beale, Lauren (April 30, 2015). "Danny DeVito, Rhea Perlman sell estate in Beverly Hills" . Los Angeles Times . ^ Boon, Jon. "Single In The City! Danny DeVito Moving To New York: He Misses The Big Apple!" , RadarOnline , October 15, 2012. Accessed January 24, 2023. "Danny and Rhea used to stay at his vacation home in Interlaken, New Jersey whenever they wanted a break away from Los Angeles. He never really felt an affinity to California and lived there purely for work reasons." ^ "Music News: Danny DeVito is big buds with Mike Patton and the Always Sunny podcast" . AudioPhix . September 27, 2023. ^ "Rhea Perlman Will Provide Narration on Upcoming Re-Recording of Mr. Bungle's "Anarchy Up Your Anus" -" . September 25, 2020. ^ DiVita, Joe (February 8, 2020). "Danny DeVito Gave Mike Patton Acting Tips at Mr. Bungle Reunion Show" . Loudwire . ^ Fowler, Matt (February 11, 2016). "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia: "Being Frank" Review" . IGN . External links Danny DeVito on Twitter Danny DeVito at IMDb Danny DeVito at the Internet Broadway Database Danny DeVito at the Internet Off-Broadway Database (archived) Danny DeVito at Emmys.com Danny DeVito at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television Danny DeVito on Charlie Rose Danny DeVito's Guest DJ Set on KCRW Danny DeVito interviewed by KVUE's Roy Faires in 1971 about "Throw Momma From The Train" from Texas Archive of the Moving Image .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Danny DeVito v t e Films directed The Selling of Vince D'Angelo (1982, short) The Ratings Game (1984) Throw Momma from the Train (1987) The War of the Roses (1989) Hoffa (1992) Matilda (1996) Death to Smoochy (2002) Duplex (2003) St. Sebastian (2012, unreleased) Curmudgeons (2016, short) The Selling of Vince D'Angelo (1982, short) The Ratings Game (1984) Throw Momma from the Train (1987) The War of the Roses (1989) Hoffa (1992) Matilda (1996) Death to Smoochy (2002) Duplex (2003) St. Sebastian (2012, unreleased) Curmudgeons (2016, short) Films produced Reality Bites (1994) 8 Seconds (1994) Get Shorty (1995) Sunset Park (1996) Feeling Minnesota (1996) Gattaca (1997) Out of Sight (1998) Living Out Loud (1998) Man on the Moon (1999) Erin Brockovich (2000) The Caveman's Valentine (2001) How High (2001) Camp (2003) Along Came Polly (2004) Be Cool (2005) Even Money (2006) Relative Strangers (2006) Freedom Writers (2007) Reno 911!: Miami (2007) A Walk Among the Tombstones (2014) Reality Bites (1994) 8 Seconds (1994) Get Shorty (1995) Sunset Park (1996) Feeling Minnesota (1996) Gattaca (1997) Out of Sight (1998) Living Out Loud (1998) Man on the Moon (1999) Erin Brockovich (2000) The Caveman's Valentine (2001) How High (2001) Camp (2003) Along Came Polly (2004) Be Cool (2005) Even Money (2006) Relative Strangers (2006) Freedom Writers (2007) Reno 911!: Miami (2007) A Walk Among the Tombstones (2014) Awards for Danny DeVito v t e Donostia Award Lifetime Achievement Award at the San Sebastián International Film Festival 1986: Gregory Peck / Gene Tierney 1987: Glenn Ford 1988: Vittorio Gassman 1989: Bette Davis 1990: Claudette Colbert 1991: Anthony Perkins 1992: Lauren Bacall 1993: Robert Mitchum 1994: Lana Turner 1995: Susan Sarandon / Catherine Deneuve 1996: Al Pacino 1997: Michael Douglas / Jeremy Irons 1998: Jeanne Moreau / Anthony Hopkins / John Malkovich 1999: Anjelica Huston / Fernando Fernán Gómez / Vanessa Redgrave 2000: Michael Caine / Robert De Niro 2001: Julie Andrews / Warren Beatty / Francisco Rabal 2002: Jessica Lange / Bob Hoskins / Dennis Hopper / Francis Ford Coppola 2003: Robert Duvall / Sean Penn / Isabelle Huppert 2004: Annette Bening / Jeff Bridges / Woody Allen 2005: Willem Dafoe / Ben Gazzara 2006: Max von Sydow / Matt Dillon 2007: Liv Ullmann / Richard Gere 2008: Meryl Streep / Antonio Banderas 2009: Ian McKellen 2010: Julia Roberts 2011: Glenn Close 2012: Oliver Stone / Ewan McGregor / Tommy Lee Jones / John Travolta / Dustin Hoffman 2013: Carmen Maura / Hugh Jackman 2014: Denzel Washington / Benicio del Toro 2015: Emily Watson 2016: Sigourney Weaver / Ethan Hawke 2017: Ricardo Darín / Monica Bellucci / Agnès Varda 2018: Hirokazu Kore-eda / Danny DeVito / Judi Dench 2019: Penélope Cruz / Costa-Gavras / Donald Sutherland 2020: Viggo Mortensen 2021: Johnny Depp / Marion Cotillard 2022: Juliette Binoche / David Cronenberg 2023: Javier Bardem / Víctor Erice / Hayao Miyazaki 2024: Pedro Almodóvar / Cate Blanchett 2025: Esther García / Jennifer Lawrence v t e Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play 1975–2000 Frank Langella (1975) Judd Hirsch (1976) Bob Dishy (1977) Morgan Freeman (1978) George Rose (1979) David Rounds (1980) Brian Backer (1981) Željko Ivanek / Adolph Caesar (1982) Alan Feinstein (1983) John Malkovich (1984) Barry Miller / Charles S. Dutton (1985) Joseph Maher (1986) John Randolph (1987) BD Wong (1988) Peter Frechette (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Kevin Spacey (1991) Laurence Fishburne (1992) Joe Mantello / Stephen Spinella (1993) Jeffrey Wright (1994) Nathan Lane (1995) Martin Shaw (1996) Brian Murray (1997) Alfred Molina (1998) Kevin Anderson (1999) Roy Dotrice (2000) 2001–2022 Charles Brown (2001) Frank Langella (2002) Denis O'Hare (2003) Ned Beatty (2004) Michael Stuhlbarg (2005) Samuel Barnett (2006) Boyd Gaines (2007) Conleth Hill (2008) Pablo Schreiber (2009) Santino Fontana (2010) Brian Bedford (2011) Tom Edden (2012) Richard Kind (2013) Reed Birney (2014) K. Todd Freeman (2015) Michael Shannon (2016) Danny DeVito (2017) Nathan Lane (2018) Tom Glynn-Carney (2019) Paul Hilton (2020) No Award (2021) Ron Cephas Jones (2022) v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series 1954–1975 Art Carney (1954) Art Carney (1955) Art Carney (1956) Carl Reiner (1957) Carl Reiner (1958) Tom Poston (1959) Don Knotts (1961) Don Knotts (1962) Don Knotts (1963) Don Knotts (1966) Don Knotts (1967) Werner Klemperer (1968) Werner Klemperer (1969) Michael Constantine (1970) Ed Asner (1971) Ed Asner (1972) Ted Knight (1973) Rob Reiner (1974) Ed Asner (1975) 1976–2000 Ted Knight (1976) Gary Burghoff (1977) Rob Reiner (1978) Robert Guillaume (1979) Harry Morgan (1980) Danny DeVito (1981) Christopher Lloyd (1982) Christopher Lloyd (1983) Pat Harrington Jr. (1984) John Larroquette (1985) John Larroquette (1986) John Larroquette (1987) John Larroquette (1988) Woody Harrelson (1989) Alex Rocco (1990) Jonathan Winters (1991) Michael Jeter (1992) Michael Richards (1993) Michael Richards (1994) David Hyde Pierce (1995) Rip Torn (1996) Michael Richards (1997) David Hyde Pierce (1998) David Hyde Pierce (1999) Sean Hayes (2000) 2001–present Peter MacNicol (2001) Brad Garrett (2002) Brad Garrett (2003) David Hyde Pierce (2004) Brad Garrett (2005) Jeremy Piven (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Jeremy Piven (2008) Jon Cryer (2009) Eric Stonestreet (2010) Ty Burrell (2011) Eric Stonestreet (2012) Tony Hale (2013) Ty Burrell (2014) Tony Hale (2015) Louie Anderson (2016) Alec Baldwin (2017) Henry Winkler (2018) Tony Shalhoub (2019) Dan Levy (2020) Brett Goldstein (2021) Brett Goldstein (2022) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2023) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2024) Jeff Hiller (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Television James Brolin (1970) Ed Asner (1971) James Brolin (1972) McLean Stevenson (1973) Harvey Korman (1974) Ed Asner / Tim Conway (1975) Ed Asner (1976) No Award (1977) Norman Fell (1978) Danny DeVito / Vic Tayback (1979) Pat Harrington Jr. / Vic Tayback (1980) John Hillerman (1981) Lionel Stander (1982) Richard Kiley (1983) Paul Le Mat (1984) Edward James Olmos (1985) Jan Niklas (1986) Rutger Hauer (1987) Barry Bostwick / John Gielgud (1988) Dean Stockwell (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Louis Gossett Jr. (1991) Maximilian Schell (1992) Beau Bridges (1993) Edward James Olmos (1994) Donald Sutherland (1995) Ian McKellen (1996) George C. Scott (1997) Don Cheadle / Gregory Peck (1998) Peter Fonda (1999) Robert Downey Jr. (2000) Stanley Tucci (2001) Donald Sutherland (2002) Jeffrey Wright (2003) William Shatner (2004) Paul Newman (2005) Jeremy Irons (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Tom Wilkinson (2008) John Lithgow (2009) Chris Colfer (2010) Peter Dinklage (2011) Ed Harris (2012) Jon Voight (2013) Matt Bomer (2014) Christian Slater (2015) Hugh Laurie (2016) Alexander Skarsgård (2017) Ben Whishaw (2018) Stellan Skarsgård (2019) John Boyega (2020) O Yeong-su (2021) Paul Walter Hauser / Tyler James Williams (2022) Matthew Macfadyen (2023) Tadanobu Asano (2024) Owen Cooper (2025) v t e Donostia Award v t e Lifetime Achievement Award at the San Sebastián International Film Festival 1986: Gregory Peck / Gene Tierney 1987: Glenn Ford 1988: Vittorio Gassman 1989: Bette Davis 1990: Claudette Colbert 1991: Anthony Perkins 1992: Lauren Bacall 1993: Robert Mitchum 1994: Lana Turner 1995: Susan Sarandon / Catherine Deneuve 1996: Al Pacino 1997: Michael Douglas / Jeremy Irons 1998: Jeanne Moreau / Anthony Hopkins / John Malkovich 1999: Anjelica Huston / Fernando Fernán Gómez / Vanessa Redgrave 2000: Michael Caine / Robert De Niro 2001: Julie Andrews / Warren Beatty / Francisco Rabal 2002: Jessica Lange / Bob Hoskins / Dennis Hopper / Francis Ford Coppola 2003: Robert Duvall / Sean Penn / Isabelle Huppert 2004: Annette Bening / Jeff Bridges / Woody Allen 2005: Willem Dafoe / Ben Gazzara 2006: Max von Sydow / Matt Dillon 2007: Liv Ullmann / Richard Gere 2008: Meryl Streep / Antonio Banderas 2009: Ian McKellen 2010: Julia Roberts 2011: Glenn Close 2012: Oliver Stone / Ewan McGregor / Tommy Lee Jones / John Travolta / Dustin Hoffman 2013: Carmen Maura / Hugh Jackman 2014: Denzel Washington / Benicio del Toro 2015: Emily Watson 2016: Sigourney Weaver / Ethan Hawke 2017: Ricardo Darín / Monica Bellucci / Agnès Varda 2018: Hirokazu Kore-eda / Danny DeVito / Judi Dench 2019: Penélope Cruz / Costa-Gavras / Donald Sutherland 2020: Viggo Mortensen 2021: Johnny Depp / Marion Cotillard 2022: Juliette Binoche / David Cronenberg 2023: Javier Bardem / Víctor Erice / Hayao Miyazaki 2024: Pedro Almodóvar / Cate Blanchett 2025: Esther García / Jennifer Lawrence 1986: Gregory Peck / Gene Tierney 1987: Glenn Ford 1988: Vittorio Gassman 1989: Bette Davis 1990: Claudette Colbert 1991: Anthony Perkins 1992: Lauren Bacall 1993: Robert Mitchum 1994: Lana Turner 1995: Susan Sarandon / Catherine Deneuve 1996: Al Pacino 1997: Michael Douglas / Jeremy Irons 1998: Jeanne Moreau / Anthony Hopkins / John Malkovich 1999: Anjelica Huston / Fernando Fernán Gómez / Vanessa Redgrave 2000: Michael Caine / Robert De Niro 2001: Julie Andrews / Warren Beatty / Francisco Rabal 2002: Jessica Lange / Bob Hoskins / Dennis Hopper / Francis Ford Coppola 2003: Robert Duvall / Sean Penn / Isabelle Huppert 2004: Annette Bening / Jeff Bridges / Woody Allen 2005: Willem Dafoe / Ben Gazzara 2006: Max von Sydow / Matt Dillon 2007: Liv Ullmann / Richard Gere 2008: Meryl Streep / Antonio Banderas 2009: Ian McKellen 2010: Julia Roberts 2011: Glenn Close 2012: Oliver Stone / Ewan McGregor / Tommy Lee Jones / John Travolta / Dustin Hoffman 2013: Carmen Maura / Hugh Jackman 2014: Denzel Washington / Benicio del Toro 2015: Emily Watson 2016: Sigourney Weaver / Ethan Hawke 2017: Ricardo Darín / Monica Bellucci / Agnès Varda 2018: Hirokazu Kore-eda / Danny DeVito / Judi Dench 2019: Penélope Cruz / Costa-Gavras / Donald Sutherland 2020: Viggo Mortensen 2021: Johnny Depp / Marion Cotillard 2022: Juliette Binoche / David Cronenberg 2023: Javier Bardem / Víctor Erice / Hayao Miyazaki 2024: Pedro Almodóvar / Cate Blanchett 2025: Esther García / Jennifer Lawrence v t e Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play v t e 1975–2000 Frank Langella (1975) Judd Hirsch (1976) Bob Dishy (1977) Morgan Freeman (1978) George Rose (1979) David Rounds (1980) Brian Backer (1981) Željko Ivanek / Adolph Caesar (1982) Alan Feinstein (1983) John Malkovich (1984) Barry Miller / Charles S. Dutton (1985) Joseph Maher (1986) John Randolph (1987) BD Wong (1988) Peter Frechette (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Kevin Spacey (1991) Laurence Fishburne (1992) Joe Mantello / Stephen Spinella (1993) Jeffrey Wright (1994) Nathan Lane (1995) Martin Shaw (1996) Brian Murray (1997) Alfred Molina (1998) Kevin Anderson (1999) Roy Dotrice (2000) Frank Langella (1975) Judd Hirsch (1976) Bob Dishy (1977) Morgan Freeman (1978) George Rose (1979) David Rounds (1980) Brian Backer (1981) Željko Ivanek / Adolph Caesar (1982) Alan Feinstein (1983) John Malkovich (1984) Barry Miller / Charles S. Dutton (1985) Joseph Maher (1986) John Randolph (1987) BD Wong (1988) Peter Frechette (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Kevin Spacey (1991) Laurence Fishburne (1992) Joe Mantello / Stephen Spinella (1993) Jeffrey Wright (1994) Nathan Lane (1995) Martin Shaw (1996) Brian Murray (1997) Alfred Molina (1998) Kevin Anderson (1999) Roy Dotrice (2000) 2001–2022 Charles Brown (2001) Frank Langella (2002) Denis O'Hare (2003) Ned Beatty (2004) Michael Stuhlbarg (2005) Samuel Barnett (2006) Boyd Gaines (2007) Conleth Hill (2008) Pablo Schreiber (2009) Santino Fontana (2010) Brian Bedford (2011) Tom Edden (2012) Richard Kind (2013) Reed Birney (2014) K. Todd Freeman (2015) Michael Shannon (2016) Danny DeVito (2017) Nathan Lane (2018) Tom Glynn-Carney (2019) Paul Hilton (2020) No Award (2021) Ron Cephas Jones (2022) Charles Brown (2001) Frank Langella (2002) Denis O'Hare (2003) Ned Beatty (2004) Michael Stuhlbarg (2005) Samuel Barnett (2006) Boyd Gaines (2007) Conleth Hill (2008) Pablo Schreiber (2009) Santino Fontana (2010) Brian Bedford (2011) Tom Edden (2012) Richard Kind (2013) Reed Birney (2014) K. Todd Freeman (2015) Michael Shannon (2016) Danny DeVito (2017) Nathan Lane (2018) Tom Glynn-Carney (2019) Paul Hilton (2020) No Award (2021) Ron Cephas Jones (2022) v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series v t e 1954–1975 Art Carney (1954) Art Carney (1955) Art Carney (1956) Carl Reiner (1957) Carl Reiner (1958) Tom Poston (1959) Don Knotts (1961) Don Knotts (1962) Don Knotts (1963) Don Knotts (1966) Don Knotts (1967) Werner Klemperer (1968) Werner Klemperer (1969) Michael Constantine (1970) Ed Asner (1971) Ed Asner (1972) Ted Knight (1973) Rob Reiner (1974) Ed Asner (1975) Art Carney (1954) Art Carney (1955) Art Carney (1956) Carl Reiner (1957) Carl Reiner (1958) Tom Poston (1959) Don Knotts (1961) Don Knotts (1962) Don Knotts (1963) Don Knotts (1966) Don Knotts (1967) Werner Klemperer (1968) Werner Klemperer (1969) Michael Constantine (1970) Ed Asner (1971) Ed Asner (1972) Ted Knight (1973) Rob Reiner (1974) Ed Asner (1975) 1976–2000 Ted Knight (1976) Gary Burghoff (1977) Rob Reiner (1978) Robert Guillaume (1979) Harry Morgan (1980) Danny DeVito (1981) Christopher Lloyd (1982) Christopher Lloyd (1983) Pat Harrington Jr. (1984) John Larroquette (1985) John Larroquette (1986) John Larroquette (1987) John Larroquette (1988) Woody Harrelson (1989) Alex Rocco (1990) Jonathan Winters (1991) Michael Jeter (1992) Michael Richards (1993) Michael Richards (1994) David Hyde Pierce (1995) Rip Torn (1996) Michael Richards (1997) David Hyde Pierce (1998) David Hyde Pierce (1999) Sean Hayes (2000) Ted Knight (1976) Gary Burghoff (1977) Rob Reiner (1978) Robert Guillaume (1979) Harry Morgan (1980) Danny DeVito (1981) Christopher Lloyd (1982) Christopher Lloyd (1983) Pat Harrington Jr. (1984) John Larroquette (1985) John Larroquette (1986) John Larroquette (1987) John Larroquette (1988) Woody Harrelson (1989) Alex Rocco (1990) Jonathan Winters (1991) Michael Jeter (1992) Michael Richards (1993) Michael Richards (1994) David Hyde Pierce (1995) Rip Torn (1996) Michael Richards (1997) David Hyde Pierce (1998) David Hyde Pierce (1999) Sean Hayes (2000) 2001–present Peter MacNicol (2001) Brad Garrett (2002) Brad Garrett (2003) David Hyde Pierce (2004) Brad Garrett (2005) Jeremy Piven (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Jeremy Piven (2008) Jon Cryer (2009) Eric Stonestreet (2010) Ty Burrell (2011) Eric Stonestreet (2012) Tony Hale (2013) Ty Burrell (2014) Tony Hale (2015) Louie Anderson (2016) Alec Baldwin (2017) Henry Winkler (2018) Tony Shalhoub (2019) Dan Levy (2020) Brett Goldstein (2021) Brett Goldstein (2022) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2023) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2024) Jeff Hiller (2025) Peter MacNicol (2001) Brad Garrett (2002) Brad Garrett (2003) David Hyde Pierce (2004) Brad Garrett (2005) Jeremy Piven (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Jeremy Piven (2008) Jon Cryer (2009) Eric Stonestreet (2010) Ty Burrell (2011) Eric Stonestreet (2012) Tony Hale (2013) Ty Burrell (2014) Tony Hale (2015) Louie Anderson (2016) Alec Baldwin (2017) Henry Winkler (2018) Tony Shalhoub (2019) Dan Levy (2020) Brett Goldstein (2021) Brett Goldstein (2022) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2023) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2024) Jeff Hiller (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Television v t e James Brolin (1970) Ed Asner (1971) James Brolin (1972) McLean Stevenson (1973) Harvey Korman (1974) Ed Asner / Tim Conway (1975) Ed Asner (1976) No Award (1977) Norman Fell (1978) Danny DeVito / Vic Tayback (1979) Pat Harrington Jr. / Vic Tayback (1980) John Hillerman (1981) Lionel Stander (1982) Richard Kiley (1983) Paul Le Mat (1984) Edward James Olmos (1985) Jan Niklas (1986) Rutger Hauer (1987) Barry Bostwick / John Gielgud (1988) Dean Stockwell (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Louis Gossett Jr. (1991) Maximilian Schell (1992) Beau Bridges (1993) Edward James Olmos (1994) Donald Sutherland (1995) Ian McKellen (1996) George C. Scott (1997) Don Cheadle / Gregory Peck (1998) Peter Fonda (1999) Robert Downey Jr. (2000) Stanley Tucci (2001) Donald Sutherland (2002) Jeffrey Wright (2003) William Shatner (2004) Paul Newman (2005) Jeremy Irons (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Tom Wilkinson (2008) John Lithgow (2009) Chris Colfer (2010) Peter Dinklage (2011) Ed Harris (2012) Jon Voight (2013) Matt Bomer (2014) Christian Slater (2015) Hugh Laurie (2016) Alexander Skarsgård (2017) Ben Whishaw (2018) Stellan Skarsgård (2019) John Boyega (2020) O Yeong-su (2021) Paul Walter Hauser / Tyler James Williams (2022) Matthew Macfadyen (2023) Tadanobu Asano (2024) Owen Cooper (2025) James Brolin (1970) Ed Asner (1971) James Brolin (1972) McLean Stevenson (1973) Harvey Korman (1974) Ed Asner / Tim Conway (1975) Ed Asner (1976) No Award (1977) Norman Fell (1978) Danny DeVito / Vic Tayback (1979) Pat Harrington Jr. / Vic Tayback (1980) John Hillerman (1981) Lionel Stander (1982) Richard Kiley (1983) Paul Le Mat (1984) Edward James Olmos (1985) Jan Niklas (1986) Rutger Hauer (1987) Barry Bostwick / John Gielgud (1988) Dean Stockwell (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Louis Gossett Jr. (1991) Maximilian Schell (1992) Beau Bridges (1993) Edward James Olmos (1994) Donald Sutherland (1995) Ian McKellen (1996) George C. Scott (1997) Don Cheadle / Gregory Peck (1998) Peter Fonda (1999) Robert Downey Jr. (2000) Stanley Tucci (2001) Donald Sutherland (2002) Jeffrey Wright (2003) William Shatner (2004) Paul Newman (2005) Jeremy Irons (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Tom Wilkinson (2008) John Lithgow (2009) Chris Colfer (2010) Peter Dinklage (2011) Ed Harris (2012) Jon Voight (2013) Matt Bomer (2014) Christian Slater (2015) Hugh Laurie (2016) Alexander Skarsgård (2017) Ben Whishaw (2018) Stellan Skarsgård (2019) John Boyega (2020) O Yeong-su (2021) Paul Walter Hauser / Tyler James Williams (2022) Matthew Macfadyen (2023) Tadanobu Asano (2024) Owen Cooper (2025) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Italy Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway 2 Korea Poland Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Italy Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway 2 2 Korea Poland Israel Catalonia Academics CiNii CiNii Artists MusicBrainz Emmy Awards MusicBrainz Emmy Awards People Trove Deutsche Biographie Deutsche Synchronkartei Trove Deutsche Biographie Deutsche Synchronkartei Other IdRef SNAC Yale LUX IdRef SNAC Yale LUX 1944 births Living people 20th-century American comedians 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American comedians 21st-century American male actors American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni American actors with dwarfism American comedy film directors American people of Italian descent American male comedians American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors American male voice actors American people of Albanian descent American people of Arbëreshë descent American social democrats Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (television) winners Comedians from Monmouth County, New Jersey Film directors from New Jersey Film producers from New Jersey Male actors from Malibu, California Male actors from Monmouth County, New Jersey Mass media people from Malibu, California Oratory Preparatory School alumni Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Asbury Park, New Jersey People from Interlaken, New Jersey People from Neptune Township, New Jersey People with genetic disorders Television producers from New Jersey Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from October 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from November 2025 Biography with signature Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024 Commons category link is on Wikidata IBDB name template using Wikidata The Interviews name ID same as Wikidata This page was last edited on 23 December 2025, at 23:34 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Early legal career 3 Mexican–American War 4 Political career Toggle Political career subsection 4.1 Early political career 4.2 Kentucky House of Representatives 4.3 U.S. Representative 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.4 Vice presidency (1857–1861) 4.5 Presidential campaign of 1860 4.6 U.S. Senator 4.1 Early political career 4.2 Kentucky House of Representatives 4.3 U.S. Representative 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.4 Vice presidency (1857–1861) 4.5 Presidential campaign of 1860 4.6 U.S. Senator 5 American Civil War Toggle American Civil War subsection 5.1 Service in the Western Theater 5.2 Service in the Eastern Theater 5.3 Confederate Secretary of War 5.1 Service in the Western Theater 5.2 Service in the Eastern Theater 5.3 Confederate Secretary of War 6 Escape and exile 7 Return to the U.S. and death 8 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1 Historical reputation 8.2 Monuments and memorials 8.1 Historical reputation 8.2 Monuments and memorials 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links John C. Breckinridge العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item John C. Breckinridge Breckinridge in 1860 14th Vice President of the United States In office March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861 President James Buchanan Preceded by William R. King Succeeded by Hannibal Hamlin 5th Confederate States Secretary of War In office February 6, 1865 – May 10, 1865 President Jefferson Davis Preceded by James Seddon Succeeded by Office abolished United States Senator from Kentucky In office March 4, 1861 – December 4, 1861 Preceded by John J. Crittenden Succeeded by Garrett Davis Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky's 8th district In office March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1855 Preceded by Charles Morehead Succeeded by Alexander Marshall Member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from Fayette County In office 1849–1850 Personal details Born John Cabell Breckinridge ( 1821-01-16 ) January 16, 1821 Lexington, Kentucky , U.S. Died May 17, 1875 (1875-05-17) (aged 54) Lexington, Kentucky, U.S. Resting place Lexington Cemetery Party Democratic Other political affiliations Southern Democratic ( 1860 ) Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Mary Burch ( m. 1843) Children 6, including Clifton and John Parents .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Cabell Breckinridge Mary Clay Smith Cabell Breckinridge Mary Clay Smith Relatives Breckinridge family Education Centre College ( BA ) College of New Jersey Transylvania University Centre College ( BA ) College of New Jersey Transylvania University Signature Military service Allegiance United States Confederate States United States Confederate States Branch/service United States Volunteers Confederate States Army United States Volunteers Confederate States Army Years of service 1847–1848 (U.S.) 1861–1865 (C.S.) 1847–1848 (U.S.) 1861–1865 (C.S.) Rank Major (U.S.) Major general (C.S.) Major (U.S.) Major general (C.S.) Battles/wars .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Mexican–American War American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring Mexican–American War American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821 – May 17, 1875) was an American politician who served as the 14th vice president of the United States , with President James Buchanan , from 1857 to 1861. Assuming office at the age of 36, Breckinridge is the youngest vice president in U.S. history . He was also the Southern Democratic candidate in the 1860 presidential election , losing to antislavery Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln . Breckinridge was born near Lexington, Kentucky , to a prominent local family . After serving as a noncombatant during the Mexican–American War , he was elected as a Democrat to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1849, where he took a pro-slavery stance. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1851, he allied with Stephen A. Douglas in support of the Kansas–Nebraska Act . After reapportionment in 1854 made his re-election unlikely, he declined to run for another term. He was nominated for vice president at the 1856 Democratic National Convention to balance a ticket headed by James Buchanan . The Democrats won the election , but Breckinridge had little influence with Buchanan, and as presiding officer of the Senate, could not express his opinions in debates. He joined Buchanan in supporting the proslavery Lecompton Constitution for Kansas, which led to a split in the Democratic Party. In 1859, he was elected to succeed Senator John J. Crittenden at the end of Crittenden's term in 1861. After Southern Democrats walked out of the 1860 Democratic National Convention , the party's northern and southern factions held rival conventions in Baltimore that nominated Douglas and Breckinridge, respectively, for president. A third party, the Constitutional Union Party , nominated John Bell . These three men split the Southern vote, while Lincoln won all but three electoral votes in the North, winning the election. Breckinridge carried most of the Southern states. Taking his seat in the Senate, Breckinridge urged compromise to preserve the Union. Unionists were in control of the state legislature, and gained more support when Confederate forces moved into Kentucky . After fleeing behind Confederate lines, Breckinridge was commissioned a brigadier general in the Confederate Army and then expelled from the Senate. Following the Battle of Shiloh in 1862, Breckinridge was promoted to major general , and in October, he was assigned to the Army of Mississippi under Braxton Bragg . After Bragg charged that Breckinridge's drunkenness had contributed to defeats at Stones River and Missionary Ridge , and after Breckinridge joined many other high-ranking officers in criticizing Bragg, he was transferred to the Trans-Allegheny Department , where he won his most significant victory in the 1864 Battle of New Market . After participating in Jubal Early 's campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley , Breckinridge was charged with defending supplies in Tennessee and Virginia . In February 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed him Secretary of War in the Confederate Cabinet . Concluding that the war was hopeless, he urged Davis to arrange a national surrender. After the fall of Richmond , Breckinridge ensured the preservation of Confederate records. He then escaped the country and lived abroad for over three years. When President Andrew Johnson extended amnesty to all former Confederates in 1868, Breckinridge returned to Kentucky, but resisted all encouragement to resume his political career. War injuries sapped his health, and he died in 1875. Breckinridge is regarded as an effective military commander, but historians have panned his contributions to the Confederacy. Early life John Cabell Breckinridge was born at Thorn Hill, his family's estate near Lexington, Kentucky, on January 16, 1821, [ 1 ] the fourth of six children and only son of Joseph "Cabell" Breckinridge from the Breckinridge family and Mary Clay (Smith) Breckinridge. [ 2 ] His mother was a daughter of Samuel Stanhope Smith , who founded Hampden–Sydney College in 1775, and granddaughter of John Witherspoon , a signer of the Declaration of Independence . [ 1 ] Having previously served as speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives, Breckinridge's father had been appointed Kentucky's secretary of state just prior to his son's birth. [ 3 ] In February 1821, the family moved with Governor John Adair to the Governor's Mansion in Frankfort , so his father could better attend to his duties as secretary of state. [ 4 ] In August 1823, an illness referred to as "the prevailing fever" struck Frankfort, and Cabell Breckinridge took his children to stay with his mother in Lexington. [ 4 ] On his return, both his wife and he fell ill. Cabell Breckinridge died, but she survived. [ 5 ] His assets were not enough to pay his debts, and his widow joined the children in Lexington, supported by her mother-in-law. [ 6 ] While in Lexington, Breckinridge attended Pisgah Academy in Woodford County . [ 7 ] His grandmother taught him the political philosophies of her late husband, John Breckinridge , who served in the U.S. Senate and as attorney general under President Thomas Jefferson . [ 8 ] As a state legislator, Breckinridge had introduced the Kentucky Resolutions in 1798, which stressed states' rights and endorsed the doctrine of nullification in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts . [ 9 ] After an argument between Breckinridge's mother and grandmother in 1832, his mother, his sister Laetitia, and he moved to Danville, Kentucky , to live with his sister Frances and her husband, John C. Young , who was president of Centre College . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Breckinridge's uncle, William Breckinridge, was also on the faculty there, prompting him to enroll in November 1834. [ 8 ] Among his schoolmates were Beriah Magoffin , William Birney , Theodore O'Hara , Thomas L. Crittenden , and Jeremiah Boyle . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] After earning a Bachelor of Arts in September 1838, he spent the following winter as a "resident graduate" at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Returning to Kentucky in mid-1839, he read law with Judge William Owsley . [ 14 ] In November 1840, he enrolled in the second year of the law course at Transylvania University in Lexington, where his instructors included George Robertson and Thomas A. Marshall of the Kentucky Court of Appeals . [ 15 ] On February 25, 1841, he received a Bachelor of Laws and was licensed to practice the next day. [ 16 ] Early legal career Breckinridge remained in Lexington while deciding where to begin practice, borrowing law books from the library of John J. Crittenden, Thomas Crittenden's father. [ 17 ] Deciding that Lexington was overcrowded with lawyers, he moved to Frankfort, but was unable to find an office. After being spurned by a love interest, former classmate Thomas W. Bullock and he departed for the Iowa Territory on October 10, 1841, seeking better opportunities. [ 18 ] They considered settling on land Breckinridge had inherited in Jacksonville, Illinois , but they found the bar stocked with able men such as Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln . [ 19 ] They continued on to Burlington, Iowa , and by the winter of 1842–1843, Breckinridge reported to family members that his firm handled more cases than almost any other in Burlington. [ 20 ] Influenced by Bullock and the citizens of Iowa, he identified with the Democratic Party , and by February 1843, he had been named to the Democratic committee of Des Moines County . [ 21 ] Most of the Kentucky Breckinridges were Whigs , and when he learned of his nephew's party affiliation, William Breckinridge declared, "I felt as I would have done if I had heard that my daughter had been dishonored." [ 22 ] Breckinridge visited Kentucky in May 1843. [ 23 ] His efforts to mediate between his mother and the Breckinridges extended his visit, and after he contracted influenza , he decided to remain for the summer rather than returning to Iowa's colder climate. [ 23 ] He met Bullock's cousin, Mary Cyrene Burch , and by September, they were engaged. [ 23 ] In October, Breckinridge went to Iowa to close out his business, then returned to Kentucky and formed a law partnership with Samuel Bullock, Thomas's cousin. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] He married on December 12, 1843, and settled in Georgetown, Kentucky . [ 23 ] The couple had six children – Joseph Cabell (b. 1844), Clifton Rodes (b. 1846; later a Congressman from Arkansas ), Frances (b. 1848), John Milton (b. 1849), John Witherspoon (b. 1850), and Mary Desha (b. 1854). [ 23 ] Gaining confidence in his ability as a lawyer, Breckinridge moved his family back to Lexington in 1845 and formed a partnership with future U.S. Senator James B. Beck . [ 26 ] Mexican–American War A supporter of the Mexican–American War, Breckinridge sought appointment to the staff of Major General William Orlando Butler , a prominent Kentucky Democrat, but Butler could only offer him an unpaid aide position and advised him to decline it. [ 27 ] In July 1847, Breckinridge delivered an address at a mass military funeral in Frankfort to honor Kentuckians killed in the Battle of Buena Vista . The oration brought Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky, whose son was among the dead, to tears, and inspired Theodore O'Hara to write " Bivouac of the Dead ". [ 28 ] Breckinridge again applied for a military commission after William Owsley , the governor of Kentucky, called for two additional regiments on August 31, 1847. [ 29 ] Owsley's advisors encouraged the Whig governor to commission at least one Democrat, and Whig Senator John J. Crittenden supported Breckinridge's application. [ 30 ] On September 6, 1847, Owsley appointed Manlius V. Thomson as colonel, Thomas Crittenden as lieutenant colonel, and Breckinridge as major of the Third Kentucky Infantry Regiment. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] The regiment left Kentucky on November 1 and reached Veracruz by November 21. [ 31 ] After a serious epidemic of la Vomito, or yellow fever , broke out at Veracruz, [ 32 ] the regiment hurried to Mexico City . Reports indicate that Breckinridge walked all but two days of the journey, allowing weary soldiers to use his horse. [ 31 ] When they reached Mexico City on December 18, the fighting was almost over; they participated in no combat and remained as an army of occupation until May 30, 1848. [ 31 ] [ 33 ] In demand more for his legal expertise than his military training, he was named as assistant counsel for Gideon Johnson Pillow during a court of inquiry initiated against him by Winfield Scott . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Seeking to derail Scott's presidential ambitions, Pillow and his supporters composed and published letters that lauded Pillow, not Scott, for the American victories at Contreras and Churubusco . To hide his involvement, Pillow convinced a subordinate to take credit for the letter he wrote. Breckinridge biographer William C. Davis writes that it was "most unlikely" that Breckinridge knew the details of Pillow's intrigue. [ 36 ] His role in the proceedings was limited to questioning a few witnesses; records show that Pillow represented himself during the court's proceedings. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Returning to Louisville on July 16, the Third Kentucky mustered out on July 21. [ 37 ] During their time in Mexico, over 100 members of the 1,000-man regiment died of illness. [ 28 ] Although he saw no combat, Breckinridge's military service proved an asset to his political prospects. [ 28 ] Political career Early political career Breckinridge campaigned for Democratic presidential nominee James K. Polk in the 1844 election . [ 37 ] He decided against running for county clerk of Scott County after his law partner complained that he spent too much time in politics. [ 38 ] In 1845, some local Democrats encouraged him to seek the Eighth District 's congressional seat, but he declined, supporting Alexander Keith Marshall , the party's unsuccessful nominee. [ 27 ] [ 38 ] As a private citizen, he opposed the Wilmot Proviso that would have banned slavery in the territory acquired in the war with Mexico. [ 39 ] In the 1848 presidential election , he backed the unsuccessful Democratic ticket of Lewis Cass and William Butler. [ 27 ] He did not vote in the election. Defending his decision during a speech in Lexington on September 5, 1860, Breckinridge explained: But it so happened that there were six or eight gentlemen also accompanying me, all of them belonging to the Whig Party, and they proposed to me that if I would not return to my own town and vote, they would not. If they would, there would be six or seven votes cast for Taylor and but one cast for Cass. I accepted the proposition, and we went hunting; and had every man done as well as myself, we should have carried the State by 40,000 majority. [ 40 ] But it so happened that there were six or eight gentlemen also accompanying me, all of them belonging to the Whig Party, and they proposed to me that if I would not return to my own town and vote, they would not. If they would, there would be six or seven votes cast for Taylor and but one cast for Cass. I accepted the proposition, and we went hunting; and had every man done as well as myself, we should have carried the State by 40,000 majority. [ 40 ] Kentucky House of Representatives In August 1849, Kentuckians elected delegates to a state constitutional convention in addition to state representatives and senators . [ 41 ] Breckinridge's abolitionist uncles, William and Robert , joined with Cassius Marcellus Clay to nominate slates of like-minded candidates for the constitutional convention and the legislature. [ 35 ] In response, a bipartisan group of proslavery citizens organized its own slate of candidates, including Breckinridge for one of Fayette County 's two seats in the House of Representatives. [ 42 ] Breckinridge, who by this time enslaved five humans, had publicly opposed "impairing in any form" the legal protection of slavery . [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Despite his endorsement of slavery protections, he was a member of the Freemasons and the First Presbyterian Church in Lexington , both of which officially opposed slavery. [ 44 ] He had also previously represented free blacks in court, expressed support for voluntary emancipation , and supported the Kentucky Colonization Society, which was dedicated to the relocation of free blacks to Liberia . [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Breckinridge received 1,481 votes, over 400 more than his nearest competitor, making this the first time that Fayette County had elected a Democrat to the state House of Representatives. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Between the election and the legislative session, Breckinridge formed a new law partnership with Owsley's former secretary of state, George B. Kinkead, his previous partner having died in a cholera epidemic earlier in the year. [ 47 ] He also co-founded the Kentucky Statesman , a semiweekly Democratic newspaper, and visited his step-cousin, Mary Todd , where he met her husband, Abraham Lincoln, for the first time; despite their political differences, they became friends. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] When the House convened, Breckinridge received a plurality of votes for speaker, but fell at least eight votes short of a majority. [ 45 ] Unable to break the deadlock, he withdrew, and the position went to Whig Thomas Reilly. [ 49 ] Biographer Frank H. Heck wrote that Breckinridge was the leader of the House Democratic caucus during the session, during which time most of the measures considered were "local or personal and in any case, petty". [ 50 ] Breckinridge was assigned to the House's standing committees on federal relations and the judiciary. [ 45 ] He supported bills allocating funding for internal improvements , a traditionally Whig stance. [ 49 ] As Congress debated Henry Clay's proposed Compromise of 1850 , the four Whigs on the Committee on Federal Relations drew up resolutions urging the Kentucky congressional delegation to support the compromise as a "fair, equitable, and just basis" for settlement of the slavery issue in the newly acquired U.S. territories. Breckinridge felt that the resolution was too vague and authored a minority report that explicitly denied federal authority to interfere with slavery in states and territories. Both sets of resolutions, and a set adopted by the Senate, were all laid on the table . [ 51 ] On March 4, 1850, three days before the end of the session, Breckinridge took a leave of absence to care for his son, John Milton, who had become ill; he died on March 18. [ 52 ] Keeping a busy schedule to cope with his grief, he urged adoption of the proposed constitution at a series of meetings around the state. [ 53 ] His only concern with the document was its lack of an amendment process. [ 52 ] The constitution was overwhelmingly ratified in May. Democrats wanted to nominate him for re-election, but he declined, citing problems "of a private and imperative character". Davis wrote "his problem – besides continuing sadness over his son's death – was money." [ 54 ] U.S. Representative First term (1851–1853) Breckinridge was a delegate to the January 8, 1851, state Democratic convention, which nominated Lazarus W. Powell for governor. [ 55 ] A week later, he announced that he would seek election to Congress from Kentucky's Eighth District. [ 45 ] Nicknamed the "Ashland district" because it contained Ashland , the estate of Whig Party founder Henry Clay, and much of the area Clay once represented, the district was a Whig stronghold. [ 26 ] In the previous congressional election, Democrats had not even nominated a candidate. [ 55 ] Breckinridge's opponent, Leslie Combs , was a former state legislator whose popularity was bolstered by his association with Clay and his participation in the War of 1812 ; he was expected to win the election easily. [ 45 ] In April, the candidates held a debate in Frankfort, and in May, they jointly canvassed the district, making daily speeches. [ 56 ] Breckinridge reiterated his strict constructionist view of the U.S. Constitution and denounced the protective tariffs advocated by the Whigs, stating that "free thought needs free trade". [ 57 ] His strong voice and charismatic personality contrasted with the campaign style of the much older Combs. [ 58 ] On election day, he carried only three of the district's seven counties, but accumulated a two-to-one victory margin in Owen County , winning the county by 677 votes and the election by 537. [ 59 ] Democrats carried five of Kentucky's 10 congressional districts, and Powell was elected as the first Democratic governor since 1834. [ 60 ] Supporters promoted Breckinridge for Speaker of the House , but he refused to allow his own nomination and voted with the majority to elect fellow Kentuckian Linn Boyd . [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Despite this, the two were factional enemies, and Boyd assigned Breckinridge to the lightly regarded Committee on Foreign Affairs . [ 58 ] [ 63 ] Breckinridge's first speech, and several subsequent ones, were made to defend William Butler, again a presidential aspirant in 1852 , from charges leveled by proponents of the Young America movement that he was too old and had not made his stance on slavery clear. [ 64 ] The attacks came from the pages of George Nicholas Sanders 's Democratic Review , and on the House floor from several men, nearly all of whom supported Stephen Douglas for the nomination. These men included California 's Edward C. Marshall , who was Breckinridge's cousin. [ 64 ] Their attacks ultimately hurt Douglas's chances for the nomination, and Breckinridge's defense of Butler enhanced his own reputation. [ 65 ] After this controversy, he was more active in the chamber's debates, but introduced few significant pieces of legislation. He defended the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 against attacks by Ohio Representative Joshua Giddings , and opposed Andrew Johnson's proposed Homestead Act out of concern that it would create more territories that excluded slavery. [ 65 ] Despite his campaign rhetoric that federal funds should only be used for internal improvements "of a national character", he sought to increase Kentucky's federal allocation for construction and maintenance of rivers and harbors, and supported bills that benefited his district's hemp farmers. [ 62 ] Returning home from the legislative session, Breckinridge made daily visits with Henry Clay, who lay dying in Lexington, and was chosen to deliver Clay's eulogy in Congress when the next session commenced. [ 66 ] The eulogy enhanced his popularity and solidified his position as Clay's political heir apparent. [ 62 ] He also campaigned for the election of Democrat Franklin Pierce as president. [ 67 ] Although Pierce lost Kentucky by 3,200 votes, Breckinridge wielded more influence with him than he had with outgoing Whig President Millard Fillmore . [ 68 ] A week after his inauguration, Pierce offered Breckinridge an appointment as governor of Washington Territory . He had initially sought the appointment, securing letters of recommendation from Powell and Butler, but by the time it was offered, he had decided to stay in Kentucky and seek re-election to the House. [ 69 ] Second term (1853–1855) The Whigs, seeking to recapture Breckinridge's seat, nominated Attorney General of Kentucky James Harlan , but some Whig factions opposed him, and he withdrew in March. [ 70 ] Robert P. Letcher , a former congressman and governor who had won 14 elections in Kentucky without a loss, was the party's second choice. [ 71 ] Both candidates campaigned vigorously throughout the Eighth District, making multiple speeches a day between May and August. [ 72 ] Letcher was an experienced campaigner, but his popular, anecdote-filled oratory was unpolished, and he was prone to outbursts of anger when frustrated. [ 73 ] By contrast, Breckinridge delivered calm, well-reasoned speeches. [ 74 ] Cassius Clay, a political enemy of Letcher's for years, endorsed Breckinridge, despite their differences on slavery. [ 60 ] Citing this endorsement and the abolitionism of Breckinridge's uncles, Letcher tried to paint Breckinridge as an enemy of slavery. Breckinridge pointed to his consistent support for slavery and claimed Letcher was actually hostile to the interests of slaveholders. [ 74 ] Although the district had gone for Whig candidate Winfield Scott by over 600 votes in the previous year's presidential election , Breckinridge defeated Letcher by 526 votes. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] Once again, he received a large margin in Owen County, which reported 123 more votes than eligible voters living in the county. [ 75 ] Grateful for the support of the reliably Democratic county, he gave his son John Witherspoon Breckinridge the nickname "Owen". [ 74 ] Of the 234 members of the House, Breckinridge was among the 80 who were returned to their seats for the Thirty-third Congress . [ 67 ] Due to his increased seniority, he was assigned to the more prestigious Ways and Means Committee , but he was not given a committee chairmanship as many had expected. [ 62 ] Although he supported Pierce's proslavery agenda on the principle of states' rights and believed that secession was legal, he opposed secession as a remedy to the country's immediate problems. [ 26 ] This, coupled with his earlier support of manumission and African colonization, balanced his support for slavery; most still considered him a moderate legislator. [ 48 ] An ally of Illinois' Stephen A. Douglas, Breckinridge supported the doctrine of popular sovereignty as expressed in Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act. He believed passage of the act would remove the issue of slavery from national politics – although it ultimately had the opposite effect – and acted as a liaison between Douglas and Pierce to secure its passage. [ 48 ] During the debate on the House floor, New York 's Francis B. Cutting , incensed by a statement that Breckinridge had made, demanded that he explain or retract it. Breckinridge interpreted Cutting's demand as a challenge to duel . Under code duello , the individual being challenged retained the right to name the weapons used and the distance between the combatants; Breckinridge chose rifles at 60 paces. [ 72 ] He also specified that the duel should be held at Silver Spring, Maryland , the home of his friend Francis Preston Blair . [ 48 ] Cutting, who had not intended his initial remark as a challenge, believed that Breckinridge's naming of terms constituted a challenge; he chose to use pistols at a distance of 10 paces. While the two men attempted to clarify who had issued the challenge and who reserved the right to choose the terms, mutual friends resolved the issue, preventing the duel. [ 72 ] The recently adopted Kentucky Constitution prevented anyone who participated in a duel from holding elected office, and the peaceful resolution of the issue may have saved Breckinridge's political career. [ 76 ] Retirement from the House In February 1854, the Whig majority in the Kentucky General Assembly passed – over Powell's veto – a reapportionment bill that redrew Breckinridge's district, removing Owen County and replacing it with Harrison and Nicholas Counties. [ 77 ] This, combined with the rise of the Know Nothing Party in Kentucky, left Breckinridge with little hope of re-election, and he decided to retire from the House at the expiration of his term. [ 78 ] Following the December 1854 resignation of Pierre Soulé , the U.S. Minister to Spain , who failed to negotiate a U.S. annexation of Cuba following the controversial Ostend Manifesto , Pierce nominated Breckinridge to the position. [ 78 ] Although the Senate confirmed the nomination, Breckinridge declined it on February 8, 1855, telling Pierce only that his decision was "of a private and domestic nature." His term in the house expired on March 4. [ 79 ] Desiring to care for his sick wife and rebuild his personal wealth, Breckinridge returned to his law practice in Lexington. [ 48 ] In addition to his legal practice, he engaged in land speculation in Minnesota territory and Wisconsin . [ 80 ] When Governor Willis A. Gorman of the Minnesota Territory thwarted an attempt by Breckinridge's fellow investors (not including Breckinridge) to secure approval of a railroad connecting Dubuque, Iowa , with their investments near Superior, Wisconsin , they petitioned Pierce to remove Gorman and appoint Breckinridge in his place. In 1855, Pierce authorized two successive investigations of Gorman, but failed to uncover any wrongdoing that would justify his removal. [ 81 ] During his time away from politics, Breckinridge also promoted the advancement of horse racing in his native state and was chosen president of the Kentucky Association for the Improvement of the Breed of Horses. [ 82 ] Vice presidency (1857–1861) As a delegate to the 1856 Democratic National Convention in Cincinnati , Ohio, Breckinridge favored Pierce's renomination for president. When Pierce's hopes of securing the nomination faltered, Breckinridge joined other erstwhile Pierce backers by throwing his support behind his friend, Stephen Douglas. Even with this additional support, Douglas was still unable to garner two third's majority of the delegates' votes, and he withdrew, leaving James Buchanan as the Democratic presidential nominee. [ 82 ] William Alexander Richardson , a Kentucky-born Representative from Illinois, then suggested that nominating Breckinridge for vice president would balance Buchanan's ticket and placate disgruntled supporters of Douglas or Pierce. [ 83 ] A delegate from Louisiana placed his name before the convention, and although Breckinridge desired the vice presidential nomination, he declined, citing his deference to fellow Kentuckian and former House Speaker Linn Boyd, who was supported by the Kentucky delegation. [ 48 ] Ten men received votes on the first vice-presidential ballot. Mississippi 's John A. Quitman had the most support with 59 votes. Eight state delegations – with a total of 55 votes – voted for Breckinridge in spite of his refusal of the nomination, making him the second-highest vote getter. Kentucky cast its 12 votes for Boyd, bringing his third-place total to 33 votes. Seeing Breckinridge's strength on the first ballot, large numbers of delegates voted for him on the second ballot, and those who did not soon saw that his nomination was inevitable and changed their votes to make it unanimous. [ 84 ] Unlike many political nominees of his time, Breckinridge actively campaigned for Buchanan and his election. [ 26 ] During the first 10 days of September 1856, he spoke in Hamilton and Cincinnati, Ohio; Lafayette and Indianapolis , Indiana ; Kalamazoo, Michigan ; Covington, Kentucky ; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . [ 85 ] His speeches stressed the idea that Republicans were fanatically devoted to emancipation, and their election would prompt the dissolution of the Union. [ 83 ] Breckinridge's presence on the ticket helped the Democrats carry his home state of Kentucky, which the party had not won since 1828 , by 6,000 votes. [ 26 ] [ 86 ] Buchanan and Breckinridge received 174 electoral votes to 114 for Republicans John C. Frémont and William L. Dayton and eight for Know Nothing candidates Millard Fillmore and Andrew Jackson Donelson . [ 87 ] Thirty-six years old at the time of his inauguration on March 4, 1857, Breckinridge was the youngest vice president in U.S. history, exceeding the minimum age required under the Constitution by only a year. [ 33 ] [ 48 ] Buchanan resented that Breckinridge had supported both Pierce and Douglas before endorsing his nomination. [ 88 ] Relations between the two were further strained, when upon asking for a private interview with Buchanan, Breckinridge was told to come to the White House and ask for Harriet Lane , who acted as the mansion's host for the unmarried president. Feeling slighted by the response, Breckinridge refused to carry out these instructions; later, three of Buchanan's intimates informed Breckinridge that requesting to speak to Miss Lane was actually a secret instruction to White House staff to usher the requestor into a private audience with the president. [ 89 ] They also conveyed Buchanan's apologies for the misunderstanding. [ 90 ] Buchanan rarely consulted Breckinridge when making patronage appointments, and meetings between the two were infrequent. [ 88 ] When Buchanan and Breckinridge endorsed the Lecompton Constitution, which would have admitted Kansas as a slave state instead of allowing the people to vote, they managed to alienate most Northern Democrats, including Douglas. [ 48 ] [ 91 ] This disagreement ended plans for Breckinridge, Douglas, and Minnesota's Henry Mower Rice to build a series of three elaborate, conjoined row houses in which to live during their time in Washington, DC . [ 48 ] In November 1857, after Breckinridge found alternative lodging in Washington, he sold a slave woman and her young infant, which according to historian James C. Klotter , probably ended his days as a slaveholder. [ 43 ] When Breckinridge did not travel to Illinois to campaign for Douglas's re-election to the Senate and gave him only a lukewarm endorsement, relations between them worsened. [ 92 ] Functioning as the Senate's presiding officer, Breckinridge's participation in the chamber's debates was also restricted, but he won respect for presiding "gracefully and impartially." [ 48 ] On January 4, 1859, he was asked to deliver the final address in the Old Senate Chamber ; in the speech, he expressed his desire that the Congress find a solution that would preserve the Union. [ 86 ] During its half century in the chamber, the Senate had grown from 32 to 64 members. During those years, he observed, the Constitution had "survived peace and war, prosperity and adversity" to protect "the larger personal freedom compatible with public order." Breckinridge expressed hope that eventually "another Senate, in another age, shall bear to a new and larger Chamber, this Constitution vigorous and inviolate, and that the last generation of posterity shall witness the deliberations of the Representatives of American States, still united, prosperous, and free." [ 48 ] [ 93 ] Breckinridge then led a procession to the new chamber. [ 48 ] Breckinridge opposed the idea that the federal government could coerce action by a state, but maintained that secession, while legal, was not the solution to the country's problems. [ 26 ] Although John Crittenden's Senate term did not expire until 1861, the Kentucky General Assembly met to choose his successor in 1859. [ 88 ] Until just days before the election, the contest was expected to be between Breckinridge and Boyd, who had been elected lieutenant governor in August; Boyd's worsening health prompted his withdrawal on November 28, 1859. On December 12, the Assembly chose Breckinridge over Joshua Fry Bell , the defeated candidate in the August gubernatorial election, by a vote of 81–53. [ 94 ] In his acceptance speech, delivered to the Kentucky House of Representatives on December 21, Breckinridge endorsed the Supreme Court 's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford , which ruled that Congress could not restrict slavery in the territories, and insisted that John Brown 's recent raid on Harpers Ferry was evidence of Republicans' insistence on either "negro equality" or violence. [ 88 ] [ 95 ] Resistance in some form, he predicted, would eventually be necessary. [ 43 ] He still urged the assembly against secession – "God forbid that the step shall ever be taken!" – but his discussion of growing sectional conflict bothered some, including his uncle Robert. [ 96 ] Presidential campaign of 1860 Early in 1859, Senator James Henry Hammond of South Carolina reported to a friend that Breckinridge was seeking the Democratic presidential nomination, but as late as January 1860, Breckinridge told family members that he had no desire for the nomination. [ 97 ] A New York Times editorial noted that while Buchanan was falling "in prestige and political consequence, the star of the Vice President rises higher above the clouds." [ 48 ] Douglas, considered the frontrunner for the Democratic presidential nomination, was convinced that Breckinridge would be a candidate; this, combined with Buchanan's reluctant support of Breckinridge and Breckinridge's public support for a federal slave code, deepened the rift between the two. [ 97 ] Among Breckinridge's supporters at the 1860 Democratic National Convention in Charleston, South Carolina , were several prominent Kentuckians. They were former Kentucky Governor and current Senator Lazarus W. Powell , former Kentucky Representative William Preston (a distant relative), law partner James Brown Clay , and James B. Beck . [ 97 ] Breckinridge did not attend the convention, but instructed his supporters not to nominate him as long as James Guthrie remained a candidate. [ 98 ] Accordingly, when a delegate from Arkansas nominated Breckinridge for president on the 36th ballot, Beck asked that it be withdrawn, and the request was honored. [ 99 ] Over the course of 57 ballots, Douglas maintained a wide plurality, but failed to gain the necessary two-thirds majority; Guthrie consistently ran second. [ 97 ] Unable to nominate a candidate, delegates voted to reconvene in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 18. [ 99 ] Pro-Southern delegates, who had walked out of the Charleston convention in protest of its failure to adopt a federal slave code plank in its platform, did not participate in the Baltimore convention. [ 98 ] [ 100 ] The delegates from Alabama and Louisiana – all of whom had walked out at Charleston – had been replaced, after five days of debate and holding votes on the issue, with Douglas supporters from those states, leading to the nomination of Douglas and Herschel Vespasian Johnson for president and vice president, respectively, on the sixth day. [ 101 ] The protesting delegates convened on the same day in Baltimore. [ 100 ] On the first ballot, Breckinridge received 81 votes, with 24 going to former senator Daniel S. Dickinson of New York. Dickinson supporters gradually changed their support to Breckinridge to make his nomination unanimous, and Joseph Lane of Oregon was chosen by acclamation as his vice presidential running mate. [ 102 ] Despite concerns about the breakup of the party, Breckinridge accepted the presidential nomination. [ 26 ] In August, Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis attempted to broker a compromise under which Douglas, Breckinridge, and Tennessee's John Bell , the nominee of the Constitutional Union Party , would all withdraw in favor of a compromise candidate. Both Breckinridge and Bell readily agreed to the plan, but Douglas was opposed to compromising with the "Bolters", and his supporters retained an intense dislike for Breckinridge that made them averse to Davis's proposal. [ 48 ] [ 100 ] Opponents knew Breckinridge believed in the right of secession and accused him of favoring the breakup of the Union; he denied the latter during a speech in Frankfort: "I am an American citizen, a Kentuckian who never did an act nor cherished a thought that was not full of devotion to the Constitution and the Union." [ 103 ] While he had very little support in the northern states, most, if not all, of the southern states were expected to go for Breckinridge. [ 104 ] This would give him only 120 of 303 electoral votes, but to gain support from any northern states, he had to minimize his connections with the southern states and risked losing their support to Bell. [ 105 ] Some Breckinridge supporters believed his best hope was for the election to be thrown to the House of Representatives; if he could add the support of some Douglas or Bell states to the 13 believed to support him, he could beat Lincoln, who was believed to carry the support of 15 states. [ 104 ] To Davis's wife, Varina , Breckinridge wrote, "I trust I have the courage to lead a forlorn hope." [ 106 ] In the four-way contest, Breckinridge came in third in the popular vote, with 18.1%, but second in the Electoral College . [ 33 ] The final electoral vote was 180 for Lincoln, 72 for Breckinridge, 39 for Bell, and 12 for Douglas. [ 105 ] Although Breckinridge won the states of the Deep South , his support in those states came mostly from rural areas with low slave populations; the urban areas with higher slave populations generally went for Bell or Douglas. [ 106 ] Breckinridge also carried the border states of Maryland and Delaware. Historian James C. Klotter points out in light of these results that, while Douglas maintained that there was "not a disunionist in America who is not a Breckinridge man", it is more likely that party loyalty and economic status played a more prominent role in Breckinridge's support than did issues of slavery and secession. [ 107 ] He lost to Douglas in Missouri and Bell in Virginia and Tennessee. [ 108 ] Bell also captured Breckinridge's home state, Kentucky. [ 105 ] Lincoln swept most of the northern states, although New Jersey split its electoral votes, giving four to Lincoln and three to Douglas. [ 104 ] As the candidate of the Buchanan faction, Breckinridge outpolled Douglas in Pennsylvania and received support comparable to Douglas in Connecticut , although he received very little support elsewhere in the North. It was Breckinridge's duty as vice president to announce Lincoln as the winner of the electoral college vote on February 13, 1861. [ 105 ] On February 24, Breckinridge visited Lincoln at Willard's Hotel in Washington, DC, and frequently thereafter he visited his step-cousin, now the First Lady , at the White House. [ 48 ] [ 109 ] In the lame duck session following the election, Congress adopted a resolution authored by Lazarus Powell, now in the Senate, calling for a committee of thirteen (Committee of Thirteen on the Disturbed Condition of the Country) "to consider that portion of the President's message relating to the disturbances of the country." Frank Heck wrote that Breckinridge appointed "an able committee, representing every major faction." [ 110 ] He endorsed Crittenden's proposed compromise , a collection of constitutional amendments designed to avert secession and appease the South. Breckinridge used his influence as the Senate's presiding officer in an unsuccessful attempt to get it approved by either the committee or the Senate. [ 26 ] Ultimately, the committee reported that they were unable to agree on a recommendation. [ 111 ] On March 4, 1861, the last day of the session, Breckinridge swore in Hannibal Hamlin as his successor as vice president. Hamlin, in turn, swore in the newly elected senators, including Breckinridge. [ 107 ] U.S. Senator Seven states had already seceded when Breckinridge took his seat as a senator, leaving the remaining Southern senators more outnumbered in their defense of slavery. [ 107 ] Seeking to find a compromise that would reunite the states under constitutional principles, he urged Lincoln to withdraw federal forces from the Confederate states to avert war. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] The congressional session ended on March 28, and in an April 2 address to the Kentucky General Assembly, he continued to advocate peaceful reconciliation of the states and proposed a conference of border states to seek a solution. [ 114 ] On April 12, Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter , ending plans for the conference. [ 115 ] Breckinridge recommended that Governor Beriah Magoffin call a sovereignty convention to determine whether Kentucky would side with the Union or the Confederacy. [ 116 ] On May 10, he was chosen by the legislature as one of six delegates to a conference to decide the state's next action. [ 26 ] The states' rights delegates were Breckinridge, Magoffin, and Richard Hawes ; the Unionist delegates were Crittenden, Archibald Dixon , and S.S. Nicholas . [ 116 ] Unable to agree on substantial issues, the delegates recommended that Kentucky adopt a neutral stance in the Civil War and arm itself to prevent invasion by either federal or Confederate forces. [ 117 ] Breckinridge did not support this recommendation, but he agreed to abide by it once it was approved by the legislature. [ 26 ] In special elections in June, pro-Union candidates captured 9 of 10 seats in Kentucky's House delegation. [ 116 ] Returning to the Senate for a special session in July, Breckinridge was regarded as a traitor by most of his fellow legislators because of his Confederate sympathies. [ 118 ] He condemned as unconstitutional Lincoln's enlistment and arming of men for a war Congress had not officially declared, his expending funds for the war that had not been allocated by Congress, and his suspension of the writ of habeas corpus . [ 112 ] He was the only senator to vote against a resolution authorizing Lincoln to use "the entire resources of the government" for the war. [ 119 ] Asked what he would do if he were president, he replied, "I would prefer to see these States all reunited upon true constitutional principles to any other object that could be offered me in life. But I infinitely prefer to see a peaceful separation of these States than to see endless, aimless, devastating war, at the end of which I see the grave of public liberty and of personal freedom." On August 1, he declared that, if Kentucky sided with the federal government against the Confederacy, "she will be represented by some other man on the floor of this Senate." [ 118 ] Kentucky's neutrality was breached by both federal and Confederate forces in early September 1861 (the Federal forces maintained that there had been no breach, as Kentucky was an integral part of the Union). [ 118 ] Confederate forces invaded Kentucky on September 3; they were followed by a Union force commanded by Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant , which on the morning of September 6 occupied the town of Paducah on the Ohio River . [ 120 ] Soon after, Unionists in the state arrested former governor Charles S. Morehead for his suspected Confederate sympathies and shut down the Louisville Courier because of its pro-Confederate editorials. [ 119 ] Word reached Breckinridge that Union General Thomas E. Bramlette intended to arrest him next. [ 119 ] To avoid detainment, on September 19, 1861, he left Lexington. Joined in Prestonsburg by Confederate sympathizers George W. Johnson , George Baird Hodge , William Preston, and William E. Simms , he continued to Abingdon, Virginia , and from there by rail to Confederate-held Bowling Green, Kentucky . [ 121 ] The state legislature immediately requested his resignation. [ 118 ] In an open letter to his constituents dated October 8, 1861, Breckinridge maintained that the Union no longer existed and that Kentucky should be free to choose her own course; he defended his sympathy to the Southern cause and denounced the Unionist state legislature, declaring, "I exchange with proud satisfaction a term of six years in the Senate of the United States for the musket of a soldier." [ 118 ] [ 122 ] He was indicted for treason in U.S. federal district court in Frankfort on November 6, 1861, having officially enlisted in the Confederate army days earlier. [ 26 ] On December 2, 1861, he was declared a traitor by the U.S. Senate. [ 123 ] A resolution stating "Whereas John C. Breckinridge, a member of this body from the State of Kentucky, has joined the enemies of his country, and is now in arms against the government he had sworn to support: Therefore—Resolved, That said John C. Breckinridge, the traitor, be, and he hereby is, expelled from the Senate," was adopted by a vote of 36–0 on December 4. [ 48 ] [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ten Southern Senators had been expelled earlier that year in July. [ 126 ] American Civil War Service in the Western Theater On the recommendation of Simon Bolivar Buckner , the former commander of the Kentucky State Militia who had also joined the Confederate Army, Breckinridge was commissioned as a brigadier general on November 2, 1861. [ 127 ] On November 16, he was given command of the 1st Kentucky Brigade. [ 128 ] Nicknamed the Orphan Brigade because its men felt orphaned by Kentucky's Unionist state government, the brigade was in Buckner's 2nd Division of the Army of Mississippi , commanded by General Albert Sidney Johnston . [ 129 ] For several weeks, he trained his troops in the city, and he also participated in the organization of a provisional Confederate government for the state . [ 127 ] Although not sanctioned by the legislature in Frankfort, its existence prompted the Confederacy to admit Kentucky on December 10, 1861. [ 130 ] Johnston's forces were forced to withdraw from Bowling Green in February 1862. [ 127 ] During the retreat, Breckinridge was put in charge of Johnston's Reserve Corps. [ 26 ] Johnston decided to attack Ulysses S. Grant 's forces at Shiloh, Tennessee on April 6, 1862, by advancing North from his base in Corinth, Mississippi . Breckinridge's reserves soon joined the Battle of Shiloh as Johnston tried to force Grant's troops into the river. [ 127 ] Despite Johnston being killed in the fighting, the Confederates made steady progress against Grant's troops until P. G. T. Beauregard – who assumed command after Johnston's death – ordered his generals to break off the fighting at about 6 o'clock in the afternoon. [ 131 ] The next day, the Union forces regrouped and repelled the Confederates. [ 127 ] Breckinridge's division formed the Confederate rearguard, stationing itself on the ground that the Confederates held the night before the first day of the battle while the rest of the army retreated. Union troops did not pursue them. [ 132 ] Of the 7,000 troops under Breckinridge's command at the battle, 386 were killed and 1,628 were wounded, Breckinridge among the latter. [ 123 ] [ 133 ] Breckinridge's performance earned him a promotion to major general on April 14, 1862. [ 134 ] After his promotion, he joined Earl Van Dorn near Vicksburg, Mississippi . [ 130 ] The Confederate forces awaited a Union attack throughout most of July. [ 135 ] Finally, Van Dorn ordered Breckinridge to attempt to recapture Baton Rouge, Louisiana , from federal forces. Despite having his forces reduced to around 3,000 by illness and desertions, on the morning of August 5, he attacked the Union garrison , capturing several prisoners, destroying its supplies, and driving it from the city. Union troops were forced to take shelter under cover of their gunboats. The ironclad CSS Arkansas was intended to support Breckinridge's attack by moving down the Red River , but it was immobilized by a mechanical failure and its crew set it on fire before letting it loose downriver to threaten oncoming Union vessels and to prevent its capture. Without naval support, the Confederates were unable to hold the city. Breckinridge withdrew his troops at 10 o'clock. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] Later that month, Breckinridge served as an independent commander in the lower Mississippi Valley , securing Confederate control of the area by taking Port Hudson , which helped halt the federal advance down the Mississippi River. [ 26 ] Meanwhile, General Braxton Bragg , commanding the Army of Mississippi, was preparing an invasion of Kentucky, and Breckinridge was ordered to join him. Confederate leaders believed that Breckinridge's presence in the state could spur enlistments. Van Dorn was reluctant to lose command of Breckinridge and his men, and by the time he relented on October 15, Bragg was already retreating from the state after being defeated at the Battle of Perryville . Breckinridge and his division of 7,000 men met Bragg at Murfreesboro, Tennessee . [ 135 ] With Kentucky solidly under Union control, Breckinridge's wife and children moved south and followed his troops as closely as was safely possible. [ 137 ] Bragg resented Breckinridge's close ties to Confederate commanders, particularly Joseph E. Johnston , Wade Hampton , John B. Floyd , and William Preston, all of whom were related to Breckinridge. [ 138 ] Furthermore, he thought Breckinridge's late arrival for the Kentucky campaign had contributed to the lack of Confederate volunteers he found in the state. [ 139 ] In December, Bragg ordered the execution of Kentucky Corporal Asa Lewis after a court martial had convicted him of desertion . [ 140 ] Lewis's enlistment had expired, but he continued to serve with the 6th Kentucky Infantry Regiment until his impoverished mother and siblings begged him to return home. [ 141 ] Although Lewis claimed he was returning to the army at the time of his arrest, Bragg was insistent on reducing desertions by making him an example. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] After witnessing the execution, Breckinridge reportedly became nauseated and fell forward on his horse, requiring assistance from members of his staff. [ 142 ] He protested Bragg's "military murder" and was barely able to prevent open mutiny by his Kentucky soldiers. [ 143 ] Relations between Breckinridge and Bragg continued to deteriorate; Breckinridge's opinion that Bragg was incompetent was shared by many Confederate officers. [ 144 ] At Murfreesboro, Breckinridge's Division was assigned to Lieutenant General William J. Hardee 's Corps and was stationed on the east side of the Stones River . When the Union Army of the Cumberland , commanded by Major General William Rosecrans , attacked on December 31, 1862, beginning the Battle of Stones River, Bragg's main force initially repelled the attack. [ 135 ] Bragg ordered Breckinridge to reinforce him on the west side of the river, but Brigadier General John Pegram , who commanded a cavalry brigade, erroneously reported that a large Union force was advancing along the east bank, and Breckinridge was slow to comply with Bragg's order. When he finally crossed the river, his attacks were ineffective, and Bragg ordered him back across the river. [ 141 ] On January 2, a Union division under Brigadier General Horatio P. Van Cleve crossed the river and took a ridge. The position endangered Leonidas Polk 's corps, which was positioned ahead of the rest of the Confederate lines in the center of the battlefield. Against Breckinridge's advice, Bragg ordered his division to launch a frontal attack on the federal position. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] Prior to the attack, Breckinridge wrote to Preston, "if [the attack] should result in disaster and I be among the killed, I want you to do justice to my memory and tell the people that I believed this attack to be very unwise and tried to prevent it." [ 143 ] Launching their attack at 4 P.M., Breckinridge's men initially broke the Union line and forced them across the river. Artillery on the opposite side of the river then opened fire on Breckinridge's men, and a fresh Union division under Brigadier General James S. Negley arrived to reinforce the fleeing troops. In just over an hour, nearly one-third of Breckinridge's troops were killed, wounded, or captured. One anecdote holds that, as he rode among the survivors, he cried out repeatedly, "My poor Orphans! My poor Orphans," bringing recognition to the Orphan Brigade. [ 143 ] [ 147 ] Bragg's official report criticized the conduct of Breckinridge's division and assigned to Breckinridge most of the blame for the Confederate defeat. [ 142 ] [ 145 ] [ 148 ] Breckinridge asserted to his superiors that Bragg's report "fails to do justice to the behavior of my Division"; he requested a court of inquiry, but the request was denied. [ 142 ] Several Kentuckians under Breckinridge's command, who already blamed Bragg for the failed invasion of their native state, encouraged him to resign his commission and challenge Bragg to a duel. [ 144 ] In May 1863, Breckinridge was reassigned to Joseph E. Johnston, participating in the Battle of Jackson in an unsuccessful attempt to break the siege of Vicksburg . [ 26 ] Vicksburg fell to Grant's forces on July 4, and Breckinridge was returned to Bragg's command on August 28, 1863. After seeing no action on the first day of the Battle of Chickamauga in Georgia on September 19, he led a division of D.H. Hill 's corps in an attack on the Union forces the next morning. [ 144 ] The Confederate troops succeeded in breaking the Union line, [ 130 ] but the main army escaped back to Tennessee. Of Breckinridge's 3,769 men, 166 were killed in the battle; 909 were wounded and 165 were missing. [ 149 ] In late November, Breckinridge commanded one of Bragg's two corps during the Confederate defeat at the Battles for Chattanooga . [ 130 ] Bragg ordered a significant number of Breckinridge's men to reinforce Hardee's corps, leaving him with insufficient forces to repel the combined attack of Joseph Hooker and George Henry Thomas on Missionary Ridge . [ 150 ] His son, Cabell, was captured in the battle. He was later freed in a prisoner exchange . [ 137 ] In his official report, Bragg charged Breckinridge with drunkenness at Chattanooga and (retroactively) at Stones River. Historian Lowell H. Harrison noted that, while Breckinridge frequently drank whiskey, he was well known for being able to consume large amounts without getting drunk. Before submitting his own resignation, which was accepted, Bragg removed Breckinridge from command. [ 144 ] It would be almost two years – on May 1, 1865 – before the two would reconcile. [ 151 ] Service in the Eastern Theater On December 15, 1863, Breckinridge took leave in Richmond. [ 152 ] Premature rumors of his death prompted The New York Times to print a quite vituperative obituary suggesting that Breckinridge had been a hypocrite for supporting states' rights, then abandoning his home state when it chose to remain in the Union. [ 153 ] Confederate leaders were skeptical of Bragg's claims against Breckinridge, and in February 1864, Confederate President Jefferson Davis assigned him to the Eastern Theater and put him in charge of the Trans-Allegheny Department (later known as the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia ). [ 130 ] On May 5, General Robert E. Lee , commander of the Army of Northern Virginia , ordered Breckinridge to take command of a reconnaissance mission to scout the federal forces under Franz Sigel near Winchester, Virginia as part of the Lynchburg Campaign . [ 154 ] With a force of about 4,800 men, including 261 cadets from the Virginia Military Institute , he defeated Sigel's 6,300 men at the Battle of New Market on May 15, driving them west across the Shenandoah River . In doing so, Breckinridge's troops protected Lee's flank, defended a crucial railroad junction, and protected the valuable wheat supply. [ 155 ] Lee had suggested that Breckinridge invade Maryland, but he was unable to do so because floodwaters had made the Potomac River virtually impassable. [ 156 ] The victory was considered one of his best performances as a general. [ 157 ] Since then, many in the South have viewed him as a "worthy successor" of the late Stonewall Jackson . Breckinridge would draw more comparisons at the Second Battle of Kernstown , the scene of the first fight in Jackson's Valley Campaign two years earlier. In the Second Battle, which occurred on July 24, 13,000 Confederate troops commanded by Lt. Gen. Jubal Early attacked and defeated 10,000 Federal troops under the command of Brig. Gen. George Crook . The victory allowed the Confederates to resume their invasion of the North. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] Shortly thereafter, Breckinridge's Division reinforced Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and played an important role in halting Grant's advance at the Battle of Cold Harbor . [ 130 ] During the battle, his troops repulsed a powerful Union attack. [ 160 ] Breckinridge was wounded when a cannonball struck his horse and he was pinned underneath. [ 161 ] He was still unable to walk or ride when Lee ordered him to take command of the survivors of the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Piedmont . [ 162 ] Traveling by rail to Rockfish Gap on June 10, he marched his forces into the city of Lynchburg, Virginia . [ 162 ] He was joined there by General Early's troops, who arrived just in time to save the Confederate forces from an assault by Union forces under David Hunter at the Battle of Lynchburg . [ 163 ] After Early and Breckinridge (who was now able to ride a horse) chased Hunter more than sixty miles away from the city, Lee ordered them to clear the Union forces from the Shenandoah Valley , then cross into Maryland and probe the defenses of Washington, D.C. Union forces' only serious attempt to turn back the expedition came at the Battle of Monocacy on July 9. Confederate troops were delayed, but ultimately prevailed and continued toward Washington. [ 163 ] They were defeated at the Battle of Fort Stevens on July 11–12, partially with reinforcements brought in by the United States Government with the time gained from the Battle of Monocacy. [ 164 ] Since Lincoln was watching the fight from the ramparts of Fort Stevens, this marked the only time in American history in which two former opponents in a presidential election faced one another across battle lines. [ 165 ] Following the battle, Early decided to withdraw rather than assault the well-fortified federal capital. [ 164 ] Early and Breckinridge were able to hold the Shenandoah Valley through July and August, but on September 19, 1864, Philip Sheridan forced their retreat at the Third Battle of Winchester . [ 165 ] Responding to General John Brown Gordon 's admonition to be careful in the fight, Breckinridge responded, "Well, general, there is little left for me if our cause is to fail." [ 48 ] After the death of John Hunt Morgan , Breckinridge again took command of the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia. [ 130 ] He reorganized the department, which was in great disarray. On October 2, 1864, at the First Battle of Saltville , his troops were able to protect critical Confederate salt works from United States forces under Stephen G. Burbridge , despite a lack of resources. [ 130 ] The next morning, he discovered that soldiers under his command had begun killing an estimated 45 to 100 wounded black Union soldiers of the 5th United States Colored Cavalry . [ 166 ] Hearing the gunfire, he rushed to stop the massacre. [ 167 ] Brigadier General Felix Huston Robertson was suspected of involvement and bragged about killing the negroes. General Lee instructed Breckinridge to "prefer charges against him and bring him to trial", but no trial ever took place. [ 168 ] [ 169 ] In mid-November, Breckinridge led a raid into northeastern Tennessee, driving Alvan Cullem Gillem 's forces back to Knoxville at the Battle of Bull's Gap . On December 17–18, he faced a two-pronged attack from Union cavalry under Major General George Stoneman at the Battle of Marion in Virginia. Badly outnumbered on either flank, Breckinridge resisted Stoneman's forces until he ran low on ammunition. Stoneman's forces were able to damage Confederate salt works, lead mines, and railroads in the area, and destroy supply depots at Bristol and Abingdon. Finally restocked with ammunition after three days, Breckinridge was able to drive Stoneman – whose men were now short of ammunition themselves – out of the area. [ 170 ] Confederate Secretary of War James A. Seddon resigned his position as the Confederate Secretary of War on January 19, 1865. On February 6, Davis appointed Breckinridge to the vacant position, partially to quiet growing opposition to his administration. [ 171 ] [ 172 ] Initially opposed by several members of the Confederate Congress because he had waited to join the Confederacy, he eventually gained their support by administering his office more efficiently than his predecessors. [ 167 ] With their support, he was able to expand the post's influence to include making officer assignments and promotion recommendations and advising field generals regarding strategy. [ 167 ] His first act as secretary was to promote Robert E. Lee to general-in-chief of all Confederate forces. [ 172 ] After Lee reported a critical shortage of food, clothing, and supplies among his troops, Breckinridge recommended the removal of Lucius B. Northrop , the Confederate commissary general . Northrop's successor, Isaac M. St. John , improved the flow of supplies to troops in the field. [ 173 ] By late February, Breckinridge concluded that the Confederate cause was hopeless. Delegating the day-to-day operations of his office to his assistant, John Archibald Campbell , he began laying the groundwork for surrender. [ 171 ] Davis desired to continue the fight, but Breckinridge urged, "This has been a magnificent epic. In God's name let it not terminate in farce." [ 48 ] On April 2, Lee sent a telegram to Breckinridge informing him that he would have to withdraw from his position that night, and that this would necessitate the evacuation of Richmond. [ 174 ] Ordering Campbell to organize the flight of the Confederate cabinet to Danville, Virginia , Breckinridge remained in the city to oversee the destruction of facilities and supplies to prevent their use by the invading federal forces. [ 171 ] However, he did not destroy Confederate archives and records, which were preserved for history. [ 130 ] Upon his exit from the city, he ordered that the bridges over the James River be burned. His son Clifton, then serving in the Confederate Navy at Richmond, resigned his post and joined his father as he moved southward to meet Davis. [ 167 ] After overseeing the transfer of Richmond, Breckinridge joined Lee's forces at Farmville, Virginia , on the night of April 5 and remained there until April 7. [ 174 ] He continued on to Danville, arriving on April 11 to discover that Lee had surrendered on April 9 and the Confederate cabinet had already fled to Greensboro, North Carolina . [ 175 ] Arriving in Greensboro on April 13, he advised the cabinet that the remaining Confederate armies should be surrendered; only Davis and Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin disagreed. [ 175 ] At Bennett Place , he assisted Joseph E. Johnston in his surrender negotiations with Major General William Tecumseh Sherman . [ 129 ] Sherman later praised Breckinridge's negotiating skills, and the surrender terms agreed to were later rejected by Washington as too generous, forcing Sherman to offer the same terms as Grant had at Appomattox, which were accepted. [ 176 ] On April 18, Breckinridge heard from Sherman and Johnston of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln four days earlier; the President had died in the Petersen House , where Breckinridge briefly resided in late 1852 as a U.S. representative. The Kentuckian was visibly devastated. Eyewitness accounts recall him to have said, "Gentlemen, the South has lost its best friend." [ 177 ] Breckinridge rode into Abbeville, South Carolina , on the morning of April 28. [ 151 ] While there, Breckinridge and Brigadier General Basil W. Duke convinced Davis that continuing the war was hopeless. [ 178 ] Breckinridge was put in charge of the $150,000 in gold specie remaining in the Confederate treasury; traveling southward by rail toward Washington, Georgia , a group of soldiers in his military escort – unpaid for months – threatened to divide the gold among themselves before it could be captured by federal troops. [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Breckinridge convinced them to abandon their scheme after paying them their wages from the treasury, but some of them refused to escort Breckinridge and the bullion any further. [ 178 ] Breckinridge's party arrived in Washington on May 4 and, after paying out several requisitions from the treasury, deposited the rest in banks there. He also composed a letter to his remaining deputies in which he disbanded the War Department. [ 180 ] Escape and exile On May 5, the same day that Jefferson Davis officially dissolved the Confederate Government, [ 181 ] Breckinridge discharged most of the men escorting him, retaining only a small contingent of Kentuckians under the command of his cousin, William Campbell Preston Breckinridge . Feeling honor bound to protect Davis, he attempted to create a diversion that would allow him to escape. The next day, his party encountered a large Federal force; while his cousin negotiated with the force's commander, Breckinridge and a small detachment escaped. [ 180 ] Riding southward across Georgia, they reached Milltown (now Lakeland ) by May 11 and remained there for a few days. [ 182 ] Learning of Davis's capture, he left Milltown with only a military aide, a personal servant, and his son Cabell. [ 183 ] On May 15, 1865, in Madison, Florida , he was joined by fellow fugitive John Taylor Wood , who had been a captain in the Confederate Navy . [ 183 ] Breckinridge and Wood decided to flee to the Bahamas , but because Cabell was allergic to mosquitoes, Breckinridge told him to surrender to the nearest federal officer. [ 184 ] At Gainesville, Florida , the group found Confederate Colonel John Jackson Dickison , who gave them a lifeboat he had taken from a captured federal gunboat. [ 184 ] Traveling down the St. Johns River , they reached Fort Butler on May 29. From there, they continued on the St. Johns to Lake Harney where the boat was loaded on a wagon and hauled about 12 miles (19 km) to Sand Point (today's Titusville) on the Indian River. [ 185 ] They reached the river by May 31, but as they followed its course southward, they had to drag the boat across the river's mudflats and sandbars . [ 183 ] They stopped at the John C. Houston place on Elbow Creek (Melbourne), where their boat was brought ashore and caulked. When the repairs were completed, Colonel John Taylor Wood, again led the party south. [ 185 ] Transferring the boat to the Atlantic Ocean near Jupiter Inlet , they continued along the Florida coast and landed near present-day Palm Beach on June 4. Strong winds prevented them from navigating the small craft out to sea, so they continued southward down the coast. [ 186 ] On June 5, the party was spotted by a federal steamer, but convinced the crew they were hunters scavenging the coast. [ 186 ] Two days later, they encountered a larger boat with a mast and rigging; chasing it down, they disarmed the occupants and hijacked the craft. [ 186 ] As compensation, they gave their old boat and twenty dollars in gold to the owners of the larger craft, and returned some of their weapons after the exchange was complete. [ 186 ] With this more seaworthy craft, they decided to flee to Cuba . Departing from Fort Dallas , they survived an encounter with pirates, two significant storms, and a dangerous lack of provisions before arriving in Cárdenas on June 11, 1865. [ 183 ] A Kentuckian living in the city recognized Breckinridge, introduced him to the locals, and served as his interpreter. The refugees were given food and stayed the night in a local hotel. [ 187 ] The next morning, they traveled by rail to Havana , where Breckinridge was offered a house. [ 188 ] He declined the offer, choosing to travel with Charles J. Helm, a fellow Kentuckian who had been operating as a Confederate agent in the Caribbean, to Great Britain. [ 183 ] Arriving in Britain in late July, he consulted with former Confederate agents there and arranged communication with his wife, then in Canada. Re-crossing the Atlantic, he was reunited with his wife and all of his children except Clifton in Toronto on September 13, 1865. [ 189 ] The family spent the winter there, living first in a hotel and then in a rented house. There were enough Confederate exiles in the city, according to Mrs. Breckinridge, "to form quite a pleasant society among ourselves." [ 190 ] [ 191 ] The family moved to Niagara in May. In August, doctors advised Breckinridge's wife that the climate of France might benefit her ailing health. Cabell Breckinridge returned to the U.S. to engage in business ventures with his brother Clifton, and Mary, just 12 years old, was sent to live with relatives in New York. [ 192 ] The remainder of the family journeyed to Europe, where the children attended school in Paris , Versailles , and Vevey , Switzerland . From mid-1866 to early 1868, Breckinridge toured Europe and the Middle East – including visits to Germany , Austria , Turkey , Greece , Syria , Egypt , and the Holy Land ; because of her poor health, his wife remained in France until February 1868, when she joined him in Naples . During their tour of Italy, Breckinridge met with Pope Pius IX in Rome , and also visited Pompeii . [ 189 ] Desiring to return to the U.S. but still fearing capture, Breckinridge moved his family back to Niagara in June 1868. [ 193 ] [ 194 ] He steadfastly refused to seek a pardon , although 70 members of the Kentucky General Assembly had requested one on his behalf from President Andrew Johnson on February 10, 1866. [ 193 ] On January 8, 1868, the Louisville City Council instructed the state's congressional delegation to seek assurance that Breckinridge would not be prosecuted on his return. [ 193 ] James Beck, Breckinridge's old law partner, was then in Congress and wrote to him on December 11, 1868, that it appeared likely that Johnson would issue a general pardon for all former Confederates; he advised Breckinridge to return to the U.S. before the pardon was issued because he feared it might only apply to those in the country. [ 195 ] Return to the U.S. and death Johnson proclaimed amnesty for all former Confederates on December 25, 1868. [ 130 ] Still in Canada, Breckinridge lingered for a few weeks to receive assurance that it still applied to him even though he had not been in the U.S. when it was issued. [ 195 ] Departing Canada on February 10, 1869, he made several stops to visit family and friends, arriving in Lexington on March 9. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] Although he resided in Kentucky for the rest of his life, he never bought a home there after the war, living first in hotels and then renting a home on West Second Street. [ 196 ] Many insurance companies in the south asked Breckinridge to join them. In August 1868, he became manager of the Kentucky branch of Virginia's Piedmont Life Insurance Company (which soon became the Piedmont and Arlington Insurance Company). Washington College (now Washington and Lee University ) offered him a professorship. He was urged to accept by former Confederate Colonel William Preston Johnston , who was already a faculty member, [ 197 ] but Breckinridge declined. [ 198 ] He resumed his law practice, taking as a partner Robert A. Thornton, a 27-year-old Confederate veteran. [ 196 ] He served as general counsel for the proposed Cincinnati Southern Railway , which would connect Cincinnati to Chattanooga via Lexington. [ 26 ] [ 199 ] Officials in Louisville tried to block the move, which would break the near-monopoly that the Louisville and Nashville Railroad had on southern trade. [ 199 ] On January 25, 1870, he presented his case to the House and Senate railroad committees; although they rejected it at that time, they approved it two years later. [ 199 ] Construction began in 1873. [ 200 ] Breckinridge's other railroad ventures were less successful. During his lifetime, he was unable to secure the construction of railroads to his real estate investments in and around Superior, Wisconsin . [ 201 ] As president of the newly formed Elizabethtown, Lexington, and Big Sandy Railroad company, he secured financial backing from Collis Potter Huntington for a railroad connecting Elizabethtown and Lexington to the Big Sandy River as part of a route linking those cities with the Atlantic Ocean. When Huntington invested in June 1871, he became president of the company, and Breckinridge became vice president. [ 202 ] A line from Lexington to Mount Sterling was all that could be completed before the Panic of 1873 dried up the needed investment capital. The proposed line was finally completed in 1881. [ 203 ] Breckinridge refused all requests – including one by President Ulysses S. Grant – to return to politics, insisting, "I no more feel the political excitements that marked the scenes of my former years than if I were an extinct volcano." [ 48 ] Under the terms of the Fourteenth Amendment , a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress would have been needed to allow him to hold office because he had sided with the Confederacy. He never expressed interest in seeking such approval. [ 195 ] Speaking as a private citizen in March 1870, he publicly denounced the actions of the Ku Klux Klan . In 1872, he supported passage of a state statute which successfully legalized black testimony against whites in court. [ 204 ] By 1873, Breckinridge began to experience health problems which he referred to as "pleuro-pneumonia". [ 205 ] Repeated surgeries and visits to the New York coast and the Virginia mountains did not improve his condition. [ 206 ] In May 1875, he consulted surgeons Lewis Sayre and Samuel D. Gross , who concluded that his ill health was caused by cirrhosis brought on by injuries to his liver suffered during the war. Of more immediate concern was the fluid that filled two-thirds of one of his lungs. On May 11, Sayre attempted to create an artificial opening through which the fluid could drain; although he had to stop before completing the operation, some of the fluid was drained, bringing a measure of relief. Assisted by Beck and Frank K. Hunt, Breckinridge completed his will. [ 207 ] Sayre further alleviated Breckinridge's pain via another surgery on the morning of May 17, but by the afternoon, his condition rapidly worsened, and he died at approximately 5:45 p.m. at the age of 54. [ 208 ] Basil Duke led the funeral procession to Lexington Cemetery where Breckinridge's body was buried. [ 209 ] Legacy Historical reputation As a military commander, Breckinridge was highly respected by some. Fellow Confederate George M. Edgar, describing Breckinridge's performance, wrote: General Breckinridge had few if any superiors on the field of battle. Besides being a man of wonderful courage, he had a keen eye to discern the strong and weak points of the enemy's position, skill in using his forces to the best advantage, and a celerity of movement which reminded me of Jackson. [ 210 ] General Breckinridge had few if any superiors on the field of battle. Besides being a man of wonderful courage, he had a keen eye to discern the strong and weak points of the enemy's position, skill in using his forces to the best advantage, and a celerity of movement which reminded me of Jackson. [ 210 ] On May 20, 1875, the Louisville Courier Journal declared that it was Breckinridge who was "truly representative of the rebellion as an actual force and its underlying causes." [ 211 ] He was viewed poorly in the North. The premature New York Times 1863 obituary labelled "him one of the basest and wickedest of traitors." [ 153 ] His strengths included a reputation for dignity and integrity, and especially his tall, graceful and handsome appearance, with cordial manner, pleasing voice and eloquent address that was highly appreciated by voters, soldiers, and women alike. He was hailed as the personification of Kentucky chivalry. Observers said he was a "most noble looking man – a ladies man – such piercing blue eyes I never saw before. His very looks show his superiority over most men." [ 212 ] Monuments and memorials Despite differences in spelling, the towns of Breckenridge, Minnesota , [ 213 ] Breckenridge, Missouri , [ 214 ] Breckenridge, Texas , [ 215 ] and Breckenridge, Colorado were named in Breckinridge's honor. The Colorado town changed the spelling of its name when its namesake joined the Confederacy. [ 216 ] Fort Breckinridge, Arizona Territory (1860 to 1865) was named in honor of the Vice President. During the Civil War, its name was changed to Fort Stanford in honor of California Governor Leland Stanford , before being changed back to Fort Breckinridge. After the Civil War, the name was changed once again to Camp Grant. [ 217 ] Between 1855 and 1862, the county now known as Lyon County , Kansas, was known as Breckinridge County. [ 218 ] Breckinridge was played by Jason Isaacs in the 2014 film Field of Lost Shoes , which depicted the Battle of New Market. [ 219 ] A memorial to Breckinridge was placed on the Fayette County Courthouse lawn in Lexington in 1887. [ 220 ] In November 2015, the Urban County Arts Review Board voted to recommend removal of both the Breckinridge statue and one of John Hunt Morgan . Amy Murrell Taylor , the T. Marshall Hahn Jr. Professor of History at the University of Kentucky , claimed that the "statues are not and have never been neutral representations of the Civil War past but instead they are embodiments of a racially charged postwar interpretation of it." [ 221 ] The relocation of the memorial to the Lexington Cemetery was completed in July 2018, funded by private donations. Breckinridge's memorial was placed in his family's burial area in Section G. [ 222 ] See also American Civil War portal Biography portal Breckinridge family in the American Civil War Kentucky in the American Civil War List of American Civil War generals (Confederate) List of United States senators expelled or censured References ^ a b Harrison 1973 , p. 125. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 10. ^ Klotter 1992 , p. 117. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 3. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 4. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 5. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Breckinridge, John Cabell" . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress. Archived from the original on September 3, 2019 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 97. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 1. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 6. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 14. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 9. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 15. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 10. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 10–11. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 11. ^ Klotter 1986 , p. 99. ^ Davis 2010 , pp. 21–22. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 22. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 12. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 13–14. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 14. ^ a b c d e Klotter 1986 , p. 102. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 29. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Dictionary of America Biography: John Cabell Breckinridge" . Charles Scribner's Sons. 1936. Archived from the original on February 9, 2020 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 20. ^ a b c Klotter 1986 , p. 103. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 21. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 34. ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 22. ^ Tschanz, David W. 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Archived from the original on May 30, 2017 . Retrieved June 7, 2017 . ^ Bertram, Charles. "Confederate statues quietly moved to Lexington Cemetery" . kentucky . Archived from the original on June 17, 2019 . Retrieved June 18, 2019 . Bibliography Davis, William C. (2010). Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8071-0068-4 . Eaton, David Wolfe (1916). How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named . Columbia, Missouri: The State Historical Society of Missouri. ISBN 1-120-29618-8 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3 . Harrison, Lowell H. (1973). "John C. Breckinridge: Nationalist, Confederate, Kentuckian". Filson Club History Quarterly . 47 (2). Heck, Frank H. (1976). Proud Kentuckian: John C. Breckinridge, 1821–1875 . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-0217-0 . Klotter, James C. (1986). The Breckinridges of Kentucky . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-9165-3 . Klotter, James C. (1992). "Breckinridge, John Cabell". In John E. Kleber (ed.). The Kentucky Encyclopedia . Associate editors: Thomas D. Clark , Lowell H. Harrison , and James C. Klotter. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0 . Archived from the original on July 17, 2019 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . McKnight, Brian D. (2006). Contested Borderland: Civil War in Appalachian Kentucky and Virginia . Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2389-5 . Pollard, Edward A. (1866). The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates: Comprising a Full and Authentic Account of the Rise and Progress of the Late Southern Confederacy--the Campaigns, Battles, Incidents, and Adventures of the Most Gigantic Struggle of the World's History . New York, NY: E.B. Treat & Co., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-517-10131-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Sifakis, Stewart (1988). Who was Who in the Civil War . New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0 . Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance . Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. ISBN 1-115-33741-6 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Further reading Warner, Ezra J. (1959). Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders . Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-0823-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Woodworth, Steven E. (1990). Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West . Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0461-8 . External links Mary Breckinridge , Wife Of General John C. Breckinridge New York Times premature obituary Biographical sketches of Hon. John C. Breckinridge, Democratic nominee for president : and General Joseph Lane, Democratic nominee for Vice President U.S. House of Representatives Preceded by Charles Morehead Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky's 8th congressional district 1851–1855 Succeeded by Alexander Marshall Party political offices Preceded by William King Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States 1856 Succeeded by Benjamin Fitzpatrick (1) Withdrew Succeeded by Joseph Lane Preceded by James Buchanan Democratic nominee for President of the United States (1) 1860 Succeeded by George McClellan Political offices Preceded by William King Vice President of the United States 1857–1861 Succeeded by Hannibal Hamlin Preceded by James Seddon Confederate States Secretary of War 1865 Position abolished U.S. Senate Preceded by John Crittenden United States Senator (Class 3) from Kentucky 1861 Served alongside: Lazarus Powell Succeeded by Garrett Davis Notes and references 1. The Democratic party split in 1860, producing two presidential candidates. Breckinridge was nominated by the rebel Southern Democrats; Stephen Douglas was the official nominee by the Northern Democrats. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Vice presidents of the United States v t e John Adams ( 1789–1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797–1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801–1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805–1812 ) Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) Martin Van Buren (1833–1837) Richard Mentor Johnson (1837–1841) John Tyler (1841) George M. Dallas (1845–1849) Millard Fillmore (1849–1850) William R. King (1853) John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865) Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) Henry Wilson (1873–1875) William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881) Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) Levi P. Morton (1889–1893) Adlai Stevenson I (1893–1897) Garret Hobart (1897–1899) Theodore Roosevelt (1901) Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909) James S. Sherman (1909–1912) Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921) Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923) Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929) Charles Curtis (1929–1933) John Nance Garner (1933–1941) Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945) Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) Richard Nixon (1953–1961) Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963) Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969) Spiro Agnew (1969–1973) Gerald Ford (1973–1974) Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) Walter Mondale (1977–1981) George H. W. Bush (1981–1989) Dan Quayle ( 1989–1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993–2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001–2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009–2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017–2021 ) Kamala Harris ( 2021–2025 ) JD Vance ( 2025–present ) John Adams ( 1789–1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797–1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801–1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805–1812 ) Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) Martin Van Buren (1833–1837) Richard Mentor Johnson (1837–1841) John Tyler (1841) George M. Dallas (1845–1849) Millard Fillmore (1849–1850) William R. King (1853) John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865) Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) Henry Wilson (1873–1875) William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881) Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) Levi P. Morton (1889–1893) Adlai Stevenson I (1893–1897) Garret Hobart (1897–1899) Theodore Roosevelt (1901) Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909) James S. Sherman (1909–1912) Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921) Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923) Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929) Charles Curtis (1929–1933) John Nance Garner (1933–1941) Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945) Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) Richard Nixon (1953–1961) Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963) Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969) Spiro Agnew (1969–1973) Gerald Ford (1973–1974) Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) Walter Mondale (1977–1981) George H. W. Bush (1981–1989) Dan Quayle ( 1989–1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993–2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001–2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009–2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017–2021 ) Kamala Harris ( 2021–2025 ) JD Vance ( 2025–present ) Category List Category List v t e United States senators from Kentucky v t e Class 2 Brown Thruston Clay Bibb Walker Barry Hardin Crittenden Johnson Bibb Crittenden Morehead J. Underwood Thompson Powell Guthrie McCreery Stevenson Beck Carlisle Lindsay Blackburn Paynter James Martin Stanley Sackett Robsion Williamson M. Logan Chandler Stanfill Cooper Chapman T. Underwood Cooper Barkley Humphreys Cooper Huddleston McConnell Brown Thruston Clay Bibb Walker Barry Hardin Crittenden Johnson Bibb Crittenden Morehead J. Underwood Thompson Powell Guthrie McCreery Stevenson Beck Carlisle Lindsay Blackburn Paynter James Martin Stanley Sackett Robsion Williamson M. Logan Chandler Stanfill Cooper Chapman T. Underwood Cooper Barkley Humphreys Cooper Huddleston McConnell Class 3 Edwards Marshall J. Breckinridge Adair Clay Pope Bledsoe Talbot W. Logan Talbot Rowan Clay Crittenden Metcalfe Clay Meriwether Dixon Crittenden J. C. Breckinridge Davis Machen McCreery Williams Blackburn Deboe McCreary Bradley Camden Beckham Ernst Barkley Withers Clements Morton Cook Ford Bunning Paul Edwards Marshall J. Breckinridge Adair Clay Pope Bledsoe Talbot W. Logan Talbot Rowan Clay Crittenden Metcalfe Clay Meriwether Dixon Crittenden J. C. Breckinridge Davis Machen McCreery Williams Blackburn Deboe McCreary Bradley Camden Beckham Ernst Barkley Withers Clements Morton Cook Ford Bunning Paul v t e Cabinet of President Jefferson Davis (1861–1865) v t e Vice President Alexander H. Stephens (1861–65) Alexander H. Stephens (1861–65) Secretary of State Robert Toombs (1861) Robert M. T. Hunter (1861–62) Judah P. Benjamin (1862–65) Robert Toombs (1861) Robert M. T. Hunter (1861–62) Judah P. Benjamin (1862–65) Secretary of the Treasury C. G. Memminger (1861–64) G. A. Trenholm (1864–65) John H. Reagan (1865) C. G. Memminger (1861–64) G. A. Trenholm (1864–65) John H. Reagan (1865) Secretary of War Leroy P. Walker (1861) Judah P. Benjamin (1861–62) George W. Randolph (1862) James A. Seddon (1862–65) John C. Breckinridge (1865) Leroy P. Walker (1861) Judah P. Benjamin (1861–62) George W. Randolph (1862) James A. Seddon (1862–65) John C. Breckinridge (1865) Secretary of the Navy Stephen R. Mallory (1861–65) Stephen R. Mallory (1861–65) Postmaster-General John H. Reagan (1861–65) John H. Reagan (1861–65) Attorney-General Judah P. Benjamin (1861) Thomas Bragg (1861–62) Thomas H. Watts (1862–63) George Davis (1864–65) Judah P. Benjamin (1861) Thomas Bragg (1861–62) Thomas H. Watts (1862–63) George Davis (1864–65) v t e ( ← 1852 ) 1856 United States presidential election ( 1860 → ) v t e Democratic Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge Other candidates Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Nominees President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge Other candidates Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Republican Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton Other candidates Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton Nominees President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton Other candidates Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton American Party Nominees President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson Other candidates George Law Nominees President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson Other candidates George Law George Law Other 1856 elections : House Senate Other 1856 elections : House Senate v t e ( ← 1856 ) 1860 United States presidential election ( 1864 → ) v t e Republican Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin Other candidates Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Nominees President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin Other candidates Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Democratic Party (Southern) ( Convention ) Nominees President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson Nominees President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson Daniel S. Dickinson Constitutional Union Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett Other candidates John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives Nominees President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett Other candidates John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives Democratic Party (Northern) ( Conventions ) Nominees President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Nominees President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Other 1860 elections : House Senate Other 1860 elections : House Senate v t e Confederate States of America v t e Political leaders Judah P. Benjamin John C. Breckinridge Confederate States Congress Diplomats Executive Cabinet members Jefferson Davis Governors James M. Mason Leonidas Polk John Slidell Alexander H. Stephens Henry A. Wise William Lowndes Yancey Judah P. Benjamin John C. Breckinridge Confederate States Congress Diplomats Executive Cabinet members Jefferson Davis Governors James M. Mason Leonidas Polk John Slidell Alexander H. Stephens Henry A. Wise William Lowndes Yancey Other individuals John C. Calhoun Jubal Early Moses Jacob Ezekiel Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee Colin J. McRae Edmund Kirby Smith John C. Calhoun Jubal Early Moses Jacob Ezekiel Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee Colin J. McRae Edmund Kirby Smith Member states (in order of secession) South Carolina Declaration Mississippi Ordinance Florida Alabama Convention Georgia Ordinance Louisiana Texas Virginia Convention Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina South Carolina Declaration Declaration Mississippi Ordinance Ordinance Florida Alabama Convention Convention Georgia Ordinance Ordinance Louisiana Texas Virginia Convention Convention Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina Places American Civil War museums Atlanta Charleston Columbia Confederate cemeteries Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery) Confederate Memorial Hall Sherman's March to the Sea (Georgia) Lexington, Kentucky Richmond South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum Washington, D.C. White House of the Confederacy Winchester, Virginia American Civil War museums Atlanta Charleston Columbia Confederate cemeteries Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery) Confederate Memorial Hall Sherman's March to the Sea (Georgia) Lexington, Kentucky Richmond South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum Washington, D.C. White House of the Confederacy Winchester, Virginia Related Abolitionism in the United States American Civil War Museums Bleeding Kansas Confederate Army Confederate expatriates Confederate flags Cornerstone speech Fire-Eaters Historiographic issues about the American Civil War John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Lincoln–Douglas debates List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removals Lost Cause of the Confederacy Museum of the Confederacy Nashville Convention Nullification Crisis Origins of the American Civil War Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction era Secession in the United States Slavery in the United States Sons of Confederate Veterans Trent affair United Daughters of the Confederacy Blue Ridge Rifles Abolitionism in the United States American Civil War Museums Museums Bleeding Kansas Confederate Army Confederate expatriates Confederate flags Cornerstone speech Fire-Eaters Historiographic issues about the American Civil War John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Lincoln–Douglas debates List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removals Removals Lost Cause of the Confederacy Museum of the Confederacy Nashville Convention Nullification Crisis Origins of the American Civil War Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction era Secession in the United States Slavery in the United States Sons of Confederate Veterans Trent affair United Daughters of the Confederacy Blue Ridge Rifles v t e American Civil War v t e Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Leaders Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Leaders Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Aftermath Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Related topics Related topics Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Category Portal Category Portal v t e Democratic Party v t e History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System National conventions , presidential tickets , and presidential primaries 1828 (None) : Jackson / Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore) : Jackson / Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / None 1844 (Baltimore) : Polk / Dallas 1848 (Baltimore) : Cass / Butler 1852 (Baltimore) : Pierce / King 1856 (Cincinnati) : Buchanan / Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) : Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) 1864 (Chicago) : McClellan / Pendleton 1868 (New York) : Seymour / Blair 1872 (Baltimore) : Greeley / Brown 1876 (St. Louis) : Tilden / Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati) : Hancock / English 1884 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Hendricks 1888 (St. Louis) : Cleveland / Thurman 1892 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago) : W. Bryan / Sewall 1900 (Kansas City) : W. Bryan / Stevenson I 1904 (St. Louis) : Parker / H. Davis 1908 (Denver) : W. Bryan / Kern 1912 (Baltimore) : Wilson / Marshall primaries 1916 (St. Louis) : Wilson / Marshall primaries 1920 (San Francisco) : Cox / Roosevelt primaries 1924 (New York) : J. Davis / C. Bryan primaries 1928 (Houston) : Smith / Robinson primaries 1932 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries 1936 (Philadelphia) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries 1940 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Wallace primaries 1944 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Truman primaries 1948 (Philadelphia) : Truman / Barkley primaries 1952 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Sparkman primaries 1956 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Kefauver primaries 1960 (Los Angeles) : Kennedy / L. Johnson primaries 1964 (Atlantic City) : L. Johnson / Humphrey primaries 1968 (Chicago) : Humphrey / Muskie primaries 1972 (Miami Beach) : McGovern /( Eagleton , Shriver ) primaries 1976 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries 1980 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries 1984 (San Francisco) : Mondale / Ferraro primaries 1988 (Atlanta) : Dukakis / Bentsen primaries 1992 (New York) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries 1996 (Chicago) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries 2000 (Los Angeles) : Gore / Lieberman primaries 2004 (Boston) : Kerry / Edwards primaries 2008 (Denver) : Obama / Biden primaries 2012 (Charlotte) : Obama / Biden primaries 2016 (Philadelphia) : H. Clinton / Kaine primaries 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) : Biden / Harris primaries 2024 (Chicago) : Harris / Walz primaries 1828 (None) : Jackson / Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore) : Jackson / Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / None 1844 (Baltimore) : Polk / Dallas 1848 (Baltimore) : Cass / Butler 1852 (Baltimore) : Pierce / King 1856 (Cincinnati) : Buchanan / Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) : Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) 1864 (Chicago) : McClellan / Pendleton 1868 (New York) : Seymour / Blair 1872 (Baltimore) : Greeley / Brown 1876 (St. Louis) : Tilden / Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati) : Hancock / English 1884 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Hendricks 1888 (St. Louis) : Cleveland / Thurman 1892 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago) : W. Bryan / Sewall 1900 (Kansas City) : W. Bryan / Stevenson I 1904 (St. Louis) : Parker / H. Davis 1908 (Denver) : W. Bryan / Kern 1912 (Baltimore) : Wilson / Marshall primaries primaries 1916 (St. Louis) : Wilson / Marshall primaries primaries 1920 (San Francisco) : Cox / Roosevelt primaries primaries 1924 (New York) : J. Davis / C. Bryan primaries primaries 1928 (Houston) : Smith / Robinson primaries primaries 1932 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries primaries 1936 (Philadelphia) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries primaries 1940 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Wallace primaries primaries 1944 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Truman primaries primaries 1948 (Philadelphia) : Truman / Barkley primaries primaries 1952 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Sparkman primaries primaries 1956 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Kefauver primaries primaries 1960 (Los Angeles) : Kennedy / L. Johnson primaries primaries 1964 (Atlantic City) : L. Johnson / Humphrey primaries primaries 1968 (Chicago) : Humphrey / Muskie primaries primaries 1972 (Miami Beach) : McGovern /( Eagleton , Shriver ) primaries primaries 1976 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries primaries 1980 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries primaries 1984 (San Francisco) : Mondale / Ferraro primaries primaries 1988 (Atlanta) : Dukakis / Bentsen primaries primaries 1992 (New York) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries primaries 1996 (Chicago) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries primaries 2000 (Los Angeles) : Gore / Lieberman primaries primaries 2004 (Boston) : Kerry / Edwards primaries primaries 2008 (Denver) : Obama / Biden primaries primaries 2012 (Charlotte) : Obama / Biden primaries primaries 2016 (Philadelphia) : H. Clinton / Kaine primaries primaries 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) : Biden / Harris primaries primaries 2024 (Chicago) : Harris / Walz primaries primaries Presidential administrations Jackson (1829–1837) Van Buren (1837–1841) Polk (1845–1849) Pierce (1853–1857) Buchanan (1857–1861) A. Johnson (1868–1869) Cleveland ( 1885–1889 ; 1893–1897 ) Wilson (1913–1921) Roosevelt ( 1933–1941 ; 1941–1945 ) Truman (1945–1953) Kennedy (1961–1963) L. B. Johnson (1963–1969) Carter (1977–1981) Clinton (1993–2001) Obama (2009–2017) Biden (2021–2025) Jackson (1829–1837) Van Buren (1837–1841) Polk (1845–1849) Pierce (1853–1857) Buchanan (1857–1861) A. Johnson (1868–1869) Cleveland ( 1885–1889 ; 1893–1897 ) Wilson (1913–1921) Roosevelt ( 1933–1941 ; 1941–1945 ) Truman (1945–1953) Kennedy (1961–1963) L. B. Johnson (1963–1969) Carter (1977–1981) Clinton (1993–2001) Obama (2009–2017) Biden (2021–2025) U.S. House leaders , Speakers , and Caucus chairs A. Stevenson (1827–1834) Bell (1834–1835) Polk (1835–1839) J. W. Jones (1843–1845) Davis (1845–1847) Cobb (1849–1851) Boyd (1851–1855) G. W. Jones (1855–1857) Orr (1857–1859) Houston (1859–1861) Niblack / Randall (1869–1871) Niblack (1873–1875) Kerr (1875–1876) Randall (1876–1881) Carlisle (1883–1889) Holman (1889–1891) Crisp (1891–1895) D. B. Culberson (1895–1897) Richardson (1897–1903) Williams (1903–1909) Clark (1909–1921) Kitchin (1921–1923) Garrett (1923–1929) Garner (1929–1933) Rainey (1933–1934) Byrns (1935–1936) Bankhead (1936–1940) Rayburn (1940–1961) McCormack (1962–1971) Albert (1971–1977) O'Neill (1977–1987) Wright (1987–1989) Foley (1989–1995) Gephardt (1995–2003) Pelosi (2003–2023) Jeffries (2023–present) A. Stevenson (1827–1834) Bell (1834–1835) Polk (1835–1839) J. W. Jones (1843–1845) Davis (1845–1847) Cobb (1849–1851) Boyd (1851–1855) G. W. Jones (1855–1857) Orr (1857–1859) Houston (1859–1861) Niblack / Randall (1869–1871) Niblack (1873–1875) Kerr (1875–1876) Randall (1876–1881) Carlisle (1883–1889) Holman (1889–1891) Crisp (1891–1895) D. B. Culberson (1895–1897) Richardson (1897–1903) Williams (1903–1909) Clark (1909–1921) Kitchin (1921–1923) Garrett (1923–1929) Garner (1929–1933) Rainey (1933–1934) Byrns (1935–1936) Bankhead (1936–1940) Rayburn (1940–1961) McCormack (1962–1971) Albert (1971–1977) O'Neill (1977–1987) Wright (1987–1989) Foley (1989–1995) Gephardt (1995–2003) Pelosi (2003–2023) Jeffries (2023–present) U.S. Senate leaders and Caucus chairs J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877) Wallace (1877–1881) Pendleton (1881–1885) Beck (1885–1890) Gorman (1890–1898) Turpie (1898–1899) J. K. Jones (1899–1903) Gorman (1903–1906) Blackburn (1906–1907) C. A. Culberson (1907–1909) Money (1909–1911) Martin (1911–1913) Kern (1913–1917) Martin (1917–1919) Hitchcock (1919–1920) Underwood (1920–1923) Robinson (1923–1937) Barkley (1937–1949) Lucas (1949–1951) McFarland (1951–1953) Johnson (1953–1961) Mansfield (1961–1977) Byrd (1977–1989) Mitchell (1989–1995) Daschle (1995–2005) Reid (2005–2017) Schumer (2017–present) J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877) Wallace (1877–1881) Pendleton (1881–1885) Beck (1885–1890) Gorman (1890–1898) Turpie (1898–1899) J. K. Jones (1899–1903) Gorman (1903–1906) Blackburn (1906–1907) C. A. Culberson (1907–1909) Money (1909–1911) Martin (1911–1913) Kern (1913–1917) Martin (1917–1919) Hitchcock (1919–1920) Underwood (1920–1923) Robinson (1923–1937) Barkley (1937–1949) Lucas (1949–1951) McFarland (1951–1953) Johnson (1953–1961) Mansfield (1961–1977) Byrd (1977–1989) Mitchell (1989–1995) Daschle (1995–2005) Reid (2005–2017) Schumer (2017–present) Chairs of the DNC Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings G. White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis J. White Manatt Kirk Brown Wilhelm DeLee Dodd / Fowler Romer / Grossman Rendell / Andrew McAuliffe Dean Kaine Wasserman Schultz Perez Harrison Martin Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings G. White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis J. 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Redistricting Committee National Democratic Training Committee National Democratic Redistricting Committee National Democratic Training Committee Related Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate Chairmanship elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 House caucus leadership elections 2006 2018 Weekly Democratic Address Midterm Conferences 1974 1978 1982 Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate Chairmanship elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 House caucus leadership elections 2006 2018 2006 2018 Weekly Democratic Address Midterm Conferences 1974 1978 1982 1974 1978 1982 v t e The Breckinridge family v t e First generation James Breckinridge John Breckinridge James Breckinridge John Breckinridge Second generation Cabell Breckinridge James Douglas Breckinridge Robert Jefferson Breckinridge William Lewis Breckinridge Cabell Breckinridge James Douglas Breckinridge Robert Jefferson Breckinridge William Lewis Breckinridge Third generation John Cabell Breckinridge Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr. Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr. William Campbell Preston Breckinridge John Breckinridge Grayson Peter A. Porter Charles Henry Breckinridge John Robert Breckinridge John Cabell Breckinridge Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr. Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr. William Campbell Preston Breckinridge John Breckinridge Grayson Peter A. Porter Charles Henry Breckinridge John Robert Breckinridge Fourth generation Clifton Rodes Breckinridge John Witherspoon Breckinridge Desha Breckinridge Henry Skillman Breckinridge Madeline McDowell Breckinridge Scott Dudley Breckinridge Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge Peter A. Porter B. B. Warfield Ethelbert Dudley Warfield L. Irving Handy Clifton Rodes Breckinridge John Witherspoon Breckinridge Desha Breckinridge Henry Skillman Breckinridge Madeline McDowell Breckinridge Scott Dudley Breckinridge Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge Peter A. Porter B. B. Warfield Ethelbert Dudley Warfield L. Irving Handy Fifth generation James Carson Breckinridge John Bayne Breckinridge Mary Breckinridge Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long James Carson Breckinridge John Bayne Breckinridge Mary Breckinridge Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long Sixth generation John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge Marvin Breckinridge Patterson John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge Marvin Breckinridge Patterson v t e Kentucky 's delegation(s) to the 32nd–37th United States Congress (ordered by seniority) v t e 32nd Senate : ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) 33rd Senate : ▌ A. Dixon (W) · ▌ J. Thompson (KN) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) 34th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (W) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) 35th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) 36th Senate : ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) · ▌ L. Powell (D) House : ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) 37th Senate : ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) House : ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) 32nd Senate : ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) 33rd Senate : ▌ A. Dixon (W) · ▌ J. Thompson (KN) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) 34th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (W) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) 35th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) 36th Senate : ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) · ▌ L. Powell (D) House : ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) 37th Senate : ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) House : ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States United States People US Congress US Congress Other Open Library NARA SNAC 2 Yale LUX Open Library NARA SNAC 2 2 Yale LUX John C. Breckinridge 1821 births 1875 deaths 19th-century vice presidents of the United States 1856 United States vice-presidential candidates Candidates in the 1860 United States presidential election Politicians from Lexington, Kentucky Breckinridge family American people of English descent American people of Scottish descent American Presbyterians Burials at Lexington Cemetery Vice presidents of the United States Vice presidents of the United States who owned slaves Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States Presidency of James Buchanan Democratic Party United States representatives from Kentucky Democratic Party United States senators from Kentucky Expelled United States senators Executive members of the Cabinet of the Confederate States of America Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees Members of the Kentucky House of Representatives Lexington in the American Civil War Orphan Brigade Politicians from Danville, Kentucky Kentucky Democrats Kentucky lawyers Slave owners from Kentucky Iowa lawyers American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law Centre College alumni Transylvania University alumni Confederate States Army major generals People of Kentucky in the American Civil War Confederate expatriates Deaths from cirrhosis American expatriates in Canada Alcohol-related deaths in Kentucky United States senators who owned slaves United States representatives who owned slaves 19th-century United States senators 19th-century members of the Kentucky General Assembly 19th-century United States representatives Southern Historical Society members Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Use mdy dates from January 2023 Use American English from May 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English CS1 errors: ISBN date Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 4 January 2026, at 18:05 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 1922–1945: early history 1.2 1960s and 1970s 1.3 1986–2000 1.4 Early 21st century 1.5 2018–present 1.1 1922–1945: early history 1.2 1960s and 1970s 1.3 1986–2000 1.4 Early 21st century 1.5 2018–present 2 Team image Toggle Team image subsection 2.1 Colours 2.2 Kit sponsorship 2.3 Ultras and controversy 2.1 Colours 2.2 Kit sponsorship 2.3 Ultras and controversy 3 Home stadium 4 Results and fixtures Toggle Results and fixtures subsection 4.1 2025 4.2 2026 4.1 2025 4.2 2026 5 Coaching staff Toggle Coaching staff subsection 5.1 Coaching history 5.1 Coaching history 6 Players Toggle Players subsection 6.1 Current squad 6.2 Recent call-ups 6.1 Current squad 6.2 Recent call-ups 7 Player records Toggle Player records subsection 7.1 Most appearances 7.2 Top goalscorers 7.3 Youngest debutants 7.1 Most appearances 7.2 Top goalscorers 7.3 Youngest debutants 8 Competitive record Toggle Competitive record subsection 8.1 FIFA World Cup 8.2 UEFA European Championship 8.3 UEFA Nations League 8.4 Olympic Games 8.5 Balkan Cup 8.1 FIFA World Cup 8.2 UEFA European Championship 8.3 UEFA Nations League 8.4 Olympic Games 8.5 Balkan Cup 9 Head-to-head record 10 Ranking history 11 Honours Toggle Honours subsection 11.1 Global 11.2 Regional 11.3 Friendly 11.1 Global 11.2 Regional 11.3 Friendly 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Bulgaria national football team العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lombard Magyar Македонски Malti मराठी مصرى Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Nickname(s) Лъвовете / Lavovete (The Lions ) Трикольорите / Trikolyorite (The Tricolours ) Association Bulgarian Football Union (BFU) Confederation UEFA (Europe) Head coach Aleksandar Dimitrov Captain Kiril Despodov Most caps Stiliyan Petrov (105) Top scorer Dimitar Berbatov Hristo Bonev (48) Home stadium Various FIFA code BUL First colours Second colours First colours Second colours FIFA ranking Current 88 (22 December 2025) [ 1 ] Highest 8 (June 1995) Lowest 96 (May 2012) First international Austria 6–0 Bulgaria ( Vienna , Austria ; 21 May 1924) Biggest win Singapore 2–10 Bulgaria ( Singapore ; 13 December 1956) [ 2 ] Biggest defeat Spain 13–0 Bulgaria ( Madrid , Spain ; 21 May 1933) World Cup Appearances 7 ( first in 1962 ) Best result Fourth place ( 1994 ) European Championship Appearances 2 ( first in 1996 ) Best result Group stage ( 1996 , 2004 ) Olympic Games Appearances 5 ( first in 1924 ) Best result Runners-up ( 1968 ) Medal record Olympic Games 1968 Mexico City Team 1956 Melbourne Team Balkan Cup 1931 Bulgaria Team 1932 Yugoslavia Team 1973–76 Europe Team 1935 Bulgaria Team 1936 Romania Team 1933 Romania Team Olympic Games 1968 Mexico City Team 1956 Melbourne Team Balkan Cup 1931 Bulgaria Team 1932 Yugoslavia Team 1973–76 Europe Team 1935 Bulgaria Team 1936 Romania Team 1933 Romania Team The Bulgaria national football team ( Bulgarian : Български национален отбор по футбол , romanized : Bǎlgarski natsionalen otbor po futbol ) represents Bulgaria in men's international football , and is administered by the Bulgarian Football Union , a member association of UEFA . Bulgaria's best achievements are reaching the final at the 1968 Summer Olympics and the fourth-place finish at the FIFA World Cup in 1994 . Bulgaria have competed at a total of seven World Cups, debuting in 1962 and last appearing in 1998 . In addition, they have participated in two European Championships , in 1996 and 2004 , the latter marking their most recent major tournament appearance. The team has also competed at and won three titles in the Balkan Cup . History 1922–1945: early history The Bulgaria national football team was formed in 1922. In 1923, the Bulgarian Football Union was formed and the team's first match was held in Vienna on 21 May 1924, which resulted in a 6–0 defeat against Austria . [ 4 ] Bulgaria also participated in the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris a few days later. After being unable to compete in the 1930 World Cup, the Bulgarian side did not qualify for any major tournament for nearly 30 years, narrowly falling short of qualification on numerous occasions. The national team had gone on a streak of finishing 2nd or 3rd in their qualifying groups along with proceeding to the play-offs, but in the end, failing to qualify. Despite their qualifying problems, the national team did manage to defeat many elite teams during memorable international friendlies during those years. The only tournaments they managed to qualify for were smaller ones, such as the Balkan Cup , which they won three times ( 1931 , 1932 and 1973–76 ), thus being the competition's second most successful team only behind Romania with four titles. 1960s and 1970s Bulgaria qualified for the World Cup for the first time in its history in 1962 and followed that up with consecutive appearances in 1966 , 1970 and 1974 . The team, however, did not have much success and finished in third place in their group two out of the four times. Bulgaria took part in qualifiers for the European Championship in 1968 and went on to win their group with impressive wins over Norway , Sweden , and Portugal . Although they would go on to lose to the eventual champions and hosts Italy in a two-legged qualifying play-off. At the 1968 Summer Olympics , the team won the silver medal. They finished first in Group D by defeating Thailand 7–0, Guatemala 2–1, and drawing 2–2 against Czechoslovakia . They advanced to the quarter-finals by defeating Israel and then the semi-finals by defeating favored hosts Mexico . In the Olympic Final , the team was defeated by Hungary , in what many would say was a hard-fought match for both sides. Despite winning the Balkan Cup twice in 1931 and 1932, the Bulgaria national team added two more trophies to their case as they went on to win the tournament in 1973 and 1976. In both 1973 and 1976, Bulgaria had used their previous World Cup experience to create a very tactical team. This paid off quite well, as they had many decisive victories over Hungary, Greece, Turkey, Yugoslavia, Poland, Albania and Romania. In fact, the team won the 1976 Balkan Cup by beating Romania in the two-legged final 1–0 and 3–2. Bulgaria finally qualified for their first World Cup in 1962. Bulgaria was drawn in a tough group with elite opponents in England , powerhouse Argentina and Hungary . Bulgaria opened up their campaign with a narrow 0–1 loss to Argentina. Later on, Bulgaria would lose their second group match by a 6–1 score to Hungary. Bulgaria's hopes of qualifying were over, but the national team impressively drew with England (who would host and win the next tournament ) 0–0 and finished fourth in the group with only one point. Bulgaria qualified for their second straight World Cup, drawn into an even tougher group compared to the previous World Cup. They were placed in the group of death with superpowers Hungary, Portugal and Brazil , with Pelé at the helm. Bulgaria opened their campaign match with a 0–2 loss to Brazil thanks to two free kick goals by Pelé and Garrincha . In their second match Bulgaria loss 0–3 to Eusebio 's Portugal. Finally, Bulgaria with no chance of advancing to the next round, finished their last match with a 1–3 loss to Hungary. Bulgaria once again finished fourth with zero points in the group. After their poor World Cup performance, Bulgaria was determined to redeem themselves. Bulgaria was drawn in a very tough group for qualifying, with Norway and Sweden, along with Eusebio's Portugal. Bulgaria started off with a 4–2 win over Norway. They would add to their winning streak with a 2–0 victory against Sweden. In their next two matches Bulgaria would draw 0–0 against Norway, and dominate Sweden 3–0. In their final two group fixtures Bulgaria played Portugal to a 1–0 victory at home and an 0–0 draw on the road, but it was enough to advance to the two-legged qualifying play-off. There Bulgaria were drawn against eventual Euro 1968 host Italy. Italy were defeated in the first leg 3–2, but won the second by a 0–2 score to advance 4–3 on aggregate. Italy would win the playoff and go on to win the tournament, while Bulgaria was eliminated from reaching the finals. A month and a half after the European Championship qualifying came the Olympics, which Bulgaria had qualified for the fifth time in their history. They were drawn in a simple group with Thailand, Guatemala and Czechoslovakia. Bulgaria started off with a 7–0 thrashing of Thailand. They later went on and drew with Czechoslovakia 2–2 to increase their point standards. Their final match once again determined if they would carry on to the quarter-finals. Needing a decisive win, Bulgaria went on to defeat Guatemala 2–1 and win their Olympic group. They qualified directly to the quarter-finals facing underdogs, Israel. The game remained 1–1 for most of the match until a drawing of lots determined who would go on to the semi-finals of the tournament. Winning the draw Bulgaria advanced to the semi-finals against Mexico. After a very hard-fought match, Bulgaria proved stronger as they came out on top with a 3–2 victory. Bulgaria advanced to the finals for the first time in their Olympic history. They were determined to win the gold medal, but fell short with a 1–4 loss to Hungary. Although battling hard, Bulgaria came out with the silver medal. Bulgaria qualified for their third straight World Cup, held in Mexico, just like the 1968 Olympics. They were drawn in a very tricky group with Germany , Peru and Morocco . Bulgaria played their first match against Peru, losing 3–2. Germany won Bulgaria's second match, 5–2. The last group stage match ended 1–1; Bulgaria ended up in 3rd place. The 1974 World Cup was held in West Germany. They were drawn in a decently tough group, with the Netherlands , Sweden and Uruguay . Bulgaria started off with a goalless draw with Sweden, having the better of the first half but missing chances, with Sweden coming into the game in the 2nd. They then drew again, this time 1–1 with Uruguay - the South Americans equalising late on to deny Bulgaria a first World Cup victory. As the final match came, Bulgaria had to beat highly fancied Netherlands to progress - but fell by a 4–1 score to the eventual finalists. Bulgaria remained in third place in the group stages. 1986–2000 Bulgaria qualified for the 1986 World Cup in Mexico by finishing second in Group Four, behind France with 11 points, but ahead of powerful rivals Yugoslavia and East Germany . This was their fifth World Cup appearance. They were drawn in Group A with Italy , Argentina , and South Korea . In the opening match of the World Cup, the Bulgarians held the defending champions Italy to an impressive 1–1 draw. Alessandro Altobelli gave the Italians the lead, but an 85th-minute equalizer by Nasko Sirakov gave the Bulgarians the point they needed. The next match was another 1–1 draw against South Korea with the goal for Bulgaria coming from Plamen Getov in the 11th minute. They lost the final match of the group 2–0 against Argentina, who eventually won the tournament. Despite not recording a win, the Bulgarians advanced to the knockout stage by being the third-best third-placed team. By doing so, Bulgaria along with Uruguay became the first nations to qualify for the knockout stage without winning a game in the first round. In the Round of 16, they faced World Cup hosts Mexico , who were looking for revenge due to their previous home Olympic semi-final loss to Bulgaria in Mexico City in 1968. The match was hard-fought from both sides of the scale but ultimately, Mexico came away with the 2–0 win. One of the most important dates in Bulgarian football history is 17 November 1993, when Emil Kostadinov scored a deciding goal in the 90th minute to beat France in Paris , allowing Bulgaria to qualify for the 1994 World Cup in the United States. Under the management of Dimitar Penev , the Bulgarians, led by players such as Hristo Stoichkov , Yordan Lechkov , and Krasimir Balakov , along with other talented players remembered in Bulgaria as the " Golden Generation ", made a strong impression by surprisingly reaching the semi-finals. They entered a tough Group D with 1990 World Cup runners-up Argentina with Diego Maradona at the helm, African Nations Cup champions Nigeria , and Balkan rivals Greece . The first match ended with a 3–0 defeat to Nigeria . Despite the bad start, the team made a statement by winning 4–0 against their neighbours Greece – their first ever win in a World Cup. Their third and final match came against Argentina: the Bulgarian side came away with a shocking 2–0 victory. Going into injury-time, Argentina was leading the group but a 91st-minute strike from Nasko Sirakov , however, meant that they'd drop two places and finish third. Bulgaria continued to the round of 16, where they faced Mexico . Stoichkov opened the scoring in the sixth minute with an strike on a break away from outside the box, tallying his fourth goal. The match ended 1–1 and after no goals were scored in extra time, penalties decided which team would go through. Team captain Borislav Mihaylov saved the first three penalty kicks, breaking the World Cup record. Bulgaria won 3–1 on penalties. In the quarter-finals, Bulgaria faced the defending world champions Germany . At the start of the match, held in Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey , the Bulgarians dominated, hitting the post twice in the process, but eventually found themselves behind after Lothar Matthäus scored the opening goal for the Germans. The Bulgarians, however, managed to turn the game over with a swerving free kick by Hristo Stoichkov and a flying header by Yordan Lechkov , giving them a 2–1 win. In the semi-finals, they controversially lost 2–1 to Italy . Stoichkov scored Bulgaria's only goal in the first half to tally his seventh goal, which led the tournament. In the second half, Bulgaria had penalty call waved off, when an Italian defender committed a handball in the box from a Kostadinov cross. The game ended and instead of playing in the final, it became a third-place play-off. Bulgaria played Sweden for third place, but on a rare off-day were blown away by four first half goals, losing 4-0. Bulgaria, ultimately finished in the final four by reaching the semi finals, their best ever performance. Hristo Stoichkov was awarded the Golden Boot shared with Oleg Salenko as the top scorer in the tournament with his six goals. Krasimir Balakov was named in the 1994 World Cup Dream Team along with Stoichkov. Later on in December, Stoichkov was awarded the 1994 Ballon d'Or trophy for his great skill and leadership, becoming the first Bulgarian and third Barcelona player to win it in history. [ citation needed ] In 1996, the team qualified for the European Football Championship for the first time. They were drawn in Group B with France , Spain , and Romania . Bulgaria started with a 1–1 draw against Spain. Stoichkov has a second goal, a volley, ruled offside. Bulgaria defeated Romania 1–0 in the next group stage match. Stoichkov scored in the third minute. In the final group match, the Bulgarian side lost 3–1 against France; Stoichkov scored a free kick to give Bulgaria their only goal of the game, along with their only loss. At the same time, Spain defeated Romania 2–1, and Bulgaria were eliminated. Bulgaria qualified for the 1998 World Cup in France by finishing first in Group 5, with decisive wins over Russia . They entered the competition with new manager Hristo Bonev . Bulgaria drew Spain , Nigeria , and Paraguay in Group D. The first match ended decently, in a goalless draw against eventual group runners-up Paraguay – a game the Bulgarians more than held their own in. In the second match, the Bulgarians lost 1–0 for a second-straight World Cup to Nigeria. The final match ended with a 6–1 defeat to Spain – a game both sides had to win and in which time finally caught up with the Bulgarians, against a talented Spanish team who only began to play in the final game. Following the bad results, Bulgaria finished fourth in the group, with only one point. This was the last World Cup appearance for Bulgaria. Bulgaria was drawn in a tough group with England , Sweden , and Poland in qualification for Euro 2000 . The campaign started slow with a draw and a defeat by Poland and Sweden. The most memorable match for Bulgaria in the group was the 1–1 draw against England, which was also the last match for Stoichkov before his international retirement. Bulgaria finished fourth with eight points and failed to make the final stages of the competition. Early 21st century Bulgaria was once again drawn into a tough group with Denmark and Czech Republic . The group was also the debut of Bulgaria's top-scoring legend Dimitar Berbatov . Bulgaria won the matches against the weaker teams, but lost once and drew once with both Denmark and the Czech Republic. Bulgaria finished third with 17 points, three points behind second-placed Czech Republic, thus failing to make the World Cup in South Korea and Japan. Bulgaria managed to qualify for the Euro 2004 in Portugal by finishing first with wins over Croatia and Belgium . They drew Sweden , Italy , and Denmark in Group C. All three group stage matches ended up in losses for Bulgaria. Sweden thrashed them 5-0 in the opener, while the 2-0 defeat to Denmark was only marginally better. However in the final game Martin Petrov became the team's lone scorer in the country's 1–2 loss to Italy - a game only lost in the final minute. Bulgaria failed to qualify for the World Cup in Germany after a run of poor results. They drew with Sweden and Croatia in the first fixtures, but lost the other meetings to the two sides. Although Berbatov scored many goals in the qualifiers including a last-minute equalizer against Croatia, Bulgaria finished third in qualifying with 15 points. Bulgaria found themselves in a minor tournament in Japan known as the Kirin Cup . They started off well with a 2–1 victory over the hosts Japan . However, Bulgaria lost 5–1 to Scotland , the eventual cup champions. Bulgaria finished as the runners-up and received the silver medal. Group G of Euro 2008 qualification had Netherlands , Romania , and Bulgaria attempting to qualify for Euro 2008 , hosted by Switzerland and Austria. Bulgaria performed well after a run of good results against Romania which gave them the first place. Bulgaria finished third in the group falling short on one point behind the Netherlands. Bulgaria were drawn against Italy and Ireland in qualifying in Group 8 . Bulgaria started the campaign with a series of draws. Manager Plamen Markov was replaced by Stanimir Stoilov in January 2009. The Bulgarians then recorded their first wins of the group over Cyprus , Montenegro and Georgia . They finished in third place with 14 points, therefore failing to qualify to a play-off spot. Bulgaria were drawn in Group G along with England , Switzerland , Wales , and Montenegro . Bulgaria finished in last place in the group. In the qualification phase for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, Bulgaria were placed in Group B together with the teams of Italy , Denmark , Czech Republic , Armenia and Malta . Under the guidance of former player Lyuboslav Penev as head coach, Bulgaria enjoyed a revival and some noteworthy performances in friendly matches before the start of the qualifying, including a 2–1 victory over 2010 World Cup runners-up Netherlands in Amsterdam. The qualifying began with a 2–2 draw against Euro 2012 runners-up Italy. Bulgaria then edged a tight match against Armenia, which ended 1–0. Next, Bulgaria drew 1–1 against Denmark. Four days later, Bulgaria earned a hard-fought 0–0 draw away to the Czech Republic. As a result, the team climbed from 96th in the FIFA World Rankings , their lowest position in history, to 40th in November 2012. Penev's players hosted and defeated Malta 6–0 under heavy snowfall. Four days later, Bulgaria drew Denmark 1–1 in Copenhagen. This result left Bulgaria second in the group with 10 points, still undefeated. Bulgaria traveled to Italy, losing 1–0. After a series of poor results, Bulgaria ended up failing to qualify for Brazil 2014. Bulgaria were placed in a group with Italy, Croatia, Norway, Azerbaijan, and Malta. Bulgaria opened up their first match with a 2–1 victory over Azerbaijan. They were defeated 1–0 by Croatia, following another 2–1 defeat to Norway. To make it worse, Bulgaria drew with Malta 1–1 at home, which would cost manager Lyuboslav Penev his position. He was replaced by Ludogorets Razgrad manager Ivaylo Petev . On his debut match, Petev's squad drew Romania 0-0; this later led to a 2–2 draw with Italy, which Bulgaria led until a last-minute Italian equalizer. Bulgaria defeated Malta 1–0 to edge two points ever closer to the third place playoff position. After a series of losses, Bulgaria failed to qualify for Euro 2016 in France despite a 2–0 defeat of Azerbaijan. Bulgaria were drawn in a strong World Cup qualification group with the Netherlands , France , Sweden , Belarus and Luxembourg . They began with a 4–3 win against Luxembourg at home. [ 5 ] This was followed by heavy losses to France (4–1) and Sweden (3–0). [ 6 ] [ 7 ] In November 2016, the Lions beat Belarus in Sofia 1–0, [ 8 ] and then put up one of their best performances in recent years, beating the Netherlands 2–0 to move into third place in the group. [ 9 ] Bulgaria then beat the group leaders Sweden 3–2 in Sofia to move one point behind their opponents in the table. [ 10 ] However, they lost the match against the Netherlands at the Amsterdam Arena 3–1. A 1–0 defeat at home to France and a 1–1 draw in Luxembourg ended their chances of qualifying. [ 11 ] 2018–present Bulgaria were drawn in UEFA Nations League C with Norway, Slovenia and Cyprus. Bulgaria opened up the campaign with a 2–1 win over Slovenia and a clean sheet against Norway. The Norwegians eventually avenged their loss to Bulgaria, resulting in a tie for first place. Bulgaria eventually closed out the second round of games with two 1–1 draws against Slovenia and Cyprus, resulting in a second-place finish. Bulgaria was drawn in Group A with England, Czech Republic, Montenegro and Kosovo . The team began the qualifying campaign with a 1–1 home draw against Montenegro and a 1–1 away draw to Kosovo while losing three major players due to injuries. [ 12 ] They later carried on with two more losses which sparked the end of their group campaign. Despite finishing in fourth place, the national side had one more opportunity to qualify for the Euros thanks to the good performance in the Nations League. It sent Bulgaria to the Path A qualifying play-offs , which also included Hungary, Iceland and Romania. The draw put Bulgaria against Hungary in their first play-off match on their quest to qualify for a major competition since 2004. However, in front of limited number of home fans, Bulgaria fell 1–3 to Hungary, and was eliminated from the tournament. [ 13 ] After appointing Georgi Dermendzhiev as their new head coach, Bulgaria began their brief promotion in League B . Being drawn into Group 4 with Wales, Finland and Republic of Ireland, Bulgaria played its first match against Ireland. A near victory for the Bulgarians until a 90th minute injury time equalizer sealed the draw for the Irish. [ 14 ] Bulgaria would then play away to Wales, where they held the hosts leveled 0–0 until another 90th minute injury time goal that resulted in 0–1 loss. The problems would continue with another set of narrow losses to Finland and Wales, forcing Bulgaria to miss out on promotion to League A. With two more matches left, Bulgaria finished winless against Finland and Ireland, relegating the Lions to League C. Yasen Petrov was hired as the coach prior to the qualifiers for the 2022 World Cup . Bulgaria began the campaign horribly, losing at home 1–3 to Switzerland and 0–2 to Italy. The team somewhat improved in the next two games, drawing away at Northern Ireland and Italy, the reigning European champions. Bulgaria then beat Lithuania 1–0 at home, but lost 1–3 away against the same team, ending their hopes for qualification. A 2–1 home win against Northern Ireland was only a brief moment of rejoice before a heavy 0–4 defeat to Switzerland ended a largely miserable attempt for qualifying. Bulgaria was allocated to League C for the 2022–23 Nations League season, after relegation from the previous edition. Bulgaria's opponents were drawn to be North Macedonia, Georgia and Gibraltar. The campaign began with a 1–1 draw against North Macedonia at home, followed by a heavy 2–5 loss against Georgia at home. Yasen Petrov handed his resignation following the game. Georgi Ivanov was appointed as interim manager for the next two games against Gibraltar and Georgia. Another shameful performance followed, when the Lions drew 1–1 in Gibraltar, which was one of only few times that the Gibraltar national team had not lost a competitive game in its history. In Georgia, Bulgaria drew 0–0, extending the winless streak to four games. During the one month pause of the tournament, Serbian Mladen Krstajić was appointed as manager. Under his reins, Bulgaria recorded two wins against Gibraltar at home and North Macedonia away, eventually finishing second in the group. The game against North Macedonia was particularly intense, due to rising political tensions between the two countries at that time. The Bulgarian national anthem was heavily booed, followed by multiple provocations from both Macedonian fans and players aimed at the Bulgarian team. Bulgaria had a rough Euro 2024 qualifying campaign finishing in the lower half of their group. The group consisted of Hungary, Serbia, Montenegro and Lithuania. The poor run for Bulgaria resulted in the Bulgarian Football Union to appoint Ilian Iliev as new manager. [ 15 ] Iliev started off his first two matches leading Bulgaria to draws against Serbia and Hungary, both games ending with a 2–2 score. With Iliev at the helm, Bulgaria have remained unbeaten in all their matches for nearly a year. Bulgaria were drawn in Group 3 of the UEFA Nations League C division with Northern Ireland, Belarus and Luxembourg. Despite having a successful campaign with a win over powerful contenders, Northern Ireland, they ultimately finished in second. Qualifying themselves to League B playoffs, Bulgaria faced the Republic of Ireland in a two legged set of matches. Bulgaria narrowly lost both matches by the score of 2–1, resulting in no League B promotion. Team image Bulgaria's traditional colours are white, green and red, taken from the colours of the country's flag . This tricolour is reflected through the use of white shirts, green shorts, and red socks. The team's away kits have usually been red. Their nickname is The Lions, in tribute of the lions represented in the coat of arms of Bulgaria . Colours [ edit ] .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} Bulgarian tri-color flag Coat of arms of Bulgaria Colours Kit sponsorship [ edit ] Supplier Period BFU 1922–1974 Adidas 1974–1994 Puma 1995–2010 Kappa 2011–2014 Joma 2015–2022 Macron 2023– Kit sponsorship Supplier Period BFU 1922–1974 Adidas 1974–1994 Puma 1995–2010 Kappa 2011–2014 Joma 2015–2022 Macron 2023– Ultras and controversy In recent years, ultras of the Bulgarian team have developed a reputation for racism. After racist chanting and monkey noises directed at Ashley Young , Ashley Cole and Theo Walcott during a qualifier for Euro 2012, the Bulgarian Football Union was fined €40,000 by UEFA. [ 16 ] The BFU denied that racism would be an issue during Euro 2020 qualifiers, claiming that the issue was worse in England. [ 17 ] Nevertheless, Bulgarian ultras were accused of racist chants during their matches against Czech Republic, Kosovo and England. As a result, part of the Bulgarian stadium was closed off for the match against England (October 2019), and officials twice halted the game under the UEFA anti-racism protocol. [ 18 ] In the following days since the match took place, Bulgarian police identified 15 fans they suspected were responsible for subjecting black English players including Raheem Sterling , Marcus Rashford and Tyrone Mings to racist abuse, arresting six of them. [ 19 ] UEFA president Aleksander Ceferin condemned the alleged abuse calling on the "football family and governments" to "wage war on the racists". [ 20 ] Disciplinary proceedings have been launched against both Bulgaria and England. [ 21 ] Home stadium Traditionally, the Bulgaria national football team's home stadium is the Vasil Levski National Stadium with a capacity of 44,000. The stadium was officially opened in 1953 and reconstructed in 1966 and 2002. It is the second largest stadium in Bulgaria, behind the Plovdiv Stadium with a capacity of 55,000. During the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League , the stadium was used for Levski Sofia matches with Barcelona , Chelsea , and Werder Bremen . Similarly, Ludogorets Razgrad used it as their main home venue for their European matches until the 2017–18 season . The Bulgaria national team's home matches, Bulgarian Cup finals and the Eternal derby of Bulgaria are held at the venue, as well as athletics competitions. The Huvepharma Arena in Razgrad has been occasionally hosting the national team's matches since 2018. Opened in 1954 and renovated in 2011, the stadium has a capacity of ~11,000. Another stadium that is used for the national team's matches is the freshly renovated Hristo Botev Stadium in Plovdiv , with a capacity of ~20,000. Vasil Levski National Stadium Hristo Botev Stadium Results and fixtures The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled. .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Win Draw Loss Fixture 2025 20 March UEFA Nations League PO Bulgaria 1–2 Republic of Ireland Plovdiv , Bulgaria 21:45 UTC+2 .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} M. Petkov .mw-parser-output .fb-goal>span{} 6' M. Petkov .mw-parser-output .fb-goal>span{} 6' Report Azaz 21' Doherty 42' Azaz 21' Doherty 42' Stadium: Hristo Botev Stadium Attendance: 7,835 Referee: Benoît Bastien ( France ) 23 March UEFA Nations League PO Republic of Ireland 2–1 Bulgaria Dublin , Republic of Ireland 19:45 UTC+0 Ferguson 63' Idah 84' Ferguson 63' Idah 84' Report Antov 30' Antov 30' Stadium: Aviva Stadium Attendance: 40,156 Referee: Halil Umut Meler ( Turkey ) 6 June Friendly Bulgaria 2–2 Cyprus Plovdiv , Bulgaria 19:00 UTC+3 Kolev 27' , 61' ( pen. ) Kolev 27' , 61' ( pen. ) Report Koutsakos 42' Laifis 86' Koutsakos 42' Laifis 86' Stadium: Hristo Botev Stadium Attendance: 600 Referee: Igor Stojchevski ( North Macedonia ) 10 June Friendly Greece 4–0 Bulgaria Heraklion , Greece 21:45 UTC+3 Pelkas 51' Ioannidis 66' Tzolis 74' Konstantelias 89' Pelkas 51' Ioannidis 66' Tzolis 74' Konstantelias 89' Report Stadium: Pankritio Stadium Attendance: 17,483 Referee: Nathan Verboomen ( Belgium ) 4 September 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification Bulgaria 0–3 Spain Sofia , Bulgaria 21:45 UTC+3 Report Oyarzabal 5' Cucurella 30' Merino 38' Oyarzabal 5' Cucurella 30' Merino 38' Stadium: Vasil Levski National Stadium Attendance: 40,582 Referee: Srđan Jovanović ( Serbia ) 7 September 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification Georgia 3–0 Bulgaria Tbilisi , Georgia 17:00 UTC+4 Kvaratskhelia 30' N. Gagnidze 44' Mikautadze 65' Kvaratskhelia 30' N. Gagnidze 44' Mikautadze 65' Report Stadium: Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena Attendance: 44,077 Referee: Glenn Nyberg ( Sweden ) 11 October 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification Bulgaria 1–6 Turkey Sofia , Bulgaria 21:45 UTC+3 Kirilov 13' Kirilov 13' Report Güler 11' Popov 49' ( o.g. ) Yıldız 51' , 56' Çelik 65' Kahveci 90+3' Güler 11' Popov 49' ( o.g. ) Yıldız 51' , 56' Çelik 65' Kahveci 90+3' Stadium: Vasil Levski National Stadium Attendance: 10,059 Referee: Luis Godinho ( Portugal ) 14 October 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification Spain 4–0 Bulgaria Valladolid , Spain 20:45 UTC+2 Merino 35' , 57' Chernev 79' ( o.g. ) Oyarzabal 90+2' ( pen. ) Merino 35' , 57' Chernev 79' ( o.g. ) Oyarzabal 90+2' ( pen. ) Report Stadium: José Zorrilla Stadium Attendance: 24,526 Referee: Willy Delajod ( France ) 15 November 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification Turkey 2–0 Bulgaria Bursa , Turkey 20:00 UTC+3 Çalhanoğlu 18' ( pen. ) Chernev 83' ( o.g. ) Çalhanoğlu 18' ( pen. ) Chernev 83' ( o.g. ) Report Stadium: Centennial Atatürk Stadium Attendance: 42,756 Referee: Nick Walsh ( Scotland ) 18 November 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification Bulgaria 2–1 Georgia Sofia , Bulgaria 21:45 UTC+2 Rusev 10' Krastev 24' Rusev 10' Krastev 24' Report Lochoshvili 88' Lochoshvili 88' Stadium: Vasil Levski National Stadium Attendance: 1,980 Referee: Jakob Kehlet ( Denmark ) 2026 March 2026 FIFA Series Bulgaria v TBD Jakarta , Indonesia --:-- UTC+7 Stadium: Gelora Bung Karno Stadium March 2026 FIFA Series Bulgaria v TBD Jakarta , Indonesia --:-- UTC+7 Stadium: Gelora Bung Karno Stadium Coaching staff Role Name Head coach Aleksandar Dimitrov Assistant coach Ivaylo Yordanov Assistant coach Yavor Valchinov Goalkeeping coach Nikolay Chavdarov Fitness coach Vacant Analyst Vacant Coaching history Leopold Nitsch (1922–1924) Willibald Stejskal (1925–1926) Pavel Grozdanov (1927–1930) Carl Nemes (1930–1931) Otto Feist (1931–1932) Pavel Grozdanov (1932–1933) Károly Fogl (1934–1935) Nikola Kalkandzhiev (1935–1936) Ivan Batandzhiev (1936) Geno Mateev (1936–1937) Stanislav Toms (1937–1938) Kostantin Maznikov (1938–1939) Ivan Radoev (1939–1940) Franz Köhler (1940–1941) Ivan Radoev (1941–1942) Ivan Batandzhiev (1943–1945) Todor Konov (1945–1946) Mihail Manov (1947) Ivan Radoev (1947) Rezső Somlai (1947–1948) Lubomir Angelov (1948) Andor Hajdú (1948–1949) Ivan Radoev (1950) Lubomir Angelov (1950) Andor Hajdú (1950) Lubomir Angelov (1950–1953) Stoyan Ormandzhiev (1950–1953) Krum Milev (1954–1960) Georgi Pachedzhiev (1955–1962) Stoyan Ormandzhiev (1963) Béla Volentik (1963–1965) Rudolf Vytlačil (1965–1966) Dobromir Tashkov (1966–1967) Stefan Bozhkov (1967–1970) Vasil Spasov (1970–1972) Hristo Mladenov (1972–1974) Stoyan Ormandzhiev (1974–1977) Tsvetan Ilchev (1978–1980) Atanas Purzhelov (1980–1982) Ivan Vutsov (1982–1986) Hristo Mladenov (1986–1987) Boris Angelov (1988–1989) Ivan Vutsov (1989–1991) Dimitar Penev (1991–1996) Hristo Bonev (1996–1998) Dimitar Dimitrov (1998–1999) Stoycho Mladenov (2000–2001) Plamen Markov (2002–2004) Hristo Stoichkov (2004–2007) Stanimir Stoilov (2007) Dimitar Penev (2007) Plamen Markov (2007–2008) Stanimir Stoilov (2009–2010) Lothar Matthäus (2010–2011) Mihail Madanski (2011) Lyuboslav Penev (2011–2014) Ivaylo Petev (2015–2016) Petar Hubchev (2016–2019) Krasimir Balakov (2019) Georgi Dermendzhiev (2019–2020) Yasen Petrov (2021–2022) Georgi Ivanov (2022) Mladen Krstajić (2022–2023) Ilian Iliev (2023–2025) Aleksandar Dimitrov (2025–present) Players Current squad The following players were called up for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Turkey on 15 November and Georgia on 18 November 2025. [ 22 ] Caps and goals as of 18 November 2025, after the match against Georgia . [ 23 ] [ 24 ] No. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club 1 1 GK Dimitar Mitov ( 1997-01-22 ) 22 January 1997 (age 28) 14 0 Aberdeen 12 1 GK Aleks Bozhev ( 2005-07-19 ) 19 July 2005 (age 20) 0 0 Slavia Prague B 21 1 GK Dimitar Evtimov ( 1993-09-07 ) 7 September 1993 (age 32) 0 0 CSKA Sofia 2 2 DF Hristiyan Petrov ( 2002-06-24 ) 24 June 2002 (age 23) 9 0 Heerenveen 3 2 DF Atanas Chernev ( 2002-03-25 ) 25 March 2002 (age 23) 2 0 Estrela da Amadora 5 2 DF Kristian Dimitrov ( 1997-02-27 ) 27 February 1997 (age 28) 23 1 Levski Sofia 6 2 DF Viktor Popov ( 2000-03-05 ) 5 March 2000 (age 25) 24 0 Korona Kielce 13 2 DF Rosen Bozhinov ( 2005-01-23 ) 23 January 2005 (age 20) 3 0 Pisa 15 2 DF Stefan Velkov ( 1996-12-12 ) 12 December 1996 (age 29) 2 0 Vejle 20 2 DF Martin Georgiev ( 2005-09-24 ) 24 September 2005 (age 20) 3 0 AEK Athens 4 3 MF Ilia Gruev ( 2000-05-06 ) 6 May 2000 (age 25) 27 0 Leeds United 8 3 MF Andrian Kraev ( 1999-02-14 ) 14 February 1999 (age 26) 17 1 Hapoel Tel Aviv 14 3 MF Filip Krastev ( 2001-10-15 ) 15 October 2001 (age 24) 28 2 Oxford United 18 3 MF Ivaylo Chochev ( 1993-02-18 ) 18 February 1993 (age 32) 51 4 Ludogorets Razgrad 19 3 MF Ivan Yordanov ( 2000-11-07 ) 7 November 2000 (age 25) 4 0 Ludogorets Razgrad 22 3 MF Kristiyan Stoyanov ( 2003-03-29 ) 29 March 2003 (age 22) 3 0 Slavia Sofia 23 3 MF Stanislav Shopov ( 2002-02-23 ) 23 February 2002 (age 23) 8 0 Osijek 7 4 FW Georgi Rusev ( 1998-07-02 ) 2 July 1998 (age 27) 21 2 CSKA 1948 9 4 FW Vladimir Nikolov ( 2001-02-07 ) 7 February 2001 (age 24) 9 0 Korona Kielce 10 4 FW Zdravko Dimitrov ( 1998-08-24 ) 24 August 1998 (age 27) 7 0 Bodrum 11 4 FW Kiril Despodov ( captain ) ( 1996-11-11 ) 11 November 1996 (age 29) 60 15 PAOK 16 4 FW Marin Petkov ( 2003-10-02 ) 2 October 2003 (age 22) 22 3 Levski Sofia 17 4 FW Martin Minchev ( 2001-04-22 ) 22 April 2001 (age 24) 28 0 Cracovia Recent call-ups The following players have also been called up to the Bulgarian squad within the last 12 months and are still available for selection. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club Latest call-up GK Svetoslav Vutsov ( 2002-07-09 ) 9 July 2002 (age 23) 10 0 Levski Sofia v. Spain , 14 October 2025 RET GK Plamen Iliev ( 1991-11-30 ) 30 November 1991 (age 34) 21 0 Cherno More v. Spain , 14 October 2025 GK Dimitar Sheytanov ( 1999-03-15 ) 15 March 1999 (age 26) 1 0 CSKA 1948 v. Spain , 14 October 2025 GK Ivan Dyulgerov ( 1999-07-15 ) 15 July 1999 (age 26) 6 0 Sheriff Tiraspol v. Georgia , 7 September 2025 DF Anton Nedyalkov ( 1993-04-30 ) 30 April 1993 (age 32) 35 0 Ludogorets Razgrad v. Turkey , 15 November 2025 INJ DF Petko Hristov ( 1999-03-01 ) 1 March 1999 (age 26) 21 0 Spezia v. Turkey , 15 November 2025 INJ DF Dimitar Velkovski ( 1995-01-22 ) 22 January 1995 (age 30) 10 0 Arda v. Spain , 14 October 2025 DF Ivan Turitsov ( 1999-07-18 ) 18 July 1999 (age 26) 20 0 CSKA Sofia v. Spain , 14 October 2025 INJ DF Emil Tsenov ( 2002-04-26 ) 26 April 2002 (age 23) 2 0 Orenburg v. Turkey , 11 October 2025 INJ DF Aleks Petkov ( 1999-07-25 ) 25 July 1999 (age 26) 17 0 Kifisia v. Georgia , 7 September 2025 DF Zhivko Atanasov ( 1991-02-03 ) 3 February 1991 (age 34) 13 0 Cherno More v. Georgia , 7 September 2025 DF Fabian Nürnberger ( 1999-07-28 ) 28 July 1999 (age 26) 10 0 Darmstadt 98 v. Georgia , 7 September 2025 DF Nikolay Minkov ( 1997-08-13 ) 13 August 1997 (age 28) 5 0 Botev Plovdiv v. Georgia , 7 September 2025 DF Simeon Petrov ( 2000-01-12 ) 12 January 2000 (age 26) 12 0 Botev Plovdiv v. Greece , 10 June 2025 DF Valentin Antov ( 2000-11-09 ) 9 November 2000 (age 25) 33 2 Monza v. Cyprus , 6 June 2025 INJ MF Georgi Milanov ( 1992-02-19 ) 19 February 1992 (age 33) 54 2 Dinamo București v. Georgia , 7 September 2025 MF Vasil Panayotov ( 1990-07-16 ) 16 July 1990 (age 35) 6 1 Cherno More v. Georgia , 7 September 2025 MF Svetoslav Kovachev ( 1998-03-14 ) 14 March 1998 (age 27) 5 0 Arda v. Georgia , 7 September 2025 MF Ilian Iliev Jr. ( 1999-08-20 ) 20 August 1999 (age 26) 21 0 CSKA Sofia v. Greece , 10 June 2025 FW Radoslav Kirilov ( 1992-06-29 ) 29 June 1992 (age 33) 25 3 Levski Sofia v. Turkey , 15 November 2025 INJ FW Stanislav Ivanov ( 1999-04-16 ) 16 April 1999 (age 26) 5 0 Ludogorets Razgrad v. Turkey , 15 November 2025 INJ FW Lukas Petkov ( 2000-11-01 ) 1 November 2000 (age 25) 8 0 SV Elversberg v. Spain , 14 October 2025 INJ FW Aleksandar Kolev ( 1992-12-08 ) 8 December 1992 (age 33) 15 2 Nantong Zhiyun v. Georgia , 7 September 2025 FW Bozhidar Kraev ( 1997-06-23 ) 23 June 1997 (age 28) 27 3 Western Sydney Wanderers v. Greece , 10 June 2025 Notes INJ = Player withdrew from the current squad due to injury. COVID = Player withdrew from the current squad due to testing positively for COVID-19 or having to self-isolate because of it. U21 = Not part of the squad due to U-21 call up. PRE = Preliminary squad. RET = Player had announced retirement from international football. SUS = Player is serving a suspension. PRV = Player absent due to private circumstances. WD = Withdrawn. INJ = Player withdrew from the current squad due to injury. COVID = Player withdrew from the current squad due to testing positively for COVID-19 or having to self-isolate because of it. U21 = Not part of the squad due to U-21 call up. PRE = Preliminary squad. RET = Player had announced retirement from international football. SUS = Player is serving a suspension. PRV = Player absent due to private circumstances. WD = Withdrawn. Player records Most appearances Rank Name Caps Goals Career 1 Stiliyan Petrov 105 8 1998–2011 2 Borislav Mihaylov 102 0 1983–1998 3 Hristo Bonev 96 48 1967–1979 4 Krasimir Balakov 92 16 1988–2003 5 Dimitar Penev 90 2 1965–1974 Martin Petrov 90 19 1999–2011 Ivelin Popov 90 18 2007–2019 8 Radostin Kishishev 88 1 1996–2009 9 Hristo Stoichkov 83 37 1986–1999 10 Dimitar Berbatov 78 48 1999–2010 Nasko Sirakov 78 24 1983–1996 Top goalscorers Rank Name Goals Caps Ratio Career 1 Dimitar Berbatov 48 78 0.62 1999–2010 Hristo Bonev 48 96 0.5 1967–1979 3 Hristo Stoichkov 37 83 0.45 1987–1999 4 Emil Kostadinov 27 70 0.39 1988–1998 5 Lyubomir Angelov 26 44 0.59 1931–1940 6 Petar Zhekov 25 44 0.57 1963–1972 Ivan Kolev 25 75 0.33 1950–1963 8 Nasko Sirakov 24 78 0.31 1983–1996 9 Atanas Mihaylov 23 45 0.51 1970–1981 10 Dimitar Milanov 19 39 0.49 1948–1959 Georgi Asparuhov 19 49 0.39 1962–1970 Dinko Dermendzhiev 19 58 0.33 1966–1977 Martin Petrov 19 90 0.21 1999–2011 Youngest debutants Rank Name Age of debut Opponent Year 1 Vladimir Todorov 15 years 08 months 14 days Romania 1929 2 Aleksandar Belokapov 15 years 10 months 11 days Germany 1939 3 Georgi Sokolov 16 years 10 months 24 days Netherlands 1959 4 Radoslav Maznikov 17 years 02 months 12 days Romania 1929 5 Nikola Staykov 17 years 07 months 28 days Yugoslavia 1926 6 Nikolay Mihaylov 17 years 10 months 13 days Scotland 2006 7 Martin Minchev 17 years 11 months 00 days Montenegro 2019 8 Hristo Minkovski 17 years 11 months 17 days Romania 1929 9 Nikola Savov 18 years 01 month 10 days Hungary 1934 10 Krasimir Chomakov 18 years 01 month 12 days Uzbekistan 1995 Competitive record FIFA World Cup Champions Runners-up Third place Fourth place FIFA World Cup record Qualification record Year Result Position .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Pld W D L GF GA Squad Pld W D L GF GA 1930 Did not enter Declined invitation 1934 Did not qualify 3 0 0 3 3 14 1938 2 0 1 1 1 7 1950 Did not enter Declined participation 1954 Did not qualify 4 0 1 3 3 7 1958 4 2 0 2 11 7 1962 Group stage 15th 3 0 1 2 1 7 Squad 5 4 0 1 7 4 1966 15th 3 0 0 3 1 8 Squad 5 4 0 1 11 7 1970 13th 3 0 1 2 5 9 Squad 6 4 1 1 12 7 1974 12th 3 0 2 1 2 5 Squad 6 4 2 0 13 3 1978 Did not qualify 4 1 2 1 5 6 1982 8 4 1 3 11 10 1986 Round of 16 15th 4 0 2 2 2 6 Squad 8 5 1 2 13 5 1990 Did not qualify 6 1 1 4 6 8 1994 Fourth place 4th 7 3 1 3 13 12 Squad 10 6 2 2 19 10 1998 Group stage 29th 3 0 1 2 1 7 Squad 8 6 0 2 18 9 2002 Did not qualify 10 5 2 3 14 15 2006 10 4 3 3 17 17 2010 10 3 5 2 17 13 2014 10 3 4 3 14 9 2018 10 4 1 5 14 19 2022 8 2 2 4 6 14 2026 6 1 0 5 3 19 2030 To be determined To be determined 2034 Total Fourth place 7/23 26 3 8 15 22 53 — 143 63 29 51 218 210 Bulgaria's World Cup history First match Argentina 1–0 Bulgaria ( Rancagua , Chile; 30 May 1962) Biggest win Bulgaria 4–0 Greece ( Chicago , United States; 26 June 1994) Biggest defeat Hungary 6–1 Bulgaria (Rancagua, Chile; 3 June 1962) Best result Fourth place ( 1994 ) Worst result Group stage ( 1966 ) UEFA European Championship UEFA European Championship record Qualifying record Year Result Position Pld W D L GF GA Squad Pld W D L GF GA 1960 Did not qualify 2 0 1 1 1 3 1964 5 3 0 2 7 7 1968 8 5 2 1 13 4 1972 6 3 1 2 11 7 1976 6 2 2 2 12 7 1980 8 2 1 5 6 14 1984 6 2 1 3 7 8 1988 8 4 2 2 12 6 1992 8 3 3 2 15 8 1996 Group stage 11th 3 1 1 1 3 4 Squad 10 7 1 2 24 10 2000 Did not qualify 8 2 2 4 6 8 2004 Group stage 16th 3 0 0 3 1 9 Squad 8 5 2 1 13 4 2008 Did not qualify 12 7 4 1 18 7 2012 8 1 2 5 3 13 2016 10 3 2 5 9 12 2020 9 1 3 5 7 20 2024 8 0 4 4 7 14 2028 To be determined To be determined 2032 Total Group stage 2/17 6 1 1 4 4 13 — 130 50 33 47 171 154 Bulgaria's European Championship history First match Spain 1–1 Bulgaria ( Leeds , England; 9 June 1996) Biggest win Bulgaria 1–0 Romania ( Newcastle , England; 13 June 1996) Biggest defeat Sweden 5–0 Bulgaria ( Lisbon , Portugal; 14 June 2004) Best result Group stage ( 1996 ) Worst result Group stage ( 2004 ) UEFA Nations League UEFA Nations League record League phase / Play-offs Finals Season LG GP Pld W D L GF GA P/R RK Year Pos Pld W D L GF GA Squad 2018–19 C 3 6 3 2 1 7 5 29th 2019 Not eligible 2020–21 B 4 6 0 2 4 2 7 31st 2021 2022–23 C 4 6 2 3 1 10 8 40th 2023 2024–25 C 3 8 2 3 3 5 10 39th 2025 2026–27 C To be determined 2027 Total 26 7 10 9 24 30 — 29th Total — — — — — — — Bulgaria's Nations League history First match Slovenia 1–2 Bulgaria ( Ljubljana , Slovenia; 6 September 2018) Biggest win Bulgaria 5–1 Gibraltar ( Razgrad , Bulgaria; 23 September 2022) Biggest defeat Northern Ireland 5–0 Bulgaria ( Belfast , Northern Ireland; 15 October 2024) Best result League B ( 2020–21 ) Worst result League C ( 2022–23 ) Olympic Games Olympic Games record Year Result Position Pld W D L GF GA Squad 1908 No national representative 1912 1920 1924 Second round 12th 1 0 0 1 0 1 Squad 1928 Did not enter 1936 1948 1952 Preliminary round 13th 1 0 0 1 1 2 Squad 1956 Bronze medal 3rd 3 2 0 1 10 3 Squad 1960 Group stage 5th 3 2 1 0 8 3 Squad 1964 Did not qualify 1968 Silver medal 2nd 6 3 2 1 16 10 Squad 1972 Did not qualify 1976 1980 1984 1988 Since 1992 Olympic football has been an under-23 tournament Total 1 Silver medal 5/14 14 7 3 4 35 19 — Bulgaria's Olympic Games history First match Ireland 1–0 Bulgaria ( Colombes , France; 28 May 1924) Biggest win Bulgaria 7–0 Thailand ( Leon , Mexico; 14 October 1968) Biggest defeat Bulgaria 1–4 Hungary ( Mexico City , Mexico; 26 October 1968) Best result Silver medal ( 1968 ) Worst result Second round ( 1924 ) Balkan Cup Balkan Cup record Year Result Position Pld W D L GF GA 1929–31 Fourth place 4th 6 2 0 4 10 19 1931 Champions 1st 2 2 0 0 8 3 1932 Champions 1st 3 3 0 0 7 2 1933 Third place 3rd 3 1 0 2 2 11 1934–35 Fourth place 4th 3 1 0 2 7 8 1935 Runners-up 2nd 3 2 1 0 12 5 1936 Runners-up 2nd 2 1 0 1 6 8 1946 Fourth place 4th 3 0 1 2 4 7 1947 Fourth place 4th 4 1 0 3 5 14 1948 * Group stage 3rd 5 2 1 2 6 7 1973–76 Champions 1st 4 2 0 2 10 9 1977–80 Group stage 3rd 4 1 1 2 4 6 Total 3 Titles 12/12 42 18 4 20 81 99 Head-to-head record Positive Record Neutral Record Negative Record Opponents Pld W D L GF GA GD Albania 15 7 4 4 17 12 +5 Algeria 6 3 2 1 9 6 +3 Andorra 2 2 0 0 5 1 +4 Argentina 9 1 0 8 6 18 −12 Armenia 2 1 0 1 2 2 0 Australia 4 2 2 0 8 4 +4 Austria 8 1 2 5 7 21 −14 Azerbaijan 5 3 2 0 7 3 +4 Belarus 10 5 2 3 13 8 +5 Belgium 14 6 2 6 20 23 −3 Bolivia 1 1 0 0 3 1 +2 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 1 0 1 2 2 0 Brazil 9 0 1 8 2 19 −17 Cameroon 1 1 0 0 3 0 +3 Canada 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 Chile 1 0 0 1 2 3 −1 Croatia 9 1 2 6 6 18 −12 Cuba 1 1 0 0 5 2 +3 Cyprus 17 14 2 1 38 12 +26 Czech Republic [ a ] 24 10 4 10 22 32 −10 Denmark 16 4 8 4 20 21 −1 East Germany 23 8 8 7 31 30 +1 Ecuador 2 1 0 1 3 4 −1 Egypt 7 2 2 3 8 9 −1 England 12 0 4 8 2 26 −24 Estonia 2 1 1 0 2 0 +2 Finland 10 7 1 2 20 7 +13 France 23 8 4 11 26 41 −15 Georgia 10 5 2 3 23 16 +7 Germany [ b ] 24 4 2 18 28 62 −34 Gibraltar 3 2 1 0 9 2 +7 Great Britain [ 27 ] 5 3 1 1 16 5 +11 Greece 27 13 7 7 48 39 +9 Hungary 34 6 11 17 39 75 −36 Iceland 5 4 1 0 12 7 +5 India 1 1 0 0 3 0 +3 Indonesia 1 1 0 0 4 0 +4 Iran 2 0 1 1 1 2 −1 Israel 6 4 1 1 12 5 +7 Italy 23 2 9 12 19 42 −23 Jamaica 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Japan 6 4 1 1 13 10 +3 Jordan 1 1 0 0 2 0 +2 Kazakhstan 2 2 0 0 4 2 +2 Kosovo 2 0 1 1 3 4 −1 Kuwait 5 2 3 0 9 6 +3 Latvia 3 3 0 0 6 0 +6 Lebanon 1 1 0 0 3 2 +1 Lithuania 5 2 1 2 6 6 0 Luxembourg 17 14 3 0 40 9 +31 Malta 14 11 3 0 45 6 +39 Mexico 12 2 6 4 11 14 −3 Moldova 2 2 0 0 7 1 +6 Montenegro 8 1 4 3 9 9 0 Morocco 6 1 3 2 5 10 −5 Netherlands 12 5 2 5 17 20 −3 New Caledonia 1 1 0 0 5 3 +2 Nigeria 2 0 0 2 0 4 −4 North Korea 3 3 0 0 12 1 +11 North Macedonia 9 5 2 2 9 4 +5 Northern Ireland 11 6 2 3 12 13 −1 Norway 16 7 4 5 27 16 +11 Oman 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 Paraguay 2 0 1 1 0 1 −1 Peru 5 2 1 2 11 11 0 Poland 27 6 9 12 32 48 −16 Portugal 13 6 3 4 18 16 +2 Qatar 2 1 0 1 4 4 0 Republic of Ireland 15 3 6 6 12 19 −7 Romania 44 13 9 22 62 82 −20 Russia [ c ] 28 3 11 14 23 42 −19 San Marino 2 2 0 0 7 0 +7 Saudi Arabia 3 2 0 1 3 1 +2 Scotland 6 0 3 3 4 10 −6 Serbia [ d ] 37 9 8 20 53 74 −21 Singapore 1 1 0 0 10 2 +8 Slovakia 8 2 2 4 6 11 −5 Slovenia 5 3 2 0 9 3 +6 South Africa 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 South Korea 2 1 1 0 2 1 +1 Spain 11 1 3 7 15 38 −23 Sudan 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 Sweden 16 3 2 11 11 31 −20 Switzerland 12 2 4 6 13 22 −9 Tanzania 1 1 0 0 1 0 +1 Thailand 1 1 0 0 4 0 +4 Tunisia 2 0 1 1 3 6 −3 Turkey 29 14 6 9 54 44 +10 Ukraine 6 0 3 3 3 8 −5 United Arab Emirates 6 5 0 1 14 4 +10 Uruguay 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 Wales 10 4 1 5 8 6 +2 Total (92) 815 295 206 314 1,145 1,209 −64 ^ Includes matches against Czechoslovakia . ^ Includes matches against West Germany . ^ Includes matches against the Soviet Union . ^ Includes matches against Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro . Ranking history Rank Date Best rank 8 June 1995 Current rank [ 28 ] 88 December 2025 Worst rank 96 May 2012 Honours Global FIFA World Cup Fourth place (1): 1994 Fourth place (1): 1994 Olympic Games Silver medal (1): 1968 Bronze medal (1): 1956 Silver medal (1): 1968 Bronze medal (1): 1956 Regional Balkan Cup Champions (3): 1931 , 1932 , 1976 Runners-up (2): 1935 , 1936 Third place (1): 1933 Champions (3): 1931 , 1932 , 1976 Runners-up (2): 1935 , 1936 Third place (1): 1933 Friendly FIFA Series Champions (1): 2024 Azerbaijan Champions (1): 2024 Azerbaijan Kirin Cup Champions (1): 2013 Runners-up (1): 2006 Champions (1): 2013 Runners-up (1): 2006 Cyprus International Football Tournament Champions (1): 2007 Champions (1): 2007 See also Association football portal Bulgaria portal Bulgaria national under-21 football team Bulgaria national under-19 football team Bulgaria national under-18 football team Bulgaria national under-17 football team Notes References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "The FIFA/Coca-Cola Men's World Ranking" . FIFA . 22 December 2025 . Retrieved 22 December 2025 . ^ "World Football Elo Ratings: Bulgaria" . ^ Elo rankings change compared to one year ago. "World Football Elo Ratings" . eloratings.net . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "1924 friendly Austria v Bulgaria" . worldfootball.net . Archived from the original on 5 April 2023 . Retrieved 22 October 2019 . ^ "Bulgaria-Luxembourg - European Qualifiers" . UEFA.com . Archived from the original on 15 June 2019 . Retrieved 22 July 2019 . ^ "France-Bulgaria - European Qualifiers" . UEFA.com . Archived from the original on 9 September 2019 . Retrieved 22 July 2019 . ^ "Sweden-Bulgaria - European Qualifiers" . UEFA.com . Archived from the original on 2 April 2019 . Retrieved 22 July 2019 . ^ "Bulgaria-Belarus - European Qualifiers" . UEFA.com . Archived from the original on 2 April 2019 . Retrieved 22 July 2019 . ^ "Bulgaria-Netherlands - European Qualifiers" . UEFA.com . Archived from the original on 17 June 2019 . Retrieved 22 July 2019 . ^ "Bulgaria-Sweden - European Qualifiers" . UEFA.com . Archived from the original on 12 June 2019 . Retrieved 22 July 2019 . ^ "Netherlands-Bulgaria - European Qualifiers" . UEFA.com . Archived from the original on 15 June 2019 . Retrieved 22 July 2019 . ^ "Bulgaria-Montenegro - European Qualifiers" . UEFA.com . Archived from the original on 3 December 2018 . Retrieved 4 December 2018 . ^ "Bulgaria-Hungary - Euro 2020 Qualifying Play-off Semi-final" . Archived from the original on 5 October 2020 . Retrieved 8 October 2020 . ^ "Bulgaria-Republic of Ireland - 2020-21 Nations League B" . Archived from the original on 21 September 2020 . Retrieved 3 September 2020 . ^ "Ilian Iliev is the new head coach of the national football team" . bgnes.com . November 2023 . Retrieved 1 November 2023 . ^ Fifield, Dominic (18 November 2011). "Bulgaria fined by Uefa after racist chanting against England" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 15 October 2019 . Retrieved 15 October 2019 . ^ Aarons, Ed (13 October 2019). "Bulgaria's Krasimir Balakov says English game has more of an issue with racism" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 15 October 2019 . Retrieved 15 October 2019 . ^ "Bulgaria v England: Euro 2020 qualifier halted twice due to racist behaviour from fans" . BBC News . 15 October 2019. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019 . Retrieved 15 October 2019 . ^ "Bulgaria v England: Police arrest six following racist abuse at Euro qualifier" . 16 October 2019. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019 . Retrieved 17 October 2019 . ^ "Bulgaria v England: 'Football family' must 'wage war on the racists' says Uefa president" . 15 October 2019. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019 . Retrieved 17 October 2019 . ^ "Bulgaria v England: 'Football family' must 'wage war on the racists' says Uefa president" . 15 October 2019. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019 . Retrieved 17 October 2019 . ^ "Пълен състав на България "А" за мачовете с Турция и Грузия" [Full squad of the Bulgaria national team for the games against Turkey and Georgia] (in Bulgarian). Bulgarian Football Union . 7 November 2025 . Retrieved 7 November 2025 . ^ "Tanzania-Bulgaria | European Qualifiers 2024 | UEFA.com" . UEFA . Archived from the original on 22 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2024 . ^ "Most Bulgaria Caps - EU-Football.info" . eu-football.info . Archived from the original on 9 June 2022 . Retrieved 22 March 2024 . ^ Mamrud, Roberto. "Bulgaria - Record International Players" . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 1 December 2022 . Retrieved 23 October 2023 . ^ "World Football Elo Ratings: Bulgaria" . ^ "EU football H2H: Bulgaria" . ^ "FIFA-ranking yearly averages for Bulgaria" . FIFA.com. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020 . Retrieved 30 September 2020 . External links Official website (in Bulgarian) Bulgaria FIFA profile Bulgaria UEFA profile Bulgarian football – history, teams, stadiums, fan clubs (archived 4 February 2007) RSSSF archive of results 1924– RSSSF archive of most capped players and highest goalscorers Planet World Cup archive of results in the World Cup Planet World Cup archive of squads in the World Cup Planet World Cup archive of results in the World Cup qualifiers First Football League First Football League .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Bulgaria national football team v t e General Bulgarian Football Union History Head coaches Bulgarian Football Union History Head coaches Venues Vasil Levski National Stadium Vasil Levski National Stadium Statistics Ranking International head-to-head Honours Ranking International head-to-head Honours Results 1990–1999 2000–2019 2020–present 1990–1999 2000–2019 2020–present Players Players Records Born abroad Players Records Born abroad World Cup 1962 1966 1970 1974 1986 1994 1998 1962 1966 1970 1974 1986 1994 1998 Euro 1996 2004 1996 2004 Other BFU teams U21 U19 U17 Women U19 U17 Futsal Beach soccer U21 U19 U17 Women U19 U17 U19 U17 Futsal Beach soccer v t e Football in Bulgaria v t e League competitions Bulgarian Professional Football League First League Second League Third League (4 divisions) Regional Groups Bulgarian Women's League Bulgarian Professional Football League First League Second League First League Second League Third League (4 divisions) Regional Groups Bulgarian Women's League Cup competitions Bulgarian Cup Bulgarian Supercup Cup of AFL Bulgarian Women's Cup Bulgarian Cup Bulgarian Supercup Cup of AFL Bulgarian Women's Cup Defunct competitions State Championship (1924–1936, 1941–1945) Tsar's Cup (1924–44) National Football Division (1937–1940) Republic Championship (1945–1948) Cup of the Soviet Army (1983–90) BFU's Cup (1990–91) PFL's Cup (1994–97) Doubles Group (2008–2010) A Group (1948–2016) State Championship (1924–1936, 1941–1945) Tsar's Cup (1924–44) National Football Division (1937–1940) Republic Championship (1945–1948) Cup of the Soviet Army (1983–90) BFU's Cup (1990–91) PFL's Cup (1994–97) Doubles Group (2008–2010) A Group (1948–2016) National teams Men Women Olympic team (U-23) Under-21 Under-19 Under-18 Under-17 Men Women Olympic team (U-23) Under-21 Under-19 Under-18 Under-17 Regional Amateur Football Groups Blagoevgrad Burgas Dobrich Gabrovo Haskovo Kardzhali Kyustendil Lovech Montana Pazardzhik Pernik Pleven Plovdiv Razgrad Ruse Shumen Silistra Sliven Smolyan Sofia City Sofia (province) Stara Zagora Targovishte Varna Veliko Tarnovo Vidin Vratsa Yambol Blagoevgrad Burgas Dobrich Gabrovo Haskovo Kardzhali Kyustendil Lovech Montana Pazardzhik Pernik Pleven Plovdiv Razgrad Ruse Shumen Silistra Sliven Smolyan Sofia City Sofia (province) Stara Zagora Targovishte Varna Veliko Tarnovo Vidin Vratsa Yambol Lists Clubs Stadiums Foreign players National team results Clubs in European competitions Bulgarian club rivalries Clubs Stadiums Foreign players National team results Clubs in European competitions Bulgarian club rivalries Awards Footballers' Footballer of the Year Footballers' Footballer of the Year BFU PFL Honours won BFU PFL Honours won v t e National football teams of Europe ( UEFA ) v t e Active Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia East Germany Ireland (1882–1950) Saarland Soviet Union ( CIS ) Yugoslavia ( FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro ) Czechoslovakia East Germany Ireland (1882–1950) Saarland Soviet Union ( CIS ) Yugoslavia ( FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro ) v t e National sports teams of Bulgaria v t e Badminton Baseball Basketball M MU-20 MU-18 MU-16 M3x3 W WU-20 WU-18 WU-16 Beach handball Beach soccer Cricket M W Field Hockey M W Football M MU-21 MU-19 MU-18 MU-17 W WU-17 Futsal Goalball Handball M W Ice hockey M MU-20 MU-18 W WU-18 Korfball Rugby league Rugby union M W Softball W Speedway M Tennis M W X Volleyball M MU-21 MU-19 W WU-23 WU-21 WU-19 Water polo Badminton Baseball Basketball M MU-20 MU-18 MU-16 M3x3 W WU-20 WU-18 WU-16 M MU-20 MU-18 MU-16 M3x3 W WU-20 WU-18 WU-16 Beach handball Beach soccer Cricket M W M W Field Hockey M W M W Football M MU-21 MU-19 MU-18 MU-17 W WU-17 M MU-21 MU-19 MU-18 MU-17 W WU-17 Futsal Goalball Handball M W M W Ice hockey M MU-20 MU-18 W WU-18 M MU-20 MU-18 W WU-18 Korfball Rugby league Rugby union M W M W Softball W W Speedway M M Tennis M W X M W X Volleyball M MU-21 MU-19 W WU-23 WU-21 WU-19 M MU-21 MU-19 W WU-23 WU-21 WU-19 Water polo Olympics Paralympics European Games Olympics Paralympics European Games Bulgaria national football team Bulgaria men's national football teams Bulgarian Football Union national teams 1922 establishments in Bulgaria National sports teams established in 1922 CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from November 2025 Articles containing Bulgarian-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles with hCards Commons category link is on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with Bulgarian-language sources (bg) This page was last edited on 14 January 2026, at 16:33 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early years 2 Career Toggle Career subsection 2.1 Early career 2.2 Later career 2.3 Awards and nominations 2.1 Early career 2.2 Later career 2.3 Awards and nominations 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Work - acting and voice credits Toggle Work - acting and voice credits subsection 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Broadway theatre 5.4 Radio appearances 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Broadway theatre 5.4 Radio appearances 6 References 7 External links Rosalind Russell Afrikaans العربية Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Rosalind Russell Russell in 1955 Born Catherine Rosalind Russell [ 1 ] ( 1907-06-04 ) June 4, 1907 Waterbury, Connecticut , U.S. Died November 28, 1976 (1976-11-28) (aged 69) Beverly Hills, California , U.S. Resting place Holy Cross Cemetery Other names C.A. McKnight Alma mater .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Rosemont College Marymount College American Academy of Dramatic Arts Rosemont College Marymount College American Academy of Dramatic Arts Occupations .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Actress model comedian screenwriter singer Actress model comedian screenwriter singer Years active 1929–1972 Known for His Girl Friday Auntie Mame Sister Kenny Gypsy The Women A Majority of One His Girl Friday Auntie Mame Sister Kenny Gypsy The Women A Majority of One Political party Republican Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Frederick Brisson ( m. 1941) Children 1 Awards Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical Hollywood Walk of Fame Catherine Rosalind Russell (June 4, 1907 – November 28, 1976) was an American actress, model , comedian, screenwriter, and singer, [ 2 ] known for her role as fast-talking newspaper reporter Hildy Johnson in the Howard Hawks screwball comedy His Girl Friday (1940), opposite Cary Grant , as well as for her role of catty Sylvia Fowler in George Cukor 's The Women (1939), opposite Joan Crawford and Norma Shearer , and for her portrayals of Mame Dennis in the 1956 stage and 1958 film adaptations of Auntie Mame , and Rose in Gypsy (1962). A noted comedienne, [ 3 ] she received various accolades, including five Golden Globe Awards and a Tony Award , in addition to nominations for four Academy Awards and a BAFTA Award . Russell has been honored with a Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1973 and Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award in 1975. In addition to her comedic roles, Russell was known for playing dramatic characters, often wealthy, dignified, and stylish women. She was one of the few actresses of her time to portray women in professional roles such as judges, reporters, and psychiatrists. [ 4 ] Russell's career spanned from the 1930s to the 1970s and she attributed this longevity to the fact that, although she had many glamorous roles, she never became a sex symbol . [ 5 ] Early years Catherine Rosalind Russell was one of seven children born in Waterbury, Connecticut , to James Edward, a lawyer, [ 6 ] and Clara A. Russell (née McKnight), [ 7 ] a teacher. The Russells were an Irish-American, Catholic family. [ 8 ] She was named after a ship on which her parents had traveled. [ 8 ] Russell attended Catholic schools, including the women's-only Rosemont College in Rosemont, Pennsylvania, and Marymount College in Tarrytown, New York . She then attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City. Her parents thought Russell was studying to become a teacher and were unaware that she was planning to become an actress. [ 9 ] Upon graduation from the performing arts school, Russell acted in summer stock and joined a repertory company in Boston. Career Early career Russell began her career as a fashion model and was in many Broadway shows. Against parental objections, she took a job with a stock company for seven months at Saranac Lake, New York, and then Hartford, Connecticut. [ 9 ] Afterwards, she moved to Boston, where she acted for a year with a theater group run by Edward E. Clive . Later, she appeared in a revue in New York ( The Garrick Gaieties ). There, she took voice lessons and had a brief career in opera, which was cut short because she had difficulty reaching high notes. [ 9 ] In the early 1930s, Russell went to Los Angeles, where she was hired as a contract player for Universal Studios . When she first arrived on the lot, she was ignored by most of the crew and later told the press she felt terrible and humiliated at Universal, which affected her self-confidence. [ 10 ] Unhappy with Universal's leadership, and second-class studio status at the time, Russell set her sights on Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , and was able to get out of her Universal contract on her own terms. When MGM first approached her for a screen test, Russell was wary, remembering her experience at Universal. However, when she met MGM's Benny Thau and Ben Piazza, she was surprised; they were "the soul of understanding". [ 10 ] Her screen test was directed by Harold S. Bucquet , and she later recalled that she was hired because of a closeup he took of her. [ 10 ] Under contract to MGM, Russell debuted in Evelyn Prentice (1934). Although the role was small, she received good notices, with one critic saying that she was "convincing as the woman scorned". [ 11 ] She starred in many comedies such as Forsaking All Others (1934) and Four's a Crowd (1938), as well as dramas, including Craig's Wife (1936) (the second of three film adaptations of the play of the same name ; Joan Crawford starred in the third) and The Citadel (1938). Russell was acclaimed when she co-starred with Robert Young in the MGM drama West Point of the Air (1935). One critic wrote: "Rosalind Russell as the 'other woman' in the story gives an intelligent and deft handling to her scenes with Young." [ 12 ] She quickly rose to fame, and by 1935, was seen as a replacement for actress Myrna Loy , as she took many roles for which Loy was initially set. [ 13 ] In her first years in Hollywood, Russell was characterized, both in her personal life and film career, as a sophisticated "lady". This dissatisfied Russell, who said in a 1936 interview: Being typed as a lady is the greatest misfortune possible to a motion picture actress. It limits your characterizations, confines you to play feminine sops and menaces and the public never highly approves of either. An impeccably dressed lady is always viewed with suspicion in real life and when you strut onto the screen with beautiful clothes and charming manners, the most naive of theatergoers senses immediately that you are in a position to do the hero no good. I earnestly want to get away from this. First, because I want to improve my career and professional life and, secondly because I am tired of being a clothes horse – a sort of hothouse orchid in a stand of wild flowers. [ 14 ] Being typed as a lady is the greatest misfortune possible to a motion picture actress. It limits your characterizations, confines you to play feminine sops and menaces and the public never highly approves of either. An impeccably dressed lady is always viewed with suspicion in real life and when you strut onto the screen with beautiful clothes and charming manners, the most naive of theatergoers senses immediately that you are in a position to do the hero no good. I earnestly want to get away from this. First, because I want to improve my career and professional life and, secondly because I am tired of being a clothes horse – a sort of hothouse orchid in a stand of wild flowers. [ 14 ] Russell approached director Frank Lloyd for help changing her image, but instead, Lloyd cast her as a wealthy aristocrat in Under Two Flags (1936). [ 14 ] She was then cast as catty gossip Sylvia Fowler in the comedy The Women (1939), directed by George Cukor . The film was a major hit, boosting Russell's career and establishing her reputation as a comedienne. [ citation needed ] Russell continued to display her talent for comedy in the classic screwball comedy His Girl Friday (1940), directed by Howard Hawks . In the film, a reworking of Ben Hecht's story The Front Page , Russell plays quick-witted ace reporter Hildy Johnson, who is also the ex-wife of her newspaper editor Walter Burns ( Cary Grant ). Russell had been, as she put it, "Everyone's fifteenth choice" for the role of Hildy in the film. Before her being cast, Howard Hawks had asked Katharine Hepburn , Irene Dunne , Claudette Colbert , Jean Arthur , Margaret Sullavan , and Ginger Rogers if they would like to play the brash, fast-talking reporter in his film. All of them refused. [ 15 ] Russell found out about this while riding on a train to New York, when she read an article in The New York Times stating that she had been cast in the film and listing all the actresses who had turned down the part. [ citation needed ] Later career In the early 1940s, Russell starred in the rom-coms The Feminine Touch (1941) and Take a Letter, Darling (1942). In Alexander Hall 's comedy film My Sister Eileen (1942), she played older sister Ruth Sherwood. She received her first Academy Award nomination for My Sister Eileen . [ 16 ] She then starred in Sister Kenny (1946), portraying real-life Sister Elizabeth Kenny , an Australian bush nurse who fought to help polio victims. She won her first Golden Globe and received her second Academy Award nomination. In Mourning Becomes Electra (1947), she plays a young New Englander who exacts vengeance after the murder of her father. She won her second Golden Globe and got her third Academy Award nomination; she was highly favored to win, to the point that Russell actually began to rise from her seat just before the winner's name was called. However, it was Loretta Young , and not Russell, who was named Best Actress, for her performance in The Farmer's Daughter . [ 17 ] She followed up with the murder mystery The Velvet Touch (1948). Russell scored a big hit on Broadway with her Tony Award -winning performance in the musical Wonderful Town (1953), a musical version of her successful film of a decade earlier, My Sister Eileen . Russell reprised her starring role for a 1958 television special. [ citation needed ] Perhaps her most memorable performance was in the title role of the long-running stage comedy Auntie Mame (based on a Patrick Dennis novel) as well as the 1958 film version , in which she played an eccentric aunt whose orphaned nephew comes to live with her. When asked with which role she was most closely identified, she replied that strangers who spotted her still called out, "Hey, Auntie Mame!". For the film version, she won the Laurel Award for Top Female Comedy Performance and her third Golden Globe , and received her first BAFTA nomination and fourth Academy Award nomination. For the stage version, she received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play . Patrick Dennis dedicated his second Auntie Mame novel, Around the World with Auntie Mame , to "the one and only Rosalind Russell" in 1958. [ 18 ] She continued to appear in movies through the mid-1960s, including Picnic (1955), A Majority of One (1961), Five Finger Exercise (1962), Gypsy (1962; winning her fifth Golden Globe ), The Trouble with Angels (1966), and its sequel Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows (1968). Russell was the logical choice for reprising her role as Auntie Mame when the musical version Mame was set for a production on Broadway in 1966, but she declined for health reasons. [ citation needed ] In addition to her acting career, Russell (under the name C.A. McKnight) also wrote the story for the film The Unguarded Moment (1956), a story of sexual harassment starring Esther Williams . [ 19 ] Russell used the pen name C.A. McKnight again in 1971, when she was credited as screenwriter for adapting the novel The Unexpected Mrs. Pollifax into the screenplay for Mrs. Pollifax-Spy , in which she also starred. [ 20 ] It was Russell's last big screen role. Awards and nominations Award Year Category Work Result Academy Awards 1943 Best Actress My Sister Eileen Nominated 1947 Sister Kenny Nominated 1948 Mourning Becomes Electra Nominated 1959 Auntie Mame Nominated 1973 Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award — .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} N/a Honored BAFTA Awards 1960 Best Foreign Actress Auntie Mame Nominated Golden Globe Awards 1947 Best Actress Sister Kenny Won 1948 Mourning Becomes Electra Won 1959 Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Auntie Mame Won 1962 A Majority of One Won 1963 Gypsy Won Tony Awards 1953 Best Actress in a Musical Wonderful Town Won 1957 Best Actress in a Play Auntie Mame Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards 1975 Life Achievement Award — N/a Honored In 1972, Russell received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement . [ 21 ] She also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Russell is honored at the Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis. Her portrait and a description of her work hang in the lobby, as Congress made a grant in 1979 to establish the research center, in honor of her Congressional appointment to the National Commission on Arthritis. [ 22 ] Personal life On October 25, 1941, Russell married Danish-American producer Frederick Brisson (1912–1984), son of actor Carl Brisson . [ 23 ] Cary Grant was responsible for the couple having met and was the best man at Frederick and Rosalind's wedding. Brisson had been traveling from England to the United States by ship in 1939, and The Women was playing on an endless loop during the voyage. After hearing the audio for the film day after day while traveling, Brisson decided he had better sit down and watch the whole film. He became so enamored with Russell's performance as Sylvia Fowler that he turned to his friends and proclaimed: "I'm either gonna kill that girl, or I'm gonna marry her." [ 24 ] Brisson stayed with Cary Grant in his guest house while Grant was filming His Girl Friday . Upon hearing that Grant was making the movie with Russell, Brisson asked his friend if he could meet her. [ 24 ] Cary Grant then spent weeks greeting Russell each morning on set with the question "Have you met Freddie Brisson?" in an effort to pique the actress's curiosity. One night, when Russell opened her door to let Grant in before they went dancing, as they often did, she found him standing next to a stranger. Grant sheepishly explained that the odd fellow was Freddie Brisson, the man whom he had mentioned so often, and they set off for dinner, with Freddie in tow. Russell and Brisson were married for 35 years, until her death. They had one child in 1943, a son, Carl Lance Brisson. [ 1 ] [ 25 ] Russell was a registered Republican who supported Richard Nixon's 1960 presidential campaign . [ 26 ] Russell was a devout Catholic and a member of the Good Shepherd Parish and the Catholic Motion Picture Guild in Beverly Hills, California . [ 27 ] Death Russell died of breast cancer on November 28, 1976. [ 25 ] She was survived by her husband and her son. She is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. [ 28 ] Russell has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in the 1700 block of Vine Street. [ 29 ] Her autobiography Life Is a Banquet, written with Chris Chase , was published a year after her death. The foreword (written by her husband) states that Russell had a mental breakdown in 1943. She did not act in films in 1944. Details are scant, but the book indicates that health problems and the deaths of a sister and a brother were major factors leading to her breakdown. [ 30 ] Russell had rheumatoid arthritis, and an arthritis research center at the University of California, San Francisco bears her name. [ 31 ] In 2009, the documentary film Life Is a Banquet: The Life of Rosalind Russell , narrated by Kathleen Turner , was shown at film festivals across the U.S. and on some PBS stations. Work - acting and voice credits Film Year Title Role Notes 1934 Evelyn Prentice Mrs. Nancy Harrison The President Vanishes Sally Voorman Forsaking All Others Eleanor 1935 The Night Is Young Countess Zarika Rafay The Casino Murder Case Doris West Point of the Air Dare Marshall Reckless Jo China Seas Sybil Barclay Rendezvous Joel Carter 1936 It Had to Happen Beatrice Newnes Under Two Flags Lady Venetia Cunningham Trouble for Two Miss Vandeleur Craig's Wife Harriet Craig 1937 Night Must Fall Olivia Grayne Live, Love and Learn Julie Stoddard 1938 Man-Proof Elizabeth Kent Four's a Crowd Jean Christy The Citadel Christine Barlow 1939 Fast and Loose Garda Sloane The Women Sylvia Fowler 1940 His Girl Friday Hildy Johnson Hired Wife Kendal Browning No Time for Comedy Linda Esterbrook This Thing Called Love Ann Winters 1941 They Met in Bombay Anya Von Duren The Feminine Touch Julie Hathaway Design for Scandal Judge Cornelia C. Porter 1942 Take a Letter, Darling A.M. MacGregor My Sister Eileen Ruth Sherwood Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress 1943 Flight for Freedom Tonie Carter What a Woman! Carol Ainsley 1945 Roughly Speaking Louise Randall Pierson She Wouldn't Say Yes Dr. Susan A. Lane 1946 Sister Kenny Elizabeth Kenny Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress 1947 The Guilt of Janet Ames Janet Ames Mourning Becomes Electra Lavinia Mannon Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress 1948 The Velvet Touch Valerie Stanton 1949 Tell It to the Judge Marsha Meredith 1950 A Woman of Distinction Susan Manning Middlecott 1953 Never Wave at a WAC Jo McBain 1955 The Girl Rush Kim Halliday Picnic Miss Rosemary Sydney 1958 Auntie Mame Mame Dennis Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Laurel Award for Top Female Comedy Performance Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress Nominated - BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress 1961 A Majority of One Mrs. Bertha Jacoby Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy 1962 Five Finger Exercise Louise Harington Gypsy Rose Hovick Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Laurel Award for Top Female Musical Performance (5th place) 1966 The Trouble with Angels Mother Superior Laurel Award for Top Female Comedy Performance (4th place) 1967 Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad Madame Rosepettle Rosie! Rosie Lord 1968 Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows Mother Superior 1971 Mrs. Pollifax-Spy Mrs. Emily Pollifax Also screenwriter, credited as "C. A. McKnight" Last film role Television Year Title Role Notes 1951 Schlitz Playhouse of Stars Guest episode: Never Wave at a WAC 1953 What's My Line? Mystery Guest Air date: January 4, 1953 1955 The Loretta Young Show Guest Hostess episode: Week-End in Winnetka episode: Fear Me Not 1956 General Electric Theater Cynthia episode: The Night Goes On 1958 Wonderful Town Ruth Sherwood TV movie 1959 Startime Host episode: The Wonderful World of Entertainment 1972 The Crooked Hearts Laurita Dorsey TV movie Last appearance in any medium Broadway theatre Production Dates Title Role Genre Notes October 16, 1930 – October 1930 The Garrick Gaieties Performer Musical revue April 20, 1931 – April 1931 Company's Coming Miss Mallory Comedy February 25, 1953 – July 3, 1954 Wonderful Town Ruth Sherwood Musical Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical October 31, 1956 – June 28, 1958 Auntie Mame Auntie Mame Comedy Nominated - Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play Radio appearances Year Program Episode/Source 1939 Lux Radio Theatre Stage Door role of Terry [ 32 ] 1940 Screen Guild Players Ninotchka [ 33 ] 1941 Lux Radio Theatre Craig's Wife [ 32 ] 1951 Screen Directors Playhouse Take a Letter, Darling [ 34 ] 1952 Theatre Guild on the Air The Damask Cheek [ 35 ] References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Dick, Bernard F. (2009). Forever Mame: The Life of Rosalind Russell . Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1604731392 – via Google Books. ^ Obituary Variety , December 1, 1976, p. 79. ^ "Rosalind Russell: Biography" . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on July 22, 2011 . Retrieved March 12, 2015 . ^ Basinger, Jeanine (1993). A Woman's View: How Hollywood Spoke to Women, 1930–1960 (Reprinted. ed.). Hanover: Wesleyan University Press. p. 178. ISBN 0-8195-6291-2 . ^ "Rosalind Russell Dies, Fought 15-Year Battle", Reading Eagle , November 29, 1976, p. 34 ^ 1910 United States Federal Census ^ Rosalind Russell genealogy site Archived December 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ; accessed April 9, 2014. ^ a b Cozad, W. Lee (2006). More Magnificent Mountain Movies: The Silverscreen Years, 1940–2004 . Sunstroke Media. p. 145. ISBN 0-9723372-2-9 . ^ a b c "Show Girls Get Training in Colleges", Pittsburgh Press , December 3, 1930, p. 24 ^ a b c "Take the Stand, Rosalind Russell" by Ed Sullivan, Pittsburgh Press , July 14, 1939, p. 27 ^ "William Powell, Myrna Loy Score on Capitol Screen", The Salt Lake Tribune , November 19, 1934, p. 12 ^ "Amusements", The Daily Times: Rochester and Beaver , August 11, 1935, p. 9 ^ "For Your Amusement" by Miriam Bell, The Miami News , October 30, 1935, p. 11 ^ a b "Rosalind Russell Yearns To Be Socked on Her Chin", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , March 3, 1936, p. 16 ^ "His Girl Friday (1940)" . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on June 10, 2011 . Retrieved January 11, 2014 . ^ "Rosalind Russell - Awards" . IMDb . Retrieved October 9, 2024 . ^ "The Farmer's Daughter" . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on October 18, 2020 . Retrieved October 9, 2024 . ^ Passafiume, Andrea. "Pop Culture 101: Auntie Mame" . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on December 1, 2017 . Retrieved May 28, 2017 . ^ Stafford, Jeff. "The Unguarded Moment" . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on March 11, 2018 . Retrieved May 28, 2017 . ^ "Mrs. Pollifax – Spy (1971) – Leslie Martinson – Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related" . Allmovie. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement" . www.achievement.org . American Academy of Achievement . ^ "Hometowns to Hollywood" . Hometowns to Hollywood. July 2019. ^ "People". Life . November 10, 1941. p. 51. ISSN 0024-3019 . ^ a b Russell, Rosalind; Chase, Chris (1977). Life Is a Banquet . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-42134-6 . OCLC 3017310 . ^ a b Sarvady, Andrea; Miller, Frank (2006). Leading Ladies: The 50 Most Unforgettable Actresses of the Studio Era . Chronicle Books. p. 169. ISBN 0-8118-5248-2 . ^ Commerce, United States Congress Senate Committee on (July 5, 1961). "Freedom of Communications: The joint appearances of Senator John F. Kennedy and Vice President Richard M. Nixon and other 1960 campaign presentations" . U.S. Government Printing Office – via Google Books. ^ "Our History" . Church of the Good Shepherd . ^ Dick, Bernard F. (2006). Forever Mame: The Life of Rosalind Russell . Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 256. ISBN 1-57806-890-8 . ^ "Rosalind Russell" . Los Angeles Times . ^ Russell, Rosalind; Chase, Chris (1977). Life Is a Banquet . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-42134-6 . OCLC 3017310 . ^ "Russell/Engleman Research Center" . UCSF . ^ a b Russell, Rosalind . Radiogoldindex.com. Retrieved June 4, 2020. ^ "Those Were the Days". Nostalgia Digest . Vol. 37, no. 1. Winter 2011. p. 38. ^ "Radio's Golden Age". Nostalgia Digest . Vol. 40, no. 1. Winter 2014. pp. 40– 41. ^ Kirby, Walter (December 7, 1952). "Better Radio Programs for the Week" . The Decatur Daily Review . The Decatur Daily Review. p. 52 . Retrieved June 14, 2015 – via Newspapers.com . External links Rosalind Russell at the Internet Broadway Database Rosalind Russell at IMDb Rosalind Russell at the TCM Movie Database Rosalind Russell at Playbill Vault Forever Mame: The Life of Rosalind Russell by Bernard F. Dick Photographs and bibliography Frederick Brisson papers, 1934–1984 (includes Rosalind Russell papers) , held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Awards for Rosalind Russell .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame 1990s 1994 Mary Jobe Akeley Anni Albers Marian Anderson Beatrice Fox Auerbach Emma Fielding Baker Evelyn Longman Batchelder Catharine Beecher Jody Cohen Prudence Crandall Katharine Seymour Day Fidelia Fielding Charlotte Perkins Gilman Dorothy Goodwin Ella Grasso Estelle Griswold Mary Hall Alice Hamilton Katharine Hepburn Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn Isabella Beecher Hooker Emeline Roberts Jones Barbara B. Kennelly Clare Boothe Luce Rachel Taylor Milton Alice Paul Ellen Ash Peters Ann Petry Sarah Porter Theodate Pope Riddle Edna Negron Rosario Margaret Rudkin Susan Saint James Lydia Sigourney Virginia Thrall Smith Smiths of Glastonbury Hilda Crosby Standish Harriet Beecher Stowe Gladys Tantaquidgeon Betty Tianti Hannah Bunce Watson Chase G. Woodhouse 1995 Helen M. Feeney Caroline Hewins Donna Lopiano María Colón Sánchez 1996 Edythe J. Gaines Madeleine L'Engle Susanne Langer 1997 Elizabeth Hart Jarvis Colt Annie Dillard Margo Rose Laura Wheeler Waring 1998 Dorrit Hoffleit Constance Baker Motley Rosa Ponselle Lillian Vernon Mabel Osgood Wright 1999 Jane Hamilton-Merritt Sophie Tucker Ann Uccello Florence Wald 2000s 2000 Emily Barringer Adrianne Baughns-Wallace Mary Goodrich Jenson 2001 Laura Nyro Catherine Roraback Maria Miller Stewart 2002 Florence Griswold Eileen Kraus Miriam Therese Winter 2003 Dotha Bushnell Hillyer Clarice McLean 2005 Martha Coolidge Helen Frankenthaler Rosalind Russell 2006 Helen Keller Mary Townsend Seymour Anne Stanback 2007 Dorothy Hamill Joan Joyce Glenna Collett-Vare 2008 Jewel Plummer Cobb Patricia Goldman-Rakic Barbara McClintock Joan A. Steitz 2009 Martha Minerva Franklin Carolyn M. Mazure Helen L. Smits 2010s 2010 Anne M. Mulcahy Martha Parsons Maggie Wilderotter 2011 Isabelle M. Kelley Denise Nappier Patricia Wald 2012 Anne Garrels Annie Leibovitz Faith Middleton 2013 Rosa DeLauro Barbara Franklin Linda Lorimer Augusta Lewis Troup 2014 Beatrix Farrand Jennifer Lawton Marian Salzman 2015 Margaret Bourke-White Carolyn Miles Indra Nooyi 2016 Rebecca Lobo Jane Pauley Joyce Yerwood 2017 Kristen Griest Ruth A. Lucas Regina Rush-Kittle 2018 Lucia Chase Anika Noni Rose Tina Weymouth 2019 Marian Chertow Nell Newman Martha Langevin Elizabeth George Plouffe 2020s 2020 Josephine Bennett Frances Ellen Burr Catherine Flanagan Sarah Lee Brown Fleming Clara Hill (suffragist) Elsie Hill Helena Hill Emily Pierson 2021 Enola G. Aird Patricia Baker Donna Berman Khalilah L. Brown-Dean Glynda C. Carr Callie Gale Heilmann Jerimarie Liesegang Kica Matos Marilyn Ondrasik Pamela Selders Teresa C. Younger 2022 Cora Lee Bentley Radcliffe Jennifer Rizzotti Lhakpa Sherpa Suzy Whaley 2023 Lisa Cortés Laura Cruickshank Carla Squatrito Regina Winters-Toussaint 2024 Sara Bronin Melissa Bernstein Barbara Summers v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama 1943–1975 Jennifer Jones (1943) Ingrid Bergman (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Rosalind Russell (1946) Rosalind Russell (1947) Jane Wyman (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jane Wyman (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Elizabeth Taylor (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Geraldine Page (1962) Leslie Caron (1963) Anne Bancroft (1964) Samantha Eggar (1965) Anouk Aimée (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Geneviève Bujold (1969) Ali MacGraw (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Marsha Mason (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Louise Fletcher (1975) 1976–2000 Faye Dunaway (1976) Jane Fonda (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Mary Tyler Moore (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Sally Field (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Marlee Matlin (1986) Sally Kirkland (1987) Jodie Foster / Shirley MacLaine / Sigourney Weaver (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Sharon Stone (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) 2001–present Sissy Spacek (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Hilary Swank (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Sandra Bullock (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Glenn Close (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Andra Day (2020) Nicole Kidman (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Fernanda Torres (2024) Jessie Buckley (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy 1950–1975 Judy Holliday (1950) June Allyson (1951) Susan Hayward (1952) Ethel Merman (1953) Judy Garland (1954) Jean Simmons (1955) Deborah Kerr (1956) Kay Kendall / Taina Elg (1957) Rosalind Russell (1958) Marilyn Monroe (1959) Shirley MacLaine (1960) Rosalind Russell (1961) Rosalind Russell (1962) Shirley MacLaine (1963) Julie Andrews (1964) Julie Andrews (1965) Lynn Redgrave (1966) Anne Bancroft (1967) Barbra Streisand (1968) Patty Duke (1969) Carrie Snodgress (1970) Twiggy (1971) Liza Minnelli (1972) Glenda Jackson (1973) Raquel Welch (1974) Ann-Margret (1975) 1976–2000 Barbra Streisand (1976) Diane Keaton / Marsha Mason (1977) Ellen Burstyn / Maggie Smith (1978) Bette Midler (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Bernadette Peters (1981) Julie Andrews (1982) Julie Walters (1983) Kathleen Turner (1984) Kathleen Turner (1985) Sissy Spacek (1986) Cher (1987) Melanie Griffith (1988) Jessica Tandy (1989) Julia Roberts (1990) Bette Midler (1991) Miranda Richardson (1992) Angela Bassett (1993) Jamie Lee Curtis (1994) Nicole Kidman (1995) Madonna (1996) Helen Hunt (1997) Gwyneth Paltrow (1998) Janet McTeer (1999) Renée Zellweger (2000) 2001–present Nicole Kidman (2001) Renée Zellweger (2002) Diane Keaton (2003) Annette Bening (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Meryl Streep (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Meryl Streep (2009) Annette Bening (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Jennifer Lawrence (2012) Amy Adams (2013) Amy Adams (2014) Jennifer Lawrence (2015) Emma Stone (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Awkwafina (2019) Rosamund Pike (2020) Rachel Zegler (2021) Michelle Yeoh (2022) Emma Stone (2023) Demi Moore (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year 1951–1975 Gertrude Lawrence (1951) Barbara Bel Geddes (1952) Mamie Eisenhower (1953) Shirley Booth (1954) Debbie Reynolds (1955) Peggy Ann Garner (1956) Carroll Baker (1957) Katharine Hepburn (1958) Joanne Woodward (1959) Carol Lawrence (1960) Jane Fonda (1961) Piper Laurie (1962) Shirley MacLaine (1963) Rosalind Russell (1964) Lee Remick (1965) Ethel Merman (1966) Lauren Bacall (1967) Angela Lansbury (1968) Carol Burnett (1969) Dionne Warwick (1970) Carol Channing (1971) Ruby Keeler (1972) Liza Minnelli (1973) Faye Dunaway (1974) Valerie Harper (1975) 1976–2000 Bette Midler (1976) Elizabeth Taylor (1977) Beverly Sills (1978) Candice Bergen (1979) Meryl Streep (1980) Mary Tyler Moore (1981) Ella Fitzgerald (1982) Julie Andrews (1983) Joan Rivers (1984) Cher (1985) Sally Field (1986) Bernadette Peters (1987) Lucille Ball (1988) Kathleen Turner (1989) Glenn Close (1990) Diane Keaton (1991) Jodie Foster (1992) Whoopi Goldberg (1993) Meg Ryan (1994) Michelle Pfeiffer (1995) Susan Sarandon (1996) Julia Roberts (1997) Sigourney Weaver (1998) Goldie Hawn (1999) Jamie Lee Curtis (2000) 2001–present Drew Barrymore (2001) Sarah Jessica Parker (2002) Anjelica Huston (2003) Sandra Bullock (2004) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2005) Halle Berry (2006) Scarlett Johansson (2007) Charlize Theron (2008) Renée Zellweger (2009) Anne Hathaway (2010) Julianne Moore (2011) Claire Danes (2012) Marion Cotillard (2013) Helen Mirren (2014) Amy Poehler (2015) Kerry Washington (2016) Octavia Spencer (2017) Mila Kunis (2018) Bryce Dallas Howard (2019) Elizabeth Banks (2020) Viola Davis (2021) Jennifer Garner (2022) Jennifer Coolidge (2023) Annette Bening (2024) Cynthia Erivo (2025) v t e Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award 1956–2009 Y. Frank Freeman (1956) Samuel Goldwyn (1957) Bob Hope (1959) Sol Lesser (1960) George Seaton (1961) Steve Broidy (1962) Edmond L. DePatie (1965) George Bagnall (1966) Gregory Peck (1967) Martha Raye (1968) George Jessel (1969) Frank Sinatra (1970) Rosalind Russell (1972) Lew Wasserman (1973) Arthur B. Krim (1974) Jules C. Stein (1975) Charlton Heston (1977) Leo Jaffe (1978) Robert Benjamin (1979) Danny Kaye (1981) Walter Mirisch (1982) M. J. Frankovich (1983) David L. Wolper (1984) Charles "Buddy" Rogers (1985) Howard W. Koch (1989) Audrey Hepburn / Elizabeth Taylor (1992) Paul Newman (1993) Quincy Jones (1994) Arthur Hiller (2001) Roger Mayer (2005) Sherry Lansing (2007) Jerry Lewis (2009) 2011–present Oprah Winfrey (2011) Jeffrey Katzenberg (2012) Angelina Jolie (2013) Harry Belafonte (2014) Debbie Reynolds (2015) Geena Davis (2019) Tyler Perry / Motion Picture & Television Fund (2020) Danny Glover (2021) Michael J. Fox (2022) Michelle Satter (2023) Richard Curtis (2024) Dolly Parton (2025) v t e Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award Eddie Cantor (1962) Stan Laurel (1963) No Award (1964) Bob Hope (1965) Barbara Stanwyck (1966) William Gargan (1967) James Stewart (1968) Edward G. Robinson (1969) Gregory Peck (1970) Charlton Heston (1971) Frank Sinatra (1972) Martha Raye (1973) Walter Pidgeon (1974) Rosalind Russell (1975) Pearl Bailey (1976) James Cagney (1977) Edgar Bergen (1978) Katharine Hepburn (1979) Leon Ames (1980) No Award (1981) Danny Kaye (1982) Ralph Bellamy (1983) Iggie Wolfington (1984) Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward (1985) Nanette Fabray (1986) Red Skelton (1987) Gene Kelly (1988) Jack Lemmon (1989) Brock Peters (1990) Burt Lancaster (1991) Audrey Hepburn (1992) Ricardo Montalbán (1993) George Burns (1994) Robert Redford (1995) Angela Lansbury (1996) Elizabeth Taylor (1997) Kirk Douglas (1998) Sidney Poitier (1999) Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee (2000) Ed Asner (2001) Clint Eastwood (2002) Karl Malden (2003) James Garner (2004) Shirley Temple (2005) Julie Andrews (2006) Charles Durning (2007) James Earl Jones (2008) Betty White (2009) Ernest Borgnine (2010) Mary Tyler Moore (2011) Dick Van Dyke (2012) Rita Moreno (2013) Debbie Reynolds (2014) Carol Burnett (2015) Lily Tomlin (2016) Morgan Freeman (2017) Alan Alda (2018) Robert De Niro (2019) No Award (2020) Helen Mirren (2021) Sally Field (2022) Barbra Streisand (2023) Jane Fonda (2024) Harrison Ford (2025) v t e Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical 1948–1975 Grace Hartman (1948) Nanette Fabray (1949) Mary Martin (1950) Ethel Merman (1951) Gertrude Lawrence (1952) Rosalind Russell (1953) Dolores Gray (1954) Mary Martin (1955) Gwen Verdon (1956) Judy Holliday (1957) Thelma Ritter / Gwen Verdon (1958) Gwen Verdon (1959) Mary Martin (1960) Elizabeth Seal (1961) Anna Maria Alberghetti / Diahann Carroll (1962) Vivien Leigh (1963) Carol Channing (1964) Liza Minnelli (1965) Angela Lansbury (1966) Barbara Harris (1967) Patricia Routledge / Leslie Uggams (1968) Angela Lansbury (1969) Lauren Bacall (1970) Helen Gallagher (1971) Alexis Smith (1972) Glynis Johns (1973) Virginia Capers (1974) Angela Lansbury (1975) 1976–2000 Donna McKechnie (1976) Dorothy Loudon (1977) Liza Minnelli (1978) Angela Lansbury (1979) Patti LuPone (1980) Lauren Bacall (1981) Jennifer Holliday (1982) Natalia Makarova (1983) Chita Rivera (1984) No Award (1985) Bernadette Peters (1986) Maryann Plunkett (1987) Joanna Gleason (1988) Ruth Brown (1989) Tyne Daly (1990) Lea Salonga (1991) Faith Prince (1992) Chita Rivera (1993) Donna Murphy (1994) Glenn Close (1995) Donna Murphy (1996) Bebe Neuwirth (1997) Natasha Richardson (1998) Bernadette Peters (1999) Heather Headley (2000) 2001–present Christine Ebersole (2001) Sutton Foster (2002) Marissa Jaret Winokur (2003) Idina Menzel (2004) Victoria Clark (2005) LaChanze (2006) Christine Ebersole (2007) Patti LuPone (2008) Alice Ripley (2009) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2010) Sutton Foster (2011) Audra McDonald (2012) Patina Miller (2013) Jessie Mueller (2014) Kelli O'Hara (2015) Cynthia Erivo (2016) Bette Midler (2017) Katrina Lenk (2018) Stephanie J. Block (2019) Adrienne Warren (2020/21) Joaquina Kalukango (2022) Victoria Clark (2023) Maleah Joi Moon (2024) Nicole Scherzinger (2025) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame v t e 1990s 1994 Mary Jobe Akeley Anni Albers Marian Anderson Beatrice Fox Auerbach Emma Fielding Baker Evelyn Longman Batchelder Catharine Beecher Jody Cohen Prudence Crandall Katharine Seymour Day Fidelia Fielding Charlotte Perkins Gilman Dorothy Goodwin Ella Grasso Estelle Griswold Mary Hall Alice Hamilton Katharine Hepburn Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn Isabella Beecher Hooker Emeline Roberts Jones Barbara B. Kennelly Clare Boothe Luce Rachel Taylor Milton Alice Paul Ellen Ash Peters Ann Petry Sarah Porter Theodate Pope Riddle Edna Negron Rosario Margaret Rudkin Susan Saint James Lydia Sigourney Virginia Thrall Smith Smiths of Glastonbury Hilda Crosby Standish Harriet Beecher Stowe Gladys Tantaquidgeon Betty Tianti Hannah Bunce Watson Chase G. Woodhouse 1995 Helen M. Feeney Caroline Hewins Donna Lopiano María Colón Sánchez 1996 Edythe J. Gaines Madeleine L'Engle Susanne Langer 1997 Elizabeth Hart Jarvis Colt Annie Dillard Margo Rose Laura Wheeler Waring 1998 Dorrit Hoffleit Constance Baker Motley Rosa Ponselle Lillian Vernon Mabel Osgood Wright 1999 Jane Hamilton-Merritt Sophie Tucker Ann Uccello Florence Wald 1990s 1994 Mary Jobe Akeley Anni Albers Marian Anderson Beatrice Fox Auerbach Emma Fielding Baker Evelyn Longman Batchelder Catharine Beecher Jody Cohen Prudence Crandall Katharine Seymour Day Fidelia Fielding Charlotte Perkins Gilman Dorothy Goodwin Ella Grasso Estelle Griswold Mary Hall Alice Hamilton Katharine Hepburn Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn Isabella Beecher Hooker Emeline Roberts Jones Barbara B. Kennelly Clare Boothe Luce Rachel Taylor Milton Alice Paul Ellen Ash Peters Ann Petry Sarah Porter Theodate Pope Riddle Edna Negron Rosario Margaret Rudkin Susan Saint James Lydia Sigourney Virginia Thrall Smith Smiths of Glastonbury Hilda Crosby Standish Harriet Beecher Stowe Gladys Tantaquidgeon Betty Tianti Hannah Bunce Watson Chase G. Woodhouse 1995 Helen M. Feeney Caroline Hewins Donna Lopiano María Colón Sánchez 1996 Edythe J. Gaines Madeleine L'Engle Susanne Langer 1997 Elizabeth Hart Jarvis Colt Annie Dillard Margo Rose Laura Wheeler Waring 1998 Dorrit Hoffleit Constance Baker Motley Rosa Ponselle Lillian Vernon Mabel Osgood Wright 1999 Jane Hamilton-Merritt Sophie Tucker Ann Uccello Florence Wald 1994 Mary Jobe Akeley Anni Albers Marian Anderson Beatrice Fox Auerbach Emma Fielding Baker Evelyn Longman Batchelder Catharine Beecher Jody Cohen Prudence Crandall Katharine Seymour Day Fidelia Fielding Charlotte Perkins Gilman Dorothy Goodwin Ella Grasso Estelle Griswold Mary Hall Alice Hamilton Katharine Hepburn Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn Isabella Beecher Hooker Emeline Roberts Jones Barbara B. Kennelly Clare Boothe Luce Rachel Taylor Milton Alice Paul Ellen Ash Peters Ann Petry Sarah Porter Theodate Pope Riddle Edna Negron Rosario Margaret Rudkin Susan Saint James Lydia Sigourney Virginia Thrall Smith Smiths of Glastonbury Hilda Crosby Standish Harriet Beecher Stowe Gladys Tantaquidgeon Betty Tianti Hannah Bunce Watson Chase G. Woodhouse Mary Jobe Akeley Anni Albers Marian Anderson Beatrice Fox Auerbach Emma Fielding Baker Evelyn Longman Batchelder Catharine Beecher Jody Cohen Prudence Crandall Katharine Seymour Day Fidelia Fielding Charlotte Perkins Gilman Dorothy Goodwin Ella Grasso Estelle Griswold Mary Hall Alice Hamilton Katharine Hepburn Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn Isabella Beecher Hooker Emeline Roberts Jones Barbara B. Kennelly Clare Boothe Luce Rachel Taylor Milton Alice Paul Ellen Ash Peters Ann Petry Sarah Porter Theodate Pope Riddle Edna Negron Rosario Margaret Rudkin Susan Saint James Lydia Sigourney Virginia Thrall Smith Smiths of Glastonbury Hilda Crosby Standish Harriet Beecher Stowe Gladys Tantaquidgeon Betty Tianti Hannah Bunce Watson Chase G. Woodhouse 1995 Helen M. Feeney Caroline Hewins Donna Lopiano María Colón Sánchez Helen M. Feeney Caroline Hewins Donna Lopiano María Colón Sánchez 1996 Edythe J. Gaines Madeleine L'Engle Susanne Langer Edythe J. Gaines Madeleine L'Engle Susanne Langer 1997 Elizabeth Hart Jarvis Colt Annie Dillard Margo Rose Laura Wheeler Waring Elizabeth Hart Jarvis Colt Annie Dillard Margo Rose Laura Wheeler Waring 1998 Dorrit Hoffleit Constance Baker Motley Rosa Ponselle Lillian Vernon Mabel Osgood Wright Dorrit Hoffleit Constance Baker Motley Rosa Ponselle Lillian Vernon Mabel Osgood Wright 1999 Jane Hamilton-Merritt Sophie Tucker Ann Uccello Florence Wald Jane Hamilton-Merritt Sophie Tucker Ann Uccello Florence Wald 2000s 2000 Emily Barringer Adrianne Baughns-Wallace Mary Goodrich Jenson 2001 Laura Nyro Catherine Roraback Maria Miller Stewart 2002 Florence Griswold Eileen Kraus Miriam Therese Winter 2003 Dotha Bushnell Hillyer Clarice McLean 2005 Martha Coolidge Helen Frankenthaler Rosalind Russell 2006 Helen Keller Mary Townsend Seymour Anne Stanback 2007 Dorothy Hamill Joan Joyce Glenna Collett-Vare 2008 Jewel Plummer Cobb Patricia Goldman-Rakic Barbara McClintock Joan A. Steitz 2009 Martha Minerva Franklin Carolyn M. Mazure Helen L. Smits 2000s 2000 Emily Barringer Adrianne Baughns-Wallace Mary Goodrich Jenson 2001 Laura Nyro Catherine Roraback Maria Miller Stewart 2002 Florence Griswold Eileen Kraus Miriam Therese Winter 2003 Dotha Bushnell Hillyer Clarice McLean 2005 Martha Coolidge Helen Frankenthaler Rosalind Russell 2006 Helen Keller Mary Townsend Seymour Anne Stanback 2007 Dorothy Hamill Joan Joyce Glenna Collett-Vare 2008 Jewel Plummer Cobb Patricia Goldman-Rakic Barbara McClintock Joan A. Steitz 2009 Martha Minerva Franklin Carolyn M. Mazure Helen L. Smits 2000 Emily Barringer Adrianne Baughns-Wallace Mary Goodrich Jenson Emily Barringer Adrianne Baughns-Wallace Mary Goodrich Jenson 2001 Laura Nyro Catherine Roraback Maria Miller Stewart Laura Nyro Catherine Roraback Maria Miller Stewart 2002 Florence Griswold Eileen Kraus Miriam Therese Winter Florence Griswold Eileen Kraus Miriam Therese Winter 2003 Dotha Bushnell Hillyer Clarice McLean Dotha Bushnell Hillyer Clarice McLean 2005 Martha Coolidge Helen Frankenthaler Rosalind Russell Martha Coolidge Helen Frankenthaler Rosalind Russell 2006 Helen Keller Mary Townsend Seymour Anne Stanback Helen Keller Mary Townsend Seymour Anne Stanback 2007 Dorothy Hamill Joan Joyce Glenna Collett-Vare Dorothy Hamill Joan Joyce Glenna Collett-Vare 2008 Jewel Plummer Cobb Patricia Goldman-Rakic Barbara McClintock Joan A. Steitz Jewel Plummer Cobb Patricia Goldman-Rakic Barbara McClintock Joan A. Steitz 2009 Martha Minerva Franklin Carolyn M. Mazure Helen L. Smits Martha Minerva Franklin Carolyn M. Mazure Helen L. Smits 2010s 2010 Anne M. Mulcahy Martha Parsons Maggie Wilderotter 2011 Isabelle M. Kelley Denise Nappier Patricia Wald 2012 Anne Garrels Annie Leibovitz Faith Middleton 2013 Rosa DeLauro Barbara Franklin Linda Lorimer Augusta Lewis Troup 2014 Beatrix Farrand Jennifer Lawton Marian Salzman 2015 Margaret Bourke-White Carolyn Miles Indra Nooyi 2016 Rebecca Lobo Jane Pauley Joyce Yerwood 2017 Kristen Griest Ruth A. Lucas Regina Rush-Kittle 2018 Lucia Chase Anika Noni Rose Tina Weymouth 2019 Marian Chertow Nell Newman Martha Langevin Elizabeth George Plouffe 2010s 2010 Anne M. Mulcahy Martha Parsons Maggie Wilderotter 2011 Isabelle M. Kelley Denise Nappier Patricia Wald 2012 Anne Garrels Annie Leibovitz Faith Middleton 2013 Rosa DeLauro Barbara Franklin Linda Lorimer Augusta Lewis Troup 2014 Beatrix Farrand Jennifer Lawton Marian Salzman 2015 Margaret Bourke-White Carolyn Miles Indra Nooyi 2016 Rebecca Lobo Jane Pauley Joyce Yerwood 2017 Kristen Griest Ruth A. Lucas Regina Rush-Kittle 2018 Lucia Chase Anika Noni Rose Tina Weymouth 2019 Marian Chertow Nell Newman Martha Langevin Elizabeth George Plouffe 2010 Anne M. Mulcahy Martha Parsons Maggie Wilderotter Anne M. Mulcahy Martha Parsons Maggie Wilderotter 2011 Isabelle M. Kelley Denise Nappier Patricia Wald Isabelle M. Kelley Denise Nappier Patricia Wald 2012 Anne Garrels Annie Leibovitz Faith Middleton Anne Garrels Annie Leibovitz Faith Middleton 2013 Rosa DeLauro Barbara Franklin Linda Lorimer Augusta Lewis Troup Rosa DeLauro Barbara Franklin Linda Lorimer Augusta Lewis Troup 2014 Beatrix Farrand Jennifer Lawton Marian Salzman Beatrix Farrand Jennifer Lawton Marian Salzman 2015 Margaret Bourke-White Carolyn Miles Indra Nooyi Margaret Bourke-White Carolyn Miles Indra Nooyi 2016 Rebecca Lobo Jane Pauley Joyce Yerwood Rebecca Lobo Jane Pauley Joyce Yerwood 2017 Kristen Griest Ruth A. Lucas Regina Rush-Kittle Kristen Griest Ruth A. Lucas Regina Rush-Kittle 2018 Lucia Chase Anika Noni Rose Tina Weymouth Lucia Chase Anika Noni Rose Tina Weymouth 2019 Marian Chertow Nell Newman Martha Langevin Elizabeth George Plouffe Marian Chertow Nell Newman Martha Langevin Elizabeth George Plouffe 2020s 2020 Josephine Bennett Frances Ellen Burr Catherine Flanagan Sarah Lee Brown Fleming Clara Hill (suffragist) Elsie Hill Helena Hill Emily Pierson 2021 Enola G. Aird Patricia Baker Donna Berman Khalilah L. Brown-Dean Glynda C. Carr Callie Gale Heilmann Jerimarie Liesegang Kica Matos Marilyn Ondrasik Pamela Selders Teresa C. Younger 2022 Cora Lee Bentley Radcliffe Jennifer Rizzotti Lhakpa Sherpa Suzy Whaley 2023 Lisa Cortés Laura Cruickshank Carla Squatrito Regina Winters-Toussaint 2024 Sara Bronin Melissa Bernstein Barbara Summers 2020s 2020 Josephine Bennett Frances Ellen Burr Catherine Flanagan Sarah Lee Brown Fleming Clara Hill (suffragist) Elsie Hill Helena Hill Emily Pierson 2021 Enola G. Aird Patricia Baker Donna Berman Khalilah L. Brown-Dean Glynda C. Carr Callie Gale Heilmann Jerimarie Liesegang Kica Matos Marilyn Ondrasik Pamela Selders Teresa C. Younger 2022 Cora Lee Bentley Radcliffe Jennifer Rizzotti Lhakpa Sherpa Suzy Whaley 2023 Lisa Cortés Laura Cruickshank Carla Squatrito Regina Winters-Toussaint 2024 Sara Bronin Melissa Bernstein Barbara Summers 2020 Josephine Bennett Frances Ellen Burr Catherine Flanagan Sarah Lee Brown Fleming Clara Hill (suffragist) Elsie Hill Helena Hill Emily Pierson Josephine Bennett Frances Ellen Burr Catherine Flanagan Sarah Lee Brown Fleming Clara Hill (suffragist) Elsie Hill Helena Hill Emily Pierson 2021 Enola G. Aird Patricia Baker Donna Berman Khalilah L. Brown-Dean Glynda C. Carr Callie Gale Heilmann Jerimarie Liesegang Kica Matos Marilyn Ondrasik Pamela Selders Teresa C. Younger Enola G. Aird Patricia Baker Donna Berman Khalilah L. Brown-Dean Glynda C. Carr Callie Gale Heilmann Jerimarie Liesegang Kica Matos Marilyn Ondrasik Pamela Selders Teresa C. Younger 2022 Cora Lee Bentley Radcliffe Jennifer Rizzotti Lhakpa Sherpa Suzy Whaley Cora Lee Bentley Radcliffe Jennifer Rizzotti Lhakpa Sherpa Suzy Whaley 2023 Lisa Cortés Laura Cruickshank Carla Squatrito Regina Winters-Toussaint Lisa Cortés Laura Cruickshank Carla Squatrito Regina Winters-Toussaint 2024 Sara Bronin Melissa Bernstein Barbara Summers Sara Bronin Melissa Bernstein Barbara Summers v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama v t e 1943–1975 Jennifer Jones (1943) Ingrid Bergman (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Rosalind Russell (1946) Rosalind Russell (1947) Jane Wyman (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jane Wyman (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Elizabeth Taylor (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Geraldine Page (1962) Leslie Caron (1963) Anne Bancroft (1964) Samantha Eggar (1965) Anouk Aimée (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Geneviève Bujold (1969) Ali MacGraw (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Marsha Mason (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Louise Fletcher (1975) Jennifer Jones (1943) Ingrid Bergman (1944) Ingrid Bergman (1945) Rosalind Russell (1946) Rosalind Russell (1947) Jane Wyman (1948) Olivia de Havilland (1949) Gloria Swanson (1950) Jane Wyman (1951) Shirley Booth (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Grace Kelly (1954) Anna Magnani (1955) Ingrid Bergman (1956) Joanne Woodward (1957) Susan Hayward (1958) Elizabeth Taylor (1959) Greer Garson (1960) Geraldine Page (1961) Geraldine Page (1962) Leslie Caron (1963) Anne Bancroft (1964) Samantha Eggar (1965) Anouk Aimée (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Joanne Woodward (1968) Geneviève Bujold (1969) Ali MacGraw (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Liv Ullmann (1972) Marsha Mason (1973) Gena Rowlands (1974) Louise Fletcher (1975) 1976–2000 Faye Dunaway (1976) Jane Fonda (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Mary Tyler Moore (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Sally Field (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Marlee Matlin (1986) Sally Kirkland (1987) Jodie Foster / Shirley MacLaine / Sigourney Weaver (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Sharon Stone (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Faye Dunaway (1976) Jane Fonda (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Sally Field (1979) Mary Tyler Moore (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Shirley MacLaine (1983) Sally Field (1984) Whoopi Goldberg (1985) Marlee Matlin (1986) Sally Kirkland (1987) Jodie Foster / Shirley MacLaine / Sigourney Weaver (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Kathy Bates (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jessica Lange (1994) Sharon Stone (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) 2001–present Sissy Spacek (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Hilary Swank (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Sandra Bullock (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Glenn Close (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Andra Day (2020) Nicole Kidman (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Fernanda Torres (2024) Jessie Buckley (2025) Sissy Spacek (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Hilary Swank (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Sandra Bullock (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Jessica Chastain (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Glenn Close (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Andra Day (2020) Nicole Kidman (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Fernanda Torres (2024) Jessie Buckley (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy v t e 1950–1975 Judy Holliday (1950) June Allyson (1951) Susan Hayward (1952) Ethel Merman (1953) Judy Garland (1954) Jean Simmons (1955) Deborah Kerr (1956) Kay Kendall / Taina Elg (1957) Rosalind Russell (1958) Marilyn Monroe (1959) Shirley MacLaine (1960) Rosalind Russell (1961) Rosalind Russell (1962) Shirley MacLaine (1963) Julie Andrews (1964) Julie Andrews (1965) Lynn Redgrave (1966) Anne Bancroft (1967) Barbra Streisand (1968) Patty Duke (1969) Carrie Snodgress (1970) Twiggy (1971) Liza Minnelli (1972) Glenda Jackson (1973) Raquel Welch (1974) Ann-Margret (1975) Judy Holliday (1950) June Allyson (1951) Susan Hayward (1952) Ethel Merman (1953) Judy Garland (1954) Jean Simmons (1955) Deborah Kerr (1956) Kay Kendall / Taina Elg (1957) Rosalind Russell (1958) Marilyn Monroe (1959) Shirley MacLaine (1960) Rosalind Russell (1961) Rosalind Russell (1962) Shirley MacLaine (1963) Julie Andrews (1964) Julie Andrews (1965) Lynn Redgrave (1966) Anne Bancroft (1967) Barbra Streisand (1968) Patty Duke (1969) Carrie Snodgress (1970) Twiggy (1971) Liza Minnelli (1972) Glenda Jackson (1973) Raquel Welch (1974) Ann-Margret (1975) 1976–2000 Barbra Streisand (1976) Diane Keaton / Marsha Mason (1977) Ellen Burstyn / Maggie Smith (1978) Bette Midler (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Bernadette Peters (1981) Julie Andrews (1982) Julie Walters (1983) Kathleen Turner (1984) Kathleen Turner (1985) Sissy Spacek (1986) Cher (1987) Melanie Griffith (1988) Jessica Tandy (1989) Julia Roberts (1990) Bette Midler (1991) Miranda Richardson (1992) Angela Bassett (1993) Jamie Lee Curtis (1994) Nicole Kidman (1995) Madonna (1996) Helen Hunt (1997) Gwyneth Paltrow (1998) Janet McTeer (1999) Renée Zellweger (2000) Barbra Streisand (1976) Diane Keaton / Marsha Mason (1977) Ellen Burstyn / Maggie Smith (1978) Bette Midler (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Bernadette Peters (1981) Julie Andrews (1982) Julie Walters (1983) Kathleen Turner (1984) Kathleen Turner (1985) Sissy Spacek (1986) Cher (1987) Melanie Griffith (1988) Jessica Tandy (1989) Julia Roberts (1990) Bette Midler (1991) Miranda Richardson (1992) Angela Bassett (1993) Jamie Lee Curtis (1994) Nicole Kidman (1995) Madonna (1996) Helen Hunt (1997) Gwyneth Paltrow (1998) Janet McTeer (1999) Renée Zellweger (2000) 2001–present Nicole Kidman (2001) Renée Zellweger (2002) Diane Keaton (2003) Annette Bening (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Meryl Streep (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Meryl Streep (2009) Annette Bening (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Jennifer Lawrence (2012) Amy Adams (2013) Amy Adams (2014) Jennifer Lawrence (2015) Emma Stone (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Awkwafina (2019) Rosamund Pike (2020) Rachel Zegler (2021) Michelle Yeoh (2022) Emma Stone (2023) Demi Moore (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) Nicole Kidman (2001) Renée Zellweger (2002) Diane Keaton (2003) Annette Bening (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Meryl Streep (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Meryl Streep (2009) Annette Bening (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Jennifer Lawrence (2012) Amy Adams (2013) Amy Adams (2014) Jennifer Lawrence (2015) Emma Stone (2016) Saoirse Ronan (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Awkwafina (2019) Rosamund Pike (2020) Rachel Zegler (2021) Michelle Yeoh (2022) Emma Stone (2023) Demi Moore (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year v t e 1951–1975 Gertrude Lawrence (1951) Barbara Bel Geddes (1952) Mamie Eisenhower (1953) Shirley Booth (1954) Debbie Reynolds (1955) Peggy Ann Garner (1956) Carroll Baker (1957) Katharine Hepburn (1958) Joanne Woodward (1959) Carol Lawrence (1960) Jane Fonda (1961) Piper Laurie (1962) Shirley MacLaine (1963) Rosalind Russell (1964) Lee Remick (1965) Ethel Merman (1966) Lauren Bacall (1967) Angela Lansbury (1968) Carol Burnett (1969) Dionne Warwick (1970) Carol Channing (1971) Ruby Keeler (1972) Liza Minnelli (1973) Faye Dunaway (1974) Valerie Harper (1975) Gertrude Lawrence (1951) Barbara Bel Geddes (1952) Mamie Eisenhower (1953) Shirley Booth (1954) Debbie Reynolds (1955) Peggy Ann Garner (1956) Carroll Baker (1957) Katharine Hepburn (1958) Joanne Woodward (1959) Carol Lawrence (1960) Jane Fonda (1961) Piper Laurie (1962) Shirley MacLaine (1963) Rosalind Russell (1964) Lee Remick (1965) Ethel Merman (1966) Lauren Bacall (1967) Angela Lansbury (1968) Carol Burnett (1969) Dionne Warwick (1970) Carol Channing (1971) Ruby Keeler (1972) Liza Minnelli (1973) Faye Dunaway (1974) Valerie Harper (1975) 1976–2000 Bette Midler (1976) Elizabeth Taylor (1977) Beverly Sills (1978) Candice Bergen (1979) Meryl Streep (1980) Mary Tyler Moore (1981) Ella Fitzgerald (1982) Julie Andrews (1983) Joan Rivers (1984) Cher (1985) Sally Field (1986) Bernadette Peters (1987) Lucille Ball (1988) Kathleen Turner (1989) Glenn Close (1990) Diane Keaton (1991) Jodie Foster (1992) Whoopi Goldberg (1993) Meg Ryan (1994) Michelle Pfeiffer (1995) Susan Sarandon (1996) Julia Roberts (1997) Sigourney Weaver (1998) Goldie Hawn (1999) Jamie Lee Curtis (2000) Bette Midler (1976) Elizabeth Taylor (1977) Beverly Sills (1978) Candice Bergen (1979) Meryl Streep (1980) Mary Tyler Moore (1981) Ella Fitzgerald (1982) Julie Andrews (1983) Joan Rivers (1984) Cher (1985) Sally Field (1986) Bernadette Peters (1987) Lucille Ball (1988) Kathleen Turner (1989) Glenn Close (1990) Diane Keaton (1991) Jodie Foster (1992) Whoopi Goldberg (1993) Meg Ryan (1994) Michelle Pfeiffer (1995) Susan Sarandon (1996) Julia Roberts (1997) Sigourney Weaver (1998) Goldie Hawn (1999) Jamie Lee Curtis (2000) 2001–present Drew Barrymore (2001) Sarah Jessica Parker (2002) Anjelica Huston (2003) Sandra Bullock (2004) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2005) Halle Berry (2006) Scarlett Johansson (2007) Charlize Theron (2008) Renée Zellweger (2009) Anne Hathaway (2010) Julianne Moore (2011) Claire Danes (2012) Marion Cotillard (2013) Helen Mirren (2014) Amy Poehler (2015) Kerry Washington (2016) Octavia Spencer (2017) Mila Kunis (2018) Bryce Dallas Howard (2019) Elizabeth Banks (2020) Viola Davis (2021) Jennifer Garner (2022) Jennifer Coolidge (2023) Annette Bening (2024) Cynthia Erivo (2025) Drew Barrymore (2001) Sarah Jessica Parker (2002) Anjelica Huston (2003) Sandra Bullock (2004) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2005) Halle Berry (2006) Scarlett Johansson (2007) Charlize Theron (2008) Renée Zellweger (2009) Anne Hathaway (2010) Julianne Moore (2011) Claire Danes (2012) Marion Cotillard (2013) Helen Mirren (2014) Amy Poehler (2015) Kerry Washington (2016) Octavia Spencer (2017) Mila Kunis (2018) Bryce Dallas Howard (2019) Elizabeth Banks (2020) Viola Davis (2021) Jennifer Garner (2022) Jennifer Coolidge (2023) Annette Bening (2024) Cynthia Erivo (2025) v t e Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award v t e 1956–2009 Y. Frank Freeman (1956) Samuel Goldwyn (1957) Bob Hope (1959) Sol Lesser (1960) George Seaton (1961) Steve Broidy (1962) Edmond L. DePatie (1965) George Bagnall (1966) Gregory Peck (1967) Martha Raye (1968) George Jessel (1969) Frank Sinatra (1970) Rosalind Russell (1972) Lew Wasserman (1973) Arthur B. Krim (1974) Jules C. Stein (1975) Charlton Heston (1977) Leo Jaffe (1978) Robert Benjamin (1979) Danny Kaye (1981) Walter Mirisch (1982) M. J. Frankovich (1983) David L. Wolper (1984) Charles "Buddy" Rogers (1985) Howard W. Koch (1989) Audrey Hepburn / Elizabeth Taylor (1992) Paul Newman (1993) Quincy Jones (1994) Arthur Hiller (2001) Roger Mayer (2005) Sherry Lansing (2007) Jerry Lewis (2009) Y. Frank Freeman (1956) Samuel Goldwyn (1957) Bob Hope (1959) Sol Lesser (1960) George Seaton (1961) Steve Broidy (1962) Edmond L. DePatie (1965) George Bagnall (1966) Gregory Peck (1967) Martha Raye (1968) George Jessel (1969) Frank Sinatra (1970) Rosalind Russell (1972) Lew Wasserman (1973) Arthur B. Krim (1974) Jules C. Stein (1975) Charlton Heston (1977) Leo Jaffe (1978) Robert Benjamin (1979) Danny Kaye (1981) Walter Mirisch (1982) M. J. Frankovich (1983) David L. Wolper (1984) Charles "Buddy" Rogers (1985) Howard W. Koch (1989) Audrey Hepburn / Elizabeth Taylor (1992) Paul Newman (1993) Quincy Jones (1994) Arthur Hiller (2001) Roger Mayer (2005) Sherry Lansing (2007) Jerry Lewis (2009) 2011–present Oprah Winfrey (2011) Jeffrey Katzenberg (2012) Angelina Jolie (2013) Harry Belafonte (2014) Debbie Reynolds (2015) Geena Davis (2019) Tyler Perry / Motion Picture & Television Fund (2020) Danny Glover (2021) Michael J. Fox (2022) Michelle Satter (2023) Richard Curtis (2024) Dolly Parton (2025) Oprah Winfrey (2011) Jeffrey Katzenberg (2012) Angelina Jolie (2013) Harry Belafonte (2014) Debbie Reynolds (2015) Geena Davis (2019) Tyler Perry / Motion Picture & Television Fund (2020) Danny Glover (2021) Michael J. Fox (2022) Michelle Satter (2023) Richard Curtis (2024) Dolly Parton (2025) v t e Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award v t e Eddie Cantor (1962) Stan Laurel (1963) No Award (1964) Bob Hope (1965) Barbara Stanwyck (1966) William Gargan (1967) James Stewart (1968) Edward G. Robinson (1969) Gregory Peck (1970) Charlton Heston (1971) Frank Sinatra (1972) Martha Raye (1973) Walter Pidgeon (1974) Rosalind Russell (1975) Pearl Bailey (1976) James Cagney (1977) Edgar Bergen (1978) Katharine Hepburn (1979) Leon Ames (1980) No Award (1981) Danny Kaye (1982) Ralph Bellamy (1983) Iggie Wolfington (1984) Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward (1985) Nanette Fabray (1986) Red Skelton (1987) Gene Kelly (1988) Jack Lemmon (1989) Brock Peters (1990) Burt Lancaster (1991) Audrey Hepburn (1992) Ricardo Montalbán (1993) George Burns (1994) Robert Redford (1995) Angela Lansbury (1996) Elizabeth Taylor (1997) Kirk Douglas (1998) Sidney Poitier (1999) Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee (2000) Ed Asner (2001) Clint Eastwood (2002) Karl Malden (2003) James Garner (2004) Shirley Temple (2005) Julie Andrews (2006) Charles Durning (2007) James Earl Jones (2008) Betty White (2009) Ernest Borgnine (2010) Mary Tyler Moore (2011) Dick Van Dyke (2012) Rita Moreno (2013) Debbie Reynolds (2014) Carol Burnett (2015) Lily Tomlin (2016) Morgan Freeman (2017) Alan Alda (2018) Robert De Niro (2019) No Award (2020) Helen Mirren (2021) Sally Field (2022) Barbra Streisand (2023) Jane Fonda (2024) Harrison Ford (2025) Eddie Cantor (1962) Stan Laurel (1963) No Award (1964) Bob Hope (1965) Barbara Stanwyck (1966) William Gargan (1967) James Stewart (1968) Edward G. Robinson (1969) Gregory Peck (1970) Charlton Heston (1971) Frank Sinatra (1972) Martha Raye (1973) Walter Pidgeon (1974) Rosalind Russell (1975) Pearl Bailey (1976) James Cagney (1977) Edgar Bergen (1978) Katharine Hepburn (1979) Leon Ames (1980) No Award (1981) Danny Kaye (1982) Ralph Bellamy (1983) Iggie Wolfington (1984) Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward (1985) Nanette Fabray (1986) Red Skelton (1987) Gene Kelly (1988) Jack Lemmon (1989) Brock Peters (1990) Burt Lancaster (1991) Audrey Hepburn (1992) Ricardo Montalbán (1993) George Burns (1994) Robert Redford (1995) Angela Lansbury (1996) Elizabeth Taylor (1997) Kirk Douglas (1998) Sidney Poitier (1999) Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee (2000) Ed Asner (2001) Clint Eastwood (2002) Karl Malden (2003) James Garner (2004) Shirley Temple (2005) Julie Andrews (2006) Charles Durning (2007) James Earl Jones (2008) Betty White (2009) Ernest Borgnine (2010) Mary Tyler Moore (2011) Dick Van Dyke (2012) Rita Moreno (2013) Debbie Reynolds (2014) Carol Burnett (2015) Lily Tomlin (2016) Morgan Freeman (2017) Alan Alda (2018) Robert De Niro (2019) No Award (2020) Helen Mirren (2021) Sally Field (2022) Barbra Streisand (2023) Jane Fonda (2024) Harrison Ford (2025) v t e Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical v t e 1948–1975 Grace Hartman (1948) Nanette Fabray (1949) Mary Martin (1950) Ethel Merman (1951) Gertrude Lawrence (1952) Rosalind Russell (1953) Dolores Gray (1954) Mary Martin (1955) Gwen Verdon (1956) Judy Holliday (1957) Thelma Ritter / Gwen Verdon (1958) Gwen Verdon (1959) Mary Martin (1960) Elizabeth Seal (1961) Anna Maria Alberghetti / Diahann Carroll (1962) Vivien Leigh (1963) Carol Channing (1964) Liza Minnelli (1965) Angela Lansbury (1966) Barbara Harris (1967) Patricia Routledge / Leslie Uggams (1968) Angela Lansbury (1969) Lauren Bacall (1970) Helen Gallagher (1971) Alexis Smith (1972) Glynis Johns (1973) Virginia Capers (1974) Angela Lansbury (1975) Grace Hartman (1948) Nanette Fabray (1949) Mary Martin (1950) Ethel Merman (1951) Gertrude Lawrence (1952) Rosalind Russell (1953) Dolores Gray (1954) Mary Martin (1955) Gwen Verdon (1956) Judy Holliday (1957) Thelma Ritter / Gwen Verdon (1958) Gwen Verdon (1959) Mary Martin (1960) Elizabeth Seal (1961) Anna Maria Alberghetti / Diahann Carroll (1962) Vivien Leigh (1963) Carol Channing (1964) Liza Minnelli (1965) Angela Lansbury (1966) Barbara Harris (1967) Patricia Routledge / Leslie Uggams (1968) Angela Lansbury (1969) Lauren Bacall (1970) Helen Gallagher (1971) Alexis Smith (1972) Glynis Johns (1973) Virginia Capers (1974) Angela Lansbury (1975) 1976–2000 Donna McKechnie (1976) Dorothy Loudon (1977) Liza Minnelli (1978) Angela Lansbury (1979) Patti LuPone (1980) Lauren Bacall (1981) Jennifer Holliday (1982) Natalia Makarova (1983) Chita Rivera (1984) No Award (1985) Bernadette Peters (1986) Maryann Plunkett (1987) Joanna Gleason (1988) Ruth Brown (1989) Tyne Daly (1990) Lea Salonga (1991) Faith Prince (1992) Chita Rivera (1993) Donna Murphy (1994) Glenn Close (1995) Donna Murphy (1996) Bebe Neuwirth (1997) Natasha Richardson (1998) Bernadette Peters (1999) Heather Headley (2000) Donna McKechnie (1976) Dorothy Loudon (1977) Liza Minnelli (1978) Angela Lansbury (1979) Patti LuPone (1980) Lauren Bacall (1981) Jennifer Holliday (1982) Natalia Makarova (1983) Chita Rivera (1984) No Award (1985) Bernadette Peters (1986) Maryann Plunkett (1987) Joanna Gleason (1988) Ruth Brown (1989) Tyne Daly (1990) Lea Salonga (1991) Faith Prince (1992) Chita Rivera (1993) Donna Murphy (1994) Glenn Close (1995) Donna Murphy (1996) Bebe Neuwirth (1997) Natasha Richardson (1998) Bernadette Peters (1999) Heather Headley (2000) 2001–present Christine Ebersole (2001) Sutton Foster (2002) Marissa Jaret Winokur (2003) Idina Menzel (2004) Victoria Clark (2005) LaChanze (2006) Christine Ebersole (2007) Patti LuPone (2008) Alice Ripley (2009) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2010) Sutton Foster (2011) Audra McDonald (2012) Patina Miller (2013) Jessie Mueller (2014) Kelli O'Hara (2015) Cynthia Erivo (2016) Bette Midler (2017) Katrina Lenk (2018) Stephanie J. Block (2019) Adrienne Warren (2020/21) Joaquina Kalukango (2022) Victoria Clark (2023) Maleah Joi Moon (2024) Nicole Scherzinger (2025) Christine Ebersole (2001) Sutton Foster (2002) Marissa Jaret Winokur (2003) Idina Menzel (2004) Victoria Clark (2005) LaChanze (2006) Christine Ebersole (2007) Patti LuPone (2008) Alice Ripley (2009) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2010) Sutton Foster (2011) Audra McDonald (2012) Patina Miller (2013) Jessie Mueller (2014) Kelli O'Hara (2015) Cynthia Erivo (2016) Bette Midler (2017) Katrina Lenk (2018) Stephanie J. Block (2019) Adrienne Warren (2020/21) Joaquina Kalukango (2022) Victoria Clark (2023) Maleah Joi Moon (2024) Nicole Scherzinger (2025) Biography Film Television Theatre Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Korea Poland Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Korea Poland Israel Artists MusicBrainz Discography of American Historical Recordings FID MusicBrainz Discography of American Historical Recordings FID People Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef SNAC Yale LUX IdRef SNAC Yale LUX 1907 births 1976 deaths 20th-century American actresses 20th-century Roman Catholics American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni American female models American film actresses American musical theatre actresses American people of Irish descent American women comedians Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Columbia Pictures contract players Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City Deaths from breast cancer in California Donaldson Award winners Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award winners Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players Writers from Waterbury, Connecticut Tony Award winners 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women singers Catholics from Connecticut 20th-century American comedians Actresses from Waterbury, Connecticut Connecticut Republicans California Republicans Comedians from Connecticut Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from July 2020 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022 Commons link from Wikidata IBDB name template using Wikidata TCMDb name template using non-numeric ID from Wikidata Playbill person template using Wikidata This page was last edited on 21 December 2025, at 22:51 (UTC) . 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Hoofdpagina Vind een artikel Vandaag Etalage Categorieën Recente wijzigingen Nieuwe artikelen Willekeurige pagina Speciale pagina's Gebruikersportaal Snelcursus Hulp en contact Doneren Account aanmaken Aanmelden Doneren Account aanmaken Aanmelden Inhoud Top 1 Gebeurtenissen 2 Geboren 3 Overleden 4 Viering/herdenking 5 Weerextremen Weerextremen-subkopje inklappen 5.1 Nederland 5.2 België 5.1 Nederland 5.2 België 16 januari Аԥсшәа Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Aragonés Ænglisc العربية الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Kotava Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Žemaitėška Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български भोजपुरी Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Буряад Català 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano کوردی Corsu Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Zazaki ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Võro Føroyskt Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Gàidhlig Galego Avañe'ẽ Bahasa Hulontalo ગુજરાતી Gaelg 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Ilokano Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Kongo Қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Коми Latina Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Limburgs Ligure Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latviešu मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Malagasy Олык марий Македонски മലയാളം Монгол मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Occitan Livvinkarjala ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Kapampangan Papiamentu Polski پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Runa Simi Română Руски Русский Русиньскый संस्कृतम् Саха тыла Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Anarâškielâ ChiShona Shqip Српски / srpski Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili Ślůnski தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Türkçe Татарча / tatarça Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vèneto Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray 吴语 Хальмг მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 Artikel Overleg Lezen Bewerken Brontekst bewerken Geschiedenis Lezen Bewerken Brontekst bewerken Geschiedenis Links naar deze pagina Gerelateerde wijzigingen Bestand uploaden Permanente koppeling Paginagegevens Deze pagina citeren Verkorte URL verkrijgen QR-code downloaden Naar de oude parser overschakelen Boek aanmaken Downloaden als PDF Afdrukversie Wikimedia Commons Wikidata-item dec januari feb << 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 >> 16 januari is de 16de dag van het jaar in de gregoriaanse kalender . Hierna volgen nog 349 dagen (350 dagen in een schrikkeljaar ) tot het einde van het jaar. dec januari feb << 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 >> 16 januari is de 16de dag van het jaar in de gregoriaanse kalender . Hierna volgen nog 349 dagen (350 dagen in een schrikkeljaar ) tot het einde van het jaar. Gebeurtenissen [ bewerken | brontekst bewerken ] Algemeen 1219 - De eerste Sint-Marcellusvloed treft Nederland en Noordwest-Duitsland. 1362 - De tweede Sint-Marcellusvloed treft Groot-Brittannië, Nederland, Duitsland en Denemarken. 1997 - De politie in Albanië arresteert de eigenaar van het piramide-achtig beleggingsfonds Sude en zijn achttien medewerkers op verdenking van fraude en verduistering. 1997 - Bij de ontploffing van een autobom op een markt voor gebruikte auto's in Boufarik , op 25 kilometer ten zuiden van Algiers , vallen zeker veertien doden. 2015 - Het eilandenrijk Tonga is een eiland van meer dan 1 kilometer breed en 2 kilometer lang rijker na een forse vulkaanuitbarsting . 2024 - In Weiteveen worden twee nieuwe kopers (38 en 44 jaar) van een huis doodgeschoten door de verkoper (50 jaar) tijdens een langslepend conflict. Economie 1918 - De Postcheque- en Girodienst wordt gestart. 1997 - De leiding van het Rotterdamse havenbedrijf SHB wil tweehonderd van de duizend medewerkers ontslaan. Driehonderddertig fulltime werknemers zouden een deeltijdbaan moeten accepteren. Media 2019 - Talpa met eigenaar John de Mol jr. heeft vandaag bekendgemaakt dat het Linda de Mol en Wim Kieft heeft aangetrokken, eerder deze maand werden Albert Verlinde , Wendy van Dijk , Gordon en zoon Johnny de Mol binnen gehaald. Veronica en SBS6 waren vorig jaar al versterkt met Wilfred Genee , René van der Gijp , Hélène Hendriks en Johan Derksen . Muziek 1988 - Tina Turner treedt in het Maracana Stadium in Rio de Janeiro op voor een betalend publiek van meer dan 184.000 toeschouwers, een wereldrecord voor een solo-artiest op dat moment. Politiek 27 v.Chr. - De Romeinse Senaat verleent aan Octavianus de titel Augustus . 1547 - Ivan IV bijgenaamd de Verschrikkelijke wordt tot Tsaar aller Russen gekroond. 1641 - Catalaanse opstand : de Staten-Generaal van het vorstendom Catalonië aanvaardt het voorstel tot oprichting van de Catalaanse Republiek , onder Franse bescherming. 1716 - Filips V van Spanje vaardigt het Decreet van Nueva Planta van het Vorstendom Catalonië uit, waarmee de Catalaanse instellingen en het rechtssysteem worden afgeschaft. Hiermee komt er een einde aan Catalonië als aparte staat en wordt het een provincie van het nieuwe Koninkrijk Spanje . 1917 - De Duitse minister van Buitenlandse Zaken verstuurt het Zimmermanntelegram aan Mexico met het verzoek zich aan de kant van de centrale mogendheden te scharen in de Eerste Wereldoorlog . 1969 - De student Jan Palach steekt zichzelf in brand op het Wenceslasplein in Praag uit protest tegen de teruggedraaide hervormingen van de Praagse Lente . Hij overlijdt drie dagen later aan zijn verwondingen. 1977 - Buitenlandse troepen proberen de macht te grijpen in Benin , maar de door Frankrijk gesteunde poging tot staatsgreep geleid door Bob Denard mislukt waardoor president Mathieu Kérékou in het zadel blijft zitten. 1979 - Het voltallige Boliviaanse militaire kabinet biedt aan president David Padilla zijn ontslag aan. 1985 - De al bijna twintig jaar van kracht zijnde noodtoestand in Zimbabwe wordt door de Nationale Assemblee in Harare met zes maanden verlengd. 2000 - Na een historische en felle verkiezingsstrijd kiezen Chilenen de gematigde socialist Ricardo Lagos tot president. 2021 - De Duitse partij CDU kiest Armin Laschet als partijleider. Sport 1981 - In Karachi wint de Nederlandse hockeyploeg voor de eerste keer in de geschiedenis het toernooi om de Champions Trophy . 1997 - Regilio Tuur kondigt het einde van zijn bokscarrière aan. 1997 - Herbert Neumann keert terug in het Nederlandse voetbal. De Duitse trainer tekent een contract voor twee seizoenen bij de Bredase eredivisieclub NAC , als opvolger van Wim Rijsbergen . 2008 - Voetballer Steven Defour van Standard Luik neemt in het Casino-Kursaal Oostende de Belgische Gouden Schoen 2007 in ontvangst. 2018 - Kimberley Bos plaatst zich voor de Olympische Winterspelen 2018 en is daarmee de eerste Nederlands olympische deelnemer in skeleton . Wetenschap en technologie 1909 - Ernest Shackleton ontdekt de magnetische zuidpool . 1969 - Voor de eerste keer in de geschiedenis van de ruimtevaart koppelen twee ruimtevaartuigen met elkaar: de Sojoez 4 en Sojoez 5 . [ 1 ] 2003 - Laatste lancering van de spaceshuttle Columbia . Vlak na de lancering raakt een stuk isolatieschuim los waardoor bij terugkeer op 1 februari het ruimteveer in delen uiteen valt. 2015 - Amerikaans ondernemer Elon Musk maakt bekend dat SpaceX van plan is om binnen 5 jaar een satellietconstellatie actief te hebben die wereldwijd internetverbindingen kan leveren. [ 2 ] Gebeurtenissen Algemeen 1219 - De eerste Sint-Marcellusvloed treft Nederland en Noordwest-Duitsland. 1362 - De tweede Sint-Marcellusvloed treft Groot-Brittannië, Nederland, Duitsland en Denemarken. 1997 - De politie in Albanië arresteert de eigenaar van het piramide-achtig beleggingsfonds Sude en zijn achttien medewerkers op verdenking van fraude en verduistering. 1997 - Bij de ontploffing van een autobom op een markt voor gebruikte auto's in Boufarik , op 25 kilometer ten zuiden van Algiers , vallen zeker veertien doden. 2015 - Het eilandenrijk Tonga is een eiland van meer dan 1 kilometer breed en 2 kilometer lang rijker na een forse vulkaanuitbarsting . 2024 - In Weiteveen worden twee nieuwe kopers (38 en 44 jaar) van een huis doodgeschoten door de verkoper (50 jaar) tijdens een langslepend conflict. 1219 - De eerste Sint-Marcellusvloed treft Nederland en Noordwest-Duitsland. 1362 - De tweede Sint-Marcellusvloed treft Groot-Brittannië, Nederland, Duitsland en Denemarken. 1997 - De politie in Albanië arresteert de eigenaar van het piramide-achtig beleggingsfonds Sude en zijn achttien medewerkers op verdenking van fraude en verduistering. 1997 - Bij de ontploffing van een autobom op een markt voor gebruikte auto's in Boufarik , op 25 kilometer ten zuiden van Algiers , vallen zeker veertien doden. 2015 - Het eilandenrijk Tonga is een eiland van meer dan 1 kilometer breed en 2 kilometer lang rijker na een forse vulkaanuitbarsting . 2024 - In Weiteveen worden twee nieuwe kopers (38 en 44 jaar) van een huis doodgeschoten door de verkoper (50 jaar) tijdens een langslepend conflict. Economie 1918 - De Postcheque- en Girodienst wordt gestart. 1997 - De leiding van het Rotterdamse havenbedrijf SHB wil tweehonderd van de duizend medewerkers ontslaan. Driehonderddertig fulltime werknemers zouden een deeltijdbaan moeten accepteren. 1918 - De Postcheque- en Girodienst wordt gestart. 1997 - De leiding van het Rotterdamse havenbedrijf SHB wil tweehonderd van de duizend medewerkers ontslaan. Driehonderddertig fulltime werknemers zouden een deeltijdbaan moeten accepteren. Media 2019 - Talpa met eigenaar John de Mol jr. heeft vandaag bekendgemaakt dat het Linda de Mol en Wim Kieft heeft aangetrokken, eerder deze maand werden Albert Verlinde , Wendy van Dijk , Gordon en zoon Johnny de Mol binnen gehaald. Veronica en SBS6 waren vorig jaar al versterkt met Wilfred Genee , René van der Gijp , Hélène Hendriks en Johan Derksen . 2019 - Talpa met eigenaar John de Mol jr. heeft vandaag bekendgemaakt dat het Linda de Mol en Wim Kieft heeft aangetrokken, eerder deze maand werden Albert Verlinde , Wendy van Dijk , Gordon en zoon Johnny de Mol binnen gehaald. Veronica en SBS6 waren vorig jaar al versterkt met Wilfred Genee , René van der Gijp , Hélène Hendriks en Johan Derksen . Muziek 1988 - Tina Turner treedt in het Maracana Stadium in Rio de Janeiro op voor een betalend publiek van meer dan 184.000 toeschouwers, een wereldrecord voor een solo-artiest op dat moment. 1988 - Tina Turner treedt in het Maracana Stadium in Rio de Janeiro op voor een betalend publiek van meer dan 184.000 toeschouwers, een wereldrecord voor een solo-artiest op dat moment. Politiek 27 v.Chr. - De Romeinse Senaat verleent aan Octavianus de titel Augustus . 1547 - Ivan IV bijgenaamd de Verschrikkelijke wordt tot Tsaar aller Russen gekroond. 1641 - Catalaanse opstand : de Staten-Generaal van het vorstendom Catalonië aanvaardt het voorstel tot oprichting van de Catalaanse Republiek , onder Franse bescherming. 1716 - Filips V van Spanje vaardigt het Decreet van Nueva Planta van het Vorstendom Catalonië uit, waarmee de Catalaanse instellingen en het rechtssysteem worden afgeschaft. Hiermee komt er een einde aan Catalonië als aparte staat en wordt het een provincie van het nieuwe Koninkrijk Spanje . 1917 - De Duitse minister van Buitenlandse Zaken verstuurt het Zimmermanntelegram aan Mexico met het verzoek zich aan de kant van de centrale mogendheden te scharen in de Eerste Wereldoorlog . 1969 - De student Jan Palach steekt zichzelf in brand op het Wenceslasplein in Praag uit protest tegen de teruggedraaide hervormingen van de Praagse Lente . Hij overlijdt drie dagen later aan zijn verwondingen. 1977 - Buitenlandse troepen proberen de macht te grijpen in Benin , maar de door Frankrijk gesteunde poging tot staatsgreep geleid door Bob Denard mislukt waardoor president Mathieu Kérékou in het zadel blijft zitten. 1979 - Het voltallige Boliviaanse militaire kabinet biedt aan president David Padilla zijn ontslag aan. 1985 - De al bijna twintig jaar van kracht zijnde noodtoestand in Zimbabwe wordt door de Nationale Assemblee in Harare met zes maanden verlengd. 2000 - Na een historische en felle verkiezingsstrijd kiezen Chilenen de gematigde socialist Ricardo Lagos tot president. 2021 - De Duitse partij CDU kiest Armin Laschet als partijleider. 27 v.Chr. - De Romeinse Senaat verleent aan Octavianus de titel Augustus . 1547 - Ivan IV bijgenaamd de Verschrikkelijke wordt tot Tsaar aller Russen gekroond. 1641 - Catalaanse opstand : de Staten-Generaal van het vorstendom Catalonië aanvaardt het voorstel tot oprichting van de Catalaanse Republiek , onder Franse bescherming. 1716 - Filips V van Spanje vaardigt het Decreet van Nueva Planta van het Vorstendom Catalonië uit, waarmee de Catalaanse instellingen en het rechtssysteem worden afgeschaft. Hiermee komt er een einde aan Catalonië als aparte staat en wordt het een provincie van het nieuwe Koninkrijk Spanje . 1917 - De Duitse minister van Buitenlandse Zaken verstuurt het Zimmermanntelegram aan Mexico met het verzoek zich aan de kant van de centrale mogendheden te scharen in de Eerste Wereldoorlog . 1969 - De student Jan Palach steekt zichzelf in brand op het Wenceslasplein in Praag uit protest tegen de teruggedraaide hervormingen van de Praagse Lente . Hij overlijdt drie dagen later aan zijn verwondingen. 1977 - Buitenlandse troepen proberen de macht te grijpen in Benin , maar de door Frankrijk gesteunde poging tot staatsgreep geleid door Bob Denard mislukt waardoor president Mathieu Kérékou in het zadel blijft zitten. 1979 - Het voltallige Boliviaanse militaire kabinet biedt aan president David Padilla zijn ontslag aan. 1985 - De al bijna twintig jaar van kracht zijnde noodtoestand in Zimbabwe wordt door de Nationale Assemblee in Harare met zes maanden verlengd. 2000 - Na een historische en felle verkiezingsstrijd kiezen Chilenen de gematigde socialist Ricardo Lagos tot president. 2021 - De Duitse partij CDU kiest Armin Laschet als partijleider. Sport 1981 - In Karachi wint de Nederlandse hockeyploeg voor de eerste keer in de geschiedenis het toernooi om de Champions Trophy . 1997 - Regilio Tuur kondigt het einde van zijn bokscarrière aan. 1997 - Herbert Neumann keert terug in het Nederlandse voetbal. De Duitse trainer tekent een contract voor twee seizoenen bij de Bredase eredivisieclub NAC , als opvolger van Wim Rijsbergen . 2008 - Voetballer Steven Defour van Standard Luik neemt in het Casino-Kursaal Oostende de Belgische Gouden Schoen 2007 in ontvangst. 2018 - Kimberley Bos plaatst zich voor de Olympische Winterspelen 2018 en is daarmee de eerste Nederlands olympische deelnemer in skeleton . 1981 - In Karachi wint de Nederlandse hockeyploeg voor de eerste keer in de geschiedenis het toernooi om de Champions Trophy . 1997 - Regilio Tuur kondigt het einde van zijn bokscarrière aan. 1997 - Herbert Neumann keert terug in het Nederlandse voetbal. De Duitse trainer tekent een contract voor twee seizoenen bij de Bredase eredivisieclub NAC , als opvolger van Wim Rijsbergen . 2008 - Voetballer Steven Defour van Standard Luik neemt in het Casino-Kursaal Oostende de Belgische Gouden Schoen 2007 in ontvangst. 2018 - Kimberley Bos plaatst zich voor de Olympische Winterspelen 2018 en is daarmee de eerste Nederlands olympische deelnemer in skeleton . Wetenschap en technologie 1909 - Ernest Shackleton ontdekt de magnetische zuidpool . 1969 - Voor de eerste keer in de geschiedenis van de ruimtevaart koppelen twee ruimtevaartuigen met elkaar: de Sojoez 4 en Sojoez 5 . [ 1 ] 2003 - Laatste lancering van de spaceshuttle Columbia . Vlak na de lancering raakt een stuk isolatieschuim los waardoor bij terugkeer op 1 februari het ruimteveer in delen uiteen valt. 2015 - Amerikaans ondernemer Elon Musk maakt bekend dat SpaceX van plan is om binnen 5 jaar een satellietconstellatie actief te hebben die wereldwijd internetverbindingen kan leveren. [ 2 ] 1909 - Ernest Shackleton ontdekt de magnetische zuidpool . 1969 - Voor de eerste keer in de geschiedenis van de ruimtevaart koppelen twee ruimtevaartuigen met elkaar: de Sojoez 4 en Sojoez 5 . [ 1 ] 2003 - Laatste lancering van de spaceshuttle Columbia . Vlak na de lancering raakt een stuk isolatieschuim los waardoor bij terugkeer op 1 februari het ruimteveer in delen uiteen valt. 2015 - Amerikaans ondernemer Elon Musk maakt bekend dat SpaceX van plan is om binnen 5 jaar een satellietconstellatie actief te hebben die wereldwijd internetverbindingen kan leveren. [ 2 ] Geboren [ bewerken | brontekst bewerken ] René I van Anjou , geboren in 1409 Johannes Rau , geboren in 1931 Aartsbisschop Christodoulos geboren in 1939 Martin Jol , geboren in 1956 Sade , geboren in 1959 Kate Moss , geboren in 1974 Kiesza , geboren in 1989 1409 - René I van Anjou , koning van Napels (overleden 1480 ) 1735 - Karel Christiaan van Nassau-Weilburg , vorst van Nassau-Weilburg (overleden 1788 ) 1824 - Derk Timens Smid , Nederlands burgemeester (overleden 1907 ) 1850 - Karel Antonie Godin de Beaufort , Nederlands politicus (overleden 1921 ) 1881 - Marta Worringer , Duits grafisch kunstenaar, schilder, boekillustrator en textielkunstenaar (overleden 1965 ) 1888 - Mariano Cuenco , Filipijns politicus en schrijver (overleden 1964 ) 1892 - Josef Skupa , Tsjechisch poppenspeler (overleden 1957 ) 1900 - Edith Frank , moeder van Anne Frank (overleden 1945 ) 1901 - Fulgencio Batista , Cubaans president (overleden 1973 ) 1902 - Eric Liddell , Schots atleet en rugbyspeler (overleden 1945 ) 1908 - Ethel Merman , Amerikaans actrice en zangeres (overleden 1984 ) 1911 - Roger Lapébie , Frans wielrenner (overleden 1996 ) 1912 - Guo Jie , Chinees atleet (overleden 2015 ) 1915 - Leslie H. Martinson , Amerikaans regisseur (overleden 2016 ) 1918 - Nel Benschop , Nederlands dichteres (overleden 2005 ) 1918 - Steye van Brandenberg , Nederlands acteur en regisseur (overleden 1990 ) 1920 - Alberto Crespo , Argentijns autocoureur (overleden 1991 ) 1920 - Stéphanos II Ghattas , Egyptisch kardinaal en koptisch patriarch van Alexandrië (overleden 2009 ) 1923 - Willem Aantjes , Nederlands politicus (overleden 2015 ) 1927 - José Azcona del Hoyo , Hondurees president (overleden 2005 ) 1927 - Kamini Kaushal (Uma Kashyap), Indiaas actrice (overleden 2025 ) 1928 - William Kennedy , Amerikaans schrijver en journalist 1928 - Dirk Mudge , Namibisch politicus (overleden 2020 ) 1928 - Ton Vijverberg , Nederlands dirigent en organist (overleden 2022 ) 1930 - Clarence Ray Allen , Amerikaans moordenaar (overleden 2006 ) 1931 - Robert L. Park , Amerikaans natuurkundige/bestrijder pseudo-wetenschap (overleden 2020 ) 1931 - Johannes Rau , Duits bondspresident (overleden 2006 ) 1933 - Susan Sontag , Amerikaans schrijfster (overleden 2004 ) 1935 - Inger Christensen , Deens dichter (overleden 2009 ) 1935 - A.J. Foyt , Amerikaans autocoureur 1935 - Udo Lattek , Duits voetbaltrainer (overleden 2015 ) 1936 - Tinus Bosselaar , Nederlands voetballer (overleden 2018 ) 1936 - Charles Corver , Nederlands voetbalscheidsrechter (overleden 2020 ) 1937 - Luiz Bueno , Braziliaans autocoureur (overleden 2011 ) 1937 - Francis Eugene George , Amerikaans kardinaal-aartsbisschop van Chicago (overleden 2015 ) 1937 - Conny Vandenbos , Nederlands zangeres (overleden 2002 ) 1937 - Volodymyr Vasylenko , Oekraïens hoogleraar, diplomaat en rechter (overleden 2023 ) 1938 - Carlos van Bourbon , Spaans infant (overleden 2015 ) 1938 - Michael Pataki , Amerikaans acteur (overleden 2010 ) 1939 - Christodoulos van Athene , aartsbisschop van de Grieks-orthodoxe Kerk (overleden 2008 ) 1939 - Kiki Sørum , Noors modejournaliste (overleden 2009 ) 1940 - Franz Müntefering , Duits politicus 1941 - Gerard Koel , Nederlands wielrenner 1941 - Tim Beekman , Nederlands acteur (overleden 2006 ) 1942 - Hans van den Akker , Nederlands politicus (overleden 2011 ) 1942 - Sigrid Combüchen , Zweeds romanschrijfster 1942 - Nicole Fontaine , Frans politica (overleden 2018 ) 1942 - Karel Steenbrink , Nederlands hoogleraar, theoloog en islamoloog (overleden 2021 ) 1944 - Thomas Fritsch , Duits (stem)acteur en schlagerzanger (overleden 2021 ) 1945 - Wim Suurbier , Nederlands voetballer (overleden 2020 ) 1946 - André Nollet , Belgisch cartoonist 1947 - Ferry Maat , Nederlands radio-diskjockey 1947 - Jamie Reid , Brits grafisch ontwerper (overleden 2023 ) 1948 - John Carpenter , Amerikaans regisseur 1948 - Gregor Gysi , Duits politicus 1948 - Ali Lazrak , Nederlands politicus (overleden 2016 ) 1948 - Cliff Thorburn , Canadees snookerspeler 1949 - Roger Mobley , Amerikaans acteur 1950 - Magda Ilands , Belgisch atlete 1950 - Nen van Ramshorst , Nederlands politicus 1950 - Andrea Riccardi , Italiaans politicus 1950 - Gerard van der Wulp , Nederlands journalist 1952 - Piercarlo Ghinzani , Italiaans autocoureur 1953 - Vic Aanensen , Australianfootballspeler (overleden 2025 ) 1954 - Morten Meldal , Deens scheikundige 1954 - Sergej Prokofjev , Russisch antroposoof (overleden 2014 ) 1956 - Martin Jol , Nederlands voetballer en voetbaltrainer 1957 - Jan van der Kooi , Nederlands schilder en tekenaar 1958 - Giannis Gravanis , Grieks voetballer (overleden 2012 ) 1958 - Tony Pulis , Welsh voetbaltrainer 1959 - Sade , Nigeriaans/Brits zangeres 1959 - Jill Sobule , Amerikaans singer-songwriter (overleden 2025 ) 1960 - Ludo De Keulenaer , Belgisch wielrenner 1961 - Dirk De Wolf , Belgisch wielrenner 1962 - Véronique van den Engh , Nederlands organiste 1962 - John van Rijswijck , Luxemburgs voetbaldoelman 1963 - James May , Brits presentator 1965 - John Carver , Engels voetballer en voetbaltrainer 1967 - Grzegorz Gajdus , Pools atleet 1967 - Alberto Puig , Spaans motorcoureur 1967 - Radosław Romanik , Pools wielrenner 1967 - Ivo Ron , Ecuadoraans voetballer 1967 - Luzette Kroon , Nederlands politica 1968 - Sabine Zwikker , Nederlands beeldhouwer, ontwerper en conceptuele kunstenaar 1969 - Yves Feys , Belgisch voetballer 1969 - Roy Jones jr. , Amerikaans bokser 1970 - Tren van Enckevort , Nederlands accordeonist en toetsenist 1971 - Sergi Bruguera , Spaans tennisser 1971 - Steven De Neef , Belgisch wielrenner 1971 - Ulrich van Gobbel , Nederlands voetballer 1971 - Michel Kreek , Nederlands voetballer 1972 - Marit Maij , Nederlands politica 1974 - Mattias Jonson , Zweeds voetballer 1974 - Kate Moss , Brits fotomodel 1975 - Karina Szymańska , Pools atlete 1976 - Martina Moravcová , Slowaaks zwemster 1976 - Terri Summers , Nederlands pornoactrice 1976 - Nathalie Wijnants , Belgisch actrice 1976 - Cyril Zimmermann , Zwitsers voetbalscheidsrechter 1977 - Ariel Ze'evi , Israëlisch judoka 1978 - Koldo Gil , Spaans wielrenner 1978 - Josef Kramer , Nederlands hockeydoelman 1979 - Aaliyah , Amerikaans R&B-zangeres en actrice (overleden 2001 ) 1979 - Chas Barstow , Engels darter 1980 - Lars Bak , Deens wielrenner 1980 - Jason Barcelo , Gibraltarees voetbalscheidsrechter 1980 - Ester Naomi Perquin , Nederlands dichteres 1980 - Michelle Wild , Hongaars pornoactrice 1981 - Yuya Oikawa , Japans langebaanschaatser 1981 - Bobby Zamora , Engels voetballer 1982 - Birgitte Hjort Sørensen , Deens actrice 1984 - Joan van den Akker , Nederlands atlete 1984 - Rudi van Houts , Nederlands mountainbiker 1984 - Stephan Lichtsteiner , Zwitsers voetballer 1984 - Yuki Yamazaki , Japans snelwandelaar 1985 - Craig Jones , Brits motorcoureur (overleden 2008 ) 1985 - Ismael Kombich , Keniaans atleet 1985 - Pablo Zabaleta , Argentijns voetballer 1986 - Marta Domachowska , Pools tennisster 1986 - Paula Pareto , Argentijns judoka 1986 - Kevin Tan , Nederlands schaker 1986 - Simeon Williamson , Brits atleet 1986 - Reto Ziegler , Zwitsers voetballer 1987 - Bart van Hintum , Nederlands voetballer 1987 - Alexandre Jansen Da Silva , Belgisch voetballer 1987 - Martijn van de Ven , Nederlands paralympisch sporter 1987 - Vincenzo Verhoeven , Belgisch voetballer 1987 - Piotr Żyła , Pools schansspringer 1988 - Nicklas Bendtner , Deens voetballer 1989 - Kiesza , Canadees singer-songwriter 1989 - Rafał Omelko , Pools atleet 1989 - Arne Vanneste , Belgisch voetballer 1989 - Yvonne Zima , Amerikaans actrice 1992 - Piper Gilles , Amerikaans-Canadees kunstschaatsster 1992 - Maja Keuc , Sloveens zangeres 1993 - Magnus Cort , Deens wielrenner 1993 - Mats van Huijgevoort , Nederlands voetballer 1994 - Ruti Aga , Ethiopisch atlete 1994 - Markus Olimstad , Noors snowboarder 1994 - Lewis Spears , Australisch komiek 1995 - Takumi Minamino , Japans voetballer 1996 - Amber Barrett , Iers voetbalster 1996 - Caio Rangel , Braziliaans voetballer 1996 - Jennie Kim , Zuid-Koreans zangeres en actrice 1997 - Josef Kvída , Tsjechisch voetballer 1997 - Zev van Melick , Nederlands voetballer 1997 - José Félix Parra , Spaans wielrenner 1997 - Pau Torres , Spaans voetballer 1998 - Fadel Gobitaka , Belgisch voetballer 1998 - Odsonne Édouard , Frans voetballer 1999 - Michael Woud , Nieuw-Zeelands voetballer 1999 - Alessandro Zaccone , Italiaans motorcoureur 2000 - Brenner Souza da Silva (Brenner), Braziliaans voetballer 2000 - Niels Raaijmakers , Nederlands voetballer 2001 - Maurice Ballerstedt , Duits wielrenner 2001 - Pablo García , Spaans wielrenner 2002 - Bagus Kahfi , Indonesisch voetballer 2002 - Olaf Kok , Nederlands voetballer 2002 - Wesley Spieringhs , Nederlands voetballer 2003 - Ahmetcan Kaplan , Turks voetballer 2003 - Noah Ohio , Nederlands voetballer 2005 - Eva Schatzer , Italiaans voetbalster 2006 - McKenzy Cresswell , Brits autocoureur Geboren 1409 - René I van Anjou , koning van Napels (overleden 1480 ) 1735 - Karel Christiaan van Nassau-Weilburg , vorst van Nassau-Weilburg (overleden 1788 ) 1824 - Derk Timens Smid , Nederlands burgemeester (overleden 1907 ) 1850 - Karel Antonie Godin de Beaufort , Nederlands politicus (overleden 1921 ) 1881 - Marta Worringer , Duits grafisch kunstenaar, schilder, boekillustrator en textielkunstenaar (overleden 1965 ) 1888 - Mariano Cuenco , Filipijns politicus en schrijver (overleden 1964 ) 1892 - Josef Skupa , Tsjechisch poppenspeler (overleden 1957 ) 1900 - Edith Frank , moeder van Anne Frank (overleden 1945 ) 1901 - Fulgencio Batista , Cubaans president (overleden 1973 ) 1902 - Eric Liddell , Schots atleet en rugbyspeler (overleden 1945 ) 1908 - Ethel Merman , Amerikaans actrice en zangeres (overleden 1984 ) 1911 - Roger Lapébie , Frans wielrenner (overleden 1996 ) 1912 - Guo Jie , Chinees atleet (overleden 2015 ) 1915 - Leslie H. Martinson , Amerikaans regisseur (overleden 2016 ) 1918 - Nel Benschop , Nederlands dichteres (overleden 2005 ) 1918 - Steye van Brandenberg , Nederlands acteur en regisseur (overleden 1990 ) 1920 - Alberto Crespo , Argentijns autocoureur (overleden 1991 ) 1920 - Stéphanos II Ghattas , Egyptisch kardinaal en koptisch patriarch van Alexandrië (overleden 2009 ) 1923 - Willem Aantjes , Nederlands politicus (overleden 2015 ) 1927 - José Azcona del Hoyo , Hondurees president (overleden 2005 ) 1927 - Kamini Kaushal (Uma Kashyap), Indiaas actrice (overleden 2025 ) 1928 - William Kennedy , Amerikaans schrijver en journalist 1928 - Dirk Mudge , Namibisch politicus (overleden 2020 ) 1928 - Ton Vijverberg , Nederlands dirigent en organist (overleden 2022 ) 1930 - Clarence Ray Allen , Amerikaans moordenaar (overleden 2006 ) 1931 - Robert L. Park , Amerikaans natuurkundige/bestrijder pseudo-wetenschap (overleden 2020 ) 1931 - Johannes Rau , Duits bondspresident (overleden 2006 ) 1933 - Susan Sontag , Amerikaans schrijfster (overleden 2004 ) 1935 - Inger Christensen , Deens dichter (overleden 2009 ) 1935 - A.J. Foyt , Amerikaans autocoureur 1935 - Udo Lattek , Duits voetbaltrainer (overleden 2015 ) 1936 - Tinus Bosselaar , Nederlands voetballer (overleden 2018 ) 1936 - Charles Corver , Nederlands voetbalscheidsrechter (overleden 2020 ) 1937 - Luiz Bueno , Braziliaans autocoureur (overleden 2011 ) 1937 - Francis Eugene George , Amerikaans kardinaal-aartsbisschop van Chicago (overleden 2015 ) 1937 - Conny Vandenbos , Nederlands zangeres (overleden 2002 ) 1937 - Volodymyr Vasylenko , Oekraïens hoogleraar, diplomaat en rechter (overleden 2023 ) 1938 - Carlos van Bourbon , Spaans infant (overleden 2015 ) 1938 - Michael Pataki , Amerikaans acteur (overleden 2010 ) 1939 - Christodoulos van Athene , aartsbisschop van de Grieks-orthodoxe Kerk (overleden 2008 ) 1939 - Kiki Sørum , Noors modejournaliste (overleden 2009 ) 1940 - Franz Müntefering , Duits politicus 1941 - Gerard Koel , Nederlands wielrenner 1941 - Tim Beekman , Nederlands acteur (overleden 2006 ) 1942 - Hans van den Akker , Nederlands politicus (overleden 2011 ) 1942 - Sigrid Combüchen , Zweeds romanschrijfster 1942 - Nicole Fontaine , Frans politica (overleden 2018 ) 1942 - Karel Steenbrink , Nederlands hoogleraar, theoloog en islamoloog (overleden 2021 ) 1944 - Thomas Fritsch , Duits (stem)acteur en schlagerzanger (overleden 2021 ) 1945 - Wim Suurbier , Nederlands voetballer (overleden 2020 ) 1946 - André Nollet , Belgisch cartoonist 1947 - Ferry Maat , Nederlands radio-diskjockey 1947 - Jamie Reid , Brits grafisch ontwerper (overleden 2023 ) 1948 - John Carpenter , Amerikaans regisseur 1948 - Gregor Gysi , Duits politicus 1948 - Ali Lazrak , Nederlands politicus (overleden 2016 ) 1948 - Cliff Thorburn , Canadees snookerspeler 1949 - Roger Mobley , Amerikaans acteur 1950 - Magda Ilands , Belgisch atlete 1950 - Nen van Ramshorst , Nederlands politicus 1950 - Andrea Riccardi , Italiaans politicus 1950 - Gerard van der Wulp , Nederlands journalist 1952 - Piercarlo Ghinzani , Italiaans autocoureur 1953 - Vic Aanensen , Australianfootballspeler (overleden 2025 ) 1954 - Morten Meldal , Deens scheikundige 1954 - Sergej Prokofjev , Russisch antroposoof (overleden 2014 ) 1956 - Martin Jol , Nederlands voetballer en voetbaltrainer 1957 - Jan van der Kooi , Nederlands schilder en tekenaar 1958 - Giannis Gravanis , Grieks voetballer (overleden 2012 ) 1958 - Tony Pulis , Welsh voetbaltrainer 1959 - Sade , Nigeriaans/Brits zangeres 1959 - Jill Sobule , Amerikaans singer-songwriter (overleden 2025 ) 1960 - Ludo De Keulenaer , Belgisch wielrenner 1961 - Dirk De Wolf , Belgisch wielrenner 1962 - Véronique van den Engh , Nederlands organiste 1962 - John van Rijswijck , Luxemburgs voetbaldoelman 1963 - James May , Brits presentator 1965 - John Carver , Engels voetballer en voetbaltrainer 1967 - Grzegorz Gajdus , Pools atleet 1967 - Alberto Puig , Spaans motorcoureur 1967 - Radosław Romanik , Pools wielrenner 1967 - Ivo Ron , Ecuadoraans voetballer 1967 - Luzette Kroon , Nederlands politica 1968 - Sabine Zwikker , Nederlands beeldhouwer, ontwerper en conceptuele kunstenaar 1969 - Yves Feys , Belgisch voetballer 1969 - Roy Jones jr. , Amerikaans bokser 1970 - Tren van Enckevort , Nederlands accordeonist en toetsenist 1971 - Sergi Bruguera , Spaans tennisser 1971 - Steven De Neef , Belgisch wielrenner 1971 - Ulrich van Gobbel , Nederlands voetballer 1971 - Michel Kreek , Nederlands voetballer 1972 - Marit Maij , Nederlands politica 1974 - Mattias Jonson , Zweeds voetballer 1974 - Kate Moss , Brits fotomodel 1975 - Karina Szymańska , Pools atlete 1976 - Martina Moravcová , Slowaaks zwemster 1976 - Terri Summers , Nederlands pornoactrice 1976 - Nathalie Wijnants , Belgisch actrice 1976 - Cyril Zimmermann , Zwitsers voetbalscheidsrechter 1977 - Ariel Ze'evi , Israëlisch judoka 1978 - Koldo Gil , Spaans wielrenner 1978 - Josef Kramer , Nederlands hockeydoelman 1979 - Aaliyah , Amerikaans R&B-zangeres en actrice (overleden 2001 ) 1979 - Chas Barstow , Engels darter 1980 - Lars Bak , Deens wielrenner 1980 - Jason Barcelo , Gibraltarees voetbalscheidsrechter 1980 - Ester Naomi Perquin , Nederlands dichteres 1980 - Michelle Wild , Hongaars pornoactrice 1981 - Yuya Oikawa , Japans langebaanschaatser 1981 - Bobby Zamora , Engels voetballer 1982 - Birgitte Hjort Sørensen , Deens actrice 1984 - Joan van den Akker , Nederlands atlete 1984 - Rudi van Houts , Nederlands mountainbiker 1984 - Stephan Lichtsteiner , Zwitsers voetballer 1984 - Yuki Yamazaki , Japans snelwandelaar 1985 - Craig Jones , Brits motorcoureur (overleden 2008 ) 1985 - Ismael Kombich , Keniaans atleet 1985 - Pablo Zabaleta , Argentijns voetballer 1986 - Marta Domachowska , Pools tennisster 1986 - Paula Pareto , Argentijns judoka 1986 - Kevin Tan , Nederlands schaker 1986 - Simeon Williamson , Brits atleet 1986 - Reto Ziegler , Zwitsers voetballer 1987 - Bart van Hintum , Nederlands voetballer 1987 - Alexandre Jansen Da Silva , Belgisch voetballer 1987 - Martijn van de Ven , Nederlands paralympisch sporter 1987 - Vincenzo Verhoeven , Belgisch voetballer 1987 - Piotr Żyła , Pools schansspringer 1988 - Nicklas Bendtner , Deens voetballer 1989 - Kiesza , Canadees singer-songwriter 1989 - Rafał Omelko , Pools atleet 1989 - Arne Vanneste , Belgisch voetballer 1989 - Yvonne Zima , Amerikaans actrice 1992 - Piper Gilles , Amerikaans-Canadees kunstschaatsster 1992 - Maja Keuc , Sloveens zangeres 1993 - Magnus Cort , Deens wielrenner 1993 - Mats van Huijgevoort , Nederlands voetballer 1994 - Ruti Aga , Ethiopisch atlete 1994 - Markus Olimstad , Noors snowboarder 1994 - Lewis Spears , Australisch komiek 1995 - Takumi Minamino , Japans voetballer 1996 - Amber Barrett , Iers voetbalster 1996 - Caio Rangel , Braziliaans voetballer 1996 - Jennie Kim , Zuid-Koreans zangeres en actrice 1997 - Josef Kvída , Tsjechisch voetballer 1997 - Zev van Melick , Nederlands voetballer 1997 - José Félix Parra , Spaans wielrenner 1997 - Pau Torres , Spaans voetballer 1998 - Fadel Gobitaka , Belgisch voetballer 1998 - Odsonne Édouard , Frans voetballer 1999 - Michael Woud , Nieuw-Zeelands voetballer 1999 - Alessandro Zaccone , Italiaans motorcoureur 2000 - Brenner Souza da Silva (Brenner), Braziliaans voetballer 2000 - Niels Raaijmakers , Nederlands voetballer 2001 - Maurice Ballerstedt , Duits wielrenner 2001 - Pablo García , Spaans wielrenner 2002 - Bagus Kahfi , Indonesisch voetballer 2002 - Olaf Kok , Nederlands voetballer 2002 - Wesley Spieringhs , Nederlands voetballer 2003 - Ahmetcan Kaplan , Turks voetballer 2003 - Noah Ohio , Nederlands voetballer 2005 - Eva Schatzer , Italiaans voetbalster 2006 - McKenzy Cresswell , Brits autocoureur Overleden [ bewerken | brontekst bewerken ] Cees van Hasselt (achterste rij, uiterst links), overleden in 1951 Arturo Toscanini , overleden in 1957 Phil Spector overleden in 2021 1599 - Edmund Spenser (ong. 46), Engels dichter 1656 - Roberto de Nobili (78), Italiaanse jezuïet en missionaris i/h ZO-India 1660 - Peter Wtewael (63), Nederlands kunstschilder 1668 - Charles Alphonse du Fresnoy (wschl. 56), Frans dichter 1828 - Claire de Duras (50), Frans schrijfster 1903 - Julius Vuylsteke (66), Belgisch politicus 1912 - Georg Heym (24), Duits schrijver 1916 - Charles A. Zimmermann (53), Amerikaans componist, dirigent, violist en hoboïst 1921 - Delphine de Cool (90), Frans kunstschilder 1929 - Emanuel Marcus Rood (77), Nederlands architect 1933 - Albert Alleman (41), Belgisch kunstschilder 1939 - Steven Jan Matthijs van Geuns (74), Nederlands jurist 1951 - Cees van Hasselt (78), Nederlands voetballer, eerste bondscoach van het Nederlands elftal 1955 - Asbjørn Halvorsen (56), Noors voetballer en voetbaltrainer 1957 - Arturo Toscanini (89), Italiaans dirigent 1963 - Gilardo Gilardi (73), Argentijns componist 1971 - Philippe Thys (81), Belgisch wielrenner 1981 - Bernard Lee (73), Brits acteur 1988 - Andrija Artuković (88), Kroatisch extreemrechts politicus 1989 - Willemijn Posthumus-van der Goot (91), Nederlands econoom, journalist, feminist en vredesactivist 1990 - Jean Saint-Fort Paillard (76), Frans ruiter 1995 - Paul Delouvrier (80), Frans bestuurder en stadsontwikkelaar 1999 - Oscar Cullmann (96), luthers theoloog 2001 - Laurent-Désiré Kabila (62), Congolees president 2001 - Theodoor Philip Mackay (89), Nederlands burgemeester 2001 - Jules Vuillemin (80), Frans filosoof 2002 - Jnan Hansdev Adhin (74), Surinaams politicus en rechtsgeleerde 2007 - Ron Carey (Ronald Cicenia) (71), Amerikaans acteur 2007 - Rudolf-August Oetker (90), Duits ondernemer 2007 - Jainal Antel Sali jr. (42), leider van de islamitische terreurorganisatie Abu Sayyaf 2007 - Yuri Stern (57), Russisch-Israëlisch econoom, politicus en journalist 2008 - Jorge de Bagration (63), Spaans-Georgisch autocoureur 2009 - Aad Bak (82), Nederlands voetballer 2009 - Joop Wille (88), Nederlands voetballer en scheidsrechter 2009 - Andrew Wyeth (91), Amerikaans schilder 2012 - Jimmy Castor (71), Amerikaans saxofonist 2012 - Harry op de Laak (86), Nederlands kunstenaar 2012 - Gustav Leonhardt (83), Nederlands klavecinist, dirigent en organist 2012 - Juan Carlos Pérez (66), Spaans voetballer 2013 - Jos de Beus (60), Nederlands politicoloog en hoogleraar 2013 - Burhan Doğançay (83), Turks kunstenaar 2014 - Russell Johnson (89), Amerikaans acteur 2014 - Hiroo Onoda (91), Japans militair 2014 - Henk Vroom (68), Nederlands godsdienstfilosoof en hoogleraar 2016 - Joannis Avramidis (93), Grieks-Oostenrijks beeldhouwer 2017 - Eugene Cernan (82), Amerikaans astronaut 2017 - Aad van Hardeveld (86), Nederlands atleet 2017 - William Onyeabor (70), Nigeriaans musicus 2017 - Charles 'Bobo' Shaw (69), Amerikaans jazzdrummer 2018 - Bradford Dillman (87), Amerikaans acteur 2018 - Madalena Iglésias (78), Portugees zangeres en actrice 2018 - Jo Jo White (71), Amerikaans basketballer 2019 - Mirjam Pressler (78), Duits schrijfster en vertaalster 2019 - Jacques Senf (72), Nederlands impresario 2020 - Efraín Sánchez (93), Colombiaans voetballer 2021 - Hans Bentzon (79), Nederlands voetballer 2021 - Pave Maijanen (70), Fins zanger 2021 - Phil Spector (81), Amerikaans muziekproducent en moordenaar 2022 - Carmela Corren (83), Israëlisch schlagerzangeres en actrice 2022 - Bas Edixhoven (59), Nederlands wiskundige 2022 - Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta (76), Malinees politicus 2023 - Mousse Boulanger (96), Zwitsers schrijfster, actrice en comédienne 2023 - Vladislavas Česiūnas (82), Sovjet-Litouws kanovaarder 2023 - Jann Hoffmann (65), Deens darter 2023 - Gina Lollobrigida (95), Italiaans actrice 2024 - David Gail (58), Amerikaans acteur 2024 - Bert Gijsberts (70), Nederlands politicus 2024 - Dzintra Grundmane (79), Lets basketbalspeelster 2024 - Peter Schickele (88), Amerikaans componist, muziekpedagoog, musicoloog en schrijver 2024 - Sergio Sebastiani (92), Italiaans kardinaal 2024 - Lise Thiry (102), Belgisch microbiologe-virologe en politica 2024 - Vaino Väljas (92), Ests diplomaat en politicus 2024 - Jacob Wit (71), Nederlands jurist en rechter in het Caribisch Hof van Justitie 2025 - Harry Bild (88), Zweeds voetballer 2025 - Federico Manca (55), Italiaans schaker 2025 - Joan Plowright (95), Brits actrice Overleden 1599 - Edmund Spenser (ong. 46), Engels dichter 1656 - Roberto de Nobili (78), Italiaanse jezuïet en missionaris i/h ZO-India 1660 - Peter Wtewael (63), Nederlands kunstschilder 1668 - Charles Alphonse du Fresnoy (wschl. 56), Frans dichter 1828 - Claire de Duras (50), Frans schrijfster 1903 - Julius Vuylsteke (66), Belgisch politicus 1912 - Georg Heym (24), Duits schrijver 1916 - Charles A. Zimmermann (53), Amerikaans componist, dirigent, violist en hoboïst 1921 - Delphine de Cool (90), Frans kunstschilder 1929 - Emanuel Marcus Rood (77), Nederlands architect 1933 - Albert Alleman (41), Belgisch kunstschilder 1939 - Steven Jan Matthijs van Geuns (74), Nederlands jurist 1951 - Cees van Hasselt (78), Nederlands voetballer, eerste bondscoach van het Nederlands elftal 1955 - Asbjørn Halvorsen (56), Noors voetballer en voetbaltrainer 1957 - Arturo Toscanini (89), Italiaans dirigent 1963 - Gilardo Gilardi (73), Argentijns componist 1971 - Philippe Thys (81), Belgisch wielrenner 1981 - Bernard Lee (73), Brits acteur 1988 - Andrija Artuković (88), Kroatisch extreemrechts politicus 1989 - Willemijn Posthumus-van der Goot (91), Nederlands econoom, journalist, feminist en vredesactivist 1990 - Jean Saint-Fort Paillard (76), Frans ruiter 1995 - Paul Delouvrier (80), Frans bestuurder en stadsontwikkelaar 1999 - Oscar Cullmann (96), luthers theoloog 2001 - Laurent-Désiré Kabila (62), Congolees president 2001 - Theodoor Philip Mackay (89), Nederlands burgemeester 2001 - Jules Vuillemin (80), Frans filosoof 2002 - Jnan Hansdev Adhin (74), Surinaams politicus en rechtsgeleerde 2007 - Ron Carey (Ronald Cicenia) (71), Amerikaans acteur 2007 - Rudolf-August Oetker (90), Duits ondernemer 2007 - Jainal Antel Sali jr. (42), leider van de islamitische terreurorganisatie Abu Sayyaf 2007 - Yuri Stern (57), Russisch-Israëlisch econoom, politicus en journalist 2008 - Jorge de Bagration (63), Spaans-Georgisch autocoureur 2009 - Aad Bak (82), Nederlands voetballer 2009 - Joop Wille (88), Nederlands voetballer en scheidsrechter 2009 - Andrew Wyeth (91), Amerikaans schilder 2012 - Jimmy Castor (71), Amerikaans saxofonist 2012 - Harry op de Laak (86), Nederlands kunstenaar 2012 - Gustav Leonhardt (83), Nederlands klavecinist, dirigent en organist 2012 - Juan Carlos Pérez (66), Spaans voetballer 2013 - Jos de Beus (60), Nederlands politicoloog en hoogleraar 2013 - Burhan Doğançay (83), Turks kunstenaar 2014 - Russell Johnson (89), Amerikaans acteur 2014 - Hiroo Onoda (91), Japans militair 2014 - Henk Vroom (68), Nederlands godsdienstfilosoof en hoogleraar 2016 - Joannis Avramidis (93), Grieks-Oostenrijks beeldhouwer 2017 - Eugene Cernan (82), Amerikaans astronaut 2017 - Aad van Hardeveld (86), Nederlands atleet 2017 - William Onyeabor (70), Nigeriaans musicus 2017 - Charles 'Bobo' Shaw (69), Amerikaans jazzdrummer 2018 - Bradford Dillman (87), Amerikaans acteur 2018 - Madalena Iglésias (78), Portugees zangeres en actrice 2018 - Jo Jo White (71), Amerikaans basketballer 2019 - Mirjam Pressler (78), Duits schrijfster en vertaalster 2019 - Jacques Senf (72), Nederlands impresario 2020 - Efraín Sánchez (93), Colombiaans voetballer 2021 - Hans Bentzon (79), Nederlands voetballer 2021 - Pave Maijanen (70), Fins zanger 2021 - Phil Spector (81), Amerikaans muziekproducent en moordenaar 2022 - Carmela Corren (83), Israëlisch schlagerzangeres en actrice 2022 - Bas Edixhoven (59), Nederlands wiskundige 2022 - Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta (76), Malinees politicus 2023 - Mousse Boulanger (96), Zwitsers schrijfster, actrice en comédienne 2023 - Vladislavas Česiūnas (82), Sovjet-Litouws kanovaarder 2023 - Jann Hoffmann (65), Deens darter 2023 - Gina Lollobrigida (95), Italiaans actrice 2024 - David Gail (58), Amerikaans acteur 2024 - Bert Gijsberts (70), Nederlands politicus 2024 - Dzintra Grundmane (79), Lets basketbalspeelster 2024 - Peter Schickele (88), Amerikaans componist, muziekpedagoog, musicoloog en schrijver 2024 - Sergio Sebastiani (92), Italiaans kardinaal 2024 - Lise Thiry (102), Belgisch microbiologe-virologe en politica 2024 - Vaino Väljas (92), Ests diplomaat en politicus 2024 - Jacob Wit (71), Nederlands jurist en rechter in het Caribisch Hof van Justitie 2025 - Harry Bild (88), Zweeds voetballer 2025 - Federico Manca (55), Italiaans schaker 2025 - Joan Plowright (95), Brits actrice Viering/herdenking [ bewerken | brontekst bewerken ] Rooms-katholieke kalender: H. Marcel(lus) I († 309 ) HH. Berard(us) van Carbio en Gezellen, Martelaren van Marokko († 1220 ) H. Priscilla (van Rome) H. Honoratus van Arles († 429 ) H. Tozzo († 778 ) H. Titianus († c. 650 ) Z. Jozef Tovini († 1897 ) Viering/herdenking Rooms-katholieke kalender: H. Marcel(lus) I († 309 ) HH. Berard(us) van Carbio en Gezellen, Martelaren van Marokko († 1220 ) H. Priscilla (van Rome) H. Honoratus van Arles († 429 ) H. Tozzo († 778 ) H. Titianus († c. 650 ) Z. Jozef Tovini († 1897 ) H. Marcel(lus) I († 309 ) HH. Berard(us) van Carbio en Gezellen, Martelaren van Marokko († 1220 ) H. Priscilla (van Rome) H. Honoratus van Arles († 429 ) H. Tozzo († 778 ) H. Titianus († c. 650 ) Z. Jozef Tovini († 1897 ) Weerextremen [ brontekst bewerken ] Nederland [ brontekst bewerken ] Dagrecords [ 3 ] Officiële records Landelijke records Gebeurtenis Jaar Extreem Locatie Jaar Extreem Locatie Laagste etmaalgemiddelde temperatuur (°C) 1985 −9,5 De Bilt 1966 −10,6 Maastricht Hoogste etmaalgemiddelde temperatuur (°C) 1993 11,5 De Bilt 1939 12,2 Maastricht Laagste minimumtemperatuur (°C) 1985 −13,4 De Bilt 2013 −18,0 Herwijnen Hoogste minimumtemperatuur (°C) 1990 9,6 De Bilt 1939 10,2 Maastricht Laagste maximumtemperatuur (°C) 1987 −6,8 De Bilt 1987 −8,3 Twenthe Hoogste maximumtemperatuur (°C) 1993 14,1 De Bilt 1947 16,5 Maastricht Hoogste uurgemiddelde windsnelheid (m/s) 1955 15,9 De Bilt 1974 26,8 Cadzand Hoogste windstoot (m/s) 1955 31,4 De Bilt 1974 33,4 Cadzand Langste zonneschijnduur (uur) 1991 7,6 De Bilt 1991 7,8 Maastricht Langste neerslagduur (uur) 2004 13,5 De Bilt 1999 18,0 Eindhoven Hoogste etmaalsom van de neerslag (mm) 1918 40,3 De Bilt 1918 40,3 De Bilt Laagste etmaalgemiddelde relatieve vochtigheid (%) 1901 55 De Bilt 1991 53 Gilze-Rijen, Soesterberg Laagste uurwaarde luchtdruk op zeeniveau (hPa) 1955 972,9 De Bilt 1955 971,7 Twenthe Hoogste uurwaarde luchtdruk op zeeniveau (hPa) 1946 1045,4 De Bilt 1946 1046,7 Eelde Officiële records worden altijd gemeten op het KNMI-weerstation in De Bilt. Landelijke records kunnen worden gemeten op elk officieel KNMI-weerstation in Nederland. Uitzonderlijke gebeurtenissen 1918 - Officieel maandrecord hoogste etmaalsom van de neerslag in mm van januari gemeten in De Bilt: 40,3 1947 - Eerste landelijke zachte dag van het jaar gemeten in Maastricht (maximumtemperatuur ≥ 15 °C op een officieel weerstation) 2013 - Officieel laagste minimumtemperatuur in °C van het jaar gemeten in De Bilt: −12,9 2023 - Officieel laagste uurwaarde luchtdruk op zeeniveau in hPa van januari dit jaar gemeten in De Bilt: 976,7 2023 - Landelijk laagste uurwaarde luchtdruk op zeeniveau in hPa van januari dit jaar gemeten in Eelde: 976,1 België [ brontekst bewerken ] Dagrecords [ 4 ] 1838 - Laagste etmaalgemiddelde temperatuur −15,5 °C 1939 - Hoogste etmaalgemiddelde temperatuur 11,9 °C 1838 - Laagste minimumtemperatuur −19,2 °C 1947 - Hoogste maximumtemperatuur 15,1 °C. Dit is de hoogste maximumtemperatuur ooit in de maand januari. 1999 - Hoogste etmaalsom van de neerslag 16,3 mm Uitzonderlijke gebeurtenissen [ 5 ] 1917 - 51 cm sneeuw in Bertrix en 62 cm in Chiny . 1947 - Maximumtemperatuur tot 16 °C in Gerdingen (Bree) en in Rochefort . 1953 - Aanvriezende regen veroorzaakt chaos in het hele land. 2013 - In de nacht van 15 op 16 januari daalde in Retie het kwik tot −14,9° C. [ 6 ] Bronnen, noten en/of referenties ↑ On This Day in Space! Jan. 16, 1969: 1st docking of 2 crewed spacecraft | Space . space.com ( 17 januari 2022 ). Gearchiveerd op 17 januari 2022 . Geraadpleegd op 17 januari 2022 . ↑ Peter B. de Selding , SpaceX Opening Seattle Plant To Build 4,000 Broadband Sats . spacenews.com ( 19 januari 2015 ). Gearchiveerd op 25 september 2020 . Geraadpleegd op 25 september 2020 . ↑ Afgeleid uit de door het KNMI gepubliceerde klimatologische gegevens 1901-2024 ↑ KMI -Gegevens Ukkel 1833-2009 (temperaturen vóór juni 1983 gecorrigeerd naar gesloten thermometerhut) ↑ KMI Gegevens Ukkel 1901-2015 met aanvullingen ↑ Berekoud in Retie: min 14,9 graden Celsius Nieuwsblad.be 17 januari 2013 .mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background-color"],.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background"]{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}} · · Januari << · 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 26 · 27 · 28 · 29 · 30 · 31 · >> 365-dagenschema · maandschema · decenniaschema · eeuwenschema Mediabestanden Zie de categorie 16 January van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp. Weerextremen Nederland [ brontekst bewerken ] Dagrecords [ 3 ] Officiële records Landelijke records Gebeurtenis Jaar Extreem Locatie Jaar Extreem Locatie Laagste etmaalgemiddelde temperatuur (°C) 1985 −9,5 De Bilt 1966 −10,6 Maastricht Hoogste etmaalgemiddelde temperatuur (°C) 1993 11,5 De Bilt 1939 12,2 Maastricht Laagste minimumtemperatuur (°C) 1985 −13,4 De Bilt 2013 −18,0 Herwijnen Hoogste minimumtemperatuur (°C) 1990 9,6 De Bilt 1939 10,2 Maastricht Laagste maximumtemperatuur (°C) 1987 −6,8 De Bilt 1987 −8,3 Twenthe Hoogste maximumtemperatuur (°C) 1993 14,1 De Bilt 1947 16,5 Maastricht Hoogste uurgemiddelde windsnelheid (m/s) 1955 15,9 De Bilt 1974 26,8 Cadzand Hoogste windstoot (m/s) 1955 31,4 De Bilt 1974 33,4 Cadzand Langste zonneschijnduur (uur) 1991 7,6 De Bilt 1991 7,8 Maastricht Langste neerslagduur (uur) 2004 13,5 De Bilt 1999 18,0 Eindhoven Hoogste etmaalsom van de neerslag (mm) 1918 40,3 De Bilt 1918 40,3 De Bilt Laagste etmaalgemiddelde relatieve vochtigheid (%) 1901 55 De Bilt 1991 53 Gilze-Rijen, Soesterberg Laagste uurwaarde luchtdruk op zeeniveau (hPa) 1955 972,9 De Bilt 1955 971,7 Twenthe Hoogste uurwaarde luchtdruk op zeeniveau (hPa) 1946 1045,4 De Bilt 1946 1046,7 Eelde Officiële records worden altijd gemeten op het KNMI-weerstation in De Bilt. Landelijke records kunnen worden gemeten op elk officieel KNMI-weerstation in Nederland. Uitzonderlijke gebeurtenissen 1918 - Officieel maandrecord hoogste etmaalsom van de neerslag in mm van januari gemeten in De Bilt: 40,3 1947 - Eerste landelijke zachte dag van het jaar gemeten in Maastricht (maximumtemperatuur ≥ 15 °C op een officieel weerstation) 2013 - Officieel laagste minimumtemperatuur in °C van het jaar gemeten in De Bilt: −12,9 2023 - Officieel laagste uurwaarde luchtdruk op zeeniveau in hPa van januari dit jaar gemeten in De Bilt: 976,7 2023 - Landelijk laagste uurwaarde luchtdruk op zeeniveau in hPa van januari dit jaar gemeten in Eelde: 976,1 Nederland Officiële records Landelijke records Gebeurtenis Jaar Extreem Locatie Jaar Extreem Locatie Laagste etmaalgemiddelde temperatuur (°C) 1985 −9,5 De Bilt 1966 −10,6 Maastricht Hoogste etmaalgemiddelde temperatuur (°C) 1993 11,5 De Bilt 1939 12,2 Maastricht Laagste minimumtemperatuur (°C) 1985 −13,4 De Bilt 2013 −18,0 Herwijnen Hoogste minimumtemperatuur (°C) 1990 9,6 De Bilt 1939 10,2 Maastricht Laagste maximumtemperatuur (°C) 1987 −6,8 De Bilt 1987 −8,3 Twenthe Hoogste maximumtemperatuur (°C) 1993 14,1 De Bilt 1947 16,5 Maastricht Hoogste uurgemiddelde windsnelheid (m/s) 1955 15,9 De Bilt 1974 26,8 Cadzand Hoogste windstoot (m/s) 1955 31,4 De Bilt 1974 33,4 Cadzand Langste zonneschijnduur (uur) 1991 7,6 De Bilt 1991 7,8 Maastricht Langste neerslagduur (uur) 2004 13,5 De Bilt 1999 18,0 Eindhoven Hoogste etmaalsom van de neerslag (mm) 1918 40,3 De Bilt 1918 40,3 De Bilt Laagste etmaalgemiddelde relatieve vochtigheid (%) 1901 55 De Bilt 1991 53 Gilze-Rijen, Soesterberg Laagste uurwaarde luchtdruk op zeeniveau (hPa) 1955 972,9 De Bilt 1955 971,7 Twenthe Hoogste uurwaarde luchtdruk op zeeniveau (hPa) 1946 1045,4 De Bilt 1946 1046,7 Eelde Officiële records worden altijd gemeten op het KNMI-weerstation in De Bilt. Landelijke records kunnen worden gemeten op elk officieel KNMI-weerstation in Nederland. Landelijke records kunnen worden gemeten op elk officieel KNMI-weerstation in Nederland. Uitzonderlijke gebeurtenissen 1918 - Officieel maandrecord hoogste etmaalsom van de neerslag in mm van januari gemeten in De Bilt: 40,3 1947 - Eerste landelijke zachte dag van het jaar gemeten in Maastricht (maximumtemperatuur ≥ 15 °C op een officieel weerstation) 2013 - Officieel laagste minimumtemperatuur in °C van het jaar gemeten in De Bilt: −12,9 2023 - Officieel laagste uurwaarde luchtdruk op zeeniveau in hPa van januari dit jaar gemeten in De Bilt: 976,7 2023 - Landelijk laagste uurwaarde luchtdruk op zeeniveau in hPa van januari dit jaar gemeten in Eelde: 976,1 België [ brontekst bewerken ] Dagrecords [ 4 ] 1838 - Laagste etmaalgemiddelde temperatuur −15,5 °C 1939 - Hoogste etmaalgemiddelde temperatuur 11,9 °C 1838 - Laagste minimumtemperatuur −19,2 °C 1947 - Hoogste maximumtemperatuur 15,1 °C. Dit is de hoogste maximumtemperatuur ooit in de maand januari. 1999 - Hoogste etmaalsom van de neerslag 16,3 mm Uitzonderlijke gebeurtenissen [ 5 ] 1917 - 51 cm sneeuw in Bertrix en 62 cm in Chiny . 1947 - Maximumtemperatuur tot 16 °C in Gerdingen (Bree) en in Rochefort . 1953 - Aanvriezende regen veroorzaakt chaos in het hele land. 2013 - In de nacht van 15 op 16 januari daalde in Retie het kwik tot −14,9° C. [ 6 ] Bronnen, noten en/of referenties ↑ On This Day in Space! Jan. 16, 1969: 1st docking of 2 crewed spacecraft | Space . space.com ( 17 januari 2022 ). Gearchiveerd op 17 januari 2022 . Geraadpleegd op 17 januari 2022 . ↑ Peter B. de Selding , SpaceX Opening Seattle Plant To Build 4,000 Broadband Sats . spacenews.com ( 19 januari 2015 ). Gearchiveerd op 25 september 2020 . Geraadpleegd op 25 september 2020 . ↑ Afgeleid uit de door het KNMI gepubliceerde klimatologische gegevens 1901-2024 ↑ KMI -Gegevens Ukkel 1833-2009 (temperaturen vóór juni 1983 gecorrigeerd naar gesloten thermometerhut) ↑ KMI Gegevens Ukkel 1901-2015 met aanvullingen ↑ Berekoud in Retie: min 14,9 graden Celsius Nieuwsblad.be 17 januari 2013 .mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background-color"],.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background"]{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}} · · Januari << · 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 26 · 27 · 28 · 29 · 30 · 31 · >> 365-dagenschema · maandschema · decenniaschema · eeuwenschema Mediabestanden Zie de categorie 16 January van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp. België Dagrecords [ 4 ] 1838 - Laagste etmaalgemiddelde temperatuur −15,5 °C 1939 - Hoogste etmaalgemiddelde temperatuur 11,9 °C 1838 - Laagste minimumtemperatuur −19,2 °C 1947 - Hoogste maximumtemperatuur 15,1 °C. Dit is de hoogste maximumtemperatuur ooit in de maand januari. 1999 - Hoogste etmaalsom van de neerslag 16,3 mm Uitzonderlijke gebeurtenissen [ 5 ] 1917 - 51 cm sneeuw in Bertrix en 62 cm in Chiny . 1947 - Maximumtemperatuur tot 16 °C in Gerdingen (Bree) en in Rochefort . 1953 - Aanvriezende regen veroorzaakt chaos in het hele land. 2013 - In de nacht van 15 op 16 januari daalde in Retie het kwik tot −14,9° C. [ 6 ] ↑ On This Day in Space! Jan. 16, 1969: 1st docking of 2 crewed spacecraft | Space . space.com ( 17 januari 2022 ). Gearchiveerd op 17 januari 2022 . Geraadpleegd op 17 januari 2022 . ↑ Peter B. de Selding , SpaceX Opening Seattle Plant To Build 4,000 Broadband Sats . spacenews.com ( 19 januari 2015 ). Gearchiveerd op 25 september 2020 . Geraadpleegd op 25 september 2020 . ↑ Afgeleid uit de door het KNMI gepubliceerde klimatologische gegevens 1901-2024 ↑ KMI -Gegevens Ukkel 1833-2009 (temperaturen vóór juni 1983 gecorrigeerd naar gesloten thermometerhut) ↑ KMI Gegevens Ukkel 1901-2015 met aanvullingen ↑ Berekoud in Retie: min 14,9 graden Celsius Nieuwsblad.be 17 januari 2013 << · 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 26 · 27 · 28 · 29 · 30 · 31 · >> Datum Januari Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 15 jan 2026 om 19:22. Pagina is weergegeven met Parsoid . De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen , er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. Zie de gebruiksvoorwaarden voor meer informatie. Wikipedia® is een geregistreerd handelsmerk van de Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , een organisatie zonder winstoogmerk. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 January 2026 Toggle January 2026 subsection 1.1 1 January 1.2 2 January 1.3 3 January 1.4 4 January 1.5 5 January 1.6 6 January 1.7 7 January 1.8 8 January 1.9 9 January 1.10 10 January 1.11 11 January 1.12 12 January 1.13 13 January 1.14 14 January 1.15 15 January 1.16 16 January 1.1 1 January 1.2 2 January 1.3 3 January 1.4 4 January 1.5 5 January 1.6 6 January 1.7 7 January 1.8 8 January 1.9 9 January 1.10 10 January 1.11 11 January 1.12 12 January 1.13 13 January 1.14 14 January 1.15 15 January 1.16 16 January 2 References Timeline of the Russo-Ukrainian war (1 January 2026 – present) Eesti Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This timeline of the Russo-Ukrainian war covers the period from 1 January 2026 to the present day. Timeline of the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Prelude (up to 23 February 2022) Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) Southeastern front (8 April – 28 August 2022) 2022 Ukrainian counteroffensives (29 August – 11 November 2022) Second stalemate (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive (8 June 2023 – 31 August 2023) 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive, cont. (1 September – 30 November 2023) 2023–2024 winter campaigns (1 December 2023 – 31 March 2024) 2024 spring and summer campaigns (1 April – 31 July 2024) 2024 summer–autumn offensives (1 August – 31 December 2024) 2025 winter–spring offensives (1 January 2025 – 31 May 2025) 2025 summer offensives (1 June 2025 – 31 August 2025) 2025 autumn–winter offensives (1 September 2025 – 31 December 2025) 2026 winter–spring offensives (1 January 2026 – present) Prelude (up to 23 February 2022) Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) Southeastern front (8 April – 28 August 2022) 2022 Ukrainian counteroffensives (29 August – 11 November 2022) Second stalemate (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive (8 June 2023 – 31 August 2023) 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive, cont. (1 September – 30 November 2023) 2023–2024 winter campaigns (1 December 2023 – 31 March 2024) 2024 spring and summer campaigns (1 April – 31 July 2024) 2024 summer–autumn offensives (1 August – 31 December 2024) 2025 winter–spring offensives (1 January 2025 – 31 May 2025) 2025 summer offensives (1 June 2025 – 31 August 2025) 2025 autumn–winter offensives (1 September 2025 – 31 December 2025) 2026 winter–spring offensives (1 January 2026 – present) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Russo-Ukrainian war Since 2022 ( outline ) v t e Timeline February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland January 2026 1 January The Russian-installed governor of Kherson Oblast , Vladimir Saldo , said 28 people were killed while several others were injured in a Ukrainian drone strike on hotels and restaurants in Khorly [ uk ] . Saldo accused Ukraine of deliberately targeting civilians during New Year's Eve celebrations. [ 1 ] Multiple animals were killed and injured in a Russian airstrike on the Feldman Ecopark in Lisne [ uk ] , Kharkiv Oblast . [ 2 ] Drones were reported over Moscow , shutting down local airports. They were believed to be timed to interfere with President Putin 's New Year's speech. [ 3 ] Ukrainian drones struck the Ilsky oil refinery in Krasnodar Krai and various sites in occupied Donetsk Oblast . [ 4 ] Germany delivered two Patriot missile systems to Ukraine. [ 5 ] 2 January Six people were killed in a Russian missile attack on Kharkiv . [ 6 ] Kyrylo Budanov , head of the HUR , was appointed to replace Andriy Yermak as head of the Office of the President of Ukraine . [ 7 ] Ukrainian drones struck the Novokuybyshevsk Oil Refinery in Samara Oblast . [ 8 ] Geolocated footage showed Ukrainian forces operating in Drobysheve near Lyman , an area Russian forces claimed they controlled. Geolocated footage showed Russian advances in the city of Kostiantynivka and northwest of the village of Oleksandro-Kalynove ; and Russian advances towards Hryhorivka [ uk ] and Prymorske near the Konka river . [ 9 ] 3 January In Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts , 44 settlements were subjected to mandatory evacuation due to the deteriorating "security situation", affecting some 3,000 children and families. [ 10 ] Geolocated footage indicated Russian advances in central Sotnytskyi Kozachok , northwest of Kharkiv; and northeast of Orikhovo-Vasylivka near the E40 highway . [ 11 ] 4 January The Russian Defense Ministry claimed Russian forces seized Podoly near Kupiansk . The Head of Chechnya , Ramzan Kadyrov , claimed the Chechen 270th Akhmat-Kavkaz Motorized Rifle Regiment took the town of Bilohiria [ uk ] , southeast of Orikhiv . [ 12 ] Russian authorities said two people were killed in Ukrainian drone strikes on Belgorod and Kursk Oblasts . [ 13 ] Two people, including a National Guard of Ukraine officer, were injured in a car bombing in Obolonskyi District in Kyiv. A suspect was arrested. [ 14 ] The mayor of Moscow claimed around 28 drones approached the city, leading to the cancellation of more than 200 flights as the Vnukovo , Domodedovo , and Zhukovsky airports were closed. [ 15 ] Ukrainian drones struck the Energia enterprise at Yelets in Lipetsk Oblast . The plant makes batteries for various Russian weapon systems. [ 16 ] President Zelenskyy dismissed Lieutenant General Serhii Deineko as head of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine , and replaced him on an interim basis with his deputy Valeriy Vavrynyuk . [ 17 ] 5 January Vasyl Malyuk was forced to resign as head of the SBU by President Zelenskyy. [ 18 ] One person was killed in a Russian drone attack on Kyiv. [ 19 ] Russia claimed to have taken Hrabovske in Sumy Oblast. [ 20 ] Ukrainian drones destroyed a Russian 9S32M1 radar of an S-300V missile system in Donetsk Oblast. [ 21 ] The Russian 136th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade ’s commander, Colonel Eric Selimov , was killed in a car crash in Alchevsk Raion in Luhansk Oblast . [ 22 ] Ukrainian military observer Kostyantyn Mashovets reported Russian advances north of Yablunivka across Highway H20 , and also in southeast Kostiantynivka. [ 23 ] 6 January A Russian milblogger claimed Russian forces took the town of Pishchane , southeast of Kupiansk. [ 24 ] Ukrainian drones struck targets in Penza and Sterlitamak . [ 25 ] Ukrainian drones struck Yaroslavl , with Yaroslavl Oil Refinery believed to be the target. [ 26 ] Ukrainian forces attacked the 100th Arsenal of the Main Missile and Artillery Directorate located in Neya in Kostroma Oblast , which supplied ammunitions storages in the Central and Moscow military districts. Ukrainian forces also attacked an oil depot in Usmansky District in Lipetsk Oblast . [ 24 ] 7 January Ukrainian drones set fire to the Oskolneftesnab oil depot near Kotel in Belgorod Oblast. A warehouse belonging to the Russian 20th Motor Rifle Division in Donetsk was also struck. [ 27 ] Russian forces struck Chornomorsk and Pivdennyi ports in Odesa Oblast , killing one person and injuring five more. [ 28 ] Geolocated footage showed Russian advances in north Yunakivka and Ukrainian advances in Vovchanski Khutory . [ 29 ] 8 January Russian forces struck Lviv with an Oreshnik missile. [ 30 ] DeepstateUA reported Russian forces took the towns of Andriivka in Sumy Oblast and Novomarkove [ uk ] in Donetsk Oblast. [ 31 ] The Ukrainian Kursk Group of Forces denied the claim of Andriivka being captured. [ 32 ] A Russian shadow fleet oil tanker Elbus was struck by a drone off the coast of Turkey. According to ASTRA, the tanker was headed to Novorossiysk and sustained damage, but no crew members were injured. The ship was towed to İnebolu for inspections. [ 33 ] The pro-Ukrainian Freedom of Russia Legion set fire to some 15 trucks at the village of Kochegury in Belgorod Oblast. [ 34 ] Geolocated footage showed Ukrainian forces continued to operate in Zahryzove [ uk ] near Borova , an area Russian forces claimed they controlled, while the Russian Defense Ministry claimed Russian forces took the town of Bratske [ uk ] , south of Pokrovske . [ 35 ] 9 January Four people were killed in Russian airstrikes on Kyiv that also damaged the building housing the Qatari embassy. [ 36 ] Ukrainian FP-2 drones struck a fuel train in Crimea and a military arms depot in Donetsk. [ 37 ] Ukrainian missiles struck the thermal power plants at Belgorod and Oryol , resulting in blackouts. [ 38 ] The Minister for Development of Communities and Territories Oleksiy Kuleba , said Russian forces struck a vessel en route to Chornomorsk , and another vessel near Odesa, killing a Syrian national. [ 39 ] Russian milbloggers claimed Russian forces took the town of Tyshchenkivka [ uk ] , northwest of Kupiansk. Geolocated footage showed Russian advances in west Novomarkove [ uk ] , and northwest of Stupochky [ uk ] and Ivanopillia [ uk ] , all located east of Kostiantynivka. Geolocated footage showed Ukrainian advances west of Pryluky [ uk ] and Russian infiltration in Zelene [ uk ] , both located north of Huliaipole . Geolocated footage showed Ukrainian forces continued to operate in central Stepnohirsk , an area Russian forces claimed they controlled. [ 30 ] 10 January Ukrainian drones set fire to the Volgograd oil refinery. [ 40 ] A drone warehouse in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, attached to the Russian 19th Motor Rifle Division , was attacked, as was an "UAV control point" near Pokrovsk . In Donetsk Oblast, a command post in Kurakhivka and a grouping of the 76th Guards Air Assault Division in Hirnyk were both attacked. [ 41 ] Voronezh was attacked by 70 drones and a Neptune missile according to the SHOT Telegram channel, while the Russian MoD claimed all were shot down. The air defense and 20 explosions caused by the drones lasted for an hour. [ 42 ] Iraq established a commission to prevent Iraqi nationals from going to Russia to fight in Ukraine. [ 43 ] Russian milbloggers claimed Russian forces seized Viroliubivka , north of Kostiantynivka, and the towns of Dobropillia [ uk ] and Svyatopetrivka [ uk ] , both located north of Huliaipole. [ 44 ] 11 January Voronezh Oblast Governor Alexander Gusev claimed a woman died and three were injured by a drone attack on Voronezh city. The Governor claimed several administrative buildings, a secondary school, ten private houses and ten apartment blocks were damaged in “one of the heaviest drone attacks since the start of the special military operation.” [ 45 ] Russia deployed a new jet powered drone called the Geran-5, which carries a 90 kg (200 lb) warhead, has a strike range of 1,000 km (620 mi) and can be air launched by Su-25 aircraft according to HUR. [ 46 ] Ukrainian drones struck three Lukoil drilling rigs on the Caspian Sea (the V. Filanovsky, Yuri Korchagin, and Valeri Graifer), a Buk-M3 missile system in Luhansk Oblast, and a Russian army warehouse in Kherson Oblast. [ 47 ] Britain said it will develop a new ballistic missile for the defense of Ukraine. [ 48 ] Geolocated footage showed Russian infiltration in south Podoly near Kupiansk, and Russian advances in east Kostyantynivka, and in west Ridkodub [ uk ] near Borova. [ 49 ] 12 January Ukrainian drones struck the Novocherkassk Thermal Power Plant [ ru ] in Novocherkassk , Rostov Oblast , causing a power outage in the region. [ 50 ] Russian forces struck energy infrastructure in Odesa Oblast , causing significant damage and leaving 33,500 consumers without electricity. [ 51 ] Russian forces also struck two vessels near Odesa Oblast, injuring one person. [ 52 ] The Russian defense ministry claimed that Russian forces took the town of Novoboikivske [ uk ] , east of Stepnohirsk , Zaporizhzhia Oblast. [ 53 ] 13 January Four people were killed in a Russian missile attack in Kharkiv. [ 54 ] The SBU said it had carried out an attack on a Russian UAV factory in Taganrog in cooperation with the Ukrainian Navy . [ 55 ] Three Greek-owned tankers, the Delta Harmony , the Matilda and the Delta Supreme , were attacked and damaged by unknown maritime drones en route to the Caspian Pipeline Consortium at Novorossiysk . [ 56 ] 14 January A Russian air defence missile accidentally struck an apartment block in Rostov-on-Don , starting a fire. Mayor Alexander Skryabin blamed the fire on "Ukrainian drone debris." [ 57 ] The city was targeted by Ukrainian drones and missiles with the city’s fuel storage tank being reported as on fire. [ 58 ] The Governor of Rostov Oblast, Yury Slyusar , claimed one was killed and five were injured, including a four-year-old, from falling drone debris. [ 59 ] The Governor of Belgorod Oblast claimed two people were killed in drone strikes. [ 60 ] The Russian defense ministry claimed that Russian forces crossed the international border into Sumy Oblast and took the town of Komarivka [ uk ] . [ 61 ] President Zelenskyy declared a state of emergency in the Ukrainian energy sector due to Russian attacks and adverse winter conditions. [ 62 ] 15 January Ukrainian drones set fire to the Nevinnomyssk Azot [ ru ] chemical plant in Nevinnomyssk , Stavropol Oblast . The plant manufacturer made ingredients for explosives, such as TNT and RDX , used by the Russian military. [ 63 ] The mayor of Kharkiv , Ihor Terekhov , claimed that a major critical energy infrastructure facility was destroyed by a Russian strike. [ 64 ] Russian forces struck the port of Chornomorsk, damaging a docked vessel. [ 65 ] 16 January An “unidentified drone” struck a high rise building in Ryazan . The Ryazan Oil Refinery was considered to be the target. [ 66 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Ukrainian Drones Kill 28 in Occupied Kherson Resort Town, Pro-Kremlin Governor Says" . 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"Andriivka in Sumy Oblast remains under Ukrainian control" . Ukrainska Pravda . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ Shramko, Julia (8 January 2026). "Oil tanker Elbus hit by drone in Black Sea, called a "shadow fleet" vessel - media" . UNN . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ Khomenko, Vladyslav (8 January 2026). "Freedom of Russia Resistance Burned 15 Russian Trucks in the Belgorod Region" . militarnyi . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ^ Glynn, Jordan (9 January 2026). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 8, 2026" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ^ Pakhnyuk, Lucy; Ivanyshyn, Volodymyr; Goyette, Jared; Culverwell, Dominic; Terajima, Asami (9 January 2026). "At least 4 killed, 24 injured as Russian strikes hit Kyiv, leave thousands of buildings without heat" . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ^ Zoria, Yuri (9 January 2026). "Ukraine hits Russian fuel train and arms depot in occupied Crimea and Donetsk (VIDEO, MAP)" . euromaidanpress . 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"Unknown drones attack oil tankers in Black Sea near Russia's Novorossiysk - Media" . RBC Ukraine . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ Abbey Fenbert; Dmytro Basmat. "Russia's own air defense missile hits apartment building in Rostov-on-Don, fire seen at nearby factory, media reports" . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Oil depot ablaze in Russia's Rostov-on-Don" . The New Voice of Ukraine . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Ukrainian drone attack kills one, sparks fire in Russia's Rostov-on-Don, officials say" . Reuters . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Ukrainian Drone Strikes on Southern Russia Kill 3" . The Moscow Times . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ Solomon, Christopher (15 January 2026). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 14, 2026" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Dominic Culverwell. "Zelensky declares state of emergency in Ukraine's energy sector as crisis worsens" . 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Retrieved 16 January 2026 . v t e Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) v t e Part of the Russo-Ukrainian war Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik ICC investigation Arrest warrants Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Category Category Timelines of the Russian invasion of Ukraine 2026 timelines 2026 in Ukraine 2026 in Russia Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Dynamic lists Use dmy dates from January 2026 Interlanguage link template existing link This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:09 (UTC) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_war_(1_January_2026_%E2%80%93_present)#cite_ref-16
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대문 최근 바뀜 요즘 화제 임의 문서로 사랑방 사용자 모임 관리 요청 소개 도움말 정책과 지침 질문방 기부 계정 만들기 로그인 기부 계정 만들기 로그인 목차 처음 위치 1 배경 배경 하위섹션 토글하기 1.1 이란의 경제 위기 1.2 이전 시위와의 비교 1.1 이란의 경제 위기 1.2 이전 시위와의 비교 2 시위 전개 시위 전개 하위섹션 토글하기 2.1 초기 바자르 시위 2.1.1 2025년 12월 28일 2.1.2 12월 29일 2.2 이란 전역으로의 확산 2.2.1 12월 30일 2.2.2 12월 31일 2.3 2026년 2.3.1 1월 1일 2.3.2 1월 2일 2.3.3 1월 3일 2.3.4 1월 4일 2.3.5 1월 5일 2.3.6 1월 6일 2.3.7 1월 7일 2.3.8 1월 8일 2.3.9 1월 9일 2.3.10 1월 10일 2.3.11 1월 11일 2.1 초기 바자르 시위 2.1.1 2025년 12월 28일 2.1.2 12월 29일 2.1.1 2025년 12월 28일 2.1.2 12월 29일 2.2 이란 전역으로의 확산 2.2.1 12월 30일 2.2.2 12월 31일 2.2.1 12월 30일 2.2.2 12월 31일 2.3 2026년 2.3.1 1월 1일 2.3.2 1월 2일 2.3.3 1월 3일 2.3.4 1월 4일 2.3.5 1월 5일 2.3.6 1월 6일 2.3.7 1월 7일 2.3.8 1월 8일 2.3.9 1월 9일 2.3.10 1월 10일 2.3.11 1월 11일 2.3.1 1월 1일 2.3.2 1월 2일 2.3.3 1월 3일 2.3.4 1월 4일 2.3.5 1월 5일 2.3.6 1월 6일 2.3.7 1월 7일 2.3.8 1월 8일 2.3.9 1월 9일 2.3.10 1월 10일 2.3.11 1월 11일 3 방식 방식 하위섹션 토글하기 3.1 시위대 3.1.1 전국적인 파업 3.1.2 집회 3.1.2.1 구호 및 상징 3.1.3 조직 3.1.4 영토 장악 3.2 정부 측 3.2.1 인터넷 차단 3.2.2 외국 민병대 모집 3.1 시위대 3.1.1 전국적인 파업 3.1.2 집회 3.1.2.1 구호 및 상징 3.1.3 조직 3.1.4 영토 장악 3.1.1 전국적인 파업 3.1.2 집회 3.1.2.1 구호 및 상징 3.1.2.1 구호 및 상징 3.1.3 조직 3.1.4 영토 장악 3.2 정부 측 3.2.1 인터넷 차단 3.2.2 외국 민병대 모집 3.2.1 인터넷 차단 3.2.2 외국 민병대 모집 4 사상자 사상자 하위섹션 토글하기 4.1 사상자, 체포, 처형 및 부상당한 시위대 4.1.1 12월 31일 4.1.2 1월 1일 4.1.3 1월 2일 4.1.4 1월 3일 4.1.5 1월 4일 4.1.6 1월 5일 4.1.7 1월 6일 4.1.8 1월 7일 4.1.9 1월 8일 4.1.10 1월 9일 4.1.11 1월 10일 4.2 정부군 4.1 사상자, 체포, 처형 및 부상당한 시위대 4.1.1 12월 31일 4.1.2 1월 1일 4.1.3 1월 2일 4.1.4 1월 3일 4.1.5 1월 4일 4.1.6 1월 5일 4.1.7 1월 6일 4.1.8 1월 7일 4.1.9 1월 8일 4.1.10 1월 9일 4.1.11 1월 10일 4.1.1 12월 31일 4.1.2 1월 1일 4.1.3 1월 2일 4.1.4 1월 3일 4.1.5 1월 4일 4.1.6 1월 5일 4.1.7 1월 6일 4.1.8 1월 7일 4.1.9 1월 8일 4.1.10 1월 9일 4.1.11 1월 10일 4.2 정부군 5 반응 반응 하위섹션 토글하기 5.1 국내 5.2 국제 5.2.1 이란 항공편 중단 5.1 국내 5.2 국제 5.2.1 이란 항공편 중단 5.2.1 이란 항공편 중단 6 분석 분석 하위섹션 토글하기 6.1 봉기로서의 시위 관점 6.1 봉기로서의 시위 관점 7 같이 보기 8 내용주 9 각주 2025년~2026년 이란 시위 العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български বাংলা Brezhoneg Català کوردی Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Gaeilge עברית Hrvatski Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 ქართული Қазақша کٲشُر Kurdî Bahasa Melayu नेपाली Nederlands Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 문서 토론 읽기 편집 역사 보기 읽기 편집 역사 보기 여기를 가리키는 문서 가리키는 글의 최근 바뀜 파일 올리기 고유 링크 문서 정보 이 문서 인용하기 축약된 URL 얻기 QR코드 다운로드 책 만들기 PDF로 다운로드 인쇄용 판 위키미디어 공용 위키데이터 항목 이 문서는 최근 사건 을 다루며, 지속적인 갱신이 필요합니다. 사건 진행에 따라 새로운 정보가 추가될 수 있으므로, 지금 보고 계신 이 문서 가 최신 정보를 반영하지 못할 수도 있습니다 . 정확한 내용이 아니라면 문서를 수정 해 주세요 . 토론 문서 에서 이 문서의 내용에 관해 토론하실 수 있습니다. 2025년~2026년 이란 시위 이란 경제 위기 , Z세대 시위 의 일부 1월 8일 테헤란 날짜 2025년 12월 28일 ~ 현재 (19일) 지역 31개의 주, 180개의 도시, 512곳 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] 원인 .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} § 정치적 문제 권위주의 이슬람 공화국의 인권 침해 정치적 부패 인터넷 검열 및 차단 § 체제적/이데올로기적 문제 이슬람 신권정치 외국 대리 세력 개입 의무적 히잡 착용 강요 민족 차별 종교적 박해 § 성 분리 § 경제 위기 경제 실정 국제적 제재 높은 인플레이션 이란 리알 화의 심각한 가치 폭락 식료품 및 생필품 가격 상승 물 및 에너지 부족 § 정치적 문제 권위주의 이슬람 공화국의 인권 침해 정치적 부패 인터넷 검열 및 차단 권위주의 이슬람 공화국의 인권 침해 정치적 부패 인터넷 검열 및 차단 § 체제적/이데올로기적 문제 이슬람 신권정치 외국 대리 세력 개입 의무적 히잡 착용 강요 민족 차별 종교적 박해 이슬람 신권정치 외국 대리 세력 개입 의무적 히잡 착용 강요 민족 차별 종교적 박해 § 성 분리 § 경제 위기 경제 실정 국제적 제재 높은 인플레이션 이란 리알 화의 심각한 가치 폭락 식료품 및 생필품 가격 상승 물 및 에너지 부족 경제 실정 국제적 제재 높은 인플레이션 이란 리알 화의 심각한 가치 폭락 식료품 및 생필품 가격 상승 물 및 에너지 부족 목적 § 이슬람 공화국 정부 전복 [ 5 ] [ 6 ] § 레자 팔라비 의 귀환과 과도 정부 수반 추대 [ 7 ] § 경제 실정 종식 환율 안정화 시민 및 상인들의 고충 해결 § 레자 팔라비 의 귀환과 과도 정부 수반 추대 [ 7 ] § 경제 실정 종식 환율 안정화 시민 및 상인들의 고충 해결 환율 안정화 시민 및 상인들의 고충 해결 주요 인물 전반적으로 지도부 없음 [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] 레자 팔라비 (상징적 역할) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 알리 하메네이 마수드 페제시키안 골람호세인 모세니에제이 아마드레자 라단 모하마드 파크푸르 골람레자 솔레이마니 알리 라리자니 아바스 아라그치 전반적으로 지도부 없음 [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] 레자 팔라비 (상징적 역할) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 알리 하메네이 마수드 페제시키안 골람호세인 모세니에제이 아마드레자 라단 모하마드 파크푸르 골람레자 솔레이마니 알리 라리자니 아바스 아라그치 알리 하메네이 마수드 페제시키안 골람호세인 모세니에제이 아마드레자 라단 모하마드 파크푸르 골람레자 솔레이마니 알리 라리자니 아바스 아라그치 참여 인원 수백만 명 (시위대 주장) [ 14 ] 보안군의 광범위한 배치 수백만 명 (시위대 주장) [ 14 ] 보안군의 광범위한 배치 사상자 사망자수 시위대 2,000명 이상 ( 이란 인터내셔널 집계) [ 15 ] 보안군 114명 (이란 국영 매체 집계) [ 16 ] 시위대 544명(신원 확인됨) 및 보안군 48명 ( HRANA 집계) [ 17 ] [ 18 ] 체포자수 10,600명 이상 [ 18 ] 2026년 1월 8일부터 정부가 단행한 인터넷 및 전화 차단 으로 인해 정확한 사상자 수는 불확실함 2025년~2026년 이란 시위 ( 페르시아어 : اعتراضات دی ۱۴۰۴ ایران →이란의 1404년 데이월 시위 )는 2025년 말 테헤란 에서 시작되어 전국으로 번진 이란 의 민중 봉기로, 이슬람 공화국 수립 이후 체제의 안정성을 가장 심각하게 뒤흔든 사건 중 하나이다. 걷잡을 수 없는 물가 상승 과 리알화 가치 폭락 같은 경제적 파국이 시위를 촉발한 직접적인 계기였지만, 이는 곧 종교 중심의 신권 통치 와 실정에 맞서는 광범위한 체제 변혁 운동으로 이어졌다. 시장 상인 들의 파업 과 학생들의 참여로 동력을 얻은 이번 시위는 마흐사 아미니 사망 사건 이후 가장 강력한 결집력을 보여주었으며, 레자 팔라비 를 지지하는 친군주제 세력의 부상과 정부의 인터넷 차단 이 맞물리며 이란 사회의 깊은 갈등과 구조적 위기를 여실히 드러낸 사건으로 평가받는다. 2025년 12월 28일부터 이슬람 공화국 정부 에 대한 광범위한 불만과 심화되는 경제 위기 속에서 이란 의 여러 도시로 대규모 시위가 터져 나왔다. 초기에는 인플레이션과 식료품 가격 상승, 이란 리알 화의 심각한 가치 하락에 대한 불만이 발단이 되었으나, 시위는 현 체제의 종식을 요구하는 더 넓은 운동으로 빠르게 번져나갔다. [ 19 ] 테헤란 의 상점 주인들과 바자르 상인들로부터 시작된 시위는 곧 대학교로 퍼져나갔고, 전국 각지의 수많은 학생들을 불러 모았다. 시위대는 반정부 구호 뿐만 아니라 친군주제 구호 를 외치며 집권층에 대한 불만과 폭넓은 정치적 요구를 가감 없이 드러냈다. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] 이번 시위는 마흐사 아미니 사망 사건 이후 발생한 2022년 시위 이래 이란 최대 규모의 시위가 되었으며, 1월에는 1979년 혁명 이후 잠재적으로 최대 규모의 위협으로 성장했다. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] 이번 시위의 물결은 급격히 나빠진 경제 상황이 결정적인 계기가 되었다. 인플레이션이 2025년 10월 48.6%, 12월 42.2%까지 치솟으면서 가계 경제는 한계에 다다랐다. [ 23 ] 12월 29일에는 이란 리알화 가치가 사상 최저치인 미국 달러 당 145만 리알까지 떨어졌고, 1월 3일 정부가 민심을 달래기 위해 138만 리알로 가치를 끌어올리려 했으나 별다른 효과를 거두지 못했다. 결국 1월 6일 리알화는 달러당 150만 리알로 다시 한번 최저치를 갈아치웠고, 이는 식료품을 비롯한 생필품 가격의 폭등으로 이어졌다. [ 28 ] [ 23 ] 수년간 이어져 온 경제 위기는 2025년 이스라엘과의 12일 전쟁 , 그리고 핵 합의 위반 시 해제된 제재를 즉각 복원하는 '스냅백 메커니즘'으로 인해 다시 부과된 유엔의 핵 관련 국제적 제재 상황과 맞물려 있다. [ 23 ] 초기 테헤란 의 바자르 상업 지구를 중심으로 응집되었던 열기는 이스파한 , 시라즈 , 마슈하드 등 거점 도시들로 거세게 옮겨붙었다. [ 23 ] 테헤란 그랜드 바자르 에서는 상인들이 당국의 실효성 있는 대책을 촉구하며 전면적인 철시 파업에 돌입했으며, 온라인상에 유포된 영상들에는 보안군이 군중을 억누르기 위해 최루탄을 살포하는 긴박한 대치 상황이 포착되었다. [ 23 ] 사태의 흐름이 거세짐에 따라 각지의 시민들은 "자유"를 부르짖으며 현 정권을 향한 선명한 거부감을 드러냈고, 이는 체제 자체의 변화를 갈망하는 집단적 요구로 이어졌다. [ 29 ] 2026년 1월 8일, 레자 팔라비 가 이란 표준시 20시를 기점으로 전국적인 구호 제창을 독려하면서 시위의 기세와 외연은 걷잡을 수 없이 팽창했다. 사태가 급격히 전개되자 이란 당국은 저항의 동력을 꺾기 위해 국가 전역의 인터넷 망을 폐쇄하고 전화 서비스마저 중단시키는 강도 높은 통신 차단 조치를 단행했다. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] 레자 팔라비는 시위 구호의 중심에 서 있으며 많은 시위자가 그의 이란 귀환을 촉구하고 있다. [ 32 ] 그는 평화적 전환과 이란의 미래 정치 체제를 결정하기 위한 국민투표 를 거듭 요구해 왔다. [ 33 ] 배경 이란의 경제 위기 2024년부터 이란 경제는 급격한 인플레이션, 화폐 가치 하락, 에너지 부족 현상을 겪었으며, 반복적인 전력 및 가스 중단으로 이어져 마수드 페제시키안 이란 대통령이 사과하기에 이르렀다. 이란은 또한 주요 동맹국이었던 아사드 정권의 몰락 등으로 인해 국제적 영향력이 크게 감소하는 고통을 겪었다. [ 34 ] 2025년 마지막 몇 달 동안 이란 경제는 전례 없는 환율 급등을 경험했으며, 이란 리알 화의 가치가 폭락하여 미국 달러 당 약 145,000토만에 도달했다. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] 또한 이란 통계청은 2025년 12월 인플레이션율이 42.2%를 기록해 11월보다 1.8% 상승했다고 보고했다. [ 23 ] 식료품 가격은 72% 상승했으며, 보건 및 의료 상품은 전년 대비 50% 상승했다. [ 23 ] 이란은 또한 잘못된 관리로 인한 물 위기를 겪고 있다. [ 24 ] 이란 언론의 보도에 따르면 정부가 3월 21일 시작되는 노루즈 (이란의 새해)부터 세금을 인상할 계획을 세우면서 시민들의 불안이 더욱 커졌다. [ 23 ] 일부 시위 메시지는 경제적 어려움을 정부의 외교 정책 우선순위에 대한 비판과 연결했다. 2025년 12월 시위 동안 일부 참가자들은 " 가자도 레바논도 아닌, 나의 삶을 이란에 "라는 구호를 외쳤다. [ 37 ] 이란의 불만은 정치적 부패 때문이라는 주장도 있으며, 시위대들은 이란 정부가 권위주의적이며 국내 요구보다 헤즈볼라 와 하마스 같은 대리 세력을 우선시한다고 비난했다. [ 25 ] 또한 이란은 쿠르드족 , 아제르바이잔인, 후제스탄 아랍인, 발루치족 등의 민족 분리주의 운동과 미국, 이스라엘 같은 강대국들의 도전에 직면해 있다. [ 38 ] 인플레이션은 2025년 10월 48.6%, 12월 42.2%까지 치솟으면서 가계 경제는 한계에 다다랐다. [ 23 ] 12월 29일에는 이란 리알화 가치가 사상 최저치인 미국 달러 당 145만 리알까지 떨어졌고, 1월 3일 정부가 민심을 달래기 위해 138만 리알로 가치를 끌어올리려 했으나 별다른 효과를 거두지 못했다. 결국 1월 6일 리알화는 달러당 150만 리알로 다시 한번 최저치를 갈아치웠고, 이는 식료품을 비롯한 생필품 가격의 폭등으로 이어졌다. [ 28 ] [ 23 ] 수년간 이어져 온 경제 위기는 2025년 이스라엘과의 12일 전쟁 , 그리고 핵 합의 위반 시 해제된 제재를 즉각 복원하는 '스냅백 메커니즘'으로 인해 다시 부과된 유엔의 핵 관련 국제적 제재 상황과 맞물려 있다. [ 23 ] 경제 분석가들은 정부의 통화 및 재정 정책, 경제 실정, 만성적인 예산 적자, 그리고 국제 제재의 지속을 주요 원인으로 꼽았다. 이러한 조건은 특히 수입에 의존하는 기업 등 상인 조합에 직접적인 영향을 미쳤다. 심각한 환율 변동으로 인해 많은 상인들이 상품 가격을 책정하거나 물량을 확보하거나 경제 활동을 지속하기 불가능해졌다. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 28 ] 2025년 내내 이란의 경제적 불확실성은 증폭되었다. 2025년 6월, 이란은 이스라엘과의 무력 충돌 에 휘말렸고, 그 과정에서 이란의 핵 프로그램이 표적이 되었으며, 핵 시설들은 미국에 의해 타격을 받기도 했다 . [ 42 ] [ 23 ] 2025년 9월, 유엔 은 "스냅백" 메커니즘을 통해 이란에 대한 제재를 재부과하여 해외 자산을 동결하고 무기 거래를 중단시켰으며 탄도 미사일 프로그램과 관련된 처벌을 내렸다. [ 23 ] 많은 이란인들이 미국 이 개입된 더 광범위한 충돌을 두려워하고 있으며, 이는 시장 불안정에 기여했다. [ 23 ] 가디언 에 따르면 경제 위기가 시위의 촉매제가 되었으나, 정부 부패에 대한 불만으로 시위가 확장되었다. [ 19 ] 또한 정부 전복을 요구하는 목소리가 나오고 있으며, 대화를 요구하는 정부의 목소리를 기만적이고 자기 잇속만 차리는 것으로 보고 불신하고 있다고 보도했다. [ 19 ] NPR 은 시위 수개월 전부터 심각한 에너지 부족, 민권 침해, 광범위한 부패로 인해 대중의 분노와 좌절감이 고조되었으며, 이번 시위가 훨씬 더 심각한 상황으로 악화될 수 있다는 우려를 불러일으켰다고 보도했다. [ 43 ] 디 애틀랜틱 에 따르면 시위의 정치적 성격은 시위대들이 최고 지도자 알리 하메네이 를 겨냥해 " 독재자에게 죽음을 "이라고 외치는 것에서 드러났다. [ 44 ] 또한 2024년 훌륭한 통치를 약속하며 당선되었으나 물과 전기 공급 중단을 감독하고 인터넷 검열 해제 약속을 지키지 못한 페제시키안에 대한 신뢰를 잃었다. [ 44 ] 페제시키안은 시위대 대표와의 면담을 약속하고 "평화로운 시위의 헌법적 권리"를 인정했으나, [ 44 ] 그는 이란 보안군에 대한 통제권이 부족하다. 2026년 1월 1일 기준으로 수십 명의 시위대가 체포되었고 보안군이 학생, 연금 수령자, Z세대 시위 일원을 포함한 시위대에게 실탄을 발사한 여러 사례가 문서화되었다. [ 44 ] 샤히드 베헤슈티 대학교 학생들은 "이 범죄 체제는 47년 동안 우리의 미래를 인질로 잡았다. 개혁이나 거짓 약속으로는 바뀌지 않을 것이다"라는 성명을 발표했다. [ 44 ] 이전 시위와의 비교 이란의 자유주의 시리즈 이란의 자유주의 이념 보수 군주주의 이슬람 개혁주의 민족 종교적 진보주의 급진 모사데그주의 세속 사회 보수 군주주의 군주주의 이슬람 개혁주의 개혁주의 민족 종교적 종교적 진보주의 급진 모사데그주의 모사데그주의 세속 사회 원칙 민권과 참정권 평등 자유 무역 인권 자유민주주의 사회 정의 개혁파 집단 반제국주의 시온주의 이슬람 민주주의 이슬람 근대주의 온건 보수주의 현실정치 공화주의 주권주의 모사데그주의 집단 반교권주의 반공주의 반제국주의 출판의 자유 이란 민족주의 국민주권 세속 국가 사회민주주의 주권주의 군주주의 집단 (1979년 이후) 반교권주의 반공주의 경제적 자유 이란 민족주의 페르시아 왕당주의 팔라비 세속 국가 서구화 민권과 참정권 평등 자유 무역 인권 자유민주주의 사회 정의 반제국주의 시온주의 시온주의 이슬람 민주주의 이슬람 근대주의 온건 보수주의 현실정치 공화주의 주권주의 반교권주의 반공주의 반제국주의 출판의 자유 이란 민족주의 국민주권 세속 국가 사회민주주의 주권주의 반교권주의 반공주의 경제적 자유 이란 민족주의 페르시아 페르시아 왕당주의 팔라비 팔라비 세속 국가 서구화 역사 페르시아 입헌 혁명 모하마드 모사데그 정부 이란의 연쇄 살인 사건 모하마드 하타미의 개혁 여성, 생명, 자유 운동 시위 1979년 (세계 여성의 날) 1999년 2003년 2009년 2011–2012년 2016년 2017–2018년 2018–2019년 2019–2020년 2021–2022년 2022–2023년 2025–2026년 페르시아 입헌 혁명 모하마드 모사데그 정부 이란의 연쇄 살인 사건 모하마드 하타미의 개혁 여성, 생명, 자유 운동 시위 1979년 (세계 여성의 날) 1999년 2003년 2009년 2011–2012년 2016년 2017–2018년 2018–2019년 2019–2020년 2021–2022년 2022–2023년 2025–2026년 1979년 (세계 여성의 날) 1999년 2003년 2009년 2011–2012년 2016년 2017–2018년 2018–2019년 2019–2020년 2021–2022년 2022–2023년 2025–2026년 지식인 자한베글루 샤리아티 샤예간 소루시 개혁파 아가자리 말레키안 샤베스타리 타지자데 자한베글루 샤리아티 샤예간 소루시 아가자리 말레키안 샤베스타리 타지자데 정치인 알람 알리자니 바크티아르 바자르간 에바디 파테미 모사데그 팔라비 1세 (초기) 사디기 산자비 샤리아트마다리 야즈디 자임 개혁파 다마드 에브테카르 호메이니 (하산) 호메이니 (호세인) 카루비 하타미 모흐타샤미 몬타제리 무사비 누리 페제시키안 라프산자니 로하니 사네이 샤힌도흐트 잔자니 자리프 망명 반대파 바시르타시 보니아디 팔라비 (레자) 라자비 알람 알리자니 바크티아르 바자르간 에바디 파테미 모사데그 팔라비 1세 (초기) 사디기 산자비 샤리아트마다리 야즈디 자임 다마드 에브테카르 호메이니 (하산) 호메이니 (호세인) 카루비 하타미 모흐타샤미 몬타제리 무사비 누리 페제시키안 라프산자니 로하니 사네이 샤힌도흐트 잔자니 자리프 바시르타시 보니아디 팔라비 (레자) 라자비 평론가 알리네자드 바기 간지 카르 나피시 개혁파 압디 하지자리안 제이다바디 알리네자드 바기 간지 카르 나피시 압디 하지자리안 제이다바디 정당 활동 중 전투적 성직자 협회 자유 운동 국민 전선 이란당 이란 국민 의회 입헌주의당 이란-노빈당 민족민주전선 이란 통합 공화파 국민의 목소리 소멸 민주당 무슬림 인민공화국당 이란 저항국민평의회 이란 국민저항운동 인민당 이란 인민무자헤딘기구 이란 급진 운동 부흥당 이란 혁명공화당 진보파 사회민주당 전투적 성직자 협회 자유 운동 국민 전선 이란당 이란 국민 의회 입헌주의당 입헌주의당 이란-노빈당 민족민주전선 이란 통합 공화파 국민의 목소리 민주당 무슬림 인민공화국당 이란 저항국민평의회 이란 국민저항운동 인민당 이란 인민무자헤딘기구 이란 급진 운동 부흥당 이란 혁명공화당 진보파 사회민주당 동맹 개혁 전선 조정을 위한 협의회 개혁파 전선 개혁 전선 조정을 위한 협의회 개혁파 전선 미디어 아야네데간 이란 인터내셔널 (해외) 개혁파 아프타브 야즈드 에테마드 샤르그 아스레 마 아스라르 아야네데 노 바하르 에브테카르 함-미한 하야테 노 함바스테기 코르다드 살람 야세 노 잔 아야네데간 이란 인터내셔널 (해외) 아프타브 야즈드 에테마드 샤르그 아스레 마 아스라르 아야네데 노 바하르 에브테카르 함-미한 하야테 노 함바스테기 코르다드 살람 야세 노 잔 관련 주제 문명 간의 대화 이란의 반대파 이슬람 여성주의 이슬람 좌파주의 이란의 LGBTQ 권리 트랜스젠더 권리 이란의 세속주의 이란의 정치 아나키즘 보수주의 사회주의 이란의 여성 권리 여성주의 " 여성, 생명, 자유 " 문명 간의 대화 이란의 반대파 이슬람 여성주의 이슬람 좌파주의 이란의 LGBTQ 권리 트랜스젠더 권리 이란의 세속주의 이란의 정치 아나키즘 보수주의 사회주의 아나키즘 보수주의 사회주의 이란의 여성 권리 여성주의 여성주의 " 여성, 생명, 자유 " .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e 이번 시위는 히잡을 부적절하게 착용했다는 이유로 구금 중이던 22세의 마흐사 아미니 가 사망한 후 전국적인 시위가 일어났던 2022년 이후 이란 최대 규모로 묘사되었다. [ 23 ] 12월 30일, 영국-이란 활동가 엘리 보한은 이번 시위 물결이 이전보다 더 강력하다고 보았다. [ 45 ] 마흐사 아미니 시위 당시의 여성, 생명, 자유 운동에 대한 2022년의 탄압 이후 정부에 대한 이란 대중의 신뢰는 사라졌다. [ 34 ] 이전에는 2025년 5월 반다르아바스 에서 시작된 트럭 운전사들의 시위가 있었는데, 이들은 낮은 임금, 높은 보험료, 향후 연료 가격 인상 가능성에 대한 불만으로 도로와 항구를 봉쇄했다. [ 46 ] 시위 슬로건은 2022년 시위와 비교했을 때 이데올로기적으로 변화했다. 일부 새로운 구호들은 점차 군주주의 적 정서를 반영하고 있다. [ 47 ] 이미 2025년 6월 이란-이스라엘 전쟁 당시, 망명 중인 레자 팔라비 태자는 정치적 활동을 강화하고 국제사회 가 이란 국민들이 알리 하메네이 의 종교 독재 를 축출하도록 도와줄 것을 호소하며 자신을 국가 운영을 맡을 임시 지도자로 내세웠다. [ 48 ] 팔라비는 또한 이스라엘의 이란 공습을 "기회"로 제시했으나, 이는 많은 이란 반대파 인물들로부터 상당한 비판을 받았다. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] 주로 소녀와 여성들에 의해 추진되었던 아미니 시위와 비교하여, 2025년~2026년 시위의 후반부에는 젊은 남성들이 더 큰 역할을 했다. [ 51 ] 시장 상인들은 1979년 이란 혁명 당시 대중의 지지를 결집하여 궁극적으로 군주제 전복을 이끄는 데 큰 영향력을 발휘했다. [ 23 ] 이번 시위는 저명한 반대파 체포와 거의 40년 만에 가장 많은 사형 집행 을 포함한 반체제 인사들에 대한 정부의 대규모 탄압 맥락에서 주목할 만하다. [ 42 ] 이란의 사형 집행은 2024년에 비해 2025년에 두 배로 증가한 것으로 보고되었다. 사형 집행 추세는 2022년 이후 상승세에 있으며, 활동가들은 이슬람 공화국이 사형을 사용해 국민들에게 공포를 심어주고 내부 반대 세력을 억압하려 한다고 주장한다. [ 52 ] 이란 내 쿠르드족 다수 거주 지역은 2022년 아미니 시위 당시 심한 탄압을 겪었으며, 이로 인해 정부의 민족 탄압에 대한 우려가 있다. 이는 부분적으로 이란이 쿠르드 반대파 그룹들이 2022년 시위를 선동했다고 비난했기 때문이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 쿠르드 반대파 그룹들은 전국적인 시위와 파업에 연대를 계속 촉구해 왔다. 이란은 또한 이라크의 쿠르드 민병대가 2026년 시위를 포함한 불안을 조장하려 한다고 반복적으로 비난했다. [ 53 ] [ 32 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] 마찬가지로 오랫동안 저개발과 정치적 소외로 고통받아온 이란의 발루치 지역 역시 아미니 시위 당시 폭력적인 탄압의 대상이 되었다. [ 56 ] 2025년 12월 10일, 자이슈 알 아들 과 같은 이란 발루치- 수니파 무장 단체들은 인민 전사 전선(People's Fighters Front, PFF)이라는 통합 조직으로의 합병을 선언했다. 연합 영상에서 이들은 이슬람 공화국의 시아파 성직자 통치를 거부했다. 같은 날 이 단체는 이슬람 혁명 수비대 지역 사령부를 공격하여 군인 4명을 살해하고 3명에게 부상을 입혔으며, 다음 날 공격에 대한 책임을 발표했다. [ 57 ] 시위 전개 초기 바자르 시위 2025년 12월 28일 12월 28일, 테헤란의 알라에딘 쇼핑센터와 차르수 몰을 포함한 다른 상업 중심지의 상인들이 상점을 닫고 파업에 돌입했다. 동시에 이 장소들 주변에서 시위 집회가 형성되었으며, 광범위한 상점 폐쇄 영상과 사진이 소셜 미디어에 유포되었다. [ 40 ] 보도에 따르면, 시위대들은 치솟는 달러 환율과 시장 불안정을 언급하며 현재의 상황이 지속되면 많은 중소기업이 파산할 것이라고 경고했다. 일부 집회는 좀후리 에슬라미 거리 를 포함한 주변 거리로 확장되었다. [ 39 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] 좀후리 거리에서는 다른 시민들도 상인들과 합세하여 경제 상황에 항의했다. 다른 곳에서는 이란의 철강 상인들이 화폐 가치 하락에 항의하며 비슷한 시위의 일환으로 상점을 닫았다. [ 60 ] 시위가 시작될 무렵 이란 리알 화의 가치는 미화 1달러당 145만 리알로 역대 최저치를 기록했다가 138만 리알로 소폭 회복되었다. [ 61 ] 리알화는 미국 제재로 인한 석유 수입 감소 등의 영향으로 이란-이스라엘 전쟁 이후 가치의 약 40%를 잃었다. 전년 대비 인플레이션율은 42.2%에 달했다. 시위는 테헤란 중심부에서 전자제품을 판매하는 상인들이 상점을 닫으면서 처음 시작되었다. [ 28 ] 국영 매체는 초기 상인들의 소규모 시위 영상을 흐릿하게 처리하여 공개했다. [ 61 ] 영상과 목격자 증언에 따르면 상인들은 경제 실정에 반대하는 구호를 외쳤고, 일부 사례에서는 반정부 정서를 표현했다. [ 58 ] 시위대들은 또한 법집행사령부 를 향해 "법 집행 기관이여, 지지하라, 지지하라"고 외치며 보안군이 시위를 지지해 줄 것을 호소했다. [ 62 ] 시위대의 주요 요구 사항에는 환율 안정, 상인들의 경제적 고충 해결, 예측 가능한 비즈니스 환경 조성, 시장 변동성으로 인한 손실 방지 등이 포함되었다. [ 39 ] [ 58 ] 이날 보안군과의 충돌 보고는 없었으며 평화롭게 유지되었다. [ 63 ] 12월 29일 시위는 12월 29일 둘째 날까지 이어졌으며 그랜드 바자르 를 포함한 테헤란의 다양한 지역으로 확대되었다. 상인과 상점 주인들은 사업장을 닫고 거리로 나와 리알화의 전례 없는 폭락과 환율 및 금값의 급등에 항의했다. 시위대들은 구매력 저하와 생활비 상승을 언급하며 경제 상황과 정부 관리에 대한 반대 목소리를 높였다. 온라인에 공유된 영상에는 랄레자르, 차하르수크, 좀후리 거리 주변에서 계속된 집회가 포착되었으며, 참가자들은 대체로 비폭력적인 태도를 유지하면서 정부의 경제 정책에 대한 비판적인 메시지를 전달했다. [ 64 ] [ 65 ] [ 66 ] 그랜드 바자르의 상인들은 전날 시위를 시작했던 전자제품 상인들과 합세했다. [ 28 ] 독립적인 소식통에 의해 확인된 영상에 따르면 테헤란 그랜드 바자르 근처의 쇼핑몰에 모인 군중들은 "자유"( 페르시아어 : آزادی Âzâdi )를 외쳤다. [ 42 ] 법집행사령부 는 알라에딘 쇼핑센터 밖의 시위대를 해산시키기 위해 최루제 를 사용했다. [ 67 ] 시위는 이란의 다른 도시로도 번졌다. [ 68 ] 2025년 12월 29일 밤, 남부의 케슘 , 북부의 잔잔 과 하마단 을 포함한 이란 전역의 여러 지역에서 시위가 보고되었다. 시위대들은 케슘섬에서 " 독재자에게 죽음을 ", 잔잔에서 "세예드 알리 [하메네이]는 올해 실각할 것이다" 등 최고 지도자를 비판하는 구호를 외쳤다. [ 69 ] [ 42 ] 이란 인터내셔널 은 테헤란의 좀후리 에슬라미 거리에 한 시위자가 도로 한복판에 앉아 오토바이를 탄 보안군의 이동을 거부하다가 구타당하고 쫓겨나는 영상을 보도했다. 이 영상은 온라인에서 급속히 퍼졌으며, 여러 뉴스 매체들은 이 시위자와 사건을 1989년 천안문 사건 당시의 탱크맨 에 비유했다. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 45 ] [ 72 ] 이란 전역으로의 확산 12월 30일 시위 3일째에 접어들며 파업과 보안 조치는 더욱 확대되었으며, 테헤란의 슈슈와 몰라비 지역, 그리고 이스파한의 이맘 광장 에서도 상점들이 문을 닫았다. 테헤란, 마슈하드, 크와제 나시르 공과대학교 에 대규모 보안군이 배치되었다는 보고가 있었다. 정부는 추운 날씨와 에너지 제약을 이유로 테헤란주를 포함한 11개 주에 임시 휴업령을 내렸다. 보안군은 하마단에서 시위대에게 발포했으며 테헤란과 말라르드에서는 최루 가스를 살포했다. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] 시위는 케르만샤 , 시라즈, 야즈드 및 테헤란의 샤다바드, 슈슈 지역 등 더 많은 도시로 번졌다. 아미르카비르 공과대학교 , 샤히드 베헤슈티 대학교, 크와제 나시르 대학교, 샤리프 공과대학교, 과학 문화 대학교, 테헤란 과학기술대학교 및 이스파한 공과대학교 , 야즈드 대학교 학생들도 집회에 합류하여 "독재자에게 죽음을", " 하메네이에게 죽음을 ", " 가자도 레바논도 아닌, 나의 삶을 이란에 ", "우리는 모두 하나다", "세예드 알리(하메네이)는 올해 실각할 것이다" 등의 구호를 외쳤다. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 29 ] [ 77 ] 마수드 페제시키안 대통령은 정부가 시민들의 요구에 귀를 기울여야 한다고 촉구했다. 이에 정부 대변인은 소통 그룹이 시행될 것이라고 밝혔다. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] 그러나 페제시키안의 발언은 시위대들을 진정시키지 못한 것으로 보이며, 시위대들의 요구는 단순한 경제 안정을 넘어서고 있다. [ 29 ] 또한 일부 이란인들은 정부가 경제 문제를 해결하기 위해 할 수 있는 것이 많지 않다는 이전의 발언을 인용하며, 정부의 경제 문제 해결 능력에 회의감을 표했다. [ 80 ] 인권 단체와 Z세대 학생 단체들은 테헤란 슈슈 광장 지역에서 시위대 11명이 체포되었고, 학생 5명이 구금되었다가 4명이 나중에 석방되었다고 보고했다. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ] 또 다른 뉴스 보도는 테헤란의 아미르카비르 대학교에서 교내 집회를 진압하던 중 이슬람 혁명 수비대 의 바시지 민병대원들에 의해 학생 한 명이 중상을 입었다고 발표했다. [ 81 ] 소셜 미디어 영상에는 학생들이 정부 비판 구호를 외치고, 최고 지도자 대리인 사무소와 관련된 표지판을 제거하며, 대학교 입구에서 보안군과 대치하는 모습이 담겼다. [ 81 ] 12월 31일 시위 4일째에는 이스파한, 케르만샤, 파사 주민들이 모였다. 파사에서는 주지사 사무실 앞에서 대규모 집회가 열렸고, 케르만샤에서는 시장이 완전히 파업했다. 보도에 따르면 경찰은 시위대에게 실탄과 최루 가스를 발사했다. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] 동시에 시르반 에서는 현직 및 은퇴 교사들이 교육부 앞에 모였다. 케르만샤에서는 페르도시 광장에서 차고지까지(약 8km) 억압군이 배치되었으며, 보안군의 삼엄한 경계가 눈에 띄었다. [ 86 ] 파사 주지사 사무실 시위 중 마디 사마바티라는 인물이 사망한 것으로 보고되었다. 준관영 메흐르 뉴스 통신 은 파사 주지사의 말을 인용해 이 보고를 부인했다. [ 87 ] 온라인에 배포되고 이란 인민무자헤딘기구 가 유포한 영상에는 테헤란 , 이스파한 , 시라즈 , 케르만샤 등 여러 도시에서 시위대와 보안군 사이의 격렬한 대치가 담겨 있다. 시위자 아미르헤삼 코다야리파르드 는 12월 31일 로레스탄주 쿠다슈트 시위 중 이란 보안군 대원의 권총 사격에 머리를 맞아 사망했다. [ 88 ] 관영 IRNA 와 메흐르는 사망 사실을 확인하며 코다야리파르드가 바시지 대원이었다고 밝혔다. [ 89 ] 정부 당국은 코다야리파르드의 가족에게 그가 바시지 대원이었다고 말하도록 압력을 가했으며 이 문제에 대해 소셜 네트워크 서비스 에서 침묵할 것을 요구했다. [ 88 ] 총격은 시위대와의 충돌 중에 발생했다. 메흐르에 따르면 경찰관과 바시지 대원 13명이 부상을 입었다. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] 정부는 "추운 날씨"를 이유로 국가 대부분 지역에 전국적인 업무 중단령을 내렸으나, [ 91 ] 일부 분석가들은 실제 의도가 시위를 억제하기 위한 것이라고 말한다. [ 92 ] 중단령은 이란 31개 주 중 21개 주에 적용되었다. [ 93 ] 정부는 시위대를 강력히 진압하겠다고 위협하기 시작했고, [ 94 ] 미국 국무부 는 시위대들이 "위협, 폭력, 체포에 직면한" 것에 대해 우려한다고 밝혔다. [ 95 ] 영상 기록에 따르면 상인, 여성 권리 운동가, 학생들과 같은 시위대들은 공통적으로 " 독재자에게 죽음을 ", " 가자도 레바논도 아닌, 나의 삶을 이란에 "라는 구호를 외쳤다. [ 25 ] [ 96 ] 계속되는 시위에 대응하여 이란 정부는 모하메드 레자 파르진의 사임에 따라 전 경제부 장관인 압돌나세르 헤마티를 새로운 이란 중앙은행 총재 로 임명했다. [ 97 ] 2026년 1월 1일 시위 5일째, 테헤란 중앙 청과물 시장의 노동자와 직원들이 업무를 중단하고 유통 주기를 멈춤으로써 전국적인 봉기에 합류했다. 시위대들은 "열정적으로 알다시피, 지지하라 지지하라"는 구호를 외치며 상인들과 일반 대중이 파업을 확대하여 변화를 위한 국가적 의지를 강화할 것을 촉구했다. 경찰은 시위대를 해산시키기 위해 최루 가스를 사용했다. [ 98 ] 보도에 따르면 2025년 12월 31일 체포되었던 테헤란 대학교 법학 및 정치학부 평의회 비서이자 교수진인 사리라 카리미가 2026년 1월 1일 석방되었다. [ 99 ] 시위대들은 마르브다슈트 에 모여 "올해는 피의 해다, 세예드 알리는 실각한다"와 같은 이슬람 공화국 정부 반대 구호를 외친 것으로 보고되었다. [ 100 ] 마슈하드에서는 시위대들이 사디 지하철역에 모였으며, 진압 경찰이 무력을 동원해 군중을 해산시키려 했다. [ 100 ] 시스탄오발루체스탄주 에서는 발루치 수감자 단체가 지역 주민들에게 광범위한 시위에 합류할 것을 촉구하는 성명을 발표하고 "독재자에게 죽음을", "발루치스탄은 깨어 있으며 독재를 혐오한다"와 같은 구호를 호소했다. [ 101 ] 루르인 소수민족의 고향인 로레스탄주 에서는 시위대들이 거리에서 불을 피우며 "올해는 피의 해다, 세예드 알리는 실각한다"고 외치는 모습이 보고되었다. 추가 보고에 따르면 경찰이 시위대에게 실탄을 사용했다. [ 102 ] 로르데간 에서는 주지사 사무실과 지자체 광장 주변 등 도시 여러 곳에서 집회가 열렸다. 이 보고들에 따르면 긴장이 고조되면서 일부 개인이 정부 및 은행 건물을 훼손하려 시도했다. 경찰은 군중을 해산시키기 위해 최루 가스를 사용했으며 양측 간의 충돌이 보고되었다. 소요 사태 중 여러 명이 부상을 입었으며 미확인 보고에 따르면 여러 건의 사망자가 발생했다. [ 103 ] 로르데간에서 한 소년을 포함해 최소 3명이 살해되었다. [ 104 ] [ 105 ] 곰 에는 정부군의 삼엄한 경계가 있었다. 1월 2일 1월 2일, 신뢰할 만한 언론 보도에 따르면 테헤란, 곰, 이스파한, 시라즈, 일람 , 마슈하드, 카라지, 잔잔, 하마단 , 케슘에서 대규모 시위가 계속되었다. [ 106 ] 자헤단 과 테헤란에서 시위가 다시 활기를 띠었다. 풀라드샤르 , 쿠다슈트 , 마르브다슈트 에서는 보안군에 의해 살해된 시위대들의 장례식이 열렸으며 참가자들은 "하메네이에게 죽음을" 등의 구호를 외치며 정부에 반대하는 의사를 표했다. 쿠다슈트에서 열린 코다야리파르드의 장례식에서는 바시지와 IRGC 대원들이 돌세례와 구호를 받으며 장례식장에서 쫓겨났다. 코다야리파르드의 아버지는 자신의 아들이 바시지 대원이 아니었음을 확인해주었다. [ 107 ] 하마단주 사다프 지구에서는 시위대가 쿠란 을 불태우고 모스크를 공격하려 했으나 당국에 의해 저지당했다. [ 108 ] 1월 3일 1월 3일의 시위는 이전보다 지리적 범위와 시위대 숫자가 더 많았으며 보안군의 배치도 더 삼엄했다. [ 109 ] 이란 저항국민평의회 (NCRI)와 인권 활동가 뉴스 통신사 (HRANA)는 카제룬, 말렉샤히, 케르만샤, 시라즈, 마슈하드, 아르카바즈, 이스파한, 테헤란, 하프셰잔, 카라지, 샤레코르드, 파르디스 등을 시위 장소로 지목했다. HRANA는 시위 시작 이후 정부 보안군 1명을 포함해 누적 사망자 수가 16명이라고 보고했다. [ 110 ] [ 109 ] 1월 3일 외쳐진 구호들로 본 시위의 주제는 경제적 불평등과 통치 문제부터 자유와 정의에 대한 요구까지 다양했다. HRANA는 "무역 관련 및 일상적인 요구와 정치적 요구 사이의 경계가 모호해졌고, 진행 중인 시위는 축적된 다층적인 불만을 바탕으로 형성되었다"며 시위의 목표가 진화하고 있다고 보았다. [ 109 ] 이란 당국이 시위대들을 쏜다면 미국이 구조하러 올 것이라고 경고한 도널드 트럼프 미국 대통령의 발언에 이어, [ 111 ] 최고 지도자 알리 하메네이 는 1월 3일 "우리는 적 에게 굴복하지 않을 것"이라며 "폭도들은 제자리에 돌려놓아야 한다"고 응수했다. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] 같은 날 미국 국무부는 시위대 장례식에 대한 진압을 규탄하는 성명을 발표했다. [ 114 ] Cloudflare 는 이란의 인터넷 트래픽이 35% 감소했다고 보고했으며, 이란 인터넷 사용자들은 빈번한 중단과 느린 연결을 보고했다 . [ 115 ] 1월 4일 테헤란의 그랜드 바자르에는 삼엄한 보안군이 배치되었다. [ 116 ] 이란 전역의 최소 20개 주요 도시와 소도시에서 시위와 파업이 일어났다. [ 117 ] 도널드 트럼프는 시위대들이 추가로 살해될 경우 이란 당국이 "매우 강력한 타격을 입을 것"이라고 말했다. [ 118 ] 시라즈에서는 경찰이 한 남성을 폭행하는 영상이 공개되었다. 시위대가 경찰에게 물건을 던지자 경찰은 오토바이를 타고 대응했으며, 한 시위자가 경찰에게 가솔린을 뿌리고 불을 붙였다. [ 119 ] 1월 5일 시위 9일째에도 이란 전역에서 시위가 계속되었다. 테헤란의 바게 세파살라르 근처에서는 "하메네이에게 죽음을"이라는 구호가 울려 퍼졌다. 테헤란 대학교 근처에서는 특수 부대가 고도의 경계 태세를 갖췄으며, 일상생활 속에 저항이 고동치는 마르브다슈트 등의 도시에서는 광범위한 파업 보고가 잇따랐다. [ 120 ] 야수즈에서는 보안군이 주지사 사무실 앞에 모인 구금자 가족들과 대치했다. 보고에 따르면 이란 국민들의 불만의 일환으로 사만, 상사르, 쿠슈크 등의 작은 마을까지 시위가 번졌다. [ 121 ] 이전에 언급된 도시 외에도 차하르마할오바크티아리주의 사만, 셈난주의 상사르, 자헤단, 카라지의 파르디스, 파르스주의 메슈칸, 마마사니의 누라바드 등 전국 여러 곳에서 시위가 보고되었다. 또한 카즈빈, 하메단, 일람, 마슈하드, 네이샤부르, 아바데, 부셰르, 바볼, 보즈누르드, 이스파한주의 쿠슈크, 마르카지주의 샤잔드뿐만 아니라 북부 도시 라슈트와 사리에서도 시위가 문서화되었다. 보도에 따르면 이 지역의 시위대들은 공공장소에 모여 구호를 외치고 하메네이 정부에 대한 불만을 표출하며 전국적인 소요의 지속적인 확산을 반영했다. [ 122 ] [ 123 ] [ 120 ] 1월 6일 공동 성명을 통해 이란 쿠르디스탄 민주당 (KDPI), 코말라 , 혁명 노동자 협회, 쿠르디스탄 노동자 협회, 카바트 조직 , 쿠르디스탄 자유당 (PAK), 쿠르디스탄 자유생명당 (PJAK)을 포함한 여러 주요 쿠르드족 정치 단체들이 시위에 대한 지지를 표명하고 이란 내 쿠르드족 에게 파업과 시위를 실시할 것을 촉구했다. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] [ 126 ] 이란의 쿠르드 지역에 위치한 아브다난 과 말렉샤히 시는 국가 보안군이 철수하면서 시위대들의 통제 하에 놓였다. [ 127 ] 테헤란 그랜드 바자르에서 시위대들의 농성 이 진행되었다. [ 128 ] 시장의 상인들은 파업을 벌였으며, 특히 금과 환율, 직물, 신발 및 가전제품 시장의 통로에 있는 많은 상점들이 부분적 또는 완전히 폐쇄되었다. 파업은 자발적으로 일어난 것으로 보이며, 일부 보고에 따르면 바자르는 "전쟁터"가 되었다. [ 129 ] [ 130 ] 농성은 최루 가스를 동원한 보안군에 의해 해산되었다. [ 128 ] HRANA는 열흘간의 총 시위 장소를 27개 주의 88개 도시 285개 장소로 추산했으며, [ 131 ] 22개 대학에서 시위가 발생했다. 시위 슬로건은 경제적, 사회적, 정치적 불만을 폭넓게 다루었다. [ 129 ] 야즈단샤르 에서 현지인들은 경찰이 시위대에게 과도한 무력을 사용했으며 초기에는 최루 가스를 살포하다가 나중에는 민간인에게 실탄을 발사했다고 보고했다. [ 130 ] 테헤란의 시나 병원 과 일람의 이맘 호메이니 병원 에 대한 보안군의 습격은 부상당한 시위대들을 체포하려는 목적으로 국가적 관심을 끌었다. 일람에서는 가족들과 의료진이 보안군에 저항했다. 보안군은 병원 건물 내부와 부지에 최루 가스를 발사하는 방식으로 공격했다. 내무부 장관 은 일람 습격 사건을 조사하고 보고서를 제출하라는 명령을 받았다. [ 129 ] 1월 6일, 체포된 시위대들의 강제 비디오 자백이 관영 매체를 통해 총 15건 방송되었다. [ 129 ] 소셜 미디어에서 레자 팔라비는 1월 8일과 9일 저녁 20시(오후 8시) 이란 표준시 (IRST)에 가정과 거리에서 구호를 외칠 것을 소집했다. 그는 목표가 "시위를 질서 있게, 가능한 한 대규모로 유지하는 것"이라고 설명했다. 그는 이번 소집에 대한 반응에 따라 "다음 행동 지침을 발표"하겠다고 약속했다. [ 132 ] 1월 7일 HRANA에 따르면 24개 주의 37개 도시에서 거리 집회, 시위 및 파업이 열렸으며, 시위 시작 이후 총합은 31개 주의 111개 도시 348개 장소가 되었다. 1월 7일에는 10개 대학이 시위에 합류하여 총 45개교가 되었다. 체포된 사람들의 TV 강제 자백 총 횟수는 40회로 늘어났다. 예술가들과 교사들은 시위를 지지하고 시위 참가자들에 대한 보안군의 탄압을 비판하는 성명을 발표했다. [ 133 ] HRANA는 보안군의 체포와 폭력에도 불구하고 시위가 지속되는 것은 "이란 사회의 상당 부분이 시위의 대가를 침묵과 무대응의 대가보다 낮게 보기 시작했음"을 보여주는 것으로 해석했다. 주요 주제는 계속해서 경제 및 통치에 대한 불만이었으며 이는 "하나의 사안의 두 측면"으로 간주되었다. HRANA는 예술가와 교사들의 성명이 "전문적이고 문화적인 부문이 시위의 서사와 점점 더 일치하고 있음"을 보여준다고 해석했다. [ 133 ] 1월 7일, 발루치 민족주의 무장 단체인 인민 전사 전선 (PFF) 무장 대원들이 이란샤르 경찰서장 마무드 하키카트를 암살했다. [ 134 ] [ 135 ] [ 126 ] IRGC 관련 매체는 시위대들이 로르데간 시위 중 법집행사령부 소속 장교 2명과 말렉샤히에서 신원 미상의 보안군 대원 1명을 살해했다고 보고했다. [ 126 ] 마슈하드 에서 시위대들이 거대한 이슬람 공화국 국기 를 깃대에서 끌어내린 후 반으로 찢는 모습이 목격되었다. [ 136 ] 1월 8일 레자 팔라비 가 시위 소집 시간으로 지정한 20시 이후 시위가 격화되었다. 격렬한 진압 전 정부의 일반적인 관행에 따라 여러 도시에서 즉각적인 전화선 및 인터넷 차단 이 발생했다. [ 137 ] 스타링크 위성 인터넷 서비스는 영향을 받지 않아 일부 사용자들이 정부 통제 인터넷 차단을 우회할 수 있었다. [ 138 ] 테헤란에서 구호를 외치는 군중들은 주로 팔라비를 지지하는 것으로 보였다. CBS 뉴스 는 시위가 "가능한 티핑 포인트 "에 도달했다고 묘사했으며, [ 139 ] [ 140 ] [ 141 ] 유로뉴스 에 따르면 "이는 시위 운동의 새로운 격상을 의미한다." [ 137 ] 카에미예 에서 시위대들은 2020년 미국에 의해 암살 된 후 이슬람 공화국에 의해 순교자로 선포된 혁명 수비대 사령관 가셈 솔레이마니 의 동상을 끌어내렸다. [ 142 ] 마슈하드에서는 시위대 한 그룹이 이슬람 공화국 국기를 내리고 찢었다. [ 143 ] 노르웨이에 기반을 둔 인권 단체 헹가우(Hengaw)는 케르만샤 시위 중 이슬람 혁명 수비대 지상군 대원 2명이 사망했다고 주장했다. [ 54 ] 테헤란주의 말라르드 에서 경찰관 한 명이 현지 소요를 통제하려다 흉기에 찔려 사망했다. [ 144 ] 인권 단체들은 테헤란 가디르 병원에서 시위대 가족들이 보안군에 의해 살해된 시위대 시신 더미를 뒤지는 "괴로운 장면"이 담긴 영상을 확인했다. [ 145 ] 1월 9일 영상과 목격자 보고에 따르면 금요일 밤 이란인들은 망명 중인 레자 팔라비 태자의 부름에 따라 이틀 연속 거리로 나섰다. [ 146 ] 팔라비는 또한 도널드 트럼프 미국 대통령에게 이란 시위대들을 지지해 줄 것을 요청했다. [ 147 ] 디 이코노미스트 는 시위가 2009년 이후 최대 규모로 성장했으며, "일부 베테랑 이란 관찰자들은 이번 시위가 1979년 샤 전복 이후 최대 규모라고 평가한다"고 보도했다. [ 148 ] NDTV 24x7 은 이란 여성들이 하메네이의 사진을 태워 담배에 불을 붙이는 영상이 X, 레딧, 인스타그램, 텔레그램 등에서 인기를 끌고 있다고 보도했다. 하메네이 사진을 태우는 행위는 이란에서 불법이기에, 관찰자들은 이를 국가 권력에 대한 저항이자 개인의 자유를 위한 의도적인 도전으로 해석했다. [ 149 ] 하메네이는 짧은 TV 출연을 통해 시위에 대해 언급했다. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] 연설에서 하메네이는 트럼프 대통령을 "오만한 자"라고 부르며 그의 손이 이란인들의 피로 물들어 있다고 말했고, 트럼프가 다른 오만한 지도자들처럼 전복될 것이라고 언급했다. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] 그는 시위대들을 해로운 개인들과 폭도로 묘사했다. [ 152 ] 이스파한 의 이란 이슬람 공화국 방송 사무실에서 화재가 발생했다. [ 153 ] 시위대들은 또한 골학(Gholhak)과 사다트 아바드(Sa'adat Abad) 지역의 모스크 를 포함한 테헤란의 건물들에 불을 질렀다. [ 154 ] 야권 매체는 케르만샤주에서 시위대와 보안군 사이의 충돌로 IRGC 지상군 나비 아크람 부대원 최소 10명이 사망했다고 보고했다. [ 155 ] 이란 사법부 수장 골람호세인 모세니에제이 는 시위대들이 어떠한 법적 관용 없이 법이 허용하는 최대한의 범위 내에서 결정적이고 엄중한 처벌을 받게 될 것이라고 밝혔다. [ 156 ] 미국 정보공동체 의 고위 장교들은 악시오스(Axios)에 이번 시위가 정권을 불안정하게 만들 수 없다는 자신들의 입장이 "재평가되고 있다"고 말했다. [ 157 ] 도널드 트럼프 미국 대통령은 목요일 전국적인 시위 속에 이란인들을 "용감한 사람들"이라고 칭송하며 이란 당국에 시위대들을 살해하지 말라고 경고했다. [ 146 ] X 는 이란 국기 이모지 를 이슬람 공화국 국기에서 사자와 태양기 의 현대적 디자인으로 변경했다. [ 158 ] 대규모 시위 속에 아랍에미리트, 카타르, 오만, 터키에서 이란 도시로 향하는 항공편이 취소되었다. [ 159 ] 1월 9일 현재 31개 주 전역의 시위로 수백만 명이 거리에 나섰으며, 테헤란에서만 최소 217명이 사망 했다. 테헤란과 시라즈의 병원들은 총상을 입은 부상자들로 감당하기 힘든 상태이다. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] 또한 폭력적인 진압으로 수천 명이 체포되었다. [ 162 ] 시린 에바디 는 인터넷 차단 상황에서 이슬람 공화국이 시위대들을 학살할 수 있다고 경고했다. [ 163 ] 인터넷 중단에도 불구하고 가디언 은 보안군이 시위대에 발포하여 많은 사상자가 발생했다는 여러 보고를 입수했으며, 한 목격자는 테헤란 곳곳에서 "수백 명의 시신"을 보았다고 증언했다. [ 145 ] 테헤란과 시라즈의 의사들은 환자가 넘쳐나 긴급하지 않은 수술을 중단했다고 전했다. [ 161 ] 니샤푸르 의 한 의사는 보안군이 "최소 30명"을 살해했으며 그중에는 어머니 품에 안겨 있던 5세 아이도 포함되었다고 증언했다. [ 164 ] 1월 10일 자정부터 새벽까지 테헤란 환경미화원들은 거리의 탄피 를 수거해 보안군에 전달하라는 지시를 받은 것으로 알려졌다. [ 165 ] 인터넷 차단에도 불구하고 1월 9~10일 밤 테헤란과 이란 전역에서 수천 명의 시위대가 모여 "하메네이에게 죽음을", "국왕 폐하 만세"를 외쳤다. [ 145 ] 레자 팔라비는 시위대에게 도심을 장악하고 "사자와 태양"기를 게양할 것을 촉구하며 곧 귀국하겠다고 약속했다. [ 145 ] 인터넷 불능으로 병원, 약국, 은행 등의 업무가 마비되었고 많은 상점이 문을 열지 못했다. [ 165 ] 인터넷 차단은 시위 규모와 경찰의 폭력 행위에 대한 문서화를 방해하고 있다. [ 145 ] 가디언은 스타링크를 통해 "저항하고 있으나 도움이 필요하다. 테헤란의 타지리쉬 아르그 구역 뒤에 저격수들이 배치되었다"는 제보를 받았다. [ 145 ] 이란 검찰총장 모하마드 모바헤디 아자드는 시위대가 "신의 적"( 모하레베 )으로 기소될 수 있다고 경고했다. 이는 사형에 처해질 수 있는 죄목이다. 이슬람 혁명 수비대 관련 단체인 영 저널리스트 클럽은 가치사란 에서 시위대가 바시지 대원 3명을 살해했다고 보고했다. [ 166 ] BBC 페르시아어의 분석에 따르면 여러 도시의 시위대는 새벽까지 정부군과 격렬하게 충돌했다. [ 167 ] 테헤란 푸낙 지구의 시위대는 정부가 가로등을 끄자 불꽃놀이 를 하고 스마트폰으로 빛의 바다를 만들어 저항했다. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] 토요일에는 주로 혁명 수비대와 바시지가 동원되어 실탄을 사용했다는 목격담이 나왔다. [ 169 ] 1월 10일, 이란 인터내셔널은 인터넷 차단 속에서 지난 48시간 동안 보안군이 살상 무기를 사용하면서 최소 2,000명의 시위자가 사망했다고 보도했다. [ 15 ] 1월 11일 모하마드 바게르 칼리바프 국회의장은 트럼프의 위협과 관련하여, 미국이 이란을 공격할 경우 지역 내 미국 군사 기지와 함선, 이스라엘이 보복 대상이 될 것이라고 경고했다. 의회에서 강경파 정치인들은 " 미국에 죽음을 "을 외쳤다. 뉴욕 타임스 는 트럼프가 이란에 대한 군사적 옵션을 보고받았으나 최종 결정을 내리지는 않았다고 보도했다. [ 170 ] 포브스 는 이란 정부가 인터넷 차단 중에 스타링크 접속을 차단하는 데 성공했다고 보도했다. [ 171 ] 1월 11일 로스앤젤레스 에서 열린 연대 집회 도중, 한 트럭 이 시위대 무리로 돌진하는 사건 이 발생했다. [ 172 ] 방식 시위대 전국적인 파업 기업, 상점, 카페, 노동자뿐만 아니라 온라인 상점과 소셜 미디어 인플루언서들에 의해 전국적인 파업이 진행되었다. [ 176 ] [ 177 ] [ 178 ] [ 179 ] [ 180 ] 집회 시위는 구호를 외치는 거리 집회, 자동차 경적 울리기, [ 181 ] [ 182 ] 불 피우기, [ 181 ] 감시 카메라 제거 등의 방식으로 진행된다. [ 183 ] [ 184 ] 신원 확인 및 체포를 피하기 위해 많은 시위자가 브이 포 벤데타 를 연상시키는 마스크와 어두운 옷을 착용한다. [ 169 ] 정부가 가로등을 끄면 시위대는 불꽃놀이를 하거나 스마트폰으로 빛의 바다를 만들며 저항한다. [ 181 ] [ 167 ] [ 168 ] 구호 및 상징 시위 기간 동안 시위대는 반정부 정서와 군주제 복구 요구 등을 담은 구호를 외쳤다. 시위 상징물로는 사자와 태양기 가 사용되었다. [ 174 ] [ 22 ] 1월 9일, X 는 이란 국기 이모지 를 사자와 태양기 의 현대적 디자인으로 변경했다. [ 185 ] " 독재자에게 죽음을 " ( 페르시아어 : مرگ بر دیکتاتور Marg bar Diktâtor ) " 하메네이에게 죽음을 " ( 페르시아어 : مرگ بر خامنه-ای Marg bar Khâmene'i ) " 레자 샤 여, 영혼의 축복이 있기를" ( 페르시아어 : رضا شاه، روحت شاد Rezâ Shâh, ruhat shâd ) " 가자도 레바논도 아닌, 나의 삶을 이란에 " ( 페르시아어 : نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران Na Qazze na Lebnan, jânam fadâ-ye Irân ) "두려워 말라, 우리는 모두 함께다" "명예 없는 자들이여" (보안군 겨냥) "자유, 자유, 자유" " 샤 폐하 만세" ( 페르시아어 : جاوید شاه Jâvid Shâh ) "이것이 마지막 전투다, 팔라비 가 돌아올 것이다" ( 페르시아어 : این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمی-گرده In âkharin nabarde, Pahlavi barmigarde ) " 샤 가 집으로 온다, 자하크 는 실각한다" (현 정부 전복 비유) "물라도 없고, 샤도 없다" ( 페르시아어 : نه آخوند، نه شاه ) 조직 1월 7일 기준으로 HRANA는 시위가 네트워크화되어 있다고 보았다. [ 133 ] AP 통신 은 1월 8일 이전의 초기 단계 시위를 "전반적으로 지도자 없음"으로 간주했다. 그러나 20시가 되자 테헤란 전역에서 구호가 터져 나왔으며 군중들은 반체제 슬로건을 외치고 샤의 귀환에 대한 지지를 표명했다. [ 186 ] 이란와이어(IranWire)는 Z세대 이란인들을 2022년~2023년의 마흐사 아미니 시위 에 의해 정치적 견해가 강력하게 영향받은 이번 시위의 가장 활발한 그룹 중 하나로 보았다. [ 187 ] 영토 장악 인권 활동가 하미드 에나야트에 따르면, 1월 6일 보안군이 도주하면서 말렉샤히 와 아브다난 은 사실상 시위대의 통제 하에 놓였다. [ 188 ] 정부 측 인터넷 차단 2026년 1월 8일, 정부는 정보 유포를 제한하기 위해 전화 및 인터넷 접속을 차단했다. 시위가 활발한 도시에서는 연결이 심하게 끊겼다. [ 189 ] 1월 9일, 이란이 민간용 스타링크 신호를 방해하기 위해 군사용 방해 장치 를 가동했다는 보고가 나왔다. [ 190 ] [ 191 ] 포브스 는 이러한 인터넷 차단이 이란 경제에 매시간 156만 달러의 손실을 입히고 있다고 전했다. [ 190 ] 1월 11일까지 이란은 스타링크 접속을 완전히 차단했다. [ 171 ] 외국 민병대 모집 이라크 인민동원군 , 아랍어 구사 용병, 레바논 헤즈볼라 , 아프가니스탄 리와 파테미윤 등이 시위 진압에 투입되었다는 보고가 있었다. [ 192 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] [ 195 ] 1월 6일에는 카타이브 헤즈볼라 , 하라카트 알 누자바 등을 포함한 이라크 시아파 민병대원 약 800명이 "순례"를 구실로 이란에 입국하여 시위 진압에 동원된 것으로 보고되었다. [ 194 ] 1월 9일, 미국은 이란이 시위 진압을 위해 외국 민병대를 사용하는 것에 대해 경고했다. [ 196 ] 사상자 사상자, 체포, 처형 및 부상당한 시위대 12월 31일 2025년 12월 31일, 풀라드샤르 시위 도중 다리우시 안사리 바흐티아리완드가 보안군이 쏜 칼라시니코프 소총 에 맞았다. 그는 의료 조치를 받기 전 사망했다. [ 197 ] 12월 31일 쿠다슈트에서 열린 시위에 참여하던 중, 21세 [ 89 ] 또는 22세 [ 88 ] 인 아미르헤삼 코다야리파르드가 은퇴한 사복 혁명수비대 요원이 쏜 총에 머리를 맞아 살해당했다 . [ 198 ] 목격자 증언과 영상 증거는 코다야리파르드가 시위대들 사이에 있었음을 보여주었다. [ 88 ] 정부 매체는 시위대들이 보안군에게 돌을 던졌으며, 코다야리파르드는 돌을 던진 후에 살해당했다고 밝혔다. [ 199 ] 메흐르 통신 을 포함한 정부 매체는 [ 89 ] 코다야리파르드가 바시지 요원이라고 주장했다. 쿠다슈트 주지사와 금요 예배 이맘, 그리고 이슬람 혁명 수비대 (IRGC) 대원들이 코다야리파르드의 가족을 방문했다. 가족이 코다야리파르드의 시신을 인수하고 매장할 수 있는 허가는 가족이 코다야리파르드가 바시지 요원이었다는 텔레비전 성명을 발표하는 것을 조건으로 했다. [ 88 ] 정부 당국은 텔레그램 과 인스타그램 을 통해 코다야리파르드 살해에 관한 정보 유포를 금지하는 경고를 내렸다. [ 88 ] 코다야리파르드의 가족에게 그가 바시지 요원이었다고 말하도록 압력을 가하던 당국은 2026년 1월 5일 현재까지 코다야리파르드의 시신을 가족에게 인계하지 않았다고 이란와이어 는 전했다. [ 198 ] 1월 1일 2026년 1월 1일 로르데간에서 아흐마드 잘릴(21세)과 사자드 발라마네시(28세) 등 시위대 두 명이 살해되었다. 둘 다 보안군에 의해 실탄을 맞았으며 나중에 부상으로 사망했다. [ 200 ] [ 201 ] 1월 1일 저녁, 로레스탄주 아즈나 주민인 남성 두 명과 십대 소년 샤얀 아사돌라히(30세), 바하브 무사비, 모스타파(15세)가 보안군의 총격으로 살해되었다. [ 105 ] 혁명수비대와 연계된 파르스 통신 은 시위대들이 경찰서를 공격하려 했거나 [ 202 ] 보안군의 무장을 해제하려 했다고 밝혔다. [ 105 ] 아흐마드레자 아마니(28세)는 이란 표준시로 약 18:00에 아즈나에서 보안군이 쏜 총에 가슴을 맞고 병원에서 사망했다. [ 203 ] 마르브다슈트 주민인 코다다드 시르바니(33세)는 같은 날 저녁 마르브다슈트에서 보안군이 쏜 산탄총 펠릿에 맞았다. 그는 병원으로 이송된 후 사망했다. [ 204 ] 누라바드 에서는 아하드 에브라힘푸르 아브돌리(35세)가 같은 날 저녁 누라바드 바트 광장에서 열린 시위 도중 보안군이 쏜 세 발의 총탄(한 발은 심장에 명중)에 맞아 치명상을 입었다. 보안군과 금요 예배 이맘은 아브돌리의 가족에게 그가 바시지 요원이었으며 "적군"에 의해 사살되었다고 말하도록 압력을 가했다. [ 205 ] 1월 2일 1월 2일, 하르신군 출신의 쿠르드족 남성인 42세의 시위자 알리 아지지 자파라바디가 하르신 에서 보안군의 총에 맞아 살해되었다. [ 206 ] 1월 3일 1월 3일 기준, 행가우에 따르면 체포된 시위대 총수는 132명으로, [ 207 ] HRANA에 따르면 582명으로 늘어났다. [ 109 ] 이란 인터내셔널은 최소 8명의 시위대 사망자가 발생했으며, 시위 장소는 22개 주의 46개 도시 113개 장소에 달했고, 최소 44명이 이란 보안군이 발사한 실탄이나 펠릿탄에 맞아 부상을 입었다고 추산했다. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] 일람주 말렉샤히군 시위 도중 시위대 4명이 이슬람 혁명 수비대 대원에 의해 "군용" 무기에 맞아 살해되었으며, 40명이 부상을 입고 많은 이들이 병원으로 후송되었다. [ 210 ] 1월 4일 1월 4일 이른 아침까지 이란 인터내셔널은 시위로 인한 사망자 수가 최소 16명으로 늘어났다고 보도했다. [ 211 ] HRANA는 시위 시작 이후 990명이 체포되었으며, 주로 펠릿탄과 플라스틱 총알에 의한 시위대 부상 사례가 51건 발생했다고 추산했다. [ 117 ] 1월 5일 1월 5일 체포된 시위대 총수는 1,200명으로 늘어났다. [ 212 ] 이란 당국은 시위에 가담한 모사드 요원을 체포했다고 주장했으며, 해당 요원은 모사드에 의해 채용 및 훈련받고 지속적으로 소통해 왔음을 자백했으며, 모사드 조종자들이 그에게 사람들의 거처로 가라고 지시했으나 나중에는 현지 시장으로 "작전"을 옮기라는 지시를 받았다고 말했다. [ 213 ] 1월 6일 1월 6일 기준, HRANA에 따르면 총 2,076명의 시위대들이 체포되었으며 최소 34명의 시위대와 2명의 경찰관이 살해되었다. [ 129 ] 1월 7일 HRANA는 140건의 새로운 시위대 체포 또는 이전 체포자 신원 확인 사례를 추산하여, 미성년자 165명과 대학생 46명을 포함해 총 2,217명이 되었다. HRANA는 시위 시작 이후 성인 시위자 29명, 미성년 시위자 5명, 보안군 요원 4명을 포함해 총 38명의 사망자를 집계했다. [ 133 ] 1월 8일 1월 9일 1월 9일 기준, HRANA는 총 2,311명의 시위대들이 체포되었으며 최소 65명이 사망했다고 추산했다. [ 214 ] 타임 은 테헤란에 기반을 둔 한 의사와 연락하여 시내 6개 병원에서 217명 이상의 시위대 사망자가 기록되었음을 전해 들었으며, 한편 이란의 노벨 평화상 수상자 시린 에바디 는 당국이 광범위한 인터넷 블랙아웃 을 틈타 대량 학살을 자행할 수 있다고 경고했다. [ 160 ] [ 163 ] 라슈트 와 테헤란의 두 병원 보고에 따르면 1월 8일과 9일 사이에 총 110구의 시신이 이 두 병원으로 이송되었다. 일부 부상자들의 머리와 목에서는 군용 탄환이 발견되었는데, 이는 총격이 살해를 목적으로 했음을 시사한다. [ 215 ] 1월 10일 시위 도중 이어진 인터넷 블랙아웃 가운데, 이란 인터내셔널은 자신들의 가장 보수적인 추산에 따르면 지난 48시간 동안에만 정부군에 의해 최소 2,000명이 살해되었다고 밝혔다. [ 15 ] 1월 10일 기준, HRANA는 2,638명의 시위대들이 체포된 것으로 추산했으며 116명의 사망자가 발생했음을 확인했다. [ 216 ] 이란 인권 센터 는 "대량 학살이 펼쳐지고 있다"고 경고했다. 정부가 인터넷 접속을 차단한 이후 수백 명의 시위대들이 살해되었으며 보안군은 과거와 마찬가지로 금속 펠릿과 고무탄으로 사람들의 눈을 쐈다 고 전했다. 센터는 병원들이 감당하기 힘든 상태이며 사상자가 계속 늘어나고 있다고 보도했다. [ 217 ] 정부군 정부 당국은 시위 도중 발생한 사망자들을 시위대에 의해 살해된 보안군 요원으로 거듭 발표했으나, 목격자들의 증거와 유가족들의 진술을 통해 해당 희생자가 보안군에 의해 사살되었음이 밝혀졌다. [ 218 ] 정부 매체는 12월 31일 살해된 아미르헤삼 코다야리파르드가 바시지 요원이었다고 주장했다. [ 90 ] 행가우에 의해 수집된 목격자 보고와 영상 증거는 이 주장에 반박하며, 특히 그가 시위대들 사이에 서 있다가 보안군 요원이 쏜 총에 머리를 맞아 살해당했음을 보여주었다. [ 88 ] 처음에 당국은 가족이 그가 바시지 요원이었다는 텔레비전 성명을 발표하는 것을 조건으로 시신 인계를 허가하려 했다. [ 88 ] 1월 2일 열린 장례식 도중, 코다야리파르드의 아버지는 자신의 아들이 바시지 요원이 아니었음을 확인했다. [ 107 ] 1월 3일, 프랑스 통신사는 메흐르 통신 의 성명을 인용하여 혁명수비대 대원 라티프 카리미가 말렉샤히군 에서의 충돌 도중 살해되었다고 보도했으나, [ 219 ] 그 충돌 도중 시위대 4명이 혁명수비대에 의해 살해되었다. [ 220 ] 1월 4일 목격자들과 다른 소식통들은 카리미가 혁명수비대 대원들에게 총을 맞았을 때 시위대들 사이에 있었으며, 일람의 이맘 호메이니 병원에서 사망했음을 확인했다. 카리미는 직업상 은퇴한 준장이었다. 카리미의 아들은 텔레그램 을 통해 "나의 아버지의 유일한 '죄'는 [정부 보안군에게] 국민들에게 총을 쏘지 말라고 말한 것"이라고 밝혔다. [ 218 ] 1월 7일, 발루치 민족주의 무장 단체인 인민 전사 전선 (PFF)의 대원들이 이란샤르의 경찰서장 마무드 하키카트를 암살했다. [ 134 ] [ 135 ] [ 126 ] 혁명수비대 연계 매체는 시위대들이 말렉샤히의 불특정 보안군 요원 한 명과 로르데간 시위 도중 경찰청 소속 요원 두 명을 살해했다고 보도했다. [ 126 ] 1월 8일, 노르웨이에 기반을 둔 인권 단체 행가우는 케르만샤 시위 도중 이슬람 혁명 수비대 육군 대원 두 명이 살해되었다고 주장했다. [ 54 ] 테헤란주의 말라르드군에서는 한 경찰관이 현지 소요를 진압하려다 칼에 찔려 사망했다. [ 144 ] 1월 9일, 반정부 매체는 케르만샤주에서 시위대와 보안군의 충돌로 이슬람 혁명 수비대 육군 나비 아크람 부대 대원 최소 10명이 사망했다고 보도했다. [ 155 ] 반응 시위에 대한 반응은 대화와 경제적 구제에 대한 요구에서부터 무력 사용에 대한 경고까지 다양했다. 국내 최고 지도자 알리 하메네이는 관료들이 시위대들과 대화해야 한다고 말했으나, "폭도들은 제자리로 돌려놓아야 한다"고 덧붙였다. [ 221 ] 소요가 지속되자 마수드 페제시키안 대통령은 시위대들의 분노를 가라앉히기 위해 지원을 소비자들에게 직접 전달하도록 의도된 외환 보조금 변경을 포함한 경제 조치를 발표했다. [ 222 ] 모하마드 레자 아레프 부통령은 시위 초기 며칠 동안 사임을 시도했으나 페제시키안 대통령에 의해 수용되지 않았다. [ 223 ] 모하마드 바게르 갈리바프 이란 국회의장: 사악한 개인들과 조직적인 움직임들은 어떠한 종류의 대중적 요구와 시위도 현장의 훈련된 요원들을 이용해 혼란으로 바꾸려 하고 있지만, 이란 민족은 국가 안보에 대한 그들의 경계심, 의식, 자비심을 반복적으로 보여주었다. [ 224 ] 2026년 1월 10일, 이란 혁명수비대는 안보를 지키는 것이 "레드라인"이라고 경고했다. [ 225 ] 골람호세인 모세니에제이 이란 사법부 수장은 폭도들에 대한 처벌이 "어떠한 법적 관용도 없이 단호하고 최대치일 것"이라고 말했다. [ 226 ] 모하마드 모바헤디 아자드 이란 검찰총장은 시위에 참여하는 모든 사람은 이란 법에 따라 사형에 처해질 수 있는 범죄인 " 신의 적 "이라고 경고했다. [ 227 ] 국제 도널드 트럼프 미국 대통령은 이란 당국이 "평화적 시위"를 폭력적으로 진압할 경우 미국이 개입할 것이라고 경고했다. [ 228 ] 유럽 대외행동부 는 이란 보안군에 자제를 촉구하고 당국에 표현의 자유와 평화적 집회의 자유를 포함한 권리를 옹호할 것을 요구했다. [ 229 ] 베냐민 네타냐후 이스라엘 총리는 이스라엘이 "자유, 해방, 정의를 위한 이란 국민의 투쟁에 공감한다"고 말했다. 그는 또한 국민이 스스로의 운명을 손에 쥘 가능성을 언급했다. [ 230 ] 여러 행위자들이 이란 시위대들을 지지했을 뿐만 아니라 이란 정부에 대한 개입 의사를 표명했는데, 구체적으로는 이스라엘 정보기관 모사드 와 최근 결성된 발루치인 민족주의 조직인 인민 전사 전선이다. [ 231 ] [ 232 ] 2026년 1월 초, 나크슈반디 기사단 군은 이란 정권을 "사기꾼 물라 정권"이라고 부르며 이란 정부에 반대하는 이란 반정부 세력에 대한 지지를 표명했다. 비록 그것은 2016년 이후 군사적으로 약화된 JRTN의 성명이기는 했다. [ 233 ] 프랑스 , 독일 , 영국 정상들은 1월 9일 공동 성명을 발표하여 이란에 자제를 촉구했다. [ 234 ] 오스트레일리아 , 캐나다 , 유럽 연합 은 이란의 시위대에 대한 무력 사용을 규탄했다. [ 235 ] 유엔 은 이란의 인터넷 차단과 시민적 자유 침해를 비판했다. [ 236 ] 국제앰네스티 와 휴먼 라이츠 워치 는 폭력적인 진압을 규탄하고 무차별적인 살해와 체포를 기록했다. [ 237 ] [ 238 ] 2026년 1월 9일, 트럼프는 트루스 소셜에 이란 보안군이 시위대들을 살해할 경우 미국은 "장전된 상태로 출동 준비가 되어 있다"고 밝혔다. 은퇴한 미국 장군이자 폭스 뉴스 분석가인 잭 킨은 "내가 이란 정권이라면 트럼프 대통령을 정말 진지하게 받아들일 것"이라고 말했다. [ 239 ] 케미 베이드녹 영국 보수당 대표는 BBC에 이란 정권 교체에 "문제가 없을 것"이라며 미국과 동맹국의 개입을 지지한다고 말했다. 그녀는 이란이 영국에 직접적인 위협이 된다며, 이란이 "처벌을 피할 수 있다고 느끼면 기꺼이 영국을 닦아버릴 것"이라고 주장했다. [ 240 ] 하이디 알렉산더 영국 교통부 장관은 스카이 뉴스에 현재의 최우선 순위는 이란의 "폭력을 막는 것"이라고 말했다. 그녀는 이란이 중동에 위협이 되고 자국민을 억압한다고 말했다. [ 240 ] 교황 레오 14세 가 우려를 표명했다. [ 241 ] 월스트리트 저널 은 트럼프가 이란 옵션을 논의하기 위해 1월 13일 브리핑을 열 것이라고 보도했다. [ 242 ] 이란 항공편 중단 2026년 1월 9일부터 여러 국제 항공사가 시위, 인터넷 블랙아웃, 보안 우려 등을 이유로 이란 노선을 중단하거나 취소했다. 터키항공 은 이스탄불과 테헤란, 타브리즈, 마슈하드 등 이란 도시 간 항공편을 취소했으며, 에이제트 와 페가수스 항공 은 모든 이란 서비스를 중단했다. UAE 항공사인 플라이두바이 와 에미레이트 항공 은 이란 목적지로의 항공편을 멈췄고, 카타르 항공 은 도하에서 이란으로 향하는 여러 항공편을 취소했다. 유럽에서는 오스트리아 항공 이 1월 9일 빈-테헤란 항공편을 취소했고, 지역 안보 우려로 서비스를 중단했다가 1월 16일 재개할 계획이었던 루프트한자 는 시위로 인해 재개 계획을 연기했다. [ 243 ] [ 244 ] [ 245 ] [ 246 ] [ 247 ] 분석 12월 30일, 이란 인터내셔널 은 시위가 이슬람 공화국의 역사적이고 오래된 핵심 우군이었던 이란 바자르 상인들과 이란 정부 간의 "역사적 결별"이라고 암시했다. 뉴스 통신사는 이러한 결별이 이슬람 공화국이 국가 표준 가격 책정을 거부하고 요구 사항을 따를 경우 시장 재고를 보충할 수 없게 된 상인들을 "가격 폭리자"라고 비난한 데 의해 촉발되었다고 분석했다. 정부에 대한 상인들의 분노는 또한 정부 자금 조달을 위해 석유 수입 감소를 보충하고자 적자 지출 과 대규모 세금 인상을 우선시하는 제안된 2025년~2026년 이란 예산 에 의해서도 발생했다. [ 248 ] 1월 2일, 이란 인터내셔널은 이란이 체제 붕괴의 초기 단계에 진입했을 수 있다고 시사한 정보 분석가 와 기자들을 포함한 전문가들의 의견을 인용했다. [ 249 ] 1월 4일, 뉴욕 타임스 에 따르면 아바스 아라그치 외교부 장관을 포함한 이란 관리들은 정부가 경제 문제를 해결하거나 미국이나 이스라엘의 군사적 공격 위협을 처리하는 데 어려움을 겪는 "생존 모드"에 있다고 묘사했다. 페제시키안은 시위 시작 이후 두 차례의 비상 회의를 열었다. 그의 조언자 중 일부는 그가 최고 지도자로서의 하메네이의 역할을 공개적으로 비판할 것을 권고했다. [ 250 ] 1월 5일 포린 폴리시 의 분석은 2025년~2026년 시위가 주요 도시뿐만 아니라 작은 마을들까지 포함하여 지리적으로 더 널리 퍼져 있고, 학생, 노동자, 여성, 소수 민족을 포함한 더 광범위한 집단이 참여한다는 점에서 마흐사 아미니 시위 와 다르다고 주장한다. 또한 분석은 트럼프의 예측 불가능성과 국제법 위반에 대한 노골적인 의지가 바이든의 접근 방식과 다르다는 점, 그리고 아사드 정권의 몰락 이 이란의 지역적 지지를 약화시켰다는 점 등 국제적 맥락의 차이를 중요하게 보았다. 저자들은 또한 2025년~2026년 시위의 초점이 사회 개혁에서 정권 교체로 옮겨가고 있다고 보았다. [ 251 ] 2026년 1월 초, 타임스 는 보안군이 시위대 편으로 돌아설 경우를 대비해 하메네이가 아들 모즈타바 하메네이 를 포함한 약 20명의 가까운 측근 및 가족과 함께 모스크바로 도망갈 탈출 계획을 세웠다는 정보 보고를 인용했다. 전직 이스라엘 정보 장교 베니 사브티는 하메네이가 도망칠 경우 모스크바를 선호할 것으로 예상된다고 밝혔다. [ 252 ] 사회학자 말리 레자에이는 시위가 "사회의 지배적 이데올로기적 기반 사이의 깊어지는 단절"을 보여준다고 보았다. 그녀는 시위의 배경이 된 요인 중 하나가 이란의 수천 년 역사 와 민족적 , 문화적 다양성의 맥락이며, 여기서 7세기 CE 이슬람의 페르시아 정복 이 "절대주의에 대한 끈질긴 저항"을 남겼다고 주장했다. 그녀는 이란의 무종교 와 세속주의 에 대한 지지가 커지고 있다는 2020년 GAMAAN 연구를 지적했다. 레자에이는 경제적 요인 외에도 우르미아호의 소멸 과 같은 환경 위기가 역할을 했다고 보았다. 그녀는 이란 정부의 일부 페르시아 문화 요소 파괴와 "문화적 유산 방어에 대한 수동성"이 정부의 "국가" 보호 능력을 약화시키는 것으로 보았다. 레자에이는 마흐사 아미니 시위 와 여성, 생명, 자유 구호를 시위 운동이 정부나 개별 유명인들에 의해 흡수되는 것을 피하도록 진화한 핵심 전환점으로 보았다. 그녀는 친팔라비 구호들이 절대 군주제가 아니라 국가적 대리권을 회복할 세속적 민주주의에 대한 열망을 주로 나타낸다고 보았다. [ 253 ] 봉기로서의 시위 관점 1월 10일, 인권 활동가 하미드 에나야트는 시위 도중 보안군 무장 해제가 발생한 "수십 건의 사례"와 이란 국가의 폭력 독점 의 "억제 기능 붕괴"가 봉기라는 새로운 단계로의 전환을 의미한다고 시사했다. 에나야트는 시위대들이 보안군 버스의 무장을 해제하고 그들의 손을 묶은 사례와, 보안군 요원에게서 스턴 건을 뺏어 그에게 사용한 사례를 인용했다. 그는 1월 6일 보안군이 시위대들로부터 도망치면서 말렉샤히군 이 사실상 반군 통제 하에 들어갔다고 주장했다. 그는 시위가 이란 국가의 폭력 독점이 시민들을 복종하도록 겁주는 힘을 잃은 단계로 접어들었다고 보았다. [ 188 ] 1월 11일, 역사학자 마크 알몬드 는 이란 시위를 1989년 11월 베를린 장벽 붕괴 와 비교하는 것에 반대했다. 그는 만약 성공한다면 이슬람 공화국 전복은 국제적으로 강요된 정권이 아니라 내부적으로 발전된 정권에 대한 반란이기 때문에 바스티유 습격 에 더 가까울 것이라고 주장했다. 그는 시위가 이미 "혁명"이라는 용어에 부합한다고 주장했다. [ 254 ] 같이 보기 2025년 이란 내부 위기 2025년~2026년 이란 예산 마흐사 아미니 시위 사상자 이란 번영 프로젝트 이란의 에너지 위기 이란 반정부 세력 사가르 에테마디 살해 사건 이란 이슬람 공화국의 정치적 탄압 내용주 각주 ↑ “Day Thirteen of the Protests: Nighttime Demonstrations Continue Amid Internet Shutdown” . HRANA. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ 시위는 이란 전역의 여러 도시, 주로 테헤란 ( 그랜드 바자르 및 상업 지구), 아바즈 , 아라크 , 다르가한 , 파르산 , 파사 , 풀라드샤르 , 하마단 , 이스파한 , 이저 , 케르만샤 , 마슈하드 , 말리크 , 나자파바드 , 누라바드 , 케슘 , 곰 , 시라즈 , 사리 등에서 기록됨 ↑ “Mapping the ongoing protests in Iran (UPDATED)” . 《faytuksnetwork.com》 . 2026년 1월 7일에 확인함 . ↑ 데어 슈피겔이 제작한 지도 참조: Cieschinger, Almut; Kornfeld, Anna-Lena; Martin, Anna Sophia; Riedmann, Bernhard; Schneider, Anna-Sophie (2026년 1월 9일). “(S+) Iran: So breiten sich die regimekritischen Proteste aus” (독일어). 《Der Spiegel》. ↑ “Day four of Iran protests sees rallies spread and regime change calls grow” (영어). 《Iran International》. 2026년 1월 1일 . 2026년 1월 2일에 확인함 . ↑ Parent, Deepa; Christou, William. “ ' No future for us': disaffected Iranians say it's now or never to topple regime” (영어). 《The Guardian》. ↑ “Reza Pahlavi, the exiled son of Iran's last shah at centre of protest chants” . London: BBC News. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iranian protests escalate as authorities cut internet and crackdown intensifies” . Euronews. 2026년 1월 8일. ↑ “Protests in Iran sparked by economic woes now nationwide, activists say” . ABC News. 2026년 1월 8일. ↑ 데흐간피셰, 바바크; 오스틴, 헨리 (2026년 1월 8일). “Video shows security forces firing tear gas at protesters as Iran crackdown kills dozens” . NBC News. ↑ “استقبال گسترده از فراخوان شاهزاده رضا پهلوی برای قیام ملی” (페르시아어). 《이퀄라인 인터내셔널 페르시아어》. 2026년 1월 8일 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ “Internet and phones cut in Iran as protesters heed exiled prince's call for mass demonstration” . Politico. 2026년 1월 8일. ↑ “In Iran, no internet and surging protests urged on by an exiled prince” . Global News. 2026년 1월 8일. ↑ “Millions of Iranians take to the streets as protest death toll hits 42” . 《Iran International》. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 다 “Mass killings reported as security forces use live fire on Iran protesters” . 《Iran International》. 2026년 1월 10일. 2026년 1월 11일에 원본 문서 에서 보존된 문서 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iran Update, January 11, 2026” . Institute for the Study of War . 2026년 1월 11일. ↑ “Iran latest: 'More than 500 now dead' in Iran protests with 'around 10,000' arrested, say reports” . 《Sky News》. ↑ 가 나 “Deaths from Iran protests reach more than 500, rights group says” . Reuters. 2026년 1월 11일 . 2026년 1월 11일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 다 Parent, Deepa; Christou, William (2025년 12월 31일). “ ' We want the mullahs gone': economic crisis sparks biggest protests in Iran since 2022” (영국 영어). 《The Guardian》. ISSN 0261-3077 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ “گزارشگر منوتو از خرمآباد ویدیویی از سردادن شعار«این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده»” (페르시아어). Manoto. December 2025 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ “Protesters in Isfahan chant 'death to the dictator ' ” . Iran International. 2025년 12월 30일 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 “Videos show monarchist, anti-clerical slogans in Hamadan, Arak, Sabzevar” . Iran International. 2025년 12월 31일 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 아 자 차 카 타 파 하 거 너 더 “Protests erupt in Iran over currency's plunge to record low” (영어). 《AP News》. 2025년 12월 29일 . 2025년 12월 30일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 Salem, Mostafa (2025년 12월 30일). “Iran's ailing supreme leader resorts to his only playbook as crises mount and protests erupt” (영어). 《CNN》 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 다 Barin, Mohsen (2025년 12월 31일). “Iran's economic crisis, political discontent threaten regime” . 《DW News》 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iran Nationwide Protests Challenge Regime Amid Economic Crisis” (영어). 《mezha》. 2026년 1월 8일 . 2026년 1월 8일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iran's leaders facing most serious threat since 1979 revolution” (영어). 《Sky News》. Sparks, John. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 Bozorgmehr, Najmeh (2025년 12월 29일). “Iran's currency 'turns to ash' as economy spirals” . 《Financial Times》. ↑ 가 나 다 Malekian, Somayeh (2025년 12월 31일). “Iranian protests expand beyond the economy as students demand freedom, end to regime rule” . 《ABC News》 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ Gambrell, Jon (2026년 1월 8일). “Protests erupt in Iran’s capital after exiled prince’s call; internet cuts out soon after” . AP News . 2026년 1월 8일에 확인함 . ↑ Christou, William (2026년 1월 8일). “Iran plunged into internet blackout as protests over economy spread nationwide” . 《가디언》 (Beirut) . 2026년 1월 8일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 Gritten, David (2026년 1월 9일). “Huge anti-government protests in Tehran and other Iranian cities, videos show” . 《BBC》 (London) . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ BBC Persian (2026년 1월 9일). “Reza Pahlavi, the exiled son of Iran's last shah at centre of protest chants” . 《BBC》 (London) . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 “Iran's turbulent 2024: Regional losses, economic pains and impending threats” . 《AL-Monitor》. 2024년 12월 31일 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ “Collapse of the Iranian rial against the dollar” (페르시아어). 《TRT Persian》 . 2025년 12월 29일에 확인함 . ↑ “طوفان در بازار ارز ترمز برید؛ آیا ایران مثل اکوادور ناچار به پذیرش دلار به عنوان پول ملی میشود؟” (페르시아어). 《Euronews》. 2025년 12월 28일 . 2025년 12월 30일에 확인함 . ↑ 《Iran crisis deepens – protests spread with chants of "death to the dictator"》 . BBC News. 2025 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ Haghirian, Mehran (2026년 1월 8일). “Protests Mark the End of the Islamic Republic's Political Project” . 《Bourse and Bazaar Foundation》 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 다 “Record-breaking exchange rates and protests by Tehran shopkeepers; what happened” (페르시아어). 《BBC News Persian》. 2025년 12월 28일 . 2025년 12월 29일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 “Strike and protest by Alaeddin Shopping Center merchants in Tehran – DW – 28 December 2025” (페르시아어). 《DW Persian》 . 2025년 12월 29일에 확인함 . ↑ “Single exchange rate policy and money supply control as key inflation measures” (페르시아어) . 2025년 12월 29일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 다 라 Faucon, Benoit (2025년 12월 29일). “Growing Iran Protests Put New Pressure on an Embattled Regime” . 《 월스트리트 저널 》. ↑ Northam, Jackie (2025년 12월 31일). “Protesters take to the streets of Iran as the country's economy collapses” (영어). 《NPR》 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 Azizi, Arash (2026년 1월 1일). “Iranians Have Had Enough” (영어). 《The Atlantic》 . 2026년 1월 2일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 Weiniger, Gabrielle (2025년 12월 30일). “Inside Iran protests that threaten regime: 'This is the final battle ' ” . 《The Times》 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ Lidman, Melanie (2025년 5월 28일). “Truckers' protest in Iran gathers steam and wins support from prominent dissident voices” . 《The Independent》 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ Golkar, Saeid; Brodsky, Jason M. (2026년 1월 5일). “What's New About This Wave of Protests in Iran” . 《Foreign Policy》. 2025년 말 주목할 만한 발전은 시위 구호 자체 내의 이데올로기적 변화였다. '여성, 생명, 자유'가 상징적으로 강력하게 남아 있는 반면, 새로운 구호들은 점차 군주주의 정서를 반영하고 있다. '자비드 샤'(국왕 폐하 만세)와 '이것이 마지막 전투다 / 팔라비가 돌아올 것이다'와 같은 외침이 시위가 집중된 도시들에 울려 퍼졌다. 이러한 구호들은 팔라비 유산에 대한 관심의 부활과 레자 팔라비 태자의 귀환에 대한 공개적인 요구를 나타내며, 이는 2022년 운동의 주로 공화주의적이고 권리 기반적인 프레임워크로부터의 상당한 이탈을 의미한다. 경제적 절망과 결합될 때, 정치적 고갈은 사회의 일부를 질서와 안정의 대안적 비전으로 밀어넣고 있는 것으로 보인다. ↑ “Iran's exiled 'crown prince' says he is ready to take over from Khamenei” (영국 영어). 《POLITICO》. 2025년 6월 23일 . 2026년 1월 7일에 확인함 . ↑ “Women in Evin Prison warn against "imperialist liberation illusions " ” (영어). 《ANF News》. 2025년 6월 25일 . 2025년 6월 27일에 확인함 . ↑ “After backing Israel, Iran's self-styled crown prince loses support” . 《Al Jazeera》. 2025년 8월 4일에 원본 문서 에서 보존된 문서 . 2025년 8월 28일에 확인함 . ↑ Hafezi, Parisa (2026년 1월 9일). “Iran's younger generation 'no longer believes in revolutionary slogans' as unrest spreads” . 《The Irish Times》 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ Usher, Sebastian (2025년 12월 28일). “Executions in Iran estimated to have doubled in 2025, report says” . 《BBC》 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (2026년 1월 9일). “Fearing backlash, Iranian Kurds wary of fully joining protests” . 《Middle East Eye》 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 다 Glynn, Jordan (2026년 1월 9일). “Iran Update, January 8, 2026” (미국 영어). 《 Institute for the Study of War 》 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iran accuses Kurdish militants from Iraq of crossing border to fuel protests” . 《Middle East Monitor》. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ “Grievance and Flawed Governance in Iran's Baluchestan” . 《International Crisis Group》. 2025년 8월 19일 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ Sayeh, Janatan (2025년 12월 12일). “Iranian Baluch separatist factions establish Popular Fighters Front coalition” . 《Foundation for the Defense of Democracies》 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 다 “Capital bazaar merchants protest surge in exchange rates” (페르시아어). 《Iran International》. 2025년 12월 28일 . 2025년 12월 29일에 확인함 . ↑ “Tehran Protests Fizzle Out As Dollar Drops 10,000 Tomans After Central Bank Shake-up – Iran Front Page” (미국 영어). 《ifpnews.com》. 2025년 12월 29일 . 2025년 12월 29일에 확인함 . ↑ “Tehran shopkeepers protest currency plunge as rial hits all-time low” . 《Iran International》. 2025년 12월 28일 . 2025년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 Shahla, Arsalan (2025년 12월 29일). “Protests Erupt in Iran's Capital as Rial Drops to Record Low” . 《Bloomberg》 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ “Gathering of Alaeddin merchants protesting currency instability” (페르시아어). 《ISNA》. 2025년 12월 28일 . 2025년 12월 29일에 확인함 . ↑ Soghom, Mardo (2025년 12월 28일). “Tehran Bazaar Protests Erupt as Rial Plunges to Record Low” . 《Middle East Forum Observer》 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ “IRGC-linked channel: Bazaar strikes pave the way for renewed Israel war” (페르시아어). 《Iran International》. 2025년 12월 29일 . 2025년 12월 29일에 확인함 . ↑ “Protests over rising currency and gold prices enter second day in Tehran” (페르시아어). 《Euronews Persian》. 2025년 12월 29일 . 2025년 12월 29일에 확인함 . ↑ “Currency crisis: protests continue in Tehran markets” (페르시아어). 《BBC News Persian》. 2025년 12월 29일 . 2025년 12월 29일에 확인함 . ↑ “Second day of currency protests in Tehran; security forces fire tear gas” (페르시아어). 《BBC News Persian》. 2025년 12월 29일 . 2025년 12월 29일에 확인함 . ↑ “Live – Tehran protests spread to other cities as shopkeepers vow continued strikes” (영어). 《Iran International》. 2025년 12월 29일 . 2025년 12월 29일에 확인함 . ↑ “Nighttime chants against Khamenei in southern and northern Iran” (영어). 《Iran International》. 2025년 12월 29일 . 2025년 12월 30일에 확인함 . ↑ “Tehran's Tank Man: A Tiananmen moment” . 《Iran International》. 2025년 12월 29일 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ “Video of protester defying police in Iran goes viral” . 《AFP》. 2025년 12월 31일 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ Torbati, Yeganeh (2025년 12월 31일). “Iranian protests sparked by economic woes quickly spread across country” . 《Washington Post》 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ “Live – Iran's cities on edge as protests continue into third day” (영어). 《Iran International》. 2025년 12월 30일 . 2025년 12월 30일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 “سومین روز اعتراضها에 گرانی در ایران؛ تجمع دانشجویان در دانشگاههای تهران” (페르시아어). 《BBC News فارسی》. 2025년 12월 30일 . 2025년 12월 30일에 확인함 . ↑ “دانشگاهها با شعار علیه خامنهای و حمایت از پهلوی به اعتراضات پیوستند” (페르시아어). 《Iran International》. 2025년 12월 30일 . 2025년 12월 30일에 확인함 . ↑ 《تصاویر تجمعات اعتراضی امروز دانشگاههای تهران》 (페르시아어). 《Tabnak》 . 2025년 12월 30일에 확인함 . ↑ Makoii, Akhtar. “Iranian security forces beat protesters who cried 'death to Khamenei ' ” . 《The Telegraph》 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ Christou, William (2025년 12월 30일). “Iran to listen to protesters' 'legitimate demands' after widespread dissent” . 《The Guardian》. ↑ Elwelly, Elwely (2025년 12월 30일). “Iran's government offers dialogue as protests spread to universities” . 《Reuters》 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ “Protests in Iran spread amid deep discontent over economic duress” . 《Al Jazeera》. 2025년 12월 21일. ↑ 가 나 다 “Third day of Iran protests marked by multiple arrests, attack on students” (영어). 《Iran International》. 2025년 12월 31일 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iranians attack local government building on fourth day of protests, state media says” (영어). 《The National》 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ Hernández, Diane (2025년 12월 31일). “Social protest grows in Iran as university students unite over rising cost-of-living” (영어). 《VOZ News》 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iran names new central bank governor amid soaring inflation” (영어). 《The Siasat Daily》. Associated Press. 2025년 12월 31일 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ “اعتراضات به گرانی در ایران؛ تجمع و درگیری مقابل فرمانداری فسا در استان فارس” (페르시아어). 《BBC News فارسی》. 2025년 12월 31일 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ “Protesters gather outside governor's office in Fasa” (영어). 《Iran International》. 2025년 12월 31일 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ “تکذیب کشته شدن یک نفر در حمله به فرمانداری فسا” (페르시아어). 《Mehr News Agency》. 2025년 12월 31일. 2026년 1월 1일에 원본 문서 에서 보존된 문서 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 아 《Hengaw: Iran kills protester Amirhesam Khodayarifard as state media promote 'Basij' claim》, Hengaw, 1 1 2026 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137655437 ↑ 가 나 다 라 “شهادت یک بسیجی در کوهدشت توسط اغتشاشگران” [Martyrdom of a Basiji in Kohdasht by rioters] (페르시아어). Mehr News Agency. 2025년 12월 31일. 2026년 1월 1일에 원본 문서 에서 보존된 문서 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 “Volunteer in Iran's Revolutionary Guard reportedly killed during widening protests” (영어). 《 Associated Press 》. 2026년 1월 1일. 2026년 1월 1일에 원본 문서 에서 보존된 문서 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ “تهران و ۲۱ استان دیگر چهارشنبه تعطیل اعلام شدند” (페르시아어). 《Iran International》. 2025년 12월 30일 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ Hubbard, Ben; Mahoozi, Sanam; Nikounazar, Leily (2025년 12월 31일). “Protests Over Sinking Economy in Iran Spread to Universities” . 《New York Times》 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ Livni, Ephrat; Sanam, Mahoozi (2025년 12월 31일). “Most of Iran Shuts Down as Government Grapples With Protests and Economy” . 《The New York Times》 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iran prosecutor pledges 'decisive response' if protests create insecurity” . 《Al Jazeera》. 2025년 12월 31일 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iran protests draw swift crackdown as U.S. calls on Tehran to respect "rights of the Iranian people " ” . 2025년 12월 31일 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ Parent, Deepa; Christou, William (2025년 12월 31일). “ ' We want the mullahs gone': economic crisis sparks biggest protests in Iran since 2022” . 《The Guardian》 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iran appoints new central bank governor after mass protests as currency hits record low” . 《 CNN 》. 2025년 12월 31일 . 2025년 12월 31일에 확인함 . ↑ “پنجمین روز خیزش سراسری – خروش یکپارچه ایران برای سرنگونی با پیوند اعتصابات سراسری و نبرد خیابانی” (페르시아어). 《Iran TV》 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ “پنجمین روز اعتراضات در ایران؛ شعارهای ضد حکومتی در کوی دانشگاه دختران و پسران دانشگاه بهشتی” (페르시아어). 《BBC News فارسی》. 2026년 1월 1일 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 “زنده – در پنجمین روز اعتراضات، مردم در نقاط مختلف کشور به خیابانها آمدند” (페르시아어). 《Iran International》. 2026년 1월 1일 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ “Baluch prisoners call on people of restive southeast to join Iran protests” . 《Iran International》. 2026년 1월 1일 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ “زنده – در پنجمین روز اعتراضات، مردم در نقاط مختلف کشور به خیابانها آمدند” (페르시아어). 《Iran International》. 2026년 1월 1일 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ “پایان ناآرامی شدید در لردگان؛ حملهمسلحانه에 مراکز دولتی” (페르시아어). 《Tabnak》. 2026년 1월 1일 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ “Several killed as Iran protests over rising cost of living spread” (영어). 《Al Jazeera》 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 다 《Three protesters, including a child, killed as Iranian forces open fire in Azna》, Hengaw, 1 1 2026 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137659439 ↑ “اعتراضات مردم قم در طول شب پنجم همچنان ادامه داشت” (페르시아어). 《Iran International》. 2026년 1월 2일 . 2026년 1월 3일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 “Protests resume in Tehran after two days of calm as Trump vows support”, 《Iran International》, 2 1 2026 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137668295 ↑ “Media: Protesters burn Quran, attempt mosque attack in western Iran | Caliber.Az” (영어). 《caliber.az》. 2026년 1월 10일 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 다 라 “Detailed Report on the Seventh Day of Protests; Increase in the Arrest of Teenagers and Broadcast of Forced Confessions”, 《Human Rights Activists in Iran News Agency》 (Human Rights Activists in Iran), 3 1 2026 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137685027 ↑ “Iran: Uprising in Kazerun and Malekshahi; Regime Forces Open Fire, Causing Casualties” (미국 영어). 《 이란 저항국민평의회 》. 2026년 1월 3일 . 2026년 1월 4일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iran: Trump warns US will intervene if Iran kills protesters” (영국 영어). 《BBC News》. 2026년 1월 2일 . 2026년 1월 5일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iran supreme leader says will not yield as protests simmer and US threatens” . 《Reuters》. ↑ “Iran's leader says rioters 'must be put in their place' as protest death toll reaches at least 15” . 《 Associated Press News 》. ↑ “Iran Pushes Back At Trump As Protests Over Economic Crisis Intensify” (영어). 《 자유유럽방송 》. 2026년 1월 3일 . 2026년 1월 4일에 확인함 . ↑ Motamedi, Maziar. “Internet disruption, several arrests made as Iran protests continue” (영어). 《 알 자지라 》 . 2026년 1월 4일에 확인함 . ↑ “Live – Clashes mark eighth day of protests as security tightens at Tehran bazaar” (영어). 《Iran International》. 2026년 1월 4일. 2026년 1월 4일에 원본 문서 에서 보존된 문서 . 2026년 1월 4일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 “Detailed Report on the Eighth Day of Protests; 222 Locations Across the Country Witness Demonstrations”, 《Human Rights Activists in Iran News Agency》, 4 1 2026 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137698120 ↑ Bao, Anniek (2026년 1월 4일). “Iran unrest deepens as U.S. attack in Venezuela sharpens Trump intervention threat” . 《 CNBC 》. ↑ Solomon, Erika; Mahoozi, Sanam; Varghese, Sanjana; Hazell, Jon (2026년 1월 10일). “Inside Iran's Protests: How a Plunging Currency Set Off Wide Unrest” . 《The New York Times》. ↑ 가 나 “گسترش اعتراضات ضدحکومتی در ایران؛ یورش نیروهای سرکوب جمهوری اسلامی به بیمارستانی در ایلام” (페르시아어). 《صدای آمریکا》. 2026년 1월 5일 . 2026년 1월 6일에 확인함 . ↑ “حمله ماموران سرکوب به خانواده بازداشتشدگان یاسوج” (페르시아어). 《Iran International》. 2026년 1월 5일 . 2026년 1월 6일에 확인함 . ↑ “Protesters chant against supreme leader at Tehran rally” (영어). 《Iran International》. 2026년 1월 5일 . 2026년 1월 6일에 확인함 . ↑ “بازاریان مرودشت اعتصاب کردند” (페르시아어). 《Iran International》. 2026년 1월 5일 . 2026년 1월 6일에 확인함 . ↑ 인용 오류: <ref> 태그가 잘못되었습니다; Hengaw7JanKurdsCallOnStrike 라는 이름을 가진 주석에 텍스트가 없습니다 ↑ “Iranian Kurdish groups support nationwide economic protests” (영어). 《Shafaq News》. 2026년 1월 7일 . 2026년 1월 7일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 Noonan, Fiona (2026년 1월 8일). “Iran Update, January 7, 2026” (미국 영어). 《Institute for the Study of War》 . 2026년 1월 8일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iran protests enter 11th day: Demonstrators seize control of two western cities” (영어). 《i24NEWS》. 2026년 1월 7일 . 2026년 1월 8일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 “Security forces clash with protesters in Iran's main market as at least 36 killed in demonstrations” . 《AP News》. 2026년 1월 6일. 2026년 1월 7일에 원본 문서 에서 보존된 문서 . 2026년 1월 6일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 “Detailed Report on the Tenth Day of Protests: 36 Dead in 285 Demonstations”, 《Human Rights Activists in Iran News Agency》 (Human Rights Activists in Iran), 6 1 2026 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137715937 ↑ 가 나 Hakamian, Mahmoud (2026년 1월 7일). “Day 10 Of Iran Uprising: Security Forces Attack Tehran Hospital, Strikes Spread To Mashhad” . 《Eurasia Review》 . 2026년 1월 7일에 확인함 . ↑ Christou, William (2026년 1월 6일). “Iranian security forces clash with protesters at Tehran's grand bazaar” . 《The Guardian》 . 2026년 1월 7일에 확인함 . ↑ Haley Ott (8 1 2026), 《As Iran's exiled crown prince calls for Iranians to seize protest momentum, could it be a tipping point?》, CBS 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137733492 ↑ 가 나 다 라 “From the Streets to Universities: Iran's Protests Enter Their Eleventh Day”, 《Human Rights Activists in Iran News Agency》 (Human Rights Activists in Iran), 7 1 2026 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137723686 ↑ 가 나 “Iran: Police officer shot dead in Iranshahr” (영어). 《caliber.az》. 2026년 1월 8일 . 2026년 1월 7일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 인용 오류: <ref> 태그가 잘못되었습니다; auto7 라는 이름을 가진 주석에 텍스트가 없습니다 ↑ 《Protesters tear Iranian flag in half》 (영어) . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 – www.youtube.com 경유. ↑ 가 나 “Iranian protests escalate as authorities cut internet and crackdown intensifies” . 《 유로뉴스 》 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ “محدودکردن اینترنت؛ اعتراضات ایران چطور سانسور میشود؟” [Limiting the Internet: How are Iran's protests censored?] (페르시아어). BBC Persian . 2026년 1월 7일 . 2026년 1월 8일에 확인함 . ↑ Ott, Haley (2026년 1월 8일). “Internet service in Iran cut off or restricted as deadly protests reach a possible tipping point - CBS News” . 《www.cbsnews.com》. ↑ “Protests erupt in Iran's capital after exiled prince's call; internet cuts out soon after” (영어). 《AP News》. 2026년 1월 8일 . 2026년 1월 8일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iran Is Cut Off From the Internet as Protests Intensify” . 《 뉴욕 타임스 》. 2026년 1월 8일. 2026년 1월 8일에 원본 문서 에서 보존된 문서. ↑ Al-Atrush, Samer (2026년 1월 8일). “Iran protests: statue toppled and fires on 12th day as death toll rises” . 《The Times》 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iran protests gain momentum as state flag torn down in Mashhad” . 《RBC-Ukraine》. 2026년 1월 8일 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 “Iran police officer killed in stabbing during unrest near Tehran: local media” . 《Agence France Presse》. 2026년 1월 8일 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 Christou, William; Parent, Deepa (2026년 1월 10일). “Iran protesters tell of brutal police response as regime lashes out” (영국 영어). 《The Guardian》. ISSN 0261-3077 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 “Live - Trump says Iran is in 'big trouble' as protests persist” (영어). 《www.iranintl.com》. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ “Exiled prince appeals to Trump, warns blackout could lead to bloodshed” (영어). 《www.iranintl.com》. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ “As protests surge, the Iranian regime’s options are narrowing” . 《 디 이코노미스트 》. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . 현재 이란을 휩쓸고 있는 불안의 규모는 2009년 시위 이후 최대이며, 일부 베테랑 이란 관찰자들은 이번 시위가 1979년 샤 전복 이후 최대 규모라고 평가한다. ↑ Pandey, Nikhil (2026년 1월 9일). “Why Images Of Iranian Women Lighting Cigarettes With Khamenei's Photo Are Going Viral” . 《NDTV》 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 “Iran protests LIVE: Khamenei says 'arrogant' Trump will be 'overthrown' as protests sweep Iran” (영어). 《Hindustan Times》. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 “Khamenei says Trump will fall, targets protesters in speech” (영어). 《www.iranintl.com》. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ “Demonstrations in Iran: What are the possible scenarios?” (영어). 《euronews》. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ “Internet blackout in Iran as large anti-government protests held across country” (영국 영어). 《BBC News》. 2026년 1월 8일. 2026년 1월 9일에 원본 문서 에서 보존된 문서 . 2026년 1월 8일에 확인함 . ↑ “Watch: Buildings in Tehran set on fire as demonstrations spread across Iran” (영국 영어). 《www.bbc.com》. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 Bern, Stefaniia (2026년 1월 10일). “Iran Update, January 9, 2026” (미국 영어). 《Institute for the Study of War》 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iran supreme leader signals upcoming crackdown on protesters 'ruining their own streets' for Trump” . 《AP News》. 2026년 1월 9일. ↑ Ravid, Barak (2026년 1월 9일). “U.S. watching for signs Iran's protests could bring down regime” (영어). 《Axios》 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ “X changes Iran flag emoji to lion and sun symbol in support for protests” (영어). 《 이란 인터내셔널 》. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ Farhat, Beatrice (2026년 1월 9일). “Flights from UAE, Qatar and Turkey canceled to Iran as protests grow” . 《Al-Monitor》 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 Jamalpour, Fatemeh (2026년 1월 9일). “Doctor Says More Than 200 Reported Dead in Tehran Protests” (영어). 《 타임 》 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 “Medics describe overwhelmed hospitals as Iran protests continue” (영국 영어). 《www.bbc.com》. 2026년 1월 10일 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ Christou, William; Parent, Deepa (2026년 1월 10일). “New protests erupt in Iran as supreme leader signals upcoming crackdown” (영국 영어). 《The Guardian》. ISSN 0261-3077 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 “Nobel laureate warns of 'massacre' in Iran under internet blackout” (영어). 《www.iranintl.com》. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ Sangal, Aditi (2026년 1월 10일). “Live updates: Dozens reported killed during Iran protests as internet blackout persists” (영어). 《CNN》 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 “پیامدهای قطع اینترنت؛ اختلال فراگیر در زندگی روزمره، از بیمارستانها تا بانکها 및 ادارات” . 《BBC News فارسی》. 2026년 1월 10일. ↑ “Iran protests rage for another night and deaths mount as Trump renews warning of possible U.S. intervention” . 《www.cbsnews.com》. CBS 뉴스 및 Associated Press . 2026년 1월 10일 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 다 “اعتراضات سراسری ایران؛ رادان: سطح برخورد را ارتقا دادیم” . 《BBC News فارسی》. 2026년 1월 11일. ↑ 가 나 “اعتراضات در پونک تهران: نورافشانی در تاریکی مطلق” (페르시아어). 《BBC News فارسی》. 2026년 1월 10일 . 2026년 1월 11일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 “اعتراضات سراسری ایران؛ روایت مخاطبان از وضعیت شهرها با بالاگرفتن تهدیدهای مقامات” . 《BBC News فارسی》. 2026년 1월 11일. ↑ Fortinsky, Sarah (2026년 1월 11일). “Iran warns US it will target military bases as Trump threatens intervention amid nationwide protests” . 《The Hill》 . 2026년 1월 11일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 Doffman, Zak. “ ' Kill Switch'—Iran Shuts Down Starlink Internet for First Time” . 《Forbes》. ↑ Rendon, Karla (2026년 1월 11일). “U-Haul plows through crowd of protesters in Westwood” . NBC Los Angeles. ↑ “Iran's pre-revolution flag displayed in Tehran protests” (영어). 《 이란 인터내셔널 》. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 “Video shows monarchist flag displayed during Ramsar protest” (영어). 《 이란 인터내셔널 》. 2026년 1월 4일 . 2026년 1월 5일에 확인함 . ↑ Smith, Whitney. “Flag of Iran” . 《 브리태니커 백과사전 》. 2025년 8월 29일에 원본 문서 에서 보존된 문서 . 2026년 1월 3일에 확인함 . ↑ “اعتصاب، از بازار تا فروشگاههای 온라인؛ هم-زبानी حجره-ها 및 صفحات اینستاگرامی” (페르시아어). 《iranwire.com》 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ “اعتصاب کسبه در میدان احمدآباد 및 خیابان یخچال اصفهان” (페르시아어). 《BBC News فارسی》. 2025년 12월 31일 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ “چهارمین روز از اعتراض-ها؛ تجمعات شبانه در برخی شهرها” (페르시아어). 《DW》 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ فر다, رادیو (2025년 12월 31일). “سومین روز اعتراضات در ایران؛ تجمع در دانشگاه-ها، پرتاب گاز اشک-آور در کرمانشاه” (페르시아어). 《رادیو فردا》 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ 《گسترش اعتصاب 및 اعتراض بازاریان در شهرهای مختلف ایران》 (페르시아어). 2025년 12월 30일 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 – VOA News Farsi 경유. ↑ 가 나 다 “شامگاه چهاردهمین روز اعتراضات: ایران در تاریکی دیجیتال، سیل خروشان مردم در خیابانها” . 2026년 1월 11일에 확인함 . ↑ “بوق اعتراضی خودروها 및 تجمع شبانه مردم در ارومیه” (페르시아어). 《www.iranintl.com》. 2026년 1월 8일 . 2026년 1월 11일에 확인함 . ↑ “از کار انداختن دوربین نظارتی در شهر کرج به-دست یک معترض” (페르시아어). 《www.iranintl.com》. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 11일에 확인함 . ↑ “اعتراضات در مشهد - ۱۹ دی: جدا کردن دوربین مداربسته خیابان” (페르시아어). 《BBC News فارسی》. 2026년 1월 10일 . 2026년 1월 11일에 확인함 . ↑ “X changes Iran flag emoji to lion and sun symbol in support for protests” (영어). iranintl. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ Jon Gambrell (8 1 2026), “In Iran, no internet and surging protests urged on by an exiled prince”, 《글로벌 뉴스》 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137733765 ↑ Shima Sharhabi (6 1 2026), “Iran's Generation Z in the Protests: 'We Want a Normal Life'”, 《IranWire》 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137733782 ↑ 가 나 《Q137609666》 , 위키데이터 Q137609666 ↑ Katiraie, Jubin (2026년 1월 6일). “Iran's Regime Throttles Internet Access Amid Rising Protests” (미국 영어). 《Iran Focus》 . 2026년 1월 7일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 Doffman, Zak. “ ' Kill Switch'—Iran Shuts Down Starlink Internet For First Time” (영어). 《Forbes》. 2026년 1월 11일에 원본 문서 에서 보존된 문서 . 2026년 1월 11일에 확인함 . ↑ “Why There's No Starlink Access During Nationwide Shutdown in Iran?” (영어). 《iranwire.com》 . 2026년 1월 11일에 확인함 . ↑ “What Does Iran's Use of Iraqis and Afghans to Suppress Protests Mean?” . 《 Middle East Forum 》. 2026년 1월 3일. ↑ “Iran using Iraqi militias to help crush protests, sources say” . 《 이란 인터내셔널 》. ↑ 가 나 “تاکنون حدود ۸۰۰ نفر از شبه-نظامیان شیعه عراقی برای سرکوب مردم به ایران اعزام شده-اند | ایران اینترنشنال” . 《 이란 인터내셔널 》. ↑ “Iran regime said to unleash Hezbollah and Iraqi militias as uprising spreads” . 《 폭스 뉴스 》. ↑ “Live - Exiled prince pushes for general strike, escalation of street protests” (영어). 《www.iranintl.com》. 2026년 1월 10일 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ 《State forces kill Dariush Ansari Bakhtiariwand with live fire in Fuladshahr, Isfahan Province》, Hengaw, 1 1 2026 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137655592 ↑ 가 나 Aida Ghajar (5 1 2026), 《The Islamic Republic Is Lying – Amir-Hesam Khodayari Was a Protester, Not a Basiji》, IranWire 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137706810 ↑ “Iran Says Regime Loyalist Killed as Protests Turn Violent” . 이슬람 공화국을 수호하는 임무를 맡은 자원 부대인 바시지의 21세 대원이 이란 서부 로레스탄주의 쿠다슈트에서 시위대들이 돌을 던진 후 살해되었다고 국영 방송 IRIB가 보도했다. ↑ 《Iranian state forces kill two protesters with live fire in Lordegan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province》, Hengaw, 1 1 2026 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137669192 ↑ Deepa Parent (1 1 2026), “Two people confirmed dead as Iran protests turn into 'battlefield'”, 《가디언》 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137656135 ↑ “Fresh clashes kill six in Iran cost-of-living protests”, 《France24.com》, 1 1 2026 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137659396 ↑ 《Ahmadreza Amani killed by state gunfire in Azna amid ongoing demonstrations》, Hengaw, 2 1 2026 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137667784 ↑ 《Khodadad Shirvani killed by Iranian forces during protests in Marvdasht》, Hengaw, 1 1 2026 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137659937 ↑ 《Ahad Ebrahimpour Abdoli killed during protests in Nurabad》, Hengaw, 2 1 2026 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137666815 ↑ “Ali Azizi killed by direct fire during protests in Kermanshah” (영어). 《Hengaw (hengaw.net)》. 12 October 1404 . 11 January 2026에 확인함 . ↑ “December Protests: Hengaw reports 77 additional arrests across multiple cities” . 《Hengaw (hengaw.net)》. 2026년 1월 3일. ↑ “Live – Khamenei calls for repression of protesters despite Trump warning” . 《Iran International》. 2026년 1월 3일. ↑ “At least 44 protesters shot and wounded in six days of protests across Iran” . 《Iran International》. 2026년 1월 3일. ↑ 《At least four killed as IRGC forces open fire on protesters in Malekshahi, Ilam》, Hengaw, 3 1 2026 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137678576 ↑ “Death toll in Iran protests rises to 16, rights group says” . Iran International. 2026년 1월 3일. ↑ “Detailed Report on the Ninth Day of Protests: More Than 1,200 Protesters Arrested”, 《Human Rights Activists in Iran News Agency》 (Human Rights Activists in Iran), 5 1 2026 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137708073 ↑ “Iran claims arrest of Mossad agent as protests grow” (영어). 《The Jerusalem Post》. 2026년 1월 5일 . 2026년 1월 5일에 확인함 . ↑ “Day Thirteen of the Protests: Nighttime Demonstrations Continue Amid Internet Shutdown” . 《HRANA》. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ “اعتراضات سراسری ایران؛ روایتهای هولناک کشتار معترضان، تنها «۱۱۰» جسد در دو بیمارستان رشت و تهران” . ↑ “Day Fourteen of Protests: Ongoing Demonstrations, Internet Blackouts, and Drone Surveillance” . 《Human Rights Activist News Agency》. 2026년 1월 10일 . 2026년 1월 11일에 확인함 . ↑ “ ' Massacre' feared as Iran tries to crush protests; U.S. weighs military options” (미국 영어). 《The Washington Post》. 2026년 1월 11일. ISSN 0190-8286 . 2026년 1월 11일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 《Latif Karimi shot dead in Ilam; authorities seek to distort reality》, Hengaw, 4 1 2025 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137697773 ↑ “Iran's Khamenei says protesters' economic demands fair, warns 'rioters ' ” . 《Agence France-Presse》. 2026년 1월 3일 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ “At least four killed in protest clashes in western Iran: rights groups” . 《Agence France-Presse》. 2026년 1월 3일 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ Gambrell, Jon (2026년 1월 3일). “Iran's leader says rioters 'must be put in their place ' ” . 《ABC News (Associated Press)》 . 2026년 1월 5일에 확인함 . ↑ Wintour, Patrick (2026년 1월 5일). “Iran to try risky economic concessions as it attempts to quell protesters' anger” . 《The Guardian》 . 2026년 1월 5일에 확인함 . ↑ “تایید خبر استعفای عارف، معاون اول پزشکیان” (페르시아어). 《Iran International》. 2025년 12월 31일 . 2026년 1월 1일에 확인함 . ↑ اولین واکنش قالیباف به اعتراضات اخیر؛ دغدغه و اعتراض مردم درباره مشکل معیشتی باید با مسئولیتپذیری کامل پاسخ داده شود ↑ “Iran's Guards declare 'red line' on security as Tehran seeks to quell unrest” . 《Reuters》. 2026년 1월 10일. ↑ “Iran's top judge warns of no 'leniency' punishment for protesters as mosques burn” (미국 영어). 《New York Post》. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ “ ' Enemies of God': Iran vows crackdown as protests boil over; death penalty warning issued” . 《The Times of India》. 2026년 1월 10일. ISSN 0971-8257 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ “Trump says U.S. will intervene if Iran violently suppresses peaceful protests” . 《Reuters》. 2026년 1월 2일 . 2026년 1월 5일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iran: Statement by the spokesperson on developments across the country” . 《European External Action Service》. 2026년 1월 3일 . 2026년 1월 5일에 확인함 . ↑ “Netanyahu: Now could be moment when Iranians 'take their fate into their own hands ' ” . 《The Times of Israel》. 2026년 1월 4일 . 2026년 1월 5일에 확인함 . ↑ “Mossad urges Iran protests, says agents present” (영어). 《The Jerusalem Post》. 29 December 2025 . 2 제공 2026에 확인함 . 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |access-date= ( 도움말 ) ↑ “Iran Update, January 5, 2026” . 《Institute for the Study of War》. 2025년 1월 5일 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ “بيان جيش رجال الطريقة النقشبندية بتأييد ودعم ثورة الشعوب الإيرانية المباركة لإسقاط نظام ملالي الدجل والشعوذة في طهران – الموقع الرسمي لجيش رجال الطريقة النقشبندية” . ↑ Christou, William; Parent, Deepa (2026년 1월 10일). “New protests erupt in Iran as supreme leader signals upcoming crackdown” (영국 영어). 《The Guardian》. ISSN 0261-3077 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ “Western countries condemn Iran protest crackdowns as Tehran vows 'no leniency ' ” (영어). 《The New Region》 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ EFE, Agencia (2026년 1월 9일). “International community increases pressure on Iran as its population is incommunicado - EFE” (미국 영어). 《EFE Noticias》 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iranian Authorities Brutally Repressing Protests” (영어). Human Rights Watch. 2026년 1월 6일 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iran: Zahl der Toten und Verletzten steigt bei Massenprotesten” (독일어). 《www.amnesty.de》 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ Samsel, Stephanie (2026년 1월 9일). “Keane warns Iranian regime to take Trump 'dead serious' on protest killing threat amid ongoing demonstrations” (미국 영어). 《Fox News》 . 2026년 1월 10일에 확인함 . ↑ 가 나 Mason, Rowena (2026년 1월 11일). “UK wants peaceful transition of power in Iran, says minister” (영국 영어). 《The Guardian》. ISSN 0261-3077 . 2026년 1월 11일에 확인함 . ↑ Mediengruppe, FUNKE (2026년 1월 11일). “Iranischer Präsident warnt "Aufrührer" vor weiteren Protesten” (독일어). 《www.morgenpost.de》 . 2026년 1월 11일에 확인함 . ↑ “Trump briefing on Iran options planned for Tuesday, WSJ reports” . 《Reuters》. 2026년 1월 11일 . 2026년 1월 11일에 확인함 . ↑ “Nearly 20 flights between Dubai and Iranian cities cancelled” . 《Reuters》. 2026년 1월 9일. ↑ “Some Dubai and Turkish Airlines Temporarily Suspend Flights to Iran” (영어). 《iranwire.com》 . 2026년 1월 11일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iran Protests: Major Airlines Suspend Flights Amid Demonstrations And Trump's Threats — Check Full List” (영어). 《www.timesnownews.com》. 2026년 1월 11일 . 2026년 1월 11일에 확인함 . ↑ “Flights from UAE, Qatar and Turkey canceled to Iran as protests grow - AL-Monitor: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012” (영어). 《www.al-monitor.com》 . 2026년 1월 11일에 확인함 . ↑ “India closely following developments in Iran, says MEA” (영어). 《The Hindu》. 2026년 1월 9일 . 2026년 1월 11일에 확인함 . ↑ Machine-Chian, Mohamad (2025년 12월 30일). “The bazaar finally breaks with the Islamic Republic” . 《Iran International》 . 2026년 1월 9일에 확인함 . ↑ Mojtahedi, Negar (2026년 1월 2일). “Iran protests expose a system sliding toward collapse, experts say” . 2026년 1월 6일에 확인함 . ↑ “Iran's Dual Challenge: Unrest at Home, Threat of Strikes From Abroad” . 《 뉴욕 타임스 》. 2026년 1월 5일에 원본 문서 에서 보존된 문서. ↑ Golkar, Saeid; Brodsky, Jason M. (2026년 1월 5일). “What's new about this wave of protests in Iran” . 《 포린 폴리시 》. 2026년 1월 5일에 원본 문서 에서 보존된 문서 . 2026년 1월 6일에 확인함 . ↑ Weiniger, Gabrielle (2026년 1월 4일). “Ayatollah Khamenei plans to flee to Moscow if Iran unrest intensifies” (영어). 《 타임스 》. 2026년 1월 5일에 원본 문서 에서 보존된 문서 . 2026년 1월 5일에 확인함 . ↑ 《Iran on the edge: What the outside world misunderstands about a nation in revolt》, aBC , 11 1 2026 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137760700 ↑ Mark Almond (11 1 2026), “This Iranian uprising could be as pivotal as the French Revolution”, 《인디펜던트》 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |date= ( 도움말 ) , 위키데이터 Q137760437 v t e 2025년~2026년 이란 시위 v t e 배경 이란의 부패 이란의 민족 차별 이란의 식료품 인플레이션 이란에 대한 제재 이란과 국가 지원 테러 이란 경제 위기 2025년 이란 내부 위기 12일 전쟁 미국의 이란 핵 시설 공습 마흐사 아미니 시위 이란의 남녀 분리 이란 에너지 위기 이란의 수자원 부족 이란의 부패 이란의 민족 차별 이란의 식료품 인플레이션 이란에 대한 제재 이란과 국가 지원 테러 이란 경제 위기 2025년 이란 내부 위기 12일 전쟁 미국의 이란 핵 시설 공습 미국의 이란 핵 시설 공습 마흐사 아미니 시위 이란의 남녀 분리 이란 에너지 위기 이란의 수자원 부족 인물 사망자 사가르 에테마디 아미르헤삼 코다야리파르드 코다다드 시르바니 샤얀 아사돌라히 레자 간바리 모함마드 누리 레자 모라디 압돌반드 다리우시 안사리 바크티아리반드 라티프 카리미 라술 카디브리안 레자 카디브리안 디아스포라 레자 팔라비 마리암 라자비 사망자 사가르 에테마디 아미르헤삼 코다야리파르드 코다다드 시르바니 샤얀 아사돌라히 레자 간바리 모함마드 누리 레자 모라디 압돌반드 다리우시 안사리 바크티아리반드 라티프 카리미 라술 카디브리안 레자 카디브리안 사가르 에테마디 아미르헤삼 코다야리파르드 코다다드 시르바니 샤얀 아사돌라히 레자 간바리 모함마드 누리 레자 모라디 압돌반드 다리우시 안사리 바크티아리반드 라티프 카리미 라술 카디브리안 레자 카디브리안 디아스포라 레자 팔라비 마리암 라자비 레자 팔라비 마리암 라자비 무장 세력 IRGC 바시지 이란 경찰 특수부대 국가 지원 외국 민병대 이슬람 혁명 수비대 사이버 사령부 IRGC 바시지 바시지 이란 경찰 특수부대 특수부대 국가 지원 외국 민병대 이슬람 혁명 수비대 사이버 사령부 사건 테헤란의 탱크맨 2026년 파르디스 학살 2026년 말렉샤히 학살 2026년 이란 인터넷 차단 테헤란의 탱크맨 2026년 파르디스 학살 2026년 말렉샤히 학살 2026년 이란 인터넷 차단 반정부 구호 하메네이에게 죽음을 독재자에게 죽음을 가자도 레바논도 아닌, 이란을 위한 나의 삶 하메네이에게 죽음을 독재자에게 죽음을 가자도 레바논도 아닌, 이란을 위한 나의 삶 관련 항목 반응 PMOI/MEK NCRI 이란의 쿠르드 분리주의 시스탄 발루치스탄 반란 민중 전사 전선 반응 PMOI/MEK NCRI NCRI 이란의 쿠르드 분리주의 시스탄 발루치스탄 반란 민중 전사 전선 민중 전사 전선 v t e 이란의 시위 v t e 19세기 담배 항의 운동 (1890–1892) 담배 항의 운동 (1890–1892) 20세기 1906년 혁명 1952년 폭동 1963년 폭동 이란 혁명 1978년 쿰 시위 1978년 타브리즈 시위 검은 금요일 (1978년) 1979년 여성의 날 시위 1981년 시위 1999년 학생 시위 1906년 혁명 1952년 폭동 1963년 폭동 이란 혁명 1978년 쿰 시위 1978년 타브리즈 시위 검은 금요일 (1978년) 1978년 쿰 시위 1978년 타브리즈 시위 검은 금요일 (1978년) 1979년 여성의 날 시위 1981년 시위 1999년 학생 시위 21세기 2003년 학생 시위 2005년 아바즈 소요 녹색 운동 2009년 이란 대통령 선거 시위 2009년 아슈라 시위 2011–2012년 시위 2011년 후제스탄 시위 2015년 마하바드 폭동 2015년 피틸리예 프로그램 시위 2016년 키루스 대왕 봉기 2017년~2018년 이란 시위 이란의 강제 히잡 반대 시위 2018년 데르비시 시위 2018년 이란 시위 2018~2019년 이란 총파업 및 시위 2018년 이란 물 시위 2018년 8월 이란 봉기 2018년 이란 시위 운동 2018년 이란 대학교 시위 2019년 이란 시위 2019~2020년 이란 시위 마흐샤르 학살 2019년 시스탄 발루치스탄 시위 우크라이나 국제항공 752편 시위 2021년 시스탄 발루치스탄 시위 2021~2022년 이란 시위 2021년 이란 물 시위 2022년 식료품 시위 마흐사 아미니 시위 2025년 5월 이란 시위 2025년~2026년 이란 시위 2003년 학생 시위 2005년 아바즈 소요 녹색 운동 2009년 이란 대통령 선거 시위 2009년 아슈라 시위 2009년 이란 대통령 선거 시위 2009년 아슈라 시위 2009년 아슈라 시위 2011–2012년 시위 2011년 후제스탄 시위 2011년 후제스탄 시위 2015년 마하바드 폭동 2015년 피틸리예 프로그램 시위 2016년 키루스 대왕 봉기 2017년~2018년 이란 시위 이란의 강제 히잡 반대 시위 2018년 데르비시 시위 2018년 이란 시위 2018~2019년 이란 총파업 및 시위 2018년 이란 물 시위 2018년 8월 이란 봉기 2018년 이란 시위 운동 2018년 이란 대학교 시위 2019년 이란 시위 2019~2020년 이란 시위 마흐샤르 학살 마흐샤르 학살 2019년 시스탄 발루치스탄 시위 우크라이나 국제항공 752편 시위 2021년 시스탄 발루치스탄 시위 2021~2022년 이란 시위 2021년 이란 물 시위 2022년 식료품 시위 2021년 이란 물 시위 2022년 식료품 시위 마흐사 아미니 시위 2025년 5월 이란 시위 2025년~2026년 이란 시위 v t e 알리 하메네이 v t e 정치 아흘 알 바이이트 세계 총회 암살 시도 1981년 10월 이란 대통령 선거 1985년 이란 대통령 선거 라흐바르 14인의 정치 활동가 성명 행정명령 제13876호 마흐사 아미니 시위 2025년~2026년 이란 시위 아흘 알 바이이트 세계 총회 암살 시도 1981년 10월 이란 대통령 선거 1985년 이란 대통령 선거 라흐바르 14인의 정치 활동가 성명 행정명령 제13876호 마흐사 아미니 시위 2025년~2026년 이란 시위 정책 핵무기 반대 파트와 벨러야테 파키 이라 올해의 슬로건 혁명의 두 번째 단계 성별 격리 반시온주의 8개 부처 수장 대상 8개 조항 명령 핵무기 반대 파트와 벨러야테 파키 이라 올해의 슬로건 혁명의 두 번째 단계 성별 격리 반시온주의 8개 부처 수장 대상 8개 조항 명령 도서 및 메시지 250세의 인간 쿠란에 나타난 이슬람 사상의 개요 전기 평가에 관한 4권의 주요 서적 게나 팔레스타인 루헤 타우히드, 나피에 오부디아테 게이레코다 샤르헤 에슴 순니파 존경 인물 모욕 반대 파트와 유럽과 북미의 청년들에게 서구 국가의 청년들에게 이스라엘은 25년 안에 존재하지 않을 것이다 250세의 인간 쿠란에 나타난 이슬람 사상의 개요 전기 평가에 관한 4권의 주요 서적 게나 팔레스타인 루헤 타우히드, 나피에 오부디아테 게이레코다 샤르헤 에슴 순니파 존경 인물 모욕 반대 파트와 유럽과 북미의 청년들에게 서구 국가의 청년들에게 이스라엘은 25년 안에 존재하지 않을 것이다 가족 만수레 코자스테 바게르자데 (아내) 모스타파 (아들) 모즈타바 (아들) 마수드 (아들) 자와드 (아버지) 모하마드 (형제) 하디 (형제) 바드리 (자매) 알리 테헤라니 (매제) 파리데 모라드카니 (조카녀) 마무드 모라드카니 (조카) 사돈: 아지졸라 코슈바그트 골람알리 하다드아델 모센 카라지 모하마드 모하마디 골파예가니 만수레 코자스테 바게르자데 (아내) 모스타파 (아들) 모즈타바 (아들) 마수드 (아들) 자와드 (아버지) 모하마드 (형제) 하디 (형제) 바드리 (자매) 알리 테헤라니 (매제) 파리데 모라드카니 (조카녀) 마무드 모라드카니 (조카) 사돈: 아지졸라 코슈바그트 골람알리 하다드아델 모센 카라지 모하마드 모하마디 골파예가니 경제 하메네이 가문의 재산 하메네이 가문의 재산 분류 요즘 화제 이란의 항의행동 이란의 군주주의 알리 하메네이 2025년 이란 2026년 이란 2025년 시위 2026년 시위 2025년 12월 2026년 1월 12월 28일 이란의 법집행 이란의 인권 침해 중복된 인수를 사용한 틀의 호출을 포함한 문서 참조 오류가 있는 문서 CS1 - 독일어 인용 (de) CS1 - 영어 인용 (en) CS1 - 페르시아어 인용 (fa) CS1 - 영국 영어 인용 (en) CS1 - 미국 영어 인용 (en) 인용 오류 - 날짜 잘못된 보호 틀을 사용한 문서 보호가 만료된 문서 페르시아어 표기를 포함한 문서 존재하지 않는 문서를 대상으로 하는 hatnote 틀을 사용하는 문서 잘못된 파일 링크가 포함된 문서 위키데이터 속성 P18을 사용하는 문서 위키데이터 속성 P373을 사용하는 문서 번역이 검토되지 않은 문서 (WikiVault) Kartographer 확장 기능을 사용하는 문서 이 문서는 2026년 1월 13일 (화) 16:44에 마지막으로 편집되었습니다. 모든 문서는 크리에이티브 커먼즈 저작자표시-동일조건변경허락 4.0 에 따라 사용할 수 있으며, 추가적인 조건이 적용될 수 있습니다. 자세한 내용은 이용 약관 을 참고하십시오. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Lynchburg campaign (May–June 1864) Toggle Lynchburg campaign (May–June 1864) subsection 2.1 New Market (May 15) 2.2 Piedmont (June 5–6) 2.3 Lynchburg (June 17–18) 2.1 New Market (May 15) 2.2 Piedmont (June 5–6) 2.3 Lynchburg (June 17–18) 3 Early's Invasion of the North and operations against the B&O Railroad (June–August 1864) Toggle Early's Invasion of the North and operations against the B&O Railroad (June–August 1864) subsection 3.1 Monocacy (July 9) 3.2 Fort Stevens (July 11–12) 3.3 Heaton's Crossroads (July 16) 3.4 Cool Spring (July 17–18) 3.5 Rutherford's Farm (July 20) 3.6 Second Kernstown (July 24) 3.7 Folck's Mill (August 1) 3.8 Moorefield (August 7) 3.1 Monocacy (July 9) 3.2 Fort Stevens (July 11–12) 3.3 Heaton's Crossroads (July 16) 3.4 Cool Spring (July 17–18) 3.5 Rutherford's Farm (July 20) 3.6 Second Kernstown (July 24) 3.7 Folck's Mill (August 1) 3.8 Moorefield (August 7) 4 Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley campaign (August–October 1864) Toggle Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley campaign (August–October 1864) subsection 4.1 Guard Hill (August 16) 4.2 Summit Point (August 21) 4.3 Smithfield Crossing (August 25–29) 4.4 Berryville (September 3–4) 4.5 Third Winchester (September 19) 4.6 Fisher's Hill (September 21–22) 4.7 Tom's Brook (October 9) 4.8 Cedar Creek (October 19) 4.1 Guard Hill (August 16) 4.2 Summit Point (August 21) 4.3 Smithfield Crossing (August 25–29) 4.4 Berryville (September 3–4) 4.5 Third Winchester (September 19) 4.6 Fisher's Hill (September 21–22) 4.7 Tom's Brook (October 9) 4.8 Cedar Creek (October 19) 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 References Valley campaigns of 1864 Dansk Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Tiếng Việt Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Shenandoah Valley campaigns of 1864 Part of the American Civil War Funkhoser House and Farm, Toms Brook, Shenandoah County, Virginia Date May–October, 1864 Location Shenandoah Valley , Virginia Result United States victory Date May–October, 1864 Location Shenandoah Valley , Virginia Result United States victory Belligerents United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders and leaders Franz Sigel David Hunter Lew Wallace George Crook Philip Sheridan John C. Breckinridge Jubal A. Early Units involved Department of West Virginia (June 1864) VIII Corps (detachment) & VI Corps (detachment) (June-July 1864) Defenses of the Potomac River & Washington (Mid July - August 1, 1864) Army of West Virginia Army of the Shenandoah (August 1, 1864 – June 27, 1865) Department of West Virginia (June 1864) VIII Corps (detachment) & VI Corps (detachment) (June-July 1864) Defenses of the Potomac River & Washington (Mid July - August 1, 1864) Army of West Virginia Army of the Shenandoah (August 1, 1864 – June 27, 1865) Department of Western Virginia Army of the Valley Department of Western Virginia Army of the Valley Strength 8,500 (June 1864) 5,800 (early July 1864) 9,600 (Mid-July 1864) 40,000 (August-October 1864) 5,000 (June 1864) 14,000 (June-July) 21,100 (October 1864) Casualties and losses 18,400 17,300 The Valley campaigns of 1864 began as operations initiated by Union Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant and resulting battles that took place in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia during the American Civil War from May to October 1864. Some military historians divide this period into three separate campaigns. This article considers them together, as the campaigns interacted and built upon one another. Background As 1864 began, Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to lieutenant general and given command of all Union armies. He chose to make his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac , although Maj. Gen. George G. Meade remained the commander of that army. Grant kept Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the Western armies. Grant understood the concept of total war and believed, as did Sherman and President Abraham Lincoln , that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would bring the Civil War to an end. He determined to use scorched earth tactics in some important theaters. [ citation needed ] Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the heart of the Confederacy from multiple directions: he would join with Meade and Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler to fight against Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia near Richmond ; Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel would invade the Shenandoah Valley and destroy Lee's supply lines; Maj. Gen. Sherman would attack Joseph E. Johnston 's Army of Tennessee , invade Georgia and capture Atlanta ; and finally Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks was assigned to capture Mobile, Alabama , an important port on the Gulf Coast. [ citation needed ] Lynchburg campaign (May–June 1864) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Lynchburg campaign v t e New Market Piedmont Lynchburg New Market Piedmont Lynchburg The first campaign started with Grant's planned invasion of the Shenandoah Valley from the Department of West Virginia , which Gen. Sigel commanded. West Virginia had been created by the Federal government as a Union state in 1863, but many of the Confederate troops defending the Valley had been recruited in the new state. [ 1 ] Grant ordered Sigel to move "up the Valley" (i.e., southwest to the higher elevations) with 10,000 men to destroy the Confederate railroad, hospital and supply center at Lynchburg, Virginia . New Market (May 15) Sigel was intercepted and defeated by 4,000 troops and cadets from the Virginia Military Institute under Confederate Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge . His forces retreated to Strasburg, Virginia . Maj. Gen. David Hunter replaced Sigel. As discussed below he initiated another strike to the south, eventually burning VMI in retaliation for the Jones-Imboden Raid as well as subsequent actions of VMI cadets. [ 2 ] Piedmont (June 5–6) Hunter resumed the Union offensive and defeated William E. "Grumble" Jones at the Battle of the Piedmont. Jones died in the battle, and Hunter occupied Staunton, Virginia . [ 3 ] On June 11 Hunter, who had continued to strike southward, fought at Lexington against John McCausland 's Confederate cavalry, which retreated to the mountains around Buchanan . Hunter ordered Col. Alfred N. Duffié 's cavalry division to join him in Lexington. While awaiting their arrival, Union forces burned former Governor John Letcher 's home, in addition to shelling and burning the Virginia Military Institute. They seized the statue of George Washington, [ 4 ] and nearly destroyed the campus. (VMI moved its classes to the Richmond Alms House ). [ 5 ] Joined by Duffié on June 13, Hunter sent Averell to drive McCausland out of Buchanan and capture the James River bridge. But McCausland burned the bridge and fled. Hunter joined General William Averell in Buchanan on June 14 and on June 15 advanced via the road between the Peaks of Otter to occupy Liberty that evening. Meanwhile, Confederate Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge sent Brig. Gen. John D. Imboden and his cavalry to join McCausland. Breckinridge arrived in Lynchburg the next day. Maj. Gen. Daniel Harvey Hill and Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays constructed a defense line in the hills just southwest of the city. When McCausland fell back, Averell's cavalry pursued, engaging in the afternoon Skirmish at New London Academy . [ 6 ] Union forces launched another attack on McCausland and Imboden that evening, and the Confederates retreated from New London. Lynchburg (June 17–18) Confederate Gen. Jubal A. Early and his troops arrived in Lynchburg on June 17 at 1 p.m. Although Hunter had planned to destroy railroads and hospitals in Lynchburg, and the James River Canal , when Early's initial units arrived, Hunter thought his forces outnumbered. Hunter, short on supplies, retreated back through West Virginia. [ 7 ] Early's Invasion of the North and operations against the B&O Railroad (June–August 1864) v t e Early's Raid and operations against the B&O Railroad v t e Monocacy Fort Stevens Heaton's Crossroads Cool Spring Rutherford's Farm Kernstown II Folck's Mill Moorefield Monocacy Fort Stevens Heaton's Crossroads Cool Spring Rutherford's Farm Kernstown II Folck's Mill Moorefield Commanding General Robert E. Lee was concerned about Hunter's advances in the Valley, which threatened critical railroad lines and provisions for the Virginia-based Confederate forces. He sent Jubal Early's corps to sweep Union forces from the Valley and, if possible, to menace Washington, D.C. , hoping to compel Grant to dilute his forces against Lee around Petersburg, Virginia . Early was operating in the same area where Confederate Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson had conducted his successful 1862 Valley campaign . Early got off to a good start. He drove downriver through the Valley without opposition, bypassed Harpers Ferry , crossed the Potomac River , and advanced into Maryland. Grant dispatched a corps under Horatio G. Wright and other troops under George Crook to reinforce Washington and pursue Early. Monocacy (July 9) Early defeated a smaller force under Lew Wallace near Frederick, Maryland . This battle delayed his progress enough to allow the Union time to reinforce the defenses of Washington. [ 8 ] Fort Stevens (July 11–12) Early attacked a fort on the northwest defensive perimeter of Washington without success and withdrew across the Potomac to Virginia. [ 9 ] Heaton's Crossroads (July 16) Union cavalry attacked Early's supply trains at Purcellville as the Confederates withdrew across the Loudoun Valley toward the Blue Ridge Mountains . Several small cavalry skirmishes occurred throughout the day as the Federals attempted to harass Early's column. [ 10 ] Cool Spring (July 17–18) Early attacked and repulsed pursuing Union forces under Wright. [ 11 ] Rutherford's Farm (July 20) A Union division attacked a Confederate division under Stephen Dodson Ramseur and routed it. Early withdrew his army south to Fisher's Hill, near Strasburg, Virginia . [ 12 ] Second Kernstown (July 24) Wright withdrew, thinking Early was no longer a threat. Early attacked him to prevent or delay his return to Grant's forces besieging Petersburg. Union troops were routed, streaming through the streets of Winchester. Early pursued and burned Chambersburg, Pennsylvania , along the way in retaliation for Hunter's previous destruction in the Valley. [ 13 ] Folck's Mill (August 1) An inconclusive small cavalry battle in Maryland. [ 14 ] Moorefield (August 7) Confederate cavalry returning from the Chambersburg burning were surprised in the early morning and defeated by Union cavalry. [ 15 ] Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley campaign (August–October 1864) v t e Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley campaign v t e Guard Hill Summit Point Smithfield Crossing Berryville 3rd Winchester Fisher's Hill Tom's Brook Cedar Creek Guard Hill Summit Point Smithfield Crossing Berryville 3rd Winchester Fisher's Hill Tom's Brook Cedar Creek Grant finally lost patience with Hunter, particularly his allowing Early to burn Chambersburg, and knew that Washington remained vulnerable if Early was still on the loose. He found a new commander aggressive enough to defeat Early: Philip Sheridan , the cavalry commander of the Army of the Potomac, who was given command of all forces in the area, calling them the Army of the Shenandoah . Sheridan initially started slowly, primarily because the impending presidential election of 1864 demanded a cautious approach, avoiding any disaster that might lead to the defeat of Abraham Lincoln. Guard Hill (August 16) Confederate forces under Richard H. Anderson were sent from Petersburg to reinforce Early. Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt 's Union cavalry division surprised the Confederate columns while they were crossing the Shenandoah River , capturing about 300. The Confederates rallied and advanced, gradually pushing back Merritt's men to Cedarville. The battle was inconclusive. [ 16 ] Summit Point (August 21) Early and Anderson struck Sheridan near Charles Town, West Virginia . Sheridan conducted a fighting withdrawal. [ 17 ] Smithfield Crossing (August 25–29) Two Confederate divisions crossed Opequon Creek and forced a Union cavalry division back to Charles Town; the Confederate offensive against the city was repulsed and their advance permanently halted. [ 18 ] Berryville (September 3–4) A minor engagement in which Early attempted to stop Sheridan's march up the Valley. Early withdrew to Opequon Creek when he realized he was in a poor position for attacking Sheridan's full force. [ 19 ] Third Winchester (September 19) After learning from Quaker Unionist Rebecca Wright that Early had dispersed his forces to raid the B&O Railroad and had removed infantry and artillery from nearby Winchester, Virginia (an important town and transportation center that changed hands 75 times in the war), Sheridan attacked Early's camp at Opequon Creek just outside the town. Sustaining ruinous casualties, Early retreated from what was the largest battle in all three of the Valley campaigns, taking up defensive positions at Fisher's Hill. [ 20 ] Fisher's Hill (September 21–22) Sheridan hit Early in an early-morning flanking attack , routing the Confederates with moderate losses. Early retreated to Waynesboro, Virginia . [ 21 ] With Early damaged and pinned down, the Valley lay open to the Union. And because of Sherman's capture of Atlanta , Lincoln's re-election now seemed assured. Sheridan moved slowly down the Valley, conducting a scorched earth campaign that would presage Sherman's March to the Sea in November. The goal was to deny the Confederacy the means of feeding and supplying its armies in Virginia, and Sheridan's army ruthlessly burned crops, barns, mills, and factories. Tom's Brook (October 9) As Early began a pursuit of Sheridan, Union cavalry routed two divisions of Confederate cavalry. [ 22 ] Cedar Creek (October 19) In a surprise attack, Early smashed two-thirds of the Union army, but his troops were hungry and exhausted and fell out of their ranks to pillage the Union camp. Sheridan, in a ride from Winchester, managed to rally his troops and utterly rout Early's men, and the Confederates lost everything they had gained in the morning. This victory helped Lincoln get re-elected. [ 23 ] Aftermath After his missions of neutralizing Early and suppressing the Valley's military-related economy, Sheridan returned to assist Grant at Petersburg . Most of the men of Early's corps rejoined Lee at Petersburg in December, while Early remained in the Valley to command a skeleton force. He was defeated at the Battle of Waynesboro on March 2, 1865, after which Lee removed him from his command because the Confederate government and people had lost confidence in him. See also Field of Lost Shoes References Notes ^ Snell, Mark A., West Virginia and the Civil War , History Press, 2011, pg. 128-130, pg. 141 .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ISBN 978-1-59629-888-0 ^ New Market , National Park Service (NPS) ^ NPS Piedmont ^ "Hunter's Raid, Civil War Travels website" . Archived from the original on May 11, 2012 . Retrieved May 11, 2012 . ^ [1] VMI Archives ^ "Brunch at New London helped delay Union march | Local News | newsadvance.com" . ^ NPS Lynchburg ^ NPS Monocacy ^ NPS Fort Stevens ^ Patchan, pp. 45-60. ^ NPS Cool Spring ^ NPS Rutherford's Farm ^ NPS Kernstown II ^ NPS Folck's Mill ^ NPS Moorefield ^ NPS Guard Hill ^ NPS Summit Point ^ NPS Smithfield Crossing ^ NPS Berryville ^ NPS Opequon ^ NPS Fisher's Hill ^ NPS Tom's Brook ^ NPS Cedar Creek Bibliography Gallagher, Gary W. , ed. Struggle for the Shenandoah: Essays on the 1864 Valley Campaign . Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-87338-429-6 . Patchan, Scott C. Shenandoah Summer: The 1864 Valley Campaign . Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8032-3754-4 . National Park Service battle descriptions Further reading Cooling, Benjamin Franklin. Jubal Early's Raid on Washington, 1864 . Baltimore: Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1989. ISBN 0-933852-86-X . Davis, Daniel T., and Phillip S. Greenwalt. Bloody Autumn: The Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1864 . Emerging Civil War Series. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2013. ISBN 978-1-61121-165-8 . Early, Jubal A., "General Jubal A. Early tells his story of his advance upon Washington, D.C." . Washington National Republican , 1864. Early, Jubal A. A Memoir of the Last Year of the War for Independence in the Confederate States of America . Edited by Gary W. Gallagher. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001. ISBN 1-57003-450-8 . Gallagher, Gary W., ed. The Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1864 . Military Campaigns of the Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-8078-3005-5 . Janda, Lance. "Shutting the gates of mercy: The American origins of total war, 1860-1880." Journal of Military History 59#1 (1995): 7-26. online Lewis, Thomas A., and the Editors of Time-Life Books. The Shenandoah in Flames: The Valley Campaign of 1864 . Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1987. ISBN 0-8094-4784-3 . Patchan, Scott C. The Last Battle of Winchester: Phil Sheridan, Jubal Early, and the Shenandoah Valley Campaign, August 7–September 19, 1864 . El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2013. ISBN 978-1-932714-98-2 . v t e American Civil War v t e Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Leaders Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Leaders Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Aftermath Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Related topics Related topics Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Category Portal Category Portal Valley campaigns of 1864 1864 in the American Civil War Military operations of the American Civil War in Maryland Military operations of the American Civil War in Virginia Campaigns of the eastern theater of the American Civil War Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2025 This page was last edited on 8 January 2026, at 11:12 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Early years 1.2 Walter Winterbottom and Alf Ramsey 1.3 Don Revie, Ron Greenwood and Bobby Robson 1.4 Graham Taylor, Terry Venables, Glenn Hoddle and Kevin Keegan 1.5 Sven-Göran Eriksson and Steve McClaren 1.6 Fabio Capello, Roy Hodgson and Sam Allardyce 1.7 Gareth Southgate and Thomas Tuchel 1.1 Early years 1.2 Walter Winterbottom and Alf Ramsey 1.3 Don Revie, Ron Greenwood and Bobby Robson 1.4 Graham Taylor, Terry Venables, Glenn Hoddle and Kevin Keegan 1.5 Sven-Göran Eriksson and Steve McClaren 1.6 Fabio Capello, Roy Hodgson and Sam Allardyce 1.7 Gareth Southgate and Thomas Tuchel 2 Team image Toggle Team image subsection 2.1 Kits and crest 2.1.1 Kit suppliers 2.1.2 Kit deals 2.1.3 Crest 2.1.4 Colours 2.2 Home stadium 2.3 Rivalries 2.4 Songs 2.5 Media coverage 2.1 Kits and crest 2.1.1 Kit suppliers 2.1.2 Kit deals 2.1.3 Crest 2.1.4 Colours 2.1.1 Kit suppliers 2.1.2 Kit deals 2.1.3 Crest 2.1.4 Colours 2.2 Home stadium 2.3 Rivalries 2.4 Songs 2.5 Media coverage 3 Results and fixtures Toggle Results and fixtures subsection 3.1 2025 3.2 2026 3.1 2025 3.2 2026 4 Coaching staff 5 Players Toggle Players subsection 5.1 Current squad 5.2 Recent call-ups 5.1 Current squad 5.2 Recent call-ups 6 Individual records Toggle Individual records subsection 6.1 Most appearances 6.2 Top goalscorers 6.3 Most clean sheets 6.4 Manager records 6.1 Most appearances 6.2 Top goalscorers 6.3 Most clean sheets 6.4 Manager records 7 Team records 8 Competitive record Toggle Competitive record subsection 8.1 FIFA World Cup 8.2 UEFA European Championship 8.3 UEFA Nations League 8.1 FIFA World Cup 8.2 UEFA European Championship 8.3 UEFA Nations League 9 Honours Toggle Honours subsection 9.1 Global 9.2 Continental 9.3 Regional 9.4 Awards 9.5 Summary 9.1 Global 9.2 Continental 9.3 Regional 9.4 Awards 9.5 Summary 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links England national football team Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lombard Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Nupe Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Nickname The Three Lions Association The Football Association (The FA) Confederation UEFA (Europe) Head coach Thomas Tuchel Captain Harry Kane Most caps Peter Shilton (125) Top scorer Harry Kane ( 78 ) Home stadium Wembley Stadium FIFA code ENG First colours Second colours First colours Second colours FIFA ranking Current 4 (22 December 2025) [ 1 ] Highest 3 (August–September 2012, September–October 2021, November 2023 [ 1 ] ) Lowest 27 (February 1996 [ 1 ] ) First international Scotland 0–0 England ( Partick , Scotland; 30 November 1872) (The first ever international football match) Biggest win Ireland 0–13 England ( Belfast , Ireland; 18 February 1882) Biggest defeat Hungary 7–1 England ( Budapest , Hungary; 23 May 1954) World Cup Appearances 16 ( first in 1950 ) Best result Champions ( 1966 ) European Championship Appearances 11 ( first in 1968 ) Best result Runners-up ( 2020 , 2024 ) Nations League Finals Appearances 1 ( first in 2019 ) Best result Third place ( 2019 ) Medal record Men's football FIFA World Cup 1966 England Team UEFA European Championship 2020 Europe Team 2024 Germany Team 1968 Italy Team UEFA Nations League 2019 Portugal Team Men's football FIFA World Cup 1966 England Team UEFA European Championship 2020 Europe Team 2024 Germany Team 1968 Italy Team UEFA Nations League 2019 Portugal Team Website englandfootball.com The England national football team have represented England in men's international football since the first international match in 1872. It is controlled by the Football Association (FA), the governing body for football in England , which is affiliated with UEFA and comes under the global jurisdiction of world football's governing body FIFA . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] England competes in the three major international tournaments contested by European nations: the FIFA World Cup , UEFA European Championship and UEFA Nations League . England are the joint oldest national team in football having played in the world's first international football match in 1872, against Scotland . England's home ground is Wembley Stadium , London, and their training headquarters is at St George's Park , Burton upon Trent. Thomas Tuchel is the current head coach. [ 5 ] England won the 1966 FIFA World Cup final on home soil, making them one of eight nations to have won the World Cup. They have qualified for the World Cup sixteen times, with fourth place finishes in the 1990 and 2018 editions. England have never won the European Championship, with their best performances to date being runners-up finishes in 2020 and 2024 . As a constituent country of the United Kingdom , England are not a member of the International Olympic Committee (as English athletes compete for Great Britain ), and so do not compete at the Olympic Games . England are the only team to have won the World Cup at senior level but not their major continental title, and the only team representing a non-sovereign country to have won the World Cup. History Early years The England men's national football team is the joint-oldest in the world; it was formed at the same time as Scotland . A representative match between England and Scotland was played on 5 March 1870, having been organised by the Football Association . [ 6 ] A return fixture was organised by representatives of Scottish football teams on 30 November 1872. This match, played at Hamilton Crescent in Scotland, is viewed as the first official international football match, because the two teams were independently selected and operated, rather than being the work of a single football association. [ 7 ] Over the next 40 years, England played exclusively with the other three Home Nations —Scotland, Wales and Ireland —in the British Home Championship . At first, England had no permanent home stadium. They joined FIFA in 1906 and played their first games against countries other than the Home Nations on a tour of Central Europe in 1908. [ 8 ] Wembley Stadium was opened in 1923 and became their home ground. [ 8 ] The relationship between England and FIFA became strained, and this resulted in their departure from FIFA in 1928, before they rejoined in 1946. [ 9 ] As a result, they did not compete in a World Cup until 1950 , in which they were beaten in a 1–0 defeat by the United States , failing to get past the first round in one of the most embarrassing defeats in the team's history. [ 10 ] Their first defeat on home soil to a foreign team was a 2–0 loss to Ireland , on 21 September 1949 at Goodison Park . [ 11 ] A 6–3 loss in 1953 to Hungary was their second defeat by a foreign team at Wembley. [ 12 ] In the return match in Budapest , Hungary won 7–1. This stands as England's largest ever defeat. After the game, a bewildered Syd Owen said, "it was like playing men from outer space". [ 13 ] In the 1954 FIFA World Cup , England reached the quarter-finals for the first time, and lost 4–2 to reigning champions Uruguay . [ 14 ] Walter Winterbottom and Alf Ramsey Although Walter Winterbottom was appointed as England's first full-time manager in 1946, the team was still picked by a committee until Alf Ramsey took over in 1963. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The 1966 World Cup was hosted in England and Ramsey guided England to victory with a 4–2 win against West Germany after extra time in the final, during which Geoff Hurst scored a hat-trick . [ 17 ] In UEFA Euro 1968 , the team reached the semi-finals for the first time, being eliminated by Yugoslavia . [ 18 ] England qualified automatically for the 1970 World Cup in Mexico as reigning champions, and reached the quarter-finals, where they were knocked out by West Germany. England had been 2–0 up, but were eventually beaten 3–2 after extra time . [ 19 ] They then failed to qualify for Euro 1972 and the 1974 World Cup , leading to Ramsey's dismissal by the FA . [ 20 ] Don Revie, Ron Greenwood and Bobby Robson Following Ramsey's dismissal, Joe Mercer took immediate temporary charge of England for a seven-match spell until Don Revie was appointed as new permanent manager in 1974. [ 21 ] Under Revie, the team underperformed and failed to qualify for either Euro 1976 or the 1978 World Cup . [ 22 ] Revie resigned in 1977 and was replaced by Ron Greenwood , under whom performances improved. The team qualified for Euro 1980 without losing any of their games, but exited in the group stage of the final tournament. [ 23 ] They also qualified for the 1982 World Cup in Spain; despite not losing a game, they were eliminated at the second group stage. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Bobby Robson managed England from 1982 to 1990. [ 26 ] Although the team failed to qualify for Euro 1984 , they reached the quarter-finals of the 1986 World Cup , losing 2–1 to Argentina in a game made famous by two highly contrasting goals scored by Diego Maradona – the first being blatantly knocked in by his hand, prompting his " Hand of God " remark, the second being an outstandingly skilful individual goal, involving high speed dribbling past several opponents. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] England striker Gary Lineker finished as the tournament's top scorer with six goals. [ 29 ] England went on to lose every match at Euro 1988 . [ 30 ] They next achieved their second best result in the 1990 World Cup by finishing fourth – losing again to West Germany after a closely contested semi-final finishing 1–1 after extra time , then 3–4 in England's first penalty shoot-out . [ 31 ] Despite losing to Italy in the third-place play-off, the members of the England team were given bronze medals identical to the Italians'. Due to the team's good performance at the tournament against general expectations, and the emotional nature of the narrow defeat to West Germany, [ 32 ] the team were welcomed home as heroes and thousands of people lined the streets for an open-top bus parade. [ 33 ] Graham Taylor, Terry Venables, Glenn Hoddle and Kevin Keegan The 1990s saw four England managers follow Robson, each in the role for a relatively brief period. Graham Taylor was Robson's immediate successor. [ 34 ] England failed to win any matches at Euro 1992 , drawing with tournament winners Denmark and later with France , before being eliminated by host nation Sweden . The team then failed to qualify for the 1994 World Cup after losing a controversial game against the Netherlands in Rotterdam, which resulted in Taylor's resignation. Taylor faced much newspaper criticism during his tenure for his tactics and team selections. [ 35 ] Between 1994 and 1996, Terry Venables took charge of the team. Hosting Euro 1996 , they equalled their best performance at a European Championship , reaching the semi-finals as they did in 1968, before exiting via another penalty shoot-out loss to Germany. [ 36 ] England striker Alan Shearer was the tournament's top scorer with five goals. [ 37 ] At Euro 96, the song " Three Lions " by Baddiel , Skinner and the Lightning Seeds became the definitive anthem for fans on the terraces, [ 38 ] and popularised the chant "it's coming home". [ 39 ] Venables announced before the tournament that he would resign at the end of it, following investigations into his personal financial activities and ahead of upcoming court cases. Due to the controversy around him, the FA stressed that he was the coach, not the manager, of the team. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] Venables' successor, Glenn Hoddle , took the team to the 1998 World Cup — in which England were eliminated in the second round, again by Argentina and again on penalties (after a 2–2 draw). [ 42 ] In February 1999, Hoddle was sacked by the FA due to controversial comments he had made about disabled people to a newspaper. [ 43 ] Howard Wilkinson took over as caretaker manager for two matches. [ 44 ] Kevin Keegan was then appointed as the new permanent manager and took England to Euro 2000 , but the team exited in the group stage and he unexpectedly resigned shortly afterwards. [ 45 ] Sven-Göran Eriksson and Steve McClaren Peter Taylor was appointed as caretaker manager for one match, before Sven-Göran Eriksson took charge between 2001 and 2006, and was the team's first non-English manager. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Although England's players in this era were dubbed a " golden generation " and only lost five competitive matches during Eriksson's tenure, [ 48 ] they exited at the quarter-finals of the 2002 World Cup , Euro 2004 and the 2006 World Cup . [ 49 ] In January 2006 it was announced that Eriksson would leave the role following that year's World Cup. [ 50 ] Steve McClaren was selected to succeed Eriksson, but was sacked on 22 November 2007 after just 18 matches in charge as England failed to qualify for Euro 2008 . [ 51 ] McClaren was criticised for his team selection in his final game – a decisive qualifier against Croatia which England lost 3–2 – particularly the decision to select inexperienced goalkeeper Scott Carson , whose mistake lead to Croatia's first goal. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] Fabio Capello, Roy Hodgson and Sam Allardyce On 14 December 2007, Italian manager Fabio Capello was appointed as McClaren's successor, becoming only the second foreign coach to take the job. [ 54 ] At the 2010 World Cup , England were considered favourites to top their group [ 55 ] but drew their opening two games against the United States and Algeria ; this led to questions about the team's spirit, tactics and ability to handle pressure. [ 56 ] Despite this, England progressed to the round of 16, where they were beaten 4–1 by Germany , their heaviest defeat in a World Cup finals tournament match. [ 57 ] This match became infamous for a ghost goal when Frank Lampard hit a shot from outside the penalty area that bounced down off the crossbar and over the goal line before being cleared by German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer , with neither the referee nor the assistant opting to award a goal. Had it been given, the goal would have tied the game 2–2 with England coming from two goals down. This incident – along with similar mistakes at the tournament – lead to an apology from FIFA president Sepp Blatter and was a factor in the subsequent decision to introduce goal-line technology into football. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Capello continued as England manager, leading the team's successful qualifying campaign for Euro 2012 , before resigning from the role in February 2012 following a disagreement with the FA over their request to remove John Terry from the team captaincy following accusations of racial abuse against the player. [ 60 ] Following Capello's departure, Stuart Pearce was appointed as caretaker manager for one match, after which in May 2012, Roy Hodgson was announced as the new manager, just six weeks before Euro 2012. [ 61 ] England managed to finish top of their group , but exited the European Championship in the quarter-finals via a penalty shoot-out against Italy . [ 62 ] In the 2014 World Cup , England were eliminated at the group stage for the first time since 1958. [ 63 ] At Euro 2016 , England were eliminated in the round of 16, losing 2–1 to Iceland [ 64 ] in a result that has been described as among their worst ever defeats. [ 65 ] Hodgson tendered his resignation shortly after the full-time whistle, [ 66 ] with Sam Allardyce announced as his successor in July 2016. [ 67 ] After one match and only 67 days in charge, Allardyce resigned from his managerial post by mutual agreement following an alleged breach of FA rules . This makes Allardyce the shortest serving permanent England manager. [ 68 ] Gareth Southgate and Thomas Tuchel After Allardyce's resignation, Gareth Southgate , then the coach of the England under-21 team , was put in temporary charge of the national team until November 2016, [ 69 ] before being given the position on a permanent basis at the end of that period. [ 70 ] At the 2018 World Cup , England reached the semi-finals for the third time. After finishing second in their group, England faced Colombia in the round of 16 where they won on penalties for the first time at a World Cup, before beating Sweden in the quarter-finals. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] [ 73 ] In the semi-final, they were beaten 2–1 in extra time by Croatia and finished fourth after losing the third-place play-off match against Belgium . [ 74 ] [ 75 ] England striker Harry Kane finished the tournament as top scorer with six goals and was awarded the golden boot . [ 76 ] On 14 November 2019, England played their 1000th international match, defeating Montenegro 7–0 at Wembley in a Euro 2020 qualifying match. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] At the delayed Euro 2020 , England reached their first European Championship final, and their first final at a major tournament since 1966. [ 79 ] After finishing top of their group above Croatia, Czechia , and Scotland, the Three Lions beat Germany, Ukraine and Denmark in the knockout rounds to advance to the final . [ 80 ] In the final held at Wembley, England were defeated by Italy on penalties after a 1–1 draw. [ 81 ] At the 2022 World Cup , England defeated Iran and Wales in the group stage to qualify for the round of 16. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] In the round of 16, the Three Lions defeated Senegal 3–0, [ 84 ] but were then eliminated by reigning world champions France in the quarter-finals, 2–1. [ 85 ] In that match, Harry Kane scored his 53rd goal for England, equalling the all-time record at the time. [ 86 ] At Euro 2024 , England finished top of their group above Denmark, Slovenia , and Serbia . In the round of 16, England defeated Slovakia 2–1 after extra time, with Jude Bellingham scoring a spectacular bicycle kick in second-half stoppage time to equalise the match. [ 87 ] In the quarter-final, England beat Switzerland on penalties after the game finished 1–1. [ 88 ] The Three Lions reached their second consecutive European Championship final after defeating the Netherlands 2–1 in the semi-final. [ 89 ] In the final , England were defeated 2–1 by Spain , becoming the first team to lose consecutive European Championship finals. [ 90 ] With three goals, Harry Kane was the joint top scorer at the tournament and shared the golden boot with five other players. [ 91 ] Whilst the FA were willing to extend his contract further, Southgate announced his resignation as England manager on 16 July 2024, saying that it was "time for change, and for a new chapter". [ 92 ] Under-21 manager Lee Carsley was subsequently appointed interim head coach of the senior team. [ 93 ] On 16 October 2024, the FA announced that German manager Thomas Tuchel would take over as manager from 1 January 2025, becoming the third foreign coach to take up the position. [ 94 ] Under Tuchel, England became the first European nation to secure qualification for the 2026 FIFA World Cup after winning all six of their qualification matches as of 14 October 2025. [ 95 ] Team image Kits and crest Kit suppliers Kit supplier Period Ref St. Blaize and Hope Brothers 1949–1954 [ 96 ] [ 97 ] Umbro 1954–1961 [ 98 ] Bukta 1959–1965 [ 99 ] [ 100 ] Umbro 1965–1974 [ 100 ] Admiral 1974–1984 [ 100 ] Umbro 1984–2013 [ 101 ] Nike 2013–present [ 102 ] Kit deals This list is incomplete ; you can help by adding missing items . ( February 2019 ) Kit supplier Period Contract announcement Contract duration Value Nike 2013–present 3 September 2012 Spring 2013 – July 2018 (5 years) [ 103 ] Total £ 125m [ 104 ] (£25m per year) 13 December 2016 August 2018 – 2030 (12 years) Total £400m [ 105 ] (£33.3m per year) Crest The motif of the England national football team has three lions passant guardant , the emblem of King Richard I , who reigned from 1189 to 1199. [ 106 ] In 1872, English players wore white jerseys emblazoned with the three lions crest of the Football Association. [ 107 ] The lions, often blue, have had minor changes to colour and appearance. [ 108 ] Initially topped by a crown, this was removed in 1949 when the FA was given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms ; this introduced ten Tudor roses , one for each of the regional branches of the FA. [ 107 ] [ 109 ] Since 2003, England top their logo with a star to recognise their World Cup win in 1966; this was first embroidered onto the left sleeve of the home kit, and a year later was moved to its current position, first on the away shirt. [ 110 ] Colours England's traditional home colours are white shirts, navy blue shorts and white or black socks. The team has periodically worn an all-white kit. Although England's first away kits were blue, England's traditional away colours are red shirts, white shorts and red socks. In 1996, England's away kit was changed to grey shirts, shorts and socks. This kit was only worn three times, including against Germany in the semi-final of Euro 1996 but the deviation from the traditional red was unpopular with supporters and the England away kit remained red until 2011, when a navy blue away kit was introduced. The away kit is also sometimes worn during home matches, when a new edition has been released to promote it. England have occasionally had a third kit. At the 1970 World Cup, England wore a third kit with pale blue shirts, shorts and socks against Czechoslovakia . They had a kit similar to Brazil 's, with yellow shirts, yellow socks and blue shorts which they wore in the summer of 1973. For the 1986 World Cup, England had a third kit of pale blue, imitating that worn in Mexico 16 years earlier and England retained pale blue third kits until 1992, but they were rarely used. Umbro first agreed to manufacture the kit in 1954 and since then has supplied most of the kits, the exceptions being from 1959 to 1965 with Bukta and 1974–1984 with Admiral . Nike purchased Umbro in 2008 and took over as kit supplier in 2013 following their sale of the Umbro brand. [ 111 ] Home stadium For the first 50 years of their existence, England played their home matches all around the country. They initially used cricket grounds before later moving on to football club stadiums. The original Empire Stadium was built in Wembley , London, for the British Empire Exhibition . [ 112 ] [ 113 ] England played their first match at the stadium in 1924 against Scotland [ 114 ] and for the next 27 years Wembley was used as a venue for matches against Scotland only. The stadium later became known simply as Wembley Stadium and it became England's permanent home stadium during the 1950s. In October 2000, the stadium closed its doors, ending with a defeat against Germany. [ 115 ] This stadium was demolished during the period of 2002–03, and work began to completely rebuild it. [ 116 ] During this time, England played at venues across the country, though by the time of the 2006 World Cup qualification , this had largely settled down to having Manchester United 's Old Trafford stadium as the primary venue, with Newcastle United 's St. James' Park used on occasions when Old Trafford was unavailable. [ 117 ] Their first match in the new Wembley Stadium was in March 2007 when they drew with Brazil. [ 118 ] The stadium is now owned by the Football Association, via its subsidiary Wembley National Stadium Limited. [ 119 ] Rivalries England's three main rivalries are with Scotland , Germany and Argentina . [ 120 ] Smaller rivalries with France , Wales and the Republic of Ireland have also been observed. [ 121 ] [ 122 ] [ 123 ] England's rivalry with Scotland is one of the fiercest international rivalries that exists. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] It is the oldest international fixture in the world, first played in 1872 at Hamilton Crescent , Glasgow. [ 126 ] The history of the British Isles has led to much rivalry between the nations in many forms, and the social and cultural effects of centuries of antagonism and conflict between the two has contributed to the intense nature of the sporting contests. Scottish nationalism has also been a factor in the Scots' desire to defeat England above all other rivals, with Scottish sports journalists traditionally referring to the English as the "Auld Enemy". [ 127 ] The footballing rivalry has diminished somewhat since the late 1970s, particularly since the annual fixture stopped in 1989. For England, games against Germany and Argentina are now considered to be more important than the historic rivalry with Scotland. [ 128 ] England's rivalry with Germany is considered to be mainly an English phenomenon—in the run-up to any competition match between the two teams, many UK newspapers will print articles detailing results of previous encounters, such as England's win in the 1966 World Cup final and the semi-final penalty shoot-out defeats of the 1990 World Cup and Euro 96 . [ 129 ] [ 130 ] This rivalry has diminished significantly in recent years. [ 131 ] Germans consider Italy , the Netherlands and France to be their greater rivals, and Barney Ronay of The Guardian wrote in 2021 that the rivalry with England "isn't a close rivalry at all, not if we accept the standard definition that both sides need to be aware that it exists. Germany have won seven major tournaments. Germany have reached 15 semi-finals since the 'one World Cup' of 1966." [ 132 ] England's rivalry with Argentina is highly competitive. Games between the two teams, even those that are only friendly matches , are often marked by notable and sometimes controversial incidents such as the hand of God in 1986 . [ 133 ] [ 134 ] The rivalry is unusual in that it is an intercontinental one; typically such footballing rivalries exist between bordering nations. England is regarded in Argentina as one of the major rivals of the national football team, matched only by Brazil and Uruguay . [ 134 ] The rivalry is, to a lesser extent reciprocal in England, locally described as a grudge match although matches against Germany carry a greater significance in popular perception. The rivalry emerged across several games during the latter half of the 20th century, even though as of 2008 the teams have played each other on only 14 occasions in full internationals. [ 135 ] The rivalry was intensified, particularly in Argentina, by non-footballing events, especially the 1982 Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom. [ 136 ] England and Argentina have not met since a friendly in November 2005. [ 135 ] Songs Numerous songs have been released about the England national football team. Media coverage All England matches are broadcast with full commentary on Talksport and BBC Radio 5 Live . From the 2008–09 season until the 2017–18 season, England's home and away qualifiers, and friendlies both home and away were broadcast live on ITV Sport (often with the exception of STV , the ITV franchisee in central and northern Scotland). England's away qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup were shown on Setanta Sports until that company's collapse. As a result of Setanta Sports's demise, England's World Cup qualifier in Ukraine on 10 October 2009 was shown in the United Kingdom on a pay-per-view basis via the internet only. This one-off event was the first time an England game had been screened in such a way. The number of subscribers, paying between £4.99 and £11.99 each, was estimated at between 250,000 and 300,000 and the total number of viewers at around 500,000. [ 137 ] In 2018, Sky Sports broadcast the England UEFA Nations League and in-season friendlies, until 2021 and ITV Sport broadcast the European qualifiers for Euro-World Cups and pre-tournament friendlies (after the Nations League group matches end), until 2022. [ 138 ] In April 2022, Channel 4 won the rights for England matches until June 2024, including 2022–23 UEFA Nations League matches, Euro 2024 qualifying games, and friendlies. 2022 World Cup rights remained with the BBC and ITV. [ 139 ] Results and fixtures The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled. .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Win Draw Loss Fixture 2025 21 March 2025 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification England 2–0 Albania London , England 19:45 GMT ( UTC±0 ) Lewis-Skelly .mw-parser-output .fb-goal>span{} 20' Kane 77' Lewis-Skelly .mw-parser-output .fb-goal>span{} 20' Kane 77' Report Stadium: Wembley Stadium Attendance: 82,378 Referee: Alejandro Hernández Hernández ( Spain ) 24 March 2025 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification England 3–0 Latvia London , England 19:45 GMT ( UTC±0 ) James 38' Kane 68' Eze 76' James 38' Kane 68' Eze 76' Report Stadium: Wembley Stadium Attendance: 79,572 Referee: Orel Grinfeld ( Israel ) 7 June 2025 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification Andorra 0–1 England Barcelona , Spain 18:00 CEST ( UTC+2 ) Report Kane 50' Kane 50' Stadium: RCDE Stadium Attendance: 8,872 Referee: Igor Pajač ( Croatia ) 10 June 2025 Friendly England 1–3 Senegal Nottingham , England 19:45 BST ( UTC+1 ) Kane 7' Kane 7' Report Sarr 40' Diarra 62' Sabaly 90+3' Sarr 40' Diarra 62' Sabaly 90+3' Stadium: City Ground Attendance: 26,350 Referee: Stéphanie Frappart ( France ) 6 September 2025 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification England 2–0 Andorra Birmingham , England 17:00 BST ( UTC+1 ) García 25' ( o.g. ) Rice 67' García 25' ( o.g. ) Rice 67' Report Stadium: Villa Park Attendance: 39,202 Referee: Mohammad Al-Emara ( Finland ) 9 September 2025 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification Serbia 0–5 England Belgrade , Serbia 20:45 CEST ( UTC+2 ) Report Kane 33' Madueke 35' Konsa 52' Guéhi 75' Rashford 90' ( pen. ) Kane 33' Madueke 35' Konsa 52' Guéhi 75' Rashford 90' ( pen. ) Stadium: Rajko Mitić Stadium Attendance: 39,789 Referee: Clément Turpin ( France ) 9 October 2025 Friendly England 3–0 Wales London , England 19:45 BST ( UTC+1 ) Rogers 3' Watkins 11' Saka 20' Rogers 3' Watkins 11' Saka 20' Report Stadium: Wembley Stadium Attendance: 78,126 Referee: Urs Schnyder ( Switzerland ) 14 October 2025 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification Latvia 0–5 England Riga , Latvia 21:45 EEST ( UTC+3 ) Report Gordon 26' Kane 44' , 45+4' ( pen. ) Toņiševs 58' ( o.g. ) Eze 86' Gordon 26' Kane 44' , 45+4' ( pen. ) Toņiševs 58' ( o.g. ) Eze 86' Stadium: Daugava Stadium Attendance: 10,404 Referee: Tasos Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) 13 November 2025 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification England 2–0 Serbia London , England 19:45 GMT ( UTC±0 ) Saka 28' Eze 90' Saka 28' Eze 90' Report Stadium: Wembley Stadium Attendance: 74,289 Referee: Ivan Kružliak ( Slovakia ) 16 November 2025 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification Albania 0–2 England Tirana , Albania 18:00 CET ( UTC+1 ) Report Kane 74' , 82' Kane 74' , 82' Stadium: Arena Kombëtare Attendance: 21,459 Referee: Marco Guida ( Italy ) 2026 27 March 2026 Friendly England v Uruguay London , England 19:45 GMT ( UTC±0 ) Stadium: Wembley Stadium 31 March 2026 Friendly England v Japan London , England 19:45 BST ( UTC+1 ) Stadium: Wembley Stadium 17 June 2026 ( 2026-06-17 ) 2026 FIFA World Cup Group L England v Croatia Arlington , United States 15:00 EST ( UTC-5 ) Report Stadium: AT&T Stadium 23 June 2026 ( 2026-06-23 ) 2026 FIFA World Cup Group L England v Ghana Foxborough , United States 16:00 EDT ( UTC-4 ) Report Stadium: Gillette Stadium 27 June 2026 ( 2026-06-27 ) 2026 FIFA World Cup Group L Panama v England East Rutherford , United States 17:00 EDT ( UTC-4 ) Report Stadium: MetLife Stadium Coaching staff Position Name Manager Thomas Tuchel Assistant manager Anthony Barry Goalkeeping coach Henrique Hilário Coach Justin Cochrane First-team doctor Mark Williams Head of physical performance Steve Kemp Physical performance coaches Hailu Theodros Nicolas Mayer Nutritionist Mike Naylor Head of performance medicine Charlotte Cowie Lead performance doctor Mark Williams Lead physiotherapist Simon Spencer Analyst James Melbourne Analyst Steve O'Brien Analyst Michael Baker Head of performance Mark Jarvis Players Current squad The following 25 players were named in the squad for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Serbia and Albania on 13 and 16 November 2025 respectively. On 10 November, Nick Pope and Anthony Gordon withdrew due to injury and were replaced by James Trafford and Trevoh Chalobah . [ 143 ] On 14 November, Marc Guéhi also withdrew due to injury, with no replacement called up. [ 144 ] Caps and goals are correct as of 16 November 2025, after the match against Albania . [ 145 ] No. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club 1 1 GK Jordan Pickford ( 1994-03-07 ) 7 March 1994 (age 31) 81 0 Everton 13 1 GK Dean Henderson ( 1997-03-12 ) 12 March 1997 (age 28) 4 0 Crystal Palace 22 1 GK James Trafford ( 2002-10-10 ) 10 October 2002 (age 23) 0 0 Manchester City 2 2 DF Jarell Quansah ( 2003-01-29 ) 29 January 2003 (age 22) 1 0 Bayer Leverkusen 3 2 DF Reece James ( 1999-12-08 ) 8 December 1999 (age 26) 22 1 Chelsea 5 2 DF John Stones ( 1994-05-28 ) 28 May 1994 (age 31) 87 3 Manchester City 6 2 DF Trevoh Chalobah ( 1999-07-05 ) 5 July 1999 (age 26) 1 0 Chelsea 12 2 DF Dan Burn ( 1992-05-09 ) 9 May 1992 (age 33) 5 0 Newcastle United 14 2 DF Djed Spence ( 2000-08-09 ) 9 August 2000 (age 25) 3 0 Tottenham Hotspur 18 2 DF Nico O'Reilly ( 2005-03-21 ) 21 March 2005 (age 20) 2 0 Manchester City 2 DF Ezri Konsa ( 1997-10-23 ) 23 October 1997 (age 28) 17 1 Aston Villa 4 3 MF Declan Rice ( 1999-01-14 ) 14 January 1999 (age 27) 72 6 Arsenal 8 3 MF Jordan Henderson ( 1990-06-17 ) 17 June 1990 (age 35) 88 3 Brentford 10 3 MF Jude Bellingham ( 2003-06-29 ) 29 June 2003 (age 22) 46 6 Real Madrid 15 3 MF Morgan Rogers ( 2002-07-26 ) 26 July 2002 (age 23) 12 1 Aston Villa 16 3 MF Adam Wharton ( 2004-02-06 ) 6 February 2004 (age 21) 3 0 Crystal Palace 21 3 MF Elliot Anderson ( 2002-11-06 ) 6 November 2002 (age 23) 6 0 Nottingham Forest 23 3 MF Alex Scott ( 2003-08-21 ) 21 August 2003 (age 22) 0 0 Bournemouth 7 4 FW Bukayo Saka ( 2001-09-05 ) 5 September 2001 (age 24) 48 14 Arsenal 9 4 FW Harry Kane ( captain ) ( 1993-07-28 ) 28 July 1993 (age 32) 112 78 Bayern Munich 11 4 FW Marcus Rashford ( 1997-10-31 ) 31 October 1997 (age 28) 68 18 Barcelona 17 4 FW Phil Foden ( 2000-05-28 ) 28 May 2000 (age 25) 47 4 Manchester City 19 4 FW Eberechi Eze ( 1998-06-29 ) 29 June 1998 (age 27) 16 3 Arsenal 20 4 FW Jarrod Bowen ( 1996-12-20 ) 20 December 1996 (age 29) 20 1 West Ham United Recent call-ups The following players have also been called up to the England squad within the last twelve months. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club Latest call-up GK Nick Pope ( 1992-04-19 ) 19 April 1992 (age 33) 10 0 Newcastle United v. Serbia , 13 November 2025 INJ GK Aaron Ramsdale ( 1998-05-14 ) 14 May 1998 (age 27) 5 0 Newcastle United v. Latvia , 24 March 2025 DF Marc Guéhi ( 2000-07-13 ) 13 July 2000 (age 25) 26 1 Crystal Palace v. Albania , 16 November 2025 INJ DF Myles Lewis-Skelly ( 2006-09-26 ) 26 September 2006 (age 19) 6 1 Arsenal v. Latvia , 14 October 2025 DF Tino Livramento ( 2002-11-12 ) 12 November 2002 (age 23) 3 0 Newcastle United v. Serbia , 9 September 2025 DF Kyle Walker ( 1990-05-28 ) 28 May 1990 (age 35) 96 1 Burnley v. Senegal , 10 June 2025 DF Trent Alexander-Arnold ( 1998-10-07 ) 7 October 1998 (age 27) 34 4 Real Madrid v. Senegal , 10 June 2025 DF Levi Colwill ( 2003-02-26 ) 26 February 2003 (age 22) 5 0 Chelsea v. Senegal , 10 June 2025 MF Ruben Loftus-Cheek ( 1996-01-23 ) 23 January 1996 (age 29) 11 0 AC Milan v. Latvia , 14 October 2025 MF Morgan Gibbs-White ( 2000-01-27 ) 27 January 2000 (age 25) 6 0 Nottingham Forest v. Latvia , 14 October 2025 MF Conor Gallagher ( 2000-02-06 ) 6 February 2000 (age 25) 22 1 Tottenham Hotspur v. Senegal , 10 June 2025 MF Cole Palmer ( 2002-05-06 ) 6 May 2002 (age 23) 12 2 Chelsea v. Senegal , 10 June 2025 MF Curtis Jones ( 2001-01-30 ) 30 January 2001 (age 24) 6 1 Liverpool v. Senegal , 10 June 2025 FW Anthony Gordon ( 2001-02-24 ) 24 February 2001 (age 24) 16 2 Newcastle United v. Serbia , 13 November 2025 INJ FW Ollie Watkins ( 1995-12-30 ) 30 December 1995 (age 30) 20 6 Aston Villa v. Latvia , 14 October 2025 FW Noni Madueke ( 2002-03-10 ) 10 March 2002 (age 23) 9 1 Arsenal v. Serbia , 9 September 2025 FW Ivan Toney ( 1996-03-16 ) 16 March 1996 (age 29) 7 1 Al-Ahli v. Senegal , 10 June 2025 FW Dominic Solanke ( 1997-09-14 ) 14 September 1997 (age 28) 3 0 Tottenham Hotspur v. Latvia , 24 March 2025 INJ Withdrew due to injury PRE Preliminary squad / standby RET Retired from the national team SUS Serving suspension WD Player withdrew from the squad due to non-injury issue. INJ Withdrew due to injury PRE Preliminary squad / standby RET Retired from the national team SUS Serving suspension WD Player withdrew from the squad due to non-injury issue. Individual records Most appearances Rank Player Caps Goals Position .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Career 1 Peter Shilton 125 0 GK 1970–1990 2 Wayne Rooney 120 53 FW 2003–2018 3 David Beckham 115 17 MF 1996–2009 4 Steven Gerrard 114 21 MF 2000–2014 5 Harry Kane 112 78 FW 2015–present 6 Bobby Moore 108 2 DF 1962–1973 7 Ashley Cole 107 0 DF 2001–2014 8 Bobby Charlton 106 49 MF 1958–1970 Frank Lampard 106 29 MF 1999–2014 10 Billy Wright 105 3 DF 1946–1959 Top goalscorers Rank Player Goals Caps Average Career 1 Harry Kane ( list ) 78 112 0.70 2015–present 2 Wayne Rooney ( list ) 53 120 0.44 2003–2018 3 Bobby Charlton ( list ) 49 106 0.46 1958–1970 4 Gary Lineker 48 80 0.60 1984–1992 5 Jimmy Greaves 44 57 0.77 1959–1967 6 Michael Owen 40 89 0.45 1998–2008 7 Nat Lofthouse 30 33 0.91 1950–1958 Alan Shearer 30 63 0.48 1992–2000 Tom Finney 30 76 0.39 1946–1958 10 Vivian Woodward 29 23 1.26 1903–1911 Frank Lampard 29 106 0.27 1999–2014 Most clean sheets Rank Player Clean sheets Caps Average Career 1 Peter Shilton 66 125 0.53 1970–1990 2 Joe Hart 43 75 0.57 2008–2017 Jordan Pickford 43 81 0.53 2017–present 4 David Seaman 40 75 0.53 1988–2002 5 Gordon Banks 35 73 0.48 1963–1972 6 Ray Clemence 27 61 0.44 1972–1983 7 Chris Woods 26 43 0.60 1985–1993 8 Paul Robinson 24 41 0.59 2003–2007 9 David James 21 53 0.40 1997–2010 10 Nigel Martyn 13 23 0.57 1992–2002 Manager records Team records Competitive record FIFA World Cup England first appeared at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , and have subsequently qualified for a total of 16 World Cup tournaments, tied for sixth best by number of appearances . [ 161 ] [ 162 ] They are also placed sixth by number of wins, with 32. The national team is one of only eight nations to have won at least one FIFA World Cup title. [ 163 ] The England team won their first and only World Cup title in 1966 . [ 164 ] The tournament was played on home soil, and England defeated West Germany 4–2 in the final . [ 164 ] In 1990 , England finished in fourth place, losing 2–1 to host nation Italy in the third-place play-off, following defeat on penalties, after extra time, to champions West Germany in the semi-final. [ 165 ] They also finished in fourth place in 2018 , losing 2–0 to Belgium in the third-place play-off, following a 2–1 defeat to Croatia , again after extra time, in the semi-final. [ 166 ] The team also reached the quarter-final stage in 1954 , 1962 , 1970 , 1986 , 2002 , 2006 and 2022 . [ 167 ] England failed to qualify for the World Cup in 1974 , 1978 and 1994 . [ 168 ] The team's earliest exit in the finals tournament was elimination in the first round in 1950 , 1958 and, most recently, 2014 . [ 169 ] [ 170 ] This was after being defeated in both their opening two matches for the first time, against Italy and Uruguay in Group D. [ 170 ] In 1950, four teams remained after the first round, in 1958 eight teams remained and in 2014 sixteen teams remained. In 2010 , England suffered its most resounding World Cup defeat, 4–1 to Germany , in the round of 16 stage. [ 171 ] FIFA World Cup record Qualification record Manager(s) Year Round Pos Pld W D [ b ] L GF GA Squad Pld W D L GF GA 1930 Not a FIFA member Not a FIFA member None 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 3 1 0 2 2 2 Squad 3 3 0 0 14 3 Winterbottom 1954 Quarter-finals 7th 3 1 1 1 8 8 Squad 3 3 0 0 11 4 1958 Group stage 11th 4 0 3 1 4 5 Squad 4 3 1 0 15 5 1962 Quarter-finals 8th 4 1 1 2 5 6 Squad 4 3 1 0 16 2 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 1 0 11 3 Squad Qualified as hosts Ramsey 1970 Quarter-finals 8th 4 2 0 2 4 4 Squad Qualified as defending champions Ramsey 1974 Did not qualify 4 1 2 1 3 4 Ramsey 1978 6 5 0 1 15 4 Revie 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 3 2 0 6 1 Squad 8 4 1 3 13 8 Greenwood 1986 Quarter-finals 8th 5 2 1 2 7 3 Squad 8 4 4 0 21 2 Robson 1990 Fourth place 4th 7 3 3 1 8 6 Squad 6 3 3 0 10 0 Robson 1994 Did not qualify 10 5 3 2 26 9 Taylor 1998 Round of 16 9th 4 2 1 1 7 4 Squad 8 6 1 1 15 2 Hoddle 2002 [ c ] Quarter-finals 6th 5 2 2 1 6 3 Squad 8 5 2 1 16 6 Keegan , Wilkinson , Eriksson [ d ] 2006 Quarter-finals 7th 5 3 2 0 6 2 Squad 10 8 1 1 17 5 Eriksson 2010 Round of 16 13th 4 1 2 1 3 5 Squad 10 9 0 1 34 6 Capello 2014 Group stage 26th 3 0 1 2 2 4 Squad 10 6 4 0 31 4 Hodgson 2018 Fourth place 4th 7 3 1 3 12 8 Squad 10 8 2 0 18 3 Allardyce , Southgate [ e ] 2022 Quarter-finals 6th 5 3 1 1 13 4 Squad 10 8 2 0 39 3 Southgate 2026 Qualified 8 8 0 0 22 0 Tuchel 2030 [ f ] To be determined To be determined 2034 Total 1 Title 16/22 74 32 22 20 104 68 — 130 92 27 11 336 70 — UEFA European Championship England first entered the UEFA European Championship in 1964, [ 173 ] and have since qualified for eleven tournaments, [ 173 ] tied for fourth-best by number of finals appearances . England's best results at the tournament were finishing as runners-up in both the 2020 (held in 2021) and 2024 editions, followed by a third-place finish in 1968 [ 174 ] and reaching the semi-finals of 1996 , a tournament they hosted. [ 175 ] In addition, England have reached the quarter-finals on two further occasions, in 2004 and 2012 . [ 174 ] England's worst results in the finals tournament to date have been first round eliminations in 1980 , 1988 , 1992 and 2000 , whilst they failed to qualify for the finals in 1964 , 1972 , 1976 , 1984 and 2008 . [ 173 ] UEFA European Championship record Qualifying record Manager(s) Year Round Pos Pld W D [ b ] L GF GA Squad Pld W D L GF GA 1960 Did not enter Did not enter Winterbottom 1964 Did not qualify 2 0 1 1 3 6 Winterbottom, Ramsey [ g ] 1968 Third place 3rd 2 1 0 1 2 1 Squad 8 6 1 1 18 6 Ramsey 1972 Did not qualify [ h ] 8 5 2 1 16 6 Ramsey 1976 Did not qualify 6 3 2 1 11 3 Revie 1980 Group stage 6th 3 1 1 1 3 3 Squad 8 7 1 0 22 5 Greenwood 1984 Did not qualify 8 5 2 1 23 3 Robson 1988 Group stage 7th 3 0 0 3 2 7 Squad 6 5 1 0 19 1 1992 Group stage 7th 3 0 2 1 1 2 Squad 6 3 3 0 7 3 Taylor 1996 Semi-finals 3rd 5 2 3 0 8 3 Squad Qualified as hosts Venables 2000 Group stage 11th 3 1 0 2 5 6 Squad 10 4 4 2 16 5 Hoddle , Keegan [ i ] 2004 Quarter-finals 5th 4 2 1 1 10 6 Squad 8 6 2 0 14 5 Eriksson 2008 Did not qualify 12 7 2 3 24 7 McClaren 2012 Quarter-finals 5th 4 2 2 0 5 3 Squad 8 5 3 0 17 5 Capello , Hodgson [ j ] 2016 Round of 16 12th 4 1 2 1 4 4 Squad 10 10 0 0 31 3 Hodgson 2020 [ k ] Runners-up 2nd 7 5 2 0 11 2 Squad 8 7 0 1 37 6 Southgate 2024 Runners-up 2nd 7 3 3 1 8 6 Squad 8 6 2 0 22 4 2028 To be determined To be determined 2032 Total Runners-up 11/17 45 18 16 11 59 43 — 116 79 26 11 280 68 — UEFA Nations League England have competed in the UEFA Nations League since its inaugural season in 2018–19, when they qualified for the 2019 finals and finished third overall. To date, this is their only appearance in the finals and their best performance in the competition. UEFA Nations League record League phase [ l ] Finals Manager(s) Season Lg Grp Pos Pld W D L GF GA P/R Rnk Year Pos Pld W D [ b ] L GF GA Squad 2018–19 A 4 1st 4 2 1 1 6 5 4th 2019 3rd 2 0 1 1 1 3 Squad Southgate 2020–21 A 2 3rd 6 3 1 2 7 4 9th 2021 Did not qualify Southgate 2022–23 A 3 4th 6 0 3 3 4 10 15th 2023 2024–25 B 2 1st 6 5 0 1 16 3 17th 2025 Carsley Total 22 10 5 7 33 22 4th Total 1/4 2 0 1 1 1 3 — — Honours Global FIFA World Cup Champions (1): 1966 Champions (1): 1966 Continental UEFA European Championship Runners-up (2): 2020 , 2024 Third place (1): 1968 Runners-up (2): 2020 , 2024 Third place (1): 1968 UEFA Nations League Third place (1): 2019 Third place (1): 2019 Regional British Home Championship Champions (54): 1886 s , 1888 , 1890 s , 1891 , 1892 , 1893 , 1895 , 1898 , 1899 , 1901 , 1903 s , 1904 , 1905 , 1906 s , 1908 s , 1909 , 1911 , 1912 s , 1913 , 1927 s , 1930 , 1931 s , 1932 , 1935 s , 1938 , 1939 s , 1947 , 1948 , 1950 , 1952 s , 1953 s , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 s , 1957 , 1958 s , 1959 s , 1960 s , 1961 , 1964 s , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 s , 1971 , 1972 s , 1973 , 1974 s , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1982 , 1983 Champions (54): 1886 s , 1888 , 1890 s , 1891 , 1892 , 1893 , 1895 , 1898 , 1899 , 1901 , 1903 s , 1904 , 1905 , 1906 s , 1908 s , 1909 , 1911 , 1912 s , 1913 , 1927 s , 1930 , 1931 s , 1932 , 1935 s , 1938 , 1939 s , 1947 , 1948 , 1950 , 1952 s , 1953 s , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 s , 1957 , 1958 s , 1959 s , 1960 s , 1961 , 1964 s , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 s , 1971 , 1972 s , 1973 , 1974 s , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1982 , 1983 Awards FIFA World Cup Fair Play Trophy : 1990 , 1998 , 2022 Summary Competition Total FIFA World Cup 1 0 0 1 UEFA European Championship 0 2 1 3 UEFA Nations League 0 0 1 1 Total 1 2 2 5 s Shared titles. See also English football portal Great Britain men's Olympic football team United Kingdom national football team England national football team manager England women's national football team England national amateur football team England national football B team England national football C team Notes ^ England's two largest victories (13–0 away and then 13–2 at home) coincidentally both occurred on 18 February, against Ireland . Four of England's five largest margins of victory occurred away from home. As well as the 13–0 victory, they defeated Austria 11–1 in 1908, Portugal 10–0 in 1947, United States 10–0 in 1964 and San Marino 10–0 in 2021. ^ a b c Draws include knockout matches decided by a penalty shoot-out . ^ England played all of their matches in Japan. ^ Kevin Keegan and Howard Wilkinson managed one qualifying match each: Sven-Göran Eriksson managed the remaining qualification matches and the finals campaign. ^ Sam Allardyce managed one qualifying match: Gareth Southgate managed the remaining qualification matches and the finals campaign. ^ Additional matches are scheduled to be played in Argentina , Paraguay , and Uruguay in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the first world cup , however they are not considered to be official hosts of the tournament. [ 172 ] ^ England were defeated by France in a two-legged elimination round. Alf Ramsey took over from Walter Winterbottom between the two legs. ^ Although England did not qualify for the finals, they reached the last eight of the competition. Only the last four teams progressed to the finals. ^ Glenn Hoddle managed the first three qualifiers, while Kevin Keegan managed the remaining qualification matches and the finals campaign. ^ Fabio Capello managed the qualification campaign. He resigned before the final tournament and was replaced by Roy Hodgson. ^ The tournament was held in 11 cities in 11 UEFA countries. London's Wembley Stadium hosted all of England's games except for their quarter-final match which was hosted at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome. ^ League phase is played home and away. Flag shown represents host nation for the finals. References ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "The FIFA/Coca-Cola Men's World Ranking" . 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External links Official website England at FIFA England at UEFA The England International Database at Englandstats.com .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e England national football team v t e General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George's Park (Burton) Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George's Park (Burton) Statistics All-time record Records World Cup record European Championship record All-time record Records World Cup record European Championship record All-time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Awards The FA England Awards The FA England Awards Results 1872–99 1900–29 1930–59 1960–79 1980–99 2000–19 2020–present Unofficial matches Matches v Home Nations 1872–99 1900–29 1930–59 1960–79 1980–99 2000–19 2020–present Unofficial matches Matches v Home Nations 1872–99 1900–29 1930–59 1960–79 1980–99 2000–19 2020–present Unofficial matches Matches v Home Nations Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10+ caps 4–9 caps 2–3 caps 1 cap Capped while at lower division club Born outside England Other categories World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10+ caps 4–9 caps 2–3 caps 1 cap Capped while at lower division club Born outside England Other categories World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10+ caps 4–9 caps 2–3 caps 1 cap Capped while at lower division club Born outside England Other categories Goals Harry Kane Wayne Rooney Bobby Charlton Hat-tricks Harry Kane Wayne Rooney Bobby Charlton Hat-tricks World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 European Championships 1968 1980 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2012 2016 2020 2024 1968 1980 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2012 2016 2020 2024 1968 1980 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2012 2016 2020 2024 Other tournaments British Home Championship (1884–1984) UEFA Nations League Minor tournaments British Home Championship (1884–1984) UEFA Nations League Minor tournaments Rivalries Argentina Germany Republic of Ireland Scotland Argentina Germany Republic of Ireland Scotland Culture Noted matches Band Songs " Three Lions " Discography "Golden Generation" WAGs " They think it's all over " Sixty Six Graham Taylor: An Impossible Job One Night in Turin Noted matches Band Songs " Three Lions " " Three Lions " Discography "Golden Generation" WAGs " They think it's all over " Sixty Six Graham Taylor: An Impossible Job One Night in Turin Other FA teams England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U21 U20 U19 U18 U17 U16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach soccer ( not FA affiliated ) Great Britain Olympic England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U21 U20 U19 U18 U17 U16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach soccer ( not FA affiliated ) Great Britain Olympic Links to related articles England achievements and awards Achievements Preceded by 1962 Brazil World Champions 1966 (First title) Succeeded by 1970 Brazil England squads England squads – FIFA World Cup v t e England squad – 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach: Winterbottom v t e England squad – 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright (c) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach: Winterbottom v t e England squad – 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright (c) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach: Winterbottom v t e England squad – 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes (c) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach: Winterbottom v t e England squad – 1966 FIFA World Cup winners (1st title) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore (c) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach: Ramsey v t e England squad – 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore (c) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach: Ramsey v t e England squad – 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach: Greenwood v t e England squad – 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 Br. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach: Bo. Robson v t e England squad – 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 Br. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Seaman / Beasant a Coach: Bo. Robson a Beasant replaced Seaman after England's first match. v t e England squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach: Hoddle v t e England squad – 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach: Eriksson v t e England squad – 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach: Eriksson v t e England squad – 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright-Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach: Capello v t e England squad – 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade-Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach: Hodgson v t e England squad – 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Dele 21 Loftus-Cheek 22 Alexander-Arnold 23 Pope Coach: Southgate v t e England squad – 2022 FIFA World Cup 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Shaw 4 Rice 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Grealish 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Rashford 12 Trippier 13 Pope 14 Phillips 15 Dier 16 Coady 17 Saka 18 Alexander-Arnold 19 Mount 20 Foden 21 White 22 Bellingham 23 Ramsdale 24 Wilson 25 Maddison 26 Gallagher Coach: Southgate England squads – UEFA European Championship v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1968 third place 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Wilson 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Hunt 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Stepney 13 West 14 Knowles 15 J. Charlton 16 Wright 17 Stiles 18 Summerbee 19 Hunter 20 Bell 21 Greaves 22 Thompson Coach: Ramsey v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1980 1 Clemence 2 Neal 3 Sansom 4 Thompson 5 Watson 6 Wilkins 7 Keegan ( c ) 8 Coppell 9 Johnson 10 Brooking 11 Woodcock 12 Anderson 13 Shilton 14 Cherry 15 Hughes 16 Mills 17 McDermott 18 Kennedy 19 Hoddle 20 Mariner 21 Birtles 22 Corrigan Coach: Greenwood v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1988 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Webb 5 Watson 6 Adams 7 Br. Robson ( c ) 8 Steven 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Waddle 13 Woods 14 Anderson 15 McMahon 16 Reid 17 Hoddle 18 Hateley 19 Wright 20 Dorigo Coach: Bo. Robson v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1992 1 Woods 2 Curle 3 Pearce 4 Keown 5 Walker 6 Wright 7 Platt 8 Steven 9 Clough 10 Lineker ( c ) 11 Sinton 12 Palmer 13 Martyn 14 Dorigo 15 Webb 16 Merson 17 Smith 18 Daley 19 Batty 20 Shearer Coach: Taylor v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1996 semi-finalists 1 Seaman 2 G. Neville 3 Pearce 4 Ince 5 Adams ( c ) 6 Southgate 7 Platt 8 Gascoigne 9 Shearer 10 Sheringham 11 Anderton 12 Howey 13 Flowers 14 Barmby 15 Redknapp 16 Campbell 17 McManaman 18 Ferdinand 19 P. Neville 20 Stone 21 Fowler 22 Walker Coach: Venables v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2000 1 Seaman 2 G. Neville 3 P. Neville 4 Campbell 5 Adams 6 Keown 7 Beckham 8 Scholes 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Owen 11 McManaman 12 Southgate 13 Martyn 14 Ince 15 Barry 16 Gerrard 17 Wise 18 Barmby 19 Heskey 20 Phillips 21 Fowler 22 Wright Coach: Keegan v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2004 1 James 2 G. Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Terry 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 Lampard 12 Bridge 13 Robinson 14 P. Neville 15 King 16 Carragher 17 Butt 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Dyer 21 Heskey 22 Walker 23 Vassell Coach: Eriksson v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2012 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Kelly 6 Terry 7 Walcott 8 Henderson 9 Carroll 10 Rooney 11 Young 12 Baines 13 Green 14 Jones 15 Lescott 16 Milner 17 Parker 18 Jagielka 19 Downing 20 Oxlade-Chamberlain 21 Defoe 22 Welbeck 23 Butland Coach: Hodgson v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2016 1 Hart 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Milner 5 Cahill 6 Smalling 7 Sterling 8 Lallana 9 Kane 10 Rooney ( c ) 11 Vardy 12 Clyne 13 Forster 14 Henderson 15 Sturridge 16 Stones 17 Dier 18 Wilshere 19 Barkley 20 Dele 21 Bertrand 22 Rashford 23 Heaton Coach: Hodgson v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2020 runners-up 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Shaw 4 Rice 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Grealish 8 J. Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Rashford 12 Trippier 13 D. Henderson / Ramsdale a 14 Phillips 15 Mings 16 Coady 17 Sancho 18 Calvert-Lewin 19 Mount 20 Foden 21 Chilwell 22 White 23 Johnstone 24 James 25 Saka 26 Bellingham Coach: Southgate a Ramsdale replaced D. Henderson after England's first match. v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2024 runners-up 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Shaw 4 Rice 5 Stones 6 Guéhi 7 Saka 8 Alexander-Arnold 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Bellingham 11 Foden 12 Trippier 13 Ramsdale 14 Konsa 15 Dunk 16 Gallagher 17 Toney 18 Gordon 19 Watkins 20 Bowen 21 Eze 22 Gomez 23 D. Henderson 24 Palmer 25 Wharton 26 Mainoo Coach: Southgate .mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column} v t e FIFA World Cup winners 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France 2022 : Argentina v t e Men's football in England The Football Association National teams England B C U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 League competitions Level 1 Premier League Levels 2–4 English Football League EFL Championship EFL League One EFL League Two Levels 5–6 National League National League (division) National League North National League South Levels 7–8 Isthmian League Northern Premier League Southern League Levels 9–10 Combined Counties League Eastern Counties League Essex Senior League (level 9 only) Hellenic League Midland League Northern Counties East League Northern League North West Counties League Southern Combination League Southern Counties East League South West Peninsula League (level 10 only) Spartan South Midlands League United Counties League Wessex League Western League Cup competitions FA cups FA Cup FA Community Shield FA Trophy FA Vase FA Sunday Cup FA Inter-League Cup League cups EFL Cup EFL Trophy National League Cup Northern Premier League Cup Isthmian League Cup Southern League Cup County cups List of county cups Others National League System Reserve and youth football Defunct leagues Defunct cups Lists Appearances (500+) Clubs Honours won Current managers Clubs in international competitions Goals (200+) Record home attendances Stadiums by capacity Venues Competitions Trophies and awards History Records v t e Football in the United Kingdom United Kingdom National team Olympic men's team Olympic women's team Nations Cup British Home Championship Rous Cup British Amateur Championship British League Cup Dubai Champions Cup Empire Exhibition Trophy Football World Championship Coronation Cup Texaco Cup Anglo-Scottish Cup Matches between British national teams Matches between British clubs in UEFA competitions Scottish clubs in the FA Cup Newport A.F.C. v FA of Wales International Football Association Board England–Scotland football rivalry British clubs tours to South America England National team The FA Footballing history National team history League system ( women's ) Premier League English Football League FA Cup EFL Cup FA People's Cup Scotland National team The SFA Footballing history National team history League system Scottish Professional Football League Scottish Cup Scottish League Cup Women's Wales National team FAW National team history League system Cymru Premier Welsh Cup Welsh League Cup Women's Northern Ireland National team IFA National team history League system Northern Ireland Football League Irish Cup Northern Ireland Football League Cup Gibraltar National team GFA National team history League system Gibraltar National League Rock Cup Records England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Category v t e National and regional football teams representing the United Kingdom , overseas territories or Crown Dependencies Home Nations UEFA England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Olympics 1 Great Britain Island Games 1 Western Isles Shetland Orkney Anglesey Isle of Wight CONIFA / WUFA 1 Kernow Surrey Yorkshire Overseas territories and Crown Dependencies UEFA Gibraltar CONCACAF and CFU Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands CONIFA / WUFA 1 Ellan Vannin Parishes of Jersey Unaffiliated 1 Alderney Falkland Islands Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Saint Helena Sark Chagos Islands Former 1 Sealand 1: Unrecognised teams, with no regional affiliation v t e National football teams of Europe ( UEFA ) Active Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia East Germany Ireland (1882–1950) Saarland Soviet Union ( CIS ) Yugoslavia ( FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro ) v t e National sports teams of England Badminton Bandy M W Basketball M M U18 M U16 W W U20 W U18 W U16 Beach soccer M W Cricket M M U19 Lions W W U19 Blind Deaf Field hockey M M U21 W W U21 Football M M U21 M U20 M U19 M U18 M U17 M U16 W W U23 W U21 W U20 W U19 W U17 CP Futsal M W Ice hockey M W Kabaddi Korfball Lacrosse M W Netball M W Quadball Roller derby Roller hockey Rugby league M Knights W Wheelchair Rugby union M M U20 M U18 M 7s W W 7s Shinty Squash M W Volleyball M W Commonwealth Games European Championships England achievements and awards Achievements Preceded by 1962 Brazil World Champions 1966 (First title) Succeeded by 1970 Brazil Achievements Preceded by 1962 Brazil World Champions 1966 (First title) Succeeded by 1970 Brazil England squads England squads – FIFA World Cup v t e England squad – 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach: Winterbottom v t e England squad – 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright (c) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach: Winterbottom v t e England squad – 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright (c) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach: Winterbottom v t e England squad – 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes (c) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach: Winterbottom v t e England squad – 1966 FIFA World Cup winners (1st title) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore (c) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach: Ramsey v t e England squad – 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore (c) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach: Ramsey v t e England squad – 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach: Greenwood v t e England squad – 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 Br. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach: Bo. Robson v t e England squad – 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 Br. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Seaman / Beasant a Coach: Bo. Robson a Beasant replaced Seaman after England's first match. v t e England squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach: Hoddle v t e England squad – 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach: Eriksson v t e England squad – 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach: Eriksson v t e England squad – 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright-Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach: Capello v t e England squad – 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade-Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach: Hodgson v t e England squad – 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Dele 21 Loftus-Cheek 22 Alexander-Arnold 23 Pope Coach: Southgate v t e England squad – 2022 FIFA World Cup 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Shaw 4 Rice 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Grealish 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Rashford 12 Trippier 13 Pope 14 Phillips 15 Dier 16 Coady 17 Saka 18 Alexander-Arnold 19 Mount 20 Foden 21 White 22 Bellingham 23 Ramsdale 24 Wilson 25 Maddison 26 Gallagher Coach: Southgate England squads – UEFA European Championship v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1968 third place 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Wilson 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Hunt 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Stepney 13 West 14 Knowles 15 J. Charlton 16 Wright 17 Stiles 18 Summerbee 19 Hunter 20 Bell 21 Greaves 22 Thompson Coach: Ramsey v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1980 1 Clemence 2 Neal 3 Sansom 4 Thompson 5 Watson 6 Wilkins 7 Keegan ( c ) 8 Coppell 9 Johnson 10 Brooking 11 Woodcock 12 Anderson 13 Shilton 14 Cherry 15 Hughes 16 Mills 17 McDermott 18 Kennedy 19 Hoddle 20 Mariner 21 Birtles 22 Corrigan Coach: Greenwood v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1988 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Webb 5 Watson 6 Adams 7 Br. Robson ( c ) 8 Steven 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Waddle 13 Woods 14 Anderson 15 McMahon 16 Reid 17 Hoddle 18 Hateley 19 Wright 20 Dorigo Coach: Bo. Robson v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1992 1 Woods 2 Curle 3 Pearce 4 Keown 5 Walker 6 Wright 7 Platt 8 Steven 9 Clough 10 Lineker ( c ) 11 Sinton 12 Palmer 13 Martyn 14 Dorigo 15 Webb 16 Merson 17 Smith 18 Daley 19 Batty 20 Shearer Coach: Taylor v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1996 semi-finalists 1 Seaman 2 G. Neville 3 Pearce 4 Ince 5 Adams ( c ) 6 Southgate 7 Platt 8 Gascoigne 9 Shearer 10 Sheringham 11 Anderton 12 Howey 13 Flowers 14 Barmby 15 Redknapp 16 Campbell 17 McManaman 18 Ferdinand 19 P. Neville 20 Stone 21 Fowler 22 Walker Coach: Venables v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2000 1 Seaman 2 G. Neville 3 P. Neville 4 Campbell 5 Adams 6 Keown 7 Beckham 8 Scholes 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Owen 11 McManaman 12 Southgate 13 Martyn 14 Ince 15 Barry 16 Gerrard 17 Wise 18 Barmby 19 Heskey 20 Phillips 21 Fowler 22 Wright Coach: Keegan v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2004 1 James 2 G. Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Terry 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 Lampard 12 Bridge 13 Robinson 14 P. Neville 15 King 16 Carragher 17 Butt 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Dyer 21 Heskey 22 Walker 23 Vassell Coach: Eriksson v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2012 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Kelly 6 Terry 7 Walcott 8 Henderson 9 Carroll 10 Rooney 11 Young 12 Baines 13 Green 14 Jones 15 Lescott 16 Milner 17 Parker 18 Jagielka 19 Downing 20 Oxlade-Chamberlain 21 Defoe 22 Welbeck 23 Butland Coach: Hodgson v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2016 1 Hart 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Milner 5 Cahill 6 Smalling 7 Sterling 8 Lallana 9 Kane 10 Rooney ( c ) 11 Vardy 12 Clyne 13 Forster 14 Henderson 15 Sturridge 16 Stones 17 Dier 18 Wilshere 19 Barkley 20 Dele 21 Bertrand 22 Rashford 23 Heaton Coach: Hodgson v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2020 runners-up 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Shaw 4 Rice 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Grealish 8 J. Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Rashford 12 Trippier 13 D. Henderson / Ramsdale a 14 Phillips 15 Mings 16 Coady 17 Sancho 18 Calvert-Lewin 19 Mount 20 Foden 21 Chilwell 22 White 23 Johnstone 24 James 25 Saka 26 Bellingham Coach: Southgate a Ramsdale replaced D. Henderson after England's first match. v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2024 runners-up 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Shaw 4 Rice 5 Stones 6 Guéhi 7 Saka 8 Alexander-Arnold 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Bellingham 11 Foden 12 Trippier 13 Ramsdale 14 Konsa 15 Dunk 16 Gallagher 17 Toney 18 Gordon 19 Watkins 20 Bowen 21 Eze 22 Gomez 23 D. Henderson 24 Palmer 25 Wharton 26 Mainoo Coach: Southgate England squads – FIFA World Cup v t e England squad – 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach: Winterbottom v t e England squad – 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright (c) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach: Winterbottom v t e England squad – 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright (c) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach: Winterbottom v t e England squad – 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes (c) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach: Winterbottom v t e England squad – 1966 FIFA World Cup winners (1st title) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore (c) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach: Ramsey v t e England squad – 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore (c) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach: Ramsey v t e England squad – 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach: Greenwood v t e England squad – 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 Br. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach: Bo. Robson v t e England squad – 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 Br. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Seaman / Beasant a Coach: Bo. Robson a Beasant replaced Seaman after England's first match. v t e England squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach: Hoddle v t e England squad – 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach: Eriksson v t e England squad – 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach: Eriksson v t e England squad – 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright-Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach: Capello v t e England squad – 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade-Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach: Hodgson v t e England squad – 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Dele 21 Loftus-Cheek 22 Alexander-Arnold 23 Pope Coach: Southgate v t e England squad – 2022 FIFA World Cup 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Shaw 4 Rice 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Grealish 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Rashford 12 Trippier 13 Pope 14 Phillips 15 Dier 16 Coady 17 Saka 18 Alexander-Arnold 19 Mount 20 Foden 21 White 22 Bellingham 23 Ramsdale 24 Wilson 25 Maddison 26 Gallagher Coach: Southgate v t e England squad – 1950 FIFA World Cup v t e GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach: Winterbottom GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach: Winterbottom v t e England squad – 1954 FIFA World Cup v t e 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright (c) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach: Winterbottom 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright (c) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach: Winterbottom v t e England squad – 1958 FIFA World Cup v t e 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright (c) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach: Winterbottom 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright (c) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach: Winterbottom v t e England squad – 1962 FIFA World Cup v t e 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes (c) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach: Winterbottom 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes (c) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach: Winterbottom v t e England squad – 1966 FIFA World Cup winners (1st title) v t e 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore (c) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach: Ramsey 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore (c) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach: Ramsey v t e England squad – 1970 FIFA World Cup v t e 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore (c) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach: Ramsey 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore (c) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach: Ramsey v t e England squad – 1982 FIFA World Cup v t e 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach: Greenwood 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach: Greenwood v t e England squad – 1986 FIFA World Cup v t e 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 Br. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach: Bo. Robson 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 Br. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach: Bo. Robson v t e England squad – 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place v t e 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 Br. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Seaman / Beasant a Coach: Bo. Robson 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 Br. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Seaman / Beasant a Coach: Bo. Robson a Beasant replaced Seaman after England's first match. v t e England squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup v t e 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach: Hoddle 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach: Hoddle v t e England squad – 2002 FIFA World Cup v t e 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach: Eriksson 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach: Eriksson v t e England squad – 2006 FIFA World Cup v t e 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach: Eriksson 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach: Eriksson v t e England squad – 2010 FIFA World Cup v t e 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright-Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach: Capello 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright-Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach: Capello v t e England squad – 2014 FIFA World Cup v t e 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade-Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach: Hodgson 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade-Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach: Hodgson v t e England squad – 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place v t e 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Dele 21 Loftus-Cheek 22 Alexander-Arnold 23 Pope Coach: Southgate 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Dele 21 Loftus-Cheek 22 Alexander-Arnold 23 Pope Coach: Southgate v t e England squad – 2022 FIFA World Cup v t e 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Shaw 4 Rice 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Grealish 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Rashford 12 Trippier 13 Pope 14 Phillips 15 Dier 16 Coady 17 Saka 18 Alexander-Arnold 19 Mount 20 Foden 21 White 22 Bellingham 23 Ramsdale 24 Wilson 25 Maddison 26 Gallagher Coach: Southgate 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Shaw 4 Rice 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Grealish 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Rashford 12 Trippier 13 Pope 14 Phillips 15 Dier 16 Coady 17 Saka 18 Alexander-Arnold 19 Mount 20 Foden 21 White 22 Bellingham 23 Ramsdale 24 Wilson 25 Maddison 26 Gallagher Coach: Southgate England squads – UEFA European Championship v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1968 third place 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Wilson 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Hunt 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Stepney 13 West 14 Knowles 15 J. Charlton 16 Wright 17 Stiles 18 Summerbee 19 Hunter 20 Bell 21 Greaves 22 Thompson Coach: Ramsey v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1980 1 Clemence 2 Neal 3 Sansom 4 Thompson 5 Watson 6 Wilkins 7 Keegan ( c ) 8 Coppell 9 Johnson 10 Brooking 11 Woodcock 12 Anderson 13 Shilton 14 Cherry 15 Hughes 16 Mills 17 McDermott 18 Kennedy 19 Hoddle 20 Mariner 21 Birtles 22 Corrigan Coach: Greenwood v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1988 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Webb 5 Watson 6 Adams 7 Br. Robson ( c ) 8 Steven 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Waddle 13 Woods 14 Anderson 15 McMahon 16 Reid 17 Hoddle 18 Hateley 19 Wright 20 Dorigo Coach: Bo. Robson v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1992 1 Woods 2 Curle 3 Pearce 4 Keown 5 Walker 6 Wright 7 Platt 8 Steven 9 Clough 10 Lineker ( c ) 11 Sinton 12 Palmer 13 Martyn 14 Dorigo 15 Webb 16 Merson 17 Smith 18 Daley 19 Batty 20 Shearer Coach: Taylor v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1996 semi-finalists 1 Seaman 2 G. Neville 3 Pearce 4 Ince 5 Adams ( c ) 6 Southgate 7 Platt 8 Gascoigne 9 Shearer 10 Sheringham 11 Anderton 12 Howey 13 Flowers 14 Barmby 15 Redknapp 16 Campbell 17 McManaman 18 Ferdinand 19 P. Neville 20 Stone 21 Fowler 22 Walker Coach: Venables v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2000 1 Seaman 2 G. Neville 3 P. Neville 4 Campbell 5 Adams 6 Keown 7 Beckham 8 Scholes 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Owen 11 McManaman 12 Southgate 13 Martyn 14 Ince 15 Barry 16 Gerrard 17 Wise 18 Barmby 19 Heskey 20 Phillips 21 Fowler 22 Wright Coach: Keegan v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2004 1 James 2 G. Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Terry 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 Lampard 12 Bridge 13 Robinson 14 P. Neville 15 King 16 Carragher 17 Butt 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Dyer 21 Heskey 22 Walker 23 Vassell Coach: Eriksson v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2012 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Kelly 6 Terry 7 Walcott 8 Henderson 9 Carroll 10 Rooney 11 Young 12 Baines 13 Green 14 Jones 15 Lescott 16 Milner 17 Parker 18 Jagielka 19 Downing 20 Oxlade-Chamberlain 21 Defoe 22 Welbeck 23 Butland Coach: Hodgson v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2016 1 Hart 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Milner 5 Cahill 6 Smalling 7 Sterling 8 Lallana 9 Kane 10 Rooney ( c ) 11 Vardy 12 Clyne 13 Forster 14 Henderson 15 Sturridge 16 Stones 17 Dier 18 Wilshere 19 Barkley 20 Dele 21 Bertrand 22 Rashford 23 Heaton Coach: Hodgson v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2020 runners-up 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Shaw 4 Rice 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Grealish 8 J. Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Rashford 12 Trippier 13 D. Henderson / Ramsdale a 14 Phillips 15 Mings 16 Coady 17 Sancho 18 Calvert-Lewin 19 Mount 20 Foden 21 Chilwell 22 White 23 Johnstone 24 James 25 Saka 26 Bellingham Coach: Southgate a Ramsdale replaced D. Henderson after England's first match. v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2024 runners-up 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Shaw 4 Rice 5 Stones 6 Guéhi 7 Saka 8 Alexander-Arnold 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Bellingham 11 Foden 12 Trippier 13 Ramsdale 14 Konsa 15 Dunk 16 Gallagher 17 Toney 18 Gordon 19 Watkins 20 Bowen 21 Eze 22 Gomez 23 D. Henderson 24 Palmer 25 Wharton 26 Mainoo Coach: Southgate v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1968 third place v t e 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Wilson 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Hunt 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Stepney 13 West 14 Knowles 15 J. Charlton 16 Wright 17 Stiles 18 Summerbee 19 Hunter 20 Bell 21 Greaves 22 Thompson Coach: Ramsey 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Wilson 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Hunt 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Stepney 13 West 14 Knowles 15 J. Charlton 16 Wright 17 Stiles 18 Summerbee 19 Hunter 20 Bell 21 Greaves 22 Thompson Coach: Ramsey v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1980 v t e 1 Clemence 2 Neal 3 Sansom 4 Thompson 5 Watson 6 Wilkins 7 Keegan ( c ) 8 Coppell 9 Johnson 10 Brooking 11 Woodcock 12 Anderson 13 Shilton 14 Cherry 15 Hughes 16 Mills 17 McDermott 18 Kennedy 19 Hoddle 20 Mariner 21 Birtles 22 Corrigan Coach: Greenwood 1 Clemence 2 Neal 3 Sansom 4 Thompson 5 Watson 6 Wilkins 7 Keegan ( c ) 8 Coppell 9 Johnson 10 Brooking 11 Woodcock 12 Anderson 13 Shilton 14 Cherry 15 Hughes 16 Mills 17 McDermott 18 Kennedy 19 Hoddle 20 Mariner 21 Birtles 22 Corrigan Coach: Greenwood v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1988 v t e 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Webb 5 Watson 6 Adams 7 Br. Robson ( c ) 8 Steven 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Waddle 13 Woods 14 Anderson 15 McMahon 16 Reid 17 Hoddle 18 Hateley 19 Wright 20 Dorigo Coach: Bo. Robson 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Webb 5 Watson 6 Adams 7 Br. Robson ( c ) 8 Steven 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Waddle 13 Woods 14 Anderson 15 McMahon 16 Reid 17 Hoddle 18 Hateley 19 Wright 20 Dorigo Coach: Bo. Robson v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1992 v t e 1 Woods 2 Curle 3 Pearce 4 Keown 5 Walker 6 Wright 7 Platt 8 Steven 9 Clough 10 Lineker ( c ) 11 Sinton 12 Palmer 13 Martyn 14 Dorigo 15 Webb 16 Merson 17 Smith 18 Daley 19 Batty 20 Shearer Coach: Taylor 1 Woods 2 Curle 3 Pearce 4 Keown 5 Walker 6 Wright 7 Platt 8 Steven 9 Clough 10 Lineker ( c ) 11 Sinton 12 Palmer 13 Martyn 14 Dorigo 15 Webb 16 Merson 17 Smith 18 Daley 19 Batty 20 Shearer Coach: Taylor v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 1996 semi-finalists v t e 1 Seaman 2 G. Neville 3 Pearce 4 Ince 5 Adams ( c ) 6 Southgate 7 Platt 8 Gascoigne 9 Shearer 10 Sheringham 11 Anderton 12 Howey 13 Flowers 14 Barmby 15 Redknapp 16 Campbell 17 McManaman 18 Ferdinand 19 P. Neville 20 Stone 21 Fowler 22 Walker Coach: Venables 1 Seaman 2 G. Neville 3 Pearce 4 Ince 5 Adams ( c ) 6 Southgate 7 Platt 8 Gascoigne 9 Shearer 10 Sheringham 11 Anderton 12 Howey 13 Flowers 14 Barmby 15 Redknapp 16 Campbell 17 McManaman 18 Ferdinand 19 P. Neville 20 Stone 21 Fowler 22 Walker Coach: Venables v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2000 v t e 1 Seaman 2 G. Neville 3 P. Neville 4 Campbell 5 Adams 6 Keown 7 Beckham 8 Scholes 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Owen 11 McManaman 12 Southgate 13 Martyn 14 Ince 15 Barry 16 Gerrard 17 Wise 18 Barmby 19 Heskey 20 Phillips 21 Fowler 22 Wright Coach: Keegan 1 Seaman 2 G. Neville 3 P. Neville 4 Campbell 5 Adams 6 Keown 7 Beckham 8 Scholes 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Owen 11 McManaman 12 Southgate 13 Martyn 14 Ince 15 Barry 16 Gerrard 17 Wise 18 Barmby 19 Heskey 20 Phillips 21 Fowler 22 Wright Coach: Keegan v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2004 v t e 1 James 2 G. Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Terry 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 Lampard 12 Bridge 13 Robinson 14 P. Neville 15 King 16 Carragher 17 Butt 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Dyer 21 Heskey 22 Walker 23 Vassell Coach: Eriksson 1 James 2 G. Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Terry 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 Lampard 12 Bridge 13 Robinson 14 P. Neville 15 King 16 Carragher 17 Butt 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Dyer 21 Heskey 22 Walker 23 Vassell Coach: Eriksson v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2012 v t e 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Kelly 6 Terry 7 Walcott 8 Henderson 9 Carroll 10 Rooney 11 Young 12 Baines 13 Green 14 Jones 15 Lescott 16 Milner 17 Parker 18 Jagielka 19 Downing 20 Oxlade-Chamberlain 21 Defoe 22 Welbeck 23 Butland Coach: Hodgson 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Kelly 6 Terry 7 Walcott 8 Henderson 9 Carroll 10 Rooney 11 Young 12 Baines 13 Green 14 Jones 15 Lescott 16 Milner 17 Parker 18 Jagielka 19 Downing 20 Oxlade-Chamberlain 21 Defoe 22 Welbeck 23 Butland Coach: Hodgson v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2016 v t e 1 Hart 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Milner 5 Cahill 6 Smalling 7 Sterling 8 Lallana 9 Kane 10 Rooney ( c ) 11 Vardy 12 Clyne 13 Forster 14 Henderson 15 Sturridge 16 Stones 17 Dier 18 Wilshere 19 Barkley 20 Dele 21 Bertrand 22 Rashford 23 Heaton Coach: Hodgson 1 Hart 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Milner 5 Cahill 6 Smalling 7 Sterling 8 Lallana 9 Kane 10 Rooney ( c ) 11 Vardy 12 Clyne 13 Forster 14 Henderson 15 Sturridge 16 Stones 17 Dier 18 Wilshere 19 Barkley 20 Dele 21 Bertrand 22 Rashford 23 Heaton Coach: Hodgson v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2020 runners-up v t e 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Shaw 4 Rice 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Grealish 8 J. Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Rashford 12 Trippier 13 D. Henderson / Ramsdale a 14 Phillips 15 Mings 16 Coady 17 Sancho 18 Calvert-Lewin 19 Mount 20 Foden 21 Chilwell 22 White 23 Johnstone 24 James 25 Saka 26 Bellingham Coach: Southgate 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Shaw 4 Rice 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Grealish 8 J. Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Rashford 12 Trippier 13 D. Henderson / Ramsdale a 14 Phillips 15 Mings 16 Coady 17 Sancho 18 Calvert-Lewin 19 Mount 20 Foden 21 Chilwell 22 White 23 Johnstone 24 James 25 Saka 26 Bellingham Coach: Southgate a Ramsdale replaced D. Henderson after England's first match. v t e England squad – UEFA Euro 2024 runners-up v t e 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Shaw 4 Rice 5 Stones 6 Guéhi 7 Saka 8 Alexander-Arnold 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Bellingham 11 Foden 12 Trippier 13 Ramsdale 14 Konsa 15 Dunk 16 Gallagher 17 Toney 18 Gordon 19 Watkins 20 Bowen 21 Eze 22 Gomez 23 D. Henderson 24 Palmer 25 Wharton 26 Mainoo Coach: Southgate 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Shaw 4 Rice 5 Stones 6 Guéhi 7 Saka 8 Alexander-Arnold 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Bellingham 11 Foden 12 Trippier 13 Ramsdale 14 Konsa 15 Dunk 16 Gallagher 17 Toney 18 Gordon 19 Watkins 20 Bowen 21 Eze 22 Gomez 23 D. Henderson 24 Palmer 25 Wharton 26 Mainoo Coach: Southgate v t e FIFA World Cup winners v t e 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France 2022 : Argentina 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France 2022 : Argentina v t e Men's football in England v t e The Football Association National teams England B C U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 England B C U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 League competitions Level 1 Premier League Levels 2–4 English Football League EFL Championship EFL League One EFL League Two Levels 5–6 National League National League (division) National League North National League South Levels 7–8 Isthmian League Northern Premier League Southern League Levels 9–10 Combined Counties League Eastern Counties League Essex Senior League (level 9 only) Hellenic League Midland League Northern Counties East League Northern League North West Counties League Southern Combination League Southern Counties East League South West Peninsula League (level 10 only) Spartan South Midlands League United Counties League Wessex League Western League Level 1 Premier League Premier League Levels 2–4 English Football League EFL Championship EFL League One EFL League Two English Football League EFL Championship EFL League One EFL League Two EFL Championship EFL League One EFL League Two Levels 5–6 National League National League (division) National League North National League South National League National League (division) National League North 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and education 2 Early political career 3 Head of government of Mexico City Toggle Head of government of Mexico City subsection 3.1 2012 elections 3.2 First year 3.3 Second year 3.4 Third year 3.5 Fourth year 3.6 Fifth year 3.7 Sixth year 3.8 Investigations of Miguel Ángel Mancera's administration 3.1 2012 elections 3.2 First year 3.3 Second year 3.4 Third year 3.5 Fourth year 3.6 Fifth year 3.7 Sixth year 3.8 Investigations of Miguel Ángel Mancera's administration 4 Senator of the Republic 5 Personal life Toggle Personal life subsection 5.1 Awards 5.1 Awards 6 Bibliography 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Miguel Ángel Mancera Español فارسی Français مصرى Simple English Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Miguel Ángel Mancera Mancera in 2022 Senator of the Republic ( proportional representation ) In office 1 September 2018 ( 2018-09-01 ) – 31 August 2024 ( 2024-08-31 ) 6th head of government of Mexico City In office 5 December 2012 ( 2012-12-05 ) – 29 March 2018 ( 2018-03-29 ) Preceded by Marcelo Ebrard Succeeded by José Ramón Amieva (acting) National Conference of Governors In office 3 May 2017 ( 2017-05-03 ) – 13 December 2017 ( 2017-12-13 ) Preceded by Graco Ramírez Succeeded by Arturo Núñez Jiménez Attorney General of Justice of Mexico City In office 8 July 2008 ( 2008-07-08 ) – 6 January 2012 ( 2012-01-06 ) Governor Marcelo Ebrard Preceded by Rodolfo Félix Cárdenas Succeeded by Jesús Rodríguez Almeida Personal details Born Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa ( 1966-01-16 ) 16 January 1966 (age 60) Miguel Hidalgo , Mexico City , Mexico Party Independent [ a ] Children 3 Residence(s) Mexico City, Mexico Alma mater National Autonomous University of Mexico Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Spanish: [miˌɣeˈlaŋxel manˈseɾa] ; born 16 January 1966) is a Mexican lawyer and politician who has represented the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). [ a ] He served as the head of government of Mexico City from 2012 to 2018. Mancera earned his law degree from the Faculty of Law at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in 1989 and received the Gabino Barreda Medal in 1991 for academic excellence. He holds a master's degree from both the University of Barcelona and the Metropolitan Autonomous University , as well as a Juris Doctor from UNAM. Mancera has taught at several universities, including the UNAM, the Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico and the University of the Valley of Mexico . In 2002, he began working in public service when Marcelo Ebrard , then Secretary of Public Security of Mexico City, invited him to serve as an adviser. In 2006, Mancera was appointed Assistant Attorney General, and from 2008 to 2012, he served as the city's Attorney General. In early 2012, Mancera was selected as the candidate for Head of Government of the Federal District by the Progressive Movement coalition, which included the PRD, the Labor Party , and the Citizens' Movement . In the election held on 1 July 2012, he won with over 66 percent of the vote. He took office on 5 December 2012. During his mandate, Mancera faced the increase of the Mexico City Metro fare, the first closure of Metro Line 12 due to construction issues, the introduction of the city's constitution, the implementation of new driving regulations, and the 2017 Puebla earthquake . He resigned on 29 March 2018, to run for the Senate , leaving office with the lowest approval rating for a head of government. His administration was scrutinized by his successor, Claudia Sheinbaum , who prosecuted multiple crimes allegedly committed during his tenure. Ultimately, Mancera was sanctioned with a one-year disqualification from holding any public office in the city after promoting a presidential candidate while serving as head of government. He served as proportional-representation senator from 2018 to 2024. Early life and education Miguel Ángel Mancera Espinosa was born on 16 January 1966, in the colonia (neighborhood) of Anáhuac, [ 3 ] in the Miguel Hidalgo borough of the Federal District (later known as Mexico City ). His father founded the restaurant chain Bisquets Obregón . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Mancera has four half-siblings. [ 5 ] When he was four, he lived in the colonia of Tacuba , [ 6 ] where he attended kindergarten. [ 5 ] He later studied at Miguel Alemán Primary School and Secondary School No. 45, both located in the Benito Juárez borough. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] For high school, he enrolled at Preparatoria 6 , part of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). [ 5 ] [ 6 ] As a teenager, Mancera was involved in a car accident in whicht in which the vehicle he was riding in was hit by another. The public prosecutor's office asked him to sign a document absolving the driver of liability . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Mancera refused and took the case to Victoria Adato Green, then-Attorney General of the Federal District. With the help of legal advisor Diego Ramudia, he succeeded in having the driver fined. [ 6 ] The experience led him to change his career path from a science-related field to law. He studied at the Faculty of Law [ es ] of the UNAM from 1985 to 1989. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] His thesis, " La libertad por desvanecimiento de datos en el Proceso Penal y la Absolución de la Instancia " ("The progressive release of public data on criminal prosecutions and acquittals") earned him the Diario de México Medal " Los Mejores Estudiantes de México " in November 1990. [ 7 ] A year later, in November 1991, he received the Gabino Barreda Medal from the UNAM Faculty of Law for graduating at the top of his 1989 class. [ 4 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Mancera went on to earn a master's degree from both the University of Barcelona and the Metropolitan Autonomous University, Azcapotzalco campus , [ 6 ] [ 8 ] and later obtained a Juris Doctor from UNAM, with honors. [ 9 ] His doctoral thesis was titled " El injusto en la tentativa y la graduación de su pena en el derecho penal mexicano " ("Injustice and disparity in Mexican criminal sentencing"). [ 6 ] He also pursued specialized studies in criminal law at the University of Salamanca and the University of Castile-La Mancha , Spain, [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] under the auspices of the Panamerican University , Mexico. [ 9 ] [ 11 ] Early political career Mancera has worked as a candidate attorney, lawyer, and adviser at several law firms, including García Cordero y Asociados and Grupo de Abogados Consultores. [ 5 ] [ 12 ] He has also been a professor at various Mexican universities, including the UNAM, the Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico , the University of the Valley of Mexico , the Panamerican University , the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes , and the Autonomous University of Baja California . [ 4 ] [ 6 ] [ 9 ] In 2002, Mancera served as a member of the review committee for the Criminal Procedure Code for the Federal District. [ 9 ] Around the same time, he began working in government when Marcelo Ebrard , then Secretary of Public Security of Mexico City, invited him to serve as an adviser. [ 1 ] [ 10 ] When Ebrard was later appointed Secretary of Social Development by the head of government Andrés Manuel López Obrador , Mancera was named Legal Director of the Social Development Secretariat. [ 10 ] In 2006, he was appointed Assistant Attorney General of Mexico City. [ 10 ] Mancera was appointed Attorney General of Mexico City [ es ] on 8 July 2008, following the dismissal of Rodolfo Félix Cárdenas due to the New's Divine nightclub tragedy , [ 13 ] [ 14 ] in which nine teenagers and three police officers died during a failed police operation. [ 3 ] [ 15 ] According to official reports, [ 16 ] crime in Mexico City decreased by 12 percent from 2010 to 2011, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 16 ] while the national crime rate rose by 10.4 percent. [ 3 ] During this period, 179 street gangs comprising 706 members were dismantled, [ 17 ] and kidnappings dropped by 61 percent. [ 18 ] Head of government of Mexico City 2012 elections On 6 January 2012, Mancera resigned as Attorney General to run for Head of Government in the 1 July 2012 election . Jesús Rodríguez Almeida succeeded him in the role. [ 19 ] Two days later, on 8 January, Mancera registered as a Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) precandidate for head of government of Mexico City. [ 20 ] On 19 January, he was named the official candidate, representing the leftist Progressive Movement coalition, which also included the Labor Party , and the Citizen's Movement . He ran against Alejandra Barrales , Gerardo Fernández Noroña , Martí Batres , and Joel Ortega Cuevas. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Mancera's opponents were Beatriz Paredes Rangel , representing the Institutional Revolutionary Party – Ecologist Green Party of Mexico coalition Commitment to Mexico ; Isabel Miranda de Wallace , for the National Action Party (PAN); and Rosario Guerra for the New Alliance Party . [ 23 ] Late-January polls showed Mancera leading Paredes by 18 to 30 points, though his support dropped nine points the following month. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] According to El Universal , his favorability rose from 36 percent in March to 41 percent in April, and to 57.5 percent in May. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] That same month, Adolfo Hellmund, Luis Mandoki , and Costa Bonino allegedly borrowed six million dollars on behalf of Mancera and López Obrador at the home of Luis Creel. Both politicians denied involvement, and Mancera filed a complaint with the Attorney General of Mexico City for unauthorized use of his name. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] As candidate, the proposals of Mancera included continuing Ebrard's policies, [ 30 ] increasing the number of security cameras from 13,000 to 20,000, [ 31 ] reducing car travel times, expanding Mexico City Metro Line 12 , addressing solid waste management, removing minibuses from circulation, building 18 water purification plants, implementing a Green Plan , and replacing garbage trucks to enable the separation of organic and inorganic waste, among other initiatives. [ 32 ] On 1 July 2012, exit polls indicated Mancera as the likely winner of the election, with an estimated vote share of 59.5–64.5 percent, [ 33 ] placing him roughly 40 percentage points ahead of the second-place candidate, Paredes. [ 1 ] On 7 July, the Federal District Electoral Institute (IEDF) declared Mancera the Head of Government-elect and issued him a certificate of majority after he secured 3,031,156 votes (66.56 percent of the total) in a landslide victory , [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] which he received on 8 October 2012. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] First year Mancera assumed office on 5 December 2012, [ 38 ] as the sixth head of government of the Federal District. [ 39 ] On 24 December of the same year, he launched a voluntary disarmament campaign in the borough of Iztapalapa . In exchange for turning in firearms and grenades, participants received money, tablet computers , or home appliances. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] The program was later implemented across all Mexico City boroughs in the following years. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] City Mayors Foundation named Mancera the mayor of June 2013. [ 45 ] In November 2013, Mancera opened Line 5 of the Mexico City Metrobús running along northeastern Mexico City from Río de los Remedios to San Lázaro metro station . [ 46 ] In the same month, Mancera announced the increase of the Mexico City Metro fare, raising the price from three to five pesos per ride. According to the Metro operator, Sistema Transporte Colectivo, the additional revenue would be used to improve infrastructure and maintain the system's twelve lines and its stations . [ 47 ] The fare increase drew criticism from parts of the city's population, who viewed it as a strain on household finances, especially given that the minimum wage in Mexico City was 64.76 pesos as of January 2013. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] In response, Mancera stated that three polling companies would conduct surveys with 7,200 Metro riders between 29 November and 2 December to gather public opinion—the sample represented less than one percent of the system's 5.5 million daily users. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] According to polling company results, over 50 percent of respondents supported the fare increase. The new fare was approved to take effect on 13 December. [ 52 ] Due to this, through the short-lived Movimiento Pos Me Salto , users called to civil disobedience protests by jumping over the turnstiles . [ 53 ] [ 54 ] However, Mexico City Government announced they would take legal actions against those who skip them. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Second year On 11 March 2014, Mancera's administration closed twelve metro stations on Line 12 of the Metro due to construction-related issues. Metro authorities stated the shutdown would last at least six months, or until "the necessary studies, corrections, and maintenance are carried out to ensure user safety". The line had been inaugurated just a few months earlier, on 30 October 2012, by Ebrard. [ 57 ] Twelve curves suffered significant damage in their tracks, and there was wear on the rails due to incompatibility with the FE-10 model trains. ICA , Grupo Carso and Alstom , the consortium that built the line, denied any wrongdoing. Bernardo Quintana, president of ICA, described the closure as "arbitrary" and stated that proper maintenance and measures to address the incompatibilities were necessary for the line to function correctly. [ 58 ] In addition, the Superior Auditor of the Federation detected a diversion of 7.5 billion pesos from the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation during the construction of the line. [ 59 ] Thirty-three officials and former officials, including Enrique Horcasitas, the director of the Line 12 project, were sanctioned with disqualifications from public service, fines, or both, due to project failures and cost overruns. The relationship between Mancera and Ebrard became strained amid efforts to investigate Ebrard for possible corruption, which he described as a smear campaign . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] The administration introduced a basic driving test for all new driver's license applicants. Previously, individuals only needed to present identification, proof of residence, and pay a fee, without having to demonstrate any driving knowledge or skill. [ 62 ] The environmental program Hoy No Circula , which restricts certain vehicles from circulating in the city one day a week based on their license plate number, [ 62 ] was expanded to two days per week over the course of the year. [ 63 ] Third year Mexico City's taxis had their traditional green color replaced with a white-and- Mexican-pink color scheme. [ 64 ] In May 2015, Mancera signed a law granting universal access to individuals accompanied by assistance dogs . [ 65 ] In July, Mancera reshuffled his cabinet, reassigning several secretaries to different positions. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] In the same month, Mancera's administration announced a major urban development project: the Corredor Cultural Creativo Chapultepec-Zona Rosa (Creative Cultural Corridor, or CCC), aimed at revitalizing Chapultepec Avenue [ es ] , a thoroughfare connecting Chapultepec Park to the Zona Rosa neighborhood. [ 68 ] Mexican architect Fernando Romero was appointed to lead the design team, alongside architects Juan Pablo Maza and Ruysdael Vivanco. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] The plan included preserving the avenue's trees and the Chapultepec aqueduct , while prioritizing pedestrian and cyclist access. [ 71 ] The project later received the International Architecture Award in the Urban Planning category. [ 70 ] On 19 September, Mancera commemorated the 30th anniversary of the 1985 earthquake with a tribute that included a concert by Plácido Domingo , who had lost four relatives in a building collapse in Tlatelolco . [ 72 ] On 29 November, the government reopened all the Line 12 stations that had been closed in 2014. [ 73 ] In December, following a public consultation with residents of Cuauhtémoc , the borough where Chapultepec is located, 63 percent voted against the CCC project, leading to its official cancellation. [ 74 ] Fourth year Mancera inaugurated Line 6 of the Mexico City Metrobús on 21 January 2016, serving northern Mexico City from El Rosario metro station to Villa de Aragón metro station . [ 75 ] That same month, on 29 January, following a political reform, Mexico City, then officially known as the Federal District, was renamed Ciudad de México (City of Mexico), and commonly abbreviated as CDMX. [ 76 ] According to a March poll by El Universal , Mancera's approval rating had dropped to 24 percent and 57 percent of disapproval. Survey respondents identified insecurity, corruption, unemployment, and poverty as the most pressing issues. [ 77 ] Mancera announced that for the first time since 2004, a Major League Baseball game would be held in Mexico City, as the Houston Astros and San Diego Padres played two exhibition games at Alfredo Harp Helú Stadium on 26 and 27 March. [ 78 ] In April, construction began on the westbound expansion of Line 12. The project included plans to build two additional stations and to extend the line's terminal at Observatorio metro station . [ 79 ] In July, the city distributed plastic whistles as a means of defense against sexual harassment targeting women, a measure that was criticized as ineffective. [ 80 ] In August, the city's public markets were designated intangible cultural heritage as a way to ensure their preservation. [ 81 ] Fifth year The city's constitution was enacted on 5 February 2017, and was set to take effect on 17 September 2018. [ 82 ] Mancera served as president of the National Conference of Governors from 3 May to 13 December 2017. [ 83 ] [ 84 ] On 19 September 2017, a 7.1 '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-000000A0-QINU`"' M w earthquake hit Mexico City at 13:14 CDT (18:14 UTC ). He led the annual national drill commemorating the 1985 earthquake, held two hours earlier. [ 85 ] In the city, over 220 people died, at least 44 buildings collapsed, and over 3,000 others were evicted. There were nearly 6,000 complaints regarding construction violations since 2012. In 2016, Mancera had halted the law that allowed city departments to penalize Directors Responsible for Construction, the officials in charge of overseeing earthquake resilience. Critics like Josefina MacGregor from the association Suma Urbana, saw it as a way to prioritize urban development over safety. Mancera stated that new regulations were not a factor in the collapse, as many buildings had been constructed before 1985 and were not required to meet the updated standards. However, pre-1985 buildings with newer additions were required to comply with these regulations. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Sixth year Line 7 of the Metrobús system opened on 5 March 2018, running along Paseo de la Reforma . [ 88 ] On 29 March of that year, Mancera left the post of city head after requesting leave to run as a proportional-representation Senate candidate for the PAN in the July elections . José Ramón Amieva succeeded him as interim head of government. [ 89 ] Mancera left office with the lowest approval rating in 20 years, facing criticism over rising insecurity and affected by internal conflicts within the PRD. [ 90 ] Investigations of Miguel Ángel Mancera's administration When Claudia Sheinbaum took office as Mancera's successor as head of government of Mexico City, the city's Attorney General's Office launched several investigations. These focused on prosecuting various crimes and administrative offenses allegedly committed during Mancera's administration, including actions involving some of his close collaborators. [ 91 ] In 2020, 1,680 public servants were sanctioned by Mexico City Comptroller Office. [ 92 ] On 5 October 2020, the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary sanctioned Mancera with a one-year disqualification to any public role in Mexico City after determining that he promoted a presidential candidate, Ricardo Anaya , in 2018, while being head of government, and sanctioned by Mexican electoral laws. [ 93 ] Senator of the Republic Mancera was elected as a senator and led the PRD's legislative caucus, despite having been elected through the PAN party. [ 94 ] On 6 March 2024, he was elected president of the Tourism Commission of the Senate. [ 95 ] Personal life Mancera has been married twice. His first marriage was to a woman named Martha in the early 1990s, with whom he lived in civil union for one year. [ 5 ] They divorced two years later. Six years later, Mancera married Magnolia, with whom he had two children. [ 5 ] [ 10 ] After about a decade, he divorced Magnolia. [ 5 ] Mancera also has a daughter out of wedlock, but he has said the child's mother does not want him to have contact with her. [ 5 ] From 2008 to 2009, Mancera dated Alejandra Barrales , [ 5 ] [ 10 ] who was then president of the PRD party, [ 96 ] and who sought to become the PRD candidate for Mayor of Mexico City in 2012. [ 22 ] In September 2007, two assailants on a motorcycle intercepted and attempted to rob Mancera while he was driving his BMW on Periférico Sur . His bodyguard intervened and shot one of the robbers, killing him. [ 10 ] In his spare time, he practices various sports, including Krav Maga , indoor cycling , strength training , hunting and aviation. [ 97 ] On 31 October 2014, he underwent cardiac surgery after a cardiac arrhythmia was detected three months earlier. [ 98 ] During the surgery, he experienced a cardiac perforation. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] He recovered two weeks later. [ 100 ] Awards In 2008, Mancera received the Alfonso Caso Award from the UNAM Faculty of Law, recognizing him as the most distinguished graduate of the doctoral program. [ 101 ] In September 2011, he was awarded the Latin American Prize for Life and Security of Women and Girls in Latin America and the Caribbean. [ 102 ] In February 2012, UNAM's Faculty of Law awarded Mancera the Raúl Carrancá y Trujillo Medal for his "academic and professional trajectory". [ 103 ] Bibliography La Tentativa en el Código Penal para el Distrito Federal, una Nueva Propuesta (2003) [ 104 ] La Comisión por Omisión en el Nuevo Código Penal para el Distrito Federal (2003) [ 105 ] López Obrador Caso el Encino. Implicaciones Constitucionales, Penales y de Procedimiento Penal (2005) [ 101 ] Caso el Encino ¿Delito? (2005) [ 101 ] Nuevo Código para el Distrito Federal Comentado, Tomo III (2006) [ 106 ] Estudios Jurídicos en Homenaje a Olga Islas de González Mariscal, Tomo II (2007) [ 107 ] Estudios Jurídicos en Homenaje al Dr. Ricardo Franco Guzmán (2008) [ 101 ] Derecho Penal, Especialidad y Orgullo Universitario Papel del Abogado (2011) [ 101 ] Derecho Penal del enemigo (2011) [ 101 ] El Tipo de la Tentativa: Teoría y Práctica (2012) [ 108 ] See also Ministry of Public Security (Mexico City) Notes ^ a b Although Mancera has worked in PRD-led administrations, he has never been a member of the party. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] References ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Ventaja histórica de Mancera en el DF" [Historic lead for Mancera in the Federal District]. 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No. 129. ^ García Ramírez, Sergio; Islas de González Mariscal, Olga; et al. (2003). Análisis del Nuevo Código Penal Para el Distrito Federal: Terceras Jornadas sobre Justicia Penal "Fernando Castellanos Tena" . Doctrína jurídica (in Spanish) (I ed.). Mexico: National Autonomous University of Mexico . ISBN 970-32-0568-2 . OCLC 53836151 . No. 144. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . ^ García Ramírez, Sergio; Islas de González Mariscal, Olga; et al. (2006). Nuevo Código para el Distrito Federal Comentado. Libro Segundo (Artículos 250 al 365 y Transitorios) Tomo III . Doctrína jurídica (in Spanish). Vol. XIX (I ed.). Mexico City: National Autonomous University of Mexico. Editorial Porrúa . ISBN 9700766799 . OCLC 254345014 . No. 348. ^ García Ramírez, Sergio; et al. (2007). Estudios Jurídicos en Homenaje a Olga Islas de González Mariscal, Tomo II . Doctrína jurídica (in Spanish) (I ed.). Mexico: National Autonomous University of Mexico. ISBN 978-970-32-439-14 . OCLC 166310075 . No. 129. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . ^ "Presentan libro de Mancera" [Mancera's book unveiled]. La Razón (in Spanish). 4 April 2012. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . External links Mayor of the Month for June 2013 by the City Mayors Foundation Profile of Miguel Ángel Mancera by the Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (in Spanish) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Heads of government of Mexico City v t e 1824–1917 Before the formal declaration Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Governors of the Federal District Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Governors of the Department of Mexico Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Governors of the Federal District ( reinstatement ) José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo Governors of the City Council of Mexico ( U.S. Invasion ) Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Head of the Federal District (American) Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Governors of the Federal District ( second reinstatement ) Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1857 ) Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Reform War ) Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Second Empire ) José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora Governors of the Federal District ( Restored Republic ) Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Governors of the Federal District ( Madero Revolution ) Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Governors of the Federal District ( Government of Victoriano Huerta ) Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Governors of the Federal District ( Constitutionalist Revolution ) Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Governors of the Federal District ( Conventional Government ) Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Governor of Valley of Mexico ( Constitutional Government ) César López de Lara 1824–1917 Before the formal declaration Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Governors of the Federal District Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Governors of the Department of Mexico Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Governors of the Federal District ( reinstatement ) José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo Governors of the City Council of Mexico ( U.S. Invasion ) Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Head of the Federal District (American) Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Governors of the Federal District ( second reinstatement ) Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1857 ) Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Reform War ) Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Second Empire ) José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora Governors of the Federal District ( Restored Republic ) Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Governors of the Federal District ( Madero Revolution ) Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Governors of the Federal District ( Government of Victoriano Huerta ) Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Governors of the Federal District ( Constitutionalist Revolution ) Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Governors of the Federal District ( Conventional Government ) Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Governor of Valley of Mexico ( Constitutional Government ) César López de Lara Before the formal declaration Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Governors of the Federal District Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Jose María Mendivil Juan Manuel de Elizalde Francisco Molinos del Campo Juan Manuel de Elizalde José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel José Ignacio Esteva Augustine of F. Lebrija Miguel Cervantes Francisco Fagoaga Ignacio Martínez José Joaquín de Herrera Ignacio Martínez José Ignacio Esteva José María Tornel Ramón Rayón José Gómez de la Cortina Manuel Fernández Madrid Francisco García Conde Luis G. Vieyra Governors of the Department of Mexico Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Agustín Vicente Eguia José María Icaza José Fernando de Peredo Luis G. Vieyra Miguel González Calderón Luis G. Vieyra José María Barrera Luis G. Vieyra Francis O. Zarate Luis G. Vieyra Valentín Canalizo Manuel Rincón Ignacio Inclán Governors of the Federal District ( reinstatement ) José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo José Guadalupe Covarrubias Vicente Romero Juan José Baz Jose Ramon Malo Governors of the City Council of Mexico ( U.S. Invasion ) Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Manuel Reyes Veramendi Francisco Juárez Iriarte John M. Flores y Terán José Ramón Malo Head of the Federal District (American) Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Winfield Scott William Orlando Butler Stephen W. Kearny Governors of the Federal District ( second reinstatement ) Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Pedro Torrín Pedro María de Anaya Miguel Azcarate Antonio Díaz Bonilla Juan José Baz Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1857 ) Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Augustine Alcerreca Justin Fernández Juan José Baz Anastasio Parrodi Ángel Frías José María González de Mendoza Joseph S. Aramberri Manuel Terreros Ponciano Arriaga José María González de Mendoza John J. of the Heron John H. Mateos Joaquin Mayor Manuel Ramos Miguel Maria Azcarate Manuel Garcia Aguirre Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Reform War ) Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Rómulo Díaz de la Vega Francis G. Casanova Governors of the Department of Mexico ( Second Empire ) José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora José del Villar Bocanegra Manuel Campero Mariano Icaza Thomas O'Hora Governors of the Federal District ( Restored Republic ) Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Porfirio Díaz Juan José Baz Francis H. Velez Francisco Paz Gabino Bustamante Alfredo Chavero José María Castro Tiburcio Montiel Joaquín A. Pérez Protasio G. Tagle Agustín del Rio Juan Crisostomo Bonilla Luis C. Curiel Carlos Pacheco Villalobos Ramón Fernández Carlos Rivas José Ceballos Manuel Domínguez Manuel Terreros Pedro Rincón Gallardo Nicolás Island and Bustamante Rafael Rebollar Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Ramón Corral Guillermo de Landa y Escandón Samuel García Cuellar Governors of the Federal District ( Madero Revolution ) Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Alberto García Granados Ignacio Rivero Federico González Garza Governors of the Federal District ( Government of Victoriano Huerta ) Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Alberto Yarza Samuel García Cuellar Ramón Corona Eduardo Iturbide Governors of the Federal District ( Constitutionalist Revolution ) Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Alfredo Robles Domínguez Heriberto Jara Corona Juan Gutiérrez R. Governors of the Federal District ( Conventional Government ) Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Vicente Navarro Manuel Chao Vito Alessio Robles Magana Cerda Governor of Valley of Mexico ( Constitutional Government ) César López de Lara César López de Lara 1917–present Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1917 ) Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Governors of the Federal District ( Carrancistas ) Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Governors of the Federal District ( Obregón ) Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez Governor of Federal District ( Regents ) Javier Rojo Gómez Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Heads of Government of the Federal District (1997–2015) Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Heads of Government of Mexico City ( since 2015 ) Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada 1917–present Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1917 ) Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Governors of the Federal District ( Carrancistas ) Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Governors of the Federal District ( Obregón ) Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez Governor of Federal District ( Regents ) Javier Rojo Gómez Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Heads of Government of the Federal District (1997–2015) Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Heads of Government of Mexico City ( since 2015 ) Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada Governors of the Federal District ( Constitution of 1917 ) Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Gonzalo de la Mata César López de Lara Governors of the Federal District ( Carrancistas ) Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Alfredo Breceda Arnulfo González Alfredo Breceda Benito Flores Manuel Rueda Magro Governors of the Federal District ( Obregón ) Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Manuel Gómez Noriega Celestino Gasca Jorge Prieto Laurens Ramón Ross Abel Rodríguez Ramón Ross Francisco Serrano Primo Villa Michel Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez José Manuel Puig Casauranc Crisóforo Ibáñez Lamberto Hernández Enrique Romero Courtade Lorenzo Hernandez Vicente Estrada Cajigal Manuel Padilla John G. Cabral Aarón Sáenz Garza Cosme Hinojosa José Siurob Ramírez Governor of Federal District ( Regents ) Javier Rojo Gómez Javier Rojo Gómez Heads of the Federal District Department ( Regents ) Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Fernando Casas Germán Ernesto Uruchurtu Alfonso Corona del Rosal Alfonso Martínez Domínguez Octavio Gómez Senties Carlos Hank González Ramón Aguirre Velázquez Manuel Camacho Solís Manuel Aguilera Gómez Óscar Espinosa Villarreal Heads of Government of the Federal District (1997–2015) Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Rosario Robles (interim) Andrés Manuel López Obrador Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez (interim) Marcelo Ebrard Miguel Ángel Mancera Heads of Government of Mexico City ( since 2015 ) Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada Miguel Ángel Mancera José Ramón Amieva (interim) Claudia Sheinbaum Martí Batres (interim) Clara Brugada v t e National Autonomous University of Mexico v t e Faculties Engineering Accounting and Administration Architecture Chemistry Economics Law Medicine Odontology Philosophy and Letters Political and Social Sciences Psychology Sciences Veterinarian Medicine Engineering Accounting and Administration Architecture Chemistry Economics Law Medicine Odontology Philosophy and Letters Political and Social Sciences Psychology Sciences Veterinarian Medicine FES Acatlán Aragón Cuautitlán Iztacala Zaragoza Acatlán Aragón Cuautitlán Iztacala Zaragoza Schools Arts and Design Music Nursery and Obstetrics Social Work National Preparatory School Arts and Design Music Nursery and Obstetrics Social Work National Preparatory School Centres Cinematographic Studies DGSCA Centro de Relaciones Internacionales (CRI) Cinematographic Studies DGSCA Centro de Relaciones Internacionales (CRI) Institutes Applied Mathematics and Systems Research Institute Aesthetics Research Institute Engineering Institute Applied Mathematics and Systems Research Institute Aesthetics Research Institute Engineering Institute Buildings Central Library National Library of Mexico Central Library National Library of Mexico Facilities Ciudad Universitaria (Main Campus) Olympic Stadium Radio UNAM ( AM , FM ) TV UNAM Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo (MUAC) National Observatory Kan Balam (Super Computer) Ciudad Universitaria (Main Campus) Olympic Stadium Radio UNAM ( AM , FM ) TV UNAM Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo (MUAC) National Observatory Kan Balam (Super Computer) History 1999 students' strike 2018 students' protests National Autonomous University of Mexico Okupa Che Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico 1999 students' strike 2018 students' protests National Autonomous University of Mexico Okupa Che Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico Alumni Alumni Astronomical Society Alumni Astronomical Society Professors and researchers Axel Didriksson Luis E. Miramontes Francisco Gil Villegas Miguel Ángel Mancera Arturo Zaldívar Lelo de Larrea Fernando Quevedo Francisco González de la Vega Antonio Lazcano Axel Didriksson Luis E. Miramontes Francisco Gil Villegas Miguel Ángel Mancera Arturo Zaldívar Lelo de Larrea Fernando Quevedo Francisco González de la Vega Antonio Lazcano Sports Football club Pumas Dorados de la UNAM Football club Pumas Dorados de la UNAM v t e Senators of the LXIV Legislature of the Mexican Congress v t e PRI Aceves del Olmo Anaya Añorve Ávila Beltrones García Yáñez Martínez García Mayorga Delgado Osorio Chong Paredes Rangel Ramírez Marín Rubio Márquez Ruiz Massieu Salinas Zamora Gastélum Aceves del Olmo Anaya Añorve Ávila Beltrones García Yáñez Martínez García Mayorga Delgado Osorio Chong Paredes Rangel Ramírez Marín Rubio Márquez Ruiz Massieu Salinas Zamora Gastélum PAN Bermúdez Méndez Cruz Blackledge Fuentes Solís Gálvez Ruiz Gama Basarte García Cabeza de Vaca Hernández Ramos Kuri González López Rabadán Madero Muñoz Márquez Alvarado Martín del Campo Martínez Simón Moya Clemente * Murguía Gutiérrez Navarro Acevedo Paz Alonzo Rementería del Puerto Reynoso Sánchez Rosales San Román Saldaña Cisneros Vázquez Mota Zepeda Vidales Bermúdez Méndez Cruz Blackledge Fuentes Solís Gálvez Ruiz Gama Basarte García Cabeza de Vaca Hernández Ramos Kuri González López Rabadán Madero Muñoz Márquez Alvarado Martín del Campo Martínez Simón Moya Clemente * Murguía Gutiérrez Navarro Acevedo Paz Alonzo Rementería del Puerto Reynoso Sánchez Rosales San Román Saldaña Cisneros Vázquez Mota Zepeda Vidales PRD Fócil Pérez García Conejo Mancera Fócil Pérez García Conejo Mancera PVEM Benavides Cobos Bolaños Camino Farjat Lagunes Noyola Cervantes Velasco Coello Zamora Guzmán * Benavides Cobos Bolaños Camino Farjat Lagunes Noyola Cervantes Velasco Coello Zamora Guzmán * PT de la Sierra Arámburo León Gastélum Lucero Olivas * Padilla Peña Pinedo Alonso de la Sierra Arámburo León Gastélum Lucero Olivas * Padilla Peña Pinedo Alonso MC Castañeda Hoeflich Castañón Ramírez * Delgadillo García Delgado Rannauro García Sepúlveda Kempis Martínez Mercado Castro Núñez Sánchez Quiñonez Ruiz * Zepeda Hernández Castañeda Hoeflich Castañón Ramírez * Delgadillo García Delgado Rannauro García Sepúlveda Kempis Martínez Mercado Castro Núñez Sánchez Quiñonez Ruiz * Zepeda Hernández MORENA Abreu Artiñano Arias Solís Armenta Mier Balderas Espinoza Batres Bours Griffith * Caraveo Camarena Cárdenas Mariscal Castro Covarrubias Dothé Mata Fernández Balboa Galaz Caletti Gómez Urrutia González González * Guadiana Tijerina Guerrero Sánchez * Gutiérrez Castorena Harp Hernández Mora Jara Cruz Jiménez Yáñez * Luévano Cantú Martínez Cázares Martínez y Hernández Menchaca Salazar Méndez Ortiz Meza Guzmán Micher Camarena Molina Ramírez * Monreal Moreno Bastida * Narro Navarro Quintero Novelo Osuna * Ostoa Ortega Pech Várguez Peña Villa * Peralta Suárez * Pérez Astorga * Pérez Cuellar Piña Gudiño Ramírez Aguilar Rivera Rivera Rocha Moya Rodríguez Ramírez * Salazar Solorio Salgado García Salgado Macedonio Sánchez García Sánchez Hernández * Téllez Trasviña Valdez Martínez Valencia de la Mora Vasconcelos y Cruz * 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Pre-production 3.2 Casting 3.3 Writing 3.3.1 Differences from the musical 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production and visual effects 3.5.1 Dubbing 3.6 Music 3.6.1 Main musical numbers 3.1 Pre-production 3.2 Casting 3.3 Writing 3.3.1 Differences from the musical 3.3.1 Differences from the musical 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production and visual effects 3.5.1 Dubbing 3.5.1 Dubbing 3.6 Music 3.6.1 Main musical numbers 3.6.1 Main musical numbers 4 Marketing Toggle Marketing subsection 4.1 Poster controversy 4.2 Mattel dolls 4.1 Poster controversy 4.2 Mattel dolls 5 Release Toggle Release subsection 5.1 Censorship 5.2 Home media and television 5.1 Censorship 5.2 Home media and television 6 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 6.1 Box office 6.1.1 Advanced sales and marketing projections 6.1.2 Performance 6.2 Audience viewership 6.3 Critical response 6.1 Box office 6.1.1 Advanced sales and marketing projections 6.1.2 Performance 6.1.1 Advanced sales and marketing projections 6.1.2 Performance 6.2 Audience viewership 6.3 Critical response 7 Impact Toggle Impact subsection 7.1 Potential theme park attractions 7.1 Potential theme park attractions 8 Accolades 9 Sequel 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Wicked (2024 film) Ænglisc العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Wicked Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon M. Chu Screenplay by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Winnie Holzman [ a ] Dana Fox Winnie Holzman [ a ] Dana Fox Based on Wicked by Stephen Schwartz Winnie Holzman Wicked by Gregory Maguire Wicked by Stephen Schwartz Winnie Holzman Stephen Schwartz Winnie Holzman Wicked by Gregory Maguire Produced by Marc Platt David Stone Marc Platt David Stone Starring Cynthia Erivo Ariana Grande [ b ] Jonathan Bailey Ethan Slater Bowen Yang Peter Dinklage Michelle Yeoh Jeff Goldblum Cynthia Erivo Ariana Grande [ b ] Jonathan Bailey Ethan Slater Bowen Yang Peter Dinklage Michelle Yeoh Jeff Goldblum Cinematography Alice Brooks Edited by Myron Kerstein Music by John Powell Stephen Schwartz John Powell Stephen Schwartz Production company Marc Platt Productions [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Distributed by Universal Pictures Release dates November 3, 2024 ( 2024-11-03 ) ( State Theatre ) November 22, 2024 ( 2024-11-22 ) (United States) November 3, 2024 ( 2024-11-03 ) ( State Theatre ) November 22, 2024 ( 2024-11-22 ) (United States) Running time 160 minutes [ 5 ] Country United States Language English Budget $150 million [ 6 ] Box office $758.8 million [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Wicked (titled on-screen as Wicked: Part I ) is a 2024 American musical fantasy film directed by Jon M. Chu , and written by Winnie Holzman and Dana Fox . It adapts the first act of the 2003 stage musical by Stephen Schwartz and Holzman, which was loosely based on Gregory Maguire 's 1995 novel , a reimagining of L. Frank Baum 's 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its 1939 film adaptation . Cynthia Erivo and Ariana Grande [ b ] star as Elphaba Thropp and Glinda Upland , while Jonathan Bailey , Ethan Slater , Bowen Yang , Peter Dinklage , Michelle Yeoh , and Jeff Goldblum appear in supporting roles. Set in the Land of Oz before the events of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the film explores the early relationship between Elphaba, the future Wicked Witch of the West , and her schoolmate Galinda, who becomes Glinda the Good . Universal Pictures and Marc Platt , who both produced the stage musical, announced the film adaptation in 2012. After a long development and multiple delays, partly due to the COVID-19 pandemic , Chu was hired to direct, with Erivo and Grande cast in 2021. The adaptation was split into two parts to avoid omitting plot points and further develop the characters. Principal photography on both films began in England in December 2022, was interrupted in July 2023 by the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike , and resumed and concluded in January 2024. Wicked premiered at the State Theatre in Sydney on November 3, 2024, and was released in the United States on November 22. It was critically and commercially successful, grossing $758.8 million worldwide on a $150 million budget and becoming the highest-grossing Oz film, the highest-grossing musical film adaptation, and the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2024 . Several publications declared the film a pop culture phenomenon [ c ] and one of the best musical films of the 21st century . [ d ] Among its various accolades , Wicked earned ten nominations at the 97th Academy Awards (including Best Picture ), winning Best Costume Design and Best Production Design . It also received three awards from the National Board of Review (including Best Film ) and was listed among the top ten films of 2024 by the American Film Institute . The sequel, Wicked: For Good , was released on November 21, 2025. Plot In the Land of Oz , Glinda the Good joins the citizens of Munchkinland as they celebrate the death of the Wicked Witch of the West . When asked whether wickedness is inherent or learned , Glinda explains that the Witch was the product of an affair between Governor Thropp's wife Melena and a mysterious traveling salesman. The salesman offered Melena a green elixir, causing the Witch to be born with green skin. Maligned from birth for her skin and impulsive use of magical powers, the Witch fostered a wish to meet the Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the ruler of Oz famed for his power to grant wishes. When the Munchkins ask if Glinda was friends with the Witch, she reflects on their relationship back at school. Years earlier, green-skinned Elphaba Thropp escorts younger sister Nessarose on her first day at Shiz University. Nessarose's paraplegia causes the staff to patronise her, prompting an emotional outburst of Elphaba's powers. Shiz's Dean of Sorcery Studies, Madame Morrible , offers to enroll and privately tutor Elphaba in sorcery. She accepts, hoping she can fulfill her dream of working with the Wizard. Elphaba clashes constantly with her roommate, the popular Galinda Upland, who longs to become Morrible's student. Elphaba follows the history professor, Dr. Dillamond, a talking goat who faces discrimination as one of Shiz's last Animal professors, to a meeting of Animals off-campus. Learning the Animals are somehow losing their ability to speak, Elphaba assures Dillamond the Wizard will set it right. Rebellious prince and transfer student Fiyero Tigelaar takes a group of students to a party at the Ozdust Ballroom nightclub . Boq Woodsman , a Munchkin, asks Galinda to accompany him; to ensure she can attend with Fiyero, Galinda convinces him to invite Nessarose instead. Nessarose is overjoyed, and in thanks, Elphaba convinces Morrible to allow Galinda to study sorcery as well. When she is ridiculed at the Ozdust for wearing an ugly black hat gifted by Galinda as a practical joke, a remorseful Galinda dances with her and the two begin to bond. When Dillamond informs the class that Animals are no longer allowed to teach at Shiz, he is forcibly removed from the classroom and replaced by the unscrupulous Professor Nikidik who demonstrates a cage containing a frightened lion cub , designed to prevent Animals from learning to speak. Elphaba angrily spins poppy dust over the room, and escapes with Fiyero when the class falls unconscious. They release the cub into the forest and Elphaba laments her unrequited feelings for Fiyero, who has chosen Galinda. Elphaba receives an invitation from the Wizard, made aware of her powers by Morrible. She arrives in the Emerald City with Galinda, now calling herself "Glinda" in misguided solidarity with Dillamond, who constantly mispronounced her name. Their meeting with the Wizard, in which they're surprised to learn he's an ordinary man, is witnessed by Morrible. They urge Elphaba to cast a levitation spell from the sacred Grimmerie , a spellbook that only powerful sorcerers can read and comprehend, causing the Wizard's monkey guards to painfully sprout wings . As the Wizard and Morrible rejoice over their newfound ability to use the monkeys as spies, Elphaba realizes that they are the ones behind the Animals' oppression and that the fraudulent Wizard, unable to read the Grimmerie and lacking real magic of his own, used her to subjugate them further. A horrified Elphaba seizes the Grimmerie and flees. Glinda follows Elphaba, who refuses to apologize to the Wizard as Morrible denounces her to all of Oz. Elphaba tries to escape the Emerald City in the Wizard's hot air balloon , but the way up is barred and the balloon burns up. High in a palace attic, Elphaba repeats the levitation spell on a broom. She urges Glinda to come with her, but Glinda chooses to remain behind. The two share an emotional farewell before Elphaba flies west. Fiyero leaves Shiz on horseback amidst a mass evacuation while Governor Thropp suffers a heart attack when he and Nessarose receive the news. Cast Cynthia Erivo as Elphaba Thropp , a misunderstood young woman born with green skin who becomes the Wicked Witch of the West [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Karis Musongole as young Elphaba [ 16 ] Karis Musongole as young Elphaba [ 16 ] Ariana Grande [ b ] as Galinda "Glinda" Upland , a charismatic young woman who becomes Glinda the Good [ e ] [ 14 ] [ 18 ] Jonathan Bailey as Fiyero Tigelaar , a handsome prince from Winkie Country who meets Elphaba and Galinda at school [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Ethan Slater as Boq Woodsman , a Munchkin in love with Galinda [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Bowen Yang as Pfannee, one of Glinda's college friends [ 23 ] Marissa Bode as Nessarose Thropp , Elphaba's paraplegic younger half-sister [ 23 ] Cesily Collette Taylor as young Nessarose [ 24 ] Cesily Collette Taylor as young Nessarose [ 24 ] Peter Dinklage as the voice of Dr. Dillamond, a talking goat and history professor at Shiz University who befriends Elphaba [ 25 ] Luisa Guerreiro was the movement artist for Dr. Dillamond Luisa Guerreiro was the movement artist for Dr. Dillamond Michelle Yeoh as Madame Morrible , the Dean of Sorcery Studies at Shiz University [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Jeff Goldblum as the Wonderful Wizard of Oz [ 28 ] Bronwyn James as ShenShen, one of Galinda's college friends [ 23 ] Andy Nyman as Governor Thropp, Elphaba and Nessarose's father, and the Governor of Munchkinland [ 29 ] Courtney-Mae Briggs as Mrs. Thropp, Elphaba and Nessarose's mother who died after giving birth to Nessarose [ 30 ] Keala Settle as Miss Coddle, the headmistress of Shiz University [ 31 ] Aaron Teoh as Avaric, Boq's friend [ 32 ] Sharon D. Clarke as the voice of Dulcibear, a talking Bear who helps deliver Elphaba during her birth and serves as a nanny to the Thropp family [ 33 ] Madeleine Wilson was the movement artist for Dulcibear Madeleine Wilson was the movement artist for Dulcibear Jenna Boyd as the voice of the unnamed Wolf Doctor who helps deliver Elphaba during her birth [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Sarah Mardel was the movement artist for Wolf Doctor Sarah Mardel was the movement artist for Wolf Doctor Tom Kitely as the voice of the Snow Leopard , an Animal that attends a meeting with Dr. Dillamond [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Omari Bernard was the movement artist for the Snow Leopard Omari Bernard was the movement artist for the Snow Leopard Elizabeth Dulau as the voice of the Piebald Deer, a white Deer with pigmented spots that attends a meeting with Dr. Dillamond [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Kim Durham as the voices of: A Tamarin that attends a meeting with Dr. Dillamond [ 40 ] An Owl that attends a meeting with Dr. Dillamond [ 40 ] A Tamarin that attends a meeting with Dr. Dillamond [ 40 ] An Owl that attends a meeting with Dr. Dillamond [ 40 ] Colin Michael Carmichael as Professor Nikidik, a new professor at Shiz University [ 41 ] Additionally, the Cowardly Lion makes an appearance as a cub. [ 41 ] Dorothy Gale is seen walking on the yellow brick road alongside the Scarecrow , the Tin Man , and the Cowardly Lion in a cameo appearance . [ 42 ] Robin Guiver plays Chistery, the leader of the Wizard's monkey army and one of the winged monkeys . [ 43 ] Stephen Stanton voices Fiyero's Horse . [ 44 ] [ f ] Multiple cameos take place during the "One Short Day" sequence. Idina Menzel and Kristin Chenoweth , who starred as Elphaba and Glinda in the original Broadway production of the stage musical, portray the leading members of the Emerald City Players. Michael McCorry Rose, who also played Fiyero in the Broadway production, appears as the Wiz-O-Mania narrator. [ 45 ] Winnie Holzman , who wrote both the script for the stage musical and the film, appears as an audience member who exclaims, "He can read it [the Grimmerie ]! He must be a Wizard!", while composer Stephen Schwartz appears as the Emerald City Guard, who announces to Elphaba and Galinda that "the Wizard will see you now". [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Adam James and Alice Fearn (who played Elphaba in the musical's West End production) appear briefly as Galinda's parents, nicknamed "Popsicle" and "Momsie" by Galinda. [ 48 ] Production Pre-production In the 1990s, Universal Pictures received a pitch from actress Demi Moore , producer Suzanne Todd , and writer Linda Woolverton for a film adaptation of Gregory Maguire 's Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West (1995) — a revisionist novel to L. Frank Baum 's 1900 story The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Other actresses who had expressed interest in adapting the novel included Whoopi Goldberg , Claire Danes , Salma Hayek , and Laurie Metcalf , and they had also been considered for the lead roles along with Michelle Pfeiffer , Emma Thompson , and Nicole Kidman . Woolverton had been hired to write the screenplay, and Robert Zemeckis was considered a potential director. [ 51 ] However, by 1998, composer Stephen Schwartz successfully persuaded Universal and then-head of production Marc Platt to adapt the novel as a stage musical, with Winnie Holzman joining as scriptwriter. [ 51 ] The musical, titled Wicked , opened on Broadway at the Gershwin Theatre in 2003. The fourth-longest-running Broadway show in history , the musical has won three Tony Awards . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] The original Broadway production starred Idina Menzel as Elphaba and Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda. [ 54 ] In 2011, Universal began making plans for a film adaptation of the musical. Chenoweth, Menzel, Lea Michele , and Amy Adams were all rumored to be potential leads, Holzman and Schwartz were rumored as potential writers, and J. J. Abrams , Rob Marshall , James Mangold , and Ryan Murphy were all mentioned as possible candidates for director. [ 55 ] In 2012, after the screen success of Les Misérables , [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Platt announced that the film was going ahead, [ 58 ] later confirming it was aiming for a 2016 release. [ 59 ] After a long development, Universal announced in 2016 that Wicked would be released in theatres on December 20, 2019, with Stephen Daldry directing. [ 60 ] Daldry was reported considering Lady Gaga and Shawn Mendes for the roles of Elphaba and Fiyero. [ 61 ] By 2024, Holzman was credited as the sole writer. [ 62 ] In August 2024, it was determined by the Writers Guild of America that Dana Fox collaborated with Holzman on the screenplay, and that Craig Mazin contributed additional literary material. [ 1 ] Like the stage musical, the script includes made-up words such as "braverism", "hideoteous", and "confusifying", giving the Land of Oz its own "Ozian" language. [ 63 ] In May 2017, Schwartz said Wicked would feature "at least two" new songs. [ 64 ] On August 31, 2018, Universal put it on hold to accommodate its production schedule, and gave the film adaptation of Cats the release date formerly held by Wicked . [ 65 ] On February 8, 2019, Universal announced a new release date of December 22, 2021. [ 66 ] On April 1, 2020, Universal put Wicked on hold again due to the COVID-19 pandemic , and gave Sing 2 the 2021 release date. [ 67 ] On October 20, 2020, it was announced that Daldry had left the production due to scheduling conflicts. [ 68 ] On February 2, 2021, it was announced that Jon M. Chu would take over as director. [ 69 ] In August 2021, Alice Brooks was confirmed as the cinematographer. [ 70 ] Casting In November 2021, Cynthia Erivo and Ariana Grande were cast as Elphaba and Glinda . [ 14 ] Grande initially auditioned for Elphaba due to Chu being miscommunicated that she expressed interest in that role over Glinda. [ 71 ] Grande had previously recorded " Popular Song " (a remix of " Popular ") in 2012, [ 72 ] and performed " The Wizard and I " in the 2018 NBC special A Very Wicked Halloween . [ 73 ] Erivo had previously performed "I Couldn't Be Happier" (an excerpt from "Thank Goodness") in the 2021 PBS special Wicked in Concert . [ 74 ] [ 75 ] Grande revealed that she auditioned three times for the role of Glinda. [ 76 ] She stated that she began taking acting lessons a year before her first audition, also adding that "transforming [her] voice to sing Glinda's soprano parts took months". [ 77 ] Dove Cameron , Reneé Rapp , and Amanda Seyfried were also reported to have auditioned for Glinda. [ 78 ] In June 2022, Chu confirmed the hiring of Nathan Crowley as production designer. [ 79 ] On September 21, it was reported that Jonathan Bailey had joined the cast as Fiyero , [ 19 ] beating, among others, Cooper Koch , Nick Jonas , and Joe Jonas for the role. [ 78 ] [ 80 ] In October 2022, it was announced that Jeff Goldblum was in final talks to star as the Wizard . [ 81 ] Goldblum completed talks by December, [ 28 ] when Ethan Slater , Michelle Yeoh , Marissa Bode , Bowen Yang , Bronwyn James , Keala Settle , Aaron Teoh, and Colin Michael Carmichael were also added to the cast. [ 21 ] [ 26 ] [ 23 ] In April 2024, it was revealed that Peter Dinklage had been cast as the voice of Dr. Dillamond. [ 82 ] Unlike the previous film adaptations of the Oz novels, dwarf actors were not cast as the Munchkins . [ citation needed ] In April 2022, Erivo expressed her desire to watch the stage version on Broadway again before filming and stated that she has been "relearning everything". She also said at that time that talks were in progress about the visual style, and confirmed the hiring of Paul Tazewell as costume designer. Erivo mentioned that she envisioned Elphaba's costume to incorporate "a Jean Paul Gaultier collection with a ' new world , kind of gilded age ' feeling". [ 83 ] Erivo also contributed to Elphaba's hair and nails: "I knew I wanted [Elphaba] to have micro braids and I wanted her to have a full set [of nails] for two reasons: [they are] a nod to my culture and a nod to the world of Oz." She also stated: "I imagined that her nails were a part of her magic — that they just grew out of her and she hadn't yet discovered why, like her green skin." [ 84 ] Writing On April 26, 2022, Chu announced that the adaptation would be filmed in two parts (the other being Wicked: For Good ), saying that it was difficult to incorporate the entire story into one movie without "doing some real damage to it" and compromising the story. Thus, he said, it was decided to split the story into two films; doing so would allow for more "depth and surprise to the journeys for these beloved characters." [ 85 ] Schwartz echoed Chu's sentiment in June, while also confirming that a new song was in the works. He said that it was tough to get past the song " Defying Gravity " with no break since it was "written specifically to bring a curtain down". He added, "[I]f we all continue to have the same degree of input, I could have a conversation with anyone who has a question about any of the changes made from the stage show and justify why I think it's better for the movie." [ 86 ] Differences from the musical New characters in Wicked include Miss Coddle; Dulcibear, Elphaba's childhood nanny; and Galinda's parents, who drop her off at Shiz University. [ 87 ] Miss Coddle is the university's headmistress, previously Madame Morrible's role in the stage musical, with Morrible now the Dean of Sorcery. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] [ 89 ] New scenes include Elphaba's tutoring sessions with Madame Morrible as she learns to control her powers, flashbacks to her childhood as she's ridiculed for her green skin, [ 90 ] and moments showing her and Nessarose's dynamic as sisters. [ 91 ] [ 92 ] In the musical, Dr. Dillamond was the only Animal professor at Shiz; this is changed in the movie. The sexual content of the novel and the musical was toned down so both films could reach a wider audience and attain a PG rating from the Motion Picture Association (MPA). [ 93 ] Pfannee, who was female in the novel and is cast as such in the musical, is portrayed as male in Wicked . [ 32 ] In the musical, Elphaba is already enrolled at Shiz University alongside Nessarose; in the film, she is there to accompany and look after Nessarose at their father's request, before Morrible enrolls her later on. [ 94 ] Elphaba and Fiyero's first meeting in Wicked happens in the forest, rather than with a group of classmates at Shiz University. [ 42 ] The "Something Bad" sequence is changed from a conversation between Dr. Dillamond and Elphaba to a private meeting of the talking Animals at Dillamond's off-campus residence, where they sing to each other about the state of Oz. [ 95 ] "Dancing Through Life" takes place inside the university's circular, rotating library and includes an extended dance break. The Ozdust Ballroom is also reimagined as what Chu called a nightclub in "the underbelly of Oz", complete with a musical band of Animals. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] The "Popular" performance is extended and features additional key changes . [ 98 ] "One Short Day" is also significantly extended to include the Emerald City Players, who delve into the origins of the Grimmerie. [ 99 ] "Defying Gravity" is extended to work as the cliffhanger , featuring an extra vocal section. [ 100 ] [ 42 ] [ 101 ] Elphaba's battle cry , which normally ends the song, is followed by a score extension inspired by Richard Strauss 's Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous by the 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey ). [ 102 ] [ 103 ] Filming Principal photography was set to commence in June 2022 at Sky Studios Elstree in the United Kingdom. [ 104 ] In July 2021, Schwartz indicated there were plans to film in Atlanta that year. [ 105 ] In July 2022, it was revealed that rehearsals for Wicked would start in August, with principal photography beginning in November. [ 106 ] Grande later revealed her crown fittings for costuming took place in September. [ 107 ] On December 9, Chu confirmed on Twitter that filming had begun. [ 108 ] Early into filming, paparazzi were seen flying over the Munchkinland set in Ivinghoe , England, by hang glider with GoPro cameras attached to their feet, in order to leak photos and videos from the set. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] Grande told VMan : "I think we were very spoiled to have done this with [Chu]. It felt like a teeny, little secret student thing – it's intimacy... It felt so small and private until all of a sudden, we were outside, and the Daily Mail was hand gliding [ sic ] over our set". [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Filming was scheduled to wrap in late July 2023. [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Shooting was suspended on July 13 due to the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike . [ 115 ] Filming resumed and concluded in January 2024, [ 116 ] lasting for 155 days. [ 117 ] Christopher Scott choreographed the musical numbers. [ 118 ] The song vocals were recorded live on set at the insistence of Erivo and Grande. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] Chu cited Steven Spielberg 's 1991 film Hook as inspiration for the large-scale sets and practical effects, including nine million colorful tulips planted on location to surround the Munchkinland set, a paved yellow brick road with real mud, and a life-size art deco -inspired train to transport Elphaba and Glinda to the Emerald City . [ 121 ] [ 122 ] Chu also cited the 1998 films Pleasantville and The Truman Show as influences on how both Wicked and Wicked: For Good thematically portray the Land of Oz, saying, "It helps create this idea of the rebelliousness that this new younger generation are discovering... How far will that take everybody in Oz throughout the course of the whole story of both movies? It's an awakening of a generation. You start to see the truth about things that maybe you were taught differently." [ 123 ] The interior of the Wizard's castle was inspired by Hans Poelzig 's Großes Schauspielhaus . [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Post-production and visual effects Industrial Light & Magic and Framestore provided the visual effects for Wicked , with Pablo Helman serving as the production visual effects supervisor. [ 126 ] On February 6, 2024, it was confirmed that post-production work was in progress, with Chu working remotely with editor Myron Kerstein via with the newly released Apple Vision Pro . [ 127 ] [ 128 ] Throughout editing, Kerstein felt emotionally connected to Wicked and its story, particularly during post-production work on the Ozdust Ballroom and "Defying Gravity" sequences. Reflecting on the former scene, he stated: "We always felt like the Ozdust Ballroom was basically the set piece we had to get right, because if that didn't work, the rest of the movie was going to fall apart." The sequence involved watching the entireties of every ten-minute-long take of Elphaba and Glinda's dance duet and picking the right portions that provoked the most emotional response. [ 129 ] Editing on the entire film was done through Avid Media Composer . [ 130 ] Wicked has 2,200 visual effects shots. [ 117 ] Team Aspect handled the main-on-end title sequence and motion design, using 1930s stylization in homage to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 's film The Wizard of Oz (1939); this included a recreation of the Universal logo at the start, along with onscreen typography for the title and "To be continued" cards similar to the font used in The Wizard of Oz . [ 131 ] [ 132 ] [ 133 ] [ 42 ] Dubbing Wicked was dubbed in several countries where local productions of the original musical were staged. [ 134 ] [ 135 ] [ 136 ] [ 137 ] Many of the dubs have actresses reprising their roles as Elphaba and Glinda after previously portraying them on stage, including Danna Paola and Ceci de la Cueva in Latin American Spanish , [ 135 ] Myra Ruiz and Fabi Bang in Brazilian Portuguese , [ 136 ] and Park Hye-na and Jeong Sunah in Korean . [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ] In the German dub, Elphaba was voiced by Sabrina Weckerlin, who was an alternate for the character in the original 2007 production. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] Johanne Milland, the voice of Glinda in Danish , portrayed the character in the 2024 production. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] Dutch actress Vajèn van den Bosch, who portrayed Elphaba in the German production in 2021, [ 145 ] instead returned as Glinda in the Dutch dub. [ 146 ] Additionally, certain local performers were brought in to dub Menzel and Chenoweth's cameos. Willemijn Verkaik , who first played Elphaba in the original 2007 German production and again in several international engagements (including the original 2011 Dutch production, as well as the West End and Broadway in 2013), [ 147 ] [ 148 ] [ 149 ] [ 150 ] dubbed over Menzel in the Dutch and German versions, [ 151 ] [ 152 ] together with Chenoweth's dubbers and original Glinda actresses Chantal Janzen [ 153 ] [ 151 ] and Lucy Scherer . [ 147 ] [ 152 ] Maria Lucia Rosenberg , who portrayed Elphaba in the original 2011 Danish production, [ 154 ] [ 155 ] returned to dub Menzel in Danish. [ 156 ] Other dubs, particularly in countries where the musical had not premiered, saw Menzel dubbed over by actresses who had voiced another character she originated: Elsa from Disney 's Frozen . Such instances included Elke Buyle in Flemish , [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Nikolett Füredi in Hungarian , [ 159 ] [ 160 ] Taryn Szpilman in Brazilian Portuguese, [ 161 ] [ 162 ] and Annika Herlitz in Swedish . [ 163 ] [ 164 ] In Norway, Wicked was released without the musical ever being staged there. Two days before the release, a first-time Norwegian production of the musical was announced, [ 165 ] and premiered on March 6, 2025. [ 166 ] Sanne Kvitnes reprised her role as Elphaba, [ 167 ] while Alexandra Rotan took over the role of Glinda [ 167 ] from Trine Bariås. [ 168 ] Music The soundtrack album for Wicked was released on November 22, 2024, through Republic and Verve Records . [ 169 ] The score album was released on December 6, 2024. [ 170 ] Schwartz composed the score alongside John Powell . [ 171 ] Jeff Atmajian updated William David Brohn 's original orchestrations for the songs and enlarged the orchestra from the stage version's original 23 musicians to 80. [ 172 ] The recording sessions took place at AIR Studios in London, [ 170 ] with the musical's original music director Stephen Oremus conducting the song cues [ 173 ] and Powell conducting the score cues alongside Gavin Greenaway , [ 171 ] all with the London Symphony Orchestra . [ 170 ] [ 174 ] Schwartz, Oremus, and Greg Wells were the soundtrack's producers. [ 173 ] A sing-along edition of the soundtrack was released on December 20, 2024. It features the original album's 11 tracks without lead vocals, but keeps the ensemble's vocals and some of the dialogue parts intact. [ 175 ] On April 4, 2025, a new version of the soundtrack was released featuring spoken commentary on all songs by Wicked 's cast and crew. [ 176 ] Some songs from Wicked: For Good appear in the film, most prominently " For Good " in scenes showcasing Elphaba and Glinda's friendship. [ 42 ] Main musical numbers "No One Mourns the Wicked" – Glinda and Citizens of Oz "Dear Old Shiz" – Students and Glinda " The Wizard and I " – Madame Morrible and Elphaba "What Is This Feeling?" – Glinda, Elphaba and Students "Something Bad" – Doctor Dillamond and Elphaba "Dancing Through Life" – Fiyero, Glinda, Boq, Nessarose, Elphaba and Students " Popular " – Glinda "I'm Not That Girl" – Elphaba "One Short Day" – Elphaba, Glinda and Ozians "A Sentimental Man" – The Wizard " Defying Gravity " – Elphaba, Glinda, Madame Morrible and Ozians Marketing On April 16, 2023, first-look pictures of Elphaba and Glinda were released through social media. [ 177 ] Work-in-process footage, featuring first listens to Erivo and Grande's renditions of " Defying Gravity " and " Popular ", was presented at CinemaCon on April 26, 2023. [ 178 ] [ 179 ] A 60-second teaser trailer premiered during Super Bowl LVIII on February 11, 2024. [ 180 ] On April 10, 2024, new footage was presented at CinemaCon, where Wicked 's cast gathered to promote the film. Costumes and props were on display in the venue's lobby during the event. [ 181 ] The three-minute theatrical trailer was released on May 15, 2024, followed by a Lego version made in the brickfilm style on May 29. [ 182 ] [ 183 ] NBC promoted Wicked extensively during its coverage of the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, featuring multiple TV and streaming advertisements. [ 184 ] [ 185 ] Erivo and Grande attended the opening ceremony and the qualifying round of the women's gymnastics event . [ 186 ] [ 187 ] On September 4, 2024, character posters were revealed ahead of the release of a new trailer the next day, which remixed "Defying Gravity" with the " Wicked Witch " theme from The Wizard of Oz (1939). [ 188 ] [ 189 ] A behind-the-scenes television special, Defying Gravity: The Curtain Rises on Wicked , aired on NBC on November 19, 2024. [ 190 ] After debuting in the TV special, the "What Is This Feeling?" performance was uploaded to YouTube on November 22, 2024, coinciding with the film's release. [ 191 ] [ 192 ] Wicked was promoted with the "Journey Through Oz" Press Tour during the weeks leading up to its release, with each city being transformed into some of the film's locations: Sydney (Munchkinland), Los Angeles (Shiz University), Mexico City (Enchanted Forest), New York (Ozdust Ballroom), and London (Emerald City). [ 193 ] Universal released a wide range of Wicked merchandise, including toys, apparel, books, beauty products, and accessories. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] The company had 450 promotional partners, with a media value of $350 million , the most ever for a Hollywood theatrical film. [ 196 ] Universal launched an interactive website for Shiz University, including a welcome brochure for new students and a guided tour of the campus. [ 197 ] Grande's cosmetics brand R.E.M. Beauty released a collaboration inspired by Wicked to coincide with its release. [ 198 ] A 96-page Wicked -focused special-edition issue of People magazine was released in November 2024, featuring exclusive cast interviews and pictures from production. [ 199 ] Wicked was featured at the 2025 Rose Parade on New Year's Day in Pasadena, California , with a 55-foot-long "Defying Gravity" float decorated with 60,000 tulips. [ 200 ] Promoting the streaming release on Peacock , Universal sold its most Pay 1 movie ad spots ever with sixteen brand partners. [ 201 ] Poster controversy On October 9, 2024, to coincide with tickets going on sale, a poster was released with Erivo and Grande in-character recreating the original poster art of the stage musical. [ 203 ] [ 204 ] Reception towards the poster was mixed, resulting in the creation of fan edits and internet memes designed to bring the poster closer to the original art, using Adobe Photoshop and generative artificial intelligence tools. [ 205 ] [ 206 ] A Twitter user created their own edit, attempting to more accurately match the poster to the original artwork by obscuring Elphaba's eyes, raising Glinda's hand to cover her mouth, and giving Elphaba smirking red lips. [ 207 ] [ 208 ] Many fans considered it an improvement. [ 202 ] On October 16, Erivo reposted the re-edit on Instagram and stated: [ 209 ] This is the wildest, most offensive thing I have seen, equal to that awful AI [ sic ] of us fighting, equal to people posing the question "is your [p__] green" [a reference to a 2014 meme [ 210 ] ] ... None of this is funny. None of it is cute. It degrades me. It degrades us. The original poster is an ILLUSTRATION. I am a real life human being, who chose to to [ sic ] look right down the barrel of the camera to you, the viewer ...because without words we communicate with our eyes. Our poster is an homage not an imitation, to edit my face and hide my eyes is to erase me. And that is just deeply hurtful. This is the wildest, most offensive thing I have seen, equal to that awful AI [ sic ] of us fighting, equal to people posing the question "is your [p__] green" [a reference to a 2014 meme [ 210 ] ] ... None of this is funny. None of it is cute. It degrades me. It degrades us. The original poster is an ILLUSTRATION. I am a real life human being, who chose to to [ sic ] look right down the barrel of the camera to you, the viewer ...because without words we communicate with our eyes. Our poster is an homage not an imitation, to edit my face and hide my eyes is to erase me. And that is just deeply hurtful. The user later deleted the post out of respect for Erivo, adding that their intentions were not malicious and they had not anticipated the reaction. [ 211 ] However, on October 20, the user reposted their edit, saying while they felt Erivo's feelings were valid, they stood by the image as "an innocent fan edit to pay homage to the original Broadway poster". [ 208 ] [ 212 ] On October 19, Grande responded to the controversy, saying, "I think it's very complicated because I find AI so conflicting and troublesome sometimes, but I think it's just kind of such a massive adjustment period... This is something that is so much bigger than us, and the fans are gonna have fun and make their edits... I have so much respect for my sister, Cynthia, and I love her so much." [ 213 ] On October 29, Erivo was asked by Entertainment Tonight about the nature of her comments, and said that "it wasn't necessarily a clapback... Because I think I'm really protective of the role... I am passionate about it, and I know that the fans are passionate about it, and I think, for me, it was just like a human moment of wanting to protect little Elphaba. It was a human moment. I probably should've called my friends, but it's fine." [ 214 ] [ 215 ] Mattel dolls Mattel produced a series of dolls portraying Glinda, Elphaba, Fiyero, Madame Morrible, as well as Nessarose in a wheelchair. [ 216 ] [ 217 ] In August 2024, two song snippets, ("Popular" and "Defying Gravity"), were leaked through a sound chip in Mattel's line of singing dolls. [ 218 ] [ 219 ] In November 2024, the boxes for many dolls were found to contain links to the website of the adult film studio Wicked Pictures (wicked.com) instead of Wicked 's official website (wickedmovie.com). [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] Mattel apologized for the error, and asked parents who had bought products with the incorrect website to destroy the packaging. [ 223 ] In December 2024, Mattel was sued by a mother in South Carolina , citing the emotional distress that she and her daughter had suffered due to the error. [ 224 ] Consequently, Mattel issued a statement to some media outlets, indicating that the dolls had returned for sale with correct packaging and that "the previous misprint on the packaging in no way impacts the value or play experience provided by the product itself in the limited number of units sold before the correction." [ 225 ] [ 226 ] Release Wicked was screened exclusively for influencers, awards season pundits and entertainment industry personnel on the Universal Studios Lot on October 16, 2024. [ 227 ] A private screening was held at the home of Kim Kardashian on October 22, 2024, exclusively attended by her family alongside Erivo and Grande. [ 228 ] Another private screening was at the DGA Theater in Manhattan, New York on October 28, 2024, attended by Erivo, Grande, Chu, Platt, Schwartz, original Broadway cast members Kristin Chenoweth, Norbert Leo Butz , and Christopher Fitzgerald , members of the Broadway cast and other actresses who had played Elphaba and Glinda on Broadway and national tour over the years. The screening was preceded by a video greeting from Idina Menzel, who could not attend due to rehearsals being underway for the new musical Redwood . [ 229 ] A screening hosted by Anna Wintour was held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art on November 14, 2024, attended by the cast members and other celebrities. [ 230 ] Screenings for the general public took place at the State Theatre in Sydney from November 20 through November 22. [ 231 ] Wicked premiered in Sydney at the State Theatre on November 3, 2024, [ 232 ] with subsequent premieres in Los Angeles at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion on November 9, [ 233 ] Mexico City at the Auditorio Nacional on November 11, [ 234 ] Manhattan, New York at the Museum of Modern Art on November 14, [ 235 ] and London at the Royal Festival Hall on November 18. [ 236 ] It was theatrically released by Universal Pictures in Australia [ 231 ] and Mexico on November 21, [ 237 ] and in the U.S. on November 22, with engagements in RealD 3D , IMAX , Dolby Cinema , 4DX , ScreenX and D-Box . That was followed by its premiere in Poland as the closing night film of the 32nd International Film Festival of the Art of Cinematography Camerimage on November 23, with cinematographer Alice Brooks and production designer Nathan Crowley (who received the 2024 Production Designer Award at the festival) in attendance. [ 238 ] [ 239 ] Advance screenings took place on November 18, 2024, for Amazon Prime members, and on November 20 for the general public. The two screenings marked the only times during the theatrical release that most theaters across the United States were simultaneously able to show it in IMAX, due to Gladiator II taking over most of those screens on opening weekend. [ 240 ] [ 241 ] A sing-along version was released theatrically on Christmas Day 2024. [ 242 ] [ 243 ] Wicked was previously scheduled for release on December 20, 2019, December 22, 2021, December 25, 2024, and November 27, 2024. [ 85 ] The latter's release date was set to avoid competition with Avatar: Fire and Ash and Sonic the Hedgehog 3 (the former of which was later delayed to 2025 after Thunderbolts* , and later Mufasa: The Lion King took its date). [ 244 ] It then moved forward to December 2 to avoid competition with Moana 2 , with the new date putting it against Gladiator II . [ 240 ] This triggered speculation about a scenario later termed "Glicked", similar to the Barbenheimer phenomenon which was a result of Barbie and Oppenheimer both being released on July 21, 2023. [ 245 ] [ 246 ] With Wicked released two weeks after the 2024 United States presidential election , Marc Platt reflected on the story's increasing relevance in the current political climate , saying, "It's a significant election for both of us, but our story aspires to be about the distance people travel to connect with each other, about seeing the other as not the other, about living in a world where sometimes the truth is not real." [ 247 ] Wicked was re-released in 100 North American theaters on June 4, 2025, with screenings accompanied by the "fan first" trailer premiere for Wicked: For Good . [ 248 ] [ 249 ] [ 250 ] A second re-release took place from November 14–21, while a one-time double feature of Wicked and Wicked: For Good was released in select theaters on November 20. [ 251 ] Censorship Prior to its theatrical release in Kuwait , Wicked was pulled from some theatres due to "public ethics". [ 252 ] However, it continues to be screened in various cinemas in the country. [ 253 ] After its release in the United States, the conservative Christian group One Million Moms called for a boycott, claiming that it "promotes witchcraft and pushes the LGBTQ agenda on families, particularly children". On Instagram, Chenoweth wrote: "Everyone knows the 'one million Moms' are a mere few hundred. Maybe. It's called entertainment. Artistry. I am a Christian woman or [sic] originated the role of Glinda and all the silliness that these women spew out of hate. No no no. I can't help it: I try to love 'em anyways. For they don't get it. For anyone who wants to see girl power, then go so [ sic ] Wicked . Onstage or in a movie theater." [ 254 ] Home media and television Wicked was released on video on demand on December 31, 2024, in the United States. [ 255 ] It was released on 4K Blu-ray , Blu-ray , and DVD on February 4, 2025, by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment . Both the digital and physical releases contain the theatrical and sing-along versions, with bonus features such as extended and deleted scenes and behind-the-scenes featurettes. [ 256 ] [ 257 ] It began streaming on Peacock on March 21, 2025. [ 258 ] Wicked made its broadcast television premiere on NBC on November 19, 2025, two days before Wicked: For Good was to be released in theaters. [ 259 ] Reception Box office Advanced sales and marketing projections Tickets for Wicked went on sale on October 9, 2024, the day after Paramount Pictures released their tickets for Gladiator II . On October 10, Fandango reported that it was the site's number 2 first-day ticket pre-seller of 2024, behind Marvel Studios ' Deadpool & Wolverine , as well as the best PG-rated first-day ticket pre-seller of the year and the number 3 best PG-rated first-day ticket pre-seller of all time, behind Frozen 2 and the 2019 remake of The Lion King (both from Disney ). [ 260 ] According to Deadline Hollywood , Quorum projected Wicked to gross $67–74 million in its domestic opening weekend, while Box Office Theory projected it would gross $96–150 million and Boxoffice Pro projected it would be $100–125 million , topping the box office ahead of Gladiator II . Initial skepticism was directed towards the notion that musical films post-pandemic would not be profitable. [ 261 ] [ 262 ] [ 263 ] By the week of its release, projections were raised to a $165–200 million worldwide opening (and $125–150 million domestically), with positive word-of-mouth and the awards season buzz cited as the reasons. [ 264 ] Performance Wicked grossed $475 million in the United States and Canada , and $283.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $758.8 million . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 265 ] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit as $230 million, accounting for production budgets, marketing, talent participations and other costs; box office grosses, television and streaming, and home media revenues, making Wicked the fifth-most profitable film of 2024. [ 75 ] In the United States and Canada, it made $46.47 million on its first day, which included $19.2 million from preview screenings in the week leading up to its release: $2.5 million on Monday, $5.7 million on Wednesday, and $11 million on Thursday. It debuted with $112.5 million domestically and $162.9 million worldwide, topping both box offices. [ 266 ] [ 267 ] It was the largest opening ever for a film based on a Broadway musical, surpassing the $31.1 million domestic opening of Into the Woods (2014) and the $103 million worldwide opening of Les Misérables (2012). [ 268 ] The next Thursday, it made $16.9 million , the second-best Thanksgiving Day total ever behind Moana 2 ( $28 million ), released the day prior. It grossed $32 million on Black Friday . [ 269 ] Wicked grossed $80 million in its second weekend (and a total of $117.5 million over the five-day frame), dropping by 29% and finishing behind Moana 2 . [ 270 ] At the end of the holiday weekend, it reached over $250 million domestically, making it the highest-grossing stage musical-to-screen adaptation of all time in North America, beating the $190 million lifetime domestic gross of Grease (1978). [ 271 ] In its third weekend, it made $34.9 million, remaining in second, for a running total of $455 million worldwide. [ 272 ] [ 273 ] By December 15, 2024, it had grossed $525 million worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing film based on Baum's Oz works, surpassing the $493 million worldwide gross of Disney's Oz the Great and Powerful (2013). By Christmas Day, it had grossed $392.4 million domestically, becoming the 49th highest-grossing film of all time in the United States and Canada . [ 274 ] By December 29, 2024, Wicked surpassed Mamma Mia! (2008), breaking the Guinness World Record to become the highest-grossing musical film adaptation of all time. [ 265 ] [ 275 ] By January 2025, it surpassed Dune: Part Two to become the fifth highest-grossing film of 2024, and surpassed E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) and F9 (2021) to become Universal's third highest-grossing film in North America and nineteenth highest-grossing film worldwide, respectively. [ 276 ] Audience viewership In the first week of its release on video-on-demand (VOD) services, Wicked topped the charts on every platform, including iTunes Movies , Google Play , Fandango at Home and Amazon Prime Video . Universal reported that Wicked earned more than $70 million in premium VOD sales in the United States and Canada during its first week, including more than $26 million on New Year's Eve . It surpassed The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023) to become the biggest first-week performance for a Universal theatrical film on VOD. [ 277 ] [ 278 ] As of April 2025, the movie's sales revenue across all video platforms exceeds $100 million. [ 279 ] During the first weekend of its streaming release on Peacock, Wicked topped Nielsen 's preliminary streaming chart for the period of March 17–23, 2025 as the most-streamed film on the platform with 882 million minutes watched, ahead of Plane , The Wild Robot and eventual Best Picture Academy Award winner Anora . The result made it Peacock's biggest Pay 1 film ever for a title in its first seven days and marked the second time a film on the platform has achieved this record following Oppenheimer the year before. [ 280 ] [ 281 ] [ 201 ] Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , 88% of 406 critics' reviews are positive. The website's consensus reads: "Defying gravity with its magical pairing of Cynthia Erivo and Ariana Grande, Wicked ' s sheer bravura and charm make for an irresistible invitation to Oz." [ 283 ] Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the film a score of 73 out of 100, based on 63 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 284 ] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave it an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while those surveyed by PostTrak gave it a 92% overall positive score, with 80% saying they would "definitely recommend" it. [ 268 ] Kyle Smith of The Wall Street Journal called Wicked "the most entertaining film of the year and the most dazzling live-action Hollywood musical since Chicago ". [ 285 ] Jazz Tangcay of Variety called it "a musical masterpiece that is much more than we could have ever expected" and praised Chu's direction, the performances and the sets and costumes. [ 286 ] Antonia Blyth of Deadline Hollywood felt it is "a blast from start to finish" and "a delicious, hilarious romp that shows off Erivo and Grande's next-level talent and laugh-out-loud comedy chops. They serve up every number with surprises, delights and genuine depth." [ 287 ] [ 288 ] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote that Erivo "is the strongest draw in this splashy, overly long movie", [ 289 ] while Gregory Ellwood of The Playlist wrote that Grande "often delivers startling depth to her character before jumping into a musical number that will have you grinning from ear to ear". [ 290 ] Jonathan Bailey was deemed to be a standout performer by Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian . Bradshaw wrote he "uncorks an outrageous scene-stealer as the hetero - camp Fiyero", [ 291 ] and by ABC News ' Peter Travers , noting that his performance was a "display of song, dance and acting virtuosity". [ 292 ] " Dancing Through Life ", his character's musical number, was described as "the adaptation's biggest musical accomplishment" by Entertainment Weekly 's Christian Holub. [ 293 ] The Ozdust Ballroom and "Defying Gravity" scenes were cited as among the best of 2024 by Variety and Looper , respectively. [ 294 ] [ 295 ] Filmmakers Steven Spielberg , George Lucas , Oliver Stone , Joe Dante , Adam McKay , Sean Baker , Drew Goddard , William Goldenberg , Reinaldo Marcus Green , Laurel Parmet , Rich Peppiatt , Nicholas Stoller and Juel Taylor praised the film. [ g ] Odie Henderson of The Boston Globe called Wicked "visually unappealing", commenting that "it can't handle the tonal shifts. Authoritarianism and broad comedy make strange and uneasy bedfellows." [ 303 ] Christy Lemire of RogerEbert.com said that "When it's all about the spectacle of big, splashy production numbers, this prequel to The Wizard of Oz is thrilling" but that "far less effective is the way Chu... wedges in the movie's heavier themes of authoritarianism". [ 304 ] James Berardinelli of ReelViews wrote that "Although Wicked: Part 1 has its share of high points (some of which aim very high), the filmmakers seem to have embraced the concept of 'bloat' as a beneficial characteristic." [ 305 ] In December 2024, Collider 's editorial staff ranked Wicked at number 16 on their list of the "25 Best Musicals of the 21st Century", with David Caballero describing it as a "worthwhile offering with irresistible songs and a few jaw-dropping sequences". [ 11 ] The Washington Post named it the 10th-best musical film of the century in February 2025, with Naveen Kumar writing that it "surpasses the stage musical". [ 12 ] In March 2025, Time Out named it the 38th-best film musical, writing that "it pops with vibrancy and energy, effervescence and sincerity, adding the odd tweak, expanding the occasional storyline, but largely visualizing the musical in a way that's delighted the many millions who have seen it on stage since its Broadway premiere". [ 13 ] In August 2025, listeners of the UK radio station Classic FM voted it number 55 in its annual "Movie Music Hall of Fame" poll. [ 306 ] Impact "I watched Cynthia Erivo and Ariana Grande as the cameras rolled. Their ability to inhabit their characters – and Jonathan Bailey's ability too – were intimidatingly powerful." "I watched Cynthia Erivo and Ariana Grande as the cameras rolled. Their ability to inhabit their characters – and Jonathan Bailey's ability too – were intimidatingly powerful." Idina Menzel and Kristin Chenoweth , who originated the roles of Elphaba and Galinda on Broadway, lauded the performances of their film counterparts, with Chenoweth adding: "The whole cast is amazing. Jon Chu nailed it. I was so moved, emotional, happy, filled with joy." [ 308 ] [ 309 ] Menzel said, "The film is so loving and respectful of the original show, but then builds on it in so many beautiful ways I never thought possible." [ 310 ] [ 309 ] Lorna Luft , one of the daughters of Judy Garland , who portrayed Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz , called Wicked "breathtaking to look at" and "everything I wanted it to be". [ 311 ] Actresses Carol Kane and Sheryl Lee Ralph , both of whom played Madame Morrible on Broadway, in Los Angeles, as well as touring productions of the musical, praised the film, with Kane saying "Having done this show for years, it's sort of amazing that I was still bowled over by what I saw in the film." [ 312 ] [ 313 ] Mark Hamill , Paul Mescal , Ryan Reynolds , Kieran Culkin , Fernanda Torres , Millie Bobby Brown , Billie Eilish , and Taylor Swift expressed their admiration, with Hamill calling it an "instant classic". [ h ] Elle UK 's Panashe Nyadundu wrote that Wicked was a "much-needed escape" with a powerful message of kindness and acceptance that was warmly welcomed by audiences in the wake of the 2024 United States presidential election . Nyadundu added: "From LGBTQ + representation, to shining a light on disabilities , animal rights , female friendship and more, Wicked not only offers escapism to a world of utter fantasy, but equally, acts as a sharp reminder of how to navigate a world marred by corruption and discrimination." [ 9 ] In November 2024, a clip from an interview in which the journalist Tracy E. Gilchrist told Erivo and Grande that viewers were " holding space " for the lyrics of "Defying Gravity" went viral , creating multiple memes . Gilchrist later explained what she meant: "For me, it means being in the moment, not being distracted and feeling something on a cellular level... I think you can hold space with lyrics of a song — one you've heard hundreds of times — and it can suddenly take on new meaning when you're a queer person." [ 323 ] The choreography for "What Is This Feeling?" was recreated on TikTok and Instagram Reels by fans and the casts of various Broadway and West End productions. [ 10 ] The widespread praise of the "Defying Gravity" scene led Avid to release a 14-minute video breakdown of Myron Kerstein's editing of the sequence on December 23, 2024, showing him analyzing his creative choices using the Media Composer timeline. Kerstein would later repeat this demonstration in person at the 2025 NAB Show on April 5, 2025, as part of a conversation panel with him and Alice Brooks. [ 324 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ] Potential theme park attractions In February 2025, The New York Times reported that Universal Destinations & Experiences was in early development on creating attractions based on Wicked for one of their theme parks. Some thought they would be added to the Universal Epic Universe park at Universal Orlando sometime after its opening in May 2025 or to the Universal United Kingdom park expected to open in 2031. [ 327 ] [ 328 ] Accolades Wicked received several awards and nominations . It received three awards at the National Board of Review , where it made history as the first fantasy film to win Best Film , and the first musical film to win since Moulin Rouge! (2001). Chu received the award for Best Director , while Erivo and Grande received the NBR Spotlight Award in recognition of their creative collaboration. [ 329 ] It additionally was named one of the top 10 films of 2024 by the American Film Institute . [ 330 ] [ 331 ] The AFI jury rationale states: Wicked soars into the stratosphere of cinema history–a modern classic born from an evergreen concoction of cultural landmarks. The screen has rarely seen–or heard–towering performances like those delivered by Cynthia Erivo and Ariana Grande, leaving audiences Oz-struck across generations... with Jon M. Chu the wizard behind the curtain, a brilliant creative ensemble creates an immersive world where one fights for what is right while encouraging us to believe we all can fly beyond the rainbow. Wicked soars into the stratosphere of cinema history–a modern classic born from an evergreen concoction of cultural landmarks. The screen has rarely seen–or heard–towering performances like those delivered by Cynthia Erivo and Ariana Grande, leaving audiences Oz-struck across generations... with Jon M. Chu the wizard behind the curtain, a brilliant creative ensemble creates an immersive world where one fights for what is right while encouraging us to believe we all can fly beyond the rainbow. At the 82nd Golden Globe Awards , Wicked won Cinematic and Box Office Achievement and received nominations for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy , Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( Cynthia Erivo ), and Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture ( Ariana Grande ). [ 332 ] It tied with Conclave for a leading 11 nominations at the 30th Critics' Choice Awards , and won three: Best Director ( Jon M. Chu ), Best Production Design ( Nathan Crowley and Lee Sandales ), and Best Costume Design ( Paul Tazewell ). [ 333 ] It led the 31st Screen Actors Guild Awards with five nominations including Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role ( Jonathan Bailey ), Outstanding Performance by a Cast , and Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble . [ 334 ] Wicked tied with many others as the most nominated film in the ceremony's history. [ 335 ] At the 97th Academy Awards , Wicked tied with The Brutalist for the second-most nominations with 10 total, including Best Picture , Best Actress (Erivo), and Best Supporting Actress (Grande). [ 282 ] It won Best Costume Design for Tazewell (who became the first African American male costume designer to win the category) and Best Production Design for Crowley and Sandales. At the 75th American Cinema Editors Eddie Awards , it won Best Edited Feature Film (Comedy, Theatrical) for Myron Kerstein. [ 336 ] At the 2025 Kids' Choice Awards , Wicked had eight nominations and won three including Favorite Movie , Favorite Movie Actress (Grande), and Favorite Song from a Movie (" Defying Gravity "). [ 337 ] At the 68th Annual Grammy Awards , the soundtrack received nominations for Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media and Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media while Erivo and Grande have been nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance for their version of "Defying Gravity". [ 338 ] Sequel Originally announced as one film, Wicked was split into two films in April 2022. [ 85 ] The sequel, Wicked: For Good , was released on November 21, 2025, and adapts the events of the musical's second act. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] In November 2024, Schwartz and Holzman said they had discussed the possibility of "something" more associated with the Wicked film adaptation, but that it would not necessarily be a Wicked Part Three or Four . [ 341 ] See also Adaptations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz List of films produced back-to-back List of films split into multiple parts Notes ^ Holzman is credited twice for writing the screenplay; first as a solo writer and as part of a writing team with Dana Fox . [ 1 ] ^ a b c Per her own request, Grande is credited on-screen with her full name, Ariana Grande-Butera. [ 2 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 9 ] [ 10 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] ^ Glinda's full identity is given as "Glinda the Good Witch of the North" in the film's script. It is not mentioned by that title in the film's dialogue and credits. [ 17 ] ^ Fiyero's Horse is named Feldspur in the film's script. It is not mentioned by that name in the film's credits. [ 17 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 296 ] [ 297 ] [ 298 ] [ 299 ] [ 300 ] [ 301 ] [ 302 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 314 ] [ 315 ] [ 316 ] [ 317 ] [ 318 ] [ 319 ] [ 320 ] [ 321 ] [ 322 ] References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Wicked" . directories.wga.org . 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Archived from the original on March 27, 2025 . Retrieved March 27, 2025 . ^ a b "The 97th Academy Awards | 2025" . Oscars.org . January 23, 2025 . Retrieved January 23, 2025 . ^ " Wicked " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved November 22, 2025 . ^ " Wicked " . Metacritic . Fandom, Inc. Retrieved January 1, 2025 . ^ " 'Wicked' Review: A Movie Musical of Old-Fashioned Magic" . November 20, 2024. ^ Davis, Clayton; Sharf, Zack (October 30, 2024). " 'Wicked' Sends Ariana Grande and Cynthia Erivo Into the Oscar Race; First Reactions Call It a 'Masterpiece' and an 'Absolutely Stunning Vision' " . Variety . Retrieved November 25, 2024 . ^ " 'Wicked' Sends Ariana Grande and Cynthia Erivo into the Oscar Race; First Reactions Call It a 'Masterpiece' and an 'Absolutely Stunning Vision' " . October 30, 2024. Archived from the original on November 10, 2024 . Retrieved October 31, 2024 . ^ " 'Wicked' First Reactions Praise Cynthia Erivo & Ariana Grande as "Match Made in Cinematic Musical Heaven" " . October 30, 2024. ^ Manohla Dargis (November 27, 2024). " 'Wicked' Review: We're Off to See the Witches" . The New York Times . Retrieved December 27, 2024 . Cynthia Erivo is the strongest draw in this splashy, overly long movie, which is the first installment in a two-part adaptation of the Broadway show. ^ "Ariana Grande Will Cast a Spectacular Spell as 'Wicked' Drops on Oscar Season" . October 30, 2024. ^ Bradshaw, Peter (November 19, 2024). "Wicked Review – Cynthia Erivo and Ariana Grande Are a Blast in Sugar-Rush Wizard of Oz Fantasy" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved November 22, 2024 . ^ Travers, Peter (November 22, 2024). "Review: 'Wicked' Sets a New Gold-Standard In Movie Musicals" . ABC News . Retrieved November 23, 2024 . ^ " 'Wicked' Review: This Musical Adaptation Hits the Right Notes, But Lacks Visual Variety" . EW.com . Retrieved November 22, 2024 . ^ Riley, Jenelle; Gilchrist, Todd; Horst, Carole; Tangcay, Jazz; Howard, Courtney; Lodge, Guy (December 20, 2024). "Best Movie Scenes of 2024: 'Dune 2' Sandworms, 'Wicked' Ozdust Ballroom and More" . Variety . Retrieved December 27, 2024 . ^ Laman, Lisa (December 12, 2024). "The 15 Best Movie Scenes Of 2024" . Looper . Retrieved December 27, 2024 . ^ " 'Wicked' Director Shares Steven Spielberg's Reaction To Seeing The Film" (Video) . YouTube . ReelBlend. December 11, 2024 . Retrieved December 27, 2024 . ^ Rudoy, Matthew (December 22, 2024). "Wicked Movie Director Received Surprising Call From Star Wars Creator George Lucas: "He Couldn't Have Been More Kind" " . ScreenRant . Retrieved December 27, 2024 . ^ Petski, Denise (December 24, 2024). "Adam McKay Warns 'Wicked' Could Be "Banned In 3-5 Years" If "America Keeps Going On The Track It Is" " . Deadline . Retrieved December 27, 2024 . ^ O'Flat, Chris (December 30, 2024). "65 Directors Pick Their Favorite Films of 2024" . IndieWire . Retrieved December 30, 2024 . ^ Stone, Oliver [@TheOliverStone] (December 31, 2024). "Exciting New Year's Movies (1/2)" ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 31, 2025 – via Twitter . ^ Welk, Brian; Foreman, Allison (March 3, 2025). "Sean Baker and Mikey Madison React to 'Anora' Oscars Sweep: 'It Means We're Doing Something Right' " . IndieWire . Retrieved March 3, 2025 . ^ "Kneecap Director Rich Peppiatt Top Ten Feature Films of 2024" . Director's Notes . December 30, 2024. ^ Henderson, Odie. " 'Wicked' Defies Brevity - The Boston Globe" . BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved November 29, 2024 . ^ Lemire, Christy (November 19, 2024). "Wicked" . rogerebert.com . Retrieved November 21, 2024 . ^ Berardinelli, James (November 21, 2024). "Wicked: Part 1" . reelviews.net . Retrieved November 21, 2024 . ^ "The Classic FM Movie Music Hall of Fame 2025" . Classic FM . Retrieved August 26, 2025 . ^ "Wicked [Movie Tie-In]" . HarperCollins . Archived from the original on September 5, 2024 . Retrieved October 22, 2024 . ^ @kchenoweth; (October 29, 2024). "Y'ALL WON'T EVEN BELIEVE HOW GOOD IT IS 🫧💚 I'll Never Be the Same!!! @Wickedmovie" – via Instagram . ^ a b "X.com" . X (formerly Twitter) . ^ "Video: Kristin Chenoweth Reacts to WICKED Film: 'It Is So Special' " . BroadwayWorld . ^ Smart, Jack (November 18, 2024). "Judy Garland's Daughter Lorna Luft Praises Wicked as 'Breathtaking' and 'Everything I Wanted It to Be' " . People . Archived from the original on November 19, 2024 . Retrieved November 19, 2024 . ^ "Carol Kane, Who Starred in Various 'Wicked' Productions, Was 'Bowled Over' by the 'Brilliant' Film Adaptation (Exclusive)" . ^ "Sheryl Lee Ralph Says Ariana Grande & Cynthia Erivo Are 'Magical' Pairing in 'Wicked' (Exclusive)" . ^ "Billie Eilish Interviews Ariana Grande at 'Wicked' Screening, Goes Full Fangirl: 'My Brother Used to Be Like: Don't Call Her 'Ari,' You Don't Know Her!' " . February 5, 2025. ^ "Paul Mescal Praises 'Wicked' as "Extraordinary" Amid 'Gladiator II' Dueling Release" . November 27, 2024. ^ @markhamill; (December 19, 2024). "#InstantClassic" – via Instagram . ^ Dailey, Hannah (January 8, 2025). "Ariana Grande Thanks Ryan Reynolds for 'Most Generous' 'Wicked' Praise: 'You Really Moved Me' " . Billboard . Retrieved January 22, 2025 . ^ "Instagram" . www.instagram.com . Retrieved January 31, 2025 . ^ "Grammys 2025: Taylor Swift Shares Her Seat With Cynthia Erivo After Wicked Star Couldn't Find Hers" . E! Online . February 3, 2025 . Retrieved February 12, 2025 . ^ Kraljik, Valentina (February 12, 2025). "Millie Bobby Brown Channeled Her 'Wicked' Fandom On 'Stranger Things' Set to New Heights—Literally!" . Retrieved February 12, 2025 . ^ "Instagram" . www.instagram.com . Retrieved February 12, 2025 . ^ "Instagram" . www.instagram.com . Retrieved February 12, 2025 . ^ Donnelly, Matt (November 26, 2024). " 'Holding Space' for 'Defying Gravity': Viral 'Wicked' Journalist on Getting Recognized in Public, Selling Merch and What on Earth She Meant" . Variety . Retrieved December 8, 2024 . ^ "Behind the Curtain of Wicked" . ^ "Editing Wicked with Myron Kerstein, ACE" . YouTube . December 23, 2024. ^ "Myron Kerstein, ACE" . ^ "Universal Studios exec hints at 'Wicked'-themed attractions" . KTLA . ^ Barnes, Brooks (February 21, 2025). "Universal's Theme Parks, Long in Disney's Shadow, Expand at Dizzying Pace" . The New York Times . ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 4, 2024). " 'Wicked' Casts Spell Over National Board Of Review, Counts Three Awards Including Best Film" . Deadline . Retrieved December 4, 2024 . ^ Hammond, Pete (December 5, 2024). "AFI Awards Movie Top 10: 'Wicked', 'Dune: Part Two', 'Anora', 'Emilia Pérez' & More" . Deadline . Retrieved December 5, 2024 . ^ "AFI Awards 2024" . American Film Institute . Retrieved March 14, 2025 . ^ VanHoose, Benjamin (December 9, 2024). "2025 Golden Globe Nominations: Wicked, The Substance, The Bear and Shōgun All Score" . People . Retrieved December 9, 2024 . ^ "Critics Choice: 'Anora' Wins Best Picture; 'Emilia Pérez,' 'Wicked' and 'The Substance' Take 3 Awards Each" . The Hollywood Reporter . February 8, 2025. ^ Hipes, Patrich; Pedersen, Erik (January 8, 2025). "SAG Awards Nominations: 'Wicked' & 'A Complete Unknown' Lead Film Field; 'Shōgun' Tops TV" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 8, 2025 . ^ Marcus Errico; Christopher Rosen (January 8, 2025). "2025 Screen Actors Guild Awards Nominations: 'Wicked,' 'Shogun' Lead the Way with Five Nominations Each" . GoldDerby . Retrieved January 9, 2025 . ^ Pedersen, Erik (March 14, 2025). "ACE Eddie Awards: 'Wicked', 'Emilia Pérez' & 'The Wild Robot' Take Top Film Prizes – Winners List" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 15, 2025 . ^ Denise Petski (May 15, 2025). "Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga, Kendrick Lamar & Selena Gomez Lead 2025 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Nominees; Tyla To Host" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 15, 2025 . ^ Faulkner, Clara (November 7, 2025). "2026 GRAMMYS: See The Full Nominations List" . Grammy.com . Retrieved November 7, 2025 . ^ Kroll, Justin (June 20, 2023). " Wicked: For Good From Universal And Jon Chu Moves Up A Month To Thanksgiving 2025" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 20, 2023 . Retrieved June 20, 2023 . ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (September 12, 2024). " 'Wicked: For Good' Shifting Days Before Thanksgiving 2025" . Deadline . Retrieved September 12, 2024 . ^ News Hub, Wicked (November 21, 2024). "Stephen Schwartz and Winnie Holzman Tease the Future of Wicked" . X . Retrieved November 22, 2024 . External links Official website Wicked at IMDb Wicked at Rotten Tomatoes Wicked .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e The Wicked Years by Gregory Maguire Books Wicked (1995) Son of a Witch (2005) A Lion Among Men (2008) Out of Oz (2011) Characters Elphaba Wicked Witch of the West Glinda Fiyero Nessarose Boq Madame Morrible Wizard of Oz Cowardly Lion Dorothy Gale Musical Songs " The Wizard and I " " Popular " " Defying Gravity " " As Long as You're Mine " " No Good Deed " " For Good " Other Awards and nominations Wannabe Wicked A Very Wicked Halloween Twisted Wicked Frozen Films Wicked (2024) soundtrack score accolades Wicked: For Good (2025) soundtrack score One Wonderful Night " No Place Like Home " " The Girl in the Bubble " v t e The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum Books Books Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904) Ozma of Oz (1907) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908) The Road to Oz (1909) The Emerald City of Oz (1910) The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913) Tik-Tok of Oz (1914) The Scarecrow of Oz (1915) Rinkitink in Oz (1916) The Lost Princess of Oz (1917) The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918) The Magic of Oz (1919) Glinda of Oz (1920) Thompson The Royal Book of Oz (1921) Kabumpo in Oz (1922) The Cowardly Lion of Oz (1923) Grampa in Oz (1924) The Lost King of Oz (1925) The Hungry Tiger of Oz (1926) The Gnome King of Oz (1927) The Giant Horse of Oz (1928) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz (1929) The Yellow Knight of Oz (1930) Pirates in Oz (1931) The Purple Prince of Oz (1932) Ojo in Oz (1933) Speedy in Oz (1934) The Wishing Horse of Oz (1935) Captain Salt in Oz (1936) Handy Mandy in Oz (1937) The Silver Princess in Oz (1938) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz (1939) Yankee in Oz (1972) The Enchanted Island of Oz (1976) Other The Magical Monarch of Mo (1899) Dot and Tot of Merryland (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) Queen Zixi of Ix (1904) John Dough and the Cherub (1906) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913) The Wonder City of Oz (1940) The Scalawagons of Oz (1941) Lucky Bucky in Oz (1942) The Magical Mimics in Oz (1946) The Shaggy Man of Oz (1949) The Hidden Valley of Oz (1951) Merry Go Round in Oz (1963) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz (1980) The Ozmapolitan of Oz (1986) The Wicked Witch of Oz (1993) The Giant Garden of Oz (1993) The Runaway in Oz (1995) The Rundelstone of Oz (2000) The Emerald Wand of Oz (2005) Trouble Under Oz (2006) Characters Baum Aunt Em Billina Cowardly Lion Dorothy Gale Glass Cat Glinda Good Witch of the North Jack Pumpkinhead Jellia Jamb Jinjur John Dough Mombi Munchkins Nome King Pastoria Patchwork Girl Polychrome Princess Ozma Queen Lurline Scarecrow Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Tik-Tok Tin Woodman Toto Uncle Henry Wicked Witch of the East Wicked Witch of the West Winged monkeys Wizard of Oz Woggle-Bug Post-Baum Elphaba Madame Morrible Jinnicky the Red Jinn Kabumpo Peter Brown Elements Emerald City Gingham dress Land of Ev Land of Oz Merryland Ruby slippers Silver shoes " Surrender Dorothy " Yellow brick road Related Copyright status Political interpretations Adaptations Stage The Wizard of Oz (1902) The Woggle-Bug (1905) The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (1913) The Wizard of Oz (1942) The Wiz (1974) The Marvelous Land of Oz (1981) The Wizard of Oz (1987) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. (1987) Twister (1994) Wicked: The Untold Story of the Witches of Oz (2003) The Wizard of Oz (2011) The Woodsman (2012) Films The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910) The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914) The Magic Cloak of Oz (1914) His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1914) The Wizard of Oz (1925) The Wizard of Oz (1933) The Wizard of Oz (1939) The Wizard of Oz (1950) The Rainbow Road to Oz (unproduced) Return to Oz (1964, TV) The Wizard of Mars (1965) The Wonderful Land of Oz (1969) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde (1971) Journey Back to Oz (1972) Oz (1976) The Wiz (1978) The Wizard of Oz (1982) Os Trapalhões e o Mágico de Oróz (1984) Return to Oz (1985) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz (1987) The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990) The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True (1995) Lion of Oz (2000) The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005) Apocalypse Oz (2006) After the Wizard (2011) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz (2011) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz (2012) Oz the Great and Powerful (2013) Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (2014) OzLand (2014) Guardians of Oz (2015) The Wiz Live! (2015) Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz (2016) The Steam Engines of Oz (2018) Rainbow (2022) Wicked (2024) The Wizard of the Emerald City (2024) The Wizard of Oz at Sphere (2025) Wicked: For Good (2025) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz (1961) Off to See the Wizard (1967–68) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1986–87) The Wizard of Oz (1990) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz (1992–93) The Oz Kids (1996) Tin Man (2007) " Wizard of Odd " (2010) Once Upon a Time (2011–18) Lost in Oz (2015–18) Emerald City (2017) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz (2017–20) " The Wicked Wiz of Oz: The Rusical! " (2025) Books The Wizard of the Emerald City (1939) A Barnstormer in Oz (1982) Mister Tinker in Oz (1985) Dorothy of Oz (1989) Sir Harold and the Gnome King (1991) Was (1992) Queen Ann in Oz (1993) The Magic Dishpan of Oz (1994) The Wicked Years Wicked (1995) Son of a Witch (2005) A Lion Among Men (2008) Out of Oz (2011) Visitors from Oz (1998) Paradox in Oz (1999) Oz Before the Rainbow (2000) The Hidden Prince of Oz (2000) The Unknown Witches of Oz (2000) Bloodstained Oz (2006) The Secret Order of the Gumm Street Girls (2006) Dorothy Must Die (2014) The Wicked Will Rise (2015) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1904–05) Adventures in Oz (1986–92) The Enchanted Apples of Oz (1986) Oz Squad (1991) Lost Girls (1991–92) Dorothy (2004–07) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2005) Cheshire Crossing (2006–19) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2009) The Marvelous Land of Oz (2010) Games The Wizard of Oz (1985) The Wizard of Oz (1993) The Wizard of Oz: Beyond the Yellow Brick Road (2008) Emerald City Confidential (2009) Ripened Tingle's Balloon Trip of Love (2009) The Wizard of Oz (2010) The Wizard of Oz (2013) Music 1939 film " Over the Rainbow " " Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead " " We're Off to See the Wizard " " If I Only Had a Brain " " The Merry Old Land of Oz " " If I Were King of the Forest " Wicked " The Wizard and I " " Popular " " Defying Gravity " " As Long as You're Mine " " No Good Deed " " For Good " Other The Wozard of Iz (1968) " Goodbye Yellow Brick Road " (1973) Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (1973) Meco Plays The Wizard of Oz (1978) The Wizard of Oz: Live Australian Cast Recording (2001) Oz the Great and Powerful (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2013) Wicked: The Soundtrack (2024) Wicked: The Original Motion Picture Score (2024) Related Land of Oz Oz Park Oz-story Magazine The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Wizard of Oz festival Wizard of Oz Museum Category v t e Stephen Schwartz Awards and nominations Music and lyrics Godspell (1971) Pippin (1972) The Magic Show (1974) The Baker's Wife (1976) Working (1978) Personals (1985) The Trip (1986) Children of Eden (1991) Wicked (2003) Captain Louie (2005) Séance on a Wet Afternoon (2009) The Prince of Egypt (2017) The Queen of Versailles (2024) Lyrics MASS (1971) Rags (1986) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1999) Thiruvasagam (2005) Musical films Godspell (1973, score and songs) Pocahontas (1995, lyrics) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996, lyrics) The Prince of Egypt (1998, songs) Geppetto (2000, songs) Enchanted (2007, lyrics) Disenchanted (2022, lyrics) Wicked (2024, score and songs) Wicked: For Good (2025, score and songs) Soundtracks Godspell (1971) Pocahontas (1995) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) The Prince of Egypt (1998) Wicked (2003) Thiruvasagam (2005) Enchanted (2007) Disenchanted (2022) Wicked (2024) Wicked: For Good (2025) Film scores Wicked (2024) Wicked: For Good (2025) v t e Works by Winnie Holzman Musicals written Birds of Paradise (1987) Wicked (2003) TV series created My So-Called Life (1994–1995) Huge (2010) Films written 'Til There Was You (1997) Wicked (2024) Wicked: For Good (2025) v t e Jon M. Chu Films directed Step Up 2: The Streets (2008) Step Up 3D (2010) G.I. Joe: Retaliation (2013) Jem and the Holograms (2015) Now You See Me 2 (2016) Crazy Rich Asians (2018) In the Heights (2021) Wicked (2024) Wicked: For Good (2025) Documentaries Justin Bieber: Never Say Never (2011) Justin Bieber's Believe (2013) TV series created The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers (2010–2011) Produced only Dance Camp (2016) Related Wicked (film franchise) v t e Works by Dana Fox Films written The Wedding Date (2005) What Happens in Vegas (2008) Couples Retreat (2009) How to Be Single (2016) Isn't It Romantic (2019) Cruella (2021) The Lost City (2022) Wicked (2024) Wicked: For Good (2025) TV series created Ben and Kate (2012–13) Home Before Dark (2020–21) Related Wicked (film franchise) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e The Wicked Years by Gregory Maguire v t e Books Wicked (1995) Son of a Witch (2005) A Lion Among Men (2008) Out of Oz (2011) Wicked (1995) Son of a Witch (2005) A Lion Among Men (2008) Out of Oz (2011) Characters Elphaba Wicked Witch of the West Glinda Fiyero Nessarose Boq Madame Morrible Wizard of Oz Cowardly Lion Dorothy Gale Elphaba Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the West Glinda Fiyero Nessarose Boq Madame Morrible Wizard of Oz Cowardly Lion Dorothy Gale Musical Songs " The Wizard and I " " Popular " " Defying Gravity " " As Long as You're Mine " " No Good Deed " " For Good " Other Awards and nominations Wannabe Wicked A Very Wicked Halloween Twisted Wicked Frozen Songs " The Wizard and I " " Popular " " Defying Gravity " " As Long as You're Mine " " No Good Deed " " For Good " " The Wizard and I " " Popular " " Defying Gravity " " As Long as You're Mine " " No Good Deed " " For Good " Other Awards and nominations Wannabe Wicked A Very Wicked Halloween Twisted Wicked Frozen Awards and nominations Wannabe Wicked A Very Wicked Halloween Twisted Wicked Frozen Films Wicked (2024) soundtrack score accolades Wicked: For Good (2025) soundtrack score One Wonderful Night " No Place Like Home " " The Girl in the Bubble " Wicked (2024) soundtrack score accolades soundtrack score accolades Wicked: For Good (2025) soundtrack score One Wonderful Night " No Place Like Home " " The Girl in the Bubble " soundtrack score One Wonderful Night " No Place Like Home " " The Girl in the Bubble " v t e The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum v t e Books Books Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904) Ozma of Oz (1907) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908) The Road to Oz (1909) The Emerald City of Oz (1910) The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913) Tik-Tok of Oz (1914) The Scarecrow of Oz (1915) Rinkitink in Oz (1916) The Lost Princess of Oz (1917) The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918) The Magic of Oz (1919) Glinda of Oz (1920) Thompson The Royal Book of Oz (1921) Kabumpo in Oz (1922) The Cowardly Lion of Oz (1923) Grampa in Oz (1924) The Lost King of Oz (1925) The Hungry Tiger of Oz (1926) The Gnome King of Oz (1927) The Giant Horse of Oz (1928) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz (1929) The Yellow Knight of Oz (1930) Pirates in Oz (1931) The Purple Prince of Oz (1932) Ojo in Oz (1933) Speedy in Oz (1934) The Wishing Horse of Oz (1935) Captain Salt in Oz (1936) Handy Mandy in Oz (1937) The Silver Princess in Oz (1938) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz (1939) Yankee in Oz (1972) The Enchanted Island of Oz (1976) Other The Magical Monarch of Mo (1899) Dot and Tot of Merryland (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) Queen Zixi of Ix (1904) John Dough and the Cherub (1906) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913) The Wonder City of Oz (1940) The Scalawagons of Oz (1941) Lucky Bucky in Oz (1942) The Magical Mimics in Oz (1946) The Shaggy Man of Oz (1949) The Hidden Valley of Oz (1951) Merry Go Round in Oz (1963) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz (1980) The Ozmapolitan of Oz (1986) The Wicked Witch of Oz (1993) The Giant Garden of Oz (1993) The Runaway in Oz (1995) The Rundelstone of Oz (2000) The Emerald Wand of Oz (2005) Trouble Under Oz (2006) Characters Baum Aunt Em Billina Cowardly Lion Dorothy Gale Glass Cat Glinda Good Witch of the North Jack Pumpkinhead Jellia Jamb Jinjur John Dough Mombi Munchkins Nome King Pastoria Patchwork Girl Polychrome Princess Ozma Queen Lurline Scarecrow Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Tik-Tok Tin Woodman Toto Uncle Henry Wicked Witch of the East Wicked Witch of the West Winged monkeys Wizard of Oz Woggle-Bug Post-Baum Elphaba Madame Morrible Jinnicky the Red Jinn Kabumpo Peter Brown Elements Emerald City Gingham dress Land of Ev Land of Oz Merryland Ruby slippers Silver shoes " Surrender Dorothy " Yellow brick road Related Copyright status Political interpretations Books Books Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904) Ozma of Oz (1907) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908) The Road to Oz (1909) The Emerald City of Oz (1910) The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913) Tik-Tok of Oz (1914) The Scarecrow of Oz (1915) Rinkitink in Oz (1916) The Lost Princess of Oz (1917) The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918) The Magic of Oz (1919) Glinda of Oz (1920) Thompson The Royal Book of Oz (1921) Kabumpo in Oz (1922) The Cowardly Lion of Oz (1923) Grampa in Oz (1924) The Lost King of Oz (1925) The Hungry Tiger of Oz (1926) The Gnome King of Oz (1927) The Giant Horse of Oz (1928) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz (1929) The Yellow Knight of Oz (1930) Pirates in Oz (1931) The Purple Prince of Oz (1932) Ojo in Oz (1933) Speedy in Oz (1934) The Wishing Horse of Oz (1935) Captain Salt in Oz (1936) Handy Mandy in Oz (1937) The Silver Princess in Oz (1938) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz (1939) Yankee in Oz (1972) The Enchanted Island of Oz (1976) Other The Magical Monarch of Mo (1899) Dot and Tot of Merryland (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) Queen Zixi of Ix (1904) John Dough and the Cherub (1906) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913) The Wonder City of Oz (1940) The Scalawagons of Oz (1941) Lucky Bucky in Oz (1942) The Magical Mimics in Oz (1946) The Shaggy Man of Oz (1949) The Hidden Valley of Oz (1951) Merry Go Round in Oz (1963) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz (1980) The Ozmapolitan of Oz (1986) The Wicked Witch of Oz (1993) The Giant Garden of Oz (1993) The Runaway in Oz (1995) The Rundelstone of Oz (2000) The Emerald Wand of Oz (2005) Trouble Under Oz (2006) Characters Baum Aunt Em Billina Cowardly Lion Dorothy Gale Glass Cat Glinda Good Witch of the North Jack Pumpkinhead Jellia Jamb Jinjur John Dough Mombi Munchkins Nome King Pastoria Patchwork Girl Polychrome Princess Ozma Queen Lurline Scarecrow Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Tik-Tok Tin Woodman Toto Uncle Henry Wicked Witch of the East Wicked Witch of the West Winged monkeys Wizard of Oz Woggle-Bug Post-Baum Elphaba Madame Morrible Jinnicky the Red Jinn Kabumpo Peter Brown Elements Emerald City Gingham dress Land of Ev Land of Oz Merryland Ruby slippers Silver shoes " Surrender Dorothy " Yellow brick road Related Copyright status Political interpretations Books Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904) Ozma of Oz (1907) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908) The Road to Oz (1909) The Emerald City of Oz (1910) The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913) Tik-Tok of Oz (1914) The Scarecrow of Oz (1915) Rinkitink in Oz (1916) The Lost Princess of Oz (1917) The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918) The Magic of Oz (1919) Glinda of Oz (1920) Thompson The Royal Book of Oz (1921) Kabumpo in Oz (1922) The Cowardly Lion of Oz (1923) Grampa in Oz (1924) The Lost King of Oz (1925) The Hungry Tiger of Oz (1926) The Gnome King of Oz (1927) The Giant Horse of Oz (1928) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz (1929) The Yellow Knight of Oz (1930) Pirates in Oz (1931) The Purple Prince of Oz (1932) Ojo in Oz (1933) Speedy in Oz (1934) The Wishing Horse of Oz (1935) Captain Salt in Oz (1936) Handy Mandy in Oz (1937) The Silver Princess in Oz (1938) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz (1939) Yankee in Oz (1972) The Enchanted Island of Oz (1976) Other The Magical Monarch of Mo (1899) Dot and Tot of Merryland (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) Queen Zixi of Ix (1904) John Dough and the Cherub (1906) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913) The Wonder City of Oz (1940) The Scalawagons of Oz (1941) Lucky Bucky in Oz (1942) The Magical Mimics in Oz (1946) The Shaggy Man of Oz (1949) The Hidden Valley of Oz (1951) Merry Go Round in Oz (1963) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz (1980) The Ozmapolitan of Oz (1986) The Wicked Witch of Oz (1993) The Giant Garden of Oz (1993) The Runaway in Oz (1995) The Rundelstone of Oz (2000) The Emerald Wand of Oz (2005) Trouble Under Oz (2006) Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904) Ozma of Oz (1907) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908) The Road to Oz (1909) The Emerald City of Oz (1910) The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913) Tik-Tok of Oz (1914) The Scarecrow of Oz (1915) Rinkitink in Oz (1916) The Lost Princess of Oz (1917) The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918) The Magic of Oz (1919) Glinda of Oz (1920) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904) Ozma of Oz (1907) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908) The Road to Oz (1909) The Emerald City of Oz (1910) The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913) Tik-Tok of Oz (1914) The Scarecrow of Oz (1915) Rinkitink in Oz (1916) The Lost Princess of Oz (1917) The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918) The Magic of Oz (1919) Glinda of Oz (1920) Thompson The Royal Book of Oz (1921) Kabumpo in Oz (1922) The Cowardly Lion of Oz (1923) Grampa in Oz (1924) The Lost King of Oz (1925) The Hungry Tiger of Oz (1926) The Gnome King of Oz (1927) The Giant Horse of Oz (1928) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz (1929) The Yellow Knight of Oz (1930) Pirates in Oz (1931) The Purple Prince of Oz (1932) Ojo in Oz (1933) Speedy in Oz (1934) The Wishing Horse of Oz (1935) Captain Salt in Oz (1936) Handy Mandy in Oz (1937) The Silver Princess in Oz (1938) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz (1939) Yankee in Oz (1972) The Enchanted Island of Oz (1976) The Royal Book of Oz (1921) Kabumpo in Oz (1922) The Cowardly Lion of Oz (1923) Grampa in Oz (1924) The Lost King of Oz (1925) The Hungry Tiger of Oz (1926) The Gnome King of Oz (1927) The Giant Horse of Oz (1928) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz (1929) The Yellow Knight of Oz (1930) Pirates in Oz (1931) The Purple Prince of Oz (1932) Ojo in Oz (1933) Speedy in Oz (1934) The Wishing Horse of Oz (1935) Captain Salt in Oz (1936) Handy Mandy in Oz (1937) The Silver Princess in Oz (1938) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz (1939) Yankee in Oz (1972) The Enchanted Island of Oz (1976) Other The Magical Monarch of Mo (1899) Dot and Tot of Merryland (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) Queen Zixi of Ix (1904) John Dough and the Cherub (1906) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913) The Wonder City of Oz (1940) The Scalawagons of Oz (1941) Lucky Bucky in Oz (1942) The Magical Mimics in Oz (1946) The Shaggy Man of Oz (1949) The Hidden Valley of Oz (1951) Merry Go Round in Oz (1963) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz (1980) The Ozmapolitan of Oz (1986) The Wicked Witch of Oz (1993) The Giant Garden of Oz (1993) The Runaway in Oz (1995) The Rundelstone of Oz (2000) The Emerald Wand of Oz (2005) Trouble Under Oz (2006) The Magical Monarch of Mo (1899) Dot and Tot of Merryland (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) Queen Zixi of Ix (1904) John Dough and the Cherub (1906) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913) The Wonder City of Oz (1940) The Scalawagons of Oz (1941) Lucky Bucky in Oz (1942) The Magical Mimics in Oz (1946) The Shaggy Man of Oz (1949) The Hidden Valley of Oz (1951) Merry Go Round in Oz (1963) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz (1980) The Ozmapolitan of Oz (1986) The Wicked Witch of Oz (1993) The Giant Garden of Oz (1993) The Runaway in Oz (1995) The Rundelstone of Oz (2000) The Emerald Wand of Oz (2005) Trouble Under Oz (2006) Characters Baum Aunt Em Billina Cowardly Lion Dorothy Gale Glass Cat Glinda Good Witch of the North Jack Pumpkinhead Jellia Jamb Jinjur John Dough Mombi Munchkins Nome King Pastoria Patchwork Girl Polychrome Princess Ozma Queen Lurline Scarecrow Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Tik-Tok Tin Woodman Toto Uncle Henry Wicked Witch of the East Wicked Witch of the West Winged monkeys Wizard of Oz Woggle-Bug Post-Baum Elphaba Madame Morrible Jinnicky the Red Jinn Kabumpo Peter Brown Baum Aunt Em Billina Cowardly Lion Dorothy Gale Glass Cat Glinda Good Witch of the North Jack Pumpkinhead Jellia Jamb Jinjur John Dough Mombi Munchkins Nome King Pastoria Patchwork Girl Polychrome Princess Ozma Queen Lurline Scarecrow Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Tik-Tok Tin Woodman Toto Uncle Henry Wicked Witch of the East Wicked Witch of the West Winged monkeys Wizard of Oz Woggle-Bug Aunt Em Billina Cowardly Lion Dorothy Gale Glass Cat Glinda Good Witch of the North Jack Pumpkinhead Jellia Jamb Jinjur John Dough Mombi Munchkins Nome King Pastoria Patchwork Girl Polychrome Princess Ozma Queen Lurline Scarecrow Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Tik-Tok Tin Woodman Toto Uncle Henry Wicked Witch of the East Wicked Witch of the West Winged monkeys Wizard of Oz Woggle-Bug Post-Baum Elphaba Madame Morrible Jinnicky the Red Jinn Kabumpo Peter Brown Elphaba Madame Morrible Jinnicky the Red Jinn Kabumpo Peter Brown Elements Emerald City Gingham dress Land of Ev Land of Oz Merryland Ruby slippers Silver shoes " Surrender Dorothy " Yellow brick road Emerald City Gingham dress Land of Ev Land of Oz Merryland Ruby slippers Silver shoes " Surrender Dorothy " Yellow brick road Related Copyright status Political interpretations Copyright status Political interpretations Adaptations Stage The Wizard of Oz (1902) The Woggle-Bug (1905) The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (1913) The Wizard of Oz (1942) The Wiz (1974) The Marvelous Land of Oz (1981) The Wizard of Oz (1987) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. (1987) Twister (1994) Wicked: The Untold Story of the Witches of Oz (2003) The Wizard of Oz (2011) The Woodsman (2012) Films The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910) The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914) The Magic Cloak of Oz (1914) His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1914) The Wizard of Oz (1925) The Wizard of Oz (1933) The Wizard of Oz (1939) The Wizard of Oz (1950) The Rainbow Road to Oz (unproduced) Return to Oz (1964, TV) The Wizard of Mars (1965) The Wonderful Land of Oz (1969) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde (1971) Journey Back to Oz (1972) Oz (1976) The Wiz (1978) The Wizard of Oz (1982) Os Trapalhões e o Mágico de Oróz (1984) Return to Oz (1985) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz (1987) The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990) The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True (1995) Lion of Oz (2000) The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005) Apocalypse Oz (2006) After the Wizard (2011) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz (2011) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz (2012) Oz the Great and Powerful (2013) Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (2014) OzLand (2014) Guardians of Oz (2015) The Wiz Live! (2015) Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz (2016) The Steam Engines of Oz (2018) Rainbow (2022) Wicked (2024) The Wizard of the Emerald City (2024) The Wizard of Oz at Sphere (2025) Wicked: For Good (2025) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz (1961) Off to See the Wizard (1967–68) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1986–87) The Wizard of Oz (1990) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz (1992–93) The Oz Kids (1996) Tin Man (2007) " Wizard of Odd " (2010) Once Upon a Time (2011–18) Lost in Oz (2015–18) Emerald City (2017) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz (2017–20) " The Wicked Wiz of Oz: The Rusical! " (2025) Books The Wizard of the Emerald City (1939) A Barnstormer in Oz (1982) Mister Tinker in Oz (1985) Dorothy of Oz (1989) Sir Harold and the Gnome King (1991) Was (1992) Queen Ann in Oz (1993) The Magic Dishpan of Oz (1994) The Wicked Years Wicked (1995) Son of a Witch (2005) A Lion Among Men (2008) Out of Oz (2011) Visitors from Oz (1998) Paradox in Oz (1999) Oz Before the Rainbow (2000) The Hidden Prince of Oz (2000) The Unknown Witches of Oz (2000) Bloodstained Oz (2006) The Secret Order of the Gumm Street Girls (2006) Dorothy Must Die (2014) The Wicked Will Rise (2015) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1904–05) Adventures in Oz (1986–92) The Enchanted Apples of Oz (1986) Oz Squad (1991) Lost Girls (1991–92) Dorothy (2004–07) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2005) Cheshire Crossing (2006–19) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2009) The Marvelous Land of Oz (2010) Games The Wizard of Oz (1985) The Wizard of Oz (1993) The Wizard of Oz: Beyond the Yellow Brick Road (2008) Emerald City Confidential (2009) Ripened Tingle's Balloon Trip of Love (2009) The Wizard of Oz (2010) The Wizard of Oz (2013) Music 1939 film " Over the Rainbow " " Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead " " We're Off to See the Wizard " " If I Only Had a Brain " " The Merry Old Land of Oz " " If I Were King of the Forest " Wicked " The Wizard and I " " Popular " " Defying Gravity " " As Long as You're Mine " " No Good Deed " " For Good " Other The Wozard of Iz (1968) " Goodbye Yellow Brick Road " (1973) Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (1973) Meco Plays The Wizard of Oz (1978) The Wizard of Oz: Live Australian Cast Recording (2001) Oz the Great and Powerful (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2013) Wicked: The Soundtrack (2024) Wicked: The Original Motion Picture Score (2024) Related Land of Oz Oz Park Oz-story Magazine The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Wizard of Oz festival Wizard of Oz Museum Adaptations Stage The Wizard of Oz (1902) The Woggle-Bug (1905) The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (1913) The Wizard of Oz (1942) The Wiz (1974) The Marvelous Land of Oz (1981) The Wizard of Oz (1987) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. (1987) Twister (1994) Wicked: The Untold Story of the Witches of Oz (2003) The Wizard of Oz (2011) The Woodsman (2012) Films The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910) The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914) The Magic Cloak of Oz (1914) His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1914) The Wizard of Oz (1925) The Wizard of Oz (1933) The Wizard of Oz (1939) The Wizard of Oz (1950) The Rainbow Road to Oz (unproduced) Return to Oz (1964, TV) The Wizard of Mars (1965) The Wonderful Land of Oz (1969) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde (1971) Journey Back to Oz (1972) Oz (1976) The Wiz (1978) The Wizard of Oz (1982) Os Trapalhões e o Mágico de Oróz (1984) Return to Oz (1985) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz (1987) The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990) The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True (1995) Lion of Oz (2000) The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005) Apocalypse Oz (2006) After the Wizard (2011) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz (2011) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz (2012) Oz the Great and Powerful (2013) Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (2014) OzLand (2014) Guardians of Oz (2015) The Wiz Live! (2015) Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz (2016) The Steam Engines of Oz (2018) Rainbow (2022) Wicked (2024) The Wizard of the Emerald City (2024) The Wizard of Oz at Sphere (2025) Wicked: For Good (2025) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz (1961) Off to See the Wizard (1967–68) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1986–87) The Wizard of Oz (1990) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz (1992–93) The Oz Kids (1996) Tin Man (2007) " Wizard of Odd " (2010) Once Upon a Time (2011–18) Lost in Oz (2015–18) Emerald City (2017) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz (2017–20) " The Wicked Wiz of Oz: The Rusical! " (2025) Books The Wizard of the Emerald City (1939) A Barnstormer in Oz (1982) Mister Tinker in Oz (1985) Dorothy of Oz (1989) Sir Harold and the Gnome King (1991) Was (1992) Queen Ann in Oz (1993) The Magic Dishpan of Oz (1994) The Wicked Years Wicked (1995) Son of a Witch (2005) A Lion Among Men (2008) Out of Oz (2011) Visitors from Oz (1998) Paradox in Oz (1999) Oz Before the Rainbow (2000) The Hidden Prince of Oz (2000) The Unknown Witches of Oz (2000) Bloodstained Oz (2006) The Secret Order of the Gumm Street Girls (2006) Dorothy Must Die (2014) The Wicked Will Rise (2015) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1904–05) Adventures in Oz (1986–92) The Enchanted Apples of Oz (1986) Oz Squad (1991) Lost Girls (1991–92) Dorothy (2004–07) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2005) Cheshire Crossing (2006–19) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2009) The Marvelous Land of Oz (2010) Games The Wizard of Oz (1985) The Wizard of Oz (1993) The Wizard of Oz: Beyond the Yellow Brick Road (2008) Emerald City Confidential (2009) Ripened Tingle's Balloon Trip of Love (2009) The Wizard of Oz (2010) The Wizard of Oz (2013) Music 1939 film " Over the Rainbow " " Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead " " We're Off to See the Wizard " " If I Only Had a Brain " " The Merry Old Land of Oz " " If I Were King of the Forest " Wicked " The Wizard and I " " Popular " " Defying Gravity " " As Long as You're Mine " " No Good Deed " " For Good " Other The Wozard of Iz (1968) " Goodbye Yellow Brick Road " (1973) Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (1973) Meco Plays The Wizard of Oz (1978) The Wizard of Oz: Live Australian Cast Recording (2001) Oz the Great and Powerful (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2013) Wicked: The Soundtrack (2024) Wicked: The Original Motion Picture Score (2024) Related Land of Oz Oz Park Oz-story Magazine The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Wizard of Oz festival Wizard of Oz Museum Stage The Wizard of Oz (1902) The Woggle-Bug (1905) The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (1913) The Wizard of Oz (1942) The Wiz (1974) The Marvelous Land of Oz (1981) The Wizard of Oz (1987) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. (1987) Twister (1994) Wicked: The Untold Story of the Witches of Oz (2003) The Wizard of Oz (2011) The Woodsman (2012) The Wizard of Oz (1902) The Woggle-Bug (1905) The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (1913) The Wizard of Oz (1942) The Wiz (1974) The Marvelous Land of Oz (1981) The Wizard of Oz (1987) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. (1987) Twister (1994) Wicked: The Untold Story of the Witches of Oz (2003) The Wizard of Oz (2011) The Woodsman (2012) Films The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910) The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914) The Magic Cloak of Oz (1914) His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1914) The Wizard of Oz (1925) The Wizard of Oz (1933) The Wizard of Oz (1939) The Wizard of Oz (1950) The Rainbow Road to Oz (unproduced) Return to Oz (1964, TV) The Wizard of Mars (1965) The Wonderful Land of Oz (1969) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde (1971) Journey Back to Oz (1972) Oz (1976) The Wiz (1978) The Wizard of Oz (1982) Os Trapalhões e o Mágico de Oróz (1984) Return to Oz (1985) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz (1987) The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990) The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True (1995) Lion of Oz (2000) The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005) Apocalypse Oz (2006) After the Wizard (2011) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz (2011) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz (2012) Oz the Great and Powerful (2013) Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (2014) OzLand (2014) Guardians of Oz (2015) The Wiz Live! (2015) Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz (2016) The Steam Engines of Oz (2018) Rainbow (2022) Wicked (2024) The Wizard of the Emerald City (2024) The Wizard of Oz at Sphere (2025) Wicked: For Good (2025) The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910) The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914) The Magic Cloak of Oz (1914) His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1914) The Wizard of Oz (1925) The Wizard of Oz (1933) The Wizard of Oz (1939) The Wizard of Oz (1950) The Rainbow Road to Oz (unproduced) Return to Oz (1964, TV) The Wizard of Mars (1965) The Wonderful Land of Oz (1969) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde (1971) Journey Back to Oz (1972) Oz (1976) The Wiz (1978) The Wizard of Oz (1982) Os Trapalhões e o Mágico de Oróz (1984) Return to Oz (1985) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz (1987) The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990) The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True (1995) Lion of Oz (2000) The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005) Apocalypse Oz (2006) After the Wizard (2011) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz (2011) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz (2012) Oz the Great and Powerful (2013) Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (2014) OzLand (2014) Guardians of Oz (2015) The Wiz Live! (2015) Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz (2016) The Steam Engines of Oz (2018) Rainbow (2022) Wicked (2024) The Wizard of the Emerald City (2024) The Wizard of Oz at Sphere (2025) Wicked: For Good (2025) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz (1961) Off to See the Wizard (1967–68) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1986–87) The Wizard of Oz (1990) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz (1992–93) The Oz Kids (1996) Tin Man (2007) " Wizard of Odd " (2010) Once Upon a Time (2011–18) Lost in Oz (2015–18) Emerald City (2017) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz (2017–20) " The Wicked Wiz of Oz: The Rusical! " (2025) Tales of the Wizard of Oz (1961) Off to See the Wizard (1967–68) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1986–87) The Wizard of Oz (1990) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz (1992–93) The Oz Kids (1996) Tin Man (2007) " Wizard of Odd " (2010) Once Upon a Time (2011–18) Lost in Oz (2015–18) Emerald City (2017) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz (2017–20) " The Wicked Wiz of Oz: The Rusical! " (2025) Books The Wizard of the Emerald City (1939) A Barnstormer in Oz (1982) Mister Tinker in Oz (1985) Dorothy of Oz (1989) Sir Harold and the Gnome King (1991) Was (1992) Queen Ann in Oz (1993) The Magic Dishpan of Oz (1994) The Wicked Years Wicked (1995) Son of a Witch (2005) A Lion Among Men (2008) Out of Oz (2011) Visitors from Oz (1998) Paradox in Oz (1999) Oz Before the Rainbow (2000) The Hidden Prince of Oz (2000) The Unknown Witches of Oz (2000) Bloodstained Oz (2006) The Secret Order of the Gumm Street Girls (2006) Dorothy Must Die (2014) The Wicked Will Rise (2015) The Wizard of the Emerald City (1939) A Barnstormer in Oz (1982) Mister Tinker in Oz (1985) Dorothy of Oz (1989) Sir Harold and the Gnome King (1991) Was (1992) Queen Ann in Oz (1993) The Magic Dishpan of Oz (1994) The Wicked Years Wicked (1995) Son of a Witch (2005) A Lion Among Men (2008) Out of Oz (2011) Wicked (1995) Son of a Witch (2005) A Lion Among Men (2008) Out of Oz (2011) Visitors from Oz (1998) Paradox in Oz (1999) Oz Before the Rainbow (2000) The Hidden Prince of Oz (2000) The Unknown Witches of Oz (2000) Bloodstained Oz (2006) The Secret Order of the Gumm Street Girls (2006) Dorothy Must Die (2014) The Wicked Will Rise (2015) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1904–05) Adventures in Oz (1986–92) The Enchanted Apples of Oz (1986) Oz Squad (1991) Lost Girls (1991–92) Dorothy (2004–07) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2005) Cheshire Crossing (2006–19) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2009) The Marvelous Land of Oz (2010) Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1904–05) Adventures in Oz (1986–92) The Enchanted Apples of Oz (1986) Oz Squad (1991) Lost Girls (1991–92) Dorothy (2004–07) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2005) Cheshire Crossing (2006–19) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2009) The Marvelous Land of Oz (2010) Games The Wizard of Oz (1985) The Wizard of Oz (1993) The Wizard of Oz: Beyond the Yellow Brick Road (2008) Emerald City Confidential (2009) Ripened Tingle's Balloon Trip of Love (2009) The Wizard of Oz (2010) The Wizard of Oz (2013) The Wizard of Oz (1985) The Wizard of Oz (1993) The Wizard of Oz: Beyond the Yellow Brick Road (2008) Emerald City Confidential (2009) Ripened Tingle's Balloon Trip of Love (2009) The Wizard of Oz (2010) The Wizard of Oz (2013) Music 1939 film " Over the Rainbow " " Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead " " We're Off to See the Wizard " " If I Only Had a Brain " " The Merry Old Land of Oz " " If I Were King of the Forest " Wicked " The Wizard and I " " Popular " " Defying Gravity " " As Long as You're Mine " " No Good Deed " " For Good " Other The Wozard of Iz (1968) " Goodbye Yellow Brick Road " (1973) Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (1973) Meco Plays The Wizard of Oz (1978) The Wizard of Oz: Live Australian Cast Recording (2001) Oz the Great and Powerful (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2013) Wicked: The Soundtrack (2024) Wicked: The Original Motion Picture Score (2024) 1939 film " Over the Rainbow " " Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead " " We're Off to See the Wizard " " If I Only Had a Brain " " The Merry Old Land of Oz " " If I Were King of the Forest " " Over the Rainbow " " Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead " " We're Off to See the Wizard " " If I Only Had a Brain " " The Merry Old Land of Oz " " If I Were King of the Forest " Wicked " The Wizard and I " " Popular " " Defying Gravity " " As Long as You're Mine " " No Good Deed " " For Good " " The Wizard and I " " Popular " " Defying Gravity " " As Long as You're Mine " " No Good Deed " " For Good " Other The Wozard of Iz (1968) " Goodbye Yellow Brick Road " (1973) Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (1973) Meco Plays The Wizard of Oz (1978) The Wizard of Oz: Live Australian Cast Recording (2001) Oz the Great and Powerful (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2013) Wicked: The Soundtrack (2024) Wicked: The Original Motion Picture Score (2024) The Wozard of Iz (1968) " Goodbye Yellow Brick Road " (1973) Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (1973) Meco Plays The Wizard of Oz (1978) The Wizard of Oz: Live Australian Cast Recording (2001) Oz the Great and Powerful (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2013) Wicked: The Soundtrack (2024) Wicked: The Original Motion Picture Score (2024) Related Land of Oz Oz Park Oz-story Magazine The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Wizard of Oz festival Wizard of Oz Museum Land of Oz Oz Park Oz-story Magazine The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle The Baum Bugle The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Wizard of Oz festival Wizard of Oz Museum Category Category v t e Stephen Schwartz v t e Awards and nominations Music and lyrics Godspell (1971) Pippin (1972) The Magic Show (1974) The Baker's Wife (1976) Working (1978) Personals (1985) The Trip (1986) Children of Eden (1991) Wicked (2003) Captain Louie (2005) Séance on a Wet Afternoon (2009) The Prince of Egypt (2017) The Queen of Versailles (2024) Godspell (1971) Pippin (1972) The Magic Show (1974) The Baker's Wife (1976) Working (1978) Personals (1985) The Trip (1986) Children of Eden (1991) Wicked (2003) Captain Louie (2005) Séance on a Wet Afternoon (2009) The Prince of Egypt (2017) The Queen of Versailles (2024) Lyrics MASS (1971) Rags (1986) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1999) Thiruvasagam (2005) MASS (1971) Rags (1986) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1999) Thiruvasagam (2005) Musical films Godspell (1973, score and songs) Pocahontas (1995, lyrics) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996, lyrics) The Prince of Egypt (1998, songs) Geppetto (2000, songs) Enchanted (2007, lyrics) Disenchanted (2022, lyrics) Wicked (2024, score and songs) Wicked: For Good (2025, score and songs) Godspell (1973, score and songs) Pocahontas (1995, lyrics) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996, lyrics) The Prince of Egypt (1998, songs) Geppetto (2000, songs) Enchanted (2007, lyrics) Disenchanted (2022, lyrics) Wicked (2024, score and songs) Wicked: For Good (2025, score and songs) Soundtracks Godspell (1971) Pocahontas (1995) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) The Prince of Egypt (1998) Wicked (2003) Thiruvasagam (2005) Enchanted (2007) Disenchanted (2022) Wicked (2024) Wicked: For Good (2025) Godspell (1971) Pocahontas (1995) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) The Prince of Egypt (1998) Wicked (2003) Thiruvasagam (2005) Enchanted (2007) Disenchanted (2022) Wicked (2024) Wicked: For Good (2025) Film scores Wicked (2024) Wicked: For Good (2025) Wicked (2024) Wicked: For Good (2025) v t e Works by Winnie Holzman v t e Musicals written Birds of Paradise (1987) Wicked (2003) Birds of Paradise (1987) Wicked (2003) TV series created My So-Called Life (1994–1995) Huge (2010) My So-Called Life (1994–1995) Huge (2010) Films written 'Til There Was You (1997) Wicked (2024) Wicked: For Good (2025) 'Til There Was You (1997) Wicked (2024) Wicked: For Good (2025) v t e Jon M. Chu v t e Films directed Step Up 2: The Streets (2008) Step Up 3D (2010) G.I. Joe: Retaliation (2013) Jem and the Holograms (2015) Now You See Me 2 (2016) Crazy Rich Asians (2018) In the Heights (2021) Wicked (2024) Wicked: For Good (2025) Step Up 2: The Streets (2008) Step Up 3D (2010) G.I. Joe: Retaliation (2013) Jem and the Holograms (2015) Now You See Me 2 (2016) Crazy Rich Asians (2018) In the Heights (2021) Wicked (2024) Wicked: For Good (2025) Documentaries Justin Bieber: Never Say Never (2011) Justin Bieber's Believe (2013) Justin Bieber: Never Say Never (2011) Justin Bieber's Believe (2013) TV series created The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers (2010–2011) The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers (2010–2011) Produced only Dance Camp (2016) Dance Camp (2016) Related Wicked (film franchise) Wicked (film franchise) v t e Works by Dana Fox v t e Films written The Wedding Date (2005) What Happens in Vegas (2008) Couples Retreat (2009) How to Be Single (2016) Isn't It Romantic (2019) Cruella (2021) The Lost City (2022) Wicked (2024) Wicked: For Good (2025) The Wedding Date (2005) What Happens in Vegas (2008) Couples Retreat (2009) How to Be Single (2016) Isn't It Romantic (2019) Cruella (2021) The Lost City (2022) Wicked (2024) Wicked: For Good (2025) TV series created Ben and Kate (2012–13) Home Before Dark (2020–21) Ben and Kate (2012–13) Home Before Dark (2020–21) Related Wicked (film franchise) Wicked (film franchise) Awards for Wicked v t e Astra Film Award for Best Picture Motion Picture (2017–2024) The Shape of Water (2017) The Hate U Give (2018) 1917 (2019) Promising Young Woman (2020) CODA (2021) Everything Everywhere All at Once (2022) Barbie (2023) Wicked (2024) Drama (2025–present) Sinners (2025) Comedy or Musical (2025–present) One Battle After Another (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Cinematic and Box Office Achievement Barbie (2023) Wicked (2024) Sinners (2025) v t e Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie Beverly Hills Cop II (1988) Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1989) Look Who's Talking (1990) Home Alone (1991) The Addams Family (1992) Jurassic Park (1994) The Lion King (1995) Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (1996) Independence Day (1997) Titanic (1998) The Rugrats Movie (1999) Big Daddy (2000) How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2001) Rush Hour 2 (2002) Austin Powers in Goldmember (2003) Finding Nemo (2004) The Incredibles (2005) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2006) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2007) Alvin and the Chipmunks (2008) High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2009) Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel (2010) The Karate Kid (2011) Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked (2012) The Hunger Games (2013) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2014) The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2015) Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2016) Ghostbusters (2017) Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2018) Avengers: Infinity War (2019) Avengers: Endgame (2020) Wonder Woman 1984 (2021) Spider-Man: No Way Home (2022) Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (2023) Barbie (2024) Wicked (2025) v t e National Board of Review Award for Best Film 1932–1975 I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932) Topaze (1933) It Happened One Night (1934) The Informer (1935) Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) Night Must Fall (1937) The Citadel (1938) Confessions of a Nazi Spy (1939) The Grapes of Wrath (1940) Citizen Kane (1941) In Which We Serve (1942) The Ox-Bow Incident (1943) None But the Lonely Heart (1944) The True Glory (1945) Henry V (1946) Monsieur Verdoux (1947) Paisan (1948) Bicycle Thieves (1949) Sunset Boulevard (1950) A Place in the Sun (1951) The Quiet Man (1952) Julius Caesar (1953) On the Waterfront (1954) Marty (1955) Around the World in 80 Days (1956) The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) The Old Man and the Sea (1958) The Nun's Story (1959) Sons and Lovers (1960) Question 7 (1961) The Longest Day (1962) Tom Jones (1963) Becket (1964) The Eleanor Roosevelt Story (1965) A Man for All Seasons (1966) Far from the Madding Crowd (1967) The Shoes of the Fisherman (1968) They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969) Patton (1970) Macbeth (1971) Cabaret (1972) The Sting (1973) The Conversation (1974) Barry Lyndon / Nashville (1975) 1976–present All the President's Men (1976) The Turning Point (1977) Days of Heaven (1978) Manhattan (1979) Ordinary People (1980) Chariots of Fire / Reds (1981) Gandhi (1982) Betrayal / Terms of Endearment (1983) A Passage to India (1984) The Color Purple (1985) A Room with a View (1986) Empire of the Sun (1987) Mississippi Burning (1988) Driving Miss Daisy (1989) Dances With Wolves (1990) The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Howards End (1992) Schindler's List (1993) Forrest Gump / Pulp Fiction (1994) Sense and Sensibility (1995) Shine (1996) L.A. Confidential (1997) Gods and Monsters (1998) American Beauty (1999) Quills (2000) Moulin Rouge! (2001) The Hours (2002) Mystic River (2003) Finding Neverland (2004) Good Night, and Good Luck (2005) Letters from Iwo Jima (2006) No Country for Old Men (2007) Slumdog Millionaire (2008) Up in the Air (2009) The Social Network (2010) Hugo (2011) Zero Dark Thirty (2012) Her (2013) A Most Violent Year (2014) Mad Max: Fury Road (2015) Manchester by the Sea (2016) The Post (2017) Green Book (2018) The Irishman (2019) Da 5 Bloods (2020) Licorice Pizza (2021) Top Gun: Maverick (2022) Killers of the Flower Moon (2023) Wicked (2024) One Battle After Another (2025) v t e Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Film Road to Perdition (2002) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) Munich (2005) United 93 (2006) No Country for Old Men (2007) Slumdog Millionaire (2008) Up in the Air (2009) The Social Network (2010) The Artist (2011) Zero Dark Thirty (2012) 12 Years a Slave (2013) Boyhood (2014) Spotlight (2015) La La Land (2016) Get Out (2017) Roma (2018) Parasite (2019) Nomadland (2020) Belfast (2021) Everything Everywhere All at Once (2022) American Fiction (2023) Wicked (2024) Sinners (2025) v t e Astra Film Award for Best Picture v t e Motion Picture (2017–2024) The Shape of Water (2017) The Hate U Give (2018) 1917 (2019) Promising Young Woman (2020) CODA (2021) Everything Everywhere All at Once (2022) Barbie (2023) Wicked (2024) The Shape of Water (2017) The Hate U Give (2018) 1917 (2019) Promising Young Woman (2020) CODA (2021) Everything Everywhere All at Once (2022) Barbie (2023) Wicked (2024) Drama (2025–present) Sinners (2025) Sinners (2025) Comedy or Musical (2025–present) One Battle After Another (2025) One Battle After Another (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Cinematic and Box Office Achievement v t e Barbie (2023) Wicked (2024) Sinners (2025) Barbie (2023) Wicked (2024) Sinners (2025) v t e Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie v t e Beverly Hills Cop II (1988) Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1989) Look Who's Talking (1990) Home Alone (1991) The Addams Family (1992) Jurassic Park (1994) The Lion King (1995) Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (1996) Independence Day (1997) Titanic (1998) The Rugrats Movie (1999) Big Daddy (2000) How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2001) Rush Hour 2 (2002) Austin Powers in Goldmember (2003) Finding Nemo (2004) The Incredibles (2005) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2006) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2007) Alvin and the Chipmunks (2008) High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2009) Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel (2010) The Karate Kid (2011) Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked (2012) The Hunger Games (2013) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2014) The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2015) Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2016) Ghostbusters (2017) Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2018) Avengers: Infinity War (2019) Avengers: Endgame (2020) Wonder Woman 1984 (2021) Spider-Man: No Way Home (2022) Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (2023) Barbie (2024) Wicked (2025) Beverly Hills Cop II (1988) Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1989) Look Who's Talking (1990) Home Alone (1991) The Addams Family (1992) Jurassic Park (1994) The Lion King (1995) Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (1996) Independence Day (1997) Titanic (1998) The Rugrats Movie (1999) Big Daddy (2000) How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2001) Rush Hour 2 (2002) Austin Powers in Goldmember (2003) Finding Nemo (2004) The Incredibles (2005) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2006) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2007) Alvin and the Chipmunks (2008) High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2009) Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel (2010) The Karate Kid (2011) Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked (2012) The Hunger Games (2013) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2014) The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2015) Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2016) Ghostbusters (2017) Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2018) Avengers: Infinity War (2019) Avengers: Endgame (2020) Wonder Woman 1984 (2021) Spider-Man: No Way Home (2022) Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (2023) Barbie (2024) Wicked (2025) v t e National Board of Review Award for Best Film v t e 1932–1975 I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932) Topaze (1933) It Happened One Night (1934) The Informer (1935) Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) Night Must Fall (1937) The Citadel (1938) Confessions of a Nazi Spy (1939) The Grapes of Wrath (1940) Citizen Kane (1941) In Which We Serve (1942) The Ox-Bow Incident (1943) None But the Lonely Heart (1944) The True Glory (1945) Henry V (1946) Monsieur Verdoux (1947) Paisan (1948) Bicycle Thieves (1949) Sunset Boulevard (1950) A Place in the Sun (1951) The Quiet Man (1952) Julius Caesar (1953) On the Waterfront (1954) Marty (1955) Around the World in 80 Days (1956) The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) The Old Man and the Sea (1958) The Nun's Story (1959) Sons and Lovers (1960) Question 7 (1961) The Longest Day (1962) Tom Jones (1963) Becket (1964) The Eleanor Roosevelt Story (1965) A Man for All Seasons (1966) Far from the Madding Crowd (1967) The Shoes of the Fisherman (1968) They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969) Patton (1970) Macbeth (1971) Cabaret (1972) The Sting (1973) The Conversation (1974) Barry Lyndon / Nashville (1975) I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932) Topaze (1933) It Happened One Night (1934) The Informer (1935) Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) Night Must Fall (1937) The Citadel (1938) Confessions of a Nazi Spy (1939) The Grapes of Wrath (1940) Citizen Kane (1941) In Which We Serve (1942) The Ox-Bow Incident (1943) None But the Lonely Heart (1944) The True Glory (1945) Henry V (1946) Monsieur Verdoux (1947) Paisan (1948) Bicycle Thieves (1949) Sunset Boulevard (1950) A Place in the Sun (1951) The Quiet Man (1952) Julius Caesar (1953) On the Waterfront (1954) Marty (1955) Around the World in 80 Days (1956) The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) The Old Man and the Sea (1958) The Nun's Story (1959) Sons and Lovers (1960) Question 7 (1961) The Longest Day (1962) Tom Jones (1963) Becket (1964) The Eleanor Roosevelt Story (1965) A Man for All Seasons (1966) Far from the Madding Crowd (1967) The Shoes of the Fisherman (1968) They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969) Patton (1970) Macbeth (1971) Cabaret (1972) The Sting (1973) The Conversation (1974) Barry Lyndon / Nashville (1975) 1976–present All the President's Men (1976) The Turning Point (1977) Days of Heaven (1978) Manhattan (1979) Ordinary People (1980) Chariots of Fire / Reds (1981) Gandhi (1982) Betrayal / Terms of Endearment (1983) A Passage to India (1984) The Color Purple (1985) A Room with a View (1986) Empire of the Sun (1987) Mississippi Burning (1988) Driving Miss Daisy (1989) Dances With Wolves (1990) The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Howards End (1992) Schindler's List (1993) Forrest Gump / Pulp Fiction (1994) Sense and Sensibility (1995) Shine (1996) L.A. Confidential (1997) Gods and Monsters (1998) American Beauty (1999) Quills (2000) Moulin Rouge! (2001) The Hours (2002) Mystic River (2003) Finding Neverland (2004) Good Night, and Good Luck (2005) Letters from Iwo Jima (2006) No Country for Old Men (2007) Slumdog Millionaire (2008) Up in the Air (2009) The Social Network (2010) Hugo (2011) Zero Dark Thirty (2012) Her (2013) A Most Violent Year (2014) Mad Max: Fury Road (2015) Manchester by the Sea (2016) The Post (2017) Green Book (2018) The Irishman (2019) Da 5 Bloods (2020) Licorice Pizza (2021) Top Gun: Maverick (2022) Killers of the Flower Moon (2023) Wicked (2024) One Battle After Another (2025) All the President's Men (1976) The Turning Point (1977) Days of Heaven (1978) Manhattan (1979) Ordinary People (1980) Chariots of Fire / Reds (1981) Gandhi (1982) Betrayal / Terms of Endearment (1983) A Passage to India (1984) The Color Purple (1985) A Room with a View (1986) Empire of the Sun (1987) Mississippi Burning (1988) Driving Miss Daisy (1989) Dances With Wolves (1990) The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Howards End (1992) Schindler's List (1993) Forrest Gump / Pulp Fiction (1994) Sense and Sensibility (1995) Shine (1996) L.A. Confidential (1997) Gods and Monsters (1998) American Beauty (1999) Quills (2000) Moulin Rouge! (2001) The Hours (2002) Mystic River (2003) Finding Neverland (2004) Good Night, and Good Luck (2005) Letters from Iwo Jima (2006) No Country for Old Men (2007) Slumdog Millionaire (2008) Up in the Air (2009) The Social Network (2010) Hugo (2011) Zero Dark Thirty (2012) Her (2013) A Most Violent Year (2014) Mad Max: Fury Road (2015) Manchester by the Sea (2016) The Post (2017) Green Book (2018) The Irishman (2019) Da 5 Bloods (2020) Licorice Pizza (2021) Top Gun: Maverick (2022) Killers of the Flower Moon (2023) Wicked (2024) One Battle After Another (2025) v t e Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Film v t e Road to Perdition (2002) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) Munich (2005) United 93 (2006) No Country for Old Men (2007) Slumdog Millionaire (2008) Up in the Air (2009) The Social Network (2010) The Artist (2011) Zero Dark Thirty (2012) 12 Years a Slave (2013) Boyhood (2014) Spotlight (2015) La La Land (2016) Get Out (2017) Roma (2018) Parasite (2019) Nomadland (2020) Belfast (2021) Everything Everywhere All at Once (2022) American Fiction (2023) Wicked (2024) Sinners (2025) Road to Perdition (2002) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) Munich (2005) United 93 (2006) No Country for Old Men (2007) Slumdog Millionaire (2008) Up in the Air (2009) The Social Network (2010) The Artist (2011) Zero Dark Thirty (2012) 12 Years a Slave (2013) Boyhood (2014) Spotlight (2015) La La Land (2016) Get Out (2017) Roma (2018) Parasite (2019) Nomadland (2020) Belfast (2021) Everything Everywhere All at Once (2022) American Fiction (2023) Wicked (2024) Sinners (2025) Authority control databases MusicBrainz series MusicBrainz series 2020s Film United States Speculative fiction/Fantasy Music 2024 films Wicked (film series) 2024 3D films 2024 fantasy films 2024 musical films 2024 American films 2020s children's fantasy films 2020s English-language films 2020s musical fantasy films 2020s female buddy films 2020s fads and trends 4DX films Advertising and marketing controversies in film American 3D films American children's fantasy films American children's musical films American epic films American female buddy films American IMAX films American musical fantasy films American prequel films BAFTA winners (films) Censored films Cinematic and Box Office Achievement Golden Globe winners D-Box motion-enhanced films American dystopian films English-language buddy films English-language musical fantasy films Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic Films about animal rights Films about goats Films about monkeys Films about people with paraplegia or tetraplegia Films about rebellions Films about revolutions Films about sisters Films about friendship Films about talking animals Films about totalitarianism Films about discrimination Films about prejudice Films about racism Films affected by the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike Films based on adaptations Films based on American novels Films based on fairy tales Films based on fantasy novels Films based on multiple works of a series Films based on musicals Films based on The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Films directed by Jon M. Chu Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic Films produced by Marc E. Platt Films released in separate parts Films scored by John Powell Films set in universities and colleges Films shot in Buckinghamshire Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot at Warner Bros. Studios Leavesden Films with live action and animation Films with screenplays by Dana Fox Films with screenplays by Winnie Holzman Musicals by Stephen Schwartz Satellite Award–winning films ScreenX films Universal Pictures films Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design Academy Award Films about magic and magicians Films about witchcraft Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award–winning films 2024 children's films Dolby Cinema films Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1 Mexican Spanish-language sources (es-mx) CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br) CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Danish-language sources (da) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu) CS1 interwiki-linked names CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list CS1 Norwegian Bokmål-language sources (nb) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2025 CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with dead external links from November 2024 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Use American English from January 2026 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from January 2026 Template film date with 2 release dates Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2025 This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 09:37 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Context Toggle Context subsection 1.1 Naming and differences with open source 1.1 Naming and differences with open source 2 Definition and the Four Essential Freedoms of Free Software 3 Examples 4 History Toggle History subsection 4.1 1980s: Foundation of the GNU Project 4.2 1990s: Release of the Linux kernel 4.1 1980s: Foundation of the GNU Project 4.2 1990s: Release of the Linux kernel 5 Licensing 6 Security and reliability Toggle Security and reliability subsection 6.1 Binary blobs and other proprietary software 6.1 Binary blobs and other proprietary software 7 Business model 8 Economic aspects and adoption 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Free software Afrikaans العربية Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego گیلکی ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Romani čhib Русский سرائیکی Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 吴语 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item Free software , libre software , libreware [ 1 ] [ 2 ] sometimes known as freedom-respecting software is computer software distributed under terms that allow users to run the software for any purpose as well as to study, change, and distribute it and any adapted versions. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Free software is a matter of liberty , not price; all users are legally free to do what they want with their copies of free software (including profiting from them) regardless of how much is paid to obtain the program. [ 7 ] [ 2 ] Computer programs are deemed "free" if they give end-users (not just the developer) ultimate control over the software and, subsequently, over their devices. [ 5 ] [ 8 ] The right to study and modify a computer program entails that the source code —the preferred format for making changes—be made available to users of that program. While this is often called "access to source code" or "public availability", the Free Software Foundation (FSF) recommends against thinking in those terms, [ 9 ] because it might give the impression that users have an obligation (as opposed to a right) to give non-users a copy of the program. Although the term "free software" had already been used loosely in the past and other permissive software like the Berkeley Software Distribution released in 1978 existed, [ 10 ] Richard Stallman is credited with tying it to the sense under discussion and starting the free software movement in 1983, when he launched the GNU Project : a collaborative effort to create a freedom-respecting operating system , and to revive the spirit of cooperation once prevalent among hackers during the early days of computing. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Context Free software differs from: proprietary software , such as Microsoft Office , Windows , Adobe Photoshop , Facebook or FaceTime . Users cannot study, change, and share their source code . freeware or gratis [ 14 ] software, which is a category of proprietary software that does not require payment for basic use. For software under the purview of copyright to be free, it must carry a software license whereby the author grants users the aforementioned rights. Software that is not covered by copyright law, such as software in the public domain , is free as long as the source code is also in the public domain, or otherwise available without restrictions. Proprietary software uses restrictive software licences or EULAs and usually does not provide users with the source code. Users are thus legally or technically prevented from changing the software, and this results in reliance on the publisher to provide updates, help, and support. ( See also vendor lock-in and abandonware ). Users often may not reverse engineer , modify, or redistribute proprietary software. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Beyond copyright law, contracts and a lack of source code, there can exist additional obstacles keeping users from exercising freedom over a piece of software, such as software patents and digital rights management (more specifically, tivoization ). [ 17 ] Free software can be a for-profit, commercial activity or not. Some free software is developed by volunteer computer programmers while other is developed by corporations; or even by both. [ 18 ] [ 7 ] Naming and differences with open source Although both definitions refer to almost equivalent corpora of programs, the Free Software Foundation recommends using the term "free software" rather than " open-source software " (an alternative, yet similar, concept coined in 1998), because the goals and messaging are quite dissimilar. According to the Free Software Foundation, "Open source" and its associated campaign mostly focus on the technicalities of the public development model and marketing free software to businesses, while taking the ethical issue of user rights very lightly or even antagonistically. [ 19 ] Stallman has also stated that considering the practical advantages of free software is like considering the practical advantages of not being handcuffed, in that it is not necessary for an individual to consider practical reasons in order to realize that being handcuffed is undesirable in itself. [ 20 ] The FSF also notes that "Open Source" has exactly one specific meaning in common English, namely that "you can look at the source code." It states that while the term "Free Software" can lead to two different interpretations, at least one of them is consistent with the intended meaning unlike the term "Open Source". [ a ] The loan adjective " libre " is often used to avoid the ambiguity of the word "free" in the English language and the ambiguity of the older usage of "free software" as public-domain software. [ 10 ] ( See Gratis versus libre . ) Definition and the Four Essential Freedoms of Free Software The first formal definition of free software was published by FSF in February 1986. [ 21 ] That definition, written by Richard Stallman , is still maintained today and states that software is free software if people who receive a copy of the software have the following four freedoms. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] The numbering begins with zero, not only as a spoof on the common usage of zero-based numbering in programming languages, but also because "Freedom 0" was not initially included in the list, but later added first in the list as it was considered very important. Freedom 0: The freedom to use the program for any purpose. Freedom 1: The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do what you wish. Freedom 2: The freedom to redistribute and make copies so you can help your neighbor. Freedom 3: The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements (and modified versions in general) to the public, so that the whole community benefits. Freedoms 1 and 3 require source code to be available because studying and modifying software without its source code can range from highly impractical to nearly impossible. Thus, free software means that computer users have the freedom to cooperate with whom they choose, and to control the software they use. To summarize this into a remark distinguishing libre (freedom) software from gratis (zero price) software, the Free Software Foundation says: "Free software is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of 'free' as in ' free speech ', not as in 'free beer ' ". [ 22 ] ( See Gratis versus libre . ) In the late 1990s, other groups published their own definitions that describe an almost identical set of software. The most notable are Debian Free Software Guidelines published in 1997, [ 24 ] and The Open Source Definition , published in 1998. The BSD -based operating systems, such as FreeBSD , OpenBSD , and NetBSD , do not have their own formal definitions of free software. Users of these systems generally find the same set of software to be acceptable, but sometimes see copyleft as restrictive. They generally advocate permissive free software licenses , which allow others to use the software as they wish, without being legally forced to provide the source code. Their view is that this permissive approach is more free. The Kerberos , X11 , and Apache software licenses are substantially similar in intent and implementation. Examples There are thousands of free applications and many operating systems available on the Internet. Users can easily download and install those applications via a package manager that comes included with most Linux distributions . The Free Software Directory maintains a large database of free-software packages. Some of the best-known examples include Linux-libre , Linux-based operating systems, the GNU Compiler Collection and C library ; the MySQL relational database; the Apache web server; and the Sendmail mail transport agent. Other influential examples include the Emacs text editor; the GIMP raster drawing and image editor; the X Window System graphical-display system; the LibreOffice office suite; and the TeX and LaTeX typesetting systems. Blender , a 3D computer graphics software. KDE Plasma desktop on Debian . OpenSSL 's manual page. Creating a 3D car racing game using the Blender Game Engine . Replicant smartphone OS, an Android-based system that is 100% free software. LibreOffice is a free multi-platform office suite. History From the 1950s up until the early 1970s, it was normal for computer users to have the software freedoms associated with free software, which was typically public-domain software . [ 10 ] Software was commonly shared by individuals who used computers and by hardware manufacturers who welcomed the fact that people were making software that made their hardware useful. Organizations of users and suppliers, for example, SHARE , were formed to facilitate exchange of software. As software was often written in an interpreted language such as BASIC , the source code was distributed to use these programs. Software was also shared and distributed as printed source code ( Type-in program ) in computer magazines (like Creative Computing , SoftSide , Compute! , Byte , etc.) and books, like the bestseller BASIC Computer Games . [ 25 ] By the early 1970s, the picture changed: software costs were dramatically increasing, a growing software industry was competing with the hardware manufacturer's bundled software products (free in that the cost was included in the hardware cost), leased machines required software support while providing no revenue for software, and some customers able to better meet their own needs did not want the costs of "free" software bundled with hardware product costs. In United States vs. IBM , filed January 17, 1969, the government charged that bundled software was anti-competitive . [ 26 ] While some software might always be free, there would henceforth be a growing amount of software produced primarily for sale. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the software industry began using technical measures (such as only distributing binary copies of computer programs ) to prevent computer users from being able to study or adapt the software applications as they saw fit. In 1980, copyright law was extended to computer programs. In 1983, Richard Stallman , one of the original authors of the popular Emacs program and a longtime member of the hacker community at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory , announced the GNU Project , the purpose of which was to produce a completely non-proprietary Unix-compatible operating system, saying that he had become frustrated with the shift in climate surrounding the computer world and its users. In his initial declaration of the project and its purpose, he specifically cited as a motivation his opposition to being asked to agree to non-disclosure agreements and restrictive licenses which prohibited the free sharing of potentially profitable in-development software, a prohibition directly contrary to the traditional hacker ethic . Software development for the GNU operating system began in January 1984, and the Free Software Foundation (FSF) was founded in October 1985. He developed a free software definition and the concept of " copyleft ", designed to ensure software freedom for all. Some non-software industries are beginning to use techniques similar to those used in free software development for their research and development process; scientists, for example, are looking towards more open development processes, and hardware such as microchips are beginning to be developed with specifications released under copyleft licenses ( see the OpenCores project, for instance ). Creative Commons and the free-culture movement have also been largely influenced by the free software movement. 1980s: Foundation of the GNU Project In 1983, Richard Stallman , longtime member of the hacker community at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory , announced the GNU Project, saying that he had become frustrated with the effects of the change in culture of the computer industry and its users. [ 27 ] Software development for the GNU operating system began in January 1984, and the Free Software Foundation (FSF) was founded in October 1985. An article outlining the project and its goals was published in March 1985 titled the GNU Manifesto . The manifesto included significant explanation of the GNU philosophy, Free Software Definition and " copyleft " ideas. 1990s: Release of the Linux kernel The Linux kernel , started by Linus Torvalds , was released as freely modifiable source code in 1991. The first licence was a proprietary software licence. However, with version 0.12 in February 1992, he relicensed the project under the GNU General Public License . [ 28 ] Much like Unix, Torvalds' kernel attracted the attention of volunteer programmers. FreeBSD and NetBSD (both derived from 386BSD ) were released as free software when the USL v. BSDi lawsuit was settled out of court in 1993. OpenBSD forked from NetBSD in 1995. Also in 1995, The Apache HTTP Server , commonly referred to as Apache, was released under the Apache License 1.0 . Licensing All free-software licenses must grant users all the freedoms discussed above. However, unless the applications' licenses are compatible, combining programs by mixing source code or directly linking binaries is problematic, because of license technicalities . Programs indirectly connected together may avoid this problem. The majority of free software falls under a small set of licenses. The most popular of these licenses are: [ 30 ] [ 31 ] The MIT License The GNU General Public License v2 (GPLv2) The Apache License The GNU General Public License v3 (GPLv3) The BSD License The GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) The Mozilla Public License (MPL) The Eclipse Public License The Free Software Foundation and the Open Source Initiative both publish lists of licenses that they find to comply with their own definitions of free software and open-source software respectively: List of FSF approved software licenses List of OSI approved software licenses The FSF list is not prescriptive: free-software licenses can exist that the FSF has not heard about, or considered important enough to write about. So it is possible for a license to be free and not in the FSF list. The OSI list only lists licenses that have been submitted, considered and approved. All open-source licenses must meet the Open Source Definition in order to be officially recognized as open source software. Free software, on the other hand, is a more informal classification that does not rely on official recognition. Nevertheless, software licensed under licenses that do not meet the Free Software Definition cannot rightly be considered free software. Apart from these two organizations, the Debian project is seen by some to provide useful advice on whether particular licenses comply with their Debian Free Software Guidelines . Debian does not publish a list of approved licenses, so its judgments have to be tracked by checking what software they have allowed into their software archives. That is summarized at the Debian web site. [ 32 ] It is rare that a license announced as being in-compliance with the FSF guidelines does not also meet the Open Source Definition , although the reverse is not necessarily true (for example, the NASA Open Source Agreement is an OSI-approved license, but non-free according to FSF). There are different categories of free software. Public-domain software: the copyright has expired, the work was not copyrighted (released without copyright notice before 1988), or the author has released the software onto the public domain with a waiver statement (in countries where this is possible). Since public-domain software lacks copyright protection, it may be freely incorporated into any work, whether proprietary or free. The FSF recommends the CC0 public domain dedication for this purpose. [ 33 ] Permissive licenses , also called BSD-style because they are applied to much of the software distributed with the BSD operating systems. The author retains copyright solely to disclaim warranty and require proper attribution of modified works, and permits redistribution and any modification, even closed-source ones. Copyleft licenses, with the GNU General Public License being the most prominent: the author retains copyright and permits redistribution under the restriction that all such redistribution is licensed under the same license. Additions and modifications by others must also be licensed under the same "copyleft" license whenever they are distributed with part of the original licensed product. This is also known as a viral , protective , or reciprocal license. Proponents of permissive and copyleft licenses disagree on whether software freedom should be viewed as a negative or positive liberty . Due to their restrictions on distribution, not everyone considers copyleft licenses to be free. [ 34 ] Conversely, a permissive license may provide an incentive to create non-free software by reducing the cost of developing restricted software. Since this is incompatible with the spirit of software freedom, many people consider permissive licenses to be less free than copyleft licenses. [ 35 ] Security and reliability There is debate over the security of free software in comparison to proprietary software, with a major issue being security through obscurity . A popular quantitative test in computer security is to use relative counting of known unpatched security flaws. Generally, users of this method advise avoiding products that lack fixes for known security flaws, at least until a fix is available. Free software advocates strongly believe that this methodology is biased by counting more vulnerabilities for the free software systems, since their source code is accessible and their community is more forthcoming about what problems exist as a part of full disclosure , [ 39 ] [ 40 ] and proprietary software systems can have undisclosed societal drawbacks, such as disenfranchising less fortunate would-be users of free programs. As users can analyse and trace the source code, many more people with no commercial constraints can inspect the code and find bugs and loopholes than a corporation would find practicable. According to Richard Stallman, user access to the source code makes deploying free software with undesirable hidden spyware functionality far more difficult than for proprietary software. [ 41 ] Some quantitative studies have been done on the subject. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Binary blobs and other proprietary software In 2006, OpenBSD started the first campaign against the use of binary blobs in kernels . Blobs are usually freely distributable device drivers for hardware from vendors that do not reveal driver source code to users or developers. This restricts the users' freedom effectively to modify the software and distribute modified versions. Also, since the blobs are undocumented and may have bugs , they pose a security risk to any operating system whose kernel includes them. The proclaimed aim of the campaign against blobs is to collect hardware documentation that allows developers to write free software drivers for that hardware, ultimately enabling all free operating systems to become or remain blob-free. The issue of binary blobs in the Linux kernel and other device drivers motivated some developers in Ireland to launch gNewSense , a Linux-based distribution with all the binary blobs removed. The project received support from the Free Software Foundation and stimulated the creation, headed by the Free Software Foundation Latin America , of the Linux-libre kernel. [ 46 ] As of October 2012 [update] , Trisquel is the most popular FSF endorsed Linux distribution ranked by Distrowatch (over 12 months). [ 47 ] While Debian is not endorsed by the FSF and does not use Linux-libre, it is also a popular distribution available without kernel blobs by default since 2011. [ 46 ] The Linux community uses the term "blob" to refer to all nonfree firmware in a kernel whereas OpenBSD uses the term to refer to device drivers. The FSF does not consider OpenBSD to be blob free under the Linux community's definition of blob. [ 48 ] Business model Selling software under any free-software licence is permissible, as is commercial use. This is true for licenses with or without copyleft . [ 18 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Since free software may be freely redistributed, it is generally available at little or no fee. Free software business models are usually based on adding value such as customization, accompanying hardware, support, training, integration, or certification. [ 18 ] Exceptions exist however, where the user is charged to obtain a copy of the free application itself. [ 51 ] Fees are usually charged for distribution on compact discs and bootable USB drives, or for services of installing or maintaining the operation of free software. Development of large, commercially used free software is often funded by a combination of user donations, crowdfunding , corporate contributions, and tax money. The SELinux project at the United States National Security Agency is an example of a federally funded free-software project. Proprietary software, on the other hand, tends to use a different business model, where a customer of the proprietary application pays a fee for a license to legally access and use it. This license may grant the customer the ability to configure some or no parts of the software themselves. Often some level of support is included in the purchase of proprietary software, but additional support services (especially for enterprise applications) are usually available for an additional fee. Some proprietary software vendors will also customize software for a fee. [ 52 ] The Free Software Foundation encourages selling free software. As the Foundation has written, "distributing free software is an opportunity to raise funds for development. Don't waste it!". [ 7 ] For example, the FSF's own recommended license (the GNU GPL ) states that "[you] may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee." [ 53 ] Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer stated in 2001 that "open source is not available to commercial companies. The way the license is written, if you use any open-source software, you have to make the rest of your software open source." [ 54 ] This misunderstanding is based on a requirement of copyleft licenses (like the GPL) that if one distributes modified versions of software, they must release the source and use the same license. This requirement does not extend to other software from the same developer. [ 55 ] The claim of incompatibility between commercial companies and free software is also a misunderstanding. There are several large companies, e.g. Red Hat and IBM (IBM acquired RedHat in 2019), [ 56 ] which do substantial commercial business in the development of free software. [ citation needed ] Economic aspects and adoption Free software played a significant part in the development of the Internet, the World Wide Web and the infrastructure of dot-com companies . [ 57 ] [ 58 ] Free software allows users to cooperate in enhancing and refining the programs they use; free software is a pure public good rather than a private good . Companies that contribute to free software increase commercial innovation . [ 59 ] "We migrated key functions from Windows to Linux because we needed an operating system that was stable and reliable – one that would give us in-house control. So if we needed to patch, adjust, or adapt, we could." "We migrated key functions from Windows to Linux because we needed an operating system that was stable and reliable – one that would give us in-house control. So if we needed to patch, adjust, or adapt, we could." The economic viability of free software has been recognized by large corporations such as IBM , Red Hat , and Sun Microsystems . [ 62 ] [ 63 ] [ 64 ] [ 65 ] [ 66 ] Many companies whose core business is not in the IT sector choose free software for their Internet information and sales sites, due to the lower initial capital investment and ability to freely customize the application packages. Most companies in the software business include free software in their commercial products if the licenses allow that. [ 18 ] Free software is generally available at no cost and can result in permanently lower TCO ( total cost of ownership ) compared to proprietary software . [ 67 ] With free software, businesses can fit software to their specific needs by changing the software themselves or by hiring programmers to modify it for them. Free software often has no warranty, and more importantly, generally does not assign legal liability to anyone. However, warranties are permitted between any two parties upon the condition of the software and its usage. Such an agreement is made separately from the free software license. A report by Standish Group estimates that adoption of free software has caused a drop in revenue to the proprietary software industry by about $60 billion per year. [ 68 ] Eric S. Raymond argued that the term free software is too ambiguous and intimidating for the business community. Raymond promoted the term open-source software as a friendlier alternative for the business and corporate world. [ 69 ] See also Free and open-source software portal Definition of Free Cultural Works Digital rights Free content List of formerly proprietary software List of free software project directories List of free software for Web 2.0 Services Open format Open standard Open-source hardware Outline of free software Category:Free software lists and comparisons Appropriate Technology Sustainable Development Gratis versus libre Notes ^ Access to source code is a necessary but insufficient condition, according to both the Free Software and Open Source definitions. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} GNU Project. "What is free software?" . Free Software Foundation. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2023. ^ a b "Richard Stallman" . Internet Hall of Fame . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . ^ "Free Software Movement" . GNU . Retrieved 2021-01-11 . ^ "Philosophy of the GNU Project" . GNU . Retrieved 2021-01-11 . ^ a b "What is free software and why is it so important for society?" . Free Software Foundation . Retrieved 2021-01-11 . ^ Stallman, Richard M. (2015). Free Software Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman, 3rd Edition (PDF) . ^ a b c Selling Free Software (GNU) ^ Stallman, Richard (27 September 1983). "Initial Announcement" . GNU Project . Free Software Foundation. ^ Stallman, Richard . "Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing: Access" . www.gnu.org . ^ a b c Shea, Tom (1983-06-23). "Free software - Free software is a junkyard of software spare parts" . InfoWorld . Retrieved 2016-02-10 . "In contrast to commercial software is a large and growing body of free software that exists in the public domain. Public-domain software is written by microcomputer hobbyists (also known as "hackers") many of whom are professional programmers in their work life. [...] Since everybody has access to source code, many routines have not only been used but dramatically improved by other programmers." ^ Levi, Ran. "Richard Stallman and The History of Free Software and Open Source". Curious Minds Podcast . ^ "GNU" . cs.stanford.edu . Retrieved 2017-10-17 . ^ Rosen, David (May 16, 2010). "Open-source software is not always freeware" . wolfire .com . Retrieved 2016-01-18 . ^ "Definition of GRATIS" . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2023-05-08 . ^ Dixon, Rod (2004). Open Source Software Law . Artech House. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-58053-719-3 . Retrieved 2009-03-16 . ^ Graham, Lawrence D. (1999). Legal battles that shaped the computer industry . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-56720-178-9 . Retrieved 2009-03-16 . ^ Sullivan, John (17 July 2008). "The Last Mile is Always the Hardest" . fsf.org . Archived from the original on 28 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ a b c d Popp, Dr. Karl Michael (2015). Best Practices for commercial use of open source software . Norderstedt, Germany: Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3738619096 . ^ Stallman, Richard. "Why "Open Source" misses the point of Free Software" . GNU Project . Free Software Foundation. ^ Stallman, Richard (2013-05-14). "The advantages of free software" . Free Software Foundation . Retrieved 2013-08-12 . ^ Stallman, Richard. "What is the Free Software Foundation?" . GNU's Bulletin . Vol. 1, no. 1. p. 8. ^ a b Free Software Foundation. "What is free software?" . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . ^ "Four Freedoms" . fsfe.org . Retrieved March 22, 2022 . ^ Perens, Bruce. "Debian's "Social Contract" with the Free Software Community" . debian-announce mailing list . ^ Ahl, David. "David H. Ahl biography from Who's Who in America" . Retrieved 2009-11-23 . ^ Fisher, Franklin M.; McKie, James W.; Mancke, Richard B. (1983). IBM and the U.S. Data Processing Industry: An Economic History . Praeger. ISBN 0-03-063059-2 . ^ Williams, Sam (2002). Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software . O'Reilly Media. ISBN 0-596-00287-4 . ^ "Release notes for Linux kernel 0.12" . Kernel.org. ^ Carver, Brian W. (2005-04-05). "Share and Share Alike: Understanding and Enforcing Open Source and Free Software Licenses". Berkeley Technology Law Journal . 20 : 39. SSRN 1586574 . ^ "Top 20 licenses" . Black Duck Software. 19 November 2015. Archived from the original on 19 July 2016 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . 1. MIT license 24%, 2. GNU General Public License (GPL) 2.0 23%, 3. Apache License 16%, 4. GNU General Public License (GPL) 3.0 9%, 5. BSD License 2.0 (3-clause, New or Revised) License 6%, 6. GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 2.1 5%, 7. Artistic License (Perl) 4%, 8. GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 3.0 2%, 9. Microsoft Public License 2%, 10. Eclipse Public License (EPL) 2% ^ Balter, Ben (2015-03-09). "Open source license usage on GitHub.com" . github.com . Retrieved 2015-11-21 . "1 MIT 44.69%, 2 Other 15.68%, 3 GPLv2 12.96%, 4 Apache 11.19%, 5 GPLv3 8.88%, 6 BSD 3-clause 4.53%, 7 Unlicense 1.87%, 8 BSD 2-clause 1.70%, 9 LGPLv3 1.30%, 10 AGPLv3 1.05% ^ "License information" . Debian . 2020-09-03. ^ "Various Licenses and Comments about Them" . GNU Operating System . 12 January 2022. ^ Palmer, Doug (2003-02-15). "Why Not Use the GPL? Thoughts on Free and Open-Source Software" . www.charvolant.org . Archived from the original on 2020-01-24 . Retrieved 2020-01-24 . ^ Stallman, Richard (2021-12-25). "The BSD License Problem" . Free Software Foundation . Retrieved 2024-03-29 . ^ Toxen, Bob (2003). Real World Linux Security: Intrusion Prevention, Detection, and Recovery . Prentice Hall Professional. p. 365. ISBN 9780130464569 . ^ Mookhey, K.K.; Burghate, Nilesh (2005). Linux: Security, Audit and Control Features . ISACA. p. 128. ISBN 9781893209787 . ^ Noyes, Katherine (Aug 3, 2010). "Why Linux Is More Secure Than Windows" . PCWorld . Archived from the original on 2013-09-01. ^ "Firefox more secure than MSIE after all" . CNET . News.com. ^ "The Benefits of Open Source" . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . ^ "Transcript where Stallman explains about spyware" . Fsfe - Free Software Foundation Europe . ^ David A. Wheeler: Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS, FLOSS, or FOSS)? Look at the Numbers! 2007 ^ Michelle Delio: Linux: Fewer Bugs Than Rivals Wired 2004 ^ Barton P. Miller; David Koski; Cjin Pheow Lee; Vivekananda Maganty; Ravi Murthy; Ajitkumar Natarajan; Jeff Steidl (11 April 1995). Fuzz Revisited: A Re-examination of the Reliability of UNIX Utilities and Services (Report). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin: Computer Sciences Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2010. ...The reliability of the basic utilities from GNU and Linux were noticeably better than those of the commercial systems ^ Miller, Barton P.; Cooksey, Gregory; Moore, Fredrick (2006). "An empirical study of the robustness of MacOS applications using random testing" (PDF) . Proceedings of the 1st international workshop on Random testing - RT '06 . New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. pp. 1, 2. doi : 10.1145/1145735.1145743 . ISBN 159593457X . Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2010. We are back again, this time testing... Apple's Mac OS X. [...] While the results were reasonable, we were disappointed to find that the reliability was no better than that of the Linux/GNU tools tested in 1995. We were less sure what to expect when testing the GUI- based applications; the results turned out worse than we expected. ^ a b "Links to Other Free Software Sites - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . ^ "DistroWatch Page Hit Ranking" . DistroWatch . 30 October 2012. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . ^ "Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems" . ^ "BSD license definition" . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . ^ "Why you should use a BSD style license for your Open Source Project" . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . ^ "[libreplanet-discuss] Is there any software that is libre but not gratis" . lists.gnu.org . ^ Andy Dornan. "The Five Open Source Business Models" . Archived from the original on October 10, 2009. ^ GNU General Public License, section 4. gnu.org ^ "Ballmer calling open source a 'cancer', saying it's 'not available to commercial companies' " . Chicago Sun-Times . 1 June 2001. Archived from the original on 2001-06-15. ^ "Licenses" . Choose a License . Retrieved 2022-10-19 . ^ "IBM Closes Landmark Acquisition of Red Hat for $34 Billion; Defines Open, Hybrid Cloud Future" . IBM Newsroom . Retrieved 2022-10-19 . ^ Netcraft (14 March 2023). "Web Server Usage Survey" . ^ The Apache Software Foundation. "Apache Strategy in the New Economy" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-16. ^ Waring, Teresa; Maddocks, Philip (1 October 2005). "Open Source Software implementation in the UK public sector: Evidence from the field and implications for the future" . International Journal of Information Management . 25 (5): 411– 428. doi : 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2005.06.002 . In addition OSS's development process is creating innovative products that are reliable, secure, practical and have high usability and performance ratings. Users are now not only benefiting from the OSS revolution but also from the improved proprietary software development that is being forced upon suppliers in order to maintain competitive advantage. ^ Gunter, Joel (May 10, 2013). "International Space Station to boldly go with Linux over Windows" . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. ^ Bridgewater, Adrian (May 13, 2013). "International Space Station adopts Debian Linux, drops Windows & Red Hat into airlock" . Computer Weekly . Archived from the original on November 19, 2018 . Retrieved August 1, 2013 . ^ "IBM launches biggest Linux lineup ever" . IBM. 1999-03-02. Archived from the original on 1999-11-10. ^ Hamid, Farrah (2006-05-24). "IBM invests in Brazil Linux Tech Center" . LWN.net . ^ "Interview: The Eclipse code donation" . IBM. 2001-11-01. Archived from the original on 2009-12-18. ^ "Sun begins releasing Java under the GPL" . Free Software Foundation . November 15, 2006 . Retrieved 2007-09-23 . ^ Rishab Aiyer Ghosh (November 20, 2006). "Study on the: Economic impact of open source software on innovation and the competitiveness of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector in the EU" (PDF) . European Union . p. 51 . Retrieved 2007-01-25 . ^ "Total cost of ownership of open source software: a report for the UK Cabinet Office supported by OpenForum Europe" . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . ^ "Open Source" . Standish Newsroom . Standishgroup.com. 2008-04-16. Archived from the original on 2012-01-18 . Retrieved 2010-08-22 . ^ Eric S. Raymond. "Eric S. Raymond's initial call to start using the term open source software, instead of free software" . Further reading Puckette, Miller. "Who Owns our Software?: A first-person case study." eContact (September 2009). Montréal: CEC Hancock, Terry. "The Jargon of Freedom: 60 Words and Phrases with Context". Free Software Magazine. 2010-20-24 Archived 2012-06-06 at the Wayback Machine Stallman, Richard M. (2010) [2002]. Free Software Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman, 2nd Edition . GNU Press. ISBN 978-0-9831592-0-9 . Archived from the original on 2016-04-22 . Retrieved 2012-12-21 . 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Product key Software copyright Software license server Software patent Torrent poisoning v t e Independent production v t e Reading Alternative comics Alternative manga Fanzine Webcomic business Webtoon Minicomic Co-ops Doujinshi conventions printers shops Self-publishing Small press Amateur press association Alternative comics Alternative manga Fanzine Webcomic business business Webtoon Minicomic Co-ops Co-ops Doujinshi conventions printers shops conventions printers shops Self-publishing Small press Amateur press association Audio Independent music Record label Netlabel Open-source label Radio Station Pirate radio Cassette culture Doujin music Lo-fi music Tracker (MOD) music Podsafe Underground music Musical instruments Circuit bending Experimental musical instrument Independent music Record label Netlabel Open-source label Radio Station Pirate radio Cassette culture Doujin music Lo-fi music Tracker (MOD) music Podsafe Underground music Independent music Record label Netlabel Open-source label Netlabel Open-source label Radio Station Pirate radio Station Pirate radio Cassette culture Doujin music Lo-fi music Tracker (MOD) music Podsafe Underground music Musical instruments Circuit bending Experimental musical instrument Circuit bending Experimental musical instrument Video Amateur Home movies Amateur film Amateur pornography Fan film Machinima Professional Independent animation Cinema of Transgression Independent film American eccentric cinema Indiewood List of American independent films Mumblecore Exploitation film Guerrilla filmmaking B movie Golden Age '50s '60s–'70s '80s– present Z movie Midnight movie Low-budget film No-budget film No wave cinema Double feature Amateur Home movies Amateur film Amateur pornography Fan film Machinima Home movies Amateur film Amateur pornography Fan film Machinima Professional Independent animation Cinema of Transgression Independent film American eccentric cinema Indiewood List of American independent films Mumblecore Exploitation film Guerrilla filmmaking B movie Golden Age '50s '60s–'70s '80s– present Z movie Midnight movie Low-budget film No-budget film No wave cinema Double feature Independent animation Cinema of Transgression Independent film American eccentric cinema Indiewood List of American independent films Mumblecore American eccentric cinema Indiewood List of American independent films Mumblecore Exploitation film Guerrilla filmmaking B movie Golden Age '50s '60s–'70s '80s– present Golden Age '50s '60s–'70s '80s– present Z movie Midnight movie Low-budget film No-budget film No wave cinema Double feature Software Cowboy coding Demoscene Free software Open-source software Software cracking Unofficial patch Warez scene Video games Indie games development developers Homebrew Fan game Doujin soft Mod Open-source video game ROM hack Cowboy coding Demoscene Free software Open-source software Software cracking Unofficial patch Warez scene Cowboy coding Demoscene Free software Open-source 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(magazine) Maker Faire Social peer-to-peer processes v t e Free and open-source software v t e General Alternative terms for free software Comparison of open-source and closed-source software Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities Free software Free software project directories Gratis versus libre Long-term support Open-source software Open-source software development Outline Timeline Alternative terms for free software Comparison of open-source and closed-source software Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities Free software Free software project directories Gratis versus libre Long-term support Open-source software Open-source software development Outline Timeline Software packages Audio Bioinformatics Codecs Configuration management Drivers Graphics Wireless Health Mathematics Office suites Operating systems Routing Television Video games Web applications E-commerce Android apps iOS apps Commercial Formerly proprietary Formerly open-source Audio Bioinformatics Codecs Configuration management Drivers Graphics Wireless Graphics Wireless Health Mathematics Office suites Operating systems Routing Television Video games Web applications E-commerce E-commerce Android apps iOS apps Commercial Formerly proprietary Formerly open-source Community Free software movement History Open-source-software movement Events Advocacy Free software movement History Open-source-software movement Events Advocacy Organisations Free Software Movement of India Free Software Foundation Free Software Movement of India Free Software Foundation Licenses AFL Apache APSL Artistic Beerware BSD Creative Commons CDDL EPL Free Software Foundation GNU GPL GNU AGPL GNU LGPL ISC MIT MPL Python Python Software Foundation License Shared Source Initiative Sleepycat Unlicense WTFPL zlib Types and standards Comparison of licenses Contributor License Agreement Copyleft Debian Free Software Guidelines Definition of Free Cultural Works Free license The Free Software Definition The Open Source Definition Open-source license Permissive software license Public domain AFL Apache APSL Artistic Beerware BSD Creative Commons CDDL EPL Free Software Foundation GNU GPL GNU AGPL GNU LGPL GNU GPL GNU AGPL GNU LGPL ISC MIT MPL Python Python Software Foundation License Shared Source Initiative Sleepycat Unlicense WTFPL zlib Types and standards Comparison of licenses Contributor License Agreement Copyleft Debian Free Software Guidelines Definition of Free Cultural Works Free license The Free Software Definition The Open Source Definition Open-source license Permissive software license Public domain Comparison of licenses Contributor License Agreement Copyleft Debian Free Software Guidelines Definition of Free Cultural Works Free license The Free Software Definition The Open Source Definition Open-source license Permissive software license Public domain Challenges Digital rights management License proliferation Mozilla software rebranding Proprietary device drivers Proprietary firmware Proprietary software SCO/Linux controversies Software patents Software security Tivoization Trusted Computing Digital rights management License proliferation Mozilla software rebranding Proprietary device drivers Proprietary firmware Proprietary software SCO/Linux controversies Software patents Software security Tivoization Trusted Computing Related topics Forking GNU Manifesto Microsoft Open Specification Promise Open-core model Open-source hardware Shared Source Initiative Source-available software The Cathedral and the Bazaar Revolution OS Forking GNU Manifesto Microsoft Open Specification Promise Open-core model Open-source hardware Shared Source Initiative Source-available software The Cathedral and the Bazaar Revolution OS Portal Category Portal Category Authority control databases National United States France BnF data Spain Israel United States France BnF data Spain Israel Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX Free software Free and open-source software Software licensing Applied 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 As actor Toggle As actor subsection 1.1 Film 1.2 Television 1.3 Video games 1.4 Theatre 1.5 Music videos 1.1 Film 1.2 Television 1.3 Video games 1.4 Theatre 1.5 Music videos 2 As director and producer 3 References 4 External links Danny DeVito filmography Română Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Danny DeVito is an American actor and filmmaker, who has been active in film since the 1970s. One of his earliest and most notable roles was in the sitcom Taxi (1978–1983). He played the role Martini in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest in 1975 alongside Jack Nicholson . In the 70s and 80s, he appeared in Car Wash (1976), Terms of Endearment (1983), Romancing the Stone (1984) and its sequel The Jewel of the Nile (1985), Ruthless People (1986), Throw Momma from the Train (1987), Twins (1988), and The War of the Roses (1989). In 1992, he was cast in the role of the villain Penguin opposite Michael Keaton 's Batman in Batman Returns . In the 90's, he starred in Renaissance Man (1994), and co-starred in the films Get Shorty with Gene Hackman (1995), Matilda with wife Rhea Perlman , which he also directed and produced. He played George Shapiro in 1999's Man on the Moon opposite Jim Carrey , who played Andy Kaufman , a real-life friend of DeVito's. He appeared in his third movie with Bette Midler in 2000's Drowning Mona (2000), and his fourth movie with John Travolta in 2005's Be Cool . He added his voice to the 2012 film The Lorax , and co-starred with Keaton again in Dumbo as Max Medici (2019). He appeared in the sequel film Jumanji: The Next Level (2019). DeVito played the role of Louie De Palma in the television series Taxi from 1978 to 1983, airing in 114 episodes. That role earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film (1979) and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (1980). He guest starred in several television series over the years such as Starsky and Hutch (1977), Friends (2004) and The Simpsons (1991, 1992, 2013, 2024). He has starred in the television series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia as Frank Reynolds since 2006. He and wife Rhea Perlman founded the production company Jersey Films in 1992, which have produced such films as Pulp Fiction (1994), Gattaca (1997), Erin Brockovich (2000), and Garden State (2004). [ 1 ] As actor Film Year Title Role Notes .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Refs. 1970 Dreams of Glass Thug 1971 Lady Liberty Fred Mancuso 1972 Hot Dogs for Gauguin Adrian Short film 1973 Hurry Up, or I'll Be 30 Petey Scalawag Fly Speck 1975 One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Martini [ 2 ] Deadly Hero Harry 1976 Car Wash Joe Deleted scenes The Money Bartender 1977 The Van Andy The World's Greatest Lover Assistant Director 1978 Goin' South 'Hog' 1979 Swap Meet Max 1981 Going Ape! Lazlo 1983 Terms of Endearment Vernon Dahlart 1984 Romancing the Stone Ralph [ 2 ] Johnny Dangerously Burr 1985 The Jewel of the Nile Ralph Head Office Frank Steadman 1986 Wise Guys Harry Valentini Ruthless People Sam Stone My Little Pony: The Movie Grundle King Voice [ 3 ] 1987 Tin Men Ernest Tilley Throw Momma from the Train Owen Lift Also director 1988 Twins Vincent Benedict [ 2 ] 1989 The War of the Roses Gavin D'Amato Also director 1991 Other People's Money Larry Garfield 1992 Batman Returns Oswald Cobblepot / The Penguin [ 2 ] Hoffa Bobby Ciaro Also director and producer 1993 Jack the Bear John Leary Last Action Hero Whiskers Uncredited voice Look Who's Talking Now Rocks Voice 1994 Renaissance Man Bill Rago Junior Dr. Larry Arbogast 1995 Get Shorty Martin Weir Also producer 1996 Matilda Harry Wormwood / Narrator Also director and producer [ 4 ] Space Jam Swackhammer Voice [ 5 ] [ 3 ] Mars Attacks! Rude Gambler 1997 The Rainmaker Deck Shifflet Hercules Philoctetes Voice [ 6 ] [ 3 ] L.A. Confidential Sid Hudgens Men in Black Alien on TV Monitor Uncredited cameo 1998 Living Out Loud Pat Francato Also producer 1999 The Big Kahuna Phil Cooper Man on the Moon George Shapiro Also producer [ 2 ] The Virgin Suicides Dr. Hornicker 2000 Drowning Mona Wyatt Rash Also producer Screwed Grover Cleaver 2001 Heist Bergman What's the Worst That Could Happen? Max Fairbanks 2002 Death to Smoochy Burke Bennet Also director Austin Powers in Goldmember Himself as Mini-Me 2003 Anything Else Harvey Wexler Duplex Narrator Uncredited voice; also director Big Fish Amos Calloway 2004 Christmas in Love Brad LaGuardia 2005 Be Cool Martin Weir Also producer [ 7 ] Marilyn Hotchkiss' Ballroom Dancing and Charm School Booth 2006 Relative Strangers Frank Menure Also producer Even Money Walter 10 Items or Less 'Big D' The Oh in Ohio Wayne Deck the Halls Buddy Hall 2007 The Good Night Mel Reno 911!: Miami District Attorney Also producer Nobel Son Gastner 2008 Just Add Water Merl Stryker 2009 House Broken Tom 'Smokey' Cathkart Solitary Man Jimmy 2010 When in Rome Al 2011 Girl Walks into a Bar Aldo Revenge of the Electric Car Himself Documentary 2012 The Lorax The Lorax Voice (multilanguage voice-over) [ 8 ] [ 3 ] Hotel Noir Eugene Portland 2014 All the Wilderness Dr. Pembry 2016 Curmudgeons Jackie Short film; also director and producer Wiener-Dog Dave Schmerz The Comedian Jimmy Berkowitz 2017 Animal Crackers Chesterfield Voice 2018 Smallfoot Dorgle [ 9 ] [ 3 ] 2019 Dumbo Max Medici Jumanji: The Next Level Eddie Gilpin [ 10 ] 2020 The One and Only Ivan Bob Voice 2021 The Survivor Charlie Goldman [ 11 ] 2023 Haunted Mansion Bruce Poolman Jack Migration Uncle Dan Voice 2024 Beetlejuice Beetlejuice Janitor A Sudden Case of Christmas Lawrence 2026 Untitled Jumanji: The Next Level sequel Eddie Gilpin Filming Television Year Title Role Notes Refs. 1977 Delvecchio Anthony 'Beanzie' Marott Episode: "Requiem For A Loser" [ 12 ] Starsky & Hutch John 'John-John The Apple' DeAppoliso Episode: "The Collector" [ 13 ] Police Woman Napoleon Episode: "Death Game" All That Glitters Baba 10 episodes [ 14 ] 1978–1983 Taxi Louie De Palma 114 episodes [ 2 ] 1979 Angie Uncle Cheech Episode: "Uncle Cheech" 1980 The Associates Alan Swathmore Episode: "The Out of Town Trip" 1982 The Selling of Vince D'Angelo Vince D'Angelo Short film ; also director 1982–1999 Saturday Night Live Himself (host) 6 episodes [ 15 ] 1984 The Ratings Game Vic De Salvo Television film ; also director CBS Schoolbreak Special Ackroyd Episode: "All the Kids Do It" 1985 Amazing Stories Herbert Episode: "The Wedding Ring" 1986 Molly and the Skywalkerz: Happily Ever After [ es ] George Johnson Voice; television special [ 16 ] 1988 Sesame Street Vincent van Trash Episode: "2504" 1989 Molly and the Skywalkerz: Two Daddies? George Johnson Voice; television special [ 17 ] 1990 The Earth Day Special Vic Television special 1991–1992; 2013; 2024 The Simpsons Herb Powell Voice; 4 episodes [ 18 ] [ 19 ] 1994 The Larry Sanders Show Himself Episode: "The Gift Episode" 1997 Pearl Dean Martin Episode: "Dean Cuisine" 2002 Ed Dr. Jack Carmichael Episode: "Human Nature" 2003 Karen Sisco Charlie Lucre 2 episodes 2004 Friends Officer Roy Goodbody Episode: "The One Where the Stripper Cries" [ 20 ] Father of the Pride Emerson Voice; episode: "And the Revolution Continues" 2006–present It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Frank Reynolds 2015 Deadbeat Giuseppe Monamocce Episode: "The Occult Leader" 2018 The Kominsky Method Dr. Wexler 2 episodes 2021 Last Week Tonight with John Oliver Himself/Chemist Episode: "Chemicals" 2022 Little Demon Satan Voice; 10 episodes; also executive producer Storybots: Answer Time Giuseppe Episode: "Multiplication" 2023 Big City Greens Merv Stampington Voice; episode: "Long Goodbye" [ 3 ] 2025 Abbott Elementary Frank Reynolds Crossover episode: " Volunteers " Rick and Morty Dr. Dogballs Voice; episode: "The CuRicksous Case of Bethjamin Button" Video games Year Title Voice role Refs. 1997 Disney's Animated Storybook : Hercules Philoctetes [ 21 ] [ 3 ] Disney's Hercules Theatre Year Title Role Notes Refs. 1969 Shoot Anything With Hair That Moves Frank Off-Broadway [ 22 ] The Man With the Flower in His Mouth Friend Pe' (Jar), Marranca 1971 One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Anthony Martini 1973 A Phantasmoria Historia of D. Johann Fausten Magister Performer 1974 The Merry Wives of Windsor John Rugby 1975 The Comedy of Errors Balthazar, Solinus Understudy/Off-Broadway 2012-13 The Sunshine Boys Willie Clark Savoy Theatre Ahmanson Theatre 2017 The Price Gregory Solomon American Airlines Theatre 2023 I Need That Sam [ 23 ] Music videos Year Title Artist Refs. 1984 " Ghostbusters " Ray Parker Jr. [ 24 ] 1986 " When the Going Gets Tough " Billy Ocean [ 25 ] 1997 " Wear My Hat " Phil Collins [ 26 ] 1998 " Victory " Puff Daddy [ 27 ] 2006 " Mojo " Peeping Tom 2014 " Steal My Girl " One Direction [ 28 ] As director and producer Year Title Director Producer Notes Refs. 1982 The Selling of Vince D'Angelo Yes No Short film 1984 The Ratings Game Yes No Television film 1987 Throw Momma from the Train Yes No 1989 The War of the Roses Yes No 1992 Hoffa Yes Yes 1994 Reality Bites No Yes 8 Seconds No Yes Pulp Fiction No Executive 1995 Get Shorty No Yes 1996 Matilda Yes Yes Sunset Park No Yes Feeling Minnesota No Yes 1997 Gattaca No Yes 1998 Out of Sight No Yes Living Out Loud No Yes 1999 Man on the Moon No Yes 2000 Erin Brockovich No Yes Drowning Mona No Executive 2001 How High No Yes 2002 Death to Smoochy Yes No 2003 Camp No Yes Duplex Yes No 2004 Along Came Polly No Yes Garden State No Executive 2005 Be Cool No Yes Queen B Yes No Television pilot [ 7 ] 2006 Even Money No Yes Relative Strangers No Yes 2007 Freedom Writers No Yes Reno 911!: Miami No Yes 2012 St. Sebastian Yes Yes Unreleased [ 29 ] 2014 A Walk Among the Tombstones No Yes 2016 Curmudgeons Yes Yes Short film 2022 Little Demon No Executive Television series TBA The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle Yes Yes Also writer [ 30 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Carlson, Erin (December 6, 2012). "Danny DeVito 'Working On' Marriage to Rhea Perlman" . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ a b c d e f Freeman, Hadley (February 27, 2013). "Danny DeVito: 'No one is going to forget the 5ft guy' " . The Guardian . ^ a b c d e f g "Danny DeVito (visual voices guide)" . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved October 6, 2023 . A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information. ^ "Is Danny DeVito the narrator in Matilda?" . treinamento24.com . Retrieved October 28, 2022 . ^ "Fan Casting Danny DeVito as Mr. Swackhammer in Space Jam: The 25th Anniversary Special on myCast" . myCast - Fan Casting Your Favorite Stories . Retrieved October 28, 2022 . ^ Fuge, Jonathan (August 25, 2022). "Danny DeVito Backs Calls for Him to Reprise Phil Role in Hercules Live Action Remake" . MovieWeb . Retrieved November 14, 2022 . ^ a b Schneider, Michael (March 9, 2005). "DeVito king of 'Queen B' " . Variety . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . ^ Breznican, Anthony (March 1, 2012). "Q&A: Danny DeVito speaks for 'The Lorax' -- EXCLUSIVE VIDEO" . EW.com . Retrieved October 29, 2022 . ^ Weintraub, Steve (September 26, 2018). "Smallfoot: Danny DeVito and Karey Kirkpatrick on Making an Animated Film" . Collider . Retrieved October 28, 2022 . ^ Mia Galuppo (January 4, 2019). "Danny DeVito Joins Dwayne Johnson in 'Jumanji' Sequel" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 12, 2019 . ^ Mia Galuppo (March 2019). "Danny DeVito, John Leguizamo Join Barry Levinson's Boxing Drama 'Harry Haft' " . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 28, 2022 . ^ "Watch Delvecchio Season 1, Episode 18 Requiem of a Loser Online" . TV Guide . Retrieved December 11, 2019 . ^ Dani Lev (November 20, 2016). "The Cast of Starsky and Hutch: Then and Now" . Daily Disclosure. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019 . Retrieved December 11, 2019 . ^ DeVito, Danny. "Danny DeVito Interview Part 1 of 3 - TelevisionAcademy.com/Interviews" (Interview). Television Academy Foundation. ^ Jeremy Fuster; Phil Owen (November 24, 2019). " 'SNL' 5-Timers Club: Most Frequent Hosts, From Alec Baldwin to Will Ferrell" . TheWrap . Retrieved December 11, 2019 . ^ "Molly and Skywalkerz In Happily Ever After" . TVGuide.com . Retrieved November 24, 2024 . ^ Kelly, Brendan (December 2, 1999). "Cinar nabs Wonderworks' family pix" . Variety . Archived from the original on September 18, 2023 . Retrieved November 24, 2024 . The two animated pics in the library are "Molly and the Skywalkerz in Happily Ever After" and "Molly and the Skywalkerz in Two Daddies," both featuring the voices of Carol Burnett and Danny DeVito and produced by Henry Winkler . ^ "Danny DeVito lends his voice to 'The Simpsons' " . Observer-Reporter. February 11, 1991 . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . ^ " "The Simpsons" guests stars over the years" . CBS . February 17, 2012 . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . ^ Rebecca Hawkes (September 19, 2014). "Friends: memorable celebrity cameos" . Telegraph . Retrieved December 11, 2019 . ^ "Did Danny DeVito voice Phil in Hercules?" . Celebrity | Wiki, Informations & Facts . February 28, 2022 . Retrieved October 29, 2022 . ^ "Danny DeVito theatre profile" . ^ Evans, Greg (July 31, 2023). " I Need That Starring Danny DeVito And Daughter Lucy DeVito Sets Broadway Opening Date" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 1, 2023 . ^ "Original 'Ghostbusters' Music Video is Something Strange" . 1428 Elm . July 19, 2016. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023 . Retrieved March 2, 2023 . ^ Jonathan Cooper; Lisa Russell (January 13, 1986). "Jewel of the Nile's Three Stars Sing Backup and Prove That You Can Help Sell a Movie with a Song" . People . Retrieved April 29, 2022 . ^ Ros Tibbs (November 17, 2022). "When Danny DeVito appeared in a Phil Collins music video" . Far Out . Retrieved April 26, 2024 . ^ Kazeem Famuyide (April 4, 2012). "The 10 Most Expensive Music Videos In Hip-Hop History" . Hip Hop Wired . Retrieved July 9, 2021 . ^ Lorena O'Neil (October 24, 2014). "One Direction's 'Steal My Girl' Music Video Is a Danny DeVito Party in the Desert" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 29, 2022 . ^ "Locomotive Selling Danny DeVito-Directed Thriller At Cannes" . Deadline Hollywood . May 11, 2012 . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ "The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle - ComingSoon.net" . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on August 18, 2018 . Retrieved April 13, 2018 . External links Danny DeVito at IMDb .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Danny DeVito v t e Films directed The Selling of Vince D'Angelo (1982, short) The Ratings Game (1984) Throw Momma from the Train (1987) The War of the Roses (1989) Hoffa (1992) Matilda (1996) Death to Smoochy (2002) Duplex (2003) St. Sebastian (2012, unreleased) Curmudgeons (2016, short) The Selling of Vince D'Angelo (1982, short) The Ratings Game (1984) Throw Momma from the Train (1987) The War of the Roses (1989) Hoffa (1992) Matilda (1996) Death to Smoochy (2002) Duplex (2003) St. Sebastian (2012, unreleased) Curmudgeons (2016, short) Films produced Reality Bites (1994) 8 Seconds (1994) Get Shorty (1995) Sunset Park (1996) Feeling Minnesota (1996) Gattaca (1997) Out of Sight (1998) Living Out Loud (1998) Man on the Moon (1999) Erin Brockovich (2000) The Caveman's Valentine (2001) How High (2001) Camp (2003) Along Came Polly (2004) Be Cool (2005) Even Money (2006) Relative Strangers (2006) Freedom Writers (2007) Reno 911!: Miami (2007) A Walk Among the Tombstones (2014) Reality Bites (1994) 8 Seconds (1994) Get Shorty (1995) Sunset Park (1996) Feeling Minnesota (1996) Gattaca (1997) Out of Sight (1998) Living Out Loud (1998) Man on the Moon (1999) Erin Brockovich (2000) The Caveman's Valentine (2001) How High (2001) Camp (2003) Along Came Polly (2004) Be Cool (2005) Even Money (2006) Relative Strangers (2006) Freedom Writers (2007) Reno 911!: Miami (2007) A Walk Among the Tombstones (2014) American filmographies Director filmographies Male actor filmographies CS1: unfit URL Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from April 2025 This page was last edited on 9 January 2026, at 01:02 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 2 Early career (1951–1955) Toggle Early career (1951–1955) subsection 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 3 Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Toggle Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) subsection 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 4 Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) Toggle Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) subsection 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 5 Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Toggle Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) subsection 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 6 Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Toggle Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) subsection 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 7 Senior Minister (1990–2004) Toggle Senior Minister (1990–2004) subsection 7.1 Condominium rebates 7.1 Condominium rebates 8 Minister Mentor (2004–2011) 9 Illness and death 10 Legacy 11 Legal suits Toggle Legal suits subsection 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 12 Political positions Toggle Political positions subsection 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 13 Personal life 14 Cultural depictions 15 Awards 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References Toggle References subsection 18.1 Works cited 18.1 Works cited 19 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 20 External links Lee Kuan Yew Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English سنڌي Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item The Honourable Lee Kuan Yew GCMG CH SPMJ DK Lee in 1975 1st Prime Minister of Singapore In office 5 June 1959 – 28 November 1990 Monarchs .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) President Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Deputy Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by Office established Lim Yew Hock (Chief Minister of Singapore) Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Secretary-General of the People's Action Party In office 20 October 1957 – 14 November 1992 Chairman Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by T. T. Rajah Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong In office 21 November 1954 – 3 August 1957 Preceded by Position established Succeeded by T. T. Rajah 1st Leader of the Opposition In office 22 April 1955 – 31 March 1959 Chief Minister David Marshall Lim Yew Hock Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Lim Yew Hock Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC In office 21 August 1991 – 23 March 2015 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by PAP held Majority All elections: N/A (walkover) Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC In office 2 April 1955 – 26 April 1957 Preceded by Constituency established In office 29 June 1957 – 14 August 1991 Succeeded by Constituency abolished Majority 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) Personal details Born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ( 1923-09-16 ) 16 September 1923 Singapore Died 23 March 2015 (2015-03-23) (aged 91) Singapore Resting place Mandai Crematorium and Columbarium Party People's Action Party Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Kwa Geok Choo ( m. 1950; died 2010) Children Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Parents Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Relatives Lee family Education Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Signature Chinese name Chinese 李光耀 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Lee Kuan Yew [ a ] GCMG CH SPMJ DK (born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ; 16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), often referred to by his initials LKY , was a Singaporean statesman and barrister who was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. A founding father of the modern Singaporean state, his authoritarian political leadership transformed post-independence Singapore into a highly developed country and one of the four Asian Tigers . Born in Singapore during British colonial rule to a family of Chinese descent, Lee studied law in England at Cambridge University and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1950. Shortly after, he returned to Singapore and practised law, founding the law firm Lee & Lee . In 1954, Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP), which won significant support among the working class and trade unions in the lead up to the 1955 general election , securing him a seat in the Tanjong Pagar division and making him the de facto leader of the opposition . In 1959, Lee led the PAP to its first electoral victory , becoming Singapore's first prime minister. Seeking sovereignty from the British Empire , Lee led Singapore to a merger with Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah , forming Malaysia in 1963. Racial strife and ideological differences later led to Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia and consequent independence in 1965. Lee oversaw major economic reforms and urban development, instituting policies promoting meritocracy , multiracialism and anti-corruption . His administration, generally characterised as an illiberal democracy with nanny state tendencies, restricted press freedoms , public assembly , labour activism and civil liberties . From 1968 to 1981 , Singapore was a de facto one-party state , with the PAP facing no opposition in Parliament. Although Lee maintained legal and institutional procedures that formally characterised Singapore as a democratic parliamentary republic , he employed defamation laws , detention without trial and social engineering to ensure continued electoral success. In justifying his policies, Lee was a major proponent of Asian values , arguing that communitarianism and limited human rights were necessary for the social cohesion , political stability and rapid economic development of Singapore. Lee stepped down as prime minister in 1990 but continued to serve in the Cabinet as senior minister until 2004 and subsequently as minister mentor until his retirement in 2011. Throughout his political career, he remained an influential figure in shaping Singapore's domestic and foreign policies, at the same time serving as an advisor to foreign leaders as an elder statesman. Lee died of pneumonia on 23 March 2015 at the age of 91. In Singapore, Lee is widely regarded as instrumental in the development of Singapore's economy , bureaucracy , education system , foreign policy , public housing and healthcare . The Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore is named in his honor. Following his death, a week of national mourning was announced, during which approximately 1.7 million people paid their respects at tribute sites around the country. Early life Childhood and early education Harry Lee Kuan Yew was born on 16 September 1923, the first child of Lee Chin Koon , who was born in Semarang during Dutch colonial rule and subsequently moved to Singapore, [ 2 ] and Chua Jim Neo , at 92 Kampong Java Road in Singapore, then part of the Straits Settlements . [ 3 ] Both of Lee's parents were English-educated third-generation Peranakan Chinese , [ 4 ] with his paternal side being of Hakka descent from Dabu County . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] He was named 'Kuan Yew', [ b ] meaning 'light and brightness', alternately meaning 'bringing great glory to one's ancestors'. Lee's paternal grandfather Lee Hoon Leong, who was described as "especially westernised", had worked on British ships as a purser , and hence gave Lee the Western name 'Harry'. [ 7 ] While the family spoke English as its first language, Lee also learned Malay. [ 3 ] Lee had three brothers and one sister, all of whom lived to old age. [ 8 ] Lee was not close to his father, who worked as a storekeeper within the Shell Oil Company and had a gambling addiction. His mother Chua often stood up against her husband for his poor financial management and parenting skills. [ 9 ] The family was considered prosperous with a high social standing compared to recent immigrants, and had the means to hire servants. [ 10 ] During the Great Depression the family fortunes declined considerably, though Lee's father retained his job at Shell. [ 3 ] Later in life, Lee described his father as a man with a nasty temper, and he credited his mother with holding the family together amidst her husband's gambling addiction. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In 1930, Lee enrolled at Telok Kurau English School where he spent six years of his primary education. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Attending Raffles Institution in 1935, Lee did poorly in his first two years but later topped the Junior Cambridge examinations. [ 15 ] He also joined the Scouts and partook in several physical activities such as cricket, tennis, swimming as well as debates. [ 16 ] Lee was the top scorer in the Senior Cambridge examinations in 1940 across the Straits Settlements and Malaya, earning the John Anderson scholarship to attend Raffles College, as well as the Tan Jiak Kim scholarship. [ 16 ] [ c ] During the prize-awarding ceremony, Lee met his future wife Kwa Geok Choo ; she was the only girl at the school. [ 15 ] Lee's subsequent university studies at Raffles College were disrupted by the onset of World War II in Asia, with the school being converted into a medical facility in 1941. The war arrived in December of that year and following the British surrender in February 1942, the Japanese occupation of Singapore began. [ 17 ] World War II Lee was amongst the Chinese men rounded up by the Japanese Sook Ching operation. By his own account, he feared getting caught by the Kempeitai (military police) and reported with a friend to be screened. He attempted to leave the next morning but was ordered to join a group of already segregated men. Lee requested to collect his clothes first and managed to spend a second night in the dormitory before successfully leaving the site the next day when a different guard cleared him through. [ 18 ] He later learned that the group of men were likely taken to the beach and executed. [ 19 ] Lee obtained a Japanese language proficiency certificate in August 1942 and worked in a friend's company and then the Kumiai , which controlled essential items. [ 20 ] He got a job with the Japanese propaganda department ( Hōdōbu ) in late 1943 and worked for the Japanese occupation force as an English specialist. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Working at the top of the Cathay Building , he was assigned to listen to Allied radio stations for Morse code signals. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] By late 1944, Lee knew Japan had suffered major setbacks and planned to move to the Cameron Highlands with his family to avoid a possible British invasion. He was tipped off that he was being followed and abandoned the plan. [ 26 ] He engaged in private enterprises and black market sales for the rest of the war. [ 27 ] During this time, Lee helped develop a glue based on tapioca, which he sold under the name Stikfas, as a means to support himself during the war. [ 28 ] The Stikfas logo later appeared on the base of his wedding cake. [ 29 ] The rapid Japanese victory in the Malaya and Singapore campaign had a major impact on Lee as he recalled: "In 70 days of surprises, upsets and stupidities, British colonial society was shattered, and with it all the assumptions of the Englishman's superiority". [ 30 ] In a radio broadcast made in 1961, Lee said he "emerged [from the war] determined that no one—neither Japanese nor British—had the right to push and kick us around... (and) that we could govern ourselves." [ 31 ] It also influenced his perceptions of raw power and the effectiveness of harsh punishment in deterring crime. [ 32 ] University, marriage and politics Lee chose not to return to Raffles College after the war and pursued higher education in the United Kingdom. [ 9 ] He sailed from Singapore in 1946 on his 23rd birthday on the MV Britannic , arriving in the UK on 3 October. [ 33 ] He initially enrolled at the London School of Economics , but found himself disliking life in the British capital. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] He visited Cambridge in November and was introduced to W. S. Thatcher , Censor of Fitzwilliam House. He was admitted into the following year's Lent term and matriculated in January 1947, reading law at Fitzwilliam College . [ 36 ] Prior to his departure from Singapore, Lee had begun a relationship with Kwa, with whom he had kept in contact during the war. They married in secret at Stratford-upon-Avon in December. [ 9 ] Lee achieved a first class result in both the Prelims and Part I of the Tripos , and graduated with a Starred First for Part II Law in 1949. As the top student of his cohort, he was awarded the Fitzwilliam's Whitlock Prize; Lee was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1950. [ 36 ] If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. During his studies, Lee's political convictions and anti-colonial sentiments were hardened by personal experiences and an increasing belief that the British were ruling Singapore for their own benefit. He supported the Labour Party against the Conservatives whom he perceived as opposing decolonisation . [ 38 ] In the leadup to the 1950 United Kingdom general election , Lee engaged in politics for the first time and actively campaigned for a friend, David Widdicombe in Totnes constituency, driving Widdicombe around in a lorry and delivering several speeches on his behalf. [ 39 ] Before returning to Singapore, Lee dropped his English name, Harry. [ d ] Notwithstanding, even until the end of his life, old friends and relatives referred to him as Harry. [ 41 ] Early career (1951–1955) Litigation practice Lee and his wife returned to Singapore in August 1950 on board the MS Willem Ruys . [ 42 ] He joined the Laycock and Ong law firm founded by British lawyer John Laycock . [ 43 ] Laycock was a co-founder of the pro-British Progressive Party and Lee represented the party during the 1951 legislative council election as an election agent. [ 44 ] Lee was called to the Singapore bar on 7 August 1951. [ 45 ] During the postal union strike in May 1952, Lee negotiated a settlement marking his first step into the labour movement. [ 46 ] In due course, Lee represented nearly fifty trade unions and associations against the British authorities on a pro bono basis. [ 47 ] The disputes often centered around wages and Laycock eventually requested Lee to cease taking on such cases as it was hurting the firm. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] In May 1954, the left-wing University Socialist Club published an article 'Aggression in Asia' in the club's magazine The Fajar , and the student editors were charged with sedition. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Lee became junior counsel to Denis Pritt . The court quashed the charges and the two counsel gained a reputation through the trial, with Lee thereafter becoming a "major leader" of the movement against British rule. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] During the same year, Lee also appealed on behalf of the students arrested during the 13 May incident . The colonial government upheld the sentences, though the case enhanced Lee's reputation as a "left-wing lawyer" and marked his first involvement with the Chinese intelligentsia. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Forming the PAP During his studies in Britain, Lee met Goh Keng Swee and Toh Chin Chye via the Malayan Forum . [ 57 ] The forum sought to promote an independent Malaya which included Singapore and met at 44 Bryanston Square in London. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Lee and his contemporaries deliberately avoided the topic of forming a political party to avoid charges of subversion , beginning work on forming a political party only after returning to Singapore. [ 60 ] Lee had sought to build support among the English-educated, Malay, and Indian communities by taking on cases against the British authorities. In the course of his work, Lee became acquainted with the journalist Sinnathamby Rajaratnam ; Abdul Samad Ismail , a writer for the Malay newspaper Utusan Melayu ; and Devan Nair . [ 61 ] He next turned his attention to the Chinese-speaking majority and was introduced to Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan, leaders of the influential bus and factories unions. While the unions had been infiltrated by communists, Lee consciously sought their support as he wanted a popular front. [ 62 ] With elections approaching in 1955, Lee and his associates debated the name, ideology, and policies of the party they wanted to create at 38 Oxley Road . [ 63 ] The People's Action Party (PAP) was inaugurated on 21 November 1954 at the Victoria Memorial Hall . As the party still lacked members, trade union leaders rounded up an estimated audience of 800 to 1,500 supporters. [ 64 ] Lee had also invited Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock , presidents of the United Malays National Organisation and Malayan Chinese Association . In his inaugural speech, Lee denounced the British for the slow transition to self-rule, demanded their immediate withdrawal, and said that the PAP would pursue a Singapore-Malaya union. Lee became secretary-general of the party, a post he held until 1992, barring a brief period in 1957 when the post was taken up by T. T. Rajah . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In July 1953, Governor John Nicoll initiated the Rendel Commission to provide for a transition to self-rule. The commission created the legislative assembly and opened 25 of 32 seats for direct contest in the upcoming 1955 election . The PAP and Labour Front , led by Lee and David Marshall respectively, both criticised the concessions as "inadequate". The PAP faced manpower constraints but decided to prioritise resources and contest four seats as a protest gesture. [ 67 ] In a rally speech, Lee said he chose the Tanjong Pagar division as it was a "working class area" and that he did not want to represent "wealthy merchants or landlords". [ 68 ] During the campaigning period, the British press labelled Lee as a " commissar " and accused the PAP of being a "communist-backed party". [ 69 ] Democratic Party (DP) challenger Lam Thian also capitalised on Lee's inability to converse in Chinese. Lee's proposal for a multilingual debate was never reciprocated by Thian, though he eventually made his maiden Chinese speech after several hours of coaching. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] On polling day, 2 April, the ruling Progressive Party captured only four seats, shocking both the British establishment and its opposition. Lee defeated his competitors and won Tanjong Pagar, with the PAP winning three of their four contested seats. He pledged to work with Marshall and the new Labour Front government. [ 72 ] As independent member Ahmad Ibrahim joined PAP following the election, PAP had 4 members in the Assembly and thus Lee became the new Leader of the Opposition. [ 73 ] Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Strikes and power struggle Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. On 23 April 1955, workers from the Hock Lee Amalgamated Bus Company began a strike under the direction of Fong Swee Suan, leader of the Singapore Buses Workers' Union (SBWU). [ 75 ] [ 76 ] As SBWU's legal advisor, Lee worked with Marshall's government to negotiate a resolution, which was initially agreed by the SBWU but then reneged on by the company. [ 77 ] Seeking to exert greater pressure, Lee, Fong and Lim Chin Siong addressed the strikers on 1 May ( May Day ), where Lee called the government a "half-past six democracy". [ 78 ] The strike subsequently escalated into a riot on 12 May . [ 79 ] Lee, Marshall and the company agreed on a further resolution on 14 May, which conceded to several of the strikers' demands. [ 80 ] In an emergency legislative assembly sitting on 16 May, Chief Secretary William Goode accused Lee of losing control of the PAP to Lim. [ 77 ] Lee was constrained between defending the actions of his colleagues and denouncing them, instead reiterating the PAP's committal to non-violence. [ 81 ] Marshall defended him and the PAP as "decent men" against Goode's accusations and called upon the party to "purge themselves of communists". [ 77 ] [ 80 ] The riot led the public to perceive the PAP as being led by "young, immature and troublesome politicians", resulting in a shortfall of new members. [ 82 ] It deepened the divide between two emerging factions, with Lee's faction advocating Fabian 's brand of socialism for gradual reform and Lim's faction, later described by Fong as "favour(ing) a more radical approach". [ 83 ] Lee was convinced that Lim and Fong's influence were pushing the party toward "political disaster". [ 74 ] After consulting his allies Toh Chin Chye , S. Rajaratnam and Byrne , Lee censured the two men privately and demanded they change strategies or leave the party. [ 84 ] By 1956, Lee believed that the PAP "had been captured by the communists" and privately endorsed the Labour Front government purge of suspected "leftists" in the aftermath of the 1956 Chinese middle schools riots . The arrestees included his rival Lim and several other PAP members. [ 85 ] When other leftist members captured six seats in the PAP central executive committee (CEC) elections on 4 August 1957, [ 86 ] Lee refused to allow his allies to assume their appointments and said that his faction had "lost their moral right" to enforce the party's founding philosophy. [ 87 ] Overtures were made by fellow CEC member T. T. Rajah to remain in his post, to which he declined. [ 86 ] The government arrested the leftist leaders on 22 August [ 88 ] [ 89 ] and Lee was restored as secretary-general on 20 October. He later blamed the attempted takeover on lax admission rules to the party [ 90 ] [ 91 ] and permanently distrusted the leftists thereafter. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] On 23 November 1958, the party constitution was amended to implement a cadre system. [ 91 ] The right to vote in party elections and run for office were revoked from ordinary party members, whom now had to seek approval from the CEC to be a cadre and regain these privileges. [ 92 ] Lee credited the Vatican system where the pope pre-selects its cardinals for the idea. [ 93 ] Merdeka talks The Labour Front government's conciliatory approach to the Hock Lee strikers led to a drastic increase in strikes. [ 80 ] Frustrated by his limited powers, Marshall demanded further constitutional reforms towards the aim of "true self-government". Lee supported Marshall in his efforts, though he initially threatened an opposition boycott over wording disputes in the agreement. [ 94 ] Between 1956 and 1958, there were three rounds of constitutional talks. [ 95 ] Lee was part of Marshall's 13-member delegation to London in April 1956. Marshall's demands for independence were repeatedly rejected by Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd and Lee departed early over Marshall's refusal to compromise. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] He criticised Marshall for his "political ineptitude" in the British press and received widespread media and radio coverage. [ 98 ] He returned to London in March 1957 as part of a five-member delegation led by the new chief minister Lim Yew Hock . [ 99 ] Britain conceded to Singapore's self-governance but also demanded that a tripartite Internal Security Council be established, which proved controversial back home. [ 99 ] Marshall challenged Lee to seek a fresh mandate from his Tanjong Pagar constituents, which Lee accepted. [ 100 ] In the June 1957 by-elections , Lee was reelected with 68.1% of the vote. [ 101 ] Lee returned to London for the third and final talks in May 1958, [ 102 ] where it was agreed that Singapore would assume self-governance with a Yang di-Pertuan Negara as head of state, with Britain retaining control of defence and foreign policy. [ 103 ] The British House of Lords passed the State of Singapore Act on 24 July 1958, which received royal assent on 1 August, and became law following the subsequent general election. [ 104 ] 1957 and 1959 elections As the 1957 City Council election in December approached, a Hokkien-speaking candidate, Ong Eng Guan , became the PAP's new face to the Chinese electorate. [ 89 ] The 32-seat city council's functions were restricted to up-keeping public amenities within city limits, but party leaders decided to contest the election as a "dry run" for the upcoming general election. [ 105 ] Lee limited the PAP to contesting 14 seats to avoid provoking the government and formed an electoral pact with the Labour Front and United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to jointly tackle the new Liberal Socialist Party . [ e ] [ 107 ] The PAP campaigned on a slogan to "sweep the city clean" [ 106 ] and emerged with 13 seats, allowing it to form a minority administration with UMNO's support. Lee and the rest of the CEC unanimously endorsed Ong to become mayor . [ 105 ] External image Portrait of Lee being sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore National Heritage Board Early in 1959, Communications and Works Minister Francis Thomas received evidence of corruption on Education Minister Chew Swee Kee . Thomas brought the evidence to Lee after the chief minister dismissed the matter. [ 108 ] Lee tabled a motion in the assembly on 17 February, which forced Chew's resignation. [ 108 ] As the expiry of the assembly's term approached, the PAP was initially split on whether to capture power but Lee chose to proceed. [ 109 ] While picking the candidates, Lee deliberately chose people from different racial and education backgrounds to repair the party's image of being run by intellectuals. [ 110 ] In the 1959 general election held on 30 May 1959, the PAP won a landslide victory with 43 of the 51 seats, though with only 53.4% of the popular vote which Lee noted. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The PAP's victory reportedly created a dilemma within the 12-member CEC as there was no formal process in place to choose a prime minister-elect. [ 112 ] A vote was purportedly held between Lee and Ong Eng Guan and after both men received six votes, party chairman Toh Chin Chye cast the tie-breaking vote for Lee. [ 113 ] When interviewed nearly five decades later, Toh and one other party member recalled the vote, but Lee and several others denied the account. [ 113 ] Lee was summoned by Governor William Goode to form a new government on 1 June, to which he requested the release of arrested PAP members. [ 114 ] On 3 June, Singapore became a self-governing state, ending 140 years of direct British rule. [ 114 ] Lee was sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore on 5 June at City Hall , along with the rest of his Cabinet . [ 114 ] Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) First years in power Lee's first speech as prime minister to a 50,000-strong audience at the Padang sought to dampen his supporters' euphoria of the PAP's electoral win. [ 111 ] In the first month of Lee taking power, Singapore experienced an economic slump as foreign capital fell and Western businesses and expatriates left for Kuala Lumpur in Malaya, fearing the new government's anti-colonial zeal. [ 111 ] As part of an 'anti-yellow culture' drive, Lee banned jukeboxes and pinball machines, while the police under Home Affairs Minister Ong Pang Boon raided pubs and pornography publications. [ f ] [ 115 ] The government cracked down on secret societies , prostitution and other illegal activities, with TIME magazine later reporting that a full week passed without "kidnapping, extortion or gangland rumble(s)" for the first time. [ 115 ] Lee also spearheaded several 'mobilisation campaigns' to clean the city, introduced air-conditioning to government offices, and slashed the salaries of civil servants. The last act provoked anger from the sector, which Lee justified as necessary to balance the budget. [ 116 ] In February 1960, the Housing and Development Board (HDB) superseded the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) and assumed responsibility of public housing . With strong government support, the HDB under chairman Lim Kim San completed more flats in three years than its predecessor did in thirty-two. [ 117 ] Government expenditure for public utilities, healthcare and education also increased significantly. [ 117 ] By the end of the year, however, unemployment began to rise drastically as the economy slowed. Lee reversed anti-colonial policies and launched a five-year plan to build new industries, seeking to attract foreign investors and rival Hong Kong . [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Jurong , a swampland to the island's western coast was chosen to be the site of a new industrial estate and would house steel mills, shipyards, and oil refineries, though Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee was initially worried the venture would fail. [ 120 ] The government promoted multiculturalism by recognising Chinese, English, Malay, and Tamil as the official languages of the new state and sought to create a new national Malayan identity. The Ministry of Culture under S. Rajaratnam held free outdoor concerts with every ethnic race represented in the performances. [ 121 ] Lee also introduced the People's Association , a government-linked organisation to run community centers and youth clubs, with its leaders trained to spread the PAP's ideology. [ 121 ] Youth unemployment was alleviated by the establishment of work brigades. [ 121 ] PAP split of 1961 Lee took measures to secure his position in the aftermath of the 1957 party elections. In 1959, he delayed the release of leftist PAP members arrested under the former Labour Front government and appointed five of its leaders, [ g ] including Lim Chin Siong, as parliamentary secretaries lacking political power. [ 114 ] [ 123 ] Lee clashed further with Lim when the government sought to create a centralised labour union in the first half of 1960. [ 124 ] Trouble also arose from former mayor and Minister of National Development Ong Eng Guan , who Lee had appointed in recognition of Ong's contribution to the PAP's electoral win. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ong's relocation of his ministry to his Hong Lim stronghold and continued castigation of the British and civil servants was regarded by his colleagues as disruptive and Lee removed several portfolios from Ong's purview in February 1960. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] In the party conference on 18 June 1960, Ong filed "16 resolutions" against the leadership, accusing Lee of failing to seek party consensus when deciding policy, not adhering to anti-colonialism and suspending left-wing unions. [ 127 ] Lee regarded it as a move to split the party and together with his allies expelled Ong from the party. [ 128 ] Ong resigned his seat in December, precipitating the Hong Lim by-election on in April 1961 which he won against a PAP candidate. [ 126 ] [ 129 ] The death of the PAP assemblyman for Anson that April triggered a second by-election. For the first time, Lim's faction openly revolted against Lee and endorsed Workers' Party chairman David Marshall who won the seat. [ 126 ] [ 130 ] Lee assumed responsibility for the two by-election defeats and submitted his resignation to party chairman Toh Chin Chye on 17 July. Toh rejected it and upheld Lee's mandate. [ 131 ] Lee moved a motion of confidence in his own government in the early hours of 21 July after a thirteen-hour debate which had begun the preceding day, narrowly surviving it with 27 "Ayes", 8 "Noes" and 16 abstentions. [ 132 ] The PAP now commanded a single seat majority in the 51-seat assembly after 13 of its members had abstained. [ 133 ] Lee expelled the 13 who had broken ranks in addition to Lim, Fong and Woodhull. [ 133 ] Leadup to referendum and merger Lee and his colleagues believed that Singapore could only survive through merger with Malaya and was unwilling to call for complete independence. [ 134 ] Merger would allow goods to be exported to the peninsula under a common market , while devolving unpopular internal security measures to Kuala Lumpur . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] Malaya's ruling Alliance Party coalition dominated by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) had repeatedly opposed the scheme and was apprehensive that Singapore's Chinese majority would reduce 'Malay political supremacy'. [ 136 ] Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman backtracked after the PAP's Hong Lim by-election defeat, fearing a "pro-communist government" in Singapore should Lee fall from power. [ 135 ] On 27 May 1961, Tunku announced that Malaya, Singapore, and the British colonies of North Borneo and Sarawak should pursue "political and economic cooperation". [ 135 ] Lee endorsed the program six days later and commenced negotiations on the formation of Malaysia. [ 135 ] In August 1961, Lee and Tunku agreed that Singapore's defence, foreign affairs and internal security would be transferred to the federal government, while education and labour policy remained with the state government. [ 135 ] [ 137 ] Lim Chin Siong and his supporters saw Lee's ceding control of internal security—then controlled by the Internal Security Council with British, Malayan, Singaporean representatives—to the federal government as a threat as Tunku was convinced they were communists. [ 135 ] In a meeting with British Commissioner General Lord Selkirk , Selkirk reaffirmed that the British would not suspend Singapore's constitution should Lee be voted out. [ 135 ] Lee saw the meeting as a British endorsement of Lim and accused it as a plot against his government. [ 138 ] On 13 August, Lim founded the Barisan Sosialis and became its secretary-general, with 35 of 51 branches of the PAP defecting. [ 133 ] [ 139 ] Lee anticipated a Barisan win in the next election and saw 'independence through merger' as the only means for the PAP to retain power. [ 136 ] Beginning on 13 September 1961, Lee gave twelve multilingual radio speeches outlining the benefits of merger in what he called the 'Battle for Merger'. The speeches proved to be a massive success for Lee's campaign, while Barisan's demands for equal airtime were rejected. [ 140 ] Lee employed full use of state resources to suppress his opponents by revoking the Barisan's printing permits, banning or relocating its rallies, and purging its supporters from the government, while the judiciary and police engaged to "obstruct, provoke and isolate" the party. [ 141 ] The Barisan lambasted Lee for securing only 15 seats in the Malaysian parliament for Singapore in contrast to North Borneo (16) and Sarawak (24), despite both having a combined population well below Singapore's 1.7 million. [ 142 ] Singapore citizens would also be categorised as "nationals" and not be granted Malaysian citizenship. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] On 6 December, the legislative assembly voted 33–0 in favour of the agreements struck by Lee and Tunku, which the Barisan boycotted. [ 144 ] A referendum for merger was scheduled for 1 September 1962. Lee ensured that the ballot lacked a "no" option, with all three options having varying terms for admission into Malaysia. [ 142 ] The ballot was crafted by Lee and Goh Keng Swee to capitalise on a mistake which the Barisan had made the previous year. The Barisan had inadvertently endorsed merger under terms "like Penang " (a state of Malaya) with full citizenship rights, not realising that Malayan law entitled only a native-born to qualify for automatic citizenship, which would disenfranchise nearly one third of those eligible to vote; [ 145 ] it issued a clarification but never recovered from the mistake. [ 146 ] Lee placed the flag of Singapore alongside option A with the terms of Singapore retaining control of education and labour policy, while portraying the Barisan's choice as option B favouring entry into the federation with no special rights, next to the flag of Penang . [ 147 ] When Lim called for his supporters to submit blank votes , Lee countered that blank votes would count as a vote for the majority choice. 71% eventually voted for option A, while 26% cast blank votes. [ 148 ] In November, Lee embarked on a ten-month visit to all fifty-one constituencies, prioritising those with the highest count of blank votes. [ 149 ] Operation Coldstore detentions The Malayan government considered the arrests of Singapore's left-wing groups as non-negotiable for the formation of Malaysia. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] Tunku felt that Lee lacked the initiative to suppress "pro-communist elements" and warned that a Malay-led dictatorship would be instated to prevent a "socialist majority" in the next Malayan election. [ 144 ] As the Malayans increased pressure on the Internal Security Council (ISC) to take action, Lee began supporting the idea of a purge in March 1962. [ 152 ] The Malayan and Singapore special branches collaborated on an arrest list of major opposition members, though doubts arose if Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan could be classified as 'communists'. [ 152 ] Up until the end of November 1962, the British declined to support the operation without a pretext, noting that Lim and the Barisan Sosialis had not broken any laws. [ 153 ] The Brunei revolt on 8 December led by A. M. Azahari provided a "heaven-sent opportunity" to take action, as Lim had met Azahari on 3 December. [ 154 ] The Malayan government convened the ISC to discuss the operation, while Singapore's Special Branch produced alleged evidence of the communist control of Barisan. [ 154 ] On 13 December, Lord Selkirk gave his authorisation for the arrests to proceed on 16 December. However, Lee's attempt to add two Malayan parliamentarians opposed to the formation of Malaysia into the arrest list caused the Malayan representative to rescind his consent, stopping the operation. [ 154 ] Tunku suspected that Lee was trying to eliminate his entire opposition, while Lee felt that Tunku was evading his shared responsibility for the arrests. [ 149 ] An ISC meeting was scheduled to be held on 1 February 1963 to remount the operation. [ 155 ] During the interim period, Lee had added three names from the United People's Party, one of them being former PAP minister Ong Eng Guan. [ 155 ] Selkirk expressed concerns that Ong's arrest lacked any justification and Lee conceded that it was meant as a "warning" to Ong. [ 155 ] Tunku told Geofroy Tory , the British High Commissioner in Kuala Lumpur on 30 January, that 'if this operation failed, merger with Singapore was off'. [ 155 ] Selkirk was pressured to put his reservations aside and finally consented. [ 155 ] On 2 February, Operation Coldstore commenced across Singapore, with 113 detained including Lim and 23 others from Barisan Sosialis. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Lee offered Lim a path into exile which Lim rejected. [ 158 ] The Malayans and British later pressured Lee to retract his comment when he said he "disapproved" of the operation. [ 156 ] In his memoirs, Lee portrayed himself as reluctant in supporting the operation, though declassified British documents revealed that Lee was "somewhat more enthusiastic" than he eventually admitted. [ 159 ] Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Elections and tensions On 31 August 1963, Lee declared Singapore's independence in a ceremony at the Padang and pledged loyalty to the federal government. [ 160 ] With the conclusion of the trials of Barisan Sosialis' leaders, Lee dissolved the legislative assembly on 3 September and called for a snap election . [ 161 ] [ 162 ] He touted "independence through merger" as a success and utilised television and the mass media effectively. [ 163 ] In conjunction with Sabah (formerly North Borneo) and Sarawak , Lee proclaimed Singapore as part of Malaysia in a second ceremony on 16 September accompanied by a military parade. [ 164 ] [ h ] Lim Chin Siong's arrest had, however, generated widespread sympathy for the Barisan and a close result was predicted. Australian and British officials expected a Barisan win. [ 165 ] When the PAP defeated the Barisan in a landslide victory on 21 September, it was seen as a public endorsement of merger and Lee's socio-economic policies. [ 163 ] [ 166 ] Relations between the PAP and Malaysia's ruling Alliance Party quickly deteriorated as Lee began espousing his policies to the rest of the country. The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) was also shocked by the loss of three Malay-majority seats to the PAP in the recent 1963 Singapore election. [ 167 ] Ultra-nationalists within UMNO alleged that Lee sought to overthrow the Malay monarchies and infringe on rural life . [ 167 ] Lee's attempts to reconcile the PAP with UMNO were rebuffed as the latter remained committed to the Malaysian Chinese Association . [ 167 ] Further hostility ensued when the PAP decided to contest in the 1964 Malaysian general election in contravention of a gentlemen's agreement that it disavow itself from peninsula politics, but PAP already regarded the agreement to be rendered moot as the Alliance contested the 1963 Singapore state election and broke the agreement first. [ 168 ] Lee's speeches in Malaysia attracted large crowds and he expected the PAP to win at least seven parliamentary seats. [ 169 ] The party ultimately won only one seat in Bangsar , Selangor under Devan Nair. [ 168 ] Lee and other party insiders later conceded that UMNO's portrayal of the PAP as a "Chinese party" and its lack of grassroots in the peninsula had undermined its support from the Malay majority. [ 168 ] [ 170 ] Ethnic tensions had risen prior to the April election when UMNO secretary-general Syed Jaafar Albar utilised the Utusan Melayu to accuse Lee of evicting Malays from their homes in March 1964. [ 171 ] Lee explained personally to the affected neighbourhoods that the scheme was part of an urban renewal plan and that eviction notices had been sent to everyone irrespective of race. [ 172 ] Albar responded by warning Lee to not "treat the sons of the soil as step-children" and led calls for the deaths of Lee and Social Affairs Minister Othman bin Wok on 12 July. [ 172 ] On 21 July, the 1964 race riots in Singapore erupted during a celebration of Prophet Muhammad's birthday , lasting four days, killing 22 and injuring 461. [ 173 ] Further riots occurred in late-August and early-September resulting in communities self-segregating from each other, which Lee characterised as "terribly disheartening" and against "everything we had believed in and worked for". [ 171 ] Lee never forgot the Malay PAP leaders who stood against UMNO during the turmoil and as late as 1998, paid tribute to them for Singapore's survival. [ 174 ] Malaysian Malaysia and separation Lee's perceptions that merger was becoming infeasible was also due to the federal government's obstruction of his industrialisation program and its imposition of new taxes on Singapore in the November 1964 federal budget. [ 172 ] Tunku mentioned to deputy prime minister Goh Keng Swee in December 1964 about his desire to have Singapore “hived off” from Malaysia. [ 175 ] Lee authorized Goh to renegotiate with Deputy Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein on Singapore's place in the federation in early 1965. [ 172 ] Seeking to provide an alternative to the Alliance Party government, Lee and his colleagues formed the Malaysian Solidarity Convention (MSC) with the Malayan and Sarawakian opposition on 9 May, with its goals for a Malaysian Malaysia and race-blind society. [ 172 ] [ 176 ] The MSC was seen by UMNO as a threat to the Malay monopoly of power and special rights granted to Malays under Article 153 . [ 177 ] [ 178 ] UMNO supreme council member and future prime minister Mahathir Mohamad called the PAP "pro-Chinese, communist-oriented and positively anti-Malay", while others called for Lee's arrest under the Internal Security Act for trying to split the federation. [ 177 ] [ 179 ] Mathathir in his speech stated the huaren (ethnic Chinese) of Singapore were of "the insular, selfish and arrogant type of which Mr. Lee is a good example...They are in fact Chinese first, seeing China as the center of the world and Malaysia as a very poor second". [ 180 ] Such fears were sincerely felt by the UMNO leaders as one UMNO politician who was friendly with Lee privately told him: "You Chinese are too energetic and clever for us...we cannot stand the pressure". [ 181 ] Many UMNO politicians felt threatened by Lee, a politician who sought to appeal to both ethnic Chinese and Malay voters. [ 180 ] Albar warned in a speech that the Malay voters of Singapore must have been "misled" into voting for the PAP, and the UNMO would not allow this to happen in the next election. [ 180 ] Lee later wrote of Tunku that was "a nice man", but "he was a prince who understood power and knew how to use it. He did not carry a big stick, but he had many hatchet-bearers who would do the job for him while he looked the other way and appeared as benign as ever". [ 180 ] Tunku was a Malay aristocrat who spent his undergraduate years at Cambridge by his own admission on "fast women" rather than studying and whom Lee contemptuously noted had been awarded a degree at Cambridge that he did not deserve solely because he was an aristocrat. [ 182 ] Tunku in turn felt threatened by Lee, a man who had worked his way up via his intelligence and self-discipline, which made him very different from the people in his world. [ 182 ] On 26 May 1965, Lee addressed the Malaysian parliament for the final time, delivering his speech entirely in the Malay language. He challenged the Alliance Party to commit itself to a Malaysian Malaysia and denounce its extremists, and also argued that the PAP could better uplift the livelihood of the Malays. [ 177 ] Then-social affairs minister Othman Wok later recounted: "I noticed that while he was speaking, the Alliance leaders sitting in front of us, they sank lower and lower because they were embarrassed this man (Lee) could speak Malay better than them". [ 183 ] Then-national development minister Lim Kim San also noted: "That was the turning point. They perceived [Lee] as a dangerous man who could one day be the prime minister of Malaya. This was the speech that changed history." [ 183 ] Prime Minister Tunku labelled the speech as the final straw which contributed to his decision in July 1965, while being treated for shingles in London, [ 184 ] [ 185 ] that Singapore's secession was necessary. [ 186 ] The more extreme UMNO politicians such as Albar were pressing to have Lee arrested and martial law proclaimed, but Tunku chose to accept Singapore's secession instead. [ 182 ] The British government received allegations of a plot to arrest Lee, and thus the British prime minister Harold Wilson quietly pressured Tunku against taking any such action, warning of potential repercussions on the Malaysian government. [ 182 ] As Britain was defending Malaysia from Indonesian attempts to annex the country, Britain was in a strong position to apply pressure on Malaysia. Lee in his memoirs stated that Singapore owed Wilson a major debt for his role in pressuring Tunku for a peaceful resolution of the crisis, calling Wilson a "good friend". [ 187 ] On 13 July 1965, Deputy Prime Minister Goh Keng Swee met with Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein and Home Affairs Minister Ismail Abdul Rahman , in Razak's office while Tunku was still overseas, being treated for shingles. Goh proposed separation of Singapore from Malaysia, before reporting back to Lee about the proposal. [ 188 ] Lee agreed, and during another meeting between Goh, Razak and Ismail on 20 July 1965, Goh told the Malaysians that Lee had given the greenlight for separation arrangements to be done quickly. [ 185 ] [ 188 ] Lee then summoned Law Minister E. W. Barker to draft documents effecting Singapore's separation from the federation and its proclamation of independence. To ensure that a 1962 agreement to draw water from Johor was retained, Lee insisted that it be enshrined in the separation agreement and Malaysian constitution. [ 189 ] The negotiations of post-separation relations were held in utmost secrecy and Lee tried to prevent secession to the last minute, trying to convince Tunku upon his return from London to continue negotiating a looser confederation. However, Tunku's mind was already made up. [ 188 ] Lee was persuaded to finally relent by Goh on 7 August. [ 177 ] [ 190 ] That day, Lee and several cabinet ministers signed the separation agreement at Razak's home, which stipulated continued co-operation in trade and mutual defence. [ 191 ] Cabinet ministers Toh Chin Chye and S. Rajaratnam , were asked to meet Lee in Kuala Lumpur. Upon being informed of the impending separation, they refused to sign the agreement at first and were distraught at the idea, before the fear of further violence and bloodshed finally convinced them to sign. [ 192 ] Lee returned to Singapore the following day and convened the rest of his cabinet to sign the document, whereupon it was flown back to Kuala Lumpur. [ 190 ] [ 193 ] On 9 August 1965 at 10am, Tunku convened the Malaysian parliament and moved the Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Bill 1965 , which passed unanimously by a vote of 126–0 with no PAP representatives present. [ 194 ] Singapore's independence was announced locally via radio at the same time and Lee broke the news to senior diplomats and civil servants. [ 193 ] [ 195 ] In a televised press conference that day, Lee fought back tears and briefly stopped to regain his composure as he formally announced the news to an anxious population: [ 196 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Despite the momentous event, Lee did not call for the parliament to convene to reconcile the issues that Singapore would face immediately as a new nation. Without giving further instructions on who should act in his absence, he went into isolation for six weeks, unreachable by phone, at Changi Cottage . According to then-deputy prime minister Toh Chin Chye , the parliament hung in "suspended animation" until the sitting in December that year. [ 198 ] In his memoirs, Lee said that he was unable to sleep and was prescribed tranquilizers from doctors. Upon learning of Lee's condition from the British High Commissioner to Singapore, John Robb, the British prime minister, Harold Wilson , expressed concern, in response to which Lee replied: Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Lee began to seek international recognition of Singapore's independence. Singapore joined the United Nations on 21 September 1965, and founded the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) on 8 August 1967 with four other South-East Asian countries. Lee made his first official visit to Indonesia on 25 May 1973, just a few years after the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation under Sukarno 's regime. Relations between Singapore and Indonesia substantially improved as subsequent visits were made between the two countries. Singapore has never had a dominant culture to which immigrants could assimilate, even though Malay was the dominant language at that time. [ 201 ] Together with efforts from the government and ruling party, Lee tried to create a unique Singaporean identity in the 1970s and 1980s—one which heavily recognised racial consciousness within the umbrella of multiculturalism . Lee and his government stressed the importance of maintaining religious tolerance and racial harmony, and they were ready to use the law to counter any threat that might incite ethnic and religious violence. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] For example, Lee warned against "insensitive evangelisation", by which he referred to instances of Christian proselytising directed at Malays. In 1974 the government advised the Bible Society of Singapore to stop publishing religious material in Malay. [ 204 ] Defence The vulnerability of Singapore was deeply felt, with threats from multiple sources, including the communists and Indonesia with its confrontational stance. Adding to this vulnerability was the impending withdrawal of British forces from East of Suez . As Singapore gained admission to the United Nations, Lee quickly sought international recognition of Singapore's independence. He appointed Goh Keng Swee as Minister for the Interior and Defence to build up the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and requested help from other countries, particularly Israel and Taiwan, for advice, training and facilities. [ 205 ] In 1967, Lee introduced conscription for all able-bodied male Singaporean citizens 18 years of age to serve National Service (NS) either in the SAF, Singapore Police Force or the Singapore Civil Defence Force . By 1971, Singapore had 17 national service battalions (16,000 men) with 14 battalions (11,000 men) in the reserves. [ 206 ] In 1975, Lee and Republic of China premier Chiang Ching-kuo signed an agreement permitting Singaporean troops to train in Taiwan, under the codename " Project Starlight ". [ 207 ] Economy One of Lee's most urgent tasks upon Singapore's independence was to address high unemployment. Together with his economic aide, Economic Development Board chairman Hon Sui Sen , and in consultation with Dutch economist Albert Winsemius , Lee set up factories and initially focused on the manufacturing industry. Before the British completely withdrew from Singapore in 1971, Lee also persuaded the British not to destroy their dock and had the British naval dockyard later converted for civilian use. Eventually, Lee and his cabinet decided the best way to boost Singapore's economy was to attract foreign investments from multinational corporations (MNCs). By establishing First World infrastructure and standards in Singapore, the new nation could attract American, Japanese and European business. By the 1970s multinational corporations like Texas Instruments , Hewlett-Packard , and General Electric began turning Singapore into a major electronics exporter. [ 208 ] Workers were frequently trained to familiarise themselves with the work systems and cultures of foreign companies. The government also started several new industries, such as steel mills under 'National Iron and Steel Mills', service industries like Neptune Orient Lines , and the Singapore Airlines . [ 209 ] Lee and his cabinet also worked to establish Singapore as an international financial centre. Foreign bankers were assured of the reliability of Singapore's social conditions, with top-class infrastructure and skilled professionals, and investors were made to understand that the Singapore government would pursue sound macroeconomic policies, with budget surpluses , leading to a stable valued Singapore dollar. [ 210 ] Throughout the tenure of his office, Lee placed great importance on developing the economy, and his attention to detail on this aspect went even to the extent of connecting it with other facets of Singapore, including the country's extensive and meticulous tending of its international image of being a "Garden City". [ 211 ] The 1967 "Garden City" planning initiative included prominent roadside greenery along the East Coast Parkway (ECP) highway connecting Singapore Changi Airport with Singapore Central Area . [ 212 ] Anti-corruption measures Lee introduced legislation giving the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) greater power to conduct arrests, search, call up witnesses, and investigate bank accounts and income-tax returns of suspected persons and their families. [ 213 ] Lee believed that ministers should be well paid in order to maintain a clean and honest government. On 21 November 1986, Lee received a complaint of corruption against then Minister for National Development Teh Cheang Wan . [ 214 ] Lee authorised the CPIB to carry out investigations on Teh, but Teh committed suicide before any charges could be pressed against him. [ 215 ] In 1994, he proposed to link the salaries of ministers, judges, and top civil servants to the salaries of top professionals in the private sector, arguing that this would help recruit and retain talent to serve in the public sector. [ 216 ] Population policies In the late 1960s, fearing that Singapore's growing population might overburden the developing economy, Lee started a " Stop at Two " family planning campaign. Couples were urged to undergo sterilisation after their second child. Third or fourth children were given lower priorities in education and such families received fewer economic rebates . [ 216 ] In 1983, Lee sparked the "Great Marriage Debate" when he encouraged Singapore men to choose highly educated women as wives. [ 217 ] He was concerned that a large number of graduate women were unmarried. [ 218 ] Some sections of the population, including graduate women, were upset by his views. [ 218 ] Nevertheless, a match-making agency, the Social Development Unit (SDU), [ 219 ] was set up to promote socialising among men and women graduates. [ 216 ] In the Graduate Mothers Scheme, Lee also introduced incentives such as tax rebates , schooling, and housing priorities for graduate mothers who had three or four children, in a reversal of the over-successful "Stop at Two" family planning campaign in the 1960s and 1970s. Lee suggested that perhaps the campaign for women's rights had been too successful: Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. — Lee Kuan Yew, "Talent for the future", 14 August 1983 [ 220 ] The uproar over the proposal led to a swing of 12.9 per cent against the PAP government in the 1984 general election . In 1985, some especially controversial portions of the policy, that gave education and housing priorities to educated women, were abandoned or modified. [ 216 ] [ 221 ] By the late 1990s the birth rate had fallen so low that Lee's successor Goh Chok Tong extended these incentives to all married women, and gave even more incentives, such as the "baby bonus" scheme. [ 216 ] Water resources Singapore has traditionally relied on water from Malaysia. However, this reliance has made Singapore subject to the possibility of price increases and allowed Malaysian officials to use the water reliance as political leverage by threatening to cut off supply . To reduce this problem, Lee decided to experiment with water recycling in 1974. [ 222 ] As a result of such efforts, Singapore has achieved self-sufficiency with its water supply since the mid-2010s. [ 223 ] Under Lee tree planting was pursued, in 1963 he began a tree-planting campaign which aimed to plant 10,000 saplings a year and in 1971 a 'Tree-Planting Day' was established. One of the goals of this was to increase rainfall. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] He also made efforts to clean Singapore's waters for collection and use. [ 226 ] Environment Lee envisioned Singapore as a garden city , [ 227 ] declaring that "no other hallmark of success will be more distinctive than that of achieving our position as the cleanest and greenest city in Southeast Asia ". [ 228 ] He later said that " greening is the most cost-effective project I have launched". [ 229 ] Lee set up an 'Anti-Pollution Unit' stating that its importance resided in giving citizens "respite from city centres" and in the small size of Singapore which made it necessary to "preserve a clean and gracious environment for rich and poor alike". [ 230 ] In 1995 Lee declared "I have always believed that a blighted urban landscape, a concrete jungle, destroys the human spirit. We need the greenery of nature to lift our spirits". [ 231 ] Lee saw this as a means of attracting tourists and businesspeople to the city. [ 232 ] He wrote that "without a word being said, they would know that Singaporeans were competent, disciplined, and reliable, a people who would learn the skills they required soon enough". [ 233 ] After independence Lee sought for "some dramatic way to distinguish ourselves from other Third World countries. I settled for a clean and green Singapore" [ 234 ] because "if we had First World standards then business people and tourists would make us a base for their business and tours of the region". [ 235 ] Lee considered air conditioning the most important invention of the 20th century for Singapore. [ 236 ] Air quality relates to work quality and as such Lee made sure air conditioning was installed in the offices of the Singaporean civil service in the 1960s. [ 237 ] Foreign policy Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad Lee looked forward to improving relationships with Mahathir Mohamad upon the latter's promotion to Deputy Prime Minister. Knowing that Mahathir was in line to become the next Prime Minister of Malaysia , Lee invited Mahathir to visit Singapore in 1978. The first and subsequent visits improved both personal and diplomatic relationships between them. Then UMNO 's Secretary-General Mahathir asked Lee to cut off all links with the Democratic Action Party (DAP); in exchange, Mahathir undertook not to interfere in the affairs of Malay Singaporeans . [ 238 ] In June 1988, Lee and Mahathir reached an agreement in Kuala Lumpur to build the Linggui dam on the Johor River . [ 239 ] Lee said he had made more progress solving bilateral issues with Dr Mahathir from 1981 to 1990 than in the previous 12 years with the latter's two predecessors. [ 179 ] Mahathir ordered the lifting of the ban on the export of construction materials to Singapore in 1981, agreed to sort out Malaysia's claim to Pedra Branca island and affirmed it would honour the 1962 Water Agreement. [ 179 ] One day before Lee left office in November 1990, Malaysia and Singapore signed the Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990 (POA). Malayan Railways (KTM) would vacate the Tanjong Pagar railway station and move to Bukit Timah while all KTM's land between Bukit Timah and Tanjong Pagar would revert to Singapore. Railway land at Tanjong Pagar would be handed over to a private limited company for joint development, the equity of which would be divided 60% to Malaysia and 40% to Singapore. However, Prime Minister Mahathir expressed his displeasure with the POA, for it failed to include a piece of railway land in Bukit Timah for joint development in 1993. Following Lee's death, Mahathir posted a blog post that suggested his respect for Lee despite their differences, stating that while "I am afraid on most other issues we could not agree [...] [h]is passage marks the end of the period when those who fought for independence lead their countries and knew the value of independence. ASEAN lost a strong leadership after President Suharto and Lee Kuan Yew". [ 240 ] Indonesia In March 1967, the president of Indonesia , Sukarno , who had initiated the Konfrontasi , resigned from the presidency under pressure by military general Suharto amidst the 30 September Movement . A clemency plea by President Suharto for Osman bin Mohamed Ali and Harun bin Said, the perpetrators of the MacDonald House bombing in March 1965 during Konfrontasi , was rejected. The Singapore Embassy in Jakarta was occupied on the day of the saboteurs' hanging by 300 students. [ 241 ] [ 242 ] However, Bilateral relations between Singapore and Indonesia would improve after 1973, when Lee visited the graves of Harun and Osman in Indonesia ( nyekar ) and scattered flowers on them. [ 243 ] This was followed by Suharto's visit to Singapore in 1974. [ 244 ] From the 1980s, exchanges would sharply increase between the two countries in politics, tourism, defence, business, and student and community-based exchanges. [ 243 ] Lee and Suharto developed a strong relationship, with the growing trust between both leaders developing into friendship. Lee and Suharto regarded each other as trustworthy and reliable. Lee kept up his relationship with Suharto until his death in 2008, even advising him and his children during the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis which led to Suharto's fall from power. [ 245 ] In 1978, Suharto rallied ASEAN to oppose Australia's newly proclaimed integrated civil aviation policy, which cut Kangaroo Route air access to Singapore while providing inducements to Indonesia and other countries in the region. Suharto believed that ASEAN should not give in to such tactics and inducements, and Australia relented. [ 245 ] Singapore remains a crucial stopover for Kangaroo Route flights between the United Kingdom and Australia. [ 245 ] Singapore and Indonesia entered joint projects such as the Batam Industrial Park, Bintan Resorts , the Riau Water Agreement and the Air Combat Manoeuvring Range in Pekan Baru proceeded smoothly. Swift implementation of factory and hotel development proposals by foreign investors demonstrated Singapore's honesty and reliability to Suharto. [ 245 ] United States In his book The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew , Lee detailed an incident where in 1960, the CIA allegedly attempted to bribe certain members of his party, the PAP, in an attempt to create division and weaken his leadership, however the official had reported the bribery attempt instead of accepting the money. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] According to Lee, this was part of a broader strategy by the United States to influence the political landscape in Southeast Asia during the Cold War. [ 248 ] He mentioned that he confronted the CIA's representative in Singapore and demanded an explanation and compensation for this interference. After having two CIA agents arrested, Lee requested 3.5 million dollars in economic aid in exchange for the covert release of the two agents. The Americans rejected this offer and presented a counter-offer of 3.3 million dollars to be given directly to Lee and the People's Action Party, but the men were later released without any financial exchange. However instead of taking a passive approach, Lee negotiated with the CIA and eventually the US government agreed to pay a sum of 3.3 million dollars in formal economic aid to Singapore, which Lee claimed was to ensure that the U.S. would not interfere in Singapore's internal affairs. Lee revealed this incident in 1965, which led to the Americans to deny it ever occurred; however, Lee later made public a letter of apology from the US Secretary of State Dean Rusk over the incident. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] Lee fully supported the US involvement in the Vietnam War . Even as the war began to lose its popularity in the United States, Lee made his first official visit to the United States in October 1967, and declared to President Lyndon B. Johnson that his support for the war in Vietnam was "unequivocal". Lee saw the war as necessary for states in Southeast Asia like Singapore to buy time for stabilising their governments and economies. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] Lee cultivated close relationships with presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan , [ 254 ] as well as former secretaries of state Henry Kissinger [ 255 ] and George Shultz . [ 256 ] In 1967 Nixon, who was running for president in 1968, visited Singapore and met with Lee, who advised that the United States had much to gain by engaging with China, culminating in Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China . [ 257 ] [ 258 ] In the 1980s, closer defence relations between Singapore and the United States enabled Singapore to acquire advanced American weapon platforms and capabilities. The United States provided Singapore with aircraft such as the F-16 and the E-2C airborne early warning (AEW) to strengthen its air defences. [ 259 ] In October 1985, Lee made a state visit to the United States on the invitation of President Reagan and addressed a joint session of the United States Congress . Lee stressed to Congress the importance of free trade and urged it not to turn towards protectionism: It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] In May 1988, E. Mason "Hank" Hendrickson was serving as the First Secretary of the United States Embassy when he was expelled by the Singapore government. [ 260 ] [ 261 ] The Singapore government alleged that Hendrickson attempted to interfere in Singapore's internal affairs by cultivating opposition figures in a " Marxist conspiracy ". [ 262 ] Then-First Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong claimed that Hendrickson's alleged conspiracy could have resulted in the election of 20 or 30 opposition politicians to Parliament, which in his words could lead to "horrendous" effects, possibly even the paralysis and fall of the Singapore government. [ 263 ] In the aftermath of Hendrickson's expulsion, the U.S. State Department praised Hendrickson's performance in Singapore and denied any impropriety in his actions. [ 260 ] The State Department also expelled Robert Chua, a senior-level Singaporean diplomat equal in rank to Hendrickson, from Washington, D.C., in response. [ 264 ] [ 265 ] The State Department's refusal to reprimand Hendrickson, along with its expulsion of the Singaporean diplomat, sparked a rare protest in Singapore by the National Trades Union Congress ; they drove buses around the U.S. embassy, held a rally attended by four thousand workers, and issued a statement deriding the U.S. as "sneaky, arrogant, and untrustworthy". [ 266 ] China Singapore did not establish diplomatic relations with China until the U.S. and Southeast Asia had decided they wanted to do so in order to avoid portraying a pro-China bias. [ 267 ] [ 268 ] His official visits to China starting in 1976 were conducted in English, to assure other countries that he represented Singapore, and not a "Third China" (the first two being the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) and People's Republic of China ). [ 269 ] In November 1978, after China had stabilised following political turmoil in the aftermath of Mao Zedong 's death and the Gang of Four , Deng Xiaoping visited Singapore and met Lee. Deng, who was very impressed with Singapore's economic development, greenery and housing, and later sent tens of thousands of Chinese to Singapore and countries around the world to learn from their experiences and bring back their knowledge as part of the reform and opening up beginning in December 1978. Lee, on the other hand, advised Deng to stop exporting Communist ideologies to Southeast Asia, an advice that Deng later followed. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] This culminated in the exchange of Trade Offices between the two nations in September 1981. [ 272 ] In 1985, commercial air services between mainland China and Singapore commenced [ 273 ] and China appointed Goh Keng Swee , Singapore's finance minister in the post-independence years, as advisor on the development of Special Economic Zones . [ 274 ] On 3 October 1990, Singapore revised diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. United Kingdom Lee developed friendships with Prime Ministers Harold Wilson [ 275 ] and Margaret Thatcher . [ 275 ] Lee regarded Wilson's support and swift recognition of Singapore's independence crucial to Singapore's survival in its early days. Singapore was still heavily dependent on Britain for its defence and economy, and the British military bases were contributing over 20 percent to Singapore's gross national product. About 15 per cent of Singapore's workforce had jobs linked to British military bases on the island. [ 276 ] However, mounting economic problems in Britain led to a weakening faith in the pound sterling, and the Singapore Government began reducing its sterling holdings from about 90 percent to just 50 percent by November 1967, when the Labour government devaluated pound sterling. Chancellor of the Exchequer Roy Jenkins , in a letter to Goh Keng Swee, expressed his “regret that [Singapore] did not take [the UK] into their confidence” when diversifying out of Sterling. To which Goh retorted in reply that Singapore sustained losses of about US$157 million as a result of the pound's devaluation. [ 277 ] No longer able to afford its military commitment in Southeast Asia, Britain announced in January 1968, the total withdrawal of its troops East of Suez, with the pullout from Malaysia and Singapore to be done by 31 March 1971 – four years earlier than planned. The announcement came as a shock to Singapore, because the British had earlier committed to a phased withdrawal. [ 278 ] As the first batch of 900 national servicemen had just started their training on 17 August 1967, Singapore was ill-equipped to take up its own defence. It was projected that about 25,000 base workers in Singapore would be rendered unemployed in 1971 as a result of the military withdrawal. When informed of the decision, Lee's government responded with dismay and anger. Lee threatened to withdraw from the sterling area , give the dockyards to the Japanese, and disrupt British shipping and trade. He also suggested that if the British forces withdrew too quickly, he would have to “hire mercenaries to defend Singapore”. [ 278 ] Lee and Minister for Finance Goh Keng Swee left for London, meeting with British political leaders, rallying for support through television appearances. With intense lobbying by Lee and Goh, the Wilson government went ahead with withdrawal, but agreed to a compromise to extend the withdrawal deadline from March to December 1971. Lee successfully negotiated with the British for a soft loan of £50 million, free transfer of key assets, help with operating air defence systems, and training of military staff. Plans were set up to oversee the conversion and commercialisation of lands and facilities including the naval bases that had belonged to the British, which later proved instrumental in propelling Singapore's shipbuilding industry forward. [ 278 ] Singapore acquired a squadron of British Hawker Hunter planes for its new air force, arriving in Singapore in 1970. To make up for Britain's withdrawal, Singapore's military spending was tripled, and an air force and a navy were added to support the army. When Wilson's Labour government lost the 1970 election to the Conservatives under Edward Heath , the new Conservative government facilitated the Five Power Defence Arrangements , comprising the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore, to give a deterrent message that any attack on Singapore or Malaysia would lead to a potential intervention of British, Australian and New Zealand forces. Although most of the British troops had withdrawn from Singapore by October 1971, a small contingent of British, Australian and New Zealand forces stayed on as a token military presence. The last British soldier left Singapore in March 1976. [ 278 ] Lee and Thatcher, who became Britain's prime minister in 1979, admired each other's leadership qualities and had "ideological convergence" in policies like cracking down on trade union power, privatisation, low taxation and trimming the excesses of the welfare state. Lee also advised Thatcher while Britain was negotiating with China on the handover of Hong Kong . [ 279 ] Australia Australia, under Prime Minister Robert Menzies was one of the first countries to recognise Singapore's independence. [ 280 ] However, Lee would later clash with Australian leaders John Gorton and Gough Whitlam who were inclined to pull Australia back from the Five Power Defence Arrangement (FPDA). [ 281 ] Lee clashed fiercely with Whitlam. Whitlam was initially reluctant to take too many of the Vietnamese boat people and tried to make Singapore take the first refugees from the Vietnam War. Lee retorted that Whitlam ‘a very sympathetic Prime Minister who believes the White Australia policy is most deplorable and damnable and here is his chance.’ [ 282 ] Lee criticised Whitlam's pro-Asian rhetoric as political posturing because of his stance on the Vietnam boat refugees, and blocking Asian imports into Australia. In his memoirs, Lee wrote of his verbal jousts with Whitlam at Commonwealth meetings. Lee called Whitlam ‘quick-witted but also quick-tempered’, and was glad to see the end of the ‘acerbic’ Whitlam, calling it ‘a relief when their Governor-General removed Whitlam…’. [ 282 ] Singapore-Australia relations improved with Whitlam's successor, Malcolm Fraser . Lee held him in high regard for his support in confronting communism and defending the FPDA. [ 282 ] However, he urged Fraser to reform the Australian economy, prompting the famous remark from Lee that Australia was in danger of becoming the "poor white trash of Asia" [ 283 ] if it did not open up its economy. The comments were widely circulated in Australian political circles. Bob Hawke , who led the Labor party to a victory over Fraser in 1983, said "I thought [Lee] was right, and his harsh but fair comment helped galvanise my determination to undertake the reforms that would save us from that fate and set us on a better path." [ 283 ] Upon Lee's death, Hawke said "Lee Kuan Yew was a great friend of Australia, if at times an outspoken one". [ 283 ] Singapore was Australia's strongest backer within ASEAN in the effort to create APEC in 1989. [ 282 ] Cambodia Lee opposed the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978. [ 284 ] The Singapore government organised an international campaign to condemn Vietnam and provided aid to the Khmer Rouge which was fighting against Vietnamese occupation during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War from 1978 to 1989. In his memoirs, Lee recounted that in 1982, "Singapore gave the first few hundreds of several batches of AK-47 rifles, hand grenades, ammunition and communication equipment" to the Khmer Rouge resistance forces. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Senior Minister (1990–2004) After leading the PAP to victory in seven elections, Lee stepped down on 28 November 1990, handing over the prime ministership to Goh Chok Tong . [ 287 ] By that time, he had become the world's longest-serving prime minister. [ 288 ] This was the first leadership transition since independence. Goh was elected as the new prime minister by the younger ministers then in office. When Goh Chok Tong became head of government, Lee remained in the cabinet with a non-executive position of Senior Minister [ 289 ] and played a role he described as advisory. Lee subsequently stepped down as secretary-general of the PAP and was succeeded by Goh Chok Tong on 2 December 1992. [ 290 ] Condominium rebates In April 1996, Lee and his son, Lee Hsien Loong , disclosed that they had purchased apartments located at Nassim Jade and Scotts 28 from Hotel Properties Ltd, a real estate developer listed on the Stock Exchange of Singapore, at substantial discounts ranging from 5 to 12 per cent. [ 291 ] The dispute arose amidst rampant property speculation in Singapore. [ 292 ] Upon learning of the issue, Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong swiftly initiated an immediate investigation into the matter. While Singapore law permits the provision of special discounts or rebates to relatives and associates of directors, it is imperative that such transactions receive approval from shareholders. [ 293 ] This disclosure prompted sufficient public disquiet for Lee to appear before Parliament to explain the purchases. [ 294 ] Lee said that as he was a prominent figure, the developer had a "legitimate incentive" to provide discounts for publicity, and that he had previously purchased a car and acquired services from his tailor and cobbler at a discount. [ 295 ] The amount saved was donated to charity. [ 292 ] Minister Mentor (2004–2011) In December 2004, Lee stepped down to become Minister Mentor. Expressing concern about the declining proficiency of Mandarin among younger Chinese Singaporeans , he started a year-long campaign called " 华语 Cool! " (Mandarin is Cool!) to garner interest in using Mandarin. [ 296 ] On 13 September 2008, Lee underwent treatment for abnormal heart rhythm ( atrial flutter ) at Singapore General Hospital . The treatment was successful, and he was well enough to address a philanthropy forum via video link from the hospital. [ 297 ] On 28 September 2010, he was hospitalised for a chest infection, cancelling plans to attend the wake of the Senior Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Balaji Sadasivan . [ 298 ] In November 2010, Lee's private conversations with James Steinberg , US Deputy Secretary of State , on 30 May 2009 were among the leaked US Embassy cables . In a US Embassy report classified as "Secret", Lee gave his assessment of a number of Asian leaders and views on political developments in North Asia, including implications for nuclear proliferation. [ 299 ] In January 2011, the Straits Times Press published the book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . [ 300 ] Targeted at younger Singaporeans, it was based on 16 interviews with Lee by seven local journalists in 2008–2009. The first print run of 45,000 copies sold out in less than a month after it was launched in January 2011. Another batch of 55,000 copies was made available shortly after. [ 301 ] After the 2011 general elections in which the Workers' Party , a major opposition political party in Singapore, made unprecedented gains by winning a Group Representation Constituency (GRC), Lee announced that he decided to leave the Cabinet for his son, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , and his team to have a clean slate. [ 302 ] Some analysts, such as Citigroup economist Kit Wei Zheng, believed that the senior Lee had contributed to the PAP's poor performance. [ 303 ] In particular, he stated during campaigning that the voters of Aljunied constituency had "five years to live and repent" if they elected the Workers' Party , which some viewed as having backfired for the PAP as the opposition went on to win Aljunied. [ 304 ] In a column in the Sunday Times on 6 November 2011, Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, revealed that her father had peripheral neuropathy . [ 305 ] In the column, she recounted how she first noticed her father's ailments when she accompanied him to meet the former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in Connecticut in October 2009. Wei Ling, a neurologist, "did a few simple neurological tests and decided the nerves to his legs were not working as they should". A day later, when interviewed at a constituency tree-planting event, Lee stated: "I have no doubt at all that this has not affected my mind, my will nor my resolve" and that "people in wheel chairs can make a contribution. I've still got two legs, I will make a contribution". [ 306 ] Illness and death External videos State funeral service for the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew on 29 March 2015 , Prime Minister's Office On 15 February 2013, Lee was admitted to Singapore General Hospital following a prolonged cardiac dysrhythmia , which was followed by a brief stoppage of blood flow to the brain. [ 307 ] [ 308 ] [ 309 ] [ 310 ] For the first time in his career as a Member of Parliament (MP), Lee missed the annual Chinese New Year dinner at his constituency , where he was supposed to be the guest-of-honour. [ 311 ] [ 312 ] He was subsequently discharged, but continued to receive anti-coagulant therapy. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] [ 315 ] The following year, Lee missed his constituency's Chinese New Year dinner for the second consecutive time owing to bodily bacterial invasion. [ 316 ] In April 2014, a photo depicting a thin and frail Lee was released online, drawing strong reactions from netizens. [ 317 ] According to Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, Lee had discussed euthanasia which is not a legal option in Singapore. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] On 5 February 2015, Lee was hospitalised for pneumonia and was put on a ventilator at the intensive care unit of Singapore General Hospital, although his condition was reported initially as "stable". [ 320 ] [ 321 ] A 26 February update stated that he was again being given antibiotics, while being sedated and still under mechanical ventilation. [ 322 ] [ 323 ] From 17 to 22 March, Lee continued weakening as he developed an infection while on life support, and he was described as "critically ill". [ 324 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ] On 18 March that year, a death hoax website reported false news of Lee's death. The suspect is an unidentified minor who created a false webpage that resembled the PMO official website. [ 327 ] Several international news organisations reported on Lee's death based on this and later retracted their statements. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] On 23 March 2015, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced his father's death at the age of 91. [ 330 ] Lee had died at 03:18 Singapore Standard Time ( UTC+08:00 ). [ 330 ] [ 331 ] A week of national mourning took place, [ 332 ] during which time Lee was lying in state at Parliament House . As a mark of respect, State flags at all Government buildings were flown at half-mast . During this time, 1.7 million Singaporean residents as well as world leaders paid tribute to him at Parliament house and community tribute sites throughout the country. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] [ 335 ] A state funeral for Lee was held on 29 March and attended by world leaders. [ 336 ] Later that day, Lee was cremated in a private ceremony at the Mandai Crematorium . [ 337 ] Legacy I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. As prime minister from 1959 to 1990, Lee presided over many of Singapore's advancements. He oversaw Singapore's transformation from an island nation with a high illiteracy rate and no natural resources into a developed country with a high-income economy within a single generation, commonly termed (from his autobiography) as 'From the third world to the first world'. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] [ 341 ] [ 342 ] Singapore's gross national product per capita (GNP) rose from $1,240 in 1959 to $18,437 in 1990. The unemployment rate in Singapore dropped from 13.5% in 1959 to 1.7% in 1990. External trade increased from $7.3 billion in 1959 to $205 billion in 1990. In other areas, the life expectancy at birth for Singaporeans rose from 65 years in 1960 to 74 years in 1990. The population of Singapore increased from 1.6 million in 1959 to 3 million in 1990. The number of public flats in Singapore rose from 22,975 in 1959 (then under the Singapore Improvement Trust ) to 667,575 in 1990. The Singaporean literacy rate increased from 52% in 1957 to 90% in 1990. Telephone lines per 100 Singaporeans increased from 3 in 1960 to 38 in 1990. Visitor arrivals to Singapore rose from 100,000 in 1960 to 5.3 million in 1990. [ 343 ] These economic accomplishments were achieved in large part due to Lee's stewardship of public administration through relevant and targeted public policy ; Lee introduced measures to jumpstart manufacturing of finished goods for export ( export-oriented industrialisation ) and sought to create a conducive business environment in the trading nation to attract foreign direct investment (through the establishment of the Economic Development Board , EDB). [ 339 ] [ 344 ] Lee also forged a symbiotic and mutually dependent relationship between the PAP and the national trade union, the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), whereby the PAP receives a degree of grassroots labour input, whilst NTUC is led by prominent PAP politicians who usually have ministerial portfolios within the Government . [ 345 ] The Government's tight control over trade union activities and industrial relations ensured near-total industrial peace, which was assessed to be a prerequisite for rapid economic development . [ 346 ] Lee was a staunch promoter of economic globalisation and a vocal opponent of protectionism . [ 347 ] [ 348 ] Lee said that Singapore's only natural resources are its people and their strong work ethic. [ 349 ] In addition, Lee was focused on social policies such as improving and mandating higher public standards for education, sanitation and hygiene , whilst concurrently improving public health by expanding modern health care and greatly increasing the quantity and quality of high-rise affordable housing (through the establishment of the Housing and Development Board , HDB) for working- and middle-class families. [ 339 ] [ 344 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] Various world leaders have praised Lee's governance and political achievements. British Foreign Secretary George Brown called Lee "the best bloody Englishman east of Suez". [ 352 ] Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger once wrote of Lee: "One of the asymmetries of history is the lack of correspondence between the abilities of some leaders and the power of their countries." Former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher praised "his way of penetrating the fog of propaganda and expressing with unique clarity the issues of our time and the way to tackle them". [ 353 ] Former president of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev stated in his memoirs that after the independence of Kazakhstan from the Soviet Union in 1991, he met Lee and stated Lee's "observations and advice became for us [Kazakhstan] guidelines in the development of long-term state strategies." [ 354 ] Lee's achievements in Singapore were a major source of inspiration on Communist leadership in China , who made a major effort, especially under Deng Xiaoping , to emulate his policies of economic growth, entrepreneurship and suppression of dissent . [ 355 ] [ 356 ] From 1996 to 2019, 55,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] He has also had a major influence on thinking in Russia in recent years. [ 359 ] [ 358 ] On the other hand, proponents of liberal democracy especially in the West criticised Lee's rule as authoritarian and as intolerant of dissent, citing his numerous attempts to sue political opponents and newspapers who express unfavourable opinions of Lee. Reporters Without Borders , an international media advocacy group , requested Lee and other senior Singaporean officials to stop taking libel suits against journalists. [ 360 ] Lee was a co-inventor of " Asian values ". [ 361 ] [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Lee was criticised for curtailing press freedoms , often imposing limits on public protests which prevented further occurrences, restricting labour movements from industrial action or strike action, suppressing wage growth of skilled workers (in order to be competitive with developing countries ) amid widening and high levels of income inequality along with wealth inequality (relative to other developed countries ), had encouraged an elitist mindset as well as filing defamation lawsuits against prominent political opponents . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] [ 367 ] [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] However, supporters argued in retrospect that his actions were necessary for the country's early development, and various international political analysts note that Lee's governance was generally pragmatic and benevolent . [ better source needed ] [ 372 ] During the three decades in which Lee held office, Singapore grew from a developing country to one of the most developed nations in Asia and the world. [ 373 ] Singapore was described as an illiberal democracy and a nanny state under his rule. [ 374 ] [ 375 ] [ 376 ] [ 377 ] [ 378 ] Legal suits Action against Far Eastern Economic Review In April 1977, just months after a general election which saw the People's Action Party winning all 69 seats, the Internal Security Department , under orders from Lee, detained Ho Kwon Ping , the Singapore correspondent of the Far Eastern Economic Review , as well as his predecessor Arun Senkuttavan, over their reporting. Ho was detained under the Internal Security Act which allows for indefinite trial, held in solitary confinement for two months, and charged with endangering national security. Following a televised confession in which Ho confessed to "pro-communist activities", [ 379 ] he was fined $3,000. Lee Kuan Yew later charged FEER editor, Derek Davies, of participating in "a diabolical international Communist plot" to poison relations between Singapore and neighbouring Malaysia. In 1987 Lee restricted sale of the Review in Singapore after it published an article about the detention of Roman Catholic church workers , reducing circulation of the magazine from 9,000 to 500 copies, [ 380 ] on the grounds that it was "interfering in the domestic politics of Singapore." [ 381 ] On 24 September 2008 the High Court of Singapore , in a summary judgment by Justice Woo Bih Li , ruled that the Far Eastern Economic Review magazine (Hugo Restall, editor), defamed Lee and his son, the prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong . The court found the 2006 article "Singapore's 'Martyr': Chee Soon Juan " suggested that Lee "ha[d] been running and continue[d] to run Singapore in the same corrupt manner as Durai operated [the National Kidney Foundation] and he ha[d] been using libel actions to suppress those who questioned [him] to avoid exposure of his corruption". [ 382 ] The court ordered the Review, owned by Dow Jones & Company (in turn owned by Rupert Murdoch 's News Corp), to pay damages to the complainants. The magazine appealed but lost. [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam Lee commenced proceedings for slander against opposition leader J. B. Jeyaretnam for comments he made at a Workers' Party rally in the 1988 general election . Lee alleged that Jeyaretnam's speech at the rally implied he had tried to cover up the corruption of the former Minister for National Development , Teh Cheang Wan , by aiding and abetting his suicide. The action was heard by Justice Lai Kew Chai , who ruled against Jeyaretnam and ordered him to pay damages of S$260,000 plus costs to Lee. Jeyaretnam lost an appeal against the judgment. Action against Devan Nair In 1999, former president of Singapore Devan Nair , who was living in Canada, remarked in an interview with the Toronto -based The Globe and Mail that Lee's technique of suing his opponents into bankruptcy or oblivion was an abrogation of political rights. Nair also described Lee as "an increasingly self-righteous know-all" surrounded by "department store dummies". In response to these remarks, Lee sued Nair in a Canadian court and Nair countersued. Lee then brought a motion to have Nair's counterclaim thrown out of court, argued that it disclosed no reasonable cause of action and constituted an inflammatory attack on the integrity of the Singaporean government . However, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice refused to throw out the counterclaim, holding that Nair had a reasonable cause of action as Lee had abused the process of litigation. [ 384 ] Lee wrote in one of his memoirs that Nair was forced to resign as president due to his alleged alcoholism , a charge which Nair denied. [ 385 ] International Herald Tribune defamation case In 2010 Lee, together with his son Lee Hsien Loong, and Goh Chok Tong, threatened legal action against The New York Times Company , which owns the International Herald Tribune , regarding an op-ed piece titled "All in the Family" of 15 February 2010 by Philip Bowring , a freelance columnist and former editor of the Far Eastern Economic Review . The International Herald Tribune apologised in March that readers of the article may "infer that the younger Lee did not achieve his position through merit". The New York Times Company and Bowring also agreed to pay S$60,000 to Lee Hsien Loong, S$50,000 to Lee and S$50,000 to Goh (totalling about US$114,000 at the time), in addition to legal costs. The case stemmed from a 1994 settlement between the three Singaporean leaders and the paper about an article, also by Bowring, that referred to "dynastic politics" in East Asian countries, including Singapore. In that settlement, Bowring agreed not to say or imply that the younger Lee had attained his position through nepotism by his father Lee Kuan Yew. In response, media-rights watchdog Reporters Without Borders wrote an open letter to urge Lee and other top officials of the Singapore government to stop taking "libel actions" against journalists. [ 386 ] [ 387 ] [ 388 ] Political positions Criticism of Chinese marginalisation On 15 September 2006, at the Raffles Forum hosted by the School of Public Policy , Lee made a remark as to how the "Malaysian and Indonesian governments systematically marginalise its Chinese people", by bringing up topics such as the May 1998 riots of Indonesia and Ketuanan Melayu , which subsequently caused a short diplomatic spat. [ 389 ] He then described the systematic marginalisation of the Chinese in Malaysia, which aroused a strong response from the Malaysian government. Politicians in Malaysia and Indonesia expressed dissatisfaction with this and demanded the Singaporean government explain and apologise for Lee's remarks. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad criticised Lee Kuan Yew for his "arrogance and disrespect" for neighbouring countries and countered that Malaysia could also question Singapore's marginalisation of its local Malays and other minorities such as the Eurasians and Indians. Former Indonesian president B. J. Habibie also described the " little red dot " term in reference to Singapore as an incentive for Indonesian youth to learn from Singapore's achievements, and that the original intention was distorted. On 30 September, while Lee Kuan Yew apologised to the Malaysian prime minister at the time Abdullah Badawi for his remarks, [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] he did not fully retract his remarks. [ 395 ] [ 396 ] Eugenics Lee expressed views that have been characterised as pro- eugenics . [ 397 ] He maintained that the educational background and intelligence of parents played a decisive role in shaping the abilities of their children, and he promoted policies designed to encourage highly educated women to have more children. Concerned by the sharp decline in Singapore's total fertility rate (TFR), Lee introduced the "Graduate Mothers' Scheme" in 1983, which offered tax incentives for children born to women with university degrees and gave priority in primary school admissions to the children of graduate mothers with three or more offspring. [ 398 ] In his speech at the 1983 National Day Rally , Lee stated that if women graduates "were not in the breeding pool", society might become more "stupid" and that "there will be less bright people to support dumb people in the next generation." [ 399 ] [ 400 ] In June 1984, Lee's government introduced grants for low-income and low-education women to undergo sterilisation . Women whose husbands and themselves lacked passes at the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level and had fewer than three children could receive a $10,000 grant for sterilisation. Sterilised lower-class parents were also given priority in primary school admission for their existing first and second children. The controversy surrounding the proposal contributed to a 12.9 per cent swing against the PAP in the general election later that year , although the party still secured 64 per cent of the popular vote and the vast majority of seats. By 1985, particularly contentious aspects of the policy, such as granting education and housing advantages to educated women, were either abandoned or modified. A proponent of nature over nurture , Lee asserted that " intelligence is 80% nature and 20% nurture " and attributed the achievements of his children to genetics. [ 401 ] Islam In 1999, in a discussion forum, Lee was asked whether the emotional bonds of various ethnic groups in Singapore could be a hurdle to nation building, Lee replied by alluding that an ethnic Malay and highly religious officer of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) might be hesitant to engage against an hypothetical war with Singapore's direct neighbours such as Malaysia. [ 402 ] In 2011, leaked diplomatic cables attributed to Lee some controversial comments regarding Islam . The cables quoted Lee as having described Islam as a "venomous religion". Lee called the remarks "false" and looked up to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA)'s filenote of the meeting and found no record of the claim, stating that he was referring to extremists such as the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). He added that he recognises that Muslims in Singapore are largely rational and that one of the solutions to extremism was to give "moderate Muslims the courage to stand up and speak out against radicals who hijacked Islam to recruit volunteers for their violent ends". [ 403 ] [ 404 ] In his book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths to Keep Singapore Going , Lee stated that Singaporean Muslims faced difficulties in integrating because of their religion and urged them to "be less strict on Islamic observances". His remarks drew fire from Malay–Muslim leaders and MPs in Singapore, prompting a strong reaction from his son Lee Hsien Loong , the Prime Minister at that time, who said his views differs from his father and that he values and respects the Malay–Muslim community "who have done a good deal to strengthen our harmony and social cohesion." Lee Kuan Yew eventually made a further comment that his comment was "out of date" and that he recognises the efforts made by Muslims to integrate with the other communities. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] Homosexuality Section 377A of the Penal Code , which was first introduced in 1938 under British colonial rule that criminalised sex between adult males, remained enforced under Lee's premiership. In his later years, Lee appeared to become more supportive of LGBTQ+ issues and rights, expressing a belief that homosexuality was genetic and questioning the rationale behind its criminalisation. [ 407 ] [ 408 ] In 2007, he believed that homosexuality would eventually be accepted in Singapore, but advocated for a measured and "pragmatic approach" toward the matter "to maintain social cohesion." [ 409 ] Section 377A was eventually repealed in 2022. Corporal punishment One of Lee's abiding beliefs was in the efficacy of corporal punishment in the form of caning . [ 410 ] In his autobiography The Singapore Story , Lee described his time at Raffles Institution in the 1930s, mentioning that he was often caned there for chronic lateness by the then headmaster, D. W. McLeod. He added that he never understood why Western educationists were so much against corporal punishment as "it did my fellow students and me no harm". [ 411 ] Lee's government inherited judicial corporal punishment from British rule, but greatly expanded its scope. Under the British, it had been used as a penalty for offences involving personal violence, amounting to a handful of caning sentences per year. The PAP government under Lee extended its use to an ever-expanding range of crimes. [ 412 ] By 1993, it was mandatory for 42 offences and optional for a further 42. [ 413 ] Those routinely ordered by the courts to be caned now include drug addicts and illegal immigrants. From 602 canings in 1987, the figure rose to 3,244 in 1993 [ 414 ] and to 6,404 in 2007. [ 415 ] In 1994, judicial caning was publicised in the rest of the world when an American teenager, Michael P. Fay , was caned under the vandalism legislation. [ 410 ] School corporal punishment (for male students only) was likewise inherited from the British, and is still in use in schools, permitted under legislation from 1957. [ 416 ] Lee also introduced caning in the Singapore Armed Forces , and Singapore is one of the few countries in the world where corporal punishment is an official penalty in military discipline. [ 417 ] Press In his interview with Charlie Rose in October 2000, when asked whether he believed in the idea of a free press, Lee responded "I believe in truth" and "I don't believe that the press should be crusading and putting a spin on things" and asserted that newspapers should keep news reporting and editorials separate. [ 418 ] Immigration Lee believed that the benefits of immigration had to be carefully balanced against the associated "social load". In a speech he made in 1971, Lee explained that it was necessary to have non-Singapore workers take up jobs that Singaporeans were not willing to do, but observed that it was important that the number of such migrant workers be carefully controlled because "[t]hey dirty the place... they litter... if you take too many... they will bring us down to their values because it's easier to be untidy, scruffy, dirty, anti-social than to be disciplined, well-behaved and a good citizen". [ 419 ] Personal life Lee and his wife, Kwa Geok Choo , were married on 30 September 1950. Both spoke English as their first language . Lee first started learning Chinese in 1955, at the age of 32. [ 420 ] [ 421 ] During World War II , he learned the Japanese language to help him survive, and worked as a Japanese translator during the Japanese occupation of Singapore . [ 422 ] Lee and Kwa have two sons and a daughter. [ 423 ] His elder son, Lee Hsien Loong , was the third prime minister of Singapore. Several members of the Lee family hold prominent positions in the Singapore society. His younger son Lee Hsien Yang was president and CEO of SingTel , and Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). [ 424 ] Lee's daughter Lee Wei Ling , a neurologist and epileptologist, was director of the National Neuroscience Institute . Lee's daughter-in-law Ho Ching was executive director and CEO of Temasek Holdings . [ 424 ] [ 425 ] His wife Kwa Geok Choo died on 2 October 2010, at the age of 89. Lee had variously described himself as an agnostic [ 426 ] and a "nominal Buddhist". [ 427 ] He also mentioned that he was brought up in a family which practiced Chinese ancestor worship but stopped after his father died, [ 426 ] and that he "neither [denies] nor [accepts] that there is a God". [ 428 ] [ 429 ] In his later years, Lee practised meditation under the tutelage of Benedictine monk Laurence Freeman , director of the World Community for Christian Meditation . [ 426 ] [ 430 ] Lee was diagnosed with dyslexia in adulthood. [ 431 ] Lee was a founding member of the Fondation Chirac 's honour committee, which was launched by former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. [ 432 ] He was also a member of David Rockefeller 's "International Council", which included Henry Kissinger , Riley P. Bechtel , George Shultz and others. Additionally, he was one of the "Forbes' Brain Trust", along with Paul Johnson and Ernesto Zedillo . Cultural depictions In 1979, oil painter Chua Mia Tee depicted Lee's return from London after the Merdeka Talks . [ 433 ] In the early 1980s, Lee agreed to have a sculpture and oil painting of him done, on the condition that they not be exhibited in his lifetime. The works, respectively by British sculptor Sydney Harpley and American portrait painter Marion Pike , were commissioned by a group of Singaporeans, including first Chief Minister David Marshall . They are now part of the National Heritage Board 's national collection, [ 434 ] but only the bronze bust has gone on public display, briefly at the Istana and Parliament House . [ 435 ] An artist's proof of the sculpture was exhibited in 2025. [ 436 ] In 1991, Chua Mia Tee presented an oil painting of Lee to the Minister himself, depicting him against a backdrop of Singapore's transformation. [ 437 ] The untitled painting was commissioned by fifth president Ong Teng Cheong . [ 438 ] In 1992, artist Lai Kui Fang presented historical oil paintings of Lee's 1959 swearing-in ceremony as prime minister, which are now part of the National Museum of Singapore 's collection. [ 439 ] Also in 1992, watercolourist Ong Kim Seng painted Lee visiting the aftermath of the Bukit Ho Swee fire , based on a 1961 photograph. The painting was reproduced in The Straits Times and sold to an unknown collector. In 2025, Ong recreated the painting, on a larger canvas, for an exhibition. [ 440 ] In 2008, artist Ben Puah unveiled Hero , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 441 ] In 2009, artist Richard Lim Han presented Singapore Guidance Angel , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 442 ] In the same year, freelance designer, Christopher "Treewizard" Pereira, began making caricature figurines of Lee which range from 12 cm to 30 cm. Comics artist and painter Sonny Liew depicted Lee as part of the series Eric Khoo is a Hotel Magnate at Mulan Gallery. [ 443 ] [ 444 ] In addition, Cultural Medallion recipient Tan Swie Hian also began a painting of Lee and his late wife titled A Couple . The painting, which took Tan five years to complete, was partially damaged by a fire in 2013. It depicts Lee and Kwa in their youth, is based on a 1946 black-and-white photograph of the couple in Cambridge University and incorporates in its background Tan's poem in memory of Kwa. A Couple was purchased by art collector Wu Hsioh Kwang. [ 445 ] In 2010, Valentine Willie Fine Art gallery asked 19 local artists to imagine a future without Lee. The resulting exhibition, Beyond LKY , included artist a triptych of Lee as a father figure looming over a tiny kneeling figure with the words, "Papa can you hear me"; an installation of a broken piano with a tape recorder playing a crackling version of Singapore's National Anthem ; white ceramic chains hanging on a wall; and an installation of hammers smashed together. [ 446 ] [ 447 ] That year, Korean artist Kim Dong Yoo depicted Lee in Lee Kuan Yew & Queen Elizabeth II (2010), an oil-on-canvas portrait of Lee using small images of Queen Elizabeth II 's head, a reference to Singapore being a former British colony and current member of the Commonwealth. [ 448 ] Indian-Swiss novelist Meira Chand 's A Different Sky , published by UK's Harvill Secker in 2010, features Lee in his early years as a lawyer and co-founder of the People's Action Party . [ 449 ] In 2011, the iris image of Lee's eye was captured and artistically rendered to resemble a sand art gallery piece. His eye image with his autograph was auctioned off to raise funds for the Singapore Eye Research Institute. [ 450 ] In 2012, urban artist Sam Lo depicted Lee in their controversial Limpeh series, featuring his image in Shepard Fairey -inspired stickers, mirrors and collages. [ 451 ] In 2013, poet Cyril Wong published The Dictator's Eyebrow , a poetry collection revolving around a Lee-like figure and his eyebrow's thirst for recognition and power. [ 452 ] In the same year, a group of Tamil poets from three countries, including Singapore Literature Prize winner Ramanathan Vairavan, produced Lee Kuan Yew 90 , a collection of 90 new poems celebrating Lee's legacy. [ 453 ] Artist Sukeshi Sondhi also staged An Icon & A Legend , a solo exhibition at featuring 20 pop art style paintings of Lee. [ 454 ] Speed painter Brad Blaze was commissioned to craft a portrait of Lee, Trailblazer: Singapore , to raise funds for Reach Community Services Society. [ 455 ] [ 456 ] In August, a bronze bust of Lee, cast by contemporary French artist-sculptor Nacera Kainou, was unveiled at the Singapore University of Technology and Design as an early birthday present to Lee from the Lyon-Singapore Association and the municipality of Lyon. [ 457 ] In 2014, Bruneian painter Huifong Ng landed an exhibition after painting a portrait of Lee. [ 458 ] In May of that year, illustrator Patrick Yee produced the children's picture book A Boy Named Harry: The Childhood of Lee Kuan Yew , published by Epigram Books . The series was later translated into Mandarin. [ 459 ] Chinese artist Ren Zhenyu also created expressionist portraits of Lee in electric hues as part of his Pop and Politics series. Vietnamese artist Mai Huy Dung has crafted a series of oil painting portraits of Lee. [ 460 ] [ 461 ] Ukrainian artist Oleg Lazarenko also depicted Lee as part of his painting Lion of Singapore . [ 462 ] In October 2014, cartoonist Morgan Chua released LKY: Political Cartoons , an anthology of cartoons about Lee published by Epigram Books , featuring a 1971 Singapore Herald cartoon of Lee on a tank threatening to crush a baby representing press freedoms. [ 463 ] The Madame Tussauds Singapore museum also unveiled a wax figure of Lee and his late wife, Madam Kwa Geok Choo seated and smiling together against a backdrop of red flowers formed in the shape of two hearts. The statues were created based on a photograph that was taken by Madam Kwa's niece, Ms Kwa Kim Li, of the pair on Valentine's Day in 2008 at Sentosa . [ 464 ] [ 465 ] In February 2015, weeks before Lee's death, Helmi Yusof of The Business Times reported on how "[i]n the last few years, artworks featuring Lee Kuan Yew have turned into a flourishing cottage industry". [ 466 ] Artworks included Jeffrey Koh's seven LKY Pez candy-dispenser sculptures, paintings of Lee in the manner of Van Gogh , and Korean sculptor Park Seung Mo's three-dimensional image of Lee made using stainless steel wires. [ 467 ] In the same month, illustrator Patrick Yee launched the second title in his picture book series about Lee, called Harry Grows Up: The Early Years of Lee Kuan Yew , at an exhibition at the National Library, Singapore . [ 468 ] In March, Singaporean artist Fan Shaohua and Lebanese-British artist Laudi Abilama exhibited their portraits of Lee. [ 469 ] In the same month, the National Parks Board named a Singapore Botanic Gardens orchid hybrid called the "Aranda Lee Kuan Yew" in honour of Lee's efforts work in conservation and environmentalism. [ 470 ] Also in March, a portrait of Lee by Ong Yi Teck, comprising Lee's name written about 18,000 times, went viral on social media. The portrait was made in tribute to Lee, who was then critically ill. [ 471 ] Days after Lee died in 2015, the Asian edition of Time featured the late Lee Kuan Yew on its cover, [ 472 ] while the 16-year-old blogger Amos Yee released a video, Lee Kuan Yew is Finally Dead! , which criticised Lee and negatively compared him to Jesus Christ . Yee also posted on his blog a stick-figure cartoon depicting Lee having sex with Margaret Thatcher , a personal and political ally of Lee's. [ 473 ] For his actions, Yee was charged with insulting religious feelings and obscenity, and sentenced to four weeks imprisonment despite his youth. [ 474 ] In April 2015, an exhibition of 300 oil paintings on Lee and Singapore opened at Suntec City . Presented by art collector Vincent Chua, The Singapore Story featured 80 portraits of Lee and a life-size statue of Lee shaking hands with Deng Xiaoping when the Chinese statesman visited Singapore in 1978. [ 475 ] [ 476 ] In May, Sonny Liew released his graphic novel The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye , in which Lee is central, while Patrick Yee launched the third and final title in his Harry Lee picture book series, Harry Builds a Nation: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew , which were later translated to Chinese. [ 477 ] In July 2015, veteran actor Lim Kay Tong portrayed Lee in the historical film 1965 , including a re-enactment of the iconic press conference when Lee announced that Singapore would be separated from Malaysia [ 478 ] That same month, actor Adrian Pang played Lee in The LKY Musical opposite Sharon Au 's Kwa Geok Choo . [ 479 ] In October 2015, sculptor Lim Leong Seng exhibited a 75 cm bronze sculpture he made of Lee, entitled Weathering Storms As One . [ 480 ] In November 2015, the Singaporean Honorary Consulate General in Barcelona unveiled a bust of Lee at Cap Roig Gardens in Costa Brava , [ 481 ] while pop artist Andre Tan showed his series of portraits of Lee, 1965 and Father of the Nation ( 国父 ) at the Affordable Art Fair Singapore. [ 482 ] In 2016, to mark the first death anniversary of Lee, Lee's brother Lee Suan Yew and nephew Shaun Lee completed the art installation by young Singaporeans of Singapore flag erasers put together to form Lee's face, titled Our Father, Our Country, Our Flag . [ 483 ] In 2023, the centenary of Lee's birth, American artist Daniel Arsham was commissioned to create two sculptures of Lee, Eroded Bronze LKY Bust 1:1 and LKY Full Body 1:2 , using bronze, stainless steel, and patina. [ 484 ] They were exhibited, along with AI-generated videos and portraits of Lee, at the immersive exhibition Now Is Not The Time in September. [ 485 ] In the same month, paintings of Lee were exhibited at Tanjong Pagar Community Club in the show LKY100 . [ 486 ] In 2024, Singaporean artist David Chan showed his painting Lee And Raffles – 5 Stars Rising at Art Seasons Gallery's booth at the Art SG fair, where it sold to a collector. [ 487 ] In 2025 , Lee's ten-year death anniversary and "SG60" (Singapore's 60th year of independence), INSTINC gallery's exhibition 10 Years: Remembering LKY showcased artworks reflecting on Lee's legacy, including portraits of Lee by Boo Sze Yang , Chang Hui Fang , and Laudi Abilama ; Justin Lee 's series LKY Quotes ; and Yeo Shih Yun 's screenprint of Lee planting a tree in 1973. [ 488 ] The exhibition was a follow-up to Remembering LKY in 2015. [ 489 ] In July, Cuturi Gallery showcased Singaporean artist Yom Bo Sung's small-scale sculpture of Lee, Elegy , as part of the exhibition Sixty Summers Here . [ 490 ] Also in July, the group exhibition Artist’s Proof: Singapore At 60 showed, alongside an artist's proof of Harpley's bust of Lee, cartoonist Sonny Liew's figurine of Lee, as part of commissioned project "P.A.P. x P.A."; Foo Kwee Horng's painting portrait of Lee, Majulah (2016); a portrait of Lee by Rajesh P Kargutkar; and Jon Chan's oil paintings of the offices of Lee and former political detainee Chia Thye Poh . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] In August, movie director Jack Neo uploaded a music video for his song, "We Are Singapore", including AI-generated images of the late Lee. [ 493 ] Awards Lee received a number of state decorations , including the Order of the Companions of Honour (1970), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1972), the Ancient Order of Sikatuna (1974), [ 494 ] the Freedom of the City of London (1982), the Seri Paduka Mahkota Johor (1984), the Nishan-e-Quaid-i-Azam (1988) and the Order of the Rising Sun (1967). [ 495 ] In 1999, Lee was named one of Time 's Most Influential People of the 20th Century. [ 41 ] In 2002, Lee became a fellow of Imperial College London in recognition of his promotion of international trade and industry and development of science and engineering study initiatives with the United Kingdom. [ 496 ] In 2006, Lee was presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . In 2007, Lee was conferred an honorary Doctorate in Law at the Australian National University in Canberra , albeit amid protest from 150 students and staff. [ 497 ] In September 2009, Lee was awarded the Armenian Order of Honor by President Serzh Sargsyan for his activities directed at the establishment and deepening of bilateral cooperation between Armenia and Singapore, during Lee's official visit to Armenia. [ 498 ] In October 2009, the US–Asean Business Council conferred upon Lee its first Lifetime Achievement award, at its 25th anniversary gala dinner in Washington, D.C. His tribute, the former United States Secretary of State and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger . [ 499 ] A day later he met United States President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in the White House . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] On 15 November 2009, Lee was awarded the Russian Order of Friendship by President Dmitry Medvedev on the sidelines of APEC Singapore 2009 . [ 502 ] On 29 April 2010, Lee was named in the Time 100 list as one of the people who most affect our world. [ 503 ] On 14 January 2011, Lee received the inaugural Gryphon Award from his alma mater, Raffles Institution, given to illustrious Rafflesians who have made exceptional contributions to the nation. [ 504 ] On 19 October 2011, Lee received the Lincoln Medal in Washington DC—an honour reserved for people who have exemplified the legacy and character embodied by Abraham Lincoln . [ 505 ] On 21 February 2012, Lee was conferred the Kazakhstan Order of Friendship by Ambassador Yerlan Baudarbek-Kozhatayev, at The Istana . [ 506 ] On 10 September 2013, Lee was conferred Russia's Order of Honour by Ambassador Leonid Moiseev for his contributions for forging friendship and co-operation with the Russian Federal and scientific and cultural relations development. [ 507 ] On 22 May 2014, the title of Honorary Doctor of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was presented by the Russian government to Lee. [ 508 ] In 2016, Lee was conferred the Order of the Paulownia Flowers . The award was backdated to 23 March 2015, the date of his death. [ 509 ] In December 2018, China conferred a posthumous China Reform Friendship Medal on Lee for his "critical role in promoting Singapore's participation in China's reform journey". In former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping's southern tour , he urged Chinese leaders to learn from the Singapore model. Alan Chan Heng Loon, Singapore–China Foundation chairman and Lee's chief private secretary, said that Mr. Lee's administration did a lot to build China-Singapore ties. [ 510 ] See also Government of Singapore Politics of Singapore Political positions of Lee Kuan Yew Zhonghandi Notes ^ Chinese : See § Chinese name ^ Kuan Yew is a transliteration of a dialect word stemming from the Chinese words 光耀 ( guāng yào ); the Hanyu Pinyin used to romanise the latter word did not exist until 1958. ^ The former college is not to be confused with Raffles Institution which Lee also attended as part of his secondary education. ^ In his memoir The Singapore Story , Lee relates that he tried unsuccessfully to drop 'Harry' when being called to the bar at the Middle Temple, but had stopped using the name by then. He succeeded when called to the Singapore bar the following year. [ 40 ] ^ The Liberal Socialist Party was formed from a merger between the pro-British Democratic Party and Progressive Party . [ 106 ] ^ The term 'yellow culture' refers to 'degenerate' behaviours in contemporary Chinese culture during the era. ^ The five were Lim Chin Siong , Fong Swee Suan, Devan Nair , James Puthucheary and S Woodhull . [ 122 ] ^ Unlike the chief ministers of Sabah and Sarawak , Lee's position as the prime minister of Singapore remained unchanged even with the existence of the prime minister of Malaysia for the entire country. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES DEWAN RA'AYAT (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES) OFFICIAL REPORT" (PDF) . 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Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Josey, Alex (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: The Crucial Years . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814435499 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Tortajada, Cecilia; Joshi, Yugal; Biswas, Asit K. (2013). The Singapore Water Story: Sustainable Development in an Urban City-state . Routledge. ISBN 9780415657822 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Plate, Tom (2013). Giants of Asia: Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew . Marshall Cavendish Intl. ISBN 9789814398619 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kah Seng, Loh (2013). Squatters into Citizens: The 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire and the Making of Modern Singapore . NUS Press. ISBN 9788776941222 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Soo, Kai Poh; Hong, Lysa; Chen, Guofang (2013). The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore, Commemorating 50 years . Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. ISBN 9789670630106 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Cotterell, Arthur (2014). A History of South-East Asia . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814634700 . Barr, Michael D. (2014). The Ruling Elite of Singapore: Networks of Power and Influence . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780857723680 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Oei, Anthony (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: Blazing The Freedom Trail . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814677875 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 28 July 2021 . Yeow, Stephanie (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: A Pictorial Memoir . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814642088 . Chew, Melanie (2015). Leaders Of Singapore . World Scientific. ISBN 9789810073336 . Zheng, Yongnian; Liang, Fook Lye (2015). Singapore-China Relations: 50 Years . World Scientific. ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kwa, Chong Guan; Heng, Derek; Borschberg, Peter; Tan, Tai Yong (2019). Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814868334 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 . Jayakumar, Shashi (2021). A History of the People's Action Party, 1985–2021 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789813251281 . Further reading Primary sources Lee, Kuan Yew (1998). The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . Times Editions. ISBN 9789812049834 . —— (2000). From Third World to First: 1965–2000: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060197766 . —— (2005). Keeping My Mandarin Alive: Lee Kuan Yew's Language Learning Experience . World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 9789812563828 . —— (2011). Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . Straits Times Press. ISBN 978-9814266727 . —— (2012). My Lifelong Challenge: Singapore's Bilingual Journey . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342032 . —— (2013a). The Wit and Wisdom of Lee Kuan Yew . Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385282 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . —— (2013b). One Man's View of the World . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342568 . —— (2014). The Battle for Merger . National Archives of Singapore. ISBN 9789814342773 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Other sources Kassim, Yang Razali; Ali, Mushahid, eds. (2016). Reflections: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew . Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. doi : 10.1142/9811 . ISBN 978-9814723886 . Allison, Graham T.; Blackwill, Robert D.; Ali, Wyne (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States and the World . The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262019125 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Koh, Buck Song (2011). Brand Singapore: How Nation Branding Built Asia's Leading Global City . Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9814328159 . Plate, Tom (2010). Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew: Citizen Singapore: How to Build a Nation . Giants of Asia Series. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9812616760 . Barr, Michael D. (2000). Lee Kuan Yew: The Beliefs Behind the Man . Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0878408160 . Datta-Ray, Sunanda K. (2009). Looking East to Look West: Lee Kuan Yew's Mission India . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9814279048 . Gordon, Uri (2000). "Machiavelli's Tiger: Lee Kwan Yew and Singapore's Authoritarian regime" . King, Rodney (2008). The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality (2 ed.). Insight Press. ISBN 978-0977556700 . Fernandez, Warren; Tan, Sumiko; Lam, Sally; Tay, Hwee Peng (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and His Ideas . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-9814677684 . Lama, Murat (2016). Lee Kuan Yew: Singapour et le renouveau de la Chine (in French). Paris: Manitoba/Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-89020-3 . Minchin, James (1986). No Man is an Island: A Study of Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew . Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0868619064 . Bellows, Thomas J. (1989), "Singapore in 1988: The Transition Moves Forward", Asian Survey , 29 (2): 145– 153, doi : 10.2307/2644574 , JSTOR 2644574 External links Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Resources in your library Resources in other libraries @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikimedia Commons Appearances on C-SPAN Portraits of Lee Kuan Yew at the National Portrait Gallery, London Quotations related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikiquote Political offices New office Prime Minister of Singapore 1959–1990 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Preceded by Hon Sui Sen Minister for Finance Acting 1983 Succeeded by Tony Tan Vacant Title last held by S. Rajaratnam 1988 Senior Minister 1990–2004 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong New office Minister Mentor 2004–2011 Position abolished Parliament of Singapore New constituency Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC 1959–1991 Constituency abolished Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC 1991–2015 Succeeded by Joan Pereira (Tanjong Pagar ward) Party political offices New office Secretary-General of the People's Action Party 1954–1992 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Prime ministers of Singapore v t e Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) v t e Legal profession in Singapore v t e Executive officers Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Lucien Wong Judicial officers Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Notable lawyers Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Notable academics Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Politicians with legal backgrounds Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Major law firms Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Law schools NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law Legal organisations Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Member of multiple Parliaments of Singapore .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) v t e Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Fu, H Y Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) v t e Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Seng, H T Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 Biography Politics Singapore Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Catalonia Academics CiNii CiNii People Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC Yale LUX IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC Yale LUX 1923 births 2015 deaths Alumni of the University of London Alumni of the London School of Economics Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Conservatism in Singapore Deaths from pneumonia in Singapore Fellows of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Singaporean politicians of Chinese descent Singaporean politicians of Hakka descent Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Honorary members of the Order of the Companions of Honour Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor Members of the Cabinet of Singapore Members of the Parliament of Singapore Members of the Dewan Rakyat Members of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore People's Action Party politicians Lee family (Singapore) Prime ministers of Singapore Raffles Institution alumni Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun Recipients of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers Singaporean agnostics Singaporean anti-communists Singaporean Confucianists Singaporean people of Hakka descent Hakka writers Singaporean people with disabilities Singaporean independence activists 20th-century Singaporean lawyers Lee Kuan Yew Politicians with dyslexia Lawyers with disabilities Peranakan people in Singapore Writers with dyslexia Radicals Critics of Islamism Ig Nobel laureates Singaporean Buddhists Recipients of the Order of Sikatuna All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1: long volume value CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh) CS1 Chinese (Singapore)-language sources (zh-sg) CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2026 Use British English from July 2023 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Pages using Template:Post-nominals with customized linking Articles containing Chinese-language text Articles with empty listen template All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2025 CS1 French-language sources (fr) Commons category link from Wikidata People appearing on C-SPAN National Portrait Gallery (London) person ID same as Wikidata Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:27 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Economic crisis in Iran 1.2 Comparison to previous protests 1.1 Economic crisis in Iran 1.2 Comparison to previous protests 2 Protests Toggle Protests subsection 2.1 Initial bazaar 2.1.1 28 December 2025 2.1.2 29 December 2.2 Spread across Iran 2.2.1 30 December 2.2.2 31 December 2.3 2026 2.3.1 1 January 2.3.2 2 January 2.3.3 3 January 2.3.4 4 January 2.3.5 5 January 2.3.6 6 January 2.3.7 7 January 2.3.8 8 January 2.3.9 9 January 2.3.10 10 January 2.3.11 11 January 2.3.12 12 January 2.3.13 13 January 2.3.14 14 January 2.3.15 15 January 2.1 Initial bazaar 2.1.1 28 December 2025 2.1.2 29 December 2.1.1 28 December 2025 2.1.2 29 December 2.2 Spread across Iran 2.2.1 30 December 2.2.2 31 December 2.2.1 30 December 2.2.2 31 December 2.3 2026 2.3.1 1 January 2.3.2 2 January 2.3.3 3 January 2.3.4 4 January 2.3.5 5 January 2.3.6 6 January 2.3.7 7 January 2.3.8 8 January 2.3.9 9 January 2.3.10 10 January 2.3.11 11 January 2.3.12 12 January 2.3.13 13 January 2.3.14 14 January 2.3.15 15 January 2.3.1 1 January 2.3.2 2 January 2.3.3 3 January 2.3.4 4 January 2.3.5 5 January 2.3.6 6 January 2.3.7 7 January 2.3.8 8 January 2.3.9 9 January 2.3.10 10 January 2.3.11 11 January 2.3.12 12 January 2.3.13 13 January 2.3.14 14 January 2.3.15 15 January 3 Methods Toggle Methods subsection 3.1 Protesters 3.1.1 National strikes 3.1.2 Demonstrations 3.1.3 Slogans and symbols 3.1.4 Organisation 3.1.5 Territorial control 3.1 Protesters 3.1.1 National strikes 3.1.2 Demonstrations 3.1.3 Slogans and symbols 3.1.4 Organisation 3.1.5 Territorial control 3.1.1 National strikes 3.1.2 Demonstrations 3.1.3 Slogans and symbols 3.1.4 Organisation 3.1.5 Territorial control 4 Suppression, persecution and executions Toggle Suppression, persecution and executions subsection 4.1 Internet blackouts 4.2 Recruitment of foreign militias 4.3 Internal propaganda and coercion 4.4 Direct order for live fire on protesters 4.5 Persecution 4.5.1 Erfan Soltani 4.1 Internet blackouts 4.2 Recruitment of foreign militias 4.3 Internal propaganda and coercion 4.4 Direct order for live fire on protesters 4.5 Persecution 4.5.1 Erfan Soltani 4.5.1 Erfan Soltani 5 Casualties Toggle Casualties subsection 5.1 Casualties, arrests, executions, and injured protesters 5.1.1 31 December 5.1.2 1 January 5.1.3 2 January 5.1.4 3 January 5.1.5 4 January 5.1.6 5 January 5.1.7 6 January 5.1.8 7 January 5.1.9 8 January 5.1.10 9 January 5.1.11 10 January 5.1.12 11 January 5.1.13 12 January 5.1.14 13 January 5.1.15 15 January 5.1.16 Executions 5.2 Government forces 5.3 Notable victims 5.4 Foreign victims 5.1 Casualties, arrests, executions, and injured protesters 5.1.1 31 December 5.1.2 1 January 5.1.3 2 January 5.1.4 3 January 5.1.5 4 January 5.1.6 5 January 5.1.7 6 January 5.1.8 7 January 5.1.9 8 January 5.1.10 9 January 5.1.11 10 January 5.1.12 11 January 5.1.13 12 January 5.1.14 13 January 5.1.15 15 January 5.1.16 Executions 5.1.1 31 December 5.1.2 1 January 5.1.3 2 January 5.1.4 3 January 5.1.5 4 January 5.1.6 5 January 5.1.7 6 January 5.1.8 7 January 5.1.9 8 January 5.1.10 9 January 5.1.11 10 January 5.1.12 11 January 5.1.13 12 January 5.1.14 13 January 5.1.15 15 January 5.1.16 Executions 5.2 Government forces 5.3 Notable victims 5.4 Foreign victims 6 Reactions Toggle Reactions subsection 6.1 Domestic 6.2 International 6.2.1 Sovereign states 6.2.2 Intergovernmental and international organisations 6.2.3 Political parties and organisations 6.2.4 Corporate organisations 6.2.5 International travel advisories 6.2.6 Polling 6.1 Domestic 6.2 International 6.2.1 Sovereign states 6.2.2 Intergovernmental and international organisations 6.2.3 Political parties and organisations 6.2.4 Corporate organisations 6.2.5 International travel advisories 6.2.6 Polling 6.2.1 Sovereign states 6.2.2 Intergovernmental and international organisations 6.2.3 Political parties and organisations 6.2.4 Corporate organisations 6.2.5 International travel advisories 6.2.6 Polling 7 Analysis Toggle Analysis subsection 7.1 View of the protests as an uprising 7.1 View of the protests as an uprising 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 2025–2026 Iranian protests العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kurdî Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF 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Please update outdated or incomplete information with citations to reliable sources . ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) 2025–2026 Iranian protests Part of the protests against the government of Iran and the Iranian economic crisis and Gen Z protests Cities in Iran where protests have been reported as of 8 January 2026. (Click to zoom in.) Date 28 December 2025 – present (19 days) Location 512 locations across 180 cities in all 31 provinces of Iran . [ 1 ] The protests are recorded in multiple cities across Iran , primarily Tehran ( Grand Bazaar and commercial districts), Ahvaz , Arak , Dargahan , Farsan , Fasa , Fuladshahr , Hamadan , Isfahan , Izeh , Kermanshah , Mashhad , Marlik , Najafabad , Nurabad , Qeshm , Qom , Shiraz , Sari and others. [ a ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Caused by Political issues Authoritarianism Human rights abuses Political corruption Internet censorship and blackouts Systemic/ideological issues Foreign proxy involvement Mandatory hijab enforcement Ethnic-based discrimination Religious persecution Economic issues Economic mismanagement International sanctions Rising price of food and essential goods Currency crisis – Severe depreciation of the Iranian rial Water and energy shortages Authoritarianism Human rights abuses Political corruption Internet censorship and blackouts Systemic/ideological issues Foreign proxy involvement Mandatory hijab enforcement Ethnic-based discrimination Religious persecution Economic issues Economic mismanagement International sanctions Rising price of food and essential goods Currency crisis – Severe depreciation of the Iranian rial Water and energy shortages Goals Overthrow of the Islamic Republic government [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Return of Reza Pahlavi to lead a transitional government (some factions) [ 6 ] End of economic mismanagement Stabilisation of exchange rates Addressing of civilians' and merchants' hardships Overthrow of the Islamic Republic government [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Return of Reza Pahlavi to lead a transitional government (some factions) [ 6 ] End of economic mismanagement Stabilisation of exchange rates Addressing of civilians' and merchants' hardships Stabilisation of exchange rates Addressing of civilians' and merchants' hardships Methods Street protests, marches, arsons , and rooftop demonstrations Chants and slogans Strikes and shop closures (led by bazaar merchants and shopkeepers) Online activism Student activism Riots Rebellion Insurgency Street protests, marches, arsons , and rooftop demonstrations Chants and slogans Strikes and shop closures (led by bazaar merchants and shopkeepers) Online activism Student activism Riots Rebellion Insurgency Status Ongoing Protests suppressed by force Nationwide internet and mobile networks shut down Protests suppressed by force Nationwide internet and mobile networks shut down Parties Iranian opposition Anti-government demonstrators Student demonstrators [ 7 ] Police and military defectors Supported by: Political groups: Iran National Council for Free Elections (INC) [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (MEK) [ 10 ] .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Solidarity for a Secular Democratic Republic in Iran [ 10 ] Separatist groups: Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] Labour, civil, and retiree groups: Free Workers Union of Iran [ 24 ] Iranian Writers Association [ 24 ] Coordination Council of Iranian Teachers Trade Associations [ 24 ] Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Workers Syndicate [ 24 ] Coordination Committee to Help Form Independent Labour Organisations [ 24 ] Khuzestan Retired Workers [ 24 ] Union of Retirees Group [ 24 ] Kurdish Women's Organisations [ 24 ] Retirees Union [ 25 ] Kermanshah Electricity and Metal Association [ 25 ] "Stop Executions" [ 25 ] "Justice Seekers" [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Contract Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Non-Formal Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council of Nurses Protests [ 25 ] "Neday-e Zanan-e Iran" [ 25 ] World Iranian Christian Alliance [ 26 ] Government of Iran Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Iranian opposition Anti-government demonstrators Student demonstrators [ 7 ] Police and military defectors Supported by: Political groups: Iran National Council for Free Elections (INC) [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (MEK) [ 10 ] .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Solidarity for a Secular Democratic Republic in Iran [ 10 ] Separatist groups: Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] Labour, civil, and retiree groups: Free Workers Union of Iran [ 24 ] Iranian Writers Association [ 24 ] Coordination Council of Iranian Teachers Trade Associations [ 24 ] Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Workers Syndicate [ 24 ] Coordination Committee to Help Form Independent Labour Organisations [ 24 ] Khuzestan Retired Workers [ 24 ] Union of Retirees Group [ 24 ] Kurdish Women's Organisations [ 24 ] Retirees Union [ 25 ] Kermanshah Electricity and Metal Association [ 25 ] "Stop Executions" [ 25 ] "Justice Seekers" [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Contract Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Non-Formal Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council of Nurses Protests [ 25 ] "Neday-e Zanan-e Iran" [ 25 ] World Iranian Christian Alliance [ 26 ] Iranian opposition Anti-government demonstrators Student demonstrators [ 7 ] Police and military defectors Iran National Council for Free Elections (INC) [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (MEK) [ 10 ] .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Solidarity for a Secular Democratic Republic in Iran [ 10 ] Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] Free Workers Union of Iran [ 24 ] Iranian Writers Association [ 24 ] Coordination Council of Iranian Teachers Trade Associations [ 24 ] Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Workers Syndicate [ 24 ] Coordination Committee to Help Form Independent Labour Organisations [ 24 ] Khuzestan Retired Workers [ 24 ] Union of Retirees Group [ 24 ] Kurdish Women's Organisations [ 24 ] Retirees Union [ 25 ] Kermanshah Electricity and Metal Association [ 25 ] "Stop Executions" [ 25 ] "Justice Seekers" [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Contract Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Non-Formal Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council of Nurses Protests [ 25 ] "Neday-e Zanan-e Iran" [ 25 ] World Iranian Christian Alliance [ 26 ] Government of Iran Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Government of Iran Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Lead figures .mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px} .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} "Broadly leaderless" [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Reza Pahlavi [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Ali Khamenei ( Supreme Leader of Iran ) Masoud Pezeshkian ( President of Iran ) Others: Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i ( Chief Justice of Iran ) Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf ( Speaker of the Parliament of the Islamic Republic Iran ) Ali Larijani ( Supreme National Security Council ) Abbas Araghchi ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) Abdolrahim Mousavi ( General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran ) Amir Hatami ( Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Army ) Ahmad-Reza Radan (Chief Commander of the Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mohammad Pakpour (Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces Gholamreza Soleimani (Commander of the Basij ) "Broadly leaderless" [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Reza Pahlavi [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Ali Khamenei ( Supreme Leader of Iran ) Masoud Pezeshkian ( President of Iran ) Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i ( Chief Justice of Iran ) Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf ( Speaker of the Parliament of the Islamic Republic Iran ) Ali Larijani ( Supreme National Security Council ) Abbas Araghchi ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) Abdolrahim Mousavi ( General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran ) Amir Hatami ( Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Army ) Ahmad-Reza Radan (Chief Commander of the Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mohammad Pakpour (Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces Gholamreza Soleimani (Commander of the Basij ) Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i ( Chief Justice of Iran ) Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf ( Speaker of the Parliament of the Islamic Republic Iran ) Ali Larijani ( Supreme National Security Council ) Abbas Araghchi ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) Abdolrahim Mousavi ( General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran ) Amir Hatami ( Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Army ) Ahmad-Reza Radan (Chief Commander of the Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mohammad Pakpour (Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces Gholamreza Soleimani (Commander of the Basij ) Number Millions (per Iran International) [ 36 ] Widespread deployment 800 Iranian-backed Iraqi militiamen (per Iranian opposition) [ 21 ] Tens of thousands of counter-protesters in Tehran [ 37 ] Millions (per Iran International) [ 36 ] Widespread deployment 800 Iranian-backed Iraqi militiamen (per Iranian opposition) [ 21 ] Tens of thousands of counter-protesters in Tehran [ 37 ] Casualties Deaths ~2,000–3,000 overall (per Iranian government officials) [ b ] >4,370 overall (per HRANA ) [ c ] 12,000 protesters (per Iran International ) [ 42 ] 12,000–20,000 protesters (per activist groups) [ 43 ] Arrested 19,097 [ d ] Precise casualties uncertain due to Internet and telephone blackout imposed by the government since 8 January 2026 Beginning on 28 December 2025, demonstrations erupted across multiple cities in Iran amid nationwide unrest against the Islamic Republic government and a deepening economic crisis . The events have been described as the largest uprising since the 1979 Islamic Revolution . [ e ] The ensuing crackdown, carried out under Ali Khamenei's direct order for live fire on protesters, resulted in massacres that left tens of thousands of protesters dead , making them some of the largest massacres in modern Iranian history . [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 49 ] Initially sparked by frustration over record-high inflation , food prices, and currency depreciation, the protests quickly evolved into a broader movement demanding an end to the current regime. [ 50 ] Beginning with the bazaari (shopkeepers and merchants) in Tehran's Grand Bazaar and later university students, the demonstrations soon spread not only to major cities but also small settlements chanting anti-government slogans [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] and destroying symbols of the government and the IRGC . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Although largely leaderless, the protests escalated on 8 January following the call for unified protests by Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran and the subsequent call for a general strike by the Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Many demonstrators have been calling for Pahlavi's return to Iran; [ 58 ] he has called for a peaceful transition and a referendum to decide Iran's future political system. [ 6 ] The Iranian government has cut off Internet access and telephone services in an attempt to prevent protesters from organising. [ 58 ] It has accused the United States and Israel of fuelling the protests, [ 54 ] which analysts suggest may be a tactic to increase security forces' willingness to kill protesters. [ 21 ] As of 9 January, millions took to the streets in protests across all 31 provinces. By 10 January 2026, Iran International reported that at least 2,000 protesters had been killed nationwide over the previous 48 hours amid the internet blackout, as Iranian security forces escalated their use of live ammunition against demonstrators. [ 59 ] Hospitals in Tehran and Shiraz were reported to be overwhelmed by injured protesters, many suffering gunshot wounds. [ 60 ] Iran's foreign ministry spokesperson confirmed security forces fired on protesters, raising international concern over human rights. [ 61 ] In addition, thousands were arrested during the violent crackdown. [ 62 ] Despite the blackout, on 10 January 2026, The Guardian documented multiple reports of security forces opening fire on demonstrations, with one eyewitness stating they saw " hundreds of bodies " across Tehran. [ 63 ] On 11 January, Time reported that an expatriate group of academics and professionals estimated the death toll at 6,000, based on reports from hospitals, without including bodies taken directly to morgues rather than hospitals. [ 64 ] On 13 January, Iran International reported that at least 12,000 had been killed; CBS News reported on the same day that activist groups in Iran estimated at least 12,000 deaths and possibly as many as 20,000. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Background Economic crisis in Iran Beginning in 2024, Iran's economy experienced sharp inflation, a devalued currency, and an energy deficit, culminating in repeated electricity and gas disruptions and apologies from Iranian president Masoud Pezeshkian . Iran had also suffered from major declines in global influence such as with the fall of the Assad regime in Syria, a major ally. [ 65 ] In the final months of 2025, Iran's economy experienced an unprecedented surge in exchange rates , a sharp depreciation of the Iranian rial with the US dollar reaching approximately 145,000 Iranian tomans . [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Additionally, the country's state statistics centre reported an inflation rate of 42.2% in December 2025, an increase of 1.8% compared to November. [ 44 ] Food prices rose by 72%, while health and medical goods increased by 50% year-on-year. [ 44 ] Iran is experiencing a mismanaged water crisis . [ 45 ] Reports in Iranian media also indicated that the government planned to raise taxes with the start of the Iranian new year on 21 March, fuelling further concern among citizens. [ 44 ] Some protest messaging linked economic hardship to criticism of the government's foreign policy priorities; during the December 2025 demonstrations, some participants chanted " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran ". [ 68 ] Discontent in Iran has also been alleged to have been due to political corruption, with protesters accusing the Iranian government of authoritarianism and prioritising proxies such as Hezbollah and Hamas over domestic needs. [ 46 ] Additionally, Iran faces challenges from ethnic secessionist movements from the Kurds , Azerbaijanis , Khuzestani Arabs , and Balochs and from major powers like the United States and Israel. [ 69 ] Inflation had surged to 48.6% in October 2025 and 42.2% in December, straining household budgets. [ 44 ] On 29 December, the Iranian rial reached its lowest value (1.45 million to the US dollar), then by 3 January, the government increased the value of the rial to 1.38 million in an attempt to control the people. This had no effect, and on 6 January, the rial broke its record low again (reaching 1.5 million to the US dollar), causing a sharp increase in prices, including food and other essential goods. [ 70 ] [ 44 ] The economic crisis, which had been developing over several years, is accompanied by fears of renewed conflict following the 2025 Twelve-Day War with Israel and renewed UN nuclear -related sanctions imposed through the "snapback" mechanism . [ 71 ] [ 44 ] Economic analysts cited government monetary and fiscal policies, economic mismanagement, chronic budget deficits, and the continuation of international sanctions as key contributing factors. These conditions directly affected trade guilds, particularly businesses dependent on imports. Severe exchange-rate volatility left many merchants unable to price goods, secure supplies, or continue economic activity. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 70 ] Economic uncertainty grew in Iran throughout 2025. In June 2025, Iran was involved in an armed conflict with Israel , during which Iran's nuclear programme was targeted, and its nuclear facilities were also struck by the United States . [ 75 ] [ 44 ] In September 2025, the United Nations reimposed sanctions on Iran through the snapback mechanism, freezing Iranian assets abroad, halting arms transactions, and imposing penalties related to the country's ballistic missile programme . [ 71 ] [ 44 ] Many Iranians fear a broader confrontation involving the United States , which contributed to market instability. [ 44 ] According to The Guardian , the economic crisis was the catalyst for the protests; however, they had expanded into an expression of grievances against government corruption. [ 50 ] It further reported of voices calling for the overthrow of the government, and distrust in the government's calls for dialogue, seeing them as self-serving and deceptive. [ 50 ] NPR reported that months before the protests, public anger and frustration had been mounting due to severe energy shortages, civil rights abuses and widespread corruption, and that the protests sparked concerns that they could deteriorate into something much more serious. [ 76 ] According to The Atlantic , the political character of the protests was manifested by protesters chanting " Death to the Dictator " in reference to Supreme leader of Iran Ali Khamenei , [ 77 ] and their loss of faith in Pezeshkian, who was elected in 2024 on the platform and promises of good governance, but had overseen water and electricity cuts, while failing to deliver on the promise of lifting internet censorship . [ 77 ] Pezeshkian also promised to meet with protest representatives, and recognised "the constitutional right of peaceful protest", [ 77 ] although he lacks control over Iranian security forces. By 1 January 2026, dozens of protesters had been arrested and there were several documented cases of security forces firing live ammunition at protesters, including students, pensioners, and members of Gen Z . [ 77 ] Students at Shahid Beheshti University released a statement declaring that "This criminal system has taken our future hostage for 47 years. It won't be changed with reform or with false promises". [ 77 ] Comparison to previous protests Part of a series on Liberalism in Iran Ideologies Conservative Monarchism Islamic Reformist National Religious Progressivism Radical Mosaddeghism Secular Social Conservative Monarchism Monarchism Islamic Reformist Reformist National Religious Religious Progressivism Radical Mosaddeghism Mosaddeghism Secular Social Principles Civil and political rights Equality Free trade Human rights Liberal democracy Social justice Reformist groups Anti-imperialism Zionist Islamic democracy Islamic modernism Moderate conservatism Realpolitik Republicanism Sovereigntism Mosaddeghist groups Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Anti-imperialism Freedom of the press Iranian nationalism Popular sovereignty Secular state Social democracy Sovereigntism Monarchist groups (post-1979) Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Economic freedom Iranian nationalism Persian Royalism Qajar dynasty Pahlavi dynasty Secular state Westernisation Civil and political rights Equality Free trade Human rights Liberal democracy Social justice Anti-imperialism Zionist Zionist Islamic democracy Islamic modernism Moderate conservatism Realpolitik Republicanism Sovereigntism Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Anti-imperialism Freedom of the press Iranian nationalism Popular sovereignty Secular state Social democracy Sovereigntism Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Economic freedom Iranian nationalism Persian Persian Royalism Qajar dynasty Pahlavi dynasty Qajar dynasty Pahlavi dynasty Secular state Westernisation History Persian Constitutional Revolution Governments of Mohammad Mosaddegh Chain murders of Iran Mohammad Khatami's reforms Woman, Life, Freedom movement Protests 1979 (International Women's Day) 1999 2003 2009 2011–2012 2016 2017–2018 2018–2019 2019–2020 2021–2022 2022–2023 2025–2026 Persian Constitutional Revolution Governments of Mohammad Mosaddegh Chain murders of Iran Mohammad Khatami's reforms Woman, Life, Freedom movement Protests 1979 (International Women's Day) 1999 2003 2009 2011–2012 2016 2017–2018 2018–2019 2019–2020 2021–2022 2022–2023 2025–2026 1979 (International Women's Day) 1999 2003 2009 2011–2012 2016 2017–2018 2018–2019 2019–2020 2021–2022 2022–2023 2025–2026 Intellectuals Jahanbegloo Shariati Shayegan Soroush Reformists Aghajari Malekian Shabestari Tajzadeh Jahanbegloo Shariati Shayegan Soroush Aghajari Malekian Shabestari Tajzadeh Politicians Alam Alijani Bakhtiar Bazargan Ebadi Fatemi Mosaddegh Pahlavi I (early) Sadighi Sanjabi Shariatmadari Yazdi Zaim Reformists Damad Ebtekar Khomeini (Hassan) Khomeini (Hussein) Karroubi Khatami Mohtashami Montazeri Mousavi Nouri Pezeshkian Rafsanjani Rouhani Saanei Shahindokht Zanjani Zarif Exile opposition Bashirtash Boniadi Pahlavi (Reza) Rajavi Alam Alijani Bakhtiar Bazargan Ebadi Fatemi Mosaddegh Pahlavi I (early) Sadighi Sanjabi Shariatmadari Yazdi Zaim Damad Ebtekar Khomeini (Hassan) Khomeini (Hussein) Karroubi Khatami Mohtashami Montazeri Mousavi Nouri Pezeshkian Rafsanjani Rouhani Saanei Shahindokht Zanjani Zarif Bashirtash Boniadi Pahlavi (Reza) Rajavi Commentators Alinejad Baghi Ganji Kar Nafisi Reformists Abdi Hajjarian Zeidabadi Alinejad Baghi Ganji Kar Nafisi Abdi Hajjarian Zeidabadi Parties Active Association of Combatant Clerics Freedom Movement National Front Iran Party Iran National Council Constitutionalist Party Iran-Novin Party National Democratic Front United Republicans Voice of the Nation Defunct Democrat Party Muslim People's Republic Party National Council of Resistance of Iran National Resistance Movement of Iran People's Party People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran Radical Movement of Iran Revival Party Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran Progressives Social Democratic Party Association of Combatant Clerics Freedom Movement National Front Iran Party Iran National Council Constitutionalist Party Constitutionalist Party Iran-Novin Party National Democratic Front United Republicans Voice of the Nation Democrat Party Muslim People's Republic Party National Council of Resistance of Iran National Resistance Movement of Iran People's Party People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran Radical Movement of Iran Revival Party Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran Progressives Social Democratic Party Alliances Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front Reformists Front Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front Reformists Front Media Ayandegan Iran International (overseas) Reformists Aftab Yazd Etemaad Shargh Asr-e Maa Asrar Ayande-ye No Bahar Ebtekar Ham-Mihan Hayat-e-No Hambastegi Khordad Salam Yas-e No Zan Ayandegan Iran International (overseas) Aftab Yazd Etemaad Shargh Asr-e Maa Asrar Ayande-ye No Bahar Ebtekar Ham-Mihan Hayat-e-No Hambastegi Khordad Salam Yas-e No Zan Related topics Dialogue Among Civilisations Iranian opposition Islamic feminism Islamo-leftism LGBTQ rights in Iran Transgender rights Secularism in Iran Politics of Iran Anarchism Conservatism Socialism Women's rights in Iran Feminism " Woman, Life, Freedom " Dialogue Among Civilisations Iranian opposition Islamic feminism Islamo-leftism LGBTQ rights in Iran Transgender rights Transgender rights Secularism in Iran Politics of Iran Anarchism Conservatism Socialism Anarchism Conservatism Socialism Women's rights in Iran Feminism Feminism " Woman, Life, Freedom " Liberalism portal Iran portal Liberalism portal Iran portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The protests were described as Iran's largest since 2022, when nationwide demonstrations erupted following the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini while in police custody for allegedly wearing her hijab improperly. [ 44 ] On 30 December, Ellie Borhan, a British-Iranian activist, viewed this wave of protests as stronger than previous ones. [ 78 ] Iranian public faith in their government faded since the 2022 crackdown on the Woman, Life, Freedom movement during the Mahsa Amini protests . [ 65 ] Protests were previously held in May 2025 by truck drivers beginning in Bandar Abbas , who blocked roads and ports in Iran due to discontent over low salaries, high insurance rates, and possible hikes in fuel prices in the future. [ 79 ] Protest slogans have shifted ideologically compared to the 2022 protests. Some new chants increasingly reflect monarchist sentiments. [ 80 ] Already in June 2025, during the Iran–Israel war , the exiled crown prince Reza Pahlavi had intensified his political efforts and appealed to the international community to help the Iranian people force out Ali Khamenei 's religious dictatorship offering himself up as interim leader to take over running the country. [ 81 ] In comparison to the Amini protests which were mainly fuelled by girls and women, young men played larger roles in later rounds of the 2025–2026 protests. [ 82 ] Market traders were influential during the 1979 Islamic Revolution , helping to mobilise public support that ultimately led to the overthrow of the monarchy. [ 44 ] The demonstrations were notable in the context of a large-scale government crackdown on dissidents, including arrests of prominent opponents and the highest number of executions in nearly 40 years. [ 75 ] Executions in Iran have reportedly doubled in 2025 compared to 2024; the execution trends were on the rise since 2022, with activists alleging that the Islamic Republic aims to use executions to instil fear in their population and therefore suppress internal opposition. [ 83 ] Kurdish-majority regions in Iran have previously undergone severe repression stemming from the Amini protests in 2022, leading to fears of ethnic crackdowns from the government. This was in part due to Iran's accusing Kurdish opposition groups of having incited the 2022 protests. Despite this, Kurdish opposition groups have continued to call for solidarity in the nationwide protests and strikes. Iran has also repeatedly accused Kurdish militias from Iraq of attempting to incite unrest, including in the protests in 2026. [ 84 ] [ 58 ] [ 28 ] [ 85 ] Likewise, Baloch regions in Iran, long suffering from underdevelopment and political exclusion, have also previously been subject to violent crackdowns in the Amini protests. [ 86 ] On 10 December 2025, Iranian Baloch- Sunni militant groups like the Jaysh al-Adl announced a merge into a united organisation called the Jebhe-ye Mobaarezin-e Mardomi ( People's Fighters Front ). In its coalition video, the union rejected Shia Islam -led clerical rule in the Islamic Republic. The same day, the group carried out an attack on an Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps regional command, killing four of its soldiers and wounding three others; it announced responsibility for the attack the next day. [ 87 ] Protests Initial bazaar 28 December 2025 On 28 December, groups of shopkeepers and merchants at Alaeddin Shopping Centre in Tehran and other commercial centres, including Charsou Mall, went on strike by closing their shops. Simultaneously, protest gatherings formed around these locations, and images and videos of widespread shop closures circulated on social media. [ 73 ] According to reports, protesters cited the rising dollar exchange rate and market instability, warning that continued conditions would lead to the bankruptcy of many small and medium-sized businesses. Some gatherings extended into surrounding streets, including Jomhuri Street . [ 72 ] [ 88 ] [ 89 ] Other people had joined in with the shopkeepers to protest against economic conditions at Jomhuri Street. Elsewhere, iron traders at Iran closed their shops in similar protests of the devalued currency. [ 90 ] Around the time that the protests began, the value of the Iranian rial sunk to a record low of 1.45 million per US dollar before slightly recovering to 1.38 million. [ 91 ] The rial had lost approximately 40 percent of its value since the Iran–Israel war, in part due to the sinking of oil revenue from US sanctions. The year on year inflation rate was up at 42.2 percent. The protests were first started by shopkeepers who sold electronic goods in central Tehran who shut down their stores. [ 70 ] State media revealed blurred footage of initially smaller-scale protests from merchants. [ 91 ] Videos and eyewitness accounts showed groups of merchants chanting slogans against economic mismanagement and in some cases expressing anti-government sentiments. [ 88 ] Protesters also chanted " Law Enforcement , support, support", calling on security forces to back the protests. [ 92 ] The protesters' main demands included stabilising exchange rates, addressing merchants' economic hardships, creating a predictable business environment, and preventing losses caused by market volatility. [ 72 ] [ 88 ] There were no reported clashes with security forces on this day and it remained peaceful. [ 93 ] 29 December The protests continued into their second day on 29 December and expanded across various parts of Tehran, including the Grand Bazaar . Merchants and shopkeepers closed their businesses and gathered in the streets to protest the unprecedented collapse of the rial and sharp increases in currency and gold prices. Protesters voiced opposition to economic conditions and government management, citing declining purchasing power and rising living costs. Videos shared online showed continued gatherings around Lalehzar, Chaharsouq, and Jomhuri Street, with participants largely non-violent while conveying critical messages toward government economic policies. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] [ 96 ] The merchants at the Grand Bazaar in Tehran joined the electronic goods shopkeepers who had started the protests the previous day. [ 70 ] Footage verified by independent sources showed crowds at malls near Tehran's Grand Bazaar chanting "freedom" ( Persian : آزادی , romanised : Âzâdi ). [ 75 ] Law enforcement forces used tear gas to disperse demonstrators outside the Alaeddin Shopping Centre. [ 96 ] Protests also spread to other cities in Iran. [ 97 ] On the night of 29 December 2025, protests were reported in several regions across Iran, including Qeshm in the south, and Zanjan and Hamadan in the north. Demonstrators chanted slogans critical of the supreme leader, including " Death to the Dictator " on Qeshm Island and "Seyyed Ali [Khamenei] will be toppled this year" in Zanjan . [ 98 ] [ 75 ] A video and photo of an unidentified protester went viral, who defiantly sat in the middle of the Jomhuri Eslami Street at Tehran and refused to move for motorbike security forces, but later was beaten and forced to leave. The protester became known as Tehran's Tank Man , a reference to the Tank Man during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre . [ 99 ] [ 100 ] [ 78 ] [ 101 ] Spread across Iran 30 December By the third day of protests, strikes and security measures had expanded, with shops closing in parts of Tehran such as Shoush and Molavi, as well as in Isfahan's Naqsh-e Jahan Square . Heavy security deployments were reported in Tehran, Mashhad, and at Khajeh Nasir University . Government responses included ordering temporary closures in 11 provinces, including Tehran province, due to cold weather and energy constraints. Security forces fired on protesters in Hamadan and deployed tear gas in Tehran and Malard. [ 97 ] [ 102 ] Demonstrations spread to additional cities, including Kermanshah , Shiraz, Yazd , and parts of Tehran such as Shadabad and Shush. Students from universities including Amirkabir , Beheshti , Khajeh Nasir, Sharif , Science and Culture and Tehran Science and Technology as well as Isfahan University of Technology and Yazd University joined rallies, chanting slogans such as "Death to the Dictator", " Death to Khamenei ", " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran ", "We are all together", and "Seyyed Ali (Khamenei) will be toppled this year". [ 102 ] [ 103 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] [ 106 ] President Masoud Pezeshkian , called on the government to listen to citizens' demands. In response, a government spokesman said a Communication Group would be implemented. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] Pezeshkian's comments do not appear to have appeased the protesters, whose demands go beyond just economic stability. [ 105 ] Furthermore, some Iranians have expressed scepticism in the government's ability to solve the economic problems, citing previous government statements that they are unable to do much about solving the economic problems. [ 109 ] Human rights organisations and Gen Z student groups reported that 11 protesters were arrested in the Shoush Square area in Tehran and that five students were detained and four were later released. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Another news report published that one student was severely injured at Tehran's Amirkabir University during a crackdown on a campus gathering by members of the Basij militia of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps . [ 110 ] Videos on social media appeared to show students chanting slogans critical of the government, removing signs associated with the office of the Supreme Leader's representatives, and confronting security forces at university entrances. [ 110 ] 31 December The people of Isfahan, Kermanshah, and Fasa gathered on the fourth day of protests. In Fasa, people held a large rally in front of the governor's office, and in Kermanshah, the markets went on a complete strike. According to reports, police fired live ammunition and tear gas, at the protesters. [ 113 ] [ 114 ] At the same time, in Shirvan , working and retired teachers gathered in front of the Education Department. In Kermanshah, repressive forces have been deployed from Ferdowsi Square to the garage (about 8 kilometres), and the heavy presence of security forces is noticeable. [ 115 ] One person named Mahdi Samavati was reported to have been killed outside the governor's office protest in Fasa. The semi-official Mehr News Agency quoted the governor of Fasa as denying this report. [ 116 ] Video recordings disseminated online and distributed by the People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran depict severe confrontations between demonstrators and security forces in several cities, including Tehran , Isfahan , Shiraz , and Kermanshah . [ citation needed ] Protester Amirhesam Khodayarifard was killed by a handgun shot to the head by an Iranian security force member in a protest in Kuhdasht , Lorestan province on 31 December. [ 117 ] The state-run IRNA news agency and Mehr confirmed the death and stated that Khodayarifard was a member of the Basij . [ 118 ] Government authorities pressured Khodayarifard's family to state that he had been a Basij member and called for online social media silence on the topic. [ 117 ] The shooting occurred during clashes with protesters. According to Mehr , 13 police officers and Basij members were injured. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] The government ordered nationwide total business shutdown in most of the country due to "cold weather", [ 120 ] although some analysts say that the real intention is to stifle protests. [ 121 ] The shutdown was applied to 21 out of Iran's 31 provinces. [ 122 ] The government began threatening to crack down on protesters, [ 109 ] and the US State Deparment stated that they were concerned about protesters "facing intimidation, violence, and arrests". [ 123 ] Video footage records protesters like merchants, women's rights activists, and students commonly shouting the slogans "Death to the dictator" and "Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, my life for Iran". [ 46 ] [ 50 ] In response to the ongoing protests, the Iranian government appointed Abdolnasser Hemmati, a former economics minister, as the new governor of the Central Bank of Iran , following Mohammad Reza Farzin's resignation. [ 124 ] 2026 1 January On the fifth day of protests, workers and employees of the central fruit and vegetable market in Tehran stopped working and joined the nationwide uprising by stopping the distribution cycle. Chanting the slogan, "You know with zeal, support support", the protesters called on marketers and the general public to strengthen the national will for change by expanding the strikes. Police officers used tear gas to disperse the demonstrators. [ 125 ] According to reports, Sarira Karimi, secretary of the faculty council of the Faculty of Law and Political Science and a member of the faculty council of the University of Tehran, who had been arrested on 31 December 2025, was released on 1 January 2026. [ 126 ] Protesters were reported to have gathered in Marvdasht and chanted slogans against the Islamic Republic government, such as "This is the year of blood, Seyyed Ali is overthrown". [ 127 ] In Mashhad, protesters gathered at Saadi Metro Station , where riot police attempted to disperse the crowd with force. [ 127 ] In the Sistan and Baluchestan province , a group of Baluch prisoners released a statement calling on locals to join the wider protests and urged for slogans like "Death to the dictator" and "Baluchestan is awake and despises dictatorship". [ 128 ] In Lorestan , home to the Lur minority , protesters were reported lighting fires in the streets while also chanting, "This is the year of blood, Seyyed Ali is overthrown". Additional reports claim officers used live ammunition against protesters. [ 129 ] In Lordegan County , gatherings took place in several parts of Lordegan City , including around the governor's office and the municipality square. According to these reports, as tensions escalated, some individuals attempted to damage government and bank buildings. Police used tear gas to disperse the crowds, and clashes were reported between the two sides. Several people were injured during the unrest, and unconfirmed reports suggested that multiple deaths had occurred. [ 130 ] At least three people, including a boy, were killed in Lordegan. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] There was a heavy presence of government forces in Qom . 2 January On 2 January, according to credible media reports, protests continued in large numbers in Tehran, Qom, Isfahan, Shiraz, Ilam , Mashhad, Karaj, Zanjan, Hamadan , and Qeshm. [ 133 ] In Zahedan and Tehran, protests became active again. Funerals for protesters killed by the security forces were held in Fuladshahr , Kuhdasht , and Marvdasht , during which participants expressed opposition to the government, including chants of "Death to Khamenei". At the Kuhdasht funeral for Khodayarifard, Basij and IRGC forces were chased away from the funeral with stones and chants. Khodayarifard's father confirmed that his son was not a Basij member. [ 134 ] In the Sadaf district of Hamadan province , protesters were seen setting fire to a Quran and attempted to attack a mosque before being stopped by authorities. [ 135 ] 3 January Protests on 3 January were greater in geographic spread and numbers of protesters than on previous days, and the security presence was also greater. [ 136 ] The National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) and Human Rights Activists News Agency (HRANA) named some of the locations of demonstrations, including Kazerun, Malekshahi, Kermanshah, Shiraz, Mashhad, Arkavaz, Isfahan, Tehran, Hafshejan, Karaj, Shahrekord, and Fardis. HRANA reported a cumulative count of 16 fatalities since the beginning of the protests, including one member of government security forces. [ 137 ] [ 136 ] The themes of the protests, as represented by slogans chanted on 3 January, ranged from economic injustice and governance problems to calls for freedom and justice. HRANA viewed the protest aims as having evolved, with "the boundary between trade-related and everyday demands and political demands ha[ving] become blurred, and [the] ongoing protests hav[ing] taken shape on the basis of accumulated, multilayered grievances." [ 136 ] Following statements by US president Donald Trump , where he warns Iran that if they shoot protesters, the United States will come to their rescue, [ 138 ] Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei responded on 3 January by saying "We will not yield to the enemy ", and stating that the "rioters must be put in their place." [ 139 ] [ 140 ] On the same day, the US State Department made a statement condemning suppression on protesters' funerals. [ 141 ] Cloudflare reported a 35% decrease in internet traffic in Iran, with Iranian internet users reporting frequent outages and slow connections . [ 142 ] 4 January There was a heavy presence of security forces in the Grand Bazaar of Tehran. [ 97 ] Protests and strikes took place in at least 20 major cities and small towns throughout Iran. [ 143 ] Donald Trump said that Iranian authorities would be "hit very hard" should additional protesters be killed. [ 144 ] In Shiraz, videos showed the police assaulting and beating a man on the ground. When protesters threw projectiles at the police, officers moved toward them on motorcycles. Moments later, a protester poured gasoline on one officer setting him alight. [ 145 ] 5 January On the ninth day, the protests continued throughout Iran. In Tehran's Bagh-e Sepahsalar neighbourhood, voices echoed chants of "Death to Khamenei". Near Tehran University, special forces stood on high alert, while reports of widespread strikes emerged from cities such as Marvdasht, where resistance pulsed through daily life. [ 146 ] In Yasuj, security forces confronted the families of detainees gathered outside the governor's office. Reports say that the protests have reached the smaller towns of Saman, Sangsar, and Kushk, as part of dissatisfaction of the Iranian people. [ 147 ] In addition to the cities previously mentioned, protests were reported in several other locations across the country, including Saman in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Sangsar in Semnan Province, Zahedan, Fardis in Karaj, Meshkan in Fars Province, and Noorabad in Mamasani. Demonstrations were further documented in Qazvin, Hamedan, Ilam, Mashhad, Neyshabur, Abadeh, Bushehr, Babol, Bojnourd, Kushk in Isfahan Province, Shazand in Markazi Province, as well as the northern cities of Rasht and Sari. According to reports, protesters in these areas gathered in public spaces, chanting slogans and expressing dissatisfaction with the Khamenei government, reflecting the continued spread of nationwide unrest. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] [ 146 ] 6 January In a joint statement, several major Kurdish political groups, including the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI), Komala , the Revolutionary Toilers Association, the Kurdistan Toilers Association, the Khabat Organisation , the Kurdistan Freedom Party (PAK), and the Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK), expressed support for the protests and called on Kurds in Iran to carry out strikes and demonstrations. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 150 ] The cities of Abdanan and Malekshahi , both in the Kurdish region of Iran, were abandoned by the country's security forces, leaving control of the cities to the protesters. [ 151 ] A sit-in was conducted by protesters at the Grand Bazaar in Tehran. [ 152 ] Merchants at the market held strikes, in particular with many shops in the corridors of the gold and currency, fabric, and footwear and home appliances markets partially or fully closed. The strikes appeared to be spontaneous, and according to some reports the Bazaar became a "war zone". [ 153 ] [ 154 ] The sit-in was dispersed by security forces using tear gas. [ 152 ] The total number of protest locations over the ten days was estimate by HRANA to be 285 locations in 88 cities [ 155 ] across 27 provinces, with protests having taken place in 22 universities. The slogans of the protests continued to cover a wide range of economic, social and political grievances. [ 153 ] In Yazdan Shahr , locals reported that police used excessive force against protesters, initially deploying tear gas and later firing live ammunition at civilians. [ 154 ] The security forces' raids on the Sina Hospital in Tehran and on the Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam , aiming to arrest injured protesters, gained national attention. In Ilam, families and medical staff resisted the security forces. Security forces' methods of attack at the Ilam hospital included firing tear gas inside the buildings and hospital grounds. The Minister of Interior was ordered to investigate the Ilam raid and provide a report. [ 153 ] On 6 January, a total of 15 forced video confessions by arrested protesters had been broadcast on official media. [ 153 ] On online social media , Reza Pahlavi called for chants to take place from homes and in streets at 20:00 (8 pm) IRST on the evenings of 8 and 9 January. He explained the aim as being to "keep [the] demonstrations disciplined, and as large as possible". He promised to "announce the next calls to action" depending on the response to his call. [ 156 ] 7 January According to HRANA , street gatherings, protests and strikes took place in 37 cities in 24 provinces, bring the total since the beginning of the protests to 348 sites across 111 cities in 31 provinces. Ten universities joined the protest on 7 January, making a total of 45. The total number of televised forced confessions by arrestees rose to 40. Artists and teachers published statements supporting the protests and criticising the security forces' repression against protest participants. [ 157 ] HRANA interpreted the continuation of the protests despite arrests and violence by the security forces as showing that "a significant portion of [Iranian] society [had come to view] the cost of protest as lower than the cost of silence and inaction". Key themes continued to be economic and governance grievances, seen as "two facets of a single issue". HRANA interpreted the artists' and teachers' statements as showing that "professional and cultural sectors [we]re increasingly aligning themselves with the protest narrative". [ 157 ] Militants of the Baloch nationalist militant organisation People's Fighters Front (PFF) assassinated Mahmoud Haqiqat, the police chief of Iranshahr . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 150 ] IRGC-affiliated media reported that protesters killed two Law Enforcement Command officers during protests in Lordegan as well as an unspecified security force member in Malekshahi. [ 150 ] In Mashhad , protesters were seen lowering a massive flag of the Islamic Republic and later ripping it in half. [ 158 ] The Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan called for a general strike in Iran, receiving support from six other Iranian Kurdish opposition parties. The authorities attempted to forcibly disperse the existing protests over economic conditions in the cities of western Iran ( Iranian Kurdistan ) ahead of the announced date, reportedly with the use of live ammunition. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] 8 January Protests escalated after 20:00, the time specified in Reza Pahlavi's calls for demonstrations. Immediate telephone line and internet cuts occurred in several cities, following a common government practice before it commits intense crackdowns. [ 30 ] Starlink satellite internet service was unaffected, allowing some users to bypass government-controlled internet blackouts. [ 159 ] Crowds chanting in Tehran appeared to be mainly pro-Pahlavi. CBS News described the protests as reaching "a possible tipping point ", [ 160 ] [ 161 ] [ 162 ] and according to Euronews it represented "a new escalation in the protest movement". [ 30 ] In Qaemiyeh , protesters pulled down a statue of Qasem Soleimani , an IRGC commander who was assassinated by the United States in 2020 and declared a martyr by the Islamic Republic shortly thereafter. [ 163 ] In Mashhad, a group of protesters had taken down and torn up a large flag of the Islamic Republic. [ 164 ] Norway-based human rights organisation Hengaw claimed that two IRGC Ground Forces members were killed during the protests in Kermanshah . [ 28 ] A police officer in Malard County at the Tehran province was killed from a stabbing after attempts to control local unrest. [ 165 ] Human rights groups have also verified a video showing "distressed family members" in Ghadir hospital in Tehran, looking through a body-pile of protesters killed by Islamic Republic security forces. [ 63 ] 9 January Protesters took to the streets of Iran on Friday night, videos and eyewitness reports show. [ 166 ] Pahlavi asked US president Donald Trump to support the Iranian protesters. [ 167 ] The Economist reported that the protests had grown to be the biggest since 2009 , while "some veteran Iran-watchers thought the protests were the biggest since the overthrow of the shah in 1979." [ 168 ] NDTV 24x7 reported a viral protest trend of Iranian women lighting cigarettes to burn pictures of Khamenei in videos, gaining popularity on social media platforms like X , Reddit , Instagram , and Telegram . Because burning Khamenei's image is illegal in Iran, observers have interpreted the videos as deliberate acts of defiance, with the women rejecting state authority over their personal freedoms. [ 169 ] The trend has been recorded by multiple other news outlets, which similarly note rejection of strict religious and governmental standards over women. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] [ 172 ] Khamenei addressed the protests in a brief televised appearance. [ 173 ] [ 174 ] In his address, Khamenei called President Trump "arrogant", saying that his hands were stained with the blood of Iranians, and further stating that Trump would be overthrown like other arrogant leaders. [ 173 ] [ 174 ] He described the protesters as harmful individuals and rioters. [ 175 ] A fire broke out at an Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting office in Isfahan . [ 176 ] Protesters also set fire to buildings in Tehran, including mosques in the Gholhak and Sa'adat Abad neighbourhoods. [ 177 ] Opposition media reported that clashes between protesters and security forces in Kermanshah Province had killed at least 10 IRGC Kermanshah Nabi Akram Corps members. [ 27 ] Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i , Iran's judiciary chief, stated that protesters would face decisive and severe punishment, applied to the fullest extent of the law. [ 178 ] Senior officers of American intelligence told Axios that their evaluation that these protests were not capable of destabilising the regime was "being reassessed". [ 179 ] US president Donald Trump warned Iran's authorities against killing demonstrators while praising Iranians as "brave people" amid nationwide protests on Thursday. [ 166 ] The Twemoji emoji library changed the Iran flag emoji from the flag of the Islamic Republic to the modern design of the Lion and Sun flag . [ 180 ] Airline flights from the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, and Turkey to Iranian cities were cancelled amid the mass protests. [ 181 ] As of 9 January, protests across all 31 provinces left millions in the streets, with at least 217 killed in Tehran alone, while hospitals in Tehran and Shiraz were overwhelmed by injured protesters, many with gunshot wounds. [ 182 ] [ 60 ] In addition, thousands were arrested by the violent crackdown. [ 62 ] Nobel laureate Shirin Ebadi warned that, under the Internet blackout , the Islamic Republic may massacre the protesters. [ 183 ] Despite the internet outage, on 10 January 2026, The Guardian documented multiple reports of Islamic Republic security forces opening fire on demonstrations, causing many casualties among the protesters, with one eyewitness stating they saw "hundreds of bodies" throughout Tehran. [ 63 ] Doctors at hospitals in Tehran and Shiraz reported being overwhelmed by large numbers of injured protesters, with some facilities suspending non-urgent admissions and surgeries due to the influx of patients, many of whom suffered gunshot wounds to the head and eyes. [ 60 ] In an audio message sent to CNN, an Iranian doctor in the city of Nishapur stated that Iranian security forces killed "at least 30 people" and "among them were children", they further stated that "a 5-year-old child was shot while in their mother's arms." [ 184 ] According to the doctor's description, security forces had shot pedestrians and bystanders as well. [ 184 ] They added that "Hospitals are extremely chaotic and patients terrified to admit and be identified, for this reason, we are trying to inform people and treat them privately in clinics." [ 184 ] The Kurdistan National Guard announced that its Zagros Tornado units attacked an IRGC base in Nourabad , Lorestan Province, and injured three IRGC members. [ 16 ] 10 January During the midnight until dawn, Tehran municipality workers were reportedly tasked to clear and collect the cartridge cases off the streets and to deliver them to security forces. [ 185 ] Despite the continued internet shutdown imposed by Islamic Republic authorities, thousands of protesters gathered in Tehran and throughout Iran overnight on 9–10 January, chanting "Death to Khamenei", and "Long live the shah". [ 63 ] This followed a call by Reza Pahlavi for protesters to seize control over the city centres and hoist the pre-regime Lion and Sun flag , with a promise he would return to Iran soon. [ 63 ] The Internet blockade disrupted everyday life, including digital transactions, as well as the functioning of hospitals, pharmacies, banks, and bureaus. Many businesses did not open. [ 185 ] The Internet outage has also prevented proper documentation of the size of the demonstrations, as well as the extent of police brutality against the protesters; [ 63 ] Iranian Nobel peace prize winner Shirin Ebadi had issued a warning on 9 January 2026, about the possibility of a planned "massacre under the cover of a sweeping communications blackout", stating that she had already heard testimonies reporting hundreds of wounded protesters at a single Tehran hospital. [ 63 ] On 10 January 2026, The Guardian received additional reports via Starlink, stating: "We're standing up for a revolution, but we need help. Snipers have been stationed behind the Tajrish Arg area [one of the affluent areas of Tehran]." [ 63 ] Another protester testified that throughout the city, many protesters had been shot, stating, "We saw hundreds of bodies", while a third testimony from a protester confirmed this by saying that they had witnessed a "very high" number of protesters being killed as security forces opened fire on them. [ 63 ] Human Rights activists stated that the testimonies were consistent with the reports they had received. [ 63 ] The Guardian stated that despite the Internet blackout, protesters had requested that international media cover the reports of increasing police brutality, with one activist saying "please make sure to state clearly that they are killing people with live ammunition." [ 63 ] According to The Guardian , much of the international community, including the EU and the US, showed clear support for the protesters. [ 63 ] US Secretary of State Marco Rubio posted on X (formerly Twitter) , "The United States supports the brave people of Iran", [ 63 ] and US president Donald Trump "Iran is looking at FREEDOM, perhaps like never before. The USA stands ready to help!!!" [ 186 ] Mohammad Movahedi-Azad , attorney general of Iran , stated that protesters may be charged as the "enemy of god", or moharebeh , a crime prosecutable by death, according to CBS News , which also reported that state media's reports of order and "no news of any gathering or chaos in Tehran and most provinces" were contradicted by a photo of ongoing demonstrations in Sa'adat Abad , Tehran, obtained by the Associated Press , and a surveillance video from Fars News Agency in which protesters in Isfahan threw petrol bombs and at least one appeared to be firing a long gun . The Young Journalists' Club , associated with state media, reported that protesters killed three members of the volunteer Basij militia of the IRGC in Gachsaran . Reza Pahlavi called for protests to continue through Sunday, while also stating in a social media post that he was "preparing to return to my homeland" and that the goal of the protests should be to seize city centres. [ 187 ] According to an analysis of photos by BBC Persian, the protesters in different cities were engaged in violent conflict with government forces until dawn. [ 188 ] A video from Punak neighbourhood of Tehran shows that as the government turned off the street lights, the protesters set off fireworks and created a sea of light using their smartphones in defiance. [ 188 ] [ 189 ] Deutsche Welle later fact checked and confirmed that the video was fabricated using artificial intelligence technology and old footage, with the aim of misleading people's understanding of the protests in Iran. [ 190 ] Videos published by BBC Persian shows explosions amid protests in Kerman and gunshots in Mashhad . [ 188 ] Unlike previous days, on Saturday mostly IRGC and Basij were mobilised, who use live ammunition, according to witnesses in Tehran and Karaj. [ 191 ] On 10 January, Iran International reported that at least 2,000 protesters had been killed over the previous 48 hours alone amidst the internet blackout , as Iranian security forces escalated their use of lethal force against demonstrators nationwide. [ 59 ] As a result all online service have been shut down too, including ATM machines, international phone calls, credit card transactions and business networks, as well as most news sources and social media. [ 192 ] 11 January Khamenei and senior Iranian officials said they were willing to talk to the protesters about economic issues, but also characterised the unrest as incitement by "rioters" and said the protests were funded by foreign powers (the United States and Israel). Iranian state media reported that President Masoud Pezeshkian gave a speech accusing foreign "terrorists" of inciting the protests; Pezeshkian also mentioned: "We are determined, and have decided, to resolve economic problems by any means possible" [ 193 ] [ 194 ] Parliament speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf gave a speech during a parliament session in which he warned of United States military bases and regional ships and Israel would both be subject to retaliation if Iran is attacked by the United States in reference to Trump's prior threats. In the session, hardliner politicians went at the dais and shouted " Death to America ". Demonstrators rallied in Paris, Vilnius, and London in solidarity with the ongoing protests in Iran and urged Western governments to support the Iranian people seeking freedom. [ 195 ] The New York Times reported that Trump was briefed on military options on Iran but did not yet make a final decision. [ 196 ] Forbes reported that the Iranian government successfully shut down the Starlink internet amidst the internet blackout . [ 197 ] Other sources say Iran has successfully disrupted Starlink network connectivity nationwide, reporting that up to 80% of Starlink traffic was interrupted due to coordinated jamming operations. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] During a solidarity rally in Los Angeles on 11 January, a U-Haul truck was used to ram into protesters at Westwood . [ 201 ] [ 202 ] In Iran, fighters from the Balochi People's Fighters Front killed one Law Enforcement Command officer and injured another in an attack on an LEC patrol vehicle in Dashtiari County , Sistan and Baluchistan Province. [ 21 ] 12 January In Tehran, tens of thousands of people participated in a pro-government rally after being called by leaders to counter the protests. People are seen flying the Iranian flag and chanting Islamic slogans and figures like Haydar, referring to Ali . [ 29 ] [ 37 ] However, reports from Iran International stated the images and videos were altered . [ 203 ] [ 204 ] President Masoud Pezeshkian was seen taking part in the rally. [ 205 ] US president Donald Trump stated that Iran has reached out to the United States to negotiate its nuclear programme, following his threat to strike the Islamic Republic over its violent crackdown on protesters. [ 206 ] Also Esmail Baghaei , spokesperson for the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs , publicly confirmed that security forces had directly fired on protesting citizens, statements that drew widespread attention and concern both domestically and internationally, highlighting criticism of the Iranian government's handling of the demonstrations, raising questions about the proportionality of its response, and drawing scrutiny from human rights organisations regarding the broader state of civil liberties and fundamental rights in the country. [ 61 ] 13 January On 13 January, Iran International reported that at least 12,000 people had been killed, describing the massacre as the "largest killing in Iranian contemporary history ". [ 42 ] CBS News reported that 12,000 people have been killed, and possibly 20,000, as Iran's phone services were being restored, and new information was being released. [ 43 ] President Trump urged Iranians to keep protesting and stated that help was on the way, with no details. Trump said in a post on Truth Social : [ 207 ] [ 208 ] "Iranian Patriots, KEEP PROTESTING – TAKE OVER YOUR INSTITUTIONS!!! Save the names of the killers and abusers. They will pay a big price. I have cancelled all meetings with Iranian Officials until the senseless killing of protesters STOPS. HELP IS ON ITS WAY. MIGA [ Make Iran Great Again ]!!! PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMP" "Iranian Patriots, KEEP PROTESTING – TAKE OVER YOUR INSTITUTIONS!!! Save the names of the killers and abusers. They will pay a big price. I have cancelled all meetings with Iranian Officials until the senseless killing of protesters STOPS. HELP IS ON ITS WAY. MIGA [ Make Iran Great Again ]!!! PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMP" When a reporter asked Trump what he meant by "help is on its way", he simply replied, "You're going to have to figure that one out. I'm sorry." [ 209 ] 14 January The Kurdistan Freedom Party assaulted the IRGC's headquarters in Kermanshah and, allegedly, according to the KFP's own claims, succesfully infiltrated the headquarters and caused severe IRGC casualties. [ 210 ] Armed Kurdish groups designated as terrorists by Turkey clashed with the IRGC while seeking to cross the border from Iraq and Turkey into Iran; the IRGC had received warning about their movements from Turkey. [ 211 ] A video, analyzed by BBC Verify and BBC Persian, showed, according to forensic examination, nearly 200 bodies were scattered in the morgue, many with obvious wounds, including one victim who was only 16 years old. [ 212 ] The Iranian Human Rights Organisation (IHR), based in Norway, said that at least 3,428 protesters were killed by Iranian security forces and at least 10,000 protesters were arrested during the peak of the unrest in Iran from January 8 to 12. [ 213 ] The head of Iran's judiciary stated that those arrested during the nationwide protests would be swiftly tried and executed. [ 213 ] [ 214 ] [ 215 ] Washington has threatened military action in response to the crackdown. [ 214 ] [ 216 ] British and American troops are withdrawing from Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar. [ 217 ] [ 218 ] The US stated that the withdrawal was a precautionary measure. [ 218 ] "It's a posture change and not an ordered evacuation," a diplomat told Reuters. [ 217 ] Italy and Poland, among other countries, have been urging their citizens to leave Iran "immediately". [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] Donald Trump said in the Oval Office that he had been informed that killings in Iran's crackdown on the country's protest was ceased, and he believed that "there are no plans for executions," referring to the death sentence of Erfan Soltani . [ 223 ] According to AFP, Iranian state television broadcast footage of Donald Trump's attempted assassination at the 2024 Butler, Pennsylvania rally , accompanied by the Persian message "This time, [the bullet] won't miss," which angered Texas Republican Senator Ted Cruz and other close allies of President Trump. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] [ 226 ] 15 January The Iranian government imposed a nationwide curfew to prevent any protests. ISW recorded zero protests on 15 January. [ 227 ] Methods Protesters National strikes Nationwide strikes were conducted by businesses, stores, cafes, and workers as well as by online shops and social media influencers. [ 231 ] [ 232 ] [ 233 ] [ 234 ] [ 235 ] Demonstrations Protests are in the form of street demonstrations chanting slogans, car honking , [ 236 ] [ 237 ] lighting fires, [ 236 ] and removing surveillance cameras. [ 238 ] [ 239 ] In order not to be identified and later arrested, many protesters wear masks and dark clothes, reminiscent of V for Vendetta . [ 191 ] As the street lights are turned off by the government, the protesters defiantly set off fireworks and create a sea of light using their smartphones in the darkness of the city. [ 236 ] [ 188 ] [ 189 ] Slogans and symbols During the protests, several notable slogans were chanted by demonstrators, reflecting anti-government sentiments, calls for the restoration of the monarchy, and unity among protesters. These slogans were frequently documented in videos and reports by Persian-language media outlets such as Manoto and Iran International . Many drew on historical references to the Pahlavi dynasty , while others directly targeted Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei or the Islamic Republic's leadership. Symbols associated with the protests included the Lion and Sun flag , which was waved in several demonstrations as a sign of monarchist aspirations and opposition to the government. [ 229 ] [ 53 ] [ 240 ] On 9 January 2026, X changed the Iran flag emoji from the Islamic Republic flag to the modern design of the Lion and Sun flag . [ 180 ] " Death to the Dictator " ( Persian : مرگ بر دیکتاتور , romanised : Marg bar Diktâtor )—a general anti-authoritarian chant targeting the government's leadership, reported in Tehran, Isfahan, Kermanshah, Malard , Nahavand, Noorabad , and Karaj . [ 241 ] [ 242 ] [ 243 ] [ 244 ] [ 245 ] [ 52 ] [ 246 ] [ 247 ] [ 248 ] " Death to Khamenei " ( Persian : مرگ بر خامنهای , romanised : Marg bar Khâmene'i )—direct call against Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, heard in Isfahan, Farsan , Arak, and other protest sites. Previously used during the 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 protests . [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] [ 252 ] " Reza Shah , may your soul be blessed" ( Persian : رضا شاه، روحت شاد , romanised : Rezâ Shâh, ruhat shâd )—a slogan honouring Reza Shah Pahlavi, founder of the Pahlavi dynasty, chanted in Hamadan , Tehran , Isfahan , Kermanshah , and other locations. [ 253 ] [ 250 ] " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran " ( Persian : نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران , romanised : Na Qazze na Lebnan, jânam fadâ-ye Irân )—a chant that expresses the opposition of some Iranians to the Islamic Republic's military, financial, and political support for Palestinian militant groups , neglecting the needs and interests of Iran itself. [ 68 ] [ 254 ] "Don't be afraid, don't be afraid, we are all together" ( Persian : نترسید، نترسید، ما همه با هم هستیم , romanised : Natarsid, natarsid, mâ hame bâ ham hastim )—a chant promoting unity and courage among protesters, chanted during nighttime gatherings in Isfahan. [ 255 ] [ 247 ] "Dishonourable, dishonourable" ( Persian : بیشرف، بیشرف , romanised : Bi-sharaf, bi-sharaf )—directed at security forces or government officials. [ 256 ] "Freedom, freedom, freedom" ( Persian : آزادی، آزادی، آزادی , romanised : Āzādi, āzādi, āzādi ). [ 257 ] [ 252 ] "Long live the Shah " ( Persian : جاوید شاه , romanised : Jâvid Shâh )—repeated chants calling for the return of the monarchy , heard in Hamadan , Arak , Nahavand , Dehloran , and other cities during nighttime protests. [ 53 ] [ 258 ] [ 259 ] [ 260 ] [ 8 ] [ 261 ] [ 262 ] [ 81 ] [ 263 ] "This is the final battle, Pahlavi will return" ( Persian : این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده , romanised : In âkharin nabarde, Pahlavi barmigarde )—a phrase conveying determination for regime change and the return of the Pahlavi family, chanted in Arak, Rasht , Khorramabad , Isfahan, Nahavand, and Dorud . [ 51 ] [ 264 ] [ 265 ] [ 250 ] [ 53 ] [ 247 ] "The Shah is coming home, Zahhak is overthrown" ( Persian : شاه مییاد به خونه، ضحاک سرنگونه , romanised : Shâh mi-yâd be khune, Zahâk sarnegune )—referencing Persian mythology ( Zahhak as a tyrant) to symbolise the overthrow of the current government and return of the Shah. [ 266 ] "Death to the oppressor, whether Shah or Rahbar" ( Persian : مرگ بر ستمگر، چه شاه باشد چه رهبر )—a general anti-Islamic Republic and anti-monarchy chant mainly by expressed by supporters of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI). [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ non-primary source needed ] Organisation As of 7 January, HRANA viewed the protests as being networked. [ 157 ] The Associated Press viewed the first steps of protests as "broadly leaderless" before 8 January, and described Reza Pahlavi's influence after the call for demonstration on 8 January as unclear; however, when the time clocked at 8 p.m., chanting broke out across Tehran, with crowds shouting anti-regime slogans and expressing support for the shah's return. [ 267 ] IranWire viewed Generation Z Iranians as "one of the most visible and active groups" in the 2025–2026 protests, whose political views were strongly impacted by the Mahsa Amini protests of 2022–2023. [ 268 ] Territorial control According to human rights activist Hamid Enayat, Malekshahi and Abdanan effectively came under protesters' control on 6 January when security forces fled from the protesters. [ 269 ] Suppression, persecution and executions Internet blackouts On 8 January 2026, the government imposed significant restrictions on telephone and internet access to limit communication and the dissemination of information. Unlike the Twelve-Day War , there has not been an official internet shut down nationwide. However, connectivity was heavily disrupted in cities experiencing active demonstrations, making it difficult for citizens to send messages, share media, or organise further protests. These measures were widely seen as part of the authorities' efforts to suppress dissent and control the narrative around the unrest. [ 270 ] On 9 January it was reported by multiple media outlets that Iran, in a largely unprecedented measure, had activated military-grade jammers to disrupt civilian Starlink signals. [ 197 ] [ 271 ] [ 272 ] Initially only 30 percent of the media traffic was affected but it rose to 80 percent within several hours. [ 197 ] [ 271 ] However, from the morning after the blackout began, Islamic Republic authorities issued a "white list" which allowed government affiliated institutions and accounts limited access to the internet, included were governmet aligned media and Telegram channels, as well as some universities. [ 271 ] Forbes quoted VPN expert Simon Migliano [ 273 ] as saying that "Iran's current nationwide blackout is a blunt instrument intended to crush dissent." [ 197 ] Migliano also addressed the cost of the internet shutdown, saying "this 'kill switch' approach comes at a staggering price, draining $1.56 million from Iran's economy every single hour the internet is down." [ 197 ] By 11 January, Iran shut down the Starlink internet for the first time. [ 197 ] Recruitment of foreign militias The presence of Iraqi Popular Mobilisation Forces , Arabic-speaking mercenaries, Lebanon's Hezbollah , and the Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun in suppressing protests was reported. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] [ 276 ] [ 277 ] Iran International reported that on 2 January 2026, Iraqi militias affiliated with the Iranian government recruited forces to assist Iranian security forces in suppressing protests in Iran. [ 276 ] On 6 January 2026, it was reported that approximately 800 members of Iraqi Shia militia groups, including Kata'ib Hezbollah , Harakat al-Nujaba , Sayyid al-Shuhada , and the Badr Organisation had been sent to Iran. [ 276 ] The troops were reportedly transported through the border crossings of Shalamcheh , Chazabeh , and Khosravi , officially under the cover of a "pilgrimage to the holy sites of Imam Reza in Mashhad ", while in practice they were gathered at a base in Ahvaz before being dispatched to various regions to assist in suppressing protests. [ 276 ] According to Iran International , "The reason behind this move by the Islamic Republic could be its concern that the Iranian police might not follow orders to attack unarmed, ordinary people, or simply because its forces are insufficient to stop protests in more than 100 cities". [ 278 ] On 9 January 2026 the United States warned Iran against using foreign militias to crush protests. [ 279 ] According to The Media Line , Iraqi Shiite militia members were recruited to help suppress Iranian protesters, receiving $600 each. By 11 January, more than 60 buses, each carrying about 50 people, had crossed the Iraq‑Iran border. [ 280 ] On 15 Jan, an Iraqi source stated to CNN that "nearly 5,000" fighters from Iraqi militias had crossed into Iran over the preceding weeks. [ 281 ] Internal propaganda and coercion The Iranian government has been accused of using footage of protesters' bodies in morgues to demoralise future protests. [ 282 ] Families trying to receive the bodies of their loved ones have often times been forced to pay compensation for the bullets that killed their relatives. [ 282 ] [ 283 ] Reports stated that security forces and Revolutionary Guard members raided and intimidated the families of protesters who were killed, imposed restrictions on the retrieval and burial of bodies, and warned that families would be charged fees. [ 283 ] There have been reports that families were unable to locate the remains of their relatives after authorities buried them in locations far from where the deaths occurred. [ 282 ] Reports have also indicated that the authorities retained the remains until families consented to official accounts describing the deceased as aligned with the government and Basij rather than as protesters. [ 282 ] [ 284 ] Likewise, images and videos from the pro-government rallies were reported to have been altered . [ 203 ] [ 204 ] Direct order for live fire on protesters Sources close to Iran’s Supreme National Security Council and the presidential office report that the killing of protesters was carried out on the direct order of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, with full approval from senior state officials. The council allegedly authorised live fire, which was executed mainly by the IRGC in what is described as a deliberate, organised operation exceptional in scale and intensity. [ 49 ] On 13 January the Guardian reported that Islamic Republic security forces were documented using shotguns and rifles with live ammunition, [ 285 ] as well as heavy DShK machine guns against protesters, [ 286 ] with a Tehran doctor stating that security forces were "shooting to kill". [ 285 ] A spokesperson from the Abdorrahman Boroumand Center for Human Rights cited evidence that even when using "less lethal" weapons, security forces were deliberately shooting at the heads, eyes, genitals and vital organs of the protesters, so as terrorise protesters by mutilating them and causing them permanent disability, [ 285 ] reusing the tactic employed in the 2022 Mahsa Amini protests. [ 285 ] At least one young girl had been shot in the pelvic area and was in critical condition. [ 285 ] and a medic in Tehran reported that there were "direct shots to the heads of the young people, to their hearts as well." [ 287 ] Additionally, multiple testimonies have revealed Iranian security forces raiding hospitals to arrest, [ 288 ] and in many cases execute, hospitalised protesters. [ 289 ] [ 286 ] On 4 January, according to Namdar Baghaei Yazdi, vice president of the Iranian Medical Society UK, security forces in full riot gear stormed Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam, attacked medical personnel with tear gas and shotgun pellets and arrested injured protesters, [ 290 ] with another similar assault being carried out by security forces on 6 January in Sina Hospital in Tehran. [ 290 ] Yazdi was quoted as saying "Hospitals are no longer sacred in Iran, and we are very concerned for our medical colleagues there who are already at risk from the regime." [ 290 ] A doctor from southern Iran reported that security forces had "finished off" protesters who had been hospitalised at the time, [ 286 ] [ 289 ] further stating "they killed many, arrested many, and many are on the run. The situation is very bad." [ 289 ] According to The Times, another doctor from Tehran stated that security forces had "gone into hospitals and forcibly taken the corpses of protesters with them", and some of the wounded protesters treat their injuries at home and avoid being admitted to the hospital out of fear of being arrested. [ 291 ] Persecution On 5 January 2026, Gholamhossein Mohseni Ejei, head of the judiciary in the Islamic Republic, stated that there would be no leniency for "rioters" despite the right to demonstrate, [ 292 ] [ 293 ] and the judiciary's Mizan news agency quoted him saying "I instruct the attorney general and prosecutors across the country to act in accordance with the law and with resolve against the rioters and those who support them (...) and to show no leniency or indulgence," [ 292 ] [ 293 ] and stressing that the penalty would be "decisive" and "maximum". [ 294 ] [ 294 ] Regarding the rapid trials and executions or protesters, Iran state television shared a video in which Mohseni-Ejei said "If we want to do a job, we should do it now. If we want to do something, we have to do it quickly, if it becomes late, two months, three months later, it doesn't have the same effect. If we want to do something, we have to do that fast." [ 295 ] [ 296 ] On 10 January, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei said that the demands of protesters in the country are "completely fair," but "rioters" should "be put in their place." [ 293 ] On 13 January, in a televised statement from the office of the Tehran prosecutor, the office declared that an undeclared number of protesters would be charged with " moharebeh ", or "waging war against God", an offence punished by death in Iran , and used extensively in the past by the regime's judiciary. [ 297 ] According to the Human Rights Activists News Agency, as of 14 January 2026, over 18,400 people had been arrested. [ 295 ] According to Iran International, on 10 January 2026 the "One Word" lawyers' network, citing the internet shutdown isolating protesters from the outside world, called on the international community and Iranian judges to prevent the show trials and extrajudicial executions of protesters following the orders of Ali Khamenei and senior judicial officials. [ 298 ] In its statement, the network detailed new orders from Khamenei instructing security forces "to deal harshly with protesters in recent gatherings" as well as separate statements from the Head of the Judiciary, the Attorney General of the country, and the Tehran Prosecutor calling for "extraordinary, out-of-order proceedings and the imposition of the most severe punishments in the cases of detained protesters." [ 298 ] Erfan Soltani According to the BBC, on 8 January 2026, clothes shop owner Erfan Soltani was arrested in his home for allegedly being connected with the protests in Fardis, while he was denied a lawyer and his family was not notified of the charges brought against him. [ 299 ] Several days later, Soltani was notified that he was to face execution on 14 January, less that a week after his arrest. [ 299 ] However after US president Donald Trump told reporters that the US would take "very strong action" if the regime were to execute protesters, Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi denied any plan to hang people in a televised interview, and Soltani's family was notified that his execution had been postponed, while the judiciary stated that the charges against him only consisted of "colluding against national security" and "propaganda activities against the establishment" which are not punishable by death in Iran. [ 299 ] The state broadcasting company IRIB claimed that reports of Soltani's pending execution were a "blatant act of news fabrication." [ 299 ] Casualties Casualties, arrests, executions, and injured protesters 31 December On 31 December 2025, during a protest in Fuladshahr , Dariush Ansari Bakhtiariwand was shot with a Kalashnikov rifle by security forces. He died before reaching medical care. [ 300 ] While participating in a protest in Kuhdasht on 31 December, Amirhesam Khodayarifard (reported to be 21, [ 118 ] or 22 years old) [ 117 ] was shot dead with a bullet to the head by a plainclothes retired IRGC agent. [ 301 ] Eyewitness testimony and video evidence showed that Khodayarifard was among the protesters. [ 117 ] Government media stated that protesters had been throwing rocks at security forces, and that Khodayarafid was killed after the rocks had been thrown. [ 302 ] Governmental media, including Mehr News Agency , [ 118 ] claimed that Khodayarifard was a member of the Basij . The governor of Kuhdasht, an Imam of Friday Prayer , and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) members visited Khodayarifard's family. Permission for the family to access Khodayarifard's body and carry out a burial was conditioned on the family making a televised statement stating that Khodayarifard had been a member of the Basij. [ 117 ] Governmental authorities gave warnings on Telegram and Instagram forbidding the publication of information about Khodayarifard's killing. [ 117 ] As of 5 January 2026 [update] , the authorities, who were pressuring Khodayarifard's family to state that he was a Basij member, had not given the body to Khodayarifard's family, according to IranWire . [ 301 ] 1 January Two protesters, Ahmad Jalil, 21, and Sajjad Valamanesh, 28, were killed in Lordegan on 1 January 2026. Both were shot by security forces with live ammunition and died later from their injuries. [ 303 ] [ 304 ] On the evening of 1 January, two men and a teenage boy, Shayan Asadollahi, 30, Vahab Musavi, and Mostafa, 15, residents of Azna (in Lorestan province) were killed by gunfire from security forces. [ 132 ] The IRGC-aligned Fars News Agency stated that the protesters had either tried to attack a police station [ 305 ] or had tried to disarm the security forces. [ 132 ] Ahmadreza Amani, 28, was shot in the chest by security forces at around 18:00 IRST in Azna and died in hospital. [ 306 ] Khodadad Shirvani, 33, a Marvdasht resident, was shot with shotgun pellets by security forces on the same evening in Marvdasht. He died after being transferred to a hospital. [ 307 ] In Nurabad (Lorestan province), Ahad Ebrahimpour Abdoli, 35, was lethally shot the same evening with three bullets (one to his heart) by security forces during a protest in Ba'ath Square in Nurabad. Security forces and the Imam of Friday Prayer pressured Abdoli's family to say that he was a Basij member and that he was shot by "enemy forces". [ 308 ] 2 January On 2 January, a 42-year-old protester, Ali Azizi Jafarabadi, a Kurdish man from Harsin County was shot dead by security forces in Harsin . [ 309 ] 3 January On 3 January, the total number of arrested protesters had increased to 132 according to Hengaw [ 310 ] or 582 according to HRANA . [ 136 ] Iran International estimated the death count of protesters to be at least eight, the number of locations to be 113 locations in 46 cities across 22 provinces, with at least 44 people shot and wounded by live ammunition or pellet guns fired by Iranian security forces. [ 97 ] [ 311 ] Four protesters were shot dead with "military-grade" weapons by IRGC members at protests in Malekshahi County in Ilam province ; forty were injured and many taken to hospital. [ 312 ] 4 January By the early morning of 4 January, Iran International reported the death toll from the protests to have risen to at least 16. [ 313 ] HRANA estimated that since the beginning of the protests there had been 990 arrests and 51 cases of injuries to protesters, mostly from pellet and plastic bullets. [ 143 ] 5 January The total number of arrested protesters rose to 1,200 on 5 January. [ 314 ] Iranian authorities claimed to have arrested a Mossad agent partaking in the protests, with the agent allegedly confessed to being recruited, trained by, and continuing communication with Mossad, and said that Mossad handlers told him to go to people's residences, but was later instructed to move his "operations" to local marketplaces. [ 315 ] 6 January On 6 January, a total of 2,076 protesters had been arrested, and at least 34 protesters and 2 police officers had been killed, according to HRANA . [ 153 ] 7 January HRANA estimated 140 new arrests of protesters or identifications of previously arrested protesters, making a total of 2217, including 165 minors and 46 university students. HRANA counted at total since the beginning of the protests as 38 deaths, including 29 adult protesters, 5 minor protesters, and 4 security officers. [ 157 ] 8 January In response to intensified protests on 8 January 2026, the government initiated a nationwide outage of internet and telephone services, a tactic often used prior to using deadly force against protesters, in order to suppress news and evade scrutiny. According to social media reports, a massacre began in Fardis , where government forces allegedly killed 50 protesters with a machine gun. [ 316 ] 9 January On 9 January, HRANA estimated that a total of 2,311 protesters had been arrested and at least 65 were dead. [ 1 ] Time reported that they were in contact with a Tehran-based doctor who informed them that over 217 protester deaths had been recorded across six hospitals in the city, while Iranian Nobel Peace Prize laureate Shirin Ebadi warned that authorities might carry out a massacre under the cover of the widespread internet blackout . [ 182 ] [ 183 ] Reports from two hospitals in Rasht and Tehran indicate overall 110 dead bodies being transferred to these two hospitals during 8 and 9 January. Some wounded people had military-grade bullets in head and neck, indicating that the shootings were intended to kill. [ 317 ] 10 January Amidst the internet blackout during the protests, Iran International stated their most conservative estimates indicated that at least 2,000 people had been killed by government forces over the past 48 hours alone. [ 59 ] On 10 January, HRANA estimated that 2,638 protesters had been arrested and confirmed that 116 fatalities had occurred. [ 318 ] The Centre for Human Rights in Iran warned that a "massacre is unfolding." It said hundreds of protesters had been killed since the government cut off internet access, and security forces, as in the past, shot people in the eyes with metal pellets and rubber bullets. It reported that hospitals were overwhelmed, and that casualties continue to rise. [ 319 ] 11 January According to a US-based rights group, more than 500 people have been killed in Iran's protests, with 579 additional deaths under investigation (raising the total to 1,123), while over 10,681 people have been arrested. [ 320 ] The People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran reported that more than 3,000 people had been killed in the protests by 11 January. Their figures, based on local sources, hospitals, and families, show the regime even displayed some bodies on state TV, falsely blaming protesters for their deaths. [ 321 ] [ 322 ] By 11 January, Time reported that, starting with reports from a handful of Tehran hospitals, an informal, expatriate group of academics and professionals calculated that protester deaths could have reached 6,000 through Saturday the 10th. [ 64 ] 12 January On 12 January, CNN reported that given the government's internet shutdown and the slow trickle of information emerging from Iran, the full scale of casualties remains unclear. [ 323 ] 13 January On 13 January, Iran International reported that at least 12,000 people had been killed, describing the massacre as the "largest killing in Iranian contemporary history ". [ 42 ] CBS News reported that activist groups in Iran estimated 12,000 people to have been killed, and possibly 20,000, based on medical reports. [ 43 ] 15 January By 15 January, fatality reports saw a significant increase as internet connectivity was partially restored. [ 324 ] While confirmed figures from the U.S.-based Human Rights Activists News Agency ( HRANA) stood at approximately 2,000-2,500 deaths [ 325 ] [ 324 ] , other rights organisations such as Iran Human Rights (IHR) reported at least 3,428 fatalities. [ 286 ] At the same time, leaked internal documents from the Supreme National Security Council and the presidential office, reported by Iran International , suggested that as many as 12,000 people may have been killed during the peak crackdown between January 8 and 10. [ 326 ] CBS News cited sources within Iran claiming the total death toll could potentially reach 20,000. [ 327 ] [ 328 ] Executions On 12 January 2026, it was reported that 26-year-old protester, Erfan Soltani , was sentenced to be executed on 14 January, making him one of the first of these protesters to be handed an execution sentence . [ 329 ] Soltani was arrested during protests in Fardis on 8 January. [ 329 ] [ 330 ] [ 331 ] Human rights groups and activists report that Soltani was denied access to a lawyer, a fair trial , or any opportunity to appeal. [ 329 ] Government forces Government authorities repeatedly presented fatalities during the protests as members of the security forces killed by protesters, after which evidence from witnesses and family statements showed that the victim had been shot by the security forces. [ 332 ] Government media claimed that Amirhesam Khodayarifard, killed on 31 December, was a member of the Basij . [ 119 ] Eyewitness reports and video evidence, collected by Hengaw , contradicted this claim, in particular showing that he was standing among the protesters and was killed by a shot to the head by a security forces member. [ 117 ] Initially, authorities conditioned family access to Khodayarifard's body on the family making a televised statement that he was a Basij member. [ 117 ] During the funeral, which took place on 2 January, Khodayarifard's father confirmed that his son was not a Basij member. [ 134 ] On 3 January, Agence France-Presse referred to a statement by Mehr that IRGC member Latif Karimi was killed during clashes in Malekshahi County , [ 333 ] during which four protesters were killed by the IRGC. [ 334 ] On 4 January, eyewitnesses and other sources clarified that Karimi was present among the protesters when he was shot by IRGC members, and died in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam . Karimi was a retired brigadier-general by profession. Karimi's son stated on Telegram , "My father's only 'crime' was telling [the government security forces] not to shoot at the people." [ 332 ] On 7 January, militants of the Baloch nationalist militant organisation People's Fighters Front (PFF) assassinated Mahmoud Haqiqat, the police chief of Iranshahr . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 150 ] IRGC-affiliated media reported that protesters killed two Law Enforcement Command officers during protests in Lordegan as well as an unspecified security force member in Malekshahi. [ 150 ] On 8 January, Norway-based human rights organisation Hengaw claimed that two IRGC Ground Forces members were killed during the protests in Kermanshah . [ 28 ] A police officer in Malard County at the Tehran province was killed from a stabbing after attempts to control local unrest. [ 165 ] On 9 January, Opposition media reported that clashes between protesters and security forces in Kermanshah Province killed at least 10 IRGC Ground Forces Nabi Akram Unit members. [ 27 ] On 11 January, fighters from the PFF killed one Law Enforcement Command officer and injured another in an attack on an LEC patrol vehicle in Dashtiari County , Sistan and Baluchistan Province. [ 21 ] Notable victims Shahram Maghsoudi , powerlifting champion [ 335 ] Foreign victims Canadian minister of foreign affairs Anita Anand confirmed that a Canadian citizen was killed by the Islamic Republic forces during the protests. [ 336 ] Reactions Reactions to the protests ranged from calls for dialogue and economic relief to warnings of force. Domestic Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei said officials should talk to protesters, but added that "rioters must be put in their place". [ 337 ] As the unrest continued, President Masoud Pezeshkian announced economic measures including changes to foreign-exchange subsidies intended to shift support directly to consumers. [ 338 ] Vice President Mohammad Reza Aref attempted to resign during the first days of the protests, but it was not accepted by President Pezeshkian. [ 339 ] Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf , Speaker of the Islamic Consultative Assembly , said "Malicious individuals and organised movements want to turn any kind of public demand and protest into chaos and chaos using their trained agents in the square, but the Iranian nation has repeatedly demonstrated its vigilance, awareness, and compassion for the country's security". [ 340 ] On 10 January 2026, the IRGC warned that safeguarding security is a "red line". [ 341 ] Chief Justice Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i , the head of Iran's judiciary, said that the punishment for rioters would "be decisive, maximum and without any legal leniency". [ 342 ] Attorney general Mohammad Movahedi Azad warned that anyone taking part in demonstrations is an " enemy of God ", a crime that carries the death penalty under Iranian law. [ 343 ] International Sovereign states United States – US president Donald Trump warned that the United States would intervene if Iranian authorities violently suppressed "peaceful protests". [ 344 ] On 9 January 2026, Trump stated on Truth Social that the US was "locked and loaded and ready to go" if the Iranian security forces killed protesters. [ 345 ] Trump later said that US is considering "very strong options" as a response to the Iran protests, among them possible military intervention, and he said: "we will hit them at levels that they've never been hit before". [ 346 ] A senior American official told The New York Times that Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu urged President Trump to delay a potential American attack against Iran. [ 347 ] On 15 January, multiple sources reported that Carrier Strike Group 3 was expected to arrive in the Middle East in "about a week", and The New York Times reported that an array of combat and refueling aircraft "were expected to start flowing into the region soon". [ 348 ] [ 349 ] Israel – Netanyahu said Israel "[identifies] with the struggle of the Iranian people for freedom, liberty and justice". He also mentioned the possibility that the people would take their fate into their hands. [ 350 ] Mossad , Israel's intelligence agency , claimed it was "with [the Iranian protesters] in the field". [ 351 ] Israel's former defence minister, Yoav Gallant , stated "At this time, when what matters is the action of the masses on the ground, we need to stay behind and direct things with an invisible hand". [ 352 ] Mossad , Israel's intelligence agency , claimed it was "with [the Iranian protesters] in the field". [ 351 ] Israel's former defence minister, Yoav Gallant , stated "At this time, when what matters is the action of the masses on the ground, we need to stay behind and direct things with an invisible hand". [ 352 ] France , Germany , and the United Kingdom 's leaders released a joint statement on 9 January urging Iran to exercise restraint. [ 62 ] German chancellor Friedrich Merz spoke out against the violent suppression of Iranian protesters, saying, "This violence is not an expression of strength, but rather a sign of weakness. This violence must end", [ 353 ] later saying "If a regime can only keep itself in power by force, then it's effectively at the end. I believe we are now seeing the final days and weeks of this regime. In any case, it has no legitimacy through elections in the population. The population is now rising up against this regime." [ 354 ] [ 355 ] German chancellor Friedrich Merz spoke out against the violent suppression of Iranian protesters, saying, "This violence is not an expression of strength, but rather a sign of weakness. This violence must end", [ 353 ] later saying "If a regime can only keep itself in power by force, then it's effectively at the end. I believe we are now seeing the final days and weeks of this regime. In any case, it has no legitimacy through elections in the population. The population is now rising up against this regime." [ 354 ] [ 355 ] Australia and Canada issued a joint statement condemning Iran's use of force against protesters. [ 356 ] New Zealand – Foreign minister Winston Peters expressed concern about the killing of protesters and described protests as a "fundamental human right." [ 357 ] Poland – On 15 January 2026, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs summoned the Iranian ambassador to express concern over the growing number of casualties and arrests, and called on Iran to cease violence against the protesters and initiate talks. [ 358 ] Turkey – Foreign minister Hakan Fidan stated that the protests in Iran were "being manipulated from abroad by Iran's rivals", including the United States and Israel, expressed a wish for the resolution of the perceived antagonism between Iran and the West through negotiations, and called on Iran to engage in "very genuine reconciliation and cooperation" with other Middle Eastern countries. [ 359 ] Vatican City – Pope Leo XIV expressed concern. [ 360 ] United Kingdom – On 13 January 2026, Foreign Secretary Yvette Cooper summoned the Iranian ambassador over the mass killings. [ 361 ] British Secretary of State for Transport Heidi Alexander told Sky News that the current priority is to "stem the violence" in Iran. She said Iran is a threat to the Middle East and represses its own people. [ 362 ] Intergovernmental and international organisations European Union : The European External Action Service urged Iran's security forces to exercise restraint and called on authorities to uphold rights including freedom of expression and peaceful assembly. [ 363 ] The EU also co-signed the aforementioned joint statement issued by Australia and Canada. [ 356 ] European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen , urged the release of imprisoned Iranian protesters, condemned the violent crackdown, and called for internet access to be restored, saying Europe stands "fully behind" those demonstrating. [ 364 ] European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen , urged the release of imprisoned Iranian protesters, condemned the violent crackdown, and called for internet access to be restored, saying Europe stands "fully behind" those demonstrating. [ 364 ] The United Nations criticised Iran's internet shutdown and violation of civil liberties. [ 365 ] Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch condemned the violent repression and documented indiscriminate killings and arrests. [ 366 ] [ 367 ] Political parties and organisations United Kingdom – Kemi Badenoch , the leader of the United Kingdom's opposition Conservative Party , told the BBC that she would "not have an issue" with Iranian regime change and said she supported the involvement of the US and its allies. She claimed that Iran posed a direct threat to the UK, saying it would "very happily wipe out the UK if it felt it could get away with it". [ 362 ] The Mobarizoun Popular Front, a newly-formed Baloch nationalist organisation, expressed its support for the protests. [ 19 ] The Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order expressed support for the Iranian opposition against the Iranian government in early January, calling the Iranian government a "fraudulent mullah regime." [ 368 ] The Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK) co-chair Amir Kerimi stated that the Islamic Republic had lost its social legitimacy and described the situation as an opportunity to build "a democratic and decentralised Iran … that transcends the nation-state , based on the self-governance of the people", while indicating "the construction of a new authoritarian regime through Reza Pahlavi" as his biggest concern. [ 369 ] Corporate organisations From 9 January 2026, multiple international airlines suspended or cancelled flights to and from Iran due to the protests, the internet blackout, and security concerns. Turkish Airlines cancelled flights between Istanbul and Iranian cities including Tehran, Tabriz and Mashhad, while AJet and Pegasus Airlines suspended all services to Iran. UAE carriers flydubai and Emirates halted flights to Iranian destinations, and Qatar Airways cancelled several flights from Doha to Iran. In Europe, Austrian Airlines cancelled its Vienna-Tehran flight on 9 January. Lufthansa , which had planned to resume flights on 16 January after it suspended them due to regional security concerns, delayed its plans to resume services due to the protests. [ 370 ] [ 371 ] [ 372 ] [ 181 ] [ 373 ] International travel advisories Since the outbreak of the protests, several countries have issued travel advisories or warnings for Iran and have advised their citizens to leave the country. These advisories cite security concerns and potential disruptions to transportation and communications. Countries that have issued such advisories include the United States, [ 374 ] the United Kingdom, [ 375 ] Canada, [ 376 ] Australia, [ 377 ] Germany, [ 378 ] France, [ 379 ] New Zealand, [ 380 ] Ireland, [ 381 ] and India. [ 382 ] Polling A January 2026 Quinnipiac poll, found that 70% oppose U.S. military involvement in Iran, 79% of Democrats, 80% of independents and 53% of Republicans opposed military involvement. [ 383 ] [ 384 ] [ 385 ] Analysis On 30 December, Iran International suggested that the protests were a "historic break" of Iranian bazaar merchants, historically a critical and old ally of the Islamic Republic, from the Iranian government. Such breaks, the news agency suggested, were fuelled by the Islamic Republic's blame towards the merchants as "price gougers" for rejecting state-standardised pricing and being unable to restock market inventories if they complied to their demands. Anger towards the government by merchants were also caused by the proposed 2025–26 Iranian budget , which would prioritise deficit spending and large tax increases to make up for a decline in oil revenues for government funding. [ 386 ] On 2 January, Iran International cited the opinion of analysts, including intelligence analysts and journalists, who suggested that Iran might have entered the early stages of regime collapse. [ 387 ] On 4 January, according to the New York Times , Iranian officials, including foreign minister Abbas Araghchi , described the government as being in a "survival mode", with difficulties in either reversing economic problems or handling the military threat of attack by the United States or Israel. Pezeshkian held two emergency meetings following the start of the protests. Some of his advisers recommended that he publicly criticise the role of Khamenei as supreme leader. [ 252 ] A 5 January analysis in Foreign Policy argues that the 2025–2026 protests differ from the Mahsa Amini protests in that the 2025–2026 protests are more geographically widespread, including small towns rather than just major cities, and involve a broader range of groups, including students, workers, women, and ethnic minorities. The analysis also saw differences in the international context as significant, with Trump's unpredictability and overt willingness to violate international law as a factor differing from Biden's approach, and the fall of the Assad regime as a weakening of Iran's regional support. The authors also saw the focus of the 2025–2026 protests as shifting from social reform to regime change. [ 7 ] In early January 2026, The Times referred to intelligence reports stating that Khamenei had an escape plan, for him and about twenty close associates and family members, including Khamenei's son Mojtaba Khamenei , ready to flee to Moscow in case security forces defected to the side of the protesters. Beni Sabti, a former Israeli intelligence officer, stated that he expected Moscow to be Khamenei's preferred location of exile if he fled. [ 254 ] Social scientist Mali Rezaei viewed the protests as showing a "deepening rupture between society and the ideological foundations of the state". She argued that one of the factors behind the protests was the context of Iran's multi-millenial history and ethnic and cultural diversity, in which the seventh century CE Muslim conquest of Persia left in place "a persistent resistance to absolutism". She pointed to a 2020 GAMAAN study that found that irreligion in Iran and support for secularism was growing. In addition to economic factors, Rezaei saw environmental crises such as the disappearance of Lake Urmia as playing a role. She viewed the Iranian government's destruction of some elements of Persian culture and a "passivity in defending [cultural] legacy" as a weakening of the government's protection of "the nation". Rezaei saw the Mahsa Amini protests and the Woman, Life, Freedom slogan as a key turning point in which the protest movement evolved to avoid cooptation by either the government and individual celebrities. She viewed the pro-Pahlavi slogans as mainly representing a desire for a secular democracy, not absolute monarchy, that would recover national agency . [ 388 ] View of the protests as an uprising On 10 January, human rights activist Hamid Enayat suggested that "dozens of instances" of disarmament of security forces during the protests, and the "breakdown of the deterrent function" of the Iranian state's monopoly of violence indicated a transition to a new phase , that of an uprising . Enayat cited cases of protesters stopping security forces on buses, disarming them and tying their hands, and a case of a stun gun being taken from a security forces member and used against him. He argued that Malekshahi County effectively came under insurgent control on 6 January when security forces fled from the protesters. He saw the protests as having shifted to a phase in which the Iranian state had lost its power to frighten citizens into obedience. [ 269 ] On 11 January, historian Mark Almond disagreed with comparison of the Iranian protests to the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989. He argued that it would be more like the Storming of the Bastille , because, if successful, the overthrow of the Islamic Republic would be a rebellion against an internally developed regime, rather than one imposed internationally. He argued that the protests already qualified for the term "revolution". [ 389 ] In contradistinction most Israeli analysts believed that the conditions for successful revolution had not yet been met, the existential threat to the regime notwithstanding. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] A minority view, such as held by retired Brigadier General Amir Avivi , chairman of the Israel Defence and Security Forum (IDSF),is that the Iranian regime faces imminent collapse. [ 392 ] See also Iran portal Middle East portal Politics portal 2025 Iran internal crisis 2025–26 Iranian budget Deaths during the Mahsa Amini protests Iran Prosperity Project Iranian energy crisis Iranian opposition Killing of Saghar Etemadi Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran Notes ^ Protests reported in over 145 locations, including Abadan , Abdanan , Ahvaz , Aligudarz , Alvand , Amlash , Amol , Arak , Arakvaz , Arsanjan , Asadabad , Asaluyeh , Ashkhaneh , Astara , Lorestan , Babaheydar , Babol , Bagh-e Malek , Bandar Abbas , Bandar Ganaveh , Bandar-e Anzali , Bandar Kangan , Baneh , Borazjan , Borujerd , Chaboksar , Chaharbagh , Chenar Shahijan , Dargahan , Dehloran , Delijan , Dezful , Dogonbadan , Dorud , Eqlid , Esfarayen , Eslamabad-e Gharb , Eslamshahr , Falavarjan , Fariman , Farsan , Fasa , Firuzabad , Firuzkuh , Fuladshahr , Garmdarreh , Garmsar , Gilan-e Gharb , Gonabad , Gorgan , Hafshejan , Hamadan , Harsin , Holeylan County , Ilam , Isfahan , Izeh , Jahrom , Junqan , Juyabad , Karaj , Kashan , Kavar , Kazerun , Kerend-e Gharb , Kerman , Kermanshah , Khash , Khomeyni Shahr , Khorramabad , Kish Island , Kuhchenar County , Kuhdasht , Lahijan , Lali , Lordegan , Lumar , Mahabad , Mahallat , Malard , Malayer , Maragheh , Marivan , Marvdasht , Mashhad , Meshkan , Murmuri , Nahavand , Najafabad , Neqab , Neyriz , Nishapur , Nurabad , Pardis , Paveh , Qaen , Qasr-e Shirin , Qazvin , Qeydar , Qom , Qorveh , Ramhormoz , Rasht , Robat Karim , Rudsar , Sabzevar , Safashahr , Sahneh , Salehabad, Ilam , Saman, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari , Saqqez , Sarpol-e Zahab , Sarvestan , Sari , Saveh , Semnan , Shahin Shahr , Shahrekord , Shahrud , Shalamzar , Shazand , Shiraz , Shirvan , Shush , Sonqor , Tabriz , Tehran , Tonekabon , Torbat-e Heydarieh , Tuyserkan , Urmia , Vahdatiyeh , Varamin , Varzaneh , Yasuj , Yazd , Yazdan Shahr , Zabol , Zahedan , Zanjan , Zarqan , Zarrinshahr and Zibashahr . ^ Lower estimate per an official speaking to Reuters , upper estimate per an official speaking to The New York Times . [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Including 121 security forces, per Iranian state media. [ 40 ] ^ Including 2,478 protestors, 163 government affiliated individuals, 20 non-protesting civilians, 16 minors and 1,693 other unidentified deaths. [ 41 ] ^ Including 800 individuals who received death sentences. [ 41 ] ^ Attributed to multiple sources: [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] [ 48 ] [ 10 ] References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Day Thirteen of the Protests: Nighttime Demonstrations Continue Amid Internet Shutdown" . 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Haaretz . ^ "Iran Protests, Explained: How Real Is the Danger to the Regime, and How Might Trump Intervene? - Iran" . ^ "Live - Iran closes airspace as US moves carrier strike group to Mideast" . www.iranintl.com . 15 January 2026. v t e 2025–2026 Iranian protests v t e Overview General Timeline [ fa ] Reactions Geographical scope [ fa ] Map Background Corruption Ethnic-based discrimination Inflation [ fa ] Food International sanctions Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Economic crisis Internal crisis Twelve-Day War United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Mahsa Amini protests Sex segregation Energy crisis Water scarcity General Timeline [ fa ] Reactions Geographical scope [ fa ] Map Timeline [ fa ] Reactions Geographical scope [ fa ] Map Map Background Corruption Ethnic-based discrimination Inflation [ fa ] Food International sanctions Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Economic crisis Internal crisis Twelve-Day War United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Mahsa Amini protests Sex segregation Energy crisis Water scarcity Corruption Ethnic-based discrimination Inflation [ fa ] Food Food International sanctions Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Economic crisis Internal crisis Twelve-Day War United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Mahsa Amini protests Sex segregation Energy crisis Water scarcity People Deaths Saghar Etemadi Amirhesam Khodayarifard Shayan Asadollahi Reza Ghanbari Mohammad Nouri Reza Moradi Abdolvand Latif Karimi Kadyvrian brothers Death sentences Erfan Soltani Diaspora Reza Pahlavi Deaths Saghar Etemadi Amirhesam Khodayarifard Shayan Asadollahi Reza Ghanbari Mohammad Nouri Reza Moradi Abdolvand Latif Karimi Kadyvrian brothers Saghar Etemadi Amirhesam Khodayarifard Shayan Asadollahi Reza Ghanbari Mohammad Nouri Reza Moradi Abdolvand Latif Karimi Kadyvrian brothers Death sentences Erfan Soltani Erfan Soltani Diaspora Reza Pahlavi Reza Pahlavi Armed forces IRGC Cyber Command Basij Iranian police Special Units State-sponsored foreign militia [ fa ] IRGC Cyber Command Basij Cyber Command Basij Iranian police Special Units Special Units State-sponsored foreign militia [ fa ] Events Tehran's Tank Man Massacres Fardis Malekshahi Internet blackout Los Angeles ramming attack Tehran's Tank Man Massacres Fardis Malekshahi Fardis Malekshahi Internet blackout Los Angeles ramming attack Slogans " Death to Khamenei " " Death to the Dictator " " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran " " This is the final battle, Pahlavi will return " " Javid Shah [ fa ] " " Death to Khamenei " " Death to the Dictator " " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran " " This is the final battle, Pahlavi will return " " Javid Shah [ fa ] " Related PMOI/MEK NCRI Kurdish separatism in Iran Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency People's Fighters Front Iranian opposition Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran Lion and Sun flag Lion and Sun Pahlavi dynasty Iran International PMOI/MEK NCRI NCRI Kurdish separatism in Iran Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency People's Fighters Front People's Fighters Front Iranian opposition Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran Lion and Sun flag Lion and Sun Lion and Sun Pahlavi dynasty Iran International v t e Protests in Iran v t e 19th century Tobacco Protest (1890–1892) Tobacco Protest (1890–1892) 20th century 1906 revolution 1952 riots 1963 riots Iranian Revolution 1978 Qom protest 1978 Tabriz protests Black Friday (1978) 1979 Women Day protests 1981 protests 1999 student protests 1906 revolution 1952 riots 1963 riots Iranian Revolution 1978 Qom protest 1978 Tabriz protests Black Friday (1978) 1978 Qom protest 1978 Tabriz protests Black Friday (1978) 1979 Women Day protests 1981 protests 1999 student protests 21st century 2003 student protests 2005 Ahvaz unrest Green Movement 2009 presidential election protests 2009 Ashura protests 2011–2012 protests 2011 Khuzestan protests 2015 Mahabad riots 2015 Fitilieh programme protests 2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt 2017–2018 protests Iranian protests against compulsory hijab 2018 Dervish protests 2018 protests 2018–2019 general strikes and protests 2018 water protests August 2018 uprising 2018 protest movement 2018 university protests 2019 protests 2019–2020 protests Mahshahr massacre 2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests 2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 2021–2022 protests 2021 water protests 2022 food protests Mahsa Amini protests May 2025 Iranian protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests 2003 student protests 2005 Ahvaz unrest Green Movement 2009 presidential election protests 2009 Ashura protests 2009 presidential election protests 2009 Ashura protests 2009 Ashura protests 2011–2012 protests 2011 Khuzestan protests 2011 Khuzestan protests 2015 Mahabad riots 2015 Fitilieh programme protests 2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt 2017–2018 protests Iranian protests against compulsory hijab 2018 Dervish protests 2018 protests 2018–2019 general strikes and protests 2018 water protests August 2018 uprising 2018 protest movement 2018 university protests 2019 protests 2019–2020 protests Mahshahr massacre Mahshahr massacre 2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests 2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 2021–2022 protests 2021 water protests 2022 food protests 2021 water protests 2022 food protests Mahsa Amini protests May 2025 Iranian protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests v t e Ali Khamenei v t e Politics Ahl Al-Bayt World Assembly Assassination attempt October 1981 Iranian presidential election 1985 Iranian presidential election Supreme Leader of Iran Statement of 14 Political Activists Executive Order 13876 Mahsa Amini protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests Ahl Al-Bayt World Assembly Assassination attempt October 1981 Iranian presidential election 1985 Iranian presidential election Supreme Leader of Iran Statement of 14 Political Activists Executive Order 13876 Mahsa Amini protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests Policies Fatwa against nuclear weapons Islamic clerics in politics Iran Slogan of the Year Second Phase of the Revolution Sex segregation Anti-Zionism 8-Article Command to the Chiefs of Branches Fatwa against nuclear weapons Islamic clerics in politics Iran Slogan of the Year Second Phase of the Revolution Sex segregation Anti-Zionism 8-Article Command to the Chiefs of Branches Books and messages A 250 Years Old Person An Outline of Islamic Thought in the Quran Four main books of Biographical-Evaluation Ghena Palestine Ruhe-Tawhid, Nafye Obudiate GheireKhoda Sharh-e Esm Fatwa against insulting revered Sunni figures To the Youth in Europe and North America To the Youth in Western Countries Israel won't exist in 25 years A 250 Years Old Person An Outline of Islamic Thought in the Quran Four main books of Biographical-Evaluation Ghena Palestine Ruhe-Tawhid, Nafye Obudiate GheireKhoda Sharh-e Esm Fatwa against insulting revered Sunni figures To the Youth in Europe and North America To the Youth in Western Countries Israel won't exist in 25 years Family Mansoureh Khojasteh Bagherzadeh (wife) Mostafa (son) Mojtaba (son) Masoud (son) Javad (father) Mohammad (brother) Hadi (brother) Badri (sister) Ali Tehrani (brother-in-law) Farideh Moradkhani (niece) Mahmoud Moradkhani (nephew) Co-fathers-in-law : Azizollah Khoshvaght Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel Mohsen Kharazi Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani Mansoureh Khojasteh Bagherzadeh (wife) Mostafa (son) Mojtaba (son) Masoud (son) Javad (father) Mohammad (brother) Hadi (brother) Badri (sister) Ali Tehrani (brother-in-law) Farideh Moradkhani (niece) Mahmoud Moradkhani (nephew) Co-fathers-in-law : Azizollah Khoshvaght Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel Mohsen Kharazi Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani Economy Wealth of Khamenei family Wealth of Khamenei family Category 2025–2026 Iranian protests 2020s internet outages 2025 labor disputes and strikes 2025 protests 2026 in Iran 2026 labor disputes and strikes 2026 protests Ali Khamenei Arson in 2026 Arson in Iran Civil rights protests Conflicts involving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran December 2025 in Iran Economic history of Iran Food riots Food security Gen Z protests in Asia History of civil rights and liberties in Iran History of the Islamic Republic of Iran Human rights abuses in Iran Internet censorship in Iran Iran–United States relations Iranian democracy movements Iranian nationalism Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps January 2026 in Iran Labour disputes in Iran Law enforcement in Iran Massacres in Iran Monarchism in Iran Movements for civil rights Opposition to the Islamic Republic of Iran Police brutality in Iran Police brutality in the 2020s Police misconduct in Iran Presidency of Masoud Pezeshkian Protest marches in Iran Protests in Iran Rebellions in Iran Reform movements Riots and civil disorder in Iran Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 uses Persian-language script (fa) CS1 Persian-language sources (fa) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list CS1 errors: generic name CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list CS1 errors: markup CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr) CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Current events from January 2026 Wikipedia move-protected pages Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2026 Use British English from January 2026 All Wikipedia articles written in British English All articles with bare URLs for citations Articles with bare URLs for citations from January 2026 Articles containing Persian-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2026 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2026 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2026 All articles containing potentially 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Hello jaɓɓorgo Damugal renndo Wailitooji kesi Ɗerewol kawral Ballal Dokkal Sos konte Seŋo Dokkal Sos konte Seŋo Hello jaɓɓorgo Hello jaɓɓorgo Kaldigal Tar Jiyte ɗaɗi Yiyto aslol Tar Jiyte ɗaɗi Yiyto aslol Ko jokkii ɗoo Bayle toɗɗiiɗe ɗee Yollu fiilde Jokkol duumingol Umpito ɗerewol Jubbu e ngoo hello Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Sos deftere Aawto e innde PDF Yamre winndittoonde Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Temre Wikidata Njaɓɓorde Wikipedia ! Ko maanditorde willitiinde 12:57 ( UTC ); Hoore-Biir , 10 Siilo , 2026 Woodi 13 493 ene windannde nder Fulfulde Wikipedia . Pelle · Duungal · Baɗte Ekitol golle · Ƴamol/Ƴamɗe · Sarɗi/Nufooji · Nyaamna · WAP · Fulfulde Wikipedia So aɗa yiɗi sosde winndannde hesere, winndu tiitoonde ndee e nder kaɓirgol les ngol: Winndannde mawnde ñalnde heen Aliko Mohammad Dangote GCON (jibinaa ko 10 Apriil, 1957) ko jom ngalu leydi Naajeeriya , ganndiraaɗo golle mum mawɗe e nder fedde Dangote e nder fedde nde. E hitaande dubi 2011, o toɗɗaa e fedde toppitiinde faggudu, ko hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Goodluck Jonathan . Winndannde timmunde... E ooɗoo ñalawma E ooɗoo ñalawma Usmaan ɓii Fodiyo | Eggugol Annabi | Ñalawma juulde Juko 16 : 2004 – Millennium Park, nokku jamaa to Chicago, to Illinois, gooto e nokkuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, udditaa e yimɓe. 1377 – Richard II, mo duuɓi sappo, laamii laamɗo Angalteer to wuro wiyeteengo Westminster. Duuɓi goɗɗi : 16 Lewru Juko | 17 Lewru Juko | 18 Lewru Juko Aɗa anndi...? Jaɓɓungal ndiyam dow maayo Argungu, diiwal Kebbi haa lesdi Naajeeriya ... wonde Aksida laana ndiwoowa bonka waɗii sara Goronyo , to diiwaal Sakkwatoɓe , laana ndiwoowa ina yahra e duuɓi 50, tawi ina yaha luumo ? ... wonde e nder fitinaaji remooɓe to Bulgari e hitaande 1899–1900, won konuuli njaɓaani yamiroore fiyde seppooɓe ɓee ? ... wonde ko njuɓɓudi duɗal Vancouver wiyi ina yiɗi senngo jaaynde almudɓe, addani ɗum waɗde binndol kuulal ndimaagu jaayndeeji ? Kabaaru ɓuuɓɗo Kelle potɗe moƴƴineede Bunmi Dipo Salami | Atiku Abubakar | Dalal Abu Amneh | Abigail Adams | Nelson Mandela | Naajeeriya | Paul Biya | Bawci | Zainab Lawal Gummi | Sarah Ladipo Manyika | Joe Biden | Ka'aba | Goodluck Jonathan | Glory Chukwu | Wojere James Lovell Ameriknaajo biyeteeɗo Jim Lovell gardinooɗo laana ndiwoowa Apollo 13, maayi ko e duuɓi 97. Gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi Amerik hono Donald Trump ina wuuri e warngooji baɗanooɗi e nder seppo politik saraaji wuro wiyeteengo Butler to Pennsylvanie .* To leydi Iran : kanndida reformiste Masoud Pezeshkian ko kañum toɗɗata hooreejo leydi e daawal ɗiɗmal ngal. Heege Beryl , woni henndu Atlantik ɓurndu adii winndeede e nder hitaande limlebbi, ko famɗi fof 35 neɗɗo maayi e nder Kariibi, Venesuela e Amerik . Keniya : gorko nanngaa tawi o warii ko ɓuri rewɓe 42, himo tuumaa jeyeede e warooɓe ko aldaa e taƴondiral Gine-Bissaawo : wuro wonngo e nder suriire noddirteengo Jobbel no e mutugol sabu ko ndiyam maayo woni e ñaamude leydi woro ngoo Mali : hooreejo leydi ndii itii toŋe cofte dawro haɗanooɓe e leydi ndii gila ɓooyii Espaañ dañii deesewal kuppuuru Ero 2024 ɓe bonii koyɗol beretaninaaɓe heɓugol deesewal maɓɓe Erop aranal Aɗa waawi ƴeewtaade hello mawngo English Wikipedia Foto men ñalnde heen Foto men ñalnde heen Juulirde Kaaba Hoodere men ñalawma Sawtuuji Algayta be Kakaki Algayta Problems playing this file? See media help . Wideyoo men ñalnde heen Leo kaaloowo Pulaar e Farayse Hirnaange Afrik Wikimedia Projects Wikimedia Foundation Wikiqoute Wikiqoute Wikitionary Wikitionary Wikinews Wikinews Wikisource Wikisource Commons Commons Wikimedia Wikidata Wikidata Wikibooks Wikitionary Meta-Wiki Meta Other African-language Wikipedias that are not among the large ones Afrikaans · Akan · አማርኛ · Bamanankan · Chi-Chewa · chiShona · chiTumbuka · Dagbanli · Ɛʋɛ · Gĩkũyũ · هَوُسَ · Igbo · isiXhosa · isiZulu · Kinyarwanda · Kirundi · Kiswahili · Kongo · Lingala · Luganda · Malagasy · Malti · Oromoo · Sängö · seSotho · Setswana · SiSwati · Soomaaliga · ትግርኛ · Tshivenda · Twi · Wolof · Xitsonga · Yorùbá · Other Wikipedias Winndannde Wikipedia Fulfulde Njaɓɓorde Wikipedia ! Ko maanditorde willitiinde 12:57 ( UTC ); Hoore-Biir , 10 Siilo , 2026 Woodi 13 493 ene windannde nder Fulfulde Wikipedia . Pelle · Duungal · Baɗte Ekitol golle · Ƴamol/Ƴamɗe · Sarɗi/Nufooji · Nyaamna · WAP · Fulfulde Wikipedia So aɗa yiɗi sosde winndannde hesere, winndu tiitoonde ndee e nder kaɓirgol les ngol: Winndannde mawnde ñalnde heen Aliko Mohammad Dangote GCON (jibinaa ko 10 Apriil, 1957) ko jom ngalu leydi Naajeeriya , ganndiraaɗo golle mum mawɗe e nder fedde Dangote e nder fedde nde. E hitaande dubi 2011, o toɗɗaa e fedde toppitiinde faggudu, ko hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Goodluck Jonathan . Winndannde timmunde... E ooɗoo ñalawma E ooɗoo ñalawma Usmaan ɓii Fodiyo | Eggugol Annabi | Ñalawma juulde Juko 16 : 2004 – Millennium Park, nokku jamaa to Chicago, to Illinois, gooto e nokkuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, udditaa e yimɓe. 1377 – Richard II, mo duuɓi sappo, laamii laamɗo Angalteer to wuro wiyeteengo Westminster. Duuɓi goɗɗi : 16 Lewru Juko | 17 Lewru Juko | 18 Lewru Juko Aɗa anndi...? Jaɓɓungal ndiyam dow maayo Argungu, diiwal Kebbi haa lesdi Naajeeriya ... wonde Aksida laana ndiwoowa bonka waɗii sara Goronyo , to diiwaal Sakkwatoɓe , laana ndiwoowa ina yahra e duuɓi 50, tawi ina yaha luumo ? ... wonde e nder fitinaaji remooɓe to Bulgari e hitaande 1899–1900, won konuuli njaɓaani yamiroore fiyde seppooɓe ɓee ? ... wonde ko njuɓɓudi duɗal Vancouver wiyi ina yiɗi senngo jaaynde almudɓe, addani ɗum waɗde binndol kuulal ndimaagu jaayndeeji ? Kabaaru ɓuuɓɗo Kelle potɗe moƴƴineede Bunmi Dipo Salami | Atiku Abubakar | Dalal Abu Amneh | Abigail Adams | Nelson Mandela | Naajeeriya | Paul Biya | Bawci | Zainab Lawal Gummi | Sarah Ladipo Manyika | Joe Biden | Ka'aba | Goodluck Jonathan | Glory Chukwu | Wojere James Lovell Ameriknaajo biyeteeɗo Jim Lovell gardinooɗo laana ndiwoowa Apollo 13, maayi ko e duuɓi 97. Gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi Amerik hono Donald Trump ina wuuri e warngooji baɗanooɗi e nder seppo politik saraaji wuro wiyeteengo Butler to Pennsylvanie .* To leydi Iran : kanndida reformiste Masoud Pezeshkian ko kañum toɗɗata hooreejo leydi e daawal ɗiɗmal ngal. Heege Beryl , woni henndu Atlantik ɓurndu adii winndeede e nder hitaande limlebbi, ko famɗi fof 35 neɗɗo maayi e nder Kariibi, Venesuela e Amerik . Keniya : gorko nanngaa tawi o warii ko ɓuri rewɓe 42, himo tuumaa jeyeede e warooɓe ko aldaa e taƴondiral Gine-Bissaawo : wuro wonngo e nder suriire noddirteengo Jobbel no e mutugol sabu ko ndiyam maayo woni e ñaamude leydi woro ngoo Mali : hooreejo leydi ndii itii toŋe cofte dawro haɗanooɓe e leydi ndii gila ɓooyii Espaañ dañii deesewal kuppuuru Ero 2024 ɓe bonii koyɗol beretaninaaɓe heɓugol deesewal maɓɓe Erop aranal Aɗa waawi ƴeewtaade hello mawngo English Wikipedia Foto men ñalnde heen Foto men ñalnde heen Juulirde Kaaba Hoodere men ñalawma Sawtuuji Algayta be Kakaki Algayta Problems playing this file? See media help . Wideyoo men ñalnde heen Leo kaaloowo Pulaar e Farayse Hirnaange Afrik Wikimedia Projects Wikimedia Foundation Wikiqoute Wikiqoute Wikitionary Wikitionary Wikinews Wikinews Wikisource Wikisource Commons Commons Wikimedia Wikidata Wikidata Wikibooks Wikitionary Meta-Wiki Meta Other African-language Wikipedias that are not among the large ones Afrikaans · Akan · አማርኛ · Bamanankan · Chi-Chewa · chiShona · chiTumbuka · Dagbanli · Ɛʋɛ · Gĩkũyũ · هَوُسَ · Igbo · isiXhosa · isiZulu · Kinyarwanda · Kirundi · Kiswahili · Kongo · Lingala · Luganda · Malagasy · Malti · Oromoo · Sängö · seSotho · Setswana · SiSwati · Soomaaliga · ትግርኛ · Tshivenda · Twi · Wolof · Xitsonga · Yorùbá · Other Wikipedias Winndannde Wikipedia Fulfulde Njaɓɓorde Wikipedia ! Ko maanditorde willitiinde 12:57 ( UTC ); Hoore-Biir , 10 Siilo , 2026 Woodi 13 493 ene windannde nder Fulfulde Wikipedia . Pelle · Duungal · Baɗte Ekitol golle · Ƴamol/Ƴamɗe · Sarɗi/Nufooji · Nyaamna · WAP · Ekitol golle · Ƴamol/Ƴamɗe · Sarɗi/Nufooji · Nyaamna · WAP · So aɗa yiɗi sosde winndannde hesere, winndu tiitoonde ndee e nder kaɓirgol les ngol: Winndannde mawnde ñalnde heen Aliko Mohammad Dangote GCON (jibinaa ko 10 Apriil, 1957) ko jom ngalu leydi Naajeeriya , ganndiraaɗo golle mum mawɗe e nder fedde Dangote e nder fedde nde. E hitaande dubi 2011, o toɗɗaa e fedde toppitiinde faggudu, ko hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Goodluck Jonathan . Winndannde timmunde... E ooɗoo ñalawma E ooɗoo ñalawma Usmaan ɓii Fodiyo | Eggugol Annabi | Ñalawma juulde Juko 16 : 2004 – Millennium Park, nokku jamaa to Chicago, to Illinois, gooto e nokkuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, udditaa e yimɓe. 1377 – Richard II, mo duuɓi sappo, laamii laamɗo Angalteer to wuro wiyeteengo Westminster. Duuɓi goɗɗi : 16 Lewru Juko | 17 Lewru Juko | 18 Lewru Juko Aɗa anndi...? Jaɓɓungal ndiyam dow maayo Argungu, diiwal Kebbi haa lesdi Naajeeriya ... wonde Aksida laana ndiwoowa bonka waɗii sara Goronyo , to diiwaal Sakkwatoɓe , laana ndiwoowa ina yahra e duuɓi 50, tawi ina yaha luumo ? ... wonde e nder fitinaaji remooɓe to Bulgari e hitaande 1899–1900, won konuuli njaɓaani yamiroore fiyde seppooɓe ɓee ? ... wonde ko njuɓɓudi duɗal Vancouver wiyi ina yiɗi senngo jaaynde almudɓe, addani ɗum waɗde binndol kuulal ndimaagu jaayndeeji ? Winndannde mawnde ñalnde heen Aliko Mohammad Dangote GCON (jibinaa ko 10 Apriil, 1957) ko jom ngalu leydi Naajeeriya , ganndiraaɗo golle mum mawɗe e nder fedde Dangote e nder fedde nde. E hitaande dubi 2011, o toɗɗaa e fedde toppitiinde faggudu, ko hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Goodluck Jonathan . Winndannde timmunde... Aliko Mohammad Dangote GCON (jibinaa ko 10 Apriil, 1957) ko jom ngalu leydi Naajeeriya , ganndiraaɗo golle mum mawɗe e nder fedde Dangote e nder fedde nde. E hitaande dubi 2011, o toɗɗaa e fedde toppitiinde faggudu, ko hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Goodluck Jonathan . E ooɗoo ñalawma E ooɗoo ñalawma Usmaan ɓii Fodiyo | Eggugol Annabi | Ñalawma juulde Juko 16 : 2004 – Millennium Park, nokku jamaa to Chicago, to Illinois, gooto e nokkuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, udditaa e yimɓe. 1377 – Richard II, mo duuɓi sappo, laamii laamɗo Angalteer to wuro wiyeteengo Westminster. Duuɓi goɗɗi : 16 Lewru Juko | 17 Lewru Juko | 18 Lewru Juko Usmaan ɓii Fodiyo | Eggugol Annabi | Ñalawma juulde 2004 – Millennium Park, nokku jamaa to Chicago, to Illinois, gooto e nokkuuji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee, udditaa e yimɓe. 1377 – Richard II, mo duuɓi sappo, laamii laamɗo Angalteer to wuro wiyeteengo Westminster. Duuɓi goɗɗi : 16 Lewru Juko | 17 Lewru Juko | 18 Lewru Juko Aɗa anndi...? Jaɓɓungal ndiyam dow maayo Argungu, diiwal Kebbi haa lesdi Naajeeriya ... wonde Aksida laana ndiwoowa bonka waɗii sara Goronyo , to diiwaal Sakkwatoɓe , laana ndiwoowa ina yahra e duuɓi 50, tawi ina yaha luumo ? ... wonde e nder fitinaaji remooɓe to Bulgari e hitaande 1899–1900, won konuuli njaɓaani yamiroore fiyde seppooɓe ɓee ? ... wonde ko njuɓɓudi duɗal Vancouver wiyi ina yiɗi senngo jaaynde almudɓe, addani ɗum waɗde binndol kuulal ndimaagu jaayndeeji ? ... wonde Aksida laana ndiwoowa bonka waɗii sara Goronyo , to diiwaal Sakkwatoɓe , laana ndiwoowa ina yahra e duuɓi 50, tawi ina yaha luumo ? ... wonde e nder fitinaaji remooɓe to Bulgari e hitaande 1899–1900, won konuuli njaɓaani yamiroore fiyde seppooɓe ɓee ? ... wonde ko njuɓɓudi duɗal Vancouver wiyi ina yiɗi senngo jaaynde almudɓe, addani ɗum waɗde binndol kuulal ndimaagu jaayndeeji ? Kabaaru ɓuuɓɗo Kelle potɗe moƴƴineede Bunmi Dipo Salami | Atiku Abubakar | Dalal Abu Amneh | Abigail Adams | Nelson Mandela | Naajeeriya | Paul Biya | Bawci | Zainab Lawal Gummi | Sarah Ladipo Manyika | Joe Biden | Ka'aba | Goodluck Jonathan | Glory Chukwu | Wojere James Lovell Ameriknaajo biyeteeɗo Jim Lovell gardinooɗo laana ndiwoowa Apollo 13, maayi ko e duuɓi 97. Gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi Amerik hono Donald Trump ina wuuri e warngooji baɗanooɗi e nder seppo politik saraaji wuro wiyeteengo Butler to Pennsylvanie .* To leydi Iran : kanndida reformiste Masoud Pezeshkian ko kañum toɗɗata hooreejo leydi e daawal ɗiɗmal ngal. Heege Beryl , woni henndu Atlantik ɓurndu adii winndeede e nder hitaande limlebbi, ko famɗi fof 35 neɗɗo maayi e nder Kariibi, Venesuela e Amerik . Keniya : gorko nanngaa tawi o warii ko ɓuri rewɓe 42, himo tuumaa jeyeede e warooɓe ko aldaa e taƴondiral Gine-Bissaawo : wuro wonngo e nder suriire noddirteengo Jobbel no e mutugol sabu ko ndiyam maayo woni e ñaamude leydi woro ngoo Mali : hooreejo leydi ndii itii toŋe cofte dawro haɗanooɓe e leydi ndii gila ɓooyii Espaañ dañii deesewal kuppuuru Ero 2024 ɓe bonii koyɗol beretaninaaɓe heɓugol deesewal maɓɓe Erop aranal Aɗa waawi ƴeewtaade hello mawngo English Wikipedia Foto men ñalnde heen Foto men ñalnde heen Juulirde Kaaba Hoodere men ñalawma Sawtuuji Algayta be Kakaki Algayta Problems playing this file? See media help . Wideyoo men ñalnde heen Leo kaaloowo Pulaar e Farayse Hirnaange Afrik Wikimedia Projects Wikimedia Foundation Wikiqoute Wikiqoute Wikitionary Wikitionary Wikinews Wikinews Wikisource Wikisource Commons Commons Wikimedia Wikidata Wikidata Wikibooks Wikitionary Meta-Wiki Meta Other African-language Wikipedias that are not among the large ones Afrikaans · Akan · አማርኛ · Bamanankan · Chi-Chewa · chiShona · chiTumbuka · Dagbanli · Ɛʋɛ · Gĩkũyũ · هَوُسَ · Igbo · isiXhosa · isiZulu · Kinyarwanda · Kirundi · Kiswahili · Kongo · Lingala · Luganda · Malagasy · Malti · Oromoo · Sängö · seSotho · Setswana · SiSwati · Soomaaliga · ትግርኛ · Tshivenda · Twi · Wolof · Xitsonga · Yorùbá · Other Wikipedias Winndannde Wikipedia Fulfulde Kabaaru ɓuuɓɗo Kelle potɗe moƴƴineede Bunmi Dipo Salami | Atiku Abubakar | Dalal Abu Amneh | Abigail Adams | Nelson Mandela | Naajeeriya | Paul Biya | Bawci | Zainab Lawal Gummi | Sarah Ladipo Manyika | Joe Biden | Ka'aba | Goodluck Jonathan | Glory Chukwu | Wojere James Lovell Ameriknaajo biyeteeɗo Jim Lovell gardinooɗo laana ndiwoowa Apollo 13, maayi ko e duuɓi 97. Gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi Amerik hono Donald Trump ina wuuri e warngooji baɗanooɗi e nder seppo politik saraaji wuro wiyeteengo Butler to Pennsylvanie .* To leydi Iran : kanndida reformiste Masoud Pezeshkian ko kañum toɗɗata hooreejo leydi e daawal ɗiɗmal ngal. Heege Beryl , woni henndu Atlantik ɓurndu adii winndeede e nder hitaande limlebbi, ko famɗi fof 35 neɗɗo maayi e nder Kariibi, Venesuela e Amerik . Keniya : gorko nanngaa tawi o warii ko ɓuri rewɓe 42, himo tuumaa jeyeede e warooɓe ko aldaa e taƴondiral Gine-Bissaawo : wuro wonngo e nder suriire noddirteengo Jobbel no e mutugol sabu ko ndiyam maayo woni e ñaamude leydi woro ngoo Mali : hooreejo leydi ndii itii toŋe cofte dawro haɗanooɓe e leydi ndii gila ɓooyii Espaañ dañii deesewal kuppuuru Ero 2024 ɓe bonii koyɗol beretaninaaɓe heɓugol deesewal maɓɓe Erop aranal Aɗa waawi ƴeewtaade hello mawngo English Wikipedia Bunmi Dipo Salami | Atiku Abubakar | Dalal Abu Amneh | Abigail Adams | Nelson Mandela | Naajeeriya | Paul Biya | Bawci | Zainab Lawal Gummi | Sarah Ladipo Manyika | Joe Biden | Ka'aba | Goodluck Jonathan | Glory Chukwu | Wojere Ameriknaajo biyeteeɗo Jim Lovell gardinooɗo laana ndiwoowa Apollo 13, maayi ko e duuɓi 97. Gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi Amerik hono Donald Trump ina wuuri e warngooji baɗanooɗi e nder seppo politik saraaji wuro wiyeteengo Butler to Pennsylvanie .* To leydi Iran : kanndida reformiste Masoud Pezeshkian ko kañum toɗɗata hooreejo leydi e daawal ɗiɗmal ngal. Heege Beryl , woni henndu Atlantik ɓurndu adii winndeede e nder hitaande limlebbi, ko famɗi fof 35 neɗɗo maayi e nder Kariibi, Venesuela e Amerik . Keniya : gorko nanngaa tawi o warii ko ɓuri rewɓe 42, himo tuumaa jeyeede e warooɓe ko aldaa e taƴondiral Gine-Bissaawo : wuro wonngo e nder suriire noddirteengo Jobbel no e mutugol sabu ko ndiyam maayo woni e ñaamude leydi woro ngoo Mali : hooreejo leydi ndii itii toŋe cofte dawro haɗanooɓe e leydi ndii gila ɓooyii Espaañ dañii deesewal kuppuuru Ero 2024 ɓe bonii koyɗol beretaninaaɓe heɓugol deesewal maɓɓe Erop aranal Foto men ñalnde heen Foto men ñalnde heen Juulirde Kaaba Hoodere men ñalawma Sawtuuji Algayta be Kakaki Algayta Problems playing this file? See media help . Wideyoo men ñalnde heen Leo kaaloowo Pulaar e Farayse Hirnaange Afrik Wikimedia Projects Wikimedia Foundation Wikiqoute Wikiqoute Wikitionary Wikitionary Wikinews Wikinews Wikisource Wikisource Commons Commons Wikimedia Wikidata Wikidata Wikibooks Wikitionary Meta-Wiki Meta Other African-language Wikipedias that are not among the large ones Afrikaans · Akan · አማርኛ · Bamanankan · Chi-Chewa · chiShona · chiTumbuka · Dagbanli · Ɛʋɛ · Gĩkũyũ · هَوُسَ · Igbo · isiXhosa · isiZulu · Kinyarwanda · Kirundi · Kiswahili · Kongo · Lingala · Luganda · Malagasy · Malti · Oromoo · Sängö · seSotho · Setswana · SiSwati · Soomaaliga · ትግርኛ · Tshivenda · Twi · Wolof · Xitsonga · Yorùbá · Other Wikipedias Winndannde Wikipedia Fulfulde Foto men ñalnde heen Foto men ñalnde heen Juulirde Kaaba Hoodere men ñalawma Sawtuuji Algayta be Kakaki Algayta Problems playing this file? See media help . Wideyoo men ñalnde heen Leo kaaloowo Pulaar e Farayse Hirnaange Afrik Foto men ñalnde heen Hoodere men ñalawma Sawtuuji Algayta be Kakaki Algayta Problems playing this file? See media help . Wideyoo men ñalnde heen Wikimedia Projects Wikimedia Foundation Wikiqoute Wikiqoute Wikitionary Wikitionary Wikinews Wikinews Wikisource Wikisource Commons Commons Wikimedia Wikidata Wikidata Wikibooks Wikitionary Meta-Wiki Meta Other African-language Wikipedias that are not among the large ones Afrikaans · Akan · አማርኛ · Bamanankan · Chi-Chewa · chiShona · chiTumbuka · Dagbanli · Ɛʋɛ · Gĩkũyũ · هَوُسَ · Igbo · isiXhosa · isiZulu · Kinyarwanda · Kirundi · Kiswahili · Kongo · Lingala · Luganda · Malagasy · Malti · Oromoo · Sängö · seSotho · Setswana · SiSwati · Soomaaliga · ትግርኛ · Tshivenda · Twi · Wolof · Xitsonga · Yorùbá · Other Wikipedias Winndannde Wikipedia Fulfulde Articles with hAudio microformats Tiimtorde Hello Jaɓɓorgo Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Ngoo hello taƴtaa sakket ko ñalnde 9 Yarkomaa 2025 sahnga 07:49. 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La region d’ Auvèrnhe Ròse Aups es la fusion de las regions administrativas d’ Auvèrnhe e de Ròse-Aups dempuèi lo 1èr de genièr de 2016 . Compausada de 12 departaments e de la metropòli de Lion, es majoritàriament arpitana, mas s’i parla tanben occitan e francés. La prefectura de la region es a Lion . Definicion Nombre Populacion totala 8 331 274 abitants Percentatge occitan 26,12% O sabiatz? Un aristocrata d' Auvèrnhe , Gilbèrt dau Motier de La Faieta (imatge), foguèt un general dins las doas revolucions americana e francesa . Lo lògo de l’ OGC Niça pòrta en occitan Despì 1904 solament despuèi 2013 . L’ Encyclopaedia occitanica es pas una enciclopèdia. Lo grop de death metal Gojira que s’aperava Godzilla a sa creacion a Ondres , en Gasconha . Argentina a quatre noms egalament oficials : Nacion argentina, Províncias unidas del Riu de la Plata, Republica argentina e Confederacion argentina. D'un biais indirèct, la vila de Marselha auriá donat son nom a l’ ouzo . L’estau de la comuna d’ Embèrt z-es redond. Nòvas 3 de genièr de 2026 : los Estats Units d'America atacan Veneçuèla e capturan lo president Maduro . 2 de genièr : Ciutat de La Patz ven la capitala de la Guinèa Eqüatoriala . 1 de genièr : Guy Parmelin ven tornar president de Soïssa ; Bulgaria rejonh la zona de l’ èuro . 27 de decembre de 2025 : morís l’entrainaire occitan Joan Loís Gasset . (imatge) 24 de decembre : Nasry Asfura se ganha las eleccions presidencialas d' Onduras . 23 de decembre : lo govèrn Trump sanciona d'europèus opausats a la desinformacion coma Clare Melford e Anna-Lena von Hodenberg . 14 de decembre : José Antonio Kast se ganha las eleccions presidencialas de Chile . 13 de decembre : beatificacion de 50 crestians antinazis a París. Demèst eles Raimond Caire e d'autres occitans. 30 de novembre : Jeffrey Bostic ven president de Barbada. 27 de novembre : Juan Francisco Pérez Llorca es elegit president de la Generalitat de Valéncia. 27 de novembre : en seguida d'un còp d'estat, lo general Horta Nta Na Man ven president de transicion de la Guinèa de Bissau. 26 de novembre : Andrej Babiš es nommat primièr ministre de Chequia. 18 de novembre : John Main es elegit primièr de Nunavut. 15 de novembre : Khaled al-Anany ven president de l'UNESCO. 13 de novembre : Francis Itimai ven governaire de Iap. 11 de novembre : Catherine Connolly ven presidenta d'Irlanda. 5 de novembre : Shawn Christian es elegit primièr cònsol de las Illas Pitcairn. 4 de novembre : Zohran Mamdani es elegit primièr cònsol de New York. 24 d'octobre : morís l’esquiaire occitan Julian Besson . 24 d'octobre : Tufan Erhürman ven president de Chipre del Nòrd. 23 d'octobre : morís lo cantaire de reggae panamenc Japanese . 18 d'octobre : morís lo cantaire arlatenc Jan Mari Carlòtti . 14 d'octobre : lo president Andry Rajoelina fugís de Madagascar . 11 d'octobre : Patrick Herminie se ganha l'eleccion presidenciala de Seichèlas . 11 d'octobre : José Jerí ven president interimari de Peró . 7 d'octobre : Jeffrey Bostic es elegit president de Barbados . 3 d'octobre : Peter Mutharika ven president de Malawi . 3 d'octobre : Guilhèm V ven grand duc de Luxemborg . 1èr d'octobre : Matteo Rossi e Lorenzo Bugli venon capitanis regents de Sant Marin . 12 de setembre : Chandrapuram Ponnusami Radhakrishnan ven vice-president d’ Índia . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Powers Toggle Powers subsection 1.1 Complements and compensations 1.1 Complements and compensations 2 History 3 Requirements 4 Term limits 5 Recall 6 Office-holders 7 See also 8 References 9 External links President of Venezuela العربية Aragonés Azərbaycanca Български Català Chavacano de Zamboanga Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी עברית Latviešu مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本語 Norsk bokmål Português Română Simple English کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Presidential seal Presidential Standard Incumbent Delcy Rodríguez Acting since 5 January 2026 Style Mr./Madam President ( Señor/a Presidente/a ) His/Her Excellency ( Su Excelencia ) Member of Cabinet Residence La Casona Seat Miraflores Palace , Caracas Appointer Popular vote election Term length 6 years, no term limits Constituting instrument Constitution of Venezuela (1999) Inaugural holder Cristóbal Mendoza ( First Republic ) José Antonio Páez ( State of Venezuela ) Formation January 13, 1830 (196 years ago) ( 1830-01-13 ) Deputy Vice President Salary US$ 4,068 monthly [ 1 ] Website presidencia.gob.ve Politics of Venezuela Constitution Law Constitution Constitutions of States Human rights LGBT rights Law Abortion Labour Nationality Capital punishment Constitution Law Constitution Constitutions of States Human rights LGBT rights Law Abortion Labour Nationality Capital punishment Executive President ( list ) Disputed Vice President Delcy Rodríguez Cabinet President ( list ) Disputed Vice President Delcy Rodríguez Cabinet Legislature National Assembly President : Dinorah Figuera Disputed with Jorge Rodríguez since 5 January 2021 National Assembly President : Dinorah Figuera Disputed with Jorge Rodríguez since 5 January 2021 Judiciary Supreme Tribunal of Justice Supreme Tribunal of Justice Federal divisions Regions States Governors Constitutions Legislatures Municipalities Dependencies Regions States Governors Constitutions Legislatures Municipalities Governors Constitutions Legislatures Municipalities Dependencies Elections Democracy Political parties Recent elections Presidential: 2018 2024 Parliamentary: 2020 2025 Constituent: 1999 2017 Regional: 2017 2021 Municipal: 2017 2018 Referendums: 2017 2023 Democracy Political parties Recent elections Presidential: 2018 2024 Parliamentary: 2020 2025 Constituent: 1999 2017 Regional: 2017 2021 Municipal: 2017 2018 Referendums: 2017 2023 Presidential: 2018 2024 Parliamentary: 2020 2025 Constituent: 1999 2017 Regional: 2017 2021 Municipal: 2017 2018 Referendums: 2017 2023 Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Felix Plasencia ( list ) Diplomatic missions of / in Venezuela Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Chávez's foreign policy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Felix Plasencia ( list ) Diplomatic missions of / in Venezuela Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Chávez's foreign policy Venezuela portal Other countries Other countries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The president of Venezuela (Spanish: Presidente de Venezuela ), officially known as the president of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela ), is the executive head of state and head of government of Venezuela . The president leads the National Executive of the Venezuelan government and is the commander-in-chief of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces . Presidential terms were set at six years with the adoption of the 1999 Constitution of Venezuela , and presidential term limits were removed in 2009. [ 2 ] The office of president in Venezuela has existed since the 1811 Venezuelan Declaration of Independence from the Spanish Crown ; the first president was Cristóbal Mendoza . From 1821 to 1830, Venezuela was a member state of Gran Colombia , and the Venezuelan executive was absorbed by the Colombian government in Bogotá . When the State of Venezuela became independent from Gran Colombia, the office of the president was restored under José Antonio Páez . Every head of state of Venezuela since then has held the title of president. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional military dictators until the mid-20th century. Since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic civilian governments until the 2010s, as an exception where most of the region was ruled by military dictatorships, and the period was characterized by economic prosperity. The Venezuelan presidential crisis was a political crisis concerning the leadership and who holds the office remained disputed until 5 January 2023. It began when the opposition-majority National Assembly declared that incumbent Nicolás Maduro 's 2018 re-election was invalid and the body declared its president, Juan Guaidó , to be acting president of the country. [ 3 ] However, support for Guaidó declined following a failed uprising attempt in April 2019 . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Efforts led by Guaidó to create a transitional government were unsuccessful, with Maduro continuing to control Venezuela's state institutions. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The European Union still does not recognize Maduro as the legitimate president, threatening his government with further sanctions . [ 9 ] The interim government was dissolved in December 2022, when three of the four main political parties approved its dissolution to create a commission of five members to manage foreign assets, as the deputies sought a united strategy ahead of the presidential election of July 2024 . [ 6 ] On 3 January 2026, the United States captured then-president Nicolás Maduro , as well as his wife Cilia Flores , and extracted them from the country . As a result, Delcy Rodríguez became the acting president. Rodríguez is the current acting president. Powers As a self described republic with a presidential executive, Venezuela grants significant powers to the president. The president effectively controls the executive branch, represents the country abroad, and appoints the cabinet and, with the approval of the National Assembly , the judges for the Supreme Tribunal of Justice . The president is also the commander-in-chief of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces (FANB). The powers and obligations of the president of Venezuela are established, limited and numbered by articles 236 and 237 of the constitution : To comply with and enforce the Constitution and the law. To direct the activity of the Government. To appoint and remove the Executive Vice-president and the Cabinet Ministers . To direct the international relations of the Republic and sign and ratify international treaties, agreements or conventions. To direct the National Armed Forces in his capacity as Commander-in-Chief. To exercise supreme command over the National Armed Forces, promote their officers at the rank of colonel or naval captain and above, and appoint them to the positions exclusively reserved to them. To declare states of exception and order the restriction of guarantees in the cases provided for under the Constitution. To issue executive orders having the force of law, subject to authorization in advance by an enabling act. To call special sessions of the National Assembly. To issue regulations for the application of laws, in whole or in part, without altering the spirit, purpose and reason for being of the laws. To administer the National Public Treasury. To negotiate national loans. To order extraordinary budget item in addition to the budget, subject to authorization in advance from the National Assembly or the Delegated Committee. To enter into contracts in the national interest, subject to this Constitution and applicable laws. To designate, subject to prior authorization from the National Assembly or the Delegated Committee, the Attorney-General of the Republic and the heads of the permanent diplomatic missions. To designate and remove those officials whose appointment is made subject to his discretion by the Constitution or the applicable law. To address reports or special messages to the National Assembly, either in person or through the executive vice-president. To formulate the National Development Plan and, subject to approval in advance from the National Assembly, direct the implementation of the same. To grant pardons. To determine the number, organization and competence of the Ministries and other organs comprising the National Public Administrative Branch, as well as the organization and functions of the Cabinet Ministers, within the principles and guidelines set forth in the pertinent organic law. To dissolve the National Assembly in the case contemplated by the Constitution. To call reference in the cases provided for under the present Constitution. To call and preside over meetings of the National Defense Council. Any others vested in the president under the Constitution and law. Complements and compensations The president's salary directly derives from the National Treasury, as stated in the Organic Law of Salaries, Pensions and Retirements of High Officials of the Public Power. During his or her tenure, the president may not be employed by anyone else, nor receive any other salary from the state. The president's salary is not to be superior to twelve monthly minimum wages , [ 10 ] that is to say, 67,469.76 VEF (as of February 2015). [ 11 ] The Presidential Honor Guard Brigade [ es ] of Venezuela is in charge of the president's protection, as well as the presidential family and their political peers. The Presidential Guard of Honor is made up of members from the four service branches of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces and other institutions of public security, and is headed by a general or flag officer. Since 1900, the official workplace of the president is the Palace of Miraflores in Caracas . The presidential residence has been the palace of La Casona since 1964, instituted by president Raúl Leoni . La Casona is not used by incumbent president Maduro , who has decided not to inhabit it. [ 12 ] Presidential Palaces Miraflores Palace La Casona History The presidential designation encompasses only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Venezuela following Venezuela's declaration of independence from Spanish colonial rule , which took effect on 5 July 1811. The first president, taking office on 5 July 1811, was actually the president of a triumvirate of the first established Republic of Venezuela that rotated the presidency weekly. The person serving as president during the week of 5 July was one of the three signatories of the Declaration of Independence: Cristóbal Mendoza . Mendoza shared the triumvirate with Juan Escalona and Baltasar Padrón. A second triumvirate followed on 3 April 1812, whose members were Francisco Espejo, Fernando Toro and Francisco Javier Ustariz. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Owing to the profound confusion of the Venezuelan War of Independence and the period of Gran Colombia over what is now Venezuela, this page has gaps between 1813 and 1819. For this period in time, historians refer to the Republic of Venezuela as the Second Republic of Venezuela (1813–1814) and the Third Republic of Venezuela (1817–1819) as Simon Bolivar twice reestablished the republic. The Congress of Angostura appointed Simón Bolívar "Supreme Commander of the Republic of Venezuela" (Jefe Supremo de la República de Venezuela) from 1819 until 1830. In 1830, José Antonio Páez declared Venezuela independent from Gran Colombia and became president, taking office on 13 January 1830. Although he was not the first president of Venezuela (having in mind Cristóbal Mendoza in 1811), he was the first head of state of independent Venezuela, after the dissolution of Gran Colombia. From that point on, five constitutions were adopted, all slightly changing the extent of the president's powers and responsibilities. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional military dictators until the mid-20th century. Since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments, as an exception where most of the region was ruled by military dictatorships, and the period was characterized by economic prosperity. Nicolás Maduro [ 15 ] of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) entered the office as interim president on 5 March 2013 after the death of Hugo Chávez , and was elected in the 2013 presidential election . He was reelected in the 2018 presidential election , which was disputed amid charges of irregularities including: the elections were held four months before the prescribed date, [ 16 ] multiple major opposition parties were banned from participating or imprisoned, [ 17 ] and there were charges of vote-buying. [ 15 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] On 5 January 2019, the National Assembly declared that—following the expiration of the mandate granted through the 2013 presidential election —Maduro would have no constitutional mandate to govern Venezuela if he was sworn in on 10 January . [ 20 ] Article 233 of the Venezuelan Constitution establishes that in the event of a presidential vacuum, the president of the National Assembly takes charge of the presidency until a new election is called within 30 days. Noting that the 2018 presidential election failed to adhere to constitutional requirements, the National Assembly contend that Maduro's second term never began, and the seat is vacant. [ 21 ] On 11 January, Juan Guaidó of the Popular Will party and president of the legislature stated that he was prepared to take on the role of acting president. [ 22 ] With the National Assembly recognizing a vacuum in the office of the president, [ 23 ] and citing Article 233 of the Venezuelan Constitution, [ 21 ] Guaidó was declared acting president of Venezuela by that body on 16 January. [ 21 ] The legislature approved the Statute Governing the Transition to Democracy to Re-establish the Validity of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : Estatuto que Rige la Transición a la Democracia para Restablecer la Vigencia de la Constitución de la República Bolivariana De Venezuela ) on 5 February, defining the timing of the transition. [ 24 ] Maduro's controversial win and Guaidó's subsequent claim triggered the Venezuelan presidential crisis . The international community is divided on the issue of the Venezuelan presidency; [ 25 ] AP News reported that "familiar geopolitical sides" had formed, with allies Russia, China, Iran, Syria, and Cuba supporting Maduro, and the US, Canada, and most of Western Europe supporting Guaidó. [ 26 ] Moreover, the United Nations has continued to recognize the Maduro presidency as the legal representative of Venezuela as of December 2019. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] In December 2022, three of the four main political parties ( Justice First , Democratic Action and A New Era ) backed and approved a reform to dissolve the interim government and create a commission of five members to manage foreign assets, as deputies sought a united strategy ahead of the presidential elections scheduled for 2024, [ 6 ] [ 29 ] stating that the interim government had failed to achieve the goals it had set. [ 30 ] In January 2026, the United States launched airstrikes across the coastline of Venezuela as part of Operation Southern Spear . Nicolás Maduro was captured and flown out of the country. [ 31 ] Maduro asserted he remained President. [ 32 ] Requirements According to articles 227 and 229 of the Constitution of Venezuela , adopted in 1999, the following requirements must be met in order to become President of Venezuela: [ 33 ] Being a Venezuelan citizen from birth and possessing no other nationality. Being at least 30 years old at the time of the election. Not being a subject to any conviction by final judgment. Not being a Minister, governor, mayor, or the vice president of the Republic from the day the candidacy is announced to the day of the election. Term limits The current presidential term is for six years with the constitutionally guaranteed recourse of holding a popular recall referendum any time within the last three years of a presidential term. A 2009 referendum removed the previous restrictions which limited the president to 2 terms. [ 2 ] From 1958 to 1999, the presidential term was set at five years. A sitting president was not only barred from immediate reelection, but could not run again for 10 years (equivalent to two full terms) after leaving office. Recall This section needs expansion . You can help by making an edit request expanding it . ( July 2016 ) The president may be recalled after a specific time in office. 2004 Venezuelan recall referendum 2016 Venezuelan recall referendum (not approved) Office-holders Presidents of Venezuela who served under the 1864 constitution (starting with Juan Crisóstomo Falcón ) bore the title of "President of the Union", instead of the usual "President of the Republic" still used today. Aside from that, all heads of state of the country since 1811 have held the title of "President of Venezuela", with minor variations regarding the official name of the country (which has changed four times since the restoration of the independence in 1830). See also Venezuela portal Politics portal List of presidents of Venezuela List of vice presidents of Venezuela History of Venezuela Politics of Venezuela References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Shocking Gap Between Latin America's Presidential Salaries And Workers Minimum Wage" . Latin Post. 22 June 2017. ^ a b "Chavez wins chance of fresh term" . BBC News Online (in Spanish). Caracas. 16 February 2009 . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . ^ "El Tribunal Supremo de Justicia de Venezuela declara "inconstitucional" a la Asamblea Nacional y anula el nombramiento de Juan Guaidó como su presidente" . Retrieved 29 January 2019 . ^ * Rodríguez, Jesús A (8 May 2019). "We are going to take over the premises" . Politico . Retrieved 10 May 2019 . In Venezuela, though the number of people who say they recognize Guaidó as the legitimate president has dwindled to about 50 percent since January, his approval remains much stronger than Maduro's abysmal 4 percent. Wyss, Jim (6 May 2019). "As Guaido's popularity in Venezuela begins to dwindle, what's next for the opposition?" . Miami Herald . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 10 May 2019 . ... last week's failed military uprising and a spate of violent but fruitless demonstrations have some wondering if Guaido, and the opposition at large, have what it takes to oust Maduro ... A poll released Monday by Caracas-based Meganalisis found that Guaido's approval ratings dropped to 50 percent, down from 84 percent in January. He's still far more popular than Maduro whose approval rating is at 4 percent but the precipitous drop can't be ignored ... Casoni, Giampiero (7 May 2019). "Venezuela, il gradimento di Guaidò cala a picco: meno 34% in soli tre mesi" . Ci Siamo (in Italian) . Retrieved 10 May 2019 . The popularity of Juan Guaidò is in sharp decline and the 'liberator' of Venezuela seems to have exhausted the original propulsive thrust ... At the center of this drop in consensus, especially the failure (because of its failure) of the coup in recent weeks ... Wyss, Jim (6 May 2019). "As Guaido's popularity in Venezuela begins to dwindle, what's next for the opposition?" . Miami Herald . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 10 May 2019 . ... last week's failed military uprising and a spate of violent but fruitless demonstrations have some wondering if Guaido, and the opposition at large, have what it takes to oust Maduro ... A poll released Monday by Caracas-based Meganalisis found that Guaido's approval ratings dropped to 50 percent, down from 84 percent in January. He's still far more popular than Maduro whose approval rating is at 4 percent but the precipitous drop can't be ignored ... Casoni, Giampiero (7 May 2019). "Venezuela, il gradimento di Guaidò cala a picco: meno 34% in soli tre mesi" . Ci Siamo (in Italian) . Retrieved 10 May 2019 . The popularity of Juan Guaidò is in sharp decline and the 'liberator' of Venezuela seems to have exhausted the original propulsive thrust ... At the center of this drop in consensus, especially the failure (because of its failure) of the coup in recent weeks ... ^ "Trump Weighs More-Muscular Venezuela Moves on Doubts Over Guaido" . Bloomberg News. 6 December 2019 . Retrieved 9 December 2019 . ^ a b c Armas, Mayela (31 December 2022). "Venezuela opposition removes interim President Guaido" . Reuters . Retrieved 31 December 2022 . ^ Rodriguez Montilla, Camille; Rueda, Manuel (30 December 2022). "Venezuelan opposition strips Guaidó of 'presidential' role" . Associated Press . Retrieved 4 November 2023 . ^ Herrera, Isayen; Turkewitz, Julie (22 December 2022). "Guaidó, the Face of Opposition in Venezuela, May Be on His Way Out" . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 November 2023 . ^ Emmott, Robin (6 January 2021). "EU no longer acknowledges Venezuela's Guaido as interim president" . Reuters . Retrieved 7 January 2021 . ^ "Ley Orgánica de Emolumentos, Pensiones y Jubilaciones de los Altos Funcionarios del Poder Público" (PDF) . Official Gazette of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (in Spanish). Caracas. 12 January 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2016 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . ^ "Oficializan aumento de 15% del salario mínimo" . El Universal (in Spanish). Caracas. 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . ^ "Presidente Maduro aclaró rumores sobre presencia de familia Chávez en La Casona" . Noticias Candela (in Spanish). 6 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . ^ (in Spanish) "Presidentes de Venezuela" . Consulado General de Bucaramanga. Archived from the original on 5 August 2002. ^ Briceño Perozo, Mario. "Mendoza, Cristóbal de" in Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela , Vol. 3. Caracas: Fundación Polar, 1999. ISBN 978-980-6397-37-8 . ^ a b Oner, Imdat (2 February 2021). "Nicolas Maduro: A populist without popularity - ECPS" . Retrieved 19 August 2024 . ^ "Venezuela opposition weighs election run" . BBC News . 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . ^ "ANC aprobó un decreto para la validación de los partidos políticos" . El Nacional . 20 December 2017. * Olmo, Guillermo D. (10 January 2019). "Por qué es polémico que Maduro jure como presidente de Venezuela y por qué lo hace ahora si las elecciones fueron en mayo" . BBC News Mundo . Retrieved 11 January 2019 . * "Maduro gana con la abstención histórica más alta en comicios presidenciales – Efecto Cocuyo" . efectococuyo.com . 21 May 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018 . Retrieved 11 January 2019 . * "Venezuela opposition banned from running in 2018 election" . BBC News . 11 December 2017. ^ "Maduro eyes re-election as Venezuela fires starting gun for presidential vote" . The Guardian . 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2019 . ^ "Venezuela's Maduro re-elected amid outcry over vote" . Reuters . 20 May 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2019 . ^ "Venezuela's parliament rejects legitimacy of Maduro second term" . The Straits Times . 6 January 2019 . Retrieved 28 January 2019 . ^ a b c Bello, Camille (27 January 2019). "Is it legal for Juan Guaidó to be proclaimed Venezuela's interim president?" . Euronews . Retrieved 28 January 2019 . ^ Smith, Scott (12 January 2019). "Maduro foe says he's ready to replace the president" . Associated Press . Retrieved 24 February 2019 . ^ Armas, Mayela; Pons, Corina (15 January 2019). "Update 3-Venezuela Congress declares President Maduro 'usurper' of democracy" . CNBC . Retrieved 24 February 2019 . ^ Brito, Estefani (8 February 2019). "El estatuto que rige la transición entró en vigencia el martes" [The statute governing the transition took effect on Tuesday]. El Nacional (in Spanish) . Retrieved 9 March 2019 . ^ "Guaido vs Maduro: Who backs Venezuela's two presidents?" . Reuters . 24 January 2019. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019 . Retrieved 5 February 2019 . ^ Vasilyeva, Nataliya (24 January 2019). "Venezuela crisis: Familiar geopolitical sides take shape" . AP News . Retrieved 25 February 2019 . ^ "UN backs credentials of Maduro officials" . EFE (in Spanish). 19 December 2019 . Retrieved 20 December 2019 . ^ "Report of the Credentials Committee" . United Nations General Assembly . Retrieved 29 January 2020 . ^ Martínez, Deisy (30 December 2022). "AN de 2015 aprueba su extensión por otro año y elimina gobierno interino" [2015 NA approves its extension for one more year and eliminates interim government]. Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish) . Retrieved 31 December 2022 . ^ "Mayoría de la AN-2015 ratifica disolución del Gobierno interino" . Tal Cual (in Spanish). 30 December 2022 . Retrieved 31 December 2022 . Hemos tenido algo que pasó de ser provisional a convertirse en algo perpetuo. Y no se celebraron las elecciones, de manera que el artículo 233 perdió su razón de ser para justificar el gobierno interino. ^ "Trump says Venezuela's Maduro captured after strikes" . Reuters . ^ Betts, Anna; Popat, Shrai; Lowe, Yohannes; Graham, Vicky; Fulton, Adam; Popat, Anna Betts (now); Shrai; Fulton (earlier), Adam (5 January 2026). "Nicolás Maduro pleads not guilty to US narco-terrorism charges and claims he is 'still president' of Venezuela – live" . the Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . {{ cite news }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Chapter 11 – National Executive Power External links Official website of the Presidency of Venezuela Archived 21 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish) Official website of the Venezuelan Government (in Spanish) v t e President of Venezuela ( list ) v t e State of Venezuela Páez 1831–1835 Narvarte Vargas 1835 Carreño Vargas 1835–1836 Narvarte Carreño Soublette Páez 1839–1843 Soublette J. T. Monagas J. G. Monagas J. T. Monagas Gual J. Castro Gual Tovar 1859–1861 Gual Páez Páez 1831–1835 1831–1835 Narvarte Vargas 1835 1835 Carreño Vargas 1835–1836 1835–1836 Narvarte Carreño Soublette Páez 1839–1843 1839–1843 Soublette J. T. Monagas J. G. Monagas J. T. Monagas Gual J. Castro Gual Tovar 1859–1861 1859–1861 Gual Páez United States of Venezuela Falcón Bruzual Villegas J. R. Monagas Villegas Guzmán Linares Valera Guzmán Crespo 1884–1886 Guzmán H. López Rojas 1888–1890 Andueza 1890–1892 Villegas Villegas Pulido Crespo Andrade 1898–1899 C. Castro 1899–1908 Gómez 1908–1935 Gil Fortoul Márquez Gómez J. Pérez Gómez López Contreras Medina Betancourt Gallegos 1948 Delgado Chalbaud Suárez Flamerich Pérez Jiménez Falcón Bruzual Villegas J. R. Monagas Villegas Guzmán Linares Valera Guzmán Crespo 1884–1886 1884–1886 Guzmán H. López Rojas 1888–1890 1888–1890 Andueza 1890–1892 1890–1892 Villegas Villegas Pulido Crespo Andrade 1898–1899 1898–1899 C. Castro 1899–1908 1899–1908 Gómez 1908–1935 1908–1935 Gil Fortoul Márquez Gómez J. Pérez Gómez López Contreras Medina Betancourt Gallegos 1948 1948 Delgado Chalbaud Suárez Flamerich Pérez Jiménez 4th Republic Larrazábal Sanabria Betancourt 1959–1964 Leoni 1964–1969 Caldera 1969–1974 C. Pérez 1974–1979 Herrera 1979–1984 Lusinchi 1984–1989 C. Pérez 1988–1993 Lepage 1993 Velásquez 1993–1994 Caldera 1994–1999 Larrazábal Sanabria Betancourt 1959–1964 1959–1964 Leoni 1964–1969 1964–1969 Caldera 1969–1974 1969–1974 C. Pérez 1974–1979 1974–1979 Herrera 1979–1984 1979–1984 Lusinchi 1984–1989 1984–1989 C. Pérez 1988–1993 1988–1993 Lepage 1993 1993 Velásquez 1993–1994 1993–1994 Caldera 1994–1999 1994–1999 Bolivarian Republic Chávez Cabello Chávez Maduro 2013–2019 Guaidó 1 2019–2023 Maduro 2019–2025 Rodríguez Chávez Cabello Chávez Maduro 2013–2019 2013–2019 Guaidó 1 2019–2023 2019–2023 Maduro 2019–2025 2019–2025 Rodríguez Acting / interim / caretaker presidents shown in italics 1 Recognized by the National Assembly as "interim president" during the Venezuelan presidential crisis until 2023 v t e Venezuela articles v t e History New Granada Captaincy General War of Independence Gran Colombia ( reunification ) Revolution of the Reforms Federal War Revindicating Revolution 1895 crisis Restorative Liberal Revolution 1902–03 crisis World War II El Trienio Adeco 1958 coup d'état Puntofijo Pact El Carupanazo El Porteñazo Caracazo 1992 coup d'état attempts Vargas tragedy 2002 coup d'état attempt 2002–03 general strike Crisis 2017 constitutional crisis 2019 presidential crisis 2024 political crisis 2026 United States strikes Civil wars Coups d'état New Granada Captaincy General War of Independence Gran Colombia ( reunification ) Revolution of the Reforms Federal War Revindicating Revolution 1895 crisis Restorative Liberal Revolution 1902–03 crisis World War II El Trienio Adeco 1958 coup d'état Puntofijo Pact El Carupanazo El Porteñazo Caracazo 1992 coup d'état attempts Vargas tragedy 2002 coup d'état attempt 2002–03 general strike Crisis 2017 constitutional crisis 2019 presidential crisis 2024 political crisis 2026 United States strikes Civil wars Coups d'état New Granada Captaincy General War of Independence Gran Colombia ( reunification ) Revolution of the Reforms Federal War Revindicating Revolution 1895 crisis Restorative Liberal Revolution 1902–03 crisis World War II El Trienio Adeco 1958 coup d'état Puntofijo Pact El Carupanazo El Porteñazo Caracazo 1992 coup d'état attempts Vargas tragedy 2002 coup d'état attempt 2002–03 general strike Crisis 2017 constitutional crisis 2019 presidential crisis 2024 political crisis 2026 United States strikes Civil wars Coups d'état Geography Borders Cities metropolitan areas Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Fauna Flora National parks Natural Regions World Heritage Sites Borders Cities metropolitan areas Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Fauna Flora National parks Natural Regions World Heritage Sites Borders Cities metropolitan areas metropolitan areas Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Fauna Flora National parks Natural Regions World Heritage Sites Politics Censorship Corruption Torture in Venezuela Human rights in Venezuela LGBT Crisis in Venezuela Anti-Maduro protests 2013 election protests 2014 protests 2016 protests 2017 protests 2018 protests 2019 protests 2024 election protests Administrative divisions Regions States Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law enforcement Military Missions National Assembly President President List Vice President Cabinet Supreme Tribunal of Justice In exile Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area) Parties Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Democratic Unity Roundtable Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Agreement for Change Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Censorship Corruption Torture in Venezuela Human rights in Venezuela LGBT Crisis in Venezuela Anti-Maduro protests 2013 election protests 2014 protests 2016 protests 2017 protests 2018 protests 2019 protests 2024 election protests Administrative divisions Regions States Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law enforcement Military Missions National Assembly President President List Vice President Cabinet Supreme Tribunal of Justice In exile Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area) Parties Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Democratic Unity Roundtable Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Agreement for Change Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Censorship Corruption Torture in Venezuela Human rights in Venezuela LGBT LGBT Crisis in Venezuela Anti-Maduro protests 2013 election protests 2014 protests 2016 protests 2017 protests 2018 protests 2019 protests 2024 election protests 2013 election protests 2014 protests 2016 protests 2017 protests 2018 protests 2019 protests 2024 election protests Administrative divisions Regions States Regions States Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law enforcement Military Missions National Assembly President President President List Vice President Cabinet List Vice President Cabinet Supreme Tribunal of Justice In exile In exile Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area) Parties Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Democratic Unity Roundtable Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Agreement for Change Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement United Socialist Party Movement We Are Venezuela Communist Party For Social Democracy Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Democratic Unity Roundtable Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Justice First Popular Will A New Era Democratic Action Come Venezuela Agreement for Change Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Progressive Advance Movement for Socialism COPEI Ecological Movement of Venezuela Economy Agriculture Currency Companies PDVSA CVG Cooperatives Energy Oil industry Science and technology Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Agriculture Currency Companies PDVSA CVG Cooperatives Energy Oil industry Science and technology Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Agriculture Currency Companies PDVSA CVG PDVSA CVG Cooperatives Energy Oil industry Science and technology Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Diaspora Education Healthcare Immigration Indigenous peoples Languages List of Venezuelans Public holidays Refugees Squatting Women Culture Cinema Cuisine Literature Media Miss Venezuela Music Religion Sport Symbols anthem coat of arms flag Crime Demographics Diaspora Education Healthcare Immigration Indigenous peoples Languages List of Venezuelans Public holidays Refugees Squatting Women Crime Demographics Diaspora Education Healthcare Immigration Indigenous peoples Languages List of Venezuelans Public holidays Refugees Squatting Women Culture Cinema Cuisine Literature Media Miss Venezuela Music Religion Sport Symbols anthem coat of arms flag Cinema Cuisine Literature Media Miss Venezuela Music Religion Sport Symbols anthem coat of arms flag anthem coat of arms flag Outline Category Portal Outline Category Portal v t e Current heads of state of South American countries v t e Milei Paz Lula Boric Petro Noboa Ali Peña Jerí Geerlings-Simons Orsi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Milei Paz Lula Boric Petro Noboa Ali Peña Jerí Geerlings-Simons Orsi Maduro (de jure) , Rodríguez (de facto) Presidents of Venezuela 1830 establishments in Venezuela Government of Venezuela CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) Articles with Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use American English from September 2021 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from November 2023 Articles containing Spanish-language 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Definition 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Before copyright 2.2 19th century 2.3 Star Trek fandom 2.4 Internet 2.5 Japanese doujinshi 2.1 Before copyright 2.2 19th century 2.3 Star Trek fandom 2.4 Internet 2.5 Japanese doujinshi 3 Demographics 4 Categories and terms Toggle Categories and terms subsection 4.1 Genres 4.1.1 Angst 4.1.2 Alternative universe (AU) 4.1.2.1 Soulmate AU 4.1.2.2 Time travel AU 4.1.3 Crossover 4.1.4 Darkfic 4.1.5 Fix-it fic 4.1.6 Fluff 4.1.7 Hurt/comfort 4.1.8 Self-insert 4.1.9 Recursive/meta/fan-verse 4.1.10 Songfic 4.1.11 Uberfic 4.2 Terminology 4.2.1 Author's note (A/N) 4.2.2 Beta reader 4.2.3 Canon 4.2.4 Disclaimer 4.2.5 Drabble 4.2.6 Fandom 4.2.7 Fangirl/fanboy 4.2.8 Fanon 4.2.9 Hanahaki disease 4.2.10 Head canon (HC) 4.2.11 Mary Sue 4.2.12 One true pairing (OTP) 4.2.13 One shot 4.2.14 Real person fiction (RPF) 4.2.15 Shipping 4.2.16 Smut 4.2.17 Trigger warning (TW) 4.1 Genres 4.1.1 Angst 4.1.2 Alternative universe (AU) 4.1.2.1 Soulmate AU 4.1.2.2 Time travel AU 4.1.3 Crossover 4.1.4 Darkfic 4.1.5 Fix-it fic 4.1.6 Fluff 4.1.7 Hurt/comfort 4.1.8 Self-insert 4.1.9 Recursive/meta/fan-verse 4.1.10 Songfic 4.1.11 Uberfic 4.1.1 Angst 4.1.2 Alternative universe (AU) 4.1.2.1 Soulmate AU 4.1.2.2 Time travel AU 4.1.2.1 Soulmate AU 4.1.2.2 Time travel AU 4.1.3 Crossover 4.1.4 Darkfic 4.1.5 Fix-it fic 4.1.6 Fluff 4.1.7 Hurt/comfort 4.1.8 Self-insert 4.1.9 Recursive/meta/fan-verse 4.1.10 Songfic 4.1.11 Uberfic 4.2 Terminology 4.2.1 Author's note (A/N) 4.2.2 Beta reader 4.2.3 Canon 4.2.4 Disclaimer 4.2.5 Drabble 4.2.6 Fandom 4.2.7 Fangirl/fanboy 4.2.8 Fanon 4.2.9 Hanahaki disease 4.2.10 Head canon (HC) 4.2.11 Mary Sue 4.2.12 One true pairing (OTP) 4.2.13 One shot 4.2.14 Real person fiction (RPF) 4.2.15 Shipping 4.2.16 Smut 4.2.17 Trigger warning (TW) 4.2.1 Author's note (A/N) 4.2.2 Beta reader 4.2.3 Canon 4.2.4 Disclaimer 4.2.5 Drabble 4.2.6 Fandom 4.2.7 Fangirl/fanboy 4.2.8 Fanon 4.2.9 Hanahaki disease 4.2.10 Head canon (HC) 4.2.11 Mary Sue 4.2.12 One true pairing (OTP) 4.2.13 One shot 4.2.14 Real person fiction (RPF) 4.2.15 Shipping 4.2.16 Smut 4.2.17 Trigger warning (TW) 5 Interactivity in the online era 6 Legality 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Fan fiction العربية Беларуская Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Fan fiction or fanfiction , also known as fan fic , fanfic , fic or FF , is fiction typically written in an amateur capacity by fans as a form of fan labor , unauthorized by, but based on, an existing work of fiction . The author uses copyrighted characters , settings, or other intellectual properties from the original creator(s) as a basis for their writing and can retain the original characters and settings, add their own, or both. Fan fiction ranges in length from a few sentences to novel-length and can be based on fictional and non-fictional media, including novels , movies , comics , television shows , musical groups , cartoons , anime and manga , and video games . Fan fiction is rarely commissioned or authorized by the original work's creator or publisher or professionally published. It may infringe on the original author's copyright , depending on the jurisdiction and on legal questions, such as whether or not it qualifies as " fair use " (see Legal issues with fan fiction ). The attitudes of authors and copyright owners of original works towards fan fiction have ranged from encouragement to indifference or disapproval, and they have occasionally responded with legal action. The term came into use in the 20th century as copyright laws began to distinguish between stories using established characters that were authorized by the copyright holder and those that were not. [ 1 ] Fan fiction is defined by being related to its subject's canonical fictional universe , either staying within those boundaries but not being part of the canon, or being set in an alternative universe . [ 2 ] Thus, what is considered "fanon" is separate from canon. Fan fiction is often written and published among fans, and as such does not usually cater to readers without knowledge of the original media. Definition The term fan fiction has been used in print as early as 1938; in the earliest known citations, it refers to amateur-written science fiction , as opposed to "pro fiction". [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The term also appears in the 1944 Fancyclopedia , an encyclopaedia of fandom jargon , in which it is defined as "fiction about fans, or sometimes about pros, and occasionally bringing in some famous characters from [science fiction] stories". It also mentions that the term is "sometimes improperly used to mean fan science fiction; that is, ordinary fantasy published in a fan magazine ". [ 4 ] [ 5 ] History Before copyright Before the adoption of copyright in the modern sense, it was common for authors to copy characters or plots from other works. For instance, Shakespeare 's plays Romeo and Juliet , Much Ado About Nothing , Othello , As You Like It and The Winter's Tale were based on recent works by other authors of the time. [ 6 ] In 1614, Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda wrote a sequel to Miguel de Cervantes 's Don Quixote before he had finished and published his own second volume. There is a debate within the fanfiction community as to whether or not Dante Alighieri 's Inferno can be considered self-insert fanfiction of the Bible . [ citation needed ] 19th century Among 19th-century literature that has been subject to depictions not authorized by the original author include Bram Stoker 's Dracula ' s depiction in the translated adaptation Powers of Darkness . [ 7 ] The works of Jane Austen remain among the most popular works for unauthorized adaptations, [ 8 ] with a notable example of Jane Austen fan fiction being Old Friends and New Fancies . Many unauthorized stories of Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle have been created, including The Adventure of the Two Collaborators by J. M. Barrie . [ 9 ] Other notable works include The Space Machine and Morlock Night , respectively based on The War of the Worlds and The Time Machine by H. G. Wells ; A New Alice in the Old Wonderland , based on Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll ; and Wide Sargasso Sea , based on Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë . [ 10 ] Star Trek fandom The modern phenomenon of fan fiction as an expression of fandom and fan interaction was popularized and defined by the Star Trek fandom and its fanzines , which were published in the 1960s. [ 11 ] The first Star Trek fanzine, Spockanalia (1967), contained some fan fiction; many others followed its example. [ 12 ] : 1 These fanzines were produced using offset printing and mimeography and mailed to other fans or sold at science fiction conventions for a small fee to cover the cost of production. Unlike other aspects of fandom, women were the primary authors of fan fiction; 83% of Star Trek fan fiction authors were female by 1970, and 90% by 1973. [ 13 ] One scholar states that fan fiction "fill[s] the need of a mostly female audience for fictional narratives that expand the boundary of the official source products offered on the television and movie screen." [ 14 ] Internet Fan fiction has become more popular and widespread since the advent of the Internet. According to one estimate, fan fiction comprises one-third of all book-related content on the Internet. [ 15 ] In addition to traditional fanzines and conventions, Usenet newsgroups and electronic mailing lists were established for fan fiction and fan discussion. Online, searchable archives of fan fiction were also created, with these archives initially being non-commercial hand-tended and specific to a fandom or topic. These archives were followed by non-commercial automated databases. In 1998, the non-profit site FanFiction.Net was launched, which allowed anyone to upload content in any fandom. [ 16 ] The ability to self-publish fan fiction in an easily accessible archive that did not require insider knowledge to join, as well as the ability to review stories directly on the site, led the site to quickly gain popularity. [ 17 ] A popular example of modern fan fiction is E. L. James 's Fifty Shades of Grey , which was originally written as fan fiction for the Twilight series and featured Bella and Edward. To avoid copyright infringement, James changed the characters' names to Ana and Christian for the purposes of her novels, [ 18 ] a practice known as 'pulling-to-publish'. [ 19 ] Anna Todd 's 2013 fan fiction After , about the boy band One Direction , secured a book and movie deal with renamed characters in 2014. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] A movie adaptation, After , was released on April 12, 2019. On May 22, 2013, online retailer Amazon launched a new publishing service, Kindle Worlds , which allowed fan fiction of certain licensed media properties to be sold in the Kindle Store , with terms including 35% of net sales for works of 10,000 words or more and 20% for short fiction ranging from 5,000 to 10,000 words. However, this arrangement included restrictions on content, copyright violations, poor document formatting, and use of misleading titles. [ 22 ] Amazon shut down Kindle Worlds in August 2018. [ 23 ] Japanese doujinshi A similar trend began in Japan in the 1960s and 1970s, as doujinshi , independently published manga and novels, were published by doujin circles, with many being based on existing manga , anime , and video game franchises. Manga artists such as Shotaro Ishinomori and Fujiko Fujio formed doujin groups, such as Fujio's New Manga Party ( 新漫画党 , Shin Manga-tō ) . At the time, artists used doujin groups to make their debut as professional artists. This changed in the following decades, as doujinshi became more popular and doujin groups formed in groups such as school clubs. This culminated in 1975 with the Comiket , a convention in Tokyo that helped to establish the fandom. Demographics A 2010 study found that 75.2% of account holders on FanFiction.Net allowed the website to disclose their location and that 57% of accounts originated from the United States , followed by 9.2% created in the United Kingdom , 5.6% in Canada , and 4% in Australia . [ 24 ] A 2020 study of Archive Of Our Own users [ 25 ] found that of the surveyed profiles that stated a nationality, 59.7% were located in North America, 16.1% in Great Britain and an additional 10% in Mainland Europe, 6.3% in Oceania, 2.8% in Scandinavia, 2.2% in Asia, 1.8% in South America and the Caribbean, and 0.2% in the Middle East. The study did not include profiles written in Chinese, Greek, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Russian, or Turkish. [ 25 ] A 2020 study of Harry Potter fan fiction writers on Archive of Our Own (AO3) found that of the users who disclosed their gender in their profiles, 50.4% were female or femme -leaning and 13.4% were male or masc-leaning. 11% of users were transgender , 21% identified as nonbinary , genderfluid , and/or genderqueer , and an additional 3.9% stated that they identified as agender or genderless. [ 25 ] The study also found that fan fiction writers tend to be in their early to mid-20s. Of these writers, 56.7% were university students and young adults, 21.3% were 30 years or older, 19.8% were teenagers, and 0.2% were of retirement age. [ 25 ] Unlike many fan fiction communities that trend female in participation, FIMFiction (the largest repository for My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fan fiction ) has a predominantly male audience. [ 26 ] Categories and terms This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Fan fiction" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Genres In addition to the "regular" list of genres , there are some genres particularly associated with fan fiction. These genres can overlap and include: Angst Stories with an angst -ridden mood that focus on a character or characters who are brooding, sorrowful, or in anguish. Alternative universe (AU) Stories that feature characters set in a universe other than their canonical one. [ 27 ] There are several types of alternative universe: it may make dramatic changes to the setting, such as a "fantasy AU" that places characters from a non-fantasy canon in a world of magic; change characterization, which is often referred to as someone being "out of character" (OOC) rather than a proper AU; or change major plot events to suit the author's purposes, such as in a fix-it fic . [ 28 ] Soulmate AU Stories that feature characters in a world, often very similar to canon, where soulmates are real. Common mechanics include a person having their soulmate's name written on their skin at birth or a specific change that occurs when two soulmates see or touch each other for the first time. The most common trope in this genre is a character being convinced that they do not have, want, or deserve a soulmate, only to be proven wrong as they fall in love. Time travel AU Stories in which a character is sent back in time to get a second chance while having knowledge of the original plot. It is also called "Peggy Sue" after the movie Peggy Sue Got Married , in which this scenario happens to the titular character. "Groundhog Day", named after the film , is a variation of this trope in which time travel happens repeatedly, usually until the time traveler "gets it right". Crossover Stories that feature characters, items, or locations from multiple fandoms. Another type of crossover is "fusion fic", in which the two universes are merged into one. Darkfic Stories that are darker or more depressing than the original, often done in contrast to them. This is sometimes done with media that is intended to be light-hearted or for children. Darkfic can also refer to content that is "intentionally disturbing", such as physical or emotional violence or abuse. However, not all stories tagged as "dark" are considered to be a darkfic. "Dead Dove Do Not Eat", sometimes abbreviated as DDDNE, is a sub-category of darkfic. It began as an AO3 tag in 2015, intended to warn people that the story contained dark themes without explicitly condemning them; because the dark themes were tagged, it served to reinforce readers' attention to them. Since 2015, it has evolved into its own tag, usually meaning that readers should take any other tagged dark themes more seriously than they otherwise would. This term is in reference to the TV sitcom Arrested Development , in which a character opens a bag that says "Dead Dove" on the outside only to discover that within it is a dead dove. The character then remarks "I don't know what I expected." This is used to illustrate that fanfictions tagged with this tag should be reviewed carefully, as the other tags should be taken seriously by the reader before reading. [ citation needed ] Fix-it fic Stories that rewrite canonical events that the author disliked or otherwise wanted to "fix", such as major plot holes or a tragic event or ending; for instance, an alternate universe where "everyone lives". Fix-it fics that focus on correcting flaws in the original work are also known as a "rebuild fic", named after the Rebuild of Evangelion series. If it focuses heavily on critical thinking skills and deductive reasoning, it can be considered a "rationalist rewrite", as popularized by Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality . Fluff Stories designed to be light-hearted and romantic. [ 29 ] Another term for this genre is WAFF, which is short for "warm and fuzzy feelings". Hurt/comfort Stories in which a character is put through a traumatic experience in order to be comforted. [ 30 ] The climax of these stories is usually when one character witnesses another character's suffering and alleviates it. Another type of hurt/comfort is whump, which focuses on the character's suffering, sometimes to the exclusion of comfort; excessive whump may also be considered darkfic. [ 31 ] Self-insert Stories in which a version of the author is transported to the fictional world that the fan fiction is based on, which are often written in the first person . Self-insert fanfiction is often compared to Mary Sue characters. Some researchers argue that self-insert characters can be found in literature from the 19th century and earlier. [ 32 ] There are several types of self-inserts, including: "y/n" (short for [insert] your name"), "xReader", and "imagines". [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Several of these subgenres are unique to specific platforms. [ 34 ] Recursive/meta/fan-verse Stories based on an existing fan work. On Archive of Our Own, this type of recursive fan fiction is called a "remix". [ 35 ] Songfic Stories which are interspersed with the lyrics of a relevant song. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] The term is a combination of "song" and "fiction"; as such, it is also referred to as "songfiction". Since many song lyrics are under copyright , whether songfics are a violation of copyright law is a subject of debate. Some fan fiction sites, such as FanFiction.Net, have prevented authors from posting songfics with lyrics from songs that are not in the public domain . [ 38 ] In an essay in Music, Sound, and Silence in Buffy the Vampire Slayer , University of Sydney professor Catherine Driscoll commented that the genre was "one of the least distinguished modes of fan production" and that "within fan fiction excessive attachment to or foregrounding of popular music is itself dismissed as immature and derivative". [ 39 ] Uberfic Uberfic is a form of alternative universe in which characters physically resemble and share personality traits with their canon counterparts, but have new names and backgrounds in a different setting. The term originated in the Xena: Warrior Princess fandom [ 40 ] and was inspired by the episode "The Xena Scrolls", which featured 1940s-era descendants of the characters Xena, Gabrielle, and Joxer, who are played by their respective actors, on an archaeological dig in an Indiana Jones pastiche . As the concept of the uberfic can be adapted into original fiction, many uberfic authors, such as Melissa Good, Radclyffe , and Lori L. Lake , have legally published their Xena uberfic as original lesbian literature . Terminology Author's note (A/N) Also abbreviated as A/N, author's notes are typically found directly before the beginning or after the end of a fan fiction or its chapters, but can be written at any point in the story and are used to convey direct messages from the author to the reader regarding it. [ 41 ] Beta reader Also known as a beta. Someone who edits or proofreads someone else's fan fiction. [ 42 ] Canon The original story. This refers to anything related to the original source, including the plot, setting, and characters. [ 43 ] Disclaimer Disclaimers are author's notes which typically inform readers about who deserves credit for the original source material, [ 44 ] and often containing pseudo-legal language disavowing any intent of copyright infringement or alluding to fair use . Such disclaimers have no legal effect, as intent does not change whether a derivative work is a fair use or an infringement. [ 45 ] Disclaimers have fallen out of use since Archive of Our Own's rise in popularity. Drabble A drabble is a piece of writing that is exactly 100 words long, [ 29 ] although it is commonly used to refer to any short fan fiction. Fandom A fandom is a group of fans of a work of fiction who dedicate their time and energy to their interest. Fan labor , such as fan fiction, is written by fans as a way to express their creativity and love for the original work. Fangirl/fanboy A person who is an enthusiastic member of one or more fandoms. The term fangirling/fanboying refers to when a person is excited about a fandom. Fanon A portmanteau of fan and canon. It is an "unofficial canon" idea that is widely accepted to be true among fans, [ 46 ] but is neither confirmed nor officially endorsed by the original author or source creator, preventing it from being considered canon. Fanon can refer to an interpretation of the original work or details within it. Hanahaki disease Hanahaki disease is a fictional disease that is used as a trope in fanworks. This disease takes form in the growing of flowers from one party in a pairing when they are not in a requited relationship with them. This can be with knowledge of having interest in said party or without knowledge. Head canon (HC) A fan's personal interpretation of canon, such as the backstory of a character or the nature of relationships between characters. [ 46 ] It can be drawn from subtext present in the canon, but cannot directly contradict it. If other fans share this interpretation, it can become fanon. Mary Sue A Mary Sue , also known as MS, is a term which editors and writers credit as originating in Star Trek fan fiction and later becoming part of the mainstream. In early fan fiction, a common plot was a minor member of the USS Enterprise ' s crew saving the life of Kirk or Spock, often being rewarded with a sexual relationship as a result. The term "Mary Sue", which originated in a parody of stories in the wish fulfillment genre, often refers to an idealized or overpowered character who lacks flaws and is often seen as a representation of the author. [ 47 ] One true pairing (OTP) An abbreviation of the term "one true pairing", referring to a person's favorite ship. [ 46 ] OT3, OT4, and so on is the term used for a polyamorous OTP. [ 46 ] One shot A standalone piece of writing, as opposed to a multichapter work. [ 48 ] Real person fiction (RPF) Stories about real people, usually celebrities, rather than fictional characters. The book After by Anna Todd , later adapted into a film of the same name , was originally a real person fan fiction about One Direction member Harry Styles . Shipping Shipping is a variant of romance that focuses on exploring a relationship between two or more characters from the original fandom(s). It has several fandom-specific subgenres, including slash, which focuses on homosexual pairings, and femslash , which is similar but instead focuses on lesbian pairings. The term "shipping" can also refer to a fan who is heavily invested in a relationship between two characters. Writers of fan fiction often use the genre to explore homosexual pairings for popular characters who are not in, or not specified to be in, homosexual relationships in canon. [ 49 ] A subcategory of shipping, "curtainfic", which depicts romantic couples in mundane domestic situations such as picking out curtains, was once used but has somewhat fallen out of use. Smut Also known as porn or erotica . Sexually explicit or pornographic fan fiction, which can be a part of a story or the entire story. Historically, the terms "lemon", or explicit pornography, and "lime", sexually suggestive works, were euphemisms used to refer to explicit material. [ 48 ] These terms were once common in the 2000s, but fell out of use before becoming popular again in December 2018 due to the censorship of adult content on Tumblr , as it allowed writers to circumvent "explicit terminologies" that could get their work flagged by platforms like Tumblr while still being able to tag their work as explicit. Trigger warning (TW) Trigger warnings are used to warn people of content in fan fiction that could be harmful or "triggering" for those who have dealt with traumatic situations, allowing them to prepare for or avoid certain content. Sometimes, content warning (CW) is used, either instead of or in addition to a trigger warning. Trigger warnings are usually used when the subject matter of a work deals with issues such as drug abuse, mental illness, abuse, or extreme violence. Archive of Our Own has codified a system of common warnings into its core tags , [ 50 ] requiring authors to either disclose or explicitly choose not to disclose if their work contains graphic violence, major character death, rape, or underage sex. Interactivity in the online era Reviews can be posted by both anonymous and registered users on most sites, which are often programmed to notify the author of new feedback. This makes them a common way for readers and authors to communicate online, as well as to help authors improve their writing through constructive criticism . [ 51 ] [ unreliable source? ] Occasionally, unmoderated review systems are abused for flaming , spam , or trolling ; to prevent this, an author can either disable or enable anonymous reviews, depending on their preference. Fan fiction has also been shown to improve literacy by allowing authors to have a wider audience for their works and encouraging people to write. [ 52 ] Other ways that members of a fandom can participate in their community include gift exchanges and fic exchanges. A gift exchange is an organized challenge in which participants create fan fiction for other participants. They may research what the user receiving their gift enjoys or submissions may include a "letter" explaining what the recipient wants or does not want. [ 53 ] Legality There is ongoing debate about to what extent fan fiction is permitted under contemporary copyright law . Some argue that fan fiction does not fall under fair use , as it is derivative work . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] The 2009 ruling by United States District Court Judge Deborah Batts , permanently prohibiting publication in the United States of a book by Fredrik Colting (under the name John David California ), a Swedish writer whose protagonist is a 76-year-old version of Holden Caulfield of The Catcher in the Rye , may be seen as upholding this position regarding publishing fan fiction, as the judge stated, "To the extent Defendants contend that 60 Years and the character of Mr. C direct parodied comment or criticism at Catcher or Holden Caulfield, as opposed to Salinger himself, the Court finds such contentions to be post-hoc rationalizations employed through vague generalizations about the alleged naivety of the original, rather than reasonably perceivable parody." [ 56 ] Others such as the Organization for Transformative Works (OTW) uphold the legality of non-profit fan fiction under the fair use doctrine, as it is a creative, transformative process. [ 57 ] The terms of service of Archive of Our Own , a site run by OTW, distinguishes between "transformative" and "non-transformative" fan works, allowing only fan works that they consider transformative and prohibiting verbatim copying of pre-existing fan works or posting adaptations that only make minor modifications to an existing work, such as audio narrations (podfics), translations , and "conversions" (works in which "the original content is modified slightly to fit a different fandom, ship, character, or format"), without the permission of the copyright holder. [ 58 ] Jamar and Bloom (2014) point out that works of fan fiction vary widely in the amount of copyrightable expression they borrow from their source material, "from works that merely rewrite endings... to those that create whole new stories with new plot lines and new characters " set in existing fictional universes . They point out that many aspects of fictional worlds may not be copyrightable at all, as copyright only protects expression, not ideas . [ 59 ] On the other hand, Klapper (2025) claims that even fan works that only borrow the settings "are likely using a significant portion of the original work on a qualitative level." [ 60 ] In 1981, Lucasfilm Ltd. sent out a letter to several fanzine publishers, asserting Lucasfilm's copyright to all Star Wars characters and insisting that no fanzine publish pornography . The letter also alluded to possible legal action that could be taken against fanzines that did not comply. [ 61 ] The Harry Potter Lexicon is one case where the encyclopedia-like website for the Harry Potter series moved towards publishing and commercializing the Lexicon as a supplementary and complementary source of information to the series. Author J. K. Rowling and her publishers levied a lawsuit against the website creator, Steven Vander Ark, and the publishing company, RDR Books, for a breach of copyright. While the lawsuit did conclude in Vander Ark's favor, the main issue in contention was the majority of the Lexicon copied a majority of the series' material and does not transform enough of the material to be held separately from the series itself. [ 62 ] While the HP Lexicon case is an example of Western cultural treatment of fan fiction and copyright law, in China, Harry Potter fan fiction is less addressed in legal conflicts but is used as a cultural and educational tool between Western and Chinese cultures. More specifically, while there are a number of "fake" Harry Potter books in China, most of these books are said to be addressing concepts and issues found in Chinese culture. This transformative usage of Harry Potter in fan fiction is allegedly from the desire to enhance and express value to Chinese tradition and culture. [ 63 ] Some prominent authors have given their blessings to fan fiction, notably J. K. Rowling . By 2014, there were already almost 750,000 Harry Potter fan stories on the web, ranging from short stories to novel-length tomes. [ 64 ] Rowling said she was "flattered" that people wanted to write their own stories based on her fictional characters. [ 65 ] Similarly, Stephenie Meyer has put links on her website to fan fiction sites about her characters from the Twilight series. [ 66 ] The Fifty Shades trilogy was developed from a Twilight fan fiction originally titled Master of the Universe and published episodically on fan-fiction websites under the pen name "Snowqueen's Icedragon". The piece featured characters named after Stephenie Meyer's characters in Twilight , Edward Cullen and Bella Swan . [ 67 ] [ 68 ] However, in 2003, a British law firm representing J. K. Rowling and Warner Bros. sent a letter to webmasters requesting that adult Harry Potter fan fiction ("stories containing graphically violent and sexual content") be removed from a prominent fan fiction website, citing concerns that children might stumble upon the illicit content. In response, the webmasters from several websites hosting adult Harry Potter fan fiction, among other types of fan fiction, "made claims of 'fair use' and nonprofessional status" to justify their right to continue hosting the adult content. [ 69 ] As an example of changing views on the subject, author Orson Scott Card (best known for the Ender's Game series) once stated on his website, "to write fiction using my characters is morally identical to moving into my house without invitation and throwing out my family." He changed his mind completely and since has assisted fan fiction contests, arguing to the Wall Street Journal that "Every piece of fan fiction is an ad for my book. What kind of idiot would I be to want that to disappear?" [ 70 ] However, Anne Rice consistently and aggressively prevented fan fiction based on any of her fictional characters (mostly those from her famous Interview with the Vampire and its sequels in The Vampire Chronicles ). She, along with Anne McCaffrey (whose stance has been changed by her son, Todd McCaffrey, since her death) and Raymond Feist , asked to have any fiction related to their series removed from FanFiction.Net. [ 65 ] George R. R. Martin is also strongly opposed to fan fiction, believing it to be copyright infringement and a bad exercise for aspiring writers. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] Sharon Lee and Steve Miller , creators of the Liaden universe , strongly oppose fan fiction written in their universe, with Lee saying that "Nobody else is going to get it right. This may sound rude and elitist, but honestly, it's not easy for us to get it right sometimes, and we've been living with these characters ... for a very long time." [ 73 ] See also Canon (fiction) Collaborative fiction Continuation novel Database consumption Fandom Parallel novel Pastiche Revisionism (fictional) Apocrypha My Immortal – famous Harry Potter fan fiction My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fan fiction References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Fanfiction: A Legal Battle of Creativity" . 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Basingstoke (UK); New York (US): Palgrave Macmillan. ^ p.36 of Don Tresca. 2014. "Spellbound: An Analysis of Adult-Oriented Harry Potter Fanfiction", pp. 36-46 in Kristin M. Barton and Jonathan Malcolm Lampley (eds.). Fan CULTure: Essays on Participatory Fandom in the 21st Century . London: McFarland & Company. ^ a b Waters, Darren (May 27, 2004). "Rowling backs Potter fan fiction" . BBC. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008 . Retrieved April 24, 2008 . ^ "Twilight Series Fansites" . StephenieMeyer.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011 . Retrieved October 5, 2011 . ^ GalleyCat. "The Lost History of Fifty Shades of Grey " . mediabistro.com . Archived from the original on July 27, 2014 . Retrieved June 30, 2015 . ^ " Fifty Shades of Grey : Stephenie Meyer Speaks Out" . mtv.com . MTV. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012 . Retrieved September 6, 2012 . ^ pp.36-37 of Tresca (2014) ^ Romano, Aja (May 7, 2013). 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"Homosocial or homoerotic: A re-reading of gender and sexuality in Harry Potter through fanfiction" . Queer Studies in Media & Popular Culture . 5 (1): 27– 47. doi : 10.1386/qsmpc_00023_1 . Jamison, Anne (2013). Fic: Why Fan Fiction is Taking Over the World . Dallas, Tx: Smart Pop. ISBN 978-1-939529-19-0 . Jenkins, Henry (1992). Textual Poachers: Television Fans & Participatory Culture . New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-90571-0 . Larsen, Katherine & Zubernis, Lynn eds. (2012). Fan Culture: Theory / Practice . Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Lawrence, K. F. (2007). The Web of Community Trust - Amateur Fiction Online: A Case Study in Community-Focused Design for the Semantic Web . Ph.D. thesis, University of Southampton . Retrieved August 20, 2008. Orr, David (October 3, 2004). "Where to Find Digital Lit" . The New York Times . Pugh, Sheenagh (2005). The Democratic Genre: Fan Fiction in a Literary Context . Bridgend, Wales: Seren. ISBN 1-85411-399-2 . Grossman, Lev (July 7, 2011). "The Boy Who Lived Forever" . Time . Hellekson, Karen & Busse, Kristina , eds. (2014). The Fan Fiction Studies Reader . Iowa City: The University of Iowa Press. ————— ( 2006). Fan Fiction and Fan Communities in the Age of the Internet: New Essays . Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., ISBN 0-7864-2640-3 . Lipton, Shana Ting (February 13, 2015). "How Fifty Shades Is Dominating the Literary Scene" . Vanity Fair . External links FanFiction.Net adult content purge felt across fandom two weeks on @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Fan fiction at Wikimedia Commons "Quentin Tarantino's Star Wars?: Digital Cinema, Media Convergence, and Participatory Culture" —Henry Jenkins on fan fiction .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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Plunderphonics Potpourri Quodlibet Remix Riddim Sampling Sound collage Standard Tribute act Trope Variation Vaporwave Bootleg recording Chopped and screwed Contrafact list list Contrafactum Cover version DJ mix Interpolation Medley Music mashup Music plagiarism Musical quotation Nightcore Parody music Pasticcio Plunderphonics Potpourri Quodlibet Remix Riddim Sampling Sound collage Standard Tribute act Trope Variation Vaporwave Literature / theatre Assemblage Cut-up technique Flarf poetry Found poetry Jukebox musical Trope Verbatim theatre Assemblage Cut-up technique Flarf poetry Found poetry Jukebox musical Trope Verbatim theatre Visual arts Collage Combine painting Photographic mosaic Readymades of Marcel Duchamp Swipe By source material Mona Lisa Michelangelo's David Michelangelo's Pietà Statue of Liberty Collage Combine painting Photographic mosaic Readymades of Marcel Duchamp Swipe Collage Combine painting Photographic mosaic Readymades of Marcel Duchamp Swipe By source material Mona Lisa Michelangelo's David Michelangelo's Pietà Statue of Liberty Mona Lisa Michelangelo's David Michelangelo's Pietà Statue of Liberty Cinema / television / video Abridged series Anime music video Collage film Found footage Literal music video Parody film Re-cut trailer Remake Shot-for-shot Supercut TV format Vidding Video mashup YouTube Poop Abridged series Anime music video Collage film Found footage Literal music video Parody film Re-cut trailer Remake Shot-for-shot Shot-for-shot Supercut TV format Vidding Video mashup YouTube Poop Other arts In-joke Internet meme Joke theft Parody advertisement Revivalism (architecture) Video game modding In-joke Internet meme Joke theft Parody advertisement Revivalism (architecture) Video game modding General concepts Intertextual figures Allusion Calque Parody Pastiche Plagiarism Quotation Translation Adaptation Film Literary Theatre Other concepts After (art) Assemblage (art) Bricolage Citation Détournement Found object Homage Imitation in art Mashup Reprise Satire Source criticism in the arts Intertextual figures Allusion Calque Parody Pastiche Plagiarism Quotation Translation Allusion Calque Parody Pastiche Plagiarism Quotation Translation Adaptation Film Literary Theatre Film Literary Theatre Other concepts After (art) Assemblage (art) Bricolage Citation Détournement Found object Homage Imitation in art Mashup Reprise Satire Source criticism in the arts After (art) Assemblage (art) Bricolage Citation Détournement Found object Homage Imitation in art Mashup Reprise Satire Source criticism in the arts Related artistic concepts Aesthetic interpretation Anti-art Archetypal literary criticism Artistic inspiration " The Death of the Author " Divine inspiration Afflatus Genius (literature) Muses Fan labor Fan fiction Genre Genre studies Originality Simulacrum Western canon Aesthetic interpretation Anti-art Archetypal literary criticism Artistic inspiration " The Death of the Author " Divine inspiration Afflatus Genius 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Nominations process 2 Winners and nominees Toggle Winners and nominees subsection 2.1 1930s 2.2 1940s 2.3 1950s 2.4 1960s 2.5 1970s 2.6 1980s 2.7 1990s 2.8 2000s 2.9 2010s 2.10 2020s 2.1 1930s 2.2 1940s 2.3 1950s 2.4 1960s 2.5 1970s 2.6 1980s 2.7 1990s 2.8 2000s 2.9 2010s 2.10 2020s 3 Multiple wins and nominations 4 Age superlatives 5 Films with multiple Supporting Actress nominations 6 Multiple character nominations 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress العربية Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress The 2025 recipient: Zoe Saldaña Awarded for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role Country United States Presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) First award March 4, 1937 ; 88 years ago ( 1937-03-04 ) (for films released in 1936 ) Most recent winner Zoe Saldaña , Emilia Pérez ( 2024 ) Most awards Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters (2) Most nominations Thelma Ritter (6) Website oscars .org The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It has been awarded since the 9th Academy Awards to an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role in a film released that year. The award is traditionally presented by the previous year's Best Supporting Actor winner. However, in recent years, it has shifted towards being presented by previous years' Best Supporting Actress winners instead. In lieu of the traditional Oscar statuette , supporting acting recipients were given plaques up until the 16th Academy Awards , [ 1 ] when statuettes were awarded to each category instead. [ 2 ] The Best Supporting Actress award has been presented a total of 89 times, to 87 actresses. The first winner was Gale Sondergaard for her role in Anthony Adverse (1936). The most recent winner is Zoe Saldaña for her role as Rita Mora Castro in Emilia Pérez (2024). [ 3 ] The record for most wins is two, held jointly by Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters . Each other recipient has only won once, in this category. Thelma Ritter has received the most nominations in the category, with six, followed closely by Amy Adams with five, although neither has ever won—yet, in the latter's instance. Hattie McDaniel , whom the Academy sat in the back of the room, made history in 1940 when she became the first person of color to win an Oscar in any category, for her performance as Mammy in Gone with the Wind (1939). [ 4 ] Tatum O'Neal remains the youngest person to win a competitive acting Oscar at 10 years old, for her role in Paper Moon (1973). With five minutes and two seconds of screentime (the majority in one scene), Beatrice Straight 's performance in Network (1976) holds the record for the shortest to win an Oscar . [ 5 ] Nominations process Nominees are currently determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. [ 6 ] Winners and nominees In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of film release in Los Angeles County ; the ceremonies are always held the following year. [ 7 ] For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months, from August 1 to July 31. [ 8 ] For the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the extended eligibility period lasted from August 1, 1932, to December 31, 1933. [ 8 ] Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935, the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31. [ 8 ] ‡ Indicates the winner 1930s Year Actress Role(s) Film Ref. 1936 (9th) Gale Sondergaard ‡ Faith Paleologus Anthony Adverse [ 9 ] Beulah Bondi Rachel Jackson The Gorgeous Hussy Alice Brady Angelica Bullock My Man Godfrey Bonita Granville Mary Tilford These Three Maria Ouspenskaya Baroness Von Obersdorf Dodsworth 1937 (10th) Alice Brady ‡ Molly O'Leary In Old Chicago [ 10 ] Andrea Leeds Kay Hamilton Stage Door Anne Shirley Laurel 'Lollie' Dallas Stella Dallas Claire Trevor Francey Dead End May Whitty Mrs. Bramson Night Must Fall 1938 (11th) Fay Bainter ‡ Aunt Belle Massey Jezebel [ 11 ] Beulah Bondi Mary Wilkins Of Human Hearts Billie Burke Emily Kilbourne Merrily We Live Spring Byington Penelope 'Penny' Sycamore You Can't Take It with You Miliza Korjus Carla Donner The Great Waltz 1939 (12th) Hattie McDaniel ‡ ' Mammy' Gone with the Wind [ 12 ] Olivia de Havilland Melanie Hamilton Gone with the Wind Geraldine Fitzgerald Isabella Linton Wuthering Heights Edna May Oliver Mrs. Sarah McKlennar Drums Along the Mohawk Maria Ouspenskaya Grandmother Janou Love Affair 1940s Year Actress Role(s) Film Ref. 1940 (13th) Jane Darwell ‡ 'Ma' Joad The Grapes of Wrath [ 13 ] Judith Anderson Mrs. Danvers Rebecca Ruth Hussey Elizabeth 'Liz' Imbrie The Philadelphia Story Barbara O'Neil Duchess Françoise de Choiseul-Praslin All This, and Heaven Too Marjorie Rambeau Mamie Adams Primrose Path 1941 (14th) Mary Astor ‡ Sandra Kovak The Great Lie [ 14 ] Sara Allgood Beth Morgan How Green Was My Valley Patricia Collinge Birdie Hubbard The Little Foxes Teresa Wright Alexandra 'Zannie' Giddens Margaret Wycherly Mama Mary York Sergeant York 1942 (15th) Teresa Wright ‡ Carol Beldon Mrs. Miniver [ 15 ] Gladys Cooper Mrs. Vale Now, Voyager Agnes Moorehead Fanny Minafer The Magnificent Ambersons Susan Peters Kitty Chilcet Random Harvest May Whitty Lady Beldon Mrs. Miniver 1943 (16th) Katina Paxinou ‡ Pilar For Whom the Bell Tolls [ 16 ] Gladys Cooper Sister Marie-Thérèse Vauzou The Song of Bernadette Paulette Goddard Joan O'Doul So Proudly We Hail! Anne Revere Louise (Casteròt) Soubirous The Song of Bernadette Lucile Watson Fanny Farrelly Watch on the Rhine 1944 (17th) Ethel Barrymore ‡ 'Ma' Mott None but the Lonely Heart [ 17 ] Jennifer Jones Jane Deborah Hilton Since You Went Away Angela Lansbury Nancy Oliver Gaslight Aline MacMahon Mrs. Tan Dragon Seed Agnes Moorehead Baroness Aspasia Conti Mrs. Parkington 1945 (18th) Anne Revere ‡ Mrs. Araminty Brown National Velvet [ 18 ] Eve Arden Ida Corwin Mildred Pierce Ann Blyth Veda Pierce-Forrester Angela Lansbury Sibyl Vane The Picture of Dorian Gray Joan Lorring Bessie Watty The Corn Is Green 1946 (19th) Anne Baxter ‡ Sophie MacDonald The Razor's Edge [ 19 ] Ethel Barrymore Mrs. Warren The Spiral Staircase Lillian Gish Laura Belle McCanles Duel in the Sun Flora Robson Angelique Buiton Saratoga Trunk Gale Sondergaard Lady Thiang Anna and the King of Siam 1947 (20th) Celeste Holm ‡ Anne Dettrey Gentleman's Agreement [ 20 ] Ethel Barrymore Lady Sophie Horfield The Paradine Case Gloria Grahame Ginny Tremaine Crossfire Marjorie Main Phoebe 'Ma' Kettle The Egg and I Anne Revere Mrs. Green Gentleman's Agreement 1948 (21st) Claire Trevor ‡ Gaye Dawn Key Largo [ 21 ] Barbara Bel Geddes Katrin Hanson I Remember Mama Ellen Corby Aunt Trina Thorkelson Agnes Moorehead Aggie MacDonald Johnny Belinda Jean Simmons Ophelia Hamlet 1949 (22nd) Mercedes McCambridge ‡ Sadie Burke All the King's Men [ 22 ] Ethel Barrymore Miss Em Pinky Celeste Holm Sister Scholastica Come to the Stable Elsa Lanchester Amelia Potts Ethel Waters Dicey Johnson Pinky 1950s Year Actress Role(s) Film Ref. 1950 (23rd) Josephine Hull ‡ Veta Louise Simmons Harvey [ 23 ] Hope Emerson Evelyn Harper Caged Celeste Holm Karen Richards All About Eve Nancy Olson Betty Schaefer Sunset Boulevard Thelma Ritter Birdie Coonan All About Eve 1951 (24th) Kim Hunter ‡ Stella Kowalski A Streetcar Named Desire [ 24 ] Joan Blondell Annie Rawlins The Blue Veil Mildred Dunnock Linda Loman Death of a Salesman Lee Grant 'Shoplifter' Detective Story Thelma Ritter Ellen McNulty The Mating Season 1952 (25th) Gloria Grahame ‡ Rosemary Bartlow The Bad and the Beautiful [ 25 ] Jean Hagen Lina Lamont Singin' in the Rain Colette Marchand Marie Charlet Moulin Rouge Terry Moore Marie Buckholder Come Back, Little Sheba Thelma Ritter Clancy With a Song in My Heart 1953 (26th) Donna Reed ‡ Alma Burke / Lorene From Here to Eternity [ 26 ] Grace Kelly Linda Nordley Mogambo Geraldine Page Angie Lowe Hondo Marjorie Rambeau Mrs. Stewart Torch Song Thelma Ritter Moe Williams Pickup on South Street 1954 (27th) Eva Marie Saint ‡ Edie Doyle On the Waterfront [ 27 ] Nina Foch Erica Martin Executive Suite Katy Jurado Señora Devereaux Broken Lance Jan Sterling Sally McKee The High and the Mighty Claire Trevor May Holst 1955 (28th) Jo Van Fleet ‡ Cathy Ames / Kate Trask (Albey) East of Eden [ 28 ] Betsy Blair Clara Snyder Marty Peggy Lee Rose Hopkins Pete Kelly's Blues Marisa Pavan Rosa Delle Rose The Rose Tattoo Natalie Wood Judy Rebel Without a Cause 1956 (29th) Dorothy Malone ‡ Marylee Hadley Written on the Wind [ 29 ] Mildred Dunnock Aunt Rose Comfort Baby Doll Eileen Heckart Hortense Daigle The Bad Seed Mercedes McCambridge Luz Benedict Giant Patty McCormack Rhoda Penmark The Bad Seed 1957 (30th) Miyoshi Umeki ‡ Katsumi Kelly Sayonara [ 30 ] Carolyn Jones 'The Existentialist' The Bachelor Party Elsa Lanchester Miss Plimsoll Witness for the Prosecution Hope Lange Selena Cross Peyton Place Diane Varsi Allison MacKenzie 1958 (31st) Wendy Hiller ‡ Miss Pat Cooper Separate Tables [ 31 ] Peggy Cass Agnes Gooch Auntie Mame Martha Hyer Gwen French Some Came Running Maureen Stapleton Fay Doyle Lonelyhearts Cara Williams Billy's Mother The Defiant Ones 1959 (32nd) Shelley Winters ‡ Petronella van Daan The Diary of Anne Frank [ 32 ] Hermione Baddeley Elspeth Room at the Top Susan Kohner Sarah Jane Johnson Imitation of Life Juanita Moore Annie Johnson Thelma Ritter Alma Pillow Talk 1960s Year Actress Role(s) Film Ref. 1960 (33rd) Shirley Jones ‡ Lulu Bains Elmer Gantry [ 33 ] Glynis Johns Mrs. Firth The Sundowners Shirley Knight Reenie Flood The Dark at the Top of the Stairs Janet Leigh Marion Crane Psycho Mary Ure Clara Dawes Sons and Lovers 1961 (34th) Rita Moreno ‡ Anita West Side Story [ 34 ] Fay Bainter Mrs. Amelia Tilford The Children's Hour Judy Garland Irene Hoffmann-Wallner Judgment at Nuremberg Lotte Lenya Contessa Magda Terribili-Gonzales The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone Una Merkel Mrs. Winemiller Summer and Smoke 1962 (35th) Patty Duke ‡ Helen Keller The Miracle Worker [ 35 ] Mary Badham Jean Louise 'Scout' Finch To Kill a Mockingbird Shirley Knight Heavenly Finley Sweet Bird of Youth Angela Lansbury Eleanor Iselin The Manchurian Candidate Thelma Ritter Elizabeth (McCartney) Stroud Birdman of Alcatraz 1963 (36th) Margaret Rutherford ‡ The Duchess of Brighton The V.I.P.s [ 36 ] Diane Cilento Molly Seagrim Tom Jones Edith Evans Miss Western Joyce Redman Mrs. Waters / Jenny Jones Lilia Skala Mother Maria Marthe Lilies of the Field 1964 (37th) Lila Kedrova ‡ Madame Hortense Zorba the Greek [ 37 ] Gladys Cooper Mrs. Higgins My Fair Lady Edith Evans Mrs. St. Maugham The Chalk Garden Grayson Hall Judith Fellowes The Night of the Iguana Agnes Moorehead Velma Cruther Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte 1965 (38th) Shelley Winters ‡ Rose-Ann D'Arcey A Patch of Blue [ 38 ] Ruth Gordon Lucile Clover – 'The Dealer' Inside Daisy Clover Joyce Redman Emilia Othello Maggie Smith Desdemona Peggy Wood The Mother Abbess The Sound of Music 1966 (39th) Sandy Dennis ‡ Honey Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? [ 39 ] Wendy Hiller Dame Alice More A Man for All Seasons Jocelyne LaGarde Ali'i Nui, Malama Kanakoa Hawaii Vivien Merchant Lily Clamacraft Alfie Geraldine Page Margery Chanticleer You're a Big Boy Now 1967 (40th) Estelle Parsons ‡ Blanche Barrow Bonnie and Clyde [ 40 ] Carol Channing Muzzy Van Hossmere Thoroughly Modern Millie Mildred Natwick Ethel Banks Barefoot in the Park Beah Richards Mary Prentice Guess Who's Coming to Dinner Katharine Ross Elaine Robinson The Graduate 1968 (41st) Ruth Gordon ‡ Minnie Castevet Rosemary's Baby [ 41 ] Lynn Carlin Maria Forst Faces Sondra Locke Margaret 'Mick' Kelly The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter Kay Medford Rose Brice Funny Girl Estelle Parsons Calla Mackie Rachel, Rachel 1969 (42nd) Goldie Hawn ‡ Toni Simmons Cactus Flower [ 42 ] Catherine Burns Rhoda Last Summer Dyan Cannon Alice Henderson Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice Sylvia Miles Cass Midnight Cowboy Susannah York Alice LeBlanc They Shoot Horses, Don't They? 1970s Year Actress Role(s) Film Ref. 1970 (43rd) Helen Hayes ‡ Ada Quonsett Airport [ 43 ] Karen Black Rayette Dipesto Five Easy Pieces Lee Grant Joyce Enders The Landlord Sally Kellerman Major Margaret 'Hot Lips' Houlihan M*A*S*H Maureen Stapleton Inez Guerrero Airport 1971 (44th) Cloris Leachman ‡ Ruth Popper The Last Picture Show [ 44 ] Ann-Margret Bobbie Carnal Knowledge Ellen Burstyn Lois Farrow The Last Picture Show Barbara Harris Allison Densmore Who Is Harry Kellerman and Why Is He Saying Those Terrible Things About Me? Margaret Leighton Mrs. Madeleine Maudsley The Go-Between 1972 (45th) Eileen Heckart ‡ Mrs. Baker Butterflies Are Free [ 45 ] Jeannie Berlin Lila Kolodny The Heartbreak Kid Geraldine Page Gertrude Wilson Pete 'n' Tillie Susan Tyrrell Oma Lee Greer Fat City Shelley Winters Belle Rosen The Poseidon Adventure 1973 (46th) Tatum O'Neal ‡ Addie Loggins Paper Moon [ 46 ] Linda Blair Regan MacNeil The Exorcist Candy Clark Debbie Dunham American Graffiti Madeline Kahn Trixie Delight Paper Moon Sylvia Sidney Mrs. Pritchett Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams 1974 (47th) Ingrid Bergman ‡ Greta Ohlsson Murder on the Orient Express [ 47 ] Valentina Cortese Séverine Day for Night Madeline Kahn Lili von Shtüpp Blazing Saddles Diane Ladd Florence Jean 'Flo' Castleberry Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore Talia Shire Connie Corleone The Godfather Part II 1975 (48th) Lee Grant ‡ Felicia Karpf Shampoo [ 48 ] Ronee Blakley Barbara Jean Nashville Sylvia Miles Jessie Halstead Florian Farewell, My Lovely Lily Tomlin Linnea Reese Nashville Brenda Vaccaro Linda Riggs Once Is Not Enough 1976 (49th) Beatrice Straight ‡ Louise Schumacher Network [ 49 ] Jane Alexander Judy 'The Bookkeeper' Hoback All the President's Men Jodie Foster Iris 'Easy' Steensma Taxi Driver Lee Grant Lili Rosen Voyage of the Damned Piper Laurie Margaret White Carrie 1977 (50th) Vanessa Redgrave ‡ Julia Julia [ 50 ] Leslie Browne Emilia Rodgers The Turning Point Quinn Cummings Lucy McFadden The Goodbye Girl Melinda Dillon Jillian Guiler Close Encounters of the Third Kind Tuesday Weld Katherine Dunn Looking for Mr. Goodbar 1978 (51st) Maggie Smith ‡ Diana Barrie California Suite [ 51 ] Dyan Cannon Julia Farnsworth Heaven Can Wait Penelope Milford Vi Munson Coming Home Maureen Stapleton Pearl Interiors Meryl Streep Linda The Deer Hunter 1979 (52nd) Meryl Streep ‡ Joanna (Stern) Kramer Kramer vs. Kramer [ 52 ] Jane Alexander Margaret Phelps Kramer vs. Kramer Barbara Barrie Evelyn Stohler Breaking Away Candice Bergen Jessica Potter Starting Over Mariel Hemingway Tracy Manhattan 1980s Year Actress Role(s) Film Ref. 1980 (53rd) Mary Steenburgen ‡ Lynda West-Dummar Melvin and Howard [ 53 ] Eileen Brennan Capt. Doreen Lewis Private Benjamin Eva Le Gallienne Pearl Harper Resurrection Cathy Moriarty Vikki LaMotta Raging Bull Diana Scarwid Louise Inside Moves 1981 (54th) Maureen Stapleton ‡ Emma Goldman Reds [ 54 ] Melinda Dillon Teresa Perrone Absence of Malice Jane Fonda Chelsea Thayer-Wayne On Golden Pond Joan Hackett Toby Landau Only When I Laugh Elizabeth McGovern Evelyn Nesbit Ragtime 1982 (55th) Jessica Lange ‡ Julie Nichols Tootsie [ 55 ] Glenn Close Jenny Fields The World According to Garp Teri Garr Sandy Lester Tootsie Kim Stanley Lillian Farmer Frances Lesley Ann Warren Norma Cassidy Victor/Victoria 1983 (56th) Linda Hunt ‡ Billy Kwan The Year of Living Dangerously [ 56 ] Cher Dolly Pelliker Silkwood Glenn Close Dr. Sarah Cooper The Big Chill Amy Irving Hadass Vishkower Yentl Alfre Woodard Beatrice 'GeeChee' Cross Creek 1984 (57th) Peggy Ashcroft ‡ Mrs. Moore A Passage to India [ 57 ] Glenn Close Iris Gaines The Natural Lindsay Crouse Margaret Lomax Places in the Heart Christine Lahti Hazel Zanussi Swing Shift Geraldine Page Mrs. Ritter The Pope of Greenwich Village 1985 (58th) Anjelica Huston ‡ MaeRose Prizzi Prizzi's Honor [ 58 ] Margaret Avery 'Shug' Avery The Color Purple Amy Madigan Sunny Mackenzie-Sobel Twice in a Lifetime Meg Tilly Sister Agnes Devereaux Agnes of God Oprah Winfrey Sofia Johnson The Color Purple 1986 (59th) Dianne Wiest ‡ Holly Hannah and Her Sisters [ 59 ] Tess Harper Chick Boyle Crimes of the Heart Piper Laurie Mrs. Norman Children of a Lesser God Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio Carmen The Color of Money Maggie Smith Charlotte Bartlett A Room with a View 1987 (60th) Olympia Dukakis ‡ Rose Castorini Moonstruck [ 60 ] Norma Aleandro Florencia Sánchez Morales Gaby: A True Story Anne Archer Beth Gallagher Fatal Attraction Anne Ramsey 'Momma' Lift Throw Momma from the Train Ann Sothern Letitia 'Tisha' Benson-Doughty The Whales of August 1988 (61st) Geena Davis ‡ Muriel Pritchett The Accidental Tourist [ 61 ] Joan Cusack 'Cyn' Working Girl Frances McDormand Mrs. Pell Mississippi Burning Michelle Pfeiffer Madame Marie de Tourvel Dangerous Liaisons Sigourney Weaver Katharine Parker Working Girl 1989 (62nd) Brenda Fricker ‡ Bridget Fagan Brown My Left Foot [ 62 ] Anjelica Huston Tamara Luria-Broder Enemies, A Love Story Lena Olin Masha Bloch-Tortshiner Julia Roberts Shelby Eatenton-Latcherie Steel Magnolias Dianne Wiest Helen Buckman Parenthood 1990s Year Actress Role(s) Film Ref. 1990 (63rd) Whoopi Goldberg ‡ Oda Mae Brown Ghost [ 63 ] Annette Bening Myra Langtry The Grifters Lorraine Bracco Karen Hill GoodFellas Diane Ladd Marietta Fortune Wild at Heart Mary McDonnell Stands With A Fist Dances With Wolves 1991 (64th) Mercedes Ruehl ‡ Anne Napolitano The Fisher King [ 64 ] Diane Ladd Mrs. Hillyer Rambling Rose Juliette Lewis Danielle Bowden Cape Fear Kate Nelligan Lila Wingo-Newbury The Prince of Tides Jessica Tandy Virginia 'Ninny' Threadgoode Fried Green Tomatoes 1992 (65th) Marisa Tomei ‡ Mona Lisa Vito My Cousin Vinny [ 65 ] Judy Davis Sally Simmons Husbands and Wives Joan Plowright Mrs. Fisher Enchanted April Vanessa Redgrave Mrs. Ruth Wilcox Howards End Miranda Richardson Ingrid Thompson-Fleming Damage 1993 (66th) Anna Paquin ‡ Flora McGrath The Piano [ 66 ] Holly Hunter Tammy Hemphill The Firm Rosie Perez Carla Rodrigo Fearless Winona Ryder May Welland-Archer The Age of Innocence Emma Thompson Gareth Peirce In the Name of the Father 1994 (67th) Dianne Wiest ‡ Helen Sinclair Bullets Over Broadway [ 67 ] Rosemary Harris Rose Esther Haigh-Wood Tom & Viv Helen Mirren Queen Charlotte of Hanover The Madness of King George Uma Thurman Mia Wallace Pulp Fiction Jennifer Tilly Olive Neal Bullets Over Broadway 1995 (68th) Mira Sorvino ‡ Leslie Ash / Linda Mighty Aphrodite [ 68 ] Joan Allen First Lady Thelma 'Pat' Nixon Nixon Kathleen Quinlan Marilyn Lovell Apollo 13 Mare Winningham Georgia Flood Georgia Kate Winslet Marianne Dashwood Sense and Sensibility 1996 (69th) Juliette Binoche ‡ Hana The English Patient [ 69 ] Joan Allen Elizabeth Proctor The Crucible Lauren Bacall Hannah Morgan The Mirror Has Two Faces Barbara Hershey Madame Serena Merle The Portrait of a Lady Marianne Jean-Baptiste Hortense Cumberbatch Secrets & Lies 1997 (70th) Kim Basinger ‡ Lynn Bracken L.A. Confidential [ 70 ] Joan Cusack Emily Montgomery In & Out Minnie Driver Skylar Good Will Hunting Julianne Moore Maggie / Amber Waves Boogie Nights Gloria Stuart Rose Dawson-Calvert Titanic 1998 (71st) Judi Dench ‡ Queen Elizabeth I Shakespeare in Love [ 71 ] Kathy Bates Libby Holden Primary Colors Brenda Blethyn Mari Hoff Little Voice Rachel Griffiths Hilary du Pré Hilary and Jackie Lynn Redgrave Hanna Gods and Monsters 1999 (72nd) Angelina Jolie ‡ Lisa Rowe Girl, Interrupted [ 72 ] Toni Collette Lynn Sear The Sixth Sense Catherine Keener Maxine Lund Being John Malkovich Samantha Morton Hattie Sweet and Lowdown Chloë Sevigny Lana Tisdel Boys Don't Cry 2000s Year Actress Role(s) Film Ref. 2000 (73rd) Marcia Gay Harden ‡ Lee Krasner Pollock [ 73 ] Judi Dench Armande Voizin Chocolat Kate Hudson Penny Lane Almost Famous Frances McDormand Elaine Miller Julie Walters Sandra Wilkinson Billy Elliot 2001 (74th) Jennifer Connelly ‡ Alicia Nash A Beautiful Mind [ 74 ] Helen Mirren Mrs. Wilson Gosford Park Maggie Smith Constance, Dowager Countess of Trentham Marisa Tomei Natalie Strout In the Bedroom Kate Winslet Iris Murdoch Iris 2002 (75th) Catherine Zeta-Jones ‡ Velma Kelly Chicago [ 75 ] Kathy Bates Roberta Hertzel About Schmidt Julianne Moore Laura Brown The Hours Queen Latifah Matron 'Mama' Morton Chicago Meryl Streep Susan Orlean Adaptation. 2003 (76th) Renée Zellweger ‡ Ruby Thewes Cold Mountain [ 76 ] Shohreh Aghdashloo Nadereh Behrani House of Sand and Fog Patricia Clarkson Joy Burns Pieces of April Marcia Gay Harden Celeste Boyle Mystic River Holly Hunter Melanie Freeland Thirteen 2004 (77th) Cate Blanchett ‡ Katharine Hepburn The Aviator [ 77 ] Laura Linney Clara McMillen Kinsey Virginia Madsen Maya Randall Sideways Sophie Okonedo Tatiana Rusesabagina Hotel Rwanda Natalie Portman Jane Jones /'Alice Ayres' Closer 2005 (78th) Rachel Weisz ‡ Tessa Quayle The Constant Gardener [ 78 ] Amy Adams Ashley Johnsten Junebug Catherine Keener Harper Lee Capote Frances McDormand Glory Dodge North Country Michelle Williams Alma Beers Brokeback Mountain 2006 (79th) Jennifer Hudson ‡ Effie White Dreamgirls [ 79 ] Adriana Barraza Amelia Hernández Babel Cate Blanchett Bathsheba 'Sheba' Hart Notes on a Scandal Abigail Breslin Olive Hoover Little Miss Sunshine Rinko Kikuchi Chieko Wataya Babel 2007 (80th) Tilda Swinton ‡ Karen Crowder Michael Clayton [ 80 ] Cate Blanchett Jude Quinn I'm Not There Ruby Dee Mahalee Lucas American Gangster Saoirse Ronan Briony Tallis Atonement Amy Ryan Helene McCready Gone Baby Gone 2008 (81st) Penélope Cruz ‡ María Elena Vicky Cristina Barcelona [ 81 ] Amy Adams Sister Marita James Doubt Viola Davis Mrs. Miller Taraji P. Henson 'Queenie' The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Marisa Tomei Pam / 'Cassidy' The Wrestler 2009 (82nd) Mo'Nique ‡ Mary Lee Johnston Precious [ 82 ] Penélope Cruz Carla Albanese Nine Vera Farmiga Alex Goran Up in the Air Maggie Gyllenhaal Jean Craddock Crazy Heart Anna Kendrick Natalie Keener Up in the Air 2010s Year Actress Role(s) Film Ref. 2010 (83rd) Melissa Leo ‡ Alice Eklund-Ward The Fighter [ 83 ] Amy Adams Charlene Fleming The Fighter Helena Bonham Carter Queen Elizabeth The King's Speech Hailee Steinfeld Mattie Ross True Grit Jacki Weaver Janine 'Smurf' Cody Animal Kingdom 2011 (84th) Octavia Spencer ‡ Minerva 'Minny' Jackson The Help [ 84 ] Bérénice Bejo Peppy Miller The Artist Jessica Chastain Celia Rae Foote The Help Melissa McCarthy Megan Price Bridesmaids Janet McTeer Hubert Page Albert Nobbs 2012 (85th) Anne Hathaway ‡ Fantine Les Misérables [ 85 ] Amy Adams Peggy Dodd The Master Sally Field First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln Lincoln Helen Hunt Cheryl Cohen-Greene The Sessions Jacki Weaver Dolores Solitano Silver Linings Playbook 2013 (86th) Lupita Nyong'o ‡ Patsey 12 Years a Slave [ 86 ] Sally Hawkins Ginger Blue Jasmine Jennifer Lawrence Rosalyn Rosenfeld American Hustle Julia Roberts Barbara Weston-Fordham August: Osage County June Squibb Kate Grant Nebraska 2014 (87th) Patricia Arquette ‡ Olivia Evans Boyhood [ 87 ] Laura Dern Barbara 'Bobbi' Grey Wild Keira Knightley Joan Clarke The Imitation Game Emma Stone Sam Thomson Birdman Meryl Streep 'The Witch' Into the Woods 2015 (88th) Alicia Vikander ‡ Gerda Wegener The Danish Girl [ 88 ] Jennifer Jason Leigh 'Crazy' Daisy Domergue The Hateful Eight Rooney Mara Therese Belivet Carol Rachel McAdams Sacha Pfeiffer Spotlight Kate Winslet Joanna Hoffman Steve Jobs 2016 (89th) Viola Davis ‡ Rose Lee Maxson Fences [ 89 ] Naomie Harris Paula Moonlight Nicole Kidman Sue Brierley Lion Octavia Spencer Dorothy Vaughan Hidden Figures Michelle Williams Randi Chandler Manchester by the Sea 2017 (90th) Allison Janney ‡ LaVona Fay Golden I, Tonya [ 90 ] Mary J. Blige Florence Jackson Mudbound Lesley Manville Cyril Woodcock Phantom Thread Laurie Metcalf Marion McPherson Lady Bird Octavia Spencer Zelda Delilah Fuller The Shape of Water 2018 (91st) Regina King ‡ Sharon Rivers If Beale Street Could Talk [ 91 ] Amy Adams Lynne Cheney Vice Marina de Tavira Sofía Roma Emma Stone Abigail Masham The Favourite Rachel Weisz Sarah Churchill 2019 (92nd) Laura Dern ‡ Nora Fanshaw Marriage Story [ 92 ] Kathy Bates Barbara 'Bobi' Jewell Richard Jewell Scarlett Johansson Rosie Betzler Jojo Rabbit Florence Pugh Amy Curtis March Little Women Margot Robbie Kayla Pospisil Bombshell 2020s Year Actress Role(s) Film Ref. 2020/21 (93rd) [ 93 ] Yuh-jung Youn ‡ Soon-ja Minari [ 94 ] Maria Bakalova Tutar Sagdiyev Borat Subsequent Moviefilm Glenn Close Bonnie "Mamaw" Vance Hillbilly Elegy Olivia Colman Anne The Father Amanda Seyfried Marion Davies Mank 2021 (94th) Ariana DeBose ‡ Anita West Side Story [ 95 ] Jessie Buckley Young Leda Caruso The Lost Daughter Judi Dench Granny Belfast Kirsten Dunst Rose Gordon The Power of the Dog Aunjanue Ellis-Taylor Oracene "Brandy" Price King Richard 2022 (95th) Jamie Lee Curtis ‡ Deirdre Beaubeirdre Everything Everywhere All at Once [ 96 ] Angela Bassett Queen Ramonda Black Panther: Wakanda Forever Hong Chau Liz The Whale Kerry Condon Siobhán Súilleabháin The Banshees of Inisherin Stephanie Hsu Joy Wang / Jobu Tupaki Everything Everywhere All at Once 2023 (96th) Da'Vine Joy Randolph ‡ Mary Lamb The Holdovers [ 97 ] Emily Blunt Katherine "Kitty" Oppenheimer Oppenheimer Danielle Brooks Sofia The Color Purple America Ferrera Gloria Barbie Jodie Foster Bonnie Stoll Nyad 2024 (97th) Zoe Saldaña ‡ Rita Mora Castro Emilia Pérez [ 98 ] Monica Barbaro Joan Baez A Complete Unknown Ariana Grande Galinda "Glinda" Upland Wicked Felicity Jones Erzsébet Tóth The Brutalist Isabella Rossellini Sister Agnes Conclave Multiple wins and nominations The following individuals received two Best Supporting Actress awards: Wins Actress Nominations 2 Dianne Wiest 3 Shelley Winters The following individuals received two or more Best Supporting Actress nominations: Nominations Actress 6 Thelma Ritter 5 Amy Adams 4 Ethel Barrymore Glenn Close Lee Grant Agnes Moorehead Geraldine Page Maggie Smith Maureen Stapleton Meryl Streep 3 Kathy Bates Cate Blanchett Gladys Cooper Judi Dench Celeste Holm Diane Ladd Angela Lansbury Frances McDormand Anne Revere Octavia Spencer Marisa Tomei Claire Trevor Dianne Wiest Kate Winslet Shelley Winters 2 Jane Alexander Joan Allen Fay Bainter Beulah Bondi Alice Brady Dyan Cannon Penélope Cruz Joan Cusack Viola Davis Laura Dern Melinda Dillon Mildred Dunnock Edith Evans Jodie Foster Ruth Gordon Gloria Grahame Marcia Gay Harden Eileen Heckart Wendy Hiller Holly Hunter Anjelica Huston Madeline Kahn Catherine Keener Shirley Knight Elsa Lanchester Piper Laurie Mercedes McCambridge Sylvia Miles Helen Mirren Julianne Moore Maria Ouspenskaya Estelle Parsons Marjorie Rambeau Vanessa Redgrave Joyce Redman Julia Roberts Gale Sondergaard Emma Stone Jacki Weaver Rachel Weisz May Whitty Michelle Williams Teresa Wright Age superlatives Record Actress Film Age (in years) Ref. Oldest Winner Peggy Ashcroft A Passage to India 77 [ 99 ] Oldest Nominee Gloria Stuart Titanic 87 [ 99 ] Youngest Winner Tatum O'Neal Paper Moon 10 [ 99 ] Youngest Nominee Films with multiple Supporting Actress nominations There have been 36 instances in which films have produced more than one nominee within this category. Tom Jones (1963) was the only film which garnered three nominations, while all others obtained two. Winners are in bold . Gone with the Wind (1939) – Olivia de Havilland and Hattie McDaniel The Little Foxes (1941) – Patricia Collinge and Teresa Wright Mrs. Miniver (1942) – May Whitty and Teresa Wright The Song of Bernadette (1943) – Gladys Cooper and Anne Revere Mildred Pierce (1945) – Eve Arden and Ann Blyth Gentleman's Agreement (1947) – Celeste Holm and Anne Revere I Remember Mama (1948) – Barbara Bel Geddes and Ellen Corby Come to the Stable (1949) – Celeste Holm and Elsa Lanchester Pinky (1949) – Ethel Barrymore and Ethel Waters All About Eve (1950) – Celeste Holm and Thelma Ritter The High and the Mighty (1954) – Jan Sterling and Claire Trevor The Bad Seed (1956) – Eileen Heckart and Patty McCormack Peyton Place (1957) – Hope Lange and Diane Varsi Imitation of Life (1959) – Susan Kohner and Juanita Moore Tom Jones (1963) – Diane Cilento , Edith Evans , and Joyce Redman Othello (1965) – Joyce Redman and Maggie Smith Airport (1970) – Helen Hayes and Maureen Stapleton The Last Picture Show (1971) – Ellen Burstyn and Cloris Leachman Paper Moon (1973) – Madeline Kahn and Tatum O'Neal Nashville (1975) – Ronee Blakley and Lily Tomlin Kramer vs. Kramer (1979) – Jane Alexander and Meryl Streep Tootsie (1982) – Teri Garr and Jessica Lange The Color Purple (1985) – Margaret Avery and Oprah Winfrey Working Girl (1988) – Joan Cusack and Sigourney Weaver Enemies, A Love Story (1989) – Anjelica Huston and Lena Olin Bullets Over Broadway (1994) – Jennifer Tilly and Dianne Wiest Almost Famous (2000) – Kate Hudson and Frances McDormand Gosford Park (2001) – Helen Mirren and Maggie Smith Chicago (2002) – Queen Latifah and Catherine Zeta-Jones Babel (2006) – Adriana Barraza and Rinko Kikuchi Doubt (2008) – Amy Adams and Viola Davis Up in the Air (2009) – Vera Farmiga and Anna Kendrick The Fighter (2010) – Amy Adams and Melissa Leo The Help (2011) – Jessica Chastain and Octavia Spencer The Favourite (2018) – Emma Stone and Rachel Weisz Everything Everywhere All at Once (2022) – Jamie Lee Curtis and Stephanie Hsu Multiple character nominations Winners are in bold . Anita from West Side Story ( Rita Moreno , 1961) and West Side Story ( Ariana DeBose , 2021) Sofia from The Color Purple ( Oprah Winfrey , 1985) and The Color Purple ( Danielle Brooks , 2023) See also Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor All Academy Award acting nominees List of actors with more than one Academy Award nomination in the acting categories List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Performance Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role List of Academy Award–nominated films References ^ Kinn & Piazza 2014 , pp. 39–67 ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Dirks, Tim. "1943 Academy Awards Winners and History" . Filmsite . Rainbow Media . Archived from the original on July 16, 2016 . Retrieved August 30, 2023 . ^ "Rule One: Award Definitions" (PDF) . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2014 . Retrieved August 30, 2013 . ^ a b Richmond, Ray (February 15, 2023). "Oscar Flashback: In 1940, Hattie McDaniel became the first African American winner. But she had to accept her award in a 'No Blacks' hotel" . GoldDerby . Archived from the original on December 3, 2023 . Retrieved December 3, 2023 . Yet despite the undeniable progress inherent in McDaniel's triumph, that night 83 years ago was rife with racist and humiliating overtones for McDaniel, the daughter of two former slaves. It began months before with her being barred from the Gone with the Wind world premiere on December 15, 1939, at the Loew's Grand Theater on Peachtree Street in Atlanta. Star Clark Gable had threatened to boycott the event unless McDaniel were allowed to attend, but she convinced him to go, anyway, while she stayed away, a victim of Georgia's strict segregation laws of the time. ^ a b Stewart, Matthew (March 28, 1977). "Oscar Winners — Supporting Actress (Time vs. Percentage)" . ScreenTime Central . Retrieved March 7, 2025 . ^ "Rule Six: Special Rules for the Acting Awards" (PDF) . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). p. 8-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2014 . Retrieved August 30, 2013 . ^ Crouse 2005 , p. 257 ^ a b c Levy 2003 , p. 52 ^ "The 9th Academy Awards (1937) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on July 2, 2016 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 10th Academy Awards (1938) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on March 21, 2016 . 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Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 56th Academy Awards (1984) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 57th Academy Awards (1985) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 58th Academy Awards (1986) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 59th Academy Awards (1987) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 60th Academy Awards (1988) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on July 6, 2011 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 62nd Academy Awards (1990) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 63rd Academy Awards (1991) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 64th Academy Awards (1992) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 65th Academy Awards (1993) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 66th Academy Awards (1994) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 67th Academy Awards (1995) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 68th Academy Awards (1996) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 69th Academy Awards (1997) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 70th Academy Awards (1998) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 71st Academy Awards (1999) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 72nd Academy Awards (2000) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 73rd Academy Awards (2001) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 74th Academy Awards (2002) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 75th Academy Awards (2003) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 76th Academy Awards (2004) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 77th Academy Awards (2005) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on May 2, 2017 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 78th Academy Awards (2006) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on November 9, 2014 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 79th Academy Awards (2007) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 80th Academy Awards (2008) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 81st Academy Awards (2009) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on November 10, 2014 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 82nd Academy Awards (2010) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on September 29, 2012 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 83rd Academy Awards (2011) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on May 5, 2011 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 84th Academy Awards (2012) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on October 15, 2014 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 85th Academy Awards (2013) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on October 14, 2014 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 86th Academy Awards (2014) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on October 14, 2014 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 87th Academy Awards (2015) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on March 10, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The 88th Academy Awards (2016) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on January 25, 2016 . Retrieved January 14, 2016 . ^ "The 89th Academy Awards (2017) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on March 3, 2017 . Retrieved January 14, 2017 . ^ "The 90th Academy Awards (2018) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on March 4, 2018 . Retrieved February 11, 2018 . ^ "The 90th Academy Awards (2019) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on February 25, 2019 . Retrieved February 25, 2019 . ^ "The 92nd Academy Awards (2020) Nominees" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on February 25, 2019 . Retrieved January 13, 2020 . ^ The eligibility period for the 93rd ceremony was extended through to February 28, 2021, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic . ^ "The 93rd Academy Awards (2021) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on May 1, 2021 . Retrieved March 14, 2023 . ^ "The 94th Academy Awards (2022) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 1, 2022 . Retrieved March 14, 2023 . ^ "The 95th Academy Awards (2023) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on March 14, 2023 . Retrieved March 14, 2023 . ^ "The 96th Academy Awards (2024) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on March 22, 2024 . Retrieved March 24, 2024 . ^ "The 97th Academy Awards (2025) Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) . Retrieved January 23, 2025 . ^ a b c "Oldest/Youngest Acting Nominees and Winners" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on March 1, 2009 . Retrieved September 16, 2014 . Bibliography Crouse, Richard (2005). Reel Winners: Movie Award Trivia . Toronto , Ontario , Canada: University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978-1-55002-574-3 . Kinn, Gail; Piazza, Jim (2014), The Academy Awards: The Complete Unofficial History , New York , United States : Workman Publishing Company , ISBN 978-1-57912-986-6 Levy, Emanuel (2003), All About Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards , New York, United States: Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-82641-452-6 Thise, Mark (2008), Hollywood Winners & Losers A to Z , New York , United States : Limelight Editions , ISBN 978-0-87910-351-4 Wiley, Mason; Bona, Damien (1996). Inside Oscar: The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards (5 ed.). New York , United States : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978-0-34540-053-6 . OCLC 779680732 . External links Oscars.org Archived January 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (official Academy site) Oscar.com Archived September 9, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (official ceremony promotional site) The Academy Awards Database (official site) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Academy Awards v t e Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) Records most wins per ceremony Oscar season Oscar Selfie Oscar speech Oscar bait Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) Records most wins per ceremony most wins per ceremony Oscar season Oscar Selfie Oscar speech Oscar bait Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Casting Animated Feature Documentary Feature Film International Feature Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Film Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Production Design Sound Visual Effects Proposed awards Popular Film Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Casting Animated Feature Documentary Feature Film International Feature Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Film Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Production Design Sound Visual Effects Proposed awards Popular Film Popular Film Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Special Achievement Academy Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit (non-competitive) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Special Achievement Academy Award Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Special Achievement Academy Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit (non-competitive) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Academy Award of Merit (non-competitive) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Sound Editing Story Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Sound Editing Story Assistant Director Dance Direction Sound Editing Story Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Academy Juvenile Award Ceremonies (years of film release) 1927/28 1928/29 1929/30 1930/31 1931/32 1932/33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020/21 2021 2022 2023 2024 1927/28 1928/29 1929/30 1930/31 1931/32 1932/33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020/21 2021 2022 2023 2024 Category Category v t e Academy Awards lists v t e Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) Records Most awards per ceremony Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) Records Most awards per ceremony Combined major Academy Awards Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Acting All nominees Best Actor Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Non-English acting noms Actor multi-nom years Multi-win actors Multi-nom actors "Oscar love curse" All nominees Best Actor Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Non-English acting noms Actor multi-nom years Multi-win actors Multi-nom actors "Oscar love curse" Directing Best Director Best Director Film Winning films Multi-noms in same category Two acting awards for same film Foreign-language wins Foreign-language noms in other categories International Feature nominees International Feature: count by country Best Animated Feature submissions Best Documentary Feature submissions Best Animated Short submissions Best Documentary Short submissions Animated feature noms in other categories Winning films Multi-noms in same category Two acting awards for same film Foreign-language wins Foreign-language noms in other categories International Feature nominees International Feature: count by country Best Animated Feature submissions Best Documentary Feature submissions Best Animated Short submissions Best Documentary Short submissions Animated feature noms in other categories Countries of the nominees Africa Argentina Australia Austria Baltic Belarus Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Czech Republic Europe France Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary India Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan (South) Korea Latin America Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Nordic Pakistan Poland Puerto Rico Romania Russia Spain Switzerland Africa Argentina Australia Austria Baltic Belarus Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Czech Republic Europe France Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary India Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan (South) Korea Latin America Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Nordic Pakistan Poland Puerto Rico Romania Russia Spain Switzerland Nominees demographics Asian Black Generation Z Hispanic Indigenous Jewish Millennial Muslim Asian Black Generation Z Hispanic Indigenous Jewish Millennial Muslim Other Ceremonies Families False names Multi-win years Awards for Walt Disney Posthumous wins and noms Best Picture presenters Trophies on public display Oldest and youngest LGBTQ Women in non-gendered categories Ceremonies Families False names Multi-win years Awards for Walt Disney Posthumous wins and noms Best Picture presenters Trophies on public display Oldest and youngest LGBTQ Women in non-gendered categories Combined major awards EGOT Triple Crown of Acting EGOT Triple Crown of Acting Category Category v t e Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress v t e 1936–1975 Gale Sondergaard (1936) Alice Brady (1937) Fay Bainter (1938) Hattie McDaniel (1939) Jane Darwell (1940) Mary Astor (1941) Teresa Wright (1942) Katina Paxinou (1943) Ethel Barrymore (1944) Anne Revere (1945) Anne Baxter (1946) Celeste Holm (1947) Claire Trevor (1948) Mercedes McCambridge (1949) Josephine Hull (1950) Kim Hunter (1951) Gloria Grahame (1952) Donna Reed (1953) Eva Marie Saint (1954) Jo Van Fleet (1955) Dorothy Malone (1956) Miyoshi Umeki (1957) Wendy Hiller (1958) Shelley Winters (1959) Shirley Jones (1960) Rita Moreno (1961) Patty Duke (1962) Margaret Rutherford (1963) Lila Kedrova (1964) Shelley Winters (1965) Sandy Dennis (1966) Estelle Parsons (1967) Ruth Gordon (1968) Goldie Hawn (1969) Helen Hayes (1970) Cloris Leachman (1971) Eileen Heckart (1972) Tatum O'Neal (1973) Ingrid Bergman (1974) Lee Grant (1975) Gale Sondergaard (1936) Alice Brady (1937) Fay Bainter (1938) Hattie McDaniel (1939) Jane Darwell (1940) Mary Astor (1941) Teresa Wright (1942) Katina Paxinou (1943) Ethel Barrymore (1944) Anne Revere (1945) Anne Baxter (1946) Celeste Holm (1947) Claire Trevor (1948) Mercedes McCambridge (1949) Josephine Hull (1950) Kim Hunter (1951) Gloria Grahame (1952) Donna Reed (1953) Eva Marie Saint (1954) Jo Van Fleet (1955) Dorothy Malone (1956) Miyoshi Umeki (1957) Wendy Hiller (1958) Shelley Winters (1959) Shirley Jones (1960) Rita Moreno (1961) Patty Duke (1962) Margaret Rutherford (1963) Lila Kedrova (1964) Shelley Winters (1965) Sandy Dennis (1966) Estelle Parsons (1967) Ruth Gordon (1968) Goldie Hawn (1969) Helen Hayes (1970) Cloris Leachman (1971) Eileen Heckart (1972) Tatum O'Neal (1973) Ingrid Bergman (1974) Lee Grant (1975) 1976–present Beatrice Straight (1976) Vanessa Redgrave (1977) Maggie Smith (1978) Meryl Streep (1979) Mary Steenburgen (1980) Maureen Stapleton (1981) Jessica Lange (1982) Linda Hunt (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Anjelica Huston (1985) Dianne Wiest (1986) Olympia Dukakis (1987) Geena Davis (1988) Brenda Fricker (1989) Whoopi Goldberg (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Marisa Tomei (1992) Anna Paquin (1993) Dianne Wiest (1994) Mira Sorvino (1995) Juliette Binoche (1996) Kim Basinger (1997) Judi Dench (1998) Angelina Jolie (1999) Marcia Gay Harden (2000) Jennifer Connelly (2001) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Cate Blanchett (2004) Rachel Weisz (2005) Jennifer Hudson (2006) Tilda Swinton (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Melissa Leo (2010) Octavia Spencer (2011) Anne Hathaway (2012) Lupita Nyong'o (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Alicia Vikander (2015) Viola Davis (2016) Allison Janney (2017) Regina King (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ariana DeBose (2021) Jamie Lee Curtis (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Zoe Saldaña (2024) Beatrice Straight (1976) Vanessa Redgrave (1977) Maggie Smith (1978) Meryl Streep (1979) Mary Steenburgen (1980) Maureen Stapleton (1981) Jessica Lange (1982) Linda Hunt (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Anjelica Huston (1985) Dianne Wiest (1986) Olympia Dukakis (1987) Geena Davis (1988) Brenda Fricker (1989) Whoopi Goldberg (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Marisa Tomei (1992) Anna Paquin (1993) Dianne Wiest (1994) Mira Sorvino (1995) Juliette Binoche (1996) Kim Basinger (1997) Judi Dench (1998) Angelina Jolie (1999) Marcia Gay Harden (2000) Jennifer Connelly (2001) Catherine Zeta-Jones (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Cate Blanchett (2004) Rachel Weisz (2005) Jennifer Hudson (2006) Tilda Swinton (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Melissa Leo (2010) Octavia Spencer (2011) Anne Hathaway (2012) Lupita Nyong'o (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Alicia Vikander (2015) Viola Davis (2016) Allison Janney (2017) Regina King (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ariana DeBose (2021) Jamie Lee Curtis (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Zoe Saldaña (2024) Academy Awards Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners Film awards for supporting actress Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award–winning performance Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Featured lists Use mdy dates from February 2012 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Commons category link from Wikidata Webarchive template wayback links This page was last edited on 14 January 2026, at 09:31 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Club career Toggle Club career subsection 1.1 Early career 1.2 Leeds United 1.3 Coventry City and later career 1.1 Early career 1.2 Leeds United 1.3 Coventry City and later career 2 International career 3 Managerial career 4 Personal life and death 5 Honours Toggle Honours subsection 5.1 Player 5.2 Manager 5.1 Player 5.2 Manager 6 References 7 Works cited 8 Further reading 9 External links Terry Yorath العربية Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Yorath in 1988 Personal information Full name Terence Charles Yorath Date of birth ( 1950-03-27 ) 27 March 1950 Place of birth Cardiff , Wales Date of death 7 January 2026 (2026-01-07) (aged 75) Place of death Leeds , England Height 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) [ 1 ] Position Midfielder Youth career Leeds United Senior career* Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 1967–1976 Leeds United 141 (10) 1976–1979 Coventry City 99 (3) 1979–1981 Tottenham Hotspur 46 (1) 1981–1982 Vancouver Whitecaps 29 (2) 1982–1985 Bradford City 27 (0) 1986 Swansea City 1 (0) Total 343 (16) International career 1969–1981 Wales 59 (2) Managerial career 1986–1989 Swansea City 1988–1993 Wales 1989–1990 Bradford City 1990–1991 Swansea City 1994–1995 Cardiff City 1995–1997 Lebanon 2001–2002 Sheffield Wednesday 2008–2009 Margate * Club domestic league appearances and goals Terence Charles Yorath (27 March 1950 – 7 January 2026) was a Welsh professional football player and manager at both club and international level. Yorath represented Leeds United , Coventry City , Tottenham Hotspur , Vancouver Whitecaps , Bradford City , Swansea City and the Welsh national team . He later became a football manager for Bradford City , Swansea City , Cardiff City and Sheffield Wednesday , as well as assistant at Huddersfield Town . Yorath also managed the Wales and Lebanon national teams. [ 2 ] Club career Early career Yorath was an apprentice at Leeds United , signing professional forms in 1967 at the age of 17; he made his debut against Burnley at Turf Moor on 11 May 1968. [ 3 ] Alongside other Leeds midfield players of the time, such as Mick Bates and Terry Hibbitt , he found it difficult to establish himself ahead of Don Revie 's preferred pairing of Billy Bremner and Johnny Giles . [ 4 ] Leeds United In the 1972–73 season, injuries and suspensions allowed Yorath to establish himself as a first team regular; his first season ended with two cup final runners-up medals. [ 3 ] [ 5 ] he was a substitute in the 1973 FA Cup Final , which Leeds lost 1–0 to Sunderland , and also appeared in the 1973 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final , which Leeds lost in controversial circumstances to AC Milan . [ 6 ] [ 5 ] Yorath finally won some silverware the following 1973–74 season, where he was a key member of the Leeds championship winning side. [ 4 ] Yorath became the first Welshman to play in a European Cup final when Leeds reached the final of the UEFA European Cup , [ 7 ] but again he ended up with a runners up medal as Leeds lost 2–0 to Bayern Munich in controversial circumstances. [ 4 ] Don Revie had left Leeds to manage England, and his eventual replacement Jimmy Armfield decided to dispense with Yorath's services in 1976, selling him to Coventry City for £125,000. [ 5 ] During his time with Leeds, Yorath made 199 appearances and scored eleven goals. [ 3 ] Coventry City and later career Yorath remained at Coventry for three years, playing 99 games and scoring three goals. [ 8 ] He moved to Tottenham Hotspur in August 1979 for the sum of £300,000. [ 9 ] Yorath's debut occurred on 18 August 1979 which was a Football League game against Middlesbrough in which Tottenham lost 3–1. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] In February 1981 he transferred to Vancouver Whitecaps in the North American Soccer League . [ 12 ] He served as the captain of the Whitecaps for two seasons, [ 13 ] before returning to the UK in 1982. International career Yorath picked up the first of 59 Welsh caps in 1970 against Italy , [ 6 ] [ 5 ] and he maintained a regular presence in the international side until 1981. Yorath also captained his country on 42 occasions. [ 7 ] Managerial career In 1982, Yorath joined Bradford City as player/coach and made 34 appearances as a player; he was injured during the Bradford City stadium fire disaster in 1985 when he was forced to jump out of a window after evacuating supporters from a bar. [ 14 ] He subsequently took up the manager's position at Swansea City in 1986 (making a single and final league appearance), and led the club to promotion from the Division Four to the Division Three at the end of the 1987–88 season. [ 15 ] In 1988, he was appointed part-time manager of Wales , [ 16 ] [ 4 ] eventually taking up the post on a full-time basis while still managing Swansea. [ 15 ] However, he later left Swansea to return to Bradford, this time as assistant manager to Paul Jewell , [ 14 ] whilst still taking on Wales duties. [ 7 ] He was dismissed by Bradford after just one year in charge, and returned to manage Swansea again. [ 15 ] In 1991, after a run of nine consecutive defeats, he left Swansea for a second time to concentrate on managing Wales. [ 5 ] [ 4 ] Under Yorath, Wales attained what was then their highest ever FIFA World Ranking of 27th in August 1993 and came close to qualifying for the 1994 World Cup tournament. [ 4 ] Following the failure to qualify, Yorath's contract as manager was not renewed, angering many Welsh fans. [ 7 ] Yorath joined Cardiff City as general manager in 1994, after speculation that he would become manager of Middlesbrough in May that year, [ 17 ] and assumed control of team affairs in November of that year when manager Eddie May left the club. However, his time in the hotseat with the Bluebirds was brief, and he was sacked in March 1995. [ 18 ] In April of the same year, [ 19 ] Yorath took over as coach of the Lebanon national team , and helped them rise 60 places in the FIFA rankings before leaving in 1997. [ 20 ] [ 7 ] Between 1997 and 2000, he worked as a coach at Huddersfield Town and Bradford City, before joining Sheffield Wednesday . He resigned from this position in 2002. [ 4 ] [ 7 ] In June 2008, Yorath returned to football when he was appointed the director of football at Isthmian League Premier Division side Margate , [ 21 ] where his brother Dai and nephew Dean had both played. [ 22 ] On 21 November 2008, he was appointed manager of the club after Barry Ashby was sacked; he resigned as Margate manager on 24 September 2009. [ 23 ] Personal life and death Yorath was the father of the television presenter Gabby Logan . [ 6 ] His eldest son, Daniel, died aged 15 from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy after playing football with Yorath in their back garden in 1992. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] His autobiography, published in 2004, is titled Hard Man, Hard Knocks . [ 26 ] Yorath died on 7 January 2026, aged 75, [ 27 ] [ 28 ] following a short illness. [ 6 ] His daughter, Gabby, had been presenting Match of the Day live during the evening but was replaced mid broadcast by Mark Chapman , who noted Logan had to attend a "family emergency". [ 6 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Honours Player Leeds United FA Cup runner-up: 1972–73 [ 31 ] European Cup Winners' Cup runner-up: 1972–73 [ 5 ] Football League First Division : 1973–74 [ 32 ] European Cup runner-up: 1974–75 [ 5 ] Manager Swansea City Football League Fourth Division play-offs : 1988 [ 33 ] Lebanon Arab Games third place: 1997 [ 34 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Rollin, Jack, ed. (1981). Rothmans Football Yearbook : 1981–82 . London: Queen Anne Press. p. 356. ISBN 0-362-02046-9 . OCLC 868301130 . ^ "Members News: CCFC's Welsh '70s Sky Blue Skipper Is 73 Today. 'Happy Birthday', Terry" . 2023. ^ a b c "Terry Yorath turns 70" . Leeds United FC . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ a b c d e f g "A warrior touched by tragedy - Terry Yorath obituary" . BBC Sport. 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ a b c d e f g "Terry Yorath: A Wales great on and off the football field" . Nation Cymru. 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ a b c d e "Leeds and Wales legend Yorath dies aged 75" . BBC Sport. 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ a b c d e f Taylor, Louise (8 January 2026). "Terry Yorath, former Wales and Leeds midfielder, dies aged 75" . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ McCartney, Aidan (10 March 2015). "Coventry City players who have also turned out for Bradford City" . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Terry Yorath: Former Leeds and Wales midfielder dies at the age of 75" . Sky Sports. 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ Goodwin 1992 , pp. 391–392. ^ Soar 1995 , p. 275. ^ "Terry Yorath obituary" . Tottenham Hotspur FC . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "All-time Captains" . Whitecaps FC . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ a b "Terry Yorath 1950-2026" . Bradford City AFC . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ a b c "TERRY YORATH 1950-2026" . Swansea City FC . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ Phillips, Robert (9 April 1988). "Wales Go For Yorath" . South Wales Echo . p. 44. ^ Shaw, Phil (3 May 1994). "Football: Lawrence leaves Middlesbrough" . The Independent . London. ^ Abbandonato, Paul (23 February 2017). "Cardiff City managers ranked" . Wales Online . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ FIFA.com. "Terry Yorath leads the Lebanon revival" . Fifa.com . Archived from the original on 11 June 2020 . Retrieved 10 July 2020 . ^ Mason, Lewis (8 January 2026). "Former Leeds, Tottenham, Coventry and Wales midfielder Terry Yorath has died at the age of 75 with tributes pouring in" . TNT Sports . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Yorath lands Margate supremo role" . BBC Sport. 2 June 2008 . Retrieved 3 June 2008 . ^ "Dai Yorath" . Margate Football Club . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Margate FC pays tribute to Yorath" . Isle of Thanet News. 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Gabby Logan's heart screening call for brother Daniel" . BBC . 2 February 2022 . Retrieved 4 December 2024 . ^ Honeyball, Lee (6 March 2005). "Triumph and despair: Terry Yorath" . The Observer . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 29 January 2019 . ^ "LUFCTALK | Leeds United Fans Forum" . Lufctalk.com . Retrieved 21 March 2021 . ^ McLoughlin, Lisa (8 January 2026). "Gabby Logan's father Terry Yorath dies as she is forced to leave Match Of The Day mid-show" . Evening Standard . Retrieved 12 January 2026 . ^ Sutcliffe, Richard (9 January 2026). "Terry Yorath, a life marked by tragedy, heroism, and the 'twinkle in his eye' " . The Athletic . Retrieved 12 January 2026 . ^ "Terry Yorath, footballer and Wales manager who was a stalwart of Leeds United's great 1970s side" . The Daily Telegraph . 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Gabby Logan's dad and Welsh football legend, Terry Yorath, dies aged 75" . North Wales Chronicle . 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ Vernon, Leslie; Rollin, Jack (1977). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1977–78 . London: Brickfield Publications Ltd. p. 491. ISBN 0354090186 . ^ "Leeds United: Season 1973–1974: Division One" . Leeds-fans.org.uk . Retrieved 6 December 2020 . ^ "Swansea City's play-off classics" . Swansea City AFC . Retrieved 27 August 2025 . ^ "Arab Games 1997" . rsssf.com . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . Works cited Soar, Phil (1995). Tottenham Hotspur: The Official Illustrated History 1882–1995 . Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-58706-1 . Goodwin, Bob (1992). The Spurs Alphabet . ACL & Polar Publishing (UK) Ltd. ISBN 0-9514862-8-4 . Further reading Brown, Jim (2000). Coventry: An Illustrated History . Desert Island Books Ltd. ISBN 1-874287-36-8 . Yorath, Terry (2004). Hard Man, Hard Knocks . Celluloid. ISBN 0954596110 . External links Terry Yorath at Soccerbase Terry Yorath management career statistics at Soccerbase Profile on NASL Jerseys Terry Yorath at IMDb Managerial positions .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Swansea City A.F.C. – managers Whittaker ( 1912 –14) Bartlett ( 1914 –15) Bradshaw ( 1919 –26) Thomson ( 1927 –31) Harris ( 1934 –39) Green ( 1939 –47) McCandless ( 1948 –55) Burgess ( 1955 –58) Morris ( 1958 –65) Davies ( 1965 –66) Sykes c ( 1966 –67) Lucas ( 1967 –69) Robbins c ( 1969 ) Bentley ( 1969 –72) Gregg ( 1972 –75) Griffiths ( 1975 –78) Toshack p ( 1978 –83) Livermore c ( 1983 ) Toshack ( 1983 –84) Chappell c ( 1984 ) Appleton ( 1984 ) Chappell c ( 1984 ) Bond ( 1984 –85) Hutchison p ( 1985 –86) Yorath p ( 1986 –89) Evans ( 1989 –90) Yorath ( 1990 –91) Burrows ( 1991 –95) Smith c ( 1995 ) Rimmer c ( 1995 –96) Cullis ( 1996 ) Rimmer c ( 1996 ) Mølby p ( 1996 –97) Adams p ( 1997 ) Cork ( 1997 –98) Hollins ( 1998 –01) Addison ( 2001 –02) Freestone & Cusack p ( 2002 ) Cusack ( 2002 ) Flynn ( 2002 –04) Curtis c ( 2004 ) Jackett ( 2004 –07) Nugent c ( 2007 ) Martínez ( 2007 –09) Sousa ( 2009 –10) Rodgers ( 2010 –12) Laudrup ( 2012 –14) Monk ( 2014 –15) Curtis c ( 2015 –16) Guidolin ( 2016 ) Bradley ( 2016 ) Curtis c ( 2016 –17) Clement ( 2017 ) Britton cp ( 2017 ) Carvalhal ( 2017 –18) Potter ( 2018 –19) Cooper ( 2019 –21) Martin ( 2021 –23) Duff ( 2023 ) Sheehan c ( 2023 –24) Williams ( 2024 –25) Sheehan ( 2025 ) O'Dea c ( 2025 ) Matos ( 2025 –) (c) = caretaker manager ; (p) = player-manager; (cp) = caretaker player-manager v t e Wales national football team – managers Barnes ( 1954 –56) Murphy ( 1956 –64) Morris c ( 1964 ) Bowen ( 1964 –74) Smith ( 1974 –79) England ( 1979 –87) Williams c ( 1988 ) Yorath ( 1988 –93) Toshack ( 1994 ) Smith ( 1994 –95) Gould ( 1995 –99) Hughes & Southall c ( 1999 ) Hughes ( 1999 –2004) Toshack ( 2004 –10) Flynn c ( 2010 ) Speed ( 2010 –11) Coleman ( 2012 –17) Giggs ( 2018 –20) Page ( 2020 –24) Bellamy ( 2024 –) (c) = caretaker manager v t e Bradford City A.F.C. – managers Campbell ( 1903 –05) O'Rourke ( 1905 –21) Menzies ( 1921 –26) Veitch ( 1926 –28) Foster c ( 1928 ) O'Rourke ( 1928 –30) Peart ( 1930 –35) Ray ( 1935 –37) Westgarth ( 1938 –43) Sharp ( 1943 –46) Barker ( 1946 –47) Milburn ( 1947 –48) Steele ( 1948 –52) A. Harris i ( 1952 ) Powell ( 1952 –55) P. Jackson ( 1955 –61) Brocklebank ( 1961 –64) B. Harris ( 1965 –66) Watson ( 1966 –67) Hair ( 1967 –68) McAnearney & Hallett c ( 1968 ) Wheeler ( 1968 –71) Wilson c ( 1971 ) Edwards ( 1971 –75) Kennedy ( 1975 –78) Napier ( 1978 ) Mulhall ( 1978 –81) McFarland ( 1981 –82) Cherry ( 1982 –87) Dolan ( 1987 –89) Yorath ( 1989 –90) Docherty ( 1990 –91) Stapleton ( 1991 –94) Lawrence ( 1994 –95) Kamara ( 1995 –98) Jewell ( 1998 –2000) Hutchings ( 2000 ) McCall c ( 2000 ) Jefferies ( 2000 –01) Smith c ( 2001 ) Law ( 2002 –03) Atherton , Jacobs , Wetherall & Windass c ( 2003 ) Robson ( 2003 –04) Todd ( 2004 –07) Wetherall ( 2007 ) McCall ( 2007 –10) Jacobs c ( 2010 ) Taylor ( 2010 –11) P. A. Jackson ( 2011 ) Cooper c ( 2011 ) Parkinson ( 2011 –16) McCall ( 2016 –18) Abbott c ( 2018 ) Grayson ( 2018 ) Collins ( 2018 ) Hopkin ( 2018 –19) Drury c ( 2019 ) Bowyer ( 2019 –20) McCall ( 2020 ) Trueman & Sellars c ( 2020 –21) Trueman & Sellars ( 2021 ) Adams ( 2021 –22) Trueman c ( 2022 ) Hughes ( 2022 –23) McDonald c ( 2023 ) Trueman c ( 2023 ) Alexander ( 2023 –) (i) = interim manager; (c) = caretaker manager v t e Cardiff City F.C. – managers McDougall ( 1910 –11) Stewart ( 1911 –33) Wilson ( 1933 –34) Watts-Jones ( 1934 –37) Jennings ( 1937 –39) Spiers ( 1939 –46) McCandless ( 1946 –47) Spiers ( 1947 –54) Morris ( 1954 –58) Jones ( 1958 –62) Swindin ( 1962 –64) Scoular ( 1964 –73) Clayton c ( 1973 ) O'Farrell ( 1973 –74) Andrews ( 1974 –78) Morgan ( 1978 –81) Williams ( 1981 –82) Ashurst ( 1982 –84) Goodfellow & Mullen c ( 1984 ) Goodfellow ( 1984 ) Durban ( 1984 –86) Mullen c ( 1986 ) Burrows ( 1986 –89) Ashurst ( 1989 –91) May ( 1991 –94) Yorath ( 1994 –95) May ( 1995 ) Hibbitt ( 1995 –96) Neal ( 1996 ) Hibbitt c ( 1996 ) Osman ( 1996 –98) Hibbitt c ( 1998 ) Burrows ( 1998 –2000) Ayre ( 2000 ) Gould ( 2000 ) Cork ( 2000 –02) Lawrence ( 2002 –05) Jones ( 2005 –11) Mackay ( 2011 –13) Kerslake c ( 2013 –14) Solskjær ( 2014 ) Gabbidon & Young c ( 2014 ) Slade ( 2014 –16) Trollope ( 2016 ) Warnock ( 2016 –19) Harris ( 2019 –2021) McCarthy ( 2021 ) Morison ( 2021 –22) Hudson ( 2022 –23) Lamouchi ( 2023 ) Bulut ( 2023 –24) Riza ( 2024 –25) Ramsey c ( 2025 ) Barry-Murphy ( 2025 –) (c) = caretaker manager v t e Lebanon national football team – managers Unknown ( 1940 ) Traboulsi ( 1942 –1947) Arab ( 1947 ) Dittrich ( 1953 –1955) Broćić ( 1956 ) Unknown ( 1957 ) Wright ( 1959 ) Nalbandian ( 1961 ) Adem ( 1962 ) Nalbandian ( 1963 ) Adem ( 1964 ) Nalbandian ( 1965 –1966) Albert ( 1967 ) Nalbandian ( 1967 ) Adem ( 1970 ) Abou Mrad ( 1971 ) Al Sharqi ( 1974 ) Unknown ( 1975 ) Abou Mrad ( 1978 –1979) Simeonovski ( 1985 ) El Adou ( 1987 ) Hashem ( 1988 –1989) Al Sharqi ( 1992 –1993) Marques ( 1994 –1995) Yorath ( 1995 –1997) Ferner ( 1998 ) Saad ( 1998 –1999) Braam ( 1999 –2000) Skoblar ( 2000 ) Bücker ( 2001 ) Tardy ( 2002 –2003) Kwid ( 2003 ) Hammoud ( 2003 ) Hamad ( 2004 ) Hammoud ( 2004 ) Kwid ( 2004 –2005) Al Sharqi ( 2006 –2008) Rustom ( 2009 –2011) Bücker ( 2011 –2013) Giannini ( 2013 –2014) Radulović ( 2015 –2019) Ciobotariu ( 2019 ) Taha ( 2020 –2021) Hašek ( 2021 –2022) Ilić ( 2022 –2023) Jurčević ( 2023 ) Radulović ( 2023 –) v t e Sheffield Wednesday F.C. – managers Dickinson ( 1891 –1920) R. Brown ( 1920 –33) Walker ( 1933 –37) McMullan ( 1937 –42) Taylor ( 1942 –58) Catterick ( 1958 –61) Buckingham ( 1961 –64) A. Brown ( 1964 –68) Marshall ( 1968 –69) Williams ( 1969 –71) Dooley ( 1971 –73) Burtenshaw ( 1974 –75) McAnearney c ( 1975 ) Ashurst ( 1975 –77) Charlton ( 1977 –83) Setters c ( 1983 ) Wilkinson ( 1983 –88) Eustace ( 1988 –89) Atkinson ( 1989 –91) Francis ( 1991 –95) Pleat ( 1995 –97) Shreeves c ( 1997 ) Atkinson ( 1997 –98) Wilson ( 1998 –2000) Shreeves c ( 2000 ) Jewell ( 2000 –01) Shreeves ( 2001 ) Yorath ( 2001 –02) Green c ( 2002 ) Turner ( 2002 –04) Smith c ( 2004 ) Sturrock ( 2004 –06) McAuley c ( 2006 ) Laws ( 2006 –09) McAuley c ( 2009 –10) Irvine ( 2010 –11) Megson ( 2011 –12) Jones ( 2012 –13) Gray ( 2013 –15) Carvalhal ( 2015 –17) Bullen c ( 2017 –18) Luhukay ( 2018 ) Bullen c ( 2018 –19) Agnew & Clemence c ( 2019 ) Bruce ( 2019 ) Bullen c ( 2019 ) Monk ( 2019 –20) Pulis ( 2020 ) Thompson c ( 2020 –2021) Moore ( 2021 –23) Muñoz ( 2023 ) Thompson c ( 2023 ) Röhl ( 2023 –25) Pedersen ( 2025 –) (c) = caretaker manager v t e Margate F.C. – managers Graves ( 1929 –19??) Ramsay ( 1934 –36) Lambert ( 1936 –19??) Fogg ( 1939 –40) Walker ( 1946 –48) Weir ( 1948 ) Committee ( 1948 –49) Basford ( 1949 –50) Hall ( 1950 –70) Baker ( 1970 –71) Committee ( 1971 ) Riggs ( 1971 –77) Donnelly ( 1977 ) Hunt ( 1977 –78) Smith ( 1979 –79) Morris ( 1979 –82) Donnelly ( 1982 –83) Fagan ( 1983 ) Wickens ( 1983 –87) Fusco ( 1987 –88) Winfield ( 1988 ) Aldous ( 1988 –89) Ford ( 1989 –90) Powell ( 1990 ) McRaye ( 1990 –91) Taylor ( 1991 ) Weatherly c ( 1991 ) Smelt ( 1991 –92) Weatherly & Smelt ( 1992 ) Weatherly ( 1992 –93) Weatherly & Woolford ( 1993 –94) Roffey ( 1994 –95) Weatherly & Elsey c ( 1995 ) Elsey ( 1995 –96) Weatherly c ( 1996 ) Kinnear ( 1996 –2006) Trott ( 2006 –08) McKimm c ( 2008 ) Ashby ( 2008 ) Yorath ( 2008 –09) Southall c ( 2009 ) Butler ( 2009 –10) Keister & Wilson c ( 2010 ) O'Connell ( 2010 –11) Cloke, Pinnock & Wilson c ( 2011 ) Raine c ( 2011 ) Kinnear ( 2011 –13) Holloway & Osborn ( 2013 ) Osborn ( 2013 ) T. Brown ( 2013 –15) Bull ( 2015 –17) Watt ( 2017 –18) S. Brown and Sandmann ( 2018 –19) Saunders ( 2019 –22) Drury ( 2022 ) Prestedge & Greenhalgh c ( 2022 –23) Prestedge ( 2023 ) Stimson ( 2023 –24) Greenhalgh ( 2024 –) (c) = caretaker manager .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Swansea City A.F.C. – managers v t e Whittaker ( 1912 –14) Bartlett ( 1914 –15) Bradshaw ( 1919 –26) Thomson ( 1927 –31) Harris ( 1934 –39) Green ( 1939 –47) McCandless ( 1948 –55) Burgess ( 1955 –58) Morris ( 1958 –65) Davies ( 1965 –66) Sykes c ( 1966 –67) Lucas ( 1967 –69) Robbins c ( 1969 ) Bentley ( 1969 –72) Gregg ( 1972 –75) Griffiths ( 1975 –78) Toshack p ( 1978 –83) Livermore c ( 1983 ) Toshack ( 1983 –84) Chappell c ( 1984 ) Appleton ( 1984 ) Chappell c ( 1984 ) Bond ( 1984 –85) Hutchison p ( 1985 –86) Yorath p ( 1986 –89) Evans ( 1989 –90) Yorath ( 1990 –91) Burrows ( 1991 –95) Smith c ( 1995 ) Rimmer c ( 1995 –96) Cullis ( 1996 ) Rimmer c ( 1996 ) Mølby p ( 1996 –97) Adams p ( 1997 ) Cork ( 1997 –98) Hollins ( 1998 –01) Addison ( 2001 –02) Freestone & Cusack p ( 2002 ) Cusack ( 2002 ) Flynn ( 2002 –04) Curtis c ( 2004 ) Jackett ( 2004 –07) Nugent c ( 2007 ) Martínez ( 2007 –09) Sousa ( 2009 –10) Rodgers ( 2010 –12) Laudrup ( 2012 –14) Monk ( 2014 –15) Curtis c ( 2015 –16) Guidolin ( 2016 ) Bradley ( 2016 ) Curtis c ( 2016 –17) Clement ( 2017 ) Britton cp ( 2017 ) Carvalhal ( 2017 –18) Potter ( 2018 –19) Cooper ( 2019 –21) Martin ( 2021 –23) Duff ( 2023 ) Sheehan c ( 2023 –24) Williams ( 2024 –25) Sheehan ( 2025 ) O'Dea c ( 2025 ) Matos ( 2025 –) (c) = caretaker manager ; (p) = player-manager; (cp) = caretaker player-manager Whittaker ( 1912 –14) Bartlett ( 1914 –15) Bradshaw ( 1919 –26) Thomson ( 1927 –31) Harris ( 1934 –39) Green ( 1939 –47) McCandless ( 1948 –55) Burgess ( 1955 –58) Morris ( 1958 –65) Davies ( 1965 –66) Sykes c ( 1966 –67) Lucas ( 1967 –69) Robbins c ( 1969 ) Bentley ( 1969 –72) Gregg ( 1972 –75) Griffiths ( 1975 –78) Toshack p ( 1978 –83) Livermore c ( 1983 ) Toshack ( 1983 –84) Chappell c ( 1984 ) Appleton ( 1984 ) Chappell c ( 1984 ) Bond ( 1984 –85) Hutchison p ( 1985 –86) Yorath p ( 1986 –89) Evans ( 1989 –90) Yorath ( 1990 –91) Burrows ( 1991 –95) Smith c ( 1995 ) Rimmer c ( 1995 –96) Cullis ( 1996 ) Rimmer c ( 1996 ) Mølby p ( 1996 –97) Adams p ( 1997 ) Cork ( 1997 –98) Hollins ( 1998 –01) Addison ( 2001 –02) Freestone & Cusack p ( 2002 ) Cusack ( 2002 ) Flynn ( 2002 –04) Curtis c ( 2004 ) Jackett ( 2004 –07) Nugent c ( 2007 ) Martínez ( 2007 –09) Sousa ( 2009 –10) Rodgers ( 2010 –12) Laudrup ( 2012 –14) Monk ( 2014 –15) Curtis c ( 2015 –16) Guidolin ( 2016 ) Bradley ( 2016 ) Curtis c ( 2016 –17) Clement ( 2017 ) Britton cp ( 2017 ) Carvalhal ( 2017 –18) Potter ( 2018 –19) Cooper ( 2019 –21) Martin ( 2021 –23) Duff ( 2023 ) Sheehan c ( 2023 –24) Williams ( 2024 –25) Sheehan ( 2025 ) O'Dea c ( 2025 ) Matos ( 2025 –) v t e Wales national football team – managers v t e Barnes ( 1954 –56) Murphy ( 1956 –64) Morris c ( 1964 ) Bowen ( 1964 –74) Smith ( 1974 –79) England ( 1979 –87) Williams c ( 1988 ) Yorath ( 1988 –93) Toshack ( 1994 ) Smith ( 1994 –95) Gould ( 1995 –99) Hughes & Southall c ( 1999 ) Hughes ( 1999 –2004) Toshack ( 2004 –10) Flynn c ( 2010 ) Speed ( 2010 –11) Coleman ( 2012 –17) Giggs ( 2018 –20) Page ( 2020 –24) Bellamy ( 2024 –) (c) = caretaker manager Barnes ( 1954 –56) Murphy ( 1956 –64) Morris c ( 1964 ) Bowen ( 1964 –74) Smith ( 1974 –79) England ( 1979 –87) Williams c ( 1988 ) Yorath ( 1988 –93) Toshack ( 1994 ) Smith ( 1994 –95) Gould ( 1995 –99) Hughes & Southall c ( 1999 ) Hughes ( 1999 –2004) Toshack ( 2004 –10) Flynn c ( 2010 ) Speed ( 2010 –11) Coleman ( 2012 –17) Giggs ( 2018 –20) Page ( 2020 –24) Bellamy ( 2024 –) v t e Bradford City A.F.C. – managers v t e Campbell ( 1903 –05) O'Rourke ( 1905 –21) Menzies ( 1921 –26) Veitch ( 1926 –28) Foster c ( 1928 ) O'Rourke ( 1928 –30) Peart ( 1930 –35) Ray ( 1935 –37) Westgarth ( 1938 –43) Sharp ( 1943 –46) Barker ( 1946 –47) Milburn ( 1947 –48) Steele ( 1948 –52) A. Harris i ( 1952 ) Powell ( 1952 –55) P. Jackson ( 1955 –61) Brocklebank ( 1961 –64) B. Harris ( 1965 –66) Watson ( 1966 –67) Hair ( 1967 –68) McAnearney & Hallett c ( 1968 ) Wheeler ( 1968 –71) Wilson c ( 1971 ) Edwards ( 1971 –75) Kennedy ( 1975 –78) Napier ( 1978 ) Mulhall ( 1978 –81) McFarland ( 1981 –82) Cherry ( 1982 –87) Dolan ( 1987 –89) Yorath ( 1989 –90) Docherty ( 1990 –91) Stapleton ( 1991 –94) Lawrence ( 1994 –95) Kamara ( 1995 –98) Jewell ( 1998 –2000) Hutchings ( 2000 ) McCall c ( 2000 ) Jefferies ( 2000 –01) Smith c ( 2001 ) Law ( 2002 –03) Atherton , Jacobs , Wetherall & Windass c ( 2003 ) Robson ( 2003 –04) Todd ( 2004 –07) Wetherall ( 2007 ) McCall ( 2007 –10) Jacobs c ( 2010 ) Taylor ( 2010 –11) P. A. Jackson ( 2011 ) Cooper c ( 2011 ) Parkinson ( 2011 –16) McCall ( 2016 –18) Abbott c ( 2018 ) Grayson ( 2018 ) Collins ( 2018 ) Hopkin ( 2018 –19) Drury c ( 2019 ) Bowyer ( 2019 –20) McCall ( 2020 ) Trueman & Sellars c ( 2020 –21) Trueman & Sellars ( 2021 ) Adams ( 2021 –22) Trueman c ( 2022 ) Hughes ( 2022 –23) McDonald c ( 2023 ) Trueman c ( 2023 ) Alexander ( 2023 –) (i) = interim manager; (c) = caretaker manager Campbell ( 1903 –05) O'Rourke ( 1905 –21) Menzies ( 1921 –26) Veitch ( 1926 –28) Foster c ( 1928 ) O'Rourke ( 1928 –30) Peart ( 1930 –35) Ray ( 1935 –37) Westgarth ( 1938 –43) Sharp ( 1943 –46) Barker ( 1946 –47) Milburn ( 1947 –48) Steele ( 1948 –52) A. Harris i ( 1952 ) Powell ( 1952 –55) P. Jackson ( 1955 –61) Brocklebank ( 1961 –64) B. Harris ( 1965 –66) Watson ( 1966 –67) Hair ( 1967 –68) McAnearney & Hallett c ( 1968 ) Wheeler ( 1968 –71) Wilson c ( 1971 ) Edwards ( 1971 –75) Kennedy ( 1975 –78) Napier ( 1978 ) Mulhall ( 1978 –81) McFarland ( 1981 –82) Cherry ( 1982 –87) Dolan ( 1987 –89) Yorath ( 1989 –90) Docherty ( 1990 –91) Stapleton ( 1991 –94) Lawrence ( 1994 –95) Kamara ( 1995 –98) Jewell ( 1998 –2000) Hutchings ( 2000 ) McCall c ( 2000 ) Jefferies ( 2000 –01) Smith c ( 2001 ) Law ( 2002 –03) Atherton , Jacobs , Wetherall & Windass c ( 2003 ) Robson ( 2003 –04) Todd ( 2004 –07) Wetherall ( 2007 ) McCall ( 2007 –10) Jacobs c ( 2010 ) Taylor ( 2010 –11) P. A. Jackson ( 2011 ) Cooper c ( 2011 ) Parkinson ( 2011 –16) McCall ( 2016 –18) Abbott c ( 2018 ) Grayson ( 2018 ) Collins ( 2018 ) Hopkin ( 2018 –19) Drury c ( 2019 ) Bowyer ( 2019 –20) McCall ( 2020 ) Trueman & Sellars c ( 2020 –21) Trueman & Sellars ( 2021 ) Adams ( 2021 –22) Trueman c ( 2022 ) Hughes ( 2022 –23) McDonald c ( 2023 ) Trueman c ( 2023 ) Alexander ( 2023 –) v t e Cardiff City F.C. – managers v t e McDougall ( 1910 –11) Stewart ( 1911 –33) Wilson ( 1933 –34) Watts-Jones ( 1934 –37) Jennings ( 1937 –39) Spiers ( 1939 –46) McCandless ( 1946 –47) Spiers ( 1947 –54) Morris ( 1954 –58) Jones ( 1958 –62) Swindin ( 1962 –64) Scoular ( 1964 –73) Clayton c ( 1973 ) O'Farrell ( 1973 –74) Andrews ( 1974 –78) Morgan ( 1978 –81) Williams ( 1981 –82) Ashurst ( 1982 –84) Goodfellow & Mullen c ( 1984 ) Goodfellow ( 1984 ) Durban ( 1984 –86) Mullen c ( 1986 ) Burrows ( 1986 –89) Ashurst ( 1989 –91) May ( 1991 –94) Yorath ( 1994 –95) May ( 1995 ) Hibbitt ( 1995 –96) Neal ( 1996 ) Hibbitt c ( 1996 ) Osman ( 1996 –98) Hibbitt c ( 1998 ) Burrows ( 1998 –2000) Ayre ( 2000 ) Gould ( 2000 ) Cork ( 2000 –02) Lawrence ( 2002 –05) Jones ( 2005 –11) Mackay ( 2011 –13) Kerslake c ( 2013 –14) Solskjær ( 2014 ) Gabbidon & Young c ( 2014 ) Slade ( 2014 –16) Trollope ( 2016 ) Warnock ( 2016 –19) Harris ( 2019 –2021) McCarthy ( 2021 ) Morison ( 2021 –22) Hudson ( 2022 –23) Lamouchi ( 2023 ) Bulut ( 2023 –24) Riza ( 2024 –25) Ramsey c ( 2025 ) Barry-Murphy ( 2025 –) (c) = caretaker manager McDougall ( 1910 –11) Stewart ( 1911 –33) Wilson ( 1933 –34) Watts-Jones ( 1934 –37) Jennings ( 1937 –39) Spiers ( 1939 –46) McCandless ( 1946 –47) Spiers ( 1947 –54) Morris ( 1954 –58) Jones ( 1958 –62) Swindin ( 1962 –64) Scoular ( 1964 –73) Clayton c ( 1973 ) O'Farrell ( 1973 –74) Andrews ( 1974 –78) Morgan ( 1978 –81) Williams ( 1981 –82) Ashurst ( 1982 –84) Goodfellow & Mullen c ( 1984 ) Goodfellow ( 1984 ) Durban ( 1984 –86) Mullen c ( 1986 ) Burrows ( 1986 –89) Ashurst ( 1989 –91) May ( 1991 –94) Yorath ( 1994 –95) May ( 1995 ) Hibbitt ( 1995 –96) Neal ( 1996 ) Hibbitt c ( 1996 ) Osman ( 1996 –98) Hibbitt c ( 1998 ) Burrows ( 1998 –2000) Ayre ( 2000 ) Gould ( 2000 ) Cork ( 2000 –02) Lawrence ( 2002 –05) Jones ( 2005 –11) Mackay ( 2011 –13) Kerslake c ( 2013 –14) Solskjær ( 2014 ) Gabbidon & Young c ( 2014 ) Slade ( 2014 –16) Trollope ( 2016 ) Warnock ( 2016 –19) Harris ( 2019 –2021) McCarthy ( 2021 ) Morison ( 2021 –22) Hudson ( 2022 –23) Lamouchi ( 2023 ) Bulut ( 2023 –24) Riza ( 2024 –25) Ramsey c ( 2025 ) Barry-Murphy ( 2025 –) v t e Lebanon national football team – managers v t e Unknown ( 1940 ) Traboulsi ( 1942 –1947) Arab ( 1947 ) Dittrich ( 1953 –1955) Broćić ( 1956 ) Unknown ( 1957 ) Wright ( 1959 ) Nalbandian ( 1961 ) Adem ( 1962 ) Nalbandian ( 1963 ) Adem ( 1964 ) Nalbandian ( 1965 –1966) Albert ( 1967 ) Nalbandian ( 1967 ) Adem ( 1970 ) Abou Mrad ( 1971 ) Al Sharqi ( 1974 ) Unknown ( 1975 ) Abou Mrad ( 1978 –1979) Simeonovski ( 1985 ) El Adou ( 1987 ) Hashem ( 1988 –1989) Al Sharqi ( 1992 –1993) Marques ( 1994 –1995) Yorath ( 1995 –1997) Ferner ( 1998 ) Saad ( 1998 –1999) Braam ( 1999 –2000) Skoblar ( 2000 ) Bücker ( 2001 ) Tardy ( 2002 –2003) Kwid ( 2003 ) Hammoud ( 2003 ) Hamad ( 2004 ) Hammoud ( 2004 ) Kwid ( 2004 –2005) Al Sharqi ( 2006 –2008) Rustom ( 2009 –2011) Bücker ( 2011 –2013) Giannini ( 2013 –2014) Radulović ( 2015 –2019) Ciobotariu ( 2019 ) Taha ( 2020 –2021) Hašek ( 2021 –2022) Ilić ( 2022 –2023) Jurčević ( 2023 ) Radulović ( 2023 –) Unknown ( 1940 ) Traboulsi ( 1942 –1947) Arab ( 1947 ) Dittrich ( 1953 –1955) Broćić ( 1956 ) Unknown ( 1957 ) Wright ( 1959 ) Nalbandian ( 1961 ) Adem ( 1962 ) Nalbandian ( 1963 ) Adem ( 1964 ) Nalbandian ( 1965 –1966) Albert ( 1967 ) Nalbandian ( 1967 ) Adem ( 1970 ) Abou Mrad ( 1971 ) Al Sharqi ( 1974 ) Unknown ( 1975 ) Abou Mrad ( 1978 –1979) Simeonovski ( 1985 ) El Adou ( 1987 ) Hashem ( 1988 –1989) Al Sharqi ( 1992 –1993) Marques ( 1994 –1995) Yorath ( 1995 –1997) Ferner ( 1998 ) Saad ( 1998 –1999) Braam ( 1999 –2000) Skoblar ( 2000 ) Bücker ( 2001 ) Tardy ( 2002 –2003) Kwid ( 2003 ) Hammoud ( 2003 ) Hamad ( 2004 ) Hammoud ( 2004 ) Kwid ( 2004 –2005) Al Sharqi ( 2006 –2008) Rustom ( 2009 –2011) Bücker ( 2011 –2013) Giannini ( 2013 –2014) Radulović ( 2015 –2019) Ciobotariu ( 2019 ) Taha ( 2020 –2021) Hašek ( 2021 –2022) Ilić ( 2022 –2023) Jurčević ( 2023 ) Radulović ( 2023 –) v t e Sheffield Wednesday F.C. – managers v t e Dickinson ( 1891 –1920) R. Brown ( 1920 –33) Walker ( 1933 –37) McMullan ( 1937 –42) Taylor ( 1942 –58) Catterick ( 1958 –61) Buckingham ( 1961 –64) A. Brown ( 1964 –68) Marshall ( 1968 –69) Williams ( 1969 –71) Dooley ( 1971 –73) Burtenshaw ( 1974 –75) McAnearney c ( 1975 ) Ashurst ( 1975 –77) Charlton ( 1977 –83) Setters c ( 1983 ) Wilkinson ( 1983 –88) Eustace ( 1988 –89) Atkinson ( 1989 –91) Francis ( 1991 –95) Pleat ( 1995 –97) Shreeves c ( 1997 ) Atkinson ( 1997 –98) Wilson ( 1998 –2000) Shreeves c ( 2000 ) Jewell ( 2000 –01) Shreeves ( 2001 ) Yorath ( 2001 –02) Green c ( 2002 ) Turner ( 2002 –04) Smith c ( 2004 ) Sturrock ( 2004 –06) McAuley c ( 2006 ) Laws ( 2006 –09) McAuley c ( 2009 –10) Irvine ( 2010 –11) Megson ( 2011 –12) Jones ( 2012 –13) Gray ( 2013 –15) Carvalhal ( 2015 –17) Bullen c ( 2017 –18) Luhukay ( 2018 ) Bullen c ( 2018 –19) Agnew & Clemence c ( 2019 ) Bruce ( 2019 ) Bullen c ( 2019 ) Monk ( 2019 –20) Pulis ( 2020 ) Thompson c ( 2020 –2021) Moore ( 2021 –23) Muñoz ( 2023 ) Thompson c ( 2023 ) Röhl ( 2023 –25) Pedersen ( 2025 –) (c) = caretaker manager Dickinson ( 1891 –1920) R. Brown ( 1920 –33) Walker ( 1933 –37) McMullan ( 1937 –42) Taylor ( 1942 –58) Catterick ( 1958 –61) Buckingham ( 1961 –64) A. Brown ( 1964 –68) Marshall ( 1968 –69) Williams ( 1969 –71) Dooley ( 1971 –73) Burtenshaw ( 1974 –75) McAnearney c ( 1975 ) Ashurst ( 1975 –77) Charlton ( 1977 –83) Setters c ( 1983 ) Wilkinson ( 1983 –88) Eustace ( 1988 –89) Atkinson ( 1989 –91) Francis ( 1991 –95) Pleat ( 1995 –97) Shreeves c ( 1997 ) Atkinson ( 1997 –98) Wilson ( 1998 –2000) Shreeves c ( 2000 ) Jewell ( 2000 –01) Shreeves ( 2001 ) Yorath ( 2001 –02) Green c ( 2002 ) Turner ( 2002 –04) Smith c ( 2004 ) Sturrock ( 2004 –06) McAuley c ( 2006 ) Laws ( 2006 –09) McAuley c ( 2009 –10) Irvine ( 2010 –11) Megson ( 2011 –12) Jones ( 2012 –13) Gray ( 2013 –15) Carvalhal ( 2015 –17) Bullen c ( 2017 –18) Luhukay ( 2018 ) Bullen c ( 2018 –19) Agnew & Clemence c ( 2019 ) Bruce ( 2019 ) Bullen c ( 2019 ) Monk ( 2019 –20) Pulis ( 2020 ) Thompson c ( 2020 –2021) Moore ( 2021 –23) Muñoz ( 2023 ) Thompson c ( 2023 ) Röhl ( 2023 –25) Pedersen ( 2025 –) v t e Margate F.C. – managers v t e Graves ( 1929 –19??) Ramsay ( 1934 –36) Lambert ( 1936 –19??) Fogg ( 1939 –40) Walker ( 1946 –48) Weir ( 1948 ) Committee ( 1948 –49) Basford ( 1949 –50) Hall ( 1950 –70) Baker ( 1970 –71) Committee ( 1971 ) Riggs ( 1971 –77) Donnelly ( 1977 ) Hunt ( 1977 –78) Smith ( 1979 –79) Morris ( 1979 –82) Donnelly ( 1982 –83) Fagan ( 1983 ) Wickens ( 1983 –87) Fusco ( 1987 –88) Winfield ( 1988 ) Aldous ( 1988 –89) Ford ( 1989 –90) Powell ( 1990 ) McRaye ( 1990 –91) Taylor ( 1991 ) Weatherly c ( 1991 ) Smelt ( 1991 –92) Weatherly & Smelt ( 1992 ) Weatherly ( 1992 –93) Weatherly & Woolford ( 1993 –94) Roffey ( 1994 –95) Weatherly & Elsey c ( 1995 ) Elsey ( 1995 –96) Weatherly c ( 1996 ) Kinnear ( 1996 –2006) Trott ( 2006 –08) McKimm c ( 2008 ) Ashby ( 2008 ) Yorath ( 2008 –09) Southall c ( 2009 ) Butler ( 2009 –10) Keister & Wilson c ( 2010 ) O'Connell ( 2010 –11) Cloke, Pinnock & Wilson c ( 2011 ) Raine c ( 2011 ) Kinnear ( 2011 –13) Holloway & Osborn ( 2013 ) Osborn ( 2013 ) T. Brown ( 2013 –15) Bull ( 2015 –17) Watt ( 2017 –18) S. Brown and Sandmann ( 2018 –19) Saunders ( 2019 –22) Drury ( 2022 ) Prestedge & Greenhalgh c ( 2022 –23) Prestedge ( 2023 ) Stimson ( 2023 –24) Greenhalgh ( 2024 –) (c) = caretaker manager Graves ( 1929 –19??) Ramsay ( 1934 –36) Lambert ( 1936 –19??) Fogg ( 1939 –40) Walker ( 1946 –48) Weir ( 1948 ) Committee ( 1948 –49) Basford ( 1949 –50) Hall ( 1950 –70) Baker ( 1970 –71) Committee ( 1971 ) Riggs ( 1971 –77) Donnelly ( 1977 ) Hunt ( 1977 –78) Smith ( 1979 –79) Morris ( 1979 –82) Donnelly ( 1982 –83) Fagan ( 1983 ) Wickens ( 1983 –87) Fusco ( 1987 –88) Winfield ( 1988 ) Aldous ( 1988 –89) Ford ( 1989 –90) Powell ( 1990 ) McRaye ( 1990 –91) Taylor ( 1991 ) Weatherly c ( 1991 ) Smelt ( 1991 –92) Weatherly & Smelt ( 1992 ) Weatherly ( 1992 –93) Weatherly & Woolford ( 1993 –94) Roffey ( 1994 –95) Weatherly & Elsey c ( 1995 ) Elsey ( 1995 –96) Weatherly c ( 1996 ) Kinnear ( 1996 –2006) Trott ( 2006 –08) McKimm c ( 2008 ) Ashby ( 2008 ) Yorath ( 2008 –09) Southall c ( 2009 ) Butler ( 2009 –10) Keister & Wilson c ( 2010 ) O'Connell ( 2010 –11) Cloke, Pinnock & Wilson c ( 2011 ) Raine c ( 2011 ) Kinnear ( 2011 –13) Holloway & Osborn ( 2013 ) Osborn ( 2013 ) T. Brown ( 2013 –15) Bull ( 2015 –17) Watt ( 2017 –18) S. Brown and Sandmann ( 2018 –19) Saunders ( 2019 –22) Drury ( 2022 ) Prestedge & Greenhalgh c ( 2022 –23) Prestedge ( 2023 ) Stimson ( 2023 –24) Greenhalgh ( 2024 –) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat National United States United States 1950 births 2026 deaths People from Grangetown, Cardiff Footballers from Cardiff Welsh men's footballers Men's association football midfielders Leeds United F.C. players Coventry City F.C. players Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players Vancouver Whitecaps (1974–1984) players Bradford City A.F.C. players Swansea City A.F.C. players English Football League players North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players Wales men's under-23 international footballers Wales men's international footballers Welsh expatriate men's footballers Welsh expatriate sportspeople in Canada Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada Welsh football managers Bradford City A.F.C. non-playing staff Swansea City A.F.C. managers Wales national football team managers Bradford City A.F.C. managers Cardiff City F.C. managers Lebanon national football team managers Huddersfield Town A.F.C. non-playing staff Sheffield Wednesday F.C. managers English Football League managers Isthmian League managers Welsh expatriate football managers Welsh expatriate sportspeople in Lebanon Expatriate football managers in Lebanon Welsh football coaches Yorath–Logan family Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use British English from October 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from January 2026 Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 21:23 (UTC) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Yorath#cite_note-21
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Isi Wikipedia kuwé debawah naungan Lisénsi Dokuméntasi Bébas GNU , dadi aturané bébas ning sing manut aturan umum karo bertanggungjawab. Deleng uga aturan-aturan Hak Cipta sing ngatur bab latar belakang hak cipta, sumber terbuka karo isi bébas. Mangga kakang-kakang, mbekayu-mbekayu ... Nulis/Ngisi artikel Sugeng maca - Aturan - Hak Cipta - Nggawe halaman anyar - Nyunting kaca/halaman/artikel - Nerjemahna artikel - Panduan tata artikel - Tata basa/ejaan - Artikel sing dejaluk - Daftar artikel dasar/wajib Bab Wikipedia Wikipedia - Wikimedhia - Pengumuman - Dopokan / Warung kopi - Anggota - Pangurus - Milis - Kliping (Wikipedia nang Médhia Massa) - Mangga de-etung cacaeh suntingan Rika! - Sumbangan dana Artikel pilihan Mesjid Agung Purbalingga digawe taun 1853 M utawa 1269 H nang ulama setempat sing jenenge KH Abdullah Ibrahim. Pas agi direnovasi taun 2002, mesjid iki digawe karo perpaduan antara arsitektur Jawa lan Wetan Tengah. Lan dideleng sedela kaya kemutan maring mesjid sing ana nang Madinah. Pembangunan dilakokna nang duwur lemah luase 5.500 meter persegi. Siki mesjid iku ngalami renovasi nganti lima wektu. Nang taun 1918, 1960, 1970, 1980-1985 lan terakhir nang taun 2002-2004. Dana sing dialokasikna nang rehab taun 2002 nganti 2 miliar rupiah. ( Selengkape ... ) Artikel pilihan sedurungé: Piala Donya Sepak Bola · Tsunami · Thomas Alva Edison Artikel Pilihan liyane... Rika Weruh Ora... " ... nék kota sing wewengkone paling amba sadonya yakuwe kota Mount Isa sing ana nang Lor-Kulonne Queensland , Australia . Wewengkone kuwe meh 41 ewu kilometer persagi, duwe dalan raya kota sing dawane 189 km sing dadi dalan raya kota paling dawa sadonya." " ... nék kokain kuwe obat bius lokal pertama sing digunakna? Obat kiye pertama kali digunakna taun 1884 ." " ... nék antara 1931 lan 1969 Walt Disney nampa 35 iji piala Oscar ?" Arsip – Molai gawe artikel anyar Mesjid Agung Purbalingga digawe taun 1853 M utawa 1269 H nang ulama setempat sing jenenge KH Abdullah Ibrahim. Pas agi direnovasi taun 2002, mesjid iki digawe karo perpaduan antara arsitektur Jawa lan Wetan Tengah. Lan dideleng sedela kaya kemutan maring mesjid sing ana nang Madinah. Pembangunan dilakokna nang duwur lemah luase 5.500 meter persegi. Siki mesjid iku ngalami renovasi nganti lima wektu. Nang taun 1918, 1960, 1970, 1980-1985 lan terakhir nang taun 2002-2004. Dana sing dialokasikna nang rehab taun 2002 nganti 2 miliar rupiah. ( Selengkape ... ) Artikel pilihan sedurungé: Piala Donya Sepak Bola · Tsunami · Thomas Alva Edison " ... nék kota sing wewengkone paling amba sadonya yakuwe kota Mount Isa sing ana nang Lor-Kulonne Queensland , Australia . Wewengkone kuwe meh 41 ewu kilometer persagi, duwe dalan raya kota sing dawane 189 km sing dadi dalan raya kota paling dawa sadonya." " ... nék kokain kuwe obat bius lokal pertama sing digunakna? Obat kiye pertama kali digunakna taun 1884 ." " ... nék antara 1931 lan 1969 Walt Disney nampa 35 iji piala Oscar ?" Prastawa énggal Whitney Houston , penyanyi dan aktris asal Amerika Serikat meninggal dunia pada usia 48 tahun. Mohammed Waheed Hassan diambil sumpahnya sebagai Presiden Maladewa setelah Mohamed Nasheed mundur dari jabatannya. HIM Damsyik , penari dan aktor Indonesia, meninggal dunia pada usia 82 tahun. Lebih dari 70 orang tewas dalam kerusuhan pada pertandingan sepak bola di Port Said , Mesir . Ade Namnung , pelawak Indonesia , meninggal dunia pada usia 34 tahun. Departemen Kehakiman Amerika Serikat menutup situs berbagi berkas Megaupload karena melakukan pelanggaran hak cipta . Prastawa énggal liyané... sunting Dina kiye nang sejarah (10 Januari) 17 Januari: Hari Nasional di Minorca(1287) Whitney Houston , penyanyi dan aktris asal Amerika Serikat meninggal dunia pada usia 48 tahun. Mohammed Waheed Hassan diambil sumpahnya sebagai Presiden Maladewa setelah Mohamed Nasheed mundur dari jabatannya. HIM Damsyik , penari dan aktor Indonesia, meninggal dunia pada usia 82 tahun. Lebih dari 70 orang tewas dalam kerusuhan pada pertandingan sepak bola di Port Said , Mesir . Ade Namnung , pelawak Indonesia , meninggal dunia pada usia 34 tahun. Departemen Kehakiman Amerika Serikat menutup situs berbagi berkas Megaupload karena melakukan pelanggaran hak cipta . Prastawa énggal liyané... sunting 17 Januari: Hari Nasional di Minorca(1287) Basa Indonesia Aceh Banjar Bugis Jawa Melayu Tetun Sunda Wikipedia basa Banyumasan dimulai taun 2006 lan sekiye uwis nduweni 13.940 artikel. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Career Toggle Career subsection 2.1 Early career 2.2 The Andy Griffith Show 2.3 Post-Mayberry film career 2.4 Three's Company 2.5 Later years 2.1 Early career 2.2 The Andy Griffith Show 2.3 Post-Mayberry film career 2.4 Three's Company 2.5 Later years 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Filmography Toggle Filmography subsection 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 6 Bibliography 7 Awards 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Don Knotts Afrikaans العربية Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Bikol Central Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Jawa Kiswahili Kurdî Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Vèneto Volapük Winaray Zazaki 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Don Knotts Knotts in 1966 Born Jesse Donald Knotts ( 1924-07-21 ) July 21, 1924 [ 1 ] : 5 Morgantown, West Virginia , U.S. Died February 24, 2006 (2006-02-24) (aged 81) Los Angeles, California, U.S. Resting place Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery , Los Angeles, California, U.S. Alma mater West Virginia University Occupations .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Actor comedian Actor comedian Years active 1941–2006 Spouses .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Kathryn Metz ( m. 1947; div. 1964) Loralee Czuchna ( m. 1974; div. 1983) Frances Yarborough ( m. 2002) .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Kathryn Metz ( m. 1947; div. 1964) Loralee Czuchna ( m. 1974; div. 1983) Frances Yarborough ( m. 2002) Children 2, including Karen Knotts Relatives Ron Howard (cousin) [ 2 ] Jesse Donald Knotts (July 21, 1924 – February 24, 2006) was an American actor and comedian. He is widely known for his role as Deputy Sheriff Barney Fife on the 1960s sitcom The Andy Griffith Show , for which he earned five Emmy Awards . [ 1 ] : 18 He also played Ralph Furley on the sitcom Three's Company from 1979 to 1984. He starred in multiple comedic films, including leading roles in The Incredible Mr. Limpet (1964) and The Ghost and Mr. Chicken (1966). In 2004, TV Guide ranked him number 27 on its "50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time" list. [ 3 ] Knotts was born in West Virginia , the youngest of four children. In the 1940s, before earning a college degree, he served in the United States Army and in World War II . While enlisted, he chose to become a ventriloquist and comedian as part of a G.I. variety show, Stars and Gripes . After the army, he got his first major break on television on the soap opera Search for Tomorrow , where he appeared from 1953 to 1955. He gained wide recognition as part of the repertory company on Steve Allen 's variety show, where he played the "extremely nervous man" in Allen's mock "Man in the Street" interviews. In 1958, Knotts made his film debut in the adapted version of No Time for Sergeants . Knotts was cast as deputy Barney Fife on television's The Andy Griffith Show , which ran from 1960 to 1968. He reprised the character on other shows, such as The Joey Bishop Show and Return to Mayberry . Knotts won five Emmy Awards for Best Supporting Actor in a Television Comedy . Early life Knotts was born in Morgantown, West Virginia , the youngest of four sons of farmer William Jesse Knotts and his wife Elsie Luzetta Knotts (née Moore), who were married in Spraggs, Pennsylvania . His English paternal ancestors emigrated to America in the 17th century, originally settling in Queen Anne's County, Maryland . His brothers were named Willis, William and Ralph (who was called "Sid"). [ 4 ] Knotts's mother was 40 years old at his birth. His father, who had schizophrenia and battled alcoholism, sometimes terrorized him with a knife, causing him to turn inwards at an early age. His father died of pneumonia when Knotts was 13. He and his brothers were subsequently raised by their mother, who ran a boarding house in Morgantown. She died in 1969 at age 84. Her son William preceded her in death in 1941 at age 31. They are buried in the family plot at Beverly Hills Memorial Park in Morgantown. [ 4 ] Knotts graduated from Morgantown High School . After enlisting in the United States Army and serving in World War II , [ 5 ] he earned a bachelor's degree in education with a minor in speech from West Virginia University in Morgantown, graduating in 1948. [ 6 ] He was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity at WVU. [ 7 ] Career Early career Before he entered high school, Knotts began performing as a ventriloquist and comedian at various church and school functions. [ 1 ] : 5 After high school, he traveled to New York City to try to make his way as a comedian, but when his career failed to take off, he returned home to attend West Virginia University. After his freshman year, he joined the U.S. Army and spent most of his service entertaining troops. [ 5 ] He toured the western Pacific Islands as a comedian, in a G.I. variety show called Stars and Gripes . [ 8 ] His ventriloquist act included a dummy named Danny that Knotts grew to hate and eventually threw overboard, according to friend and castmate Al Checco . [ 1 ] : 7 Knotts served in the army from June 21, 1943, to January 6, 1946, in the Army's 6817th Special Services Battalion . [ 9 ] He was discharged at the rank of Technician Grade 5 , equivalent at the time to corporal . [ 9 ] During his service, he was awarded the World War II Victory Medal , the Philippine Liberation Medal , the Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal (with four bronze service stars ), the American Campaign Medal , the Army Good Conduct Medal , the Army Marksman Badge (with an M1 Carbine ) and the Honorable Service Lapel Pin . [ 1 ] : 18 [ 9 ] After being demobilized, Knotts returned to West Virginia University and graduated in 1948. He married Kay Metz and moved back to New York, where connections that he had made in the Special Services Branch helped him to break into show business. In addition to doing stand-up comedy at clubs, he appeared on radio, eventually playing the wisecracking, know-it-all character "Windy Wales" on a radio Western called Bobby Benson and the B-Bar-B Riders . [ 10 ] Knotts got his first break on television on the soap opera Search for Tomorrow , where he appeared from 1953 to 1955. He came to fame in 1956 on Steve Allen 's variety show as part of Allen's repertory company, most notably in Allen's mock "Man in the Street" interviews, always playing an extremely nervous man. He remained with Allen through the 1959–1960 season. From October 20, 1955, through September 14, 1957, he appeared with Andy Griffith in the Broadway stage version of No Time for Sergeants , in which he played two roles, listed in the Playbill as a Corporal Manual Dexterity and a Preacher. [ 11 ] In 1958, he made his movie debut with Griffith in the film version of No Time for Sergeants , in which he reprised his Broadway role, playing a high-strung Air Force test administrator whose routine is disrupted by the hijinks of a provincial new recruit. [ 12 ] The Andy Griffith Show In 1960, Andy Griffith was offered the opportunity to headline his own sitcom, The Andy Griffith Show (1960–1968). Knotts took the role of Barney Fife , the deputy—and originally cousin—of Sheriff Andy Taylor (portrayed by Griffith). Knotts's portrayal of the deputy on the popular show earned for him five Emmy Awards for Best Supporting Actor in a Television Comedy . [ 13 ] A summary of the show from the website of the Museum of Broadcast Communications describes Deputy Barney Fife: Self-important, romantic, and nearly always wrong, Barney dreamed of the day he could use the one bullet Andy had issued to him, though he did fire his gun on a few occasions. He always fired his pistol accidentally while still in his holster or in the ceiling of the courthouse, at which point he would sadly hand his pistol to Andy. This is why Barney kept one very shiny bullet in his shirt pocket. In episode #196, Andy gave Barney more bullets so that he would have a loaded gun to go after a bad guy that Barney unintentionally helped escape. While Barney was forever frustrated that Mayberry was too small for the delusional ideas he had of himself, viewers got the sense that he couldn't have survived anywhere else. Don Knotts played the comic and pathetic sides of the character with equal aplomb and he received three Emmy Awards during the show's first five seasons. [ 14 ] Self-important, romantic, and nearly always wrong, Barney dreamed of the day he could use the one bullet Andy had issued to him, though he did fire his gun on a few occasions. He always fired his pistol accidentally while still in his holster or in the ceiling of the courthouse, at which point he would sadly hand his pistol to Andy. This is why Barney kept one very shiny bullet in his shirt pocket. In episode #196, Andy gave Barney more bullets so that he would have a loaded gun to go after a bad guy that Barney unintentionally helped escape. While Barney was forever frustrated that Mayberry was too small for the delusional ideas he had of himself, viewers got the sense that he couldn't have survived anywhere else. Don Knotts played the comic and pathetic sides of the character with equal aplomb and he received three Emmy Awards during the show's first five seasons. [ 14 ] When the show first aired, Griffith was intended to be the comedic lead with Knotts as his straight man , similar to their roles in No Time for Sergeants . However, it was quickly discovered that the show was funnier with the roles reversed. As Griffith maintained in several interviews, "By the second episode, I knew that Don should be funny, and I should play straight." [ 15 ] Knotts believed remarks by Griffith that The Andy Griffith Show would end after five seasons, and he began to look for other work, signing a five-film contract with Universal Studios . In his autobiography, Knotts admitted that he had not yet signed the contract when Griffith announced his decision to continue the series; but he had made up his mind to move on, believing that he would not get the chance again. Knotts left the series in 1965. His character's absence on the show was explained by Deputy Fife having finally made the "big time", joining the Raleigh , North Carolina, police force. [ 16 ] Post-Mayberry film career Knotts went on to star in a series of film comedies that drew on his high-strung persona from the television series. He had a cameo appearance in United Artists ' It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), and starred in Warner Bros. ' The Incredible Mr. Limpet (1964). Knotts began his Universal five-film contract with The Ghost and Mr. Chicken (1966), followed by The Reluctant Astronaut (1967), The Shakiest Gun in the West (1968), The Love God? (1969) and How to Frame a Figg (1971). [ 1 ] : 11 Knotts reprised his role as Barney Fife several times in the 1960s. He made five guest appearances on The Andy Griffith Show (earning another two Emmy Awards), and he appeared once on the spin-off Mayberry R.F.D. , in which he was present as best man for the marriage of Andy Taylor and his longtime love, Helen Crump . [ 17 ] He continued to work steadily, although he did not appear as a regular on any successful television series until 1979, when he took the part of landlord Ralph Furley on Three's Company . [ 18 ] In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Knotts served as the spokesman for Dodge trucks and was featured prominently in a series of print ads and dealer brochures. On television, he hosted a variety show/sitcom hybrid on NBC , The Don Knotts Show , which aired on Tuesdays during autumn 1970, but the series was low-rated and short-lived, and Knotts was uncomfortable with the variety show format. [ 1 ] : 12 He also made frequent guest appearances on other shows, such as The Bill Cosby Show and Here's Lucy . In 1970, he appeared as a Barney Fife-like police officer in the pilot of The New Andy Griffith Show . In 1972, Knotts voiced an animated version of himself in two episodes of The New Scooby Doo Movies : "The Spooky Fog of Juneberry", in which he played a lawman resembling Barney Fife, and "Guess Who's Knott Coming to Dinner". He appeared as Felix Unger in a stage version of Neil Simon 's The Odd Couple , with Art Carney as Oscar Madison, and toured in the Neil Simon comedy Last of the Red Hot Lovers . [ 1 ] : 13 Beginning in 1975, Knotts was teamed with Tim Conway in a series of slapstick films aimed at children, including the Disney film The Apple Dumpling Gang (1975) and its sequel, The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again (1979). They also did two independent films, the boxing comedy The Prize Fighter (1979) and the mystery-comedy The Private Eyes (1980). Knotts co-starred in several other Disney films, including Gus (1976), No Deposit, No Return (1976), Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo (1977), and Hot Lead and Cold Feet (1978). Three's Company In 1979, Knotts returned to series television as the wacky but lovable landlord Ralph Furley on Three's Company . [ 1 ] : 13 The series, which was already an established hit, added Knotts to the cast when the original landlords, Stanley and Helen Roper (a married couple played by Norman Fell and Audra Lindley , respectively), left to star in their own short-lived spin-off series The Ropers . On the set, Knotts easily integrated himself into the already established cast, who were, as John Ritter put it, "so scared" of Knotts because of his star status. When Suzanne Somers left the show after a contract dispute in 1981, the writers started giving the material meant for Somers's Chrissy to Knotts's Furley. [ citation needed ] Knotts remained on the series until it ended in 1984. The Three's Company script supervisor Carol Summers became Knotts's agent and often accompanied him to personal appearances. [ citation needed ] Later years In 1986, Knotts reunited with Andy Griffith in the made-for-television film Return to Mayberry , reprising his Barney Fife role. [ 1 ] : 161 In early 1987, he joined the cast of the first-run syndicated comedy What a Country! , as Principal Bud McPherson, for its remaining 13 episodes. It was produced by Martin Rips and Joseph Staretski, who had previously worked on Three's Company . [ citation needed ] From 1988 until 1992, Knotts joined Andy Griffith on Matlock in the recurring role of pesky neighbor Les Calhoun. [ 1 ] : 169 His roles became more sporadic, including a cameo appearance in the film Big Bully (1996) as the high school principal. In 1998, he had a small but pivotal role as a mysterious TV repairman in Pleasantville . [ 1 ] : 15 That year, his hometown of Morgantown, West Virginia, changed the name of the street formerly known as South University Avenue ( U.S. Route 119 ) to Don Knotts Boulevard on "Don Knotts Day". [ 1 ] : 18-19 Also on that day, in honor of Knotts's role as Barney Fife, he was named an honorary deputy sheriff with the Monongalia County Sheriff's Department. Knotts was recognized in 2000 with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . [ 1 ] : 15 He continued to act on stage, but much of his film and television work after 2000 was as voice talent. In 2002, he appeared again with Scooby-Doo in the video game Scooby-Doo! Night of 100 Frights . He also spoofed his appearances on that show in various promotions for Cartoon Network , and in a parody on Robot Chicken , on which he was teamed with Phyllis Diller . In 2003, he teamed up again with Tim Conway to provide voices for the direct-to-video children's series Hermie and Friends , which continued until his death. In 2005, he was the voice of Mayor Turkey Lurkey in Chicken Little (2005), his first Disney movie since 1979. On September 12, 2003, he was in Kansas City , in a stage version of On Golden Pond , when he received a call from John Ritter's family telling him that his former Three's Company co-star had died that day of an aortic dissection . [ citation needed ] He and his co-stars attended the funeral four days later. Knotts had appeared with Ritter for the last time in 2003 in a cameo on 8 Simple Rules... for Dating My Teenage Daughter , in an episode that paid homage to their previous television series. Knotts was the last Three's Company star to work with Ritter. [ citation needed ] During this period of time, macular degeneration in both eyes caused the otherwise robust Knotts to become virtually blind. [ citation needed ] His live appearances on television were few. In 2005, he parodied his Ralph Furley character while playing a Paul Young variation in a Desperate Housewives sketch on The 3rd Annual TV Land Awards . He parodied that part one final time in "Stone Cold Crazy", an episode of the sitcom That '70s Show , in which he played the landlord. It was his last live-action television appearance. [ citation needed ] His final role was in Air Buddies (2006), a direct-to-video sequel to Air Bud , voicing the sheriff's deputy dog Sniffer. [ citation needed ] Personal life Knotts's friend Al Checco said, "Don was somewhat of a ladies' man. He fancied himself something of a Frank Sinatra . The ladies loved him and he dated quite a bit." [ 1 ] : 11 Knotts was married three times. His marriage to Kathryn Metz lasted from 1947 until their divorce in 1964. They had a son, Thomas Knotts, and a daughter, actress Karen Knotts (born April 2, 1954). After they divorced, Knotts raised his daughter as a single parent. [ 1 ] : 11-12 He married Loralee Czuchna in 1974; they divorced in 1983. His third marriage was to Frances Yarborough, from 2002 until his death in 2006. [ citation needed ] Knotts struggled with hypochondria and macular degeneration. [ 8 ] [ 19 ] Betty Lynn , one of his co-stars on The Andy Griffith Show , described him as a "very quiet man. Very sweet. Nothing like Barney Fife." [ 20 ] TV writer Mark Evanier called him "the most beloved person in all of show business". [ 21 ] In February 2025, Knotts' co-star Ron Howard revealed that he had recently learned that the two were distant cousins but neither had known during Knotts' lifetime. [ 2 ] Death Knotts died at age 81 on February 24, 2006, at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles from pulmonary and respiratory complications of pneumonia related to lung cancer . [ 22 ] He underwent treatment at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in the months before his death but returned home after reportedly feeling better. He was buried at Westwood Memorial Park in Los Angeles. Knotts's obituaries cited him as a major influence on other entertainers. In early 2011, his grave's plain granite headstone was replaced with a bronze plaque depicting several of his movie and television roles. A statue honoring him, created by Jamie Lester , was unveiled on July 23, 2016, in front of The Metropolitan Theatre on High Street in his hometown of Morgantown, West Virginia. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Filmography The following are Don Knotts's acting credits. [ 25 ] Film Year Title Role Notes 1958 No Time for Sergeants Corporal John C. Brown 1960 Wake Me When It's Over Sergeant Percy Warren 1961 The Last Time I Saw Archie Captain Harry Little 1963 It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World Nervous Motorist 1963 Move Over, Darling Shoe Clerk 1964 The Incredible Mr. Limpet Henry Limpet 1966 The Ghost and Mr. Chicken Luther Heggs 1967 The Reluctant Astronaut Roy Fleming 1968 The Shakiest Gun in the West Jesse W. Heywood 1969 The Love God? Abner Audubon Peacock IV 1971 How to Frame a Figg Hollis Alexander Figg also Writer 1975 The Apple Dumpling Gang Theodore Ogelvie 1976 No Deposit, No Return Bert Delaney 1976 Gus Coach Venner 1977 Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo Wheely Applegate 1978 Hot Lead and Cold Feet Sheriff Denver Kid 1978 Mule Feathers Narrator, The Mule (voices) 1979 The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again Theodore Ogelvie 1979 The Prize Fighter Shake 1980 The Private Eyes Inspector Winship 1984 Cannonball Run II CHP Officer #2 1987 Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night Gee Willikers (voice) 1991 Timmy's Gift: A Precious Moments Christmas Titus (voice) Short Film 1996 Big Bully Principal Kokelar 1997 Cats Don't Dance T.W. Turtle (voice) 1998 Pleasantville TV Repairman 1999 Tom Sawyer Mutt Potter (Voice Role) Direct-to-Video 2004 Hermie & Friends: Flo the Lyin' Fly Wormie (voice) Short Film 2004 Hermie & Friends: Webster the Scaredy Spider Wormie (voice) Short Film 2005 Hermie & Friends: Buzby, the Misbehaving Bee Wormie (voice) Short Film 2005 Hermie & Friends: A Fruitcake Christmas Wormie (voice) Direct-to-Video 2005 Chicken Little Mayor Turkey Lurkey (voice) 2006 Hermie & Friends: Stanely the Stinkbug Goes to Camp Wormie (voice) Direct-to-Video 2006 Hermie & Friends: To Share or Nut to Share Wormie (voice) 2006 Air Buddies Sniffer (voice) Direct-to-Video Television Year Title Role Notes 1953–1955 Search for Tomorrow Wilbur Peterson Series regular 1957–1960 The Steve Allen Plymouth Show Himself (Guest) Series regular (108 episodes) 1958 The Bob Cummings Show Flash Grushkin Episode: "Bob and Schultzy at Sea" 1958 I've Got a Secret Himself (Guest) Episode: "09.03.1958" 1960 The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis Esmond Metzger Episode: "Rock-A-Bye Dobie" 1960–1968 The Andy Griffith Show Barney Fife Series regular (162 episodes) 1961–1965 The Red Skelton Show Commodore of Lagoons / Horaces Horatio / Mr Pallid / Herbie 4 episodes 1962–1964 The Garry Moore Show Himself (Guest) 4 episodes 1963 The Jerry Lewis Show Himself (Guest) Episode: "#1.7" 1963–1967 The Andy Williams Show Himself (Guest) 2 episodes 1964 The Joey Bishop Show Barney Fife Episode: "Joey's Hideaway Cabin" 1964 The Red Skelton Show Himself / "Steady Fingers" Ferguson Episode: "How Are Things in Glocca Moron?" 1964–1970 The Hollywood Palace Himself (Host) 4 episodes 1964–1974 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson Himself (Guest) 5 episodes 1966 McHale's Navy Lieutenant Pratt Episode: "Little Red Riding Doctor" 1966 American Bandstand Himself Episode: "#9.30" 1967 Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre Curly Kid Episode: "The Reason Nobody Hardly Ever Seen a Fat Outlaw in the Old West Is as Follows" 1967 The Don Knotts Special Himself (Host / Presenter) TV special 1968 Mayberry R.F.D. Barney Fife Episode: "Andy and Helen Get Married" 1968 The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour Himself (Guest) Episode: "#2.22" 1969 The Andy Williams Show Himself (Guest) Episode: "#1.5" 1970 The Bill Cosby Show Leo Swann Episode: "Swann's Way" 1970 The Ray Stevens Show Himself Episode: "#1.2" 1970–1971 The Don Knotts Show Himself (Host) Series regular (22 episodes) 1970–1975 The Bob Hope Show Himself (Guest) 2 episodes 1971 The New Andy Griffith Show Barney Fife Episode: "My Friend, the Mayor" 1972 The New Scooby-Doo Movies Don Knotts / Homer Pipsqueak (voice) 2 episodes 1972 The Man Who Came to Dinner Dr. Bradley TV movie 1972 The Dick Cavett Show Himself (Guest) Episode: "05.26.1972" 1972–1973 The New Bill Cosby Show Himself 2 episodes 1972–1974 The Merv Griffin Show Himself (Guest) 2 episodes 1973 Here's Lucy Ben Fletcher Episode: "Lucy Goes on Her Last Blind Date" 1973 I Love a Mystery Alexander Archer TV movie 1974 Wait Till Your Father Gets Home Charlie "Bumbles" Johnson (voice) Episode: "Don Knotts, the Beekeeper" 1974 The Girl with Something Extra Lionel Episode: "The Not-So-Good Samaritan" 1974–1977 Hollywood Squares Himself (Panelist) 4 episodes 1975 Harry and Maggie Harry Kellog TV movie 1975 Laugh Back Various Characters Series regular 1975–1976 Dinah! Himself (Guest) 5 episodes 1976 Dean Martin Celebrity Roast: Danny Thomas Himself TV special 1976–1977 The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour Himself / Various Characters 5 episodes 1976–1977 Donny & Marie Himself (Guest) 2 episodes 1977 The Muppet Show Himself (Special Guest Star) Episode: "Don Knotts" 1978–1979 Fantasy Island Felix Birdsong / Stanley Scheckter 2 episodes 1979 The Muppets Go Hollywood Himself TV special 1979–1984 Three's Company Ralph Furley Series regular (115 episodes) 1979–1987 The Love Boat Himself / Herb Groebecker 2 episodes 1980 The Tim Conway Show Himself (Guest) 2 episodes 1985 Inspector Gadget Male M.A.D. Agent (voice) Episode: "Ghost Catchers" 1985 George Burns Comedy Week Himself Episode: "Disaster at Buzz Creek" 1986 Return to Mayberry Barney Fife TV movie 1987 What a Country! F. Jerry "Bud" McPherson Recurring role (11 episodes) 1987 The Little Troll Prince Professor Nidaros (voice) TV movie 1988 She's the Sheriff Moe Episode: "Hair" 1988–1992 Matlock Les Calhoun Recurring role (17 episodes) 1990 Newhart Iron Episode: "Seein' Double" 1992 Fish Police Mr. Lichen (voice) Episode: "The Two Girls" 1993 Garfield and Friends Additional voices 2 episodes 1993 Step by Step Deputy Feif Episode: "Christmas Story" 1993 Andy Griffith Show Reunion Himself TV special 1993 Late Show with David Letterman Himself (Guest) Episode: "09.23.1993" 1994 Burke's Law Dr. Adkins Episode: "Who Killed Good Time Charlie?" 1998 E! True Hollywood Story Himself (Interviewee) Episode: "Three's Company" 1999 Jingle Bells Kris (Voice Role) TV movie 1999 Late Night with Conan O'Brien Himself (Guest) Episode: "Lennox Lewis / Dave Chappelle / Don Knotts" 1999–2002 Biography Himself (Interviewee) 3 episodes — "Ron Howard: Hollywood's Favorite Son" (1999) — "Don Knotts: Nervous Laughter" (2000) — "John Ritter: In Good Company" (2002) 2000 Quints Governor Healy TV movie 2002 The Griffin and the Minor Canon Messenger #1 TV movie 2003 Hermie: A Common Caterpillar Wormie (Voice Role) TV movie 2003 8 Simple Rules Himself Episode: "Come and Knock on Our Door" 2003 Odd Job Jack Dirk Douglas Episode: "American Wiener" 2003 The Andy Griffith Show Reunion: Back to Mayberry Himself / Barney Fife TV documentary 2003 Larry King Live Himself (Guest) Episode: "11.27.2003" 2004 Johnny Bravo Himself (voice) 2 episodes 2004 Hermie & Friends Wormie (voice) TV movie 2005 That '70s Show The Landlord Episode: "Stone Cold Crazy" 2005 Fatherhood Edwin Mazur / Mr. Mauzer 2 episodes 2005 Las Vegas Himself Episode: "Hit Me!" 2005 Robot Chicken Himself (voice) Episode: "Operation Rich in Spirit" Video games Year Title Role Notes 2002 Scooby-Doo: Night of 100 Frights Groundskeeper Voice Role Bibliography • ISBN 9781572972100 Barney Fife and Other Characters I Have Known [ 26 ] Awards The following are accolades and honors that Don Knotts received throughout his career. Association Nominated work Year Category Result Ref Emmy Awards (Primetime) The Andy Griffith Show 1961 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Won [ 27 ] 1962 Won 1963 Won 1966 Won 1967 Won Online Film & Television Association — .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} N/a 2007 TV Hall of Fame — Actors and Actresses Won [ 28 ] Walk of Fame — N/a 2000 Television — 7083 Hollywood, Blvd. (January 19, 2000) Won [ 29 ] References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Cox, Stephen; Marhanka, Kevin (2008). The Incredible Mr. Don Knotts . Cumberland House. ISBN 9781581826586 . ^ a b Wilt, Abigail (February 21, 2025). "Ron Howard Just Shared A Sweet Detail About His 'The Andy Griffith Show' Co-Star" . Southern Living . Retrieved April 2, 2025 . ^ TV Guide Guide to TV . Barnes and Noble. 2004. p. 596 . ISBN 0-7607-5634-1 . ^ a b de Visé, Daniel (2015). Andy and Don: The Making of a Friendship and a Classic American TV Show . New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 3– 7. ISBN 978-1-4767-4773-6 . ^ a b "Don Knotts—Marine Drill Instructor?" . Snopes.com . September 24, 2015 . Retrieved August 30, 2016 . ^ "Academy of Distinguished Alumni" . West Virginia University. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014 . Retrieved February 12, 2014 . ^ "Phi Sigma Kappa Fraternity" . University of Tennessee Knoxville . Retrieved April 16, 2022 . ^ a b "Biography of Don Knotts" . biography.com . Retrieved February 8, 2017 . ^ a b c T/5 Don Knotts - Military Timeline army.togetherweserved.com. Retrieved August 11, 2021. ^ "Don Knotts Obituary" . legacy.com . February 25, 2006 . Retrieved February 8, 2017 . ^ "No Time for Sergeants: Opening Night Cast" . Playbill . January 1956 . Retrieved July 22, 2020 . ^ "No Time For Sergeants (1958) -- (Movie Clip) Manual Dexterity" . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved April 16, 2022 . ^ Monush, Barry (2003). Screen World Presents the Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors: From the Silent Era to 1965 . Vol. 1. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 397. ISBN 1-55783-551-9 . ^ "Don Knotts." Archived May 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Museum of Broadcast Communications ^ Beck, Ken; Clark, Jim (2000). Mayberry Memories: The Andy Griffith Show Photo Album (40 ed.). Thomas Nelson Inc. p. 6. ISBN 1-55853-830-5 . ^ Beck, Ken; Clark, Jim (2000). The Andy Griffith Show Book (3 ed.). Macmillan. p. 129. ISBN 0-312-26287-6 . ^ Tribune, Elkin (October 18, 2021). "Betty Lynn, Mayberry's Thelma Lou, passes away" . The Elkin Tribune . Archived from the original on November 2, 2021 . Retrieved April 16, 2022 . ^ "Actor Norman Fell, landlord on 'Three's Company,' dies" . Deseret News . December 15, 1998 . Retrieved April 16, 2022 . ^ Collins, Scott (February 25, 2006). "Don Knotts, star of 'The Andy Griffith Show,' dead at 81" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 5, 2012 . Retrieved July 19, 2017 . ^ Eury, Michael (Summer 2018). "Meet Thelma Lou: An Interview with Betty Lynn". RetroFan . No. 1. TwoMorrows Publishing . p. 57. ^ "News From ME - Mark Evanier's blog" . www.newsfromme.com . ^ Scott Collins (July 3, 2012). "Don Knotts, star of 'The Andy Griffith Show,' dead at 81" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 14, 2022 . ^ "Don Knotts Statue Unveiled in Morgantown Knotts" . wvpublic.org . July 25, 2016. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020 . Retrieved February 8, 2017 . ^ Virginian, Cliff Nichols Times West (December 1, 1969). "Against the Odds" . Times West Virginian . Retrieved December 12, 2021 . ^ "Don Knotts" . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on December 5, 2011 . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ "Barney Fife and Other Characters I Have Known (9781572972100) by Knotts, Don; Metz, Ro..." www.bookfinder.com . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ "Don Knotts" . Television Academy . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ "Television Hall of Fame: Actors - Online Film & Television Association" . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . ^ Chad (October 25, 2019). "Don Knotts" . Hollywood Walk of Fame . Retrieved July 11, 2022 . Further reading de Vise, Daniel (2015). Andy and Don: The Making of a Friendship and a Classic TV Show . New York City: Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978-1-4767-4773-6 . "Emmy-winning comic actor Don Knotts dies at 81" . Reuters . February 25, 2006. Archived from the original on June 20, 2005. Estrada, Louie (February 25, 2006). "Don Knotts, TV's Barney Fife, Dies" . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 1, 2010 . "Don Knotts, Actor Known As Shaky Deputy, Dies at 81" . The New York Times . February 26, 2006. Heffernan, Virginia (February 27, 2006). "Don Knotts, Ever Proud to Be a Bumbler" . The New York Times . Retrieved May 1, 2010 . Klin, Richard. "Fife and Drum". Flagpole , 2006. External links Biography portal Don Knotts at IMDb Don Knotts at the TCM Movie Database Don Knotts at the Internet Broadway Database Don Knotts at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series v t e 1954–1975 Art Carney (1954) Art Carney (1955) Art Carney (1956) Carl Reiner (1957) Carl Reiner (1958) Tom Poston (1959) Don Knotts (1961) Don Knotts (1962) Don Knotts (1963) Don Knotts (1966) Don Knotts (1967) Werner Klemperer (1968) Werner Klemperer (1969) Michael Constantine (1970) Ed Asner (1971) Ed Asner (1972) Ted Knight (1973) Rob Reiner (1974) Ed Asner (1975) Art Carney (1954) Art Carney (1955) Art Carney (1956) Carl Reiner (1957) Carl Reiner (1958) Tom Poston (1959) Don Knotts (1961) Don Knotts (1962) Don Knotts (1963) Don Knotts (1966) Don Knotts (1967) Werner Klemperer (1968) Werner Klemperer (1969) Michael Constantine (1970) Ed Asner (1971) Ed Asner (1972) Ted Knight (1973) Rob Reiner (1974) Ed Asner (1975) 1976–2000 Ted Knight (1976) Gary Burghoff (1977) Rob Reiner (1978) Robert Guillaume (1979) Harry Morgan (1980) Danny DeVito (1981) Christopher Lloyd (1982) Christopher Lloyd (1983) Pat Harrington Jr. (1984) John Larroquette (1985) John Larroquette (1986) John Larroquette (1987) John Larroquette (1988) Woody Harrelson (1989) Alex Rocco (1990) Jonathan Winters (1991) Michael Jeter (1992) Michael Richards (1993) Michael Richards (1994) David Hyde Pierce (1995) Rip Torn (1996) Michael Richards (1997) David Hyde Pierce (1998) David Hyde Pierce (1999) Sean Hayes (2000) Ted Knight (1976) Gary Burghoff (1977) Rob Reiner (1978) Robert Guillaume (1979) Harry Morgan (1980) Danny DeVito (1981) Christopher Lloyd (1982) Christopher Lloyd (1983) Pat Harrington Jr. (1984) John Larroquette (1985) John Larroquette (1986) John Larroquette (1987) John Larroquette (1988) Woody Harrelson (1989) Alex Rocco (1990) Jonathan Winters (1991) Michael Jeter (1992) Michael Richards (1993) Michael Richards (1994) David Hyde Pierce (1995) Rip Torn (1996) Michael Richards (1997) David Hyde Pierce (1998) David Hyde Pierce (1999) Sean Hayes (2000) 2001–present Peter MacNicol (2001) Brad Garrett (2002) Brad Garrett (2003) David Hyde Pierce (2004) Brad Garrett (2005) Jeremy Piven (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Jeremy Piven (2008) Jon Cryer (2009) Eric Stonestreet (2010) Ty Burrell (2011) Eric Stonestreet (2012) Tony Hale (2013) Ty Burrell (2014) Tony Hale (2015) Louie Anderson (2016) Alec Baldwin (2017) Henry Winkler (2018) Tony Shalhoub (2019) Dan Levy (2020) Brett Goldstein (2021) Brett Goldstein (2022) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2023) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2024) Jeff Hiller (2025) Peter MacNicol (2001) Brad Garrett (2002) Brad Garrett (2003) David Hyde Pierce (2004) Brad Garrett (2005) Jeremy Piven (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Jeremy Piven (2008) Jon Cryer (2009) Eric Stonestreet (2010) Ty Burrell (2011) Eric Stonestreet (2012) Tony Hale (2013) Ty Burrell (2014) Tony Hale (2015) Louie Anderson (2016) Alec Baldwin (2017) Henry Winkler (2018) Tony Shalhoub (2019) Dan Levy (2020) Brett Goldstein (2021) Brett Goldstein (2022) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2023) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2024) Jeff Hiller (2025) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Spain Netherlands Poland Israel United States France BnF data Spain Netherlands Poland Israel Artists MusicBrainz Emmy Awards MusicBrainz Emmy Awards People Deutsche Biographie Deutsche Biographie Other NARA SNAC Yale LUX NARA SNAC Yale LUX 1924 births 2006 deaths 20th-century American comedians 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American comedians 21st-century American male actors American male comedians American male film actors American male soap opera actors American male television actors American male voice actors United States Army personnel of World War II American people of English descent Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery Deaths from lung cancer in California Deaths from pneumonia in California Male actors from West Virginia Military personnel from Morgantown, West Virginia Morgantown High School alumni Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Morgantown, West Virginia United States Army soldiers American ventriloquists West Virginia University alumni Comedians from West Virginia Actors from Monongalia County, West Virginia Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from July 2023 Use American English from July 2023 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024 Commons category link is on Wikidata TCMDb name template using 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Etymology and meaning 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Prophetic era 2.2 Compilation and preservation 2.1 Prophetic era 2.2 Compilation and preservation 3 Academic research 4 Contents Toggle Contents subsection 4.1 Creation and God 4.2 Prophetic stories 4.3 Ethico-religious concepts 4.4 As a source of law and judgment 4.5 Eschatology 4.1 Creation and God 4.2 Prophetic stories 4.3 Ethico-religious concepts 4.4 As a source of law and judgment 4.5 Eschatology 5 Text and arrangement Toggle Text and arrangement subsection 5.1 Literary style 5.1.1 Inimitability 5.1 Literary style 5.1.1 Inimitability 5.1.1 Inimitability 6 Significance in Islam Toggle Significance in Islam subsection 6.1 In worship 6.2 In Islamic art 6.1 In worship 6.2 In Islamic art 7 Interpretation Toggle Interpretation subsection 7.1 Exoteric and Esoteric interpretations ( ta'wil ) 7.1 Exoteric and Esoteric interpretations ( ta'wil ) 8 Translations 9 Recitation Toggle Recitation subsection 9.1 Rules of recitation 9.2 Variant readings 9.1 Rules of recitation 9.2 Variant readings 10 Writing and printing Toggle Writing and printing subsection 10.1 Writing 10.2 Printing 10.1 Writing 10.2 Printing 11 Criticism 12 Relationship with other literature Toggle Relationship with other literature subsection 12.1 Relationship with The Bible 12.2 Relationship with Arab writing 12.1 Relationship with The Bible 12.2 Relationship with Arab writing 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References Toggle References subsection 15.1 Citations 15.2 Sources 15.1 Citations 15.2 Sources 16 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 16.1 Introductory texts 16.2 Traditional Quranic commentaries (tafsir) 16.3 Topical studies 16.4 Literary criticism 16.5 Encyclopedias 16.6 Academic journals 16.1 Introductory texts 16.2 Traditional Quranic commentaries (tafsir) 16.3 Topical studies 16.4 Literary criticism 16.5 Encyclopedias 16.6 Academic journals 17 External links Toggle External links subsection 17.1 Reference material 17.2 Manuscripts 17.3 Quran browsers and translation 17.1 Reference material 17.2 Manuscripts 17.3 Quran browsers and translation Quran Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ अंगिका Ænglisc العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай گیلکی ગુજરાતી 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladin Лакку Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Li Niha Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् سرائیکی Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Võro Walon 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Bajau Sama Betawi Batak Mandailing Ghanaian Pidgin Jaku Iban Kumoring Moore Nupe ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Quran .mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New",Lateef,LateefGR,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Microsoft Uighur","Noto Sans Arabic","Arabic Typesetting",Amiri,"Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","SF Arabic","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Parastoo,Calibri,"Segoe UI","Microsoft Sans Serif","Droid Arabic Naskh",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal} الْقُرْآن al-Qurʾān Two folios of the Birmingham Quran manuscript , an early manuscript written in Hijazi script on parchment carbon-dated to c. 568–645 , overlapping Muhammad 's lifetime Information Religion Islam Language Classical Arabic Period 610–632 CE Chapters 114 ( list ) See sūrah Verses 6,348 (including the basmala ) 6,236 (excluding the basmala ) See Āyah Full text Quran at Arabic Wikisource Quran at English Wikisource Quran History Waḥy First revelation Asbab al-Nuzul Historicity Manuscripts Samarkand Kufic Quran Sanaa manuscript Topkapi manuscript Birmingham manuscript Codex Mashhad Waḥy First revelation Asbab al-Nuzul First revelation Asbab al-Nuzul Historicity Samarkand Kufic Quran Sanaa manuscript Topkapi manuscript Birmingham manuscript Codex Mashhad Divisions Surah List Meccan Medinan Āyah Juz' Muqatta'at Al-Fatiha Al-Musabbihat Al-Mu'awwidhatayn Surah List Meccan Medinan List Meccan Medinan Āyah Juz' Muqatta'at Al-Fatiha Al-Musabbihat Al-Mu'awwidhatayn Content Quranic counter-discourse Self-referential discourse of the Quran Quranic cosmology Punishment narratives in the Quran Prophets No compulsion Women Animals Legends Miracles Parables Science Eschatology God Quranic counter-discourse Self-referential discourse of the Quran Quranic cosmology Punishment narratives in the Quran Prophets No compulsion Women Animals Legends Miracles Parables Science Eschatology God Reading Qāriʾ Hifz Tajwid Tarteel Ahruf Qira'at Qāriʾ Hifz Tajwid Tarteel Ahruf Qira'at Translations List Ahmadiyya Bengali English Hebrew List Ahmadiyya Bengali English Hebrew Ahmadiyya Bengali English Hebrew Exegesis List Hermeneutics Esotericism Abrogation Biblical parallels Related persons Mentioned by name List Hermeneutics Esotericism Abrogation Biblical parallels Related persons Mentioned by name Mentioned by name Characteristics I'jaz Inerrancy I'jaz Inerrancy Related Criticism Attempted imitations Quran and Sunnah Quranism Shi’a view Criticism Attempted imitations Quran and Sunnah Quranism Shi’a view Category Islam portal Category Islam portal 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The Quran [ a ] ( Arabic : الْقُرْآن , [ b ] [ c ] lit. ' the recitation ' or ' the lecture ' ), also romanized Qur'an or Koran , [ d ] is the central religious text of Islam , believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God ( Allāh ). It is organized in 114 chapters ( sūrah , pl. suwar ) which consist of individual verses ( āyah ). Besides its religious significance, the Qur'an is considered one of the finest works of classical Arabic literature, [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] and it has had a significant impact on the modern Arabic language . Muslims believe the Quran was orally revealed by God to the final Islamic prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel incrementally over a period of some 23 years, beginning on the Laylat al-Qadr , when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death. Muslims regard the Quran as Muhammad's most important miracle , a proof of his prophethood , and the culmination of a series of divine messages starting with those revealed to the first Islamic prophet Adam , including the holy books of the Torah , Psalms , and Gospel in Islam. The Quran is believed by Muslims to be God's own divine speech providing a complete code of conduct across all facets of life. This has led Muslim theologians to fiercely debate whether the Quran was " created or uncreated ". According to tradition, several of Muhammad's companions served as scribes, recording the revelations. Shortly after Muhammad's death, the Quran was compiled on the order of the first caliph Abu Bakr ( r. 632–634 ) by the companions, who had written down or memorized parts of it. Caliph Uthman ( r. 644–656 ) established a standard version, now known as the Uthmanic codex , which is generally considered the archetype of the Quran known today. There are, however, variant readings , with some differences in meaning. It is the object of a modern field of academic research known as Quranic studies . The Quran assumes the reader's familiarity with major narratives recounted in the Biblical and apocryphal texts . It summarizes some, dwells at length on others and, in some cases, presents alternative accounts and interpretations of events. The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance for humankind ( 2:185 ). It sometimes offers detailed accounts of specific historical events, and it often emphasizes the moral significance of an event over its narrative sequence. Supplementing the Quran with explanations for some cryptic Quranic narratives, and rulings that also provide the basis for Islamic law in most denominations of Islam, are hadiths —oral and written traditions believed to describe words and actions of Muhammad. During prayers , the Quran is recited only in Arabic. Someone who has memorized the entire Quran is called a hafiz . Ideally, verses are recited with a special kind of prosody reserved for this purpose called tajwid . During the month of Ramadan, Muslims typically complete the recitation of the whole Quran during tarawih prayers. In order to extrapolate the meaning of a particular Quranic verse, Muslims rely on exegesis , or commentary rather than a direct translation of the text. Etymology and meaning The word qur'ān appears about 70 times in the Quran itself, [ 14 ] assuming various meanings. It is a verbal noun ( maṣdar ) of the Arabic verb qara'a ( قرأ ) meaning 'he read' or 'he recited'. The Syriac equivalent is qeryānā ( ܩܪܝܢܐ ), which refers to 'scripture reading' or 'lesson'. [ 15 ] While some Western scholars consider the word to be derived from the Syriac, the majority of Muslim authorities hold the origin of the word is qara'a itself. [ 16 ] Regardless, it had become an Arabic term by Muhammad's lifetime. [ 16 ] An important meaning of the word is the 'act of reciting', as reflected in an early Quranic passage: "It is for Us to collect it and to recite it ( qur'ānahu )." [ 17 ] In other verses, the word refers to 'an individual passage recited [by Muhammad]'. Its liturgical context is seen in a number of passages, for example: "So when al-qur'ān is recited, listen to it and keep silent." [ 18 ] The word may also assume the meaning of a codified scripture when mentioned with other scriptures such as the Torah and Gospel . [ 19 ] The term also has closely related synonyms that are employed throughout the Quran. Each synonym possesses its own distinct meaning, but its use may converge with that of qur'ān in certain contexts. Such terms include kitāb ('book'), āyah ('sign'), and sūrah ('scripture'); the latter two terms also denote units of revelation. In the large majority of contexts, usually with a definite article ( al- ), the word is referred to as the waḥy ('revelation'), that which has been "sent down" ( tanzīl ) at intervals. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Other related words include: dhikr ('remembrance'), used to refer to the Quran in the sense of a reminder and warning; and ḥikmah ('wisdom'), sometimes referring to the revelation or part of it. [ 16 ] [ e ] The Quran describes itself as 'the discernment' ( al-furqān ), 'the mother book' ( umm al-kitāb ), 'the guide' ( huda ), 'the wisdom' ( hikmah ), 'the remembrance' ( dhikr ), and 'the revelation' ( tanzīl ; 'something sent down', signifying the descent of an object from a higher place to lower place). [ 22 ] Another term is al-kitāb ('The Book'), though it is also used in the Arabic language for other scriptures, such as the Torah and the Gospels. The term mus'haf ('written work') is often used to refer to particular Quranic manuscripts but is also used in the Quran to identify earlier revealed books. [ 16 ] History Prophetic era Islamic tradition relates that Muhammad received his first revelation in 610 CE in the Cave of Hira on the Night of Power [ 23 ] during one of his isolated retreats to the mountains. Thereafter, he received revelations over a period of 23 years. According to hadith (traditions ascribed to Muhammad) [ 24 ] [ f ] and Muslim history , after Muhammad and his followers immigrated to Medina and formed an independent Muslim community, he ordered many of his companions to recite the Quran and to learn and teach the laws, which were revealed daily. It is related that some of the Quraysh who were taken prisoners at the Battle of Badr regained their freedom after they had taught some of the Muslims the simple writing of the time. Thus a group of Muslims gradually became literate . As it was initially spoken, the Quran was recorded on tablets, bones, and the wide, flat ends of date palm fronds. Most suras (also usually transliterated as Surah) were in use amongst early Muslims since they are mentioned in numerous sayings by both Sunni and Shia sources, relating Muhammad's use of the Quran as a call to Islam, the making of prayer and the manner of recitation. However, the Quran did not exist in book form at the time of Muhammad's death in 632 at age 61–62. [ 16 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] There is agreement among scholars that Muhammad himself did not write down the revelation. [ 30 ] Sahih al-Bukhari narrates Muhammad describing the revelations as, "Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell" and A'isha reported, "I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over)." [ g ] Muhammad's first revelation, according to the Quran, was accompanied with a vision. The agent of revelation is mentioned as the "one mighty in power," [ 32 ] the one who "grew clear to view when he was on the uppermost horizon. Then he drew nigh and came down till he was (distant) two bows' length or even nearer." [ 28 ] [ 33 ] The Islamic studies scholar Welch states in the Encyclopaedia of Islam that he believes the graphic descriptions of Muhammad's condition at these moments may be regarded as genuine, because he was severely disturbed after these revelations. According to Welch, these seizures would have been seen by those around him as convincing evidence for the superhuman origin of Muhammad's inspirations. However, Muhammad's critics accused him of being a possessed man, a soothsayer , or a magician since his experiences were similar to those claimed by such figures well known in ancient Arabia . Welch additionally states that it remains uncertain whether these experiences occurred before or after Muhammad's initial claim of prophethood. [ 34 ] The Quran describes Muhammad as " ummi ", [ 35 ] which is traditionally interpreted as 'illiterate', but the meaning is more complex. Medieval commentators such as al-Tabari ( d. 923 ) maintained that the term induced two meanings: first, the inability to read or write in general; second, the inexperience or ignorance of the previous books or scriptures (but they gave priority to the first meaning). Muhammad's illiteracy was taken as a sign of the genuineness of his prophethood. For example, according to Fakhr al-Din al-Razi , if Muhammad had mastered writing and reading he possibly would have been suspected of having studied the books of the ancestors. Some scholars such as W. Montgomery Watt prefer the second meaning of ummi —they take it to indicate unfamiliarity with earlier sacred texts. [ 28 ] [ 36 ] The final verse of the Quran was revealed on the 18th of the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the year 10 A.H. , a date that roughly corresponds to February or March 632. The verse was revealed after the Prophet finished delivering his sermon at Ghadir Khumm . According to Islamic tradition, the Quran was revealed to Muhammad in seven different ahruf (meaning letters; however, it could mean dialects, forms, styles or modes). [ 37 ] Most Islamic scholars agree that these different ahruf are the same Quran revealed in seven different Arabic dialects and that they do not change the meaning of the Quran, the purpose of which was to make the Quran easy for recitation and memorization among the different Arab tribes . [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] While Sunni Muslims believe in the seven ahruf , some Shia reject the idea of seven Quranic variants. [ 42 ] A common misconception is that the seven ahruf and the qira'at are the same. Compilation and preservation Following Muhammad's death in 632, a number of his companions who memorized the Quran were killed in the Battle of al-Yamama by Musaylima . The first caliph, Abu Bakr ( r. 632–634 ), subsequently decided to collect the book in one volume so that it could be preserved. [ 43 ] Zayd ibn Thabit ( d. 655 ) was the person to collect the Quran since "he used to write the Divine Inspiration for Allah's Apostle". [ 44 ] Thus, a group of scribes, most importantly Zayd, collected the verses and produced a hand-written manuscript of the complete book. The manuscript according to Zayd remained with Abu Bakr until he died. Zayd's reaction to the task and the difficulties in collecting the Quranic material from parchments, palm-leaf stalks, thin stones (collectively known as suhuf , any written work containing divine teachings) [ 45 ] and from men who knew it by heart is recorded in earlier narratives. In 644, Muhammad's widow Hafsa bint Umar was entrusted with the manuscript until the third caliph, Uthman ( r. 644–656 ), [ 44 ] requested the standard copy from her. [ 46 ] According to historian Michael Cook , early Muslim narratives about the collection and compilation of the Quran sometimes contradict themselves: "Most ... make Uthman little more than an editor, but there are some in which he appears very much a collector, appealing to people to bring him any bit of the Quran they happen to possess." Some accounts also "suggest that in fact the material" Abu Bakr worked with "had already been assembled", which since he was the first caliph, would mean they were collected when Muhammad was still alive. [ 47 ] Around the 650s, the Islamic expansion beyond the Arabian Peninsula and into Persia , the Levant and North Africa , as well as the use of the seven ahruf , had caused some confusion and differences in the pronunciation of the Quran, and conflict was arising between different Arab tribes due to some claiming to be more superior to other Arab tribes and non-Arabs based on dialect, which Uthman noticed. [ 38 ] [ 40 ] [ 39 ] [ 41 ] In order to preserve the sanctity of the text, he ordered a committee headed by Zayd to use Abu Bakr's copy and prepare a standard text of the Quran. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] Thus, within 20 years of Muhammad's death in 632, [ 50 ] the complete Quran was committed to written form as the Uthmanic codex . That text became the model from which copies were made and promulgated throughout the urban centers of the Muslim world, and other versions are believed to have been destroyed. [ 48 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] and the six other ahruf of the Quran fell out of use. [ 38 ] [ 40 ] [ 39 ] [ 41 ] The present form of the Quran text is accepted by Muslim scholars to be the original version compiled by Abu Bakr. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ h ] Qira'at which is a way and method of reciting the Quran was developed sometime afterwards. There are ten canonical recitations and they are not to be confused with ahruf. Shias recite the Quran according to the qira'at of Hafs on authority of ‘Asim , which is the prevalent qira'at in the Islamic world [ 56 ] and believe that the Quran was gathered and compiled by Muhammad during his lifetime. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] It is claimed that the Shia had more than 1,000 hadiths ascribed to the Shia Imams which indicate the distortion of the Quran [ 59 ] and according to Etan Kohlberg, this belief about Quran was common among Shiites in the early centuries of Islam. [ 60 ] In his view, Ibn Babawayh was the first major Twelver author "to adopt a position identical to that of the Sunnis " and the change was a result of the "rise to power of the Sunni ' Abbasid caliphate ," whence belief in the corruption of the Quran became untenable vis-a-vis the position of Sunni "orthodoxy". [ 61 ] Alleged distortions have been carried out to remove any references to the rights of Ali, the Imams and their supporters and the disapproval of enemies, such as Umayyads and Abbasids. [ 62 ] Other personal copies of the Quran might have existed including Ibn Mas'ud 's and Ubay ibn Ka'b 's codex, none of which exist today. [ 16 ] [ 48 ] [ 63 ] Academic research Studies on the Quran rarely went beyond textual criticism . [ when? ] [ 64 ] [ 65 ] Until the early 1970s, [ 66 ] non-Muslim scholars of Islam —while not accepting traditional explanations for divine intervention— accepted the above-mentioned traditional origin story in most details. [ 43 ] University of Chicago professor Fred Donner states that: [ 67 ] [T]here was a very early attempt to establish a uniform consonantal text of the Qurʾān from what was probably a wider and more varied group of related texts in early transmission.… After the creation of this standardized canonical text, earlier authoritative texts were suppressed, and all extant manuscripts—despite their numerous variants —seem to date to a time after this standard consonantal text was established. [T]here was a very early attempt to establish a uniform consonantal text of the Qurʾān from what was probably a wider and more varied group of related texts in early transmission.… After the creation of this standardized canonical text, earlier authoritative texts were suppressed, and all extant manuscripts—despite their numerous variants —seem to date to a time after this standard consonantal text was established. Although most variant readings of the text of the Quran have ceased to be transmitted, some still are. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] There has been no critical text produced on which a scholarly reconstruction of the Quranic text could be based. [ i ] In 1972, in a mosque in the city of Sanaa , Yemen, manuscripts "consisting of 12,000 pieces" were discovered that were later proven to be the oldest Quranic text known to exist at the time. The Sanaa manuscripts contain palimpsests , manuscript pages from which the text has been washed off to make the parchment reusable again—a practice which was common in ancient times due to the scarcity of writing material. However, the faint washed-off underlying text ( scriptio inferior ) is still barely visible. [ 71 ] Studies using radiocarbon dating indicate that the parchments are dated to the period before 671 CE with a 99 percent probability. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] The German scholar Gerd R. Puin has been investigating these Quran fragments for years. His research team made 35,000 microfilm photographs of the manuscripts, which he dated to the early part of the 8th century. Puin has noted unconventional verse orderings, minor textual variations, and rare styles of orthography, and suggested that some of the parchments were palimpsests which had been reused. Puin believed that this implied an evolving text as opposed to a fixed one. [ 74 ] It is also possible that the content of the Quran itself may provide data regarding the date and probably nearby geography of writing of the text. Sources based on some archaeological data give the construction date of Masjid al-Haram , an architectural work mentioned 16 times in the Quran, as 78 AH [ 75 ] an additional finding that sheds light on the evolutionary history of the Quranic texts mentioned, [ 74 ] which is known to continue even during the time of Hajjaj , [ 76 ] [ 77 ] [ 78 ] in a similar situation that can be seen with al-Aksa , though different suggestions have been put forward -contrary to some of the hadiths of Muhammad's ascension , which indicate that these places are architectural structures [ 79 ] - to explain. [ j ] These structures, -expected to be somewhere near Muhammad- [ k ] which were placed in cities like Mecca and Jerusalem, which are thousands of kilometers apart today, with interpretations based on narrations and miracles , were a miracle performed under a night's journey according to the outward and literal meaning of the verse. Surah Al-Isra 17:1 (See also: Bakkah ) In 2015, a single folio of a very early Quran , dating back to 1370 years earlier, was discovered in the library of the University of Birmingham , England. According to the tests carried out by the Oxford University Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, "with a probability of more than 95%, the parchment was from between 568 and 645". The manuscript is written in Hijazi script , an early form of written Arabic. [ 86 ] This possibly was one of the earliest extant exemplars of the Quran, but as the tests allow a range of possible dates, it cannot be said with certainty which of the existing versions is the oldest. [ 86 ] Saudi scholar Saud al-Sarhan has expressed doubt over the age of the fragments as they contain dots and chapter separators that are believed to have originated later. [ 87 ] The Birmingham manuscript caused excitement amongst believers because of its potential overlapping with the dominant tradition over the lifetime of Muhammad c. 570 to 632 CE [ 88 ] and used as evidence to support conventional wisdom and to refute the revisionists' views [ 89 ] that expresses findings and views different from the traditional approach to the early history of the Quran and Islam . Contents The Quranic content is concerned with basic Islamic beliefs including the existence of God and the resurrection . Narratives of the early prophets , ethical and legal subjects, historical events of Muhammad's time, charity and prayer also appear in the Quran. The Quranic verses contain general exhortations regarding right and wrong and historical events are related to outline general moral lessons. [ 90 ] The style of the Quran has been called " allusive ", with commentaries needed to explain what is being referred to—"events are referred to, but not narrated; disagreements are debated without being explained; people and places are mentioned, but rarely named." [ 91 ] While tafsir in Islamic sciences expresses the effort to understand the implied and implicit expressions of the Quran, fiqh refers to the efforts to expand the meaning of expressions , especially in the verses related to the provisions , as well as understanding it. [ 92 ] Quranic studies state that, in the historical context, the content of the Quran is related to Rabbinic , Jewish-Christian , Syriac Christian and Hellenic literature, as well as pre-Islamic Arabia . Many places, subjects and mythological figures in the culture of Arabs and many nations in their historical neighbourhoods, especially Judeo-Christian stories , [ 95 ] are included in the Quran with small allusions, references or sometimes small narratives such as jannāt ʿadn , jahannam , Seven Sleepers , Queen of Sheba etc. The stories of Yusuf and Zulaikha , Moses , Family of Amram (parents of Mary according to the Quran) and mysterious hero [ 96 ] [ 97 ] [ 98 ] [ 99 ] Dhul-Qarnayn ("the man with two horns") who built a barrier against Gog and Magog that will remain until the end of time are more detailed and longer stories. Apart from semi-historical events and characters such as King Solomon and David , about Jewish history as well as the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt , tales of the hebrew prophets accepted in Islam , such as Creation , the Flood , struggle of Abraham with Nimrod , sacrifice of his son occupy a wide place in the Quran. Some philosophers and scholars such as Mohammed Arkoun , who emphasize the mythological content of the Quran, are met with rejectionist attitudes in Islamic circles. [ 100 ] In response to the fact that the people mentioned do not correspond to historically known figures, some modern commentators have suggested that these figures should be understood as representative figures portraying certain characters, rather than real ones. [ 101 ] Furthermore, considering the findings of the revisionist school of Islamic studies , it is clear that the expression of certain narrative concepts in the Quran that refer to places, people, and events (such as Quraysh , Ababil , and Abu Lahab ) in a single word or a few short sentences will require new interpretations and meanings that differ from the traditional narrative within this framework of understanding. [ 102 ] (see: Quranic hermeneutics ) Creation and God The central theme of the Quran is monotheism . God is depicted as living, eternal, omniscient and omnipotent (see, e.g., Quran 2:20 , 2:29 , 2:255 ). He is the creator of everything, of the heavens and the earth and what is between them (see, e.g., Quran 13:16 , 2:253 , 50:38 , etc.). All human beings are equal in their utter dependence upon God, and their well-being depends upon their acknowledging that fact and living accordingly. [ 28 ] [ 90 ] The Quran uses cosmological and contingency arguments in various verses without referring to the terms to prove the existence of God . Therefore, the universe is originated and needs an originator, and whatever exists must have a sufficient cause for its existence. Besides, the design of the universe is frequently referred to as a point of contemplation: "It is He who has created seven heavens in harmony. You cannot see any fault in God's creation; then look again: Can you see any flaw?" [ 103 ] [ 104 ] "The Qur'ān insists that Muhammad and his followers worship the same God as the Jews ( 29:46 ). The Qur'an's Allah is the same Creator God who covenanted with Abraham ". Francis Edward Peters states that the Qur'an portrays Allah as both more powerful and more remote than Yahweh , and as a universal deity, unlike Yahweh who closely follows Israelites . [ 106 ] However, Yahweh is never used for God in the Quran and Islamic texts, but, Rabb is an Arabic word to refers to God meaning Lord [ 107 ] and the Quran cites in several places as in the Al-Fatiha ; "All Praise and Gratitude is due to God, Lord of all the Universe". Even though Muslims do not doubt about the existence and unity of God , they may have adopted different attitudes that have changed and developed throughout history regarding his nature (attributes) , names and relationship with creation. In contrast with pre-Islamic Arabian polytheism , as stated by Gerhard Böwering , God in Islam does not have associates and companions, nor is there any kinship between God and jinn . [ 108 ] Pre Islamic Arabs believed in a blind, powerful, unstoppable and insensible fate over which man had no control. This was replaced with the Islamic belief of a powerful yet benevolent and merciful God's control over man's life. [ 16 ] In the early periods of Islam, the concept of God was established as a personal deity [ 109 ] living in the heavens . [ 110 ] This understanding developed over time under the influence of Islamic theology , acquiring a transcendent character. [ 111 ] However, in contrast to this transcendent and absolute conception of God established among the elite, [ 112 ] the public and Sufis [ l ] maintained the traditional understanding on God . Also actions and attributes such as coming, going, sitting, satisfaction, anger and sadness etc. similar to humans used for this God in the Quran were considered mutashabihat —"no one knows its interpretation except God" (Quran 3:7 )—by later scholars stating that God was free from resemblance to humans in any way. [ m ] Mustafa Öztürk points out the following words of Ahmad Ibn Hanbal in this regard: "Whoever says that Allah is everywhere is a heretic, an infidel. He should be invited to repent, but if he does not, be killed." This understanding changes later and gives way to the understanding that "God cannot be assigned a place and He is everywhere." [ 117 ] Prophetic stories In Islam, God speaks to people called prophets through a kind of revelation called wahy , or through angels . ( 42:51 ) nubuwwah ( Arabic : نبوة 'prophethood') is seen as a duty imposed by God on individuals who have some characteristics such as intelligence, honesty, fortitude and justice: "Nothing is said to you that was not said to the messengers before you, that your lord has at his Command forgiveness as well as a most Grievous Penalty." [ 118 ] [ citation needed ] Islam regards Abraham as a link in the chain of prophets that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad via Ishmael [ 119 ] and mentioned in 35 chapters of the Quran , more often than any other biblical personage apart from Moses . [ 120 ] Muslims regard him as a hanif , [ 121 ] an archetype of the perfect Muslim, and revered prophet and builder of the Kaaba in Mecca. [ 122 ] The Quran consistently refers to Islam as 'the religion of Abraham' ( millat Ibrahim ). [ 123 ] In Islam, Eid-al-Adha is celebrated to commemorate Abraham's attempt to sacrifice his son by surrendering in line with his dream,( As-Saaffat ; 100–107) which he accepted as the will of God. [ 124 ] In Islam, Moses is a prominent prophet and messenger of God and the most frequently mentioned individual in the Quran, with his name being mentioned 136 times and his life being narrated and recounted more than that of any other prophet. [ 129 ] [ 130 ] Unlike the hundreds of references in the Quran to the stories of prophets such as Moses and Jesus , it provides very little information about Muhammad himself , [ 131 ] [ 132 ] his companions , [ 133 ] or his contemporaries. The individuals to whom the expressions used in Quranic polemics belong and the contexts in which they were used are merely notes made in commentaries written in later centuries. An exception is his slave/adopted son Zayd , whose name is mentioned in the verses ( Al-Aḥzāb ;37) in the context of his -divorced- wife being taken into Muhammad's marriages . Probably the clearest biographical account of Muhammad in the Quran is the brief mention of his followers' settlement in Yathrib after their expulsion by the Quraysh , and of military encounters such as the Muslim victory at Badr . [ 133 ] Stories of the prophets in the Quran often revolve around a certain pattern, according to which a prophet is sent to a group of people, who then reject or attack him, and ultimately suffer extinction as God's punishment. However, the Quran, given its paraenetic character, does not offer a full narrative; but rather offers a parabolic reference to the doom of previous generations, assuming the audience is familiar with the told stories. [ 134 ] Ethico-religious concepts While belief in God and obedience to the prophets are the main emphasis in the prophetic stories, [ 135 ] there are also non-prophetic stories in the Quran that emphasize the importance of humility and having profound-inner knowledge ( hikmah ) besides trusting in God. This is the main theme in the stories of Khidr , Luqman and Dhul Qarnayn. According to the later ascriptions to these stories, it is possible for those with this knowledge and divine support to teach the prophets (Khidr-Moses story Quran 18:65–82 ) and employ jinn (Dhul Qarnayn). Those who "spend their wealth" on people who are in need because they devoted their lives to the way of Allah and whose situation is unknown because they are ashamed to ask, will be rewarded by Allah. ( Al Baqara ; 272-274) In the story of Qārūn , the person who avoids searching for the afterlife with his wealth and becomes arrogant will be punished, arrogance befits only God. ( Al Mutakabbir ) Characters of the stories can be closed-mythical, (Khidr) [ 136 ] [ 137 ] demi-mythologic or combined characters, and it can also be seen that they are Islamized. While some believe he was a prophet, some researchers equate Luqman with the Alcmaeon of Croton [ 138 ] or Aesop . [ 139 ] Commanding ma’ruf and forbidding munkar (Ar. ٱلْأَمْرُ بِٱلْمَعْرُوفِ وَٱلنَّهْيُ عَنِ ٱلْمُنْكَرِ) is repeated or referred to in nearly 30 verses in different contexts in the Quran and is an important part of Islamist / jihadist indoctrination today, as well as Shiite teachings. [ 140 ] Although a common translation of the phrase is " Enjoining good and forbidding evil ", the words used by Islamic philosophy determining good and evil in discourses are " husn " and "qubh". The word ma’ruf literally means "known" or what is approved because of its familiarity for a certain society and its antithesis munkar means what is disapproved because it is unknown and extraneous. [ 141 ] The Quran is one of the fundamental sources of Islamic law ( sharia ). Some formal religious practices receive significant attention in the Quran including the salat and fasting in the month of Ramadan . As for the manner in which the prayer is to be conducted, the Quran refers to prostration . [ 43 ] [ 142 ] The term chosen for charity, zakat , literally means purification implies that it is a self-purification. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] In fiqh , the term fard is used for clear imperative provisions based on the Quran. However, it is not possible to say that the relevant verses are understood in the same way by all segments of Islamic commentators; For example, Hanafis accept 5 daily prayers as fard. However, some religious groups such as Quranists and Shiites , who do not doubt that the Quran existing today is a religious source, infer from the same verses that it is clearly ordered to pray two or three times, [ 145 ] [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ] not five times. About six verses address the way a woman should dress when in public; [ 149 ] Some Muslim scholars consider this verse referring to the Hijab [ 150 ] while others to clothings in general. [ 151 ] [ o ] Research shows that the rituals in the Quran, along with laws such as qisas [ 154 ] and tax ( zakat ), developed as an evolution of pre-Islamic Arabian rituals. Arabic words meaning pilgrimage ( hajj ), prayer ( salāt ) and charity (zakāt) can be seen in pre-Islamic Safaitic-Arabic inscriptions, [ 155 ] and this continuity can be observed in many details, especially in hajj and umrah . [ 156 ] As a source of law and judgment A small number of verses in the Quran are about general rules of governance, inheritance , marriage , crime and punishment . Although the Quran does not impose a specific legal-management system , it emphasizes custom in nearly 40 verses and commands justice . ( An-Nahl ; 90) The practices prescribed in the Quran are considered as reflections of contextual legal understandings , as can be clearly seen in some examples such as Qisas and Diya . [ 157 ] [ 158 ] The following statement in the Quran is thought to be the general rule of testimony in Islamic jurisprudence , except for crime and punishment - for example, debt, shopping, etc.; O believers! When you contract a loan for a fixed period of time, commit it to writing....with justice. Call upon two of your men to witness. If two men cannot be found, then one man and two women of your choice will witness so if one of the women forgets the other may remind her. [ 159 ] [Quran 4:11 ] [ 160 ] As a different example, in the necklace story of Aisha , called Asbab al-Nuzul for surah An-Nur :11-20 four witnesses were required for the accusation of adultery. In addition, those who made accusations that did not meet the specified conditions would be punished with 80 lashes. The jurisprudence of later periods stipulates that witnesses must be men, covering all hadd crimes and people who did not have credibility and honesty in society ( slaves , non-adl; sinners , infidels) could not testify against believers. [ 161 ] In addition, the Islamic judiciary did not require proof of the issues defined as tazir . [ 158 ] : 45 The statement in the Quran that determines the status of slaves in community is; Ma malakat aymanuhum [ 162 ] meaning " those whom your right hands possess ". The widespread use of slavery in the Islamic world continued until the last century, [ r ] and the unrestricted sexual use of female slaves, with a few exceptions such as they couldn't be loaned out [ s ] in traditional islamic jurisprudence while stated today often that sharia provides many rights to slaves and aims to eradicate slavery over time. Sharia is a collection of laws and rules created by scholars' interpretations on the Quran and hadith collections, and has been developed over the centuries, changing according to different geographies and societies. Fiqh sects are schools of understanding that try to determine the actions that people should do or avoid based on the Quran and hadiths. The place of hadiths in legislation is controversial; for example, in the Hanafi sect , in order to claim that something is obligatory , that issue must be clearly expressed in the Quran. Some of these results may also indicate exaggeration of statements, generalizations taken out of context, and imperative broadening of scope. [ o ] Of the few criminal cases listed as crimes in the Quran, only a few of them are punished by the classical books of sharia as determined by the verses of the Quran and are called hudud laws . How the verse Al-Ma'idah 33, which describes the crime of hirabah , should be understood is a matter of debate even today. [ 171 ] The verse talks about the punishment of criminals by killing, hanging, having their hands and feet cut off on opposite sides , and being exiled from the earth, in response to an -abstract- crime such as "fighting against Allah and His Messenger". Expanding or narrowing the conditions and scope of this crime according to new situations and universal legal standards are issues that continue to be discussed today [ 171 ] such as punishing in addition to rebellion against the legitimate government on "concrete sequential criminal acts" ie massacre, robbery and rape as preconditions. Although the constitutions of most Muslim-majority states contain references to sharia, its rules are largely preserved only in family law and criminal law in some. The Islamic revival of the late 20th century brought calls by Islamic movements for the full implementation of sharia, including corporal punishment such as stoning for adultery , [ 172 ] [ 173 ] through a variety of propaganda methods, from civic political activities to terrorism . Eschatology The doctrine of the last day and eschatology (the final fate of the universe) may be considered the second great doctrine of the Quran. [ 28 ] It is estimated that approximately one-third of the Quran is eschatological, dealing with the afterlife in the next world and with the day of judgment at the end of time. [ 174 ] The Quran does not assert a natural immortality of the human soul , since man's existence is dependent on the will of God: when he wills, he causes man to die; and when he wills, he raises him to life again in a bodily resurrection . [ 142 ] In the Quran belief in the afterlife is often referred in conjunction with belief in God: "Believe in God and the last day" [ 176 ] emphasizing what is considered impossible is easy in the sight of God. A number of suras such as 44, 56, 75, 78, 81 and 101 are directly related to the afterlife and warn people to be prepared for the "imminent" day referred to in various ways. It is 'the Day of Judgment,' 'the Last Day,' 'the Day of Resurrection,' or simply 'the Hour.' Less frequently it is 'the Day of Distinction', 'the Day of the Gathering' or 'the Day of the Meeting'. [ 28 ] While most topics known as "signs of the apocalypse" in Islamic eschatology are based on non-Quranic sources, some references in the Quran were frequently understood as apocalyptic terms, such as fitna , [ 177 ] [ 178 ] Dabba , and Gog and Magog . [ 178 ] At the time of the Mongol conquests , ibn Kathir identified the latter with the historical Turks and Mongols. [ 178 ] The apocalyptic writings frequently feature extra-Quranic figures such as the Dajjāl (corresponding to Armilos and Anti-Christ ) and the Mahdī . [ 178 ] [ 179 ] [ 177 ] The Dajjāl is supposed to become a cause of misguidance and causes havoc on earth, but is ultimately stopped by either the Mahdī or ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) who returns to earth from heaven. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] When the time of the apocalypse comes -which is told in a poetic form- the sun is rolled up, the stars fall down, seas are set on fire, mountains are moved people run away in fear and pregnant women miscarry.( At-Takwir 1-7) Then a square is set up and the king or lord of the day ;( māliki yawmi-d-dīn ) [ t ] comes and shows his shin; [ 182 ] [ 183 ] the looks are fearful, those gathered in the square are invited to prostrate;( Al-Qalam 42-43) the question asked is why the innocent female children were killed .( At-Takwir 8-9) Text and arrangement The Quran consists of 114 chapters of varying lengths, known as a sūrah . Each sūrah consists of verses, known as āyāt , which originally means a 'sign' or 'evidence' sent by God. The number of verses differs from sūrah to sūrah. An individual verse may be just a few letters or several lines. The total number of verses in the most popular Hafs Quran is 6,236; [ u ] however, the number varies if the bismillahs are counted separately. According to one estimate the Quran consists of 77,430 words, 18,994 unique words, 12,183 stems , 3,382 lemmas and 1,685 roots . [ 185 ] Chapters are classified as Meccan or Medinan , depending on whether the verses were revealed before or after the migration of Muhammad to the city of Medina on traditional account. However, a sūrah classified as Medinan may contain Meccan verses in it and vice versa. Sūrah names are derived from a name or a character in the text, or from the first letters or words of the sūrah. Chapters are not arranged in chronological order, rather the chapters appear to be arranged roughly in order of decreasing size. [ 188 ] Each sūrah except the ninth starts with the Bismillah ( بِسْمِ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ ), an Arabic phrase meaning 'In the name of God.' There are, however, still 114 occurrences of the Bismillah in the Quran, due to its presence in Quran 27:30 as the opening of Solomon 's letter to the Queen of Sheba . [ 189 ] [ 190 ] The Muqattaʿat ( Arabic : حروف مقطعات ḥurūf muqaṭṭaʿāt , 'disjoined letters, disconnected letters'; [ 191 ] also 'mysterious letters') [ 192 ] are combinations of between one and five Arabic letters figuring at the beginning of 29 out of the 114 chapters of the Quran just after the basmala. [ 192 ] The letters are also known as fawātih ( فواتح ), or 'openers', as they form the opening verse of their respective suras. Four surahs are named for their muqatta'at : Ṭāʾ-Hāʾ , Yāʾ-Sīn , Ṣād , and Qāf . Various theories have been put forward; they were a secret communication language between Allah and Muhammad, abbreviations of various names or attributes of Allah, [ 193 ] [ 194 ] symbols of the versions of the Quran belonging to different companions, elements of a secret coding system , [ 195 ] or expressions containing esoteric meanings. [ 196 ] Some researchers associate them with hymns used in Syrian Christianity . [ 197 ] The phrases must have been part of these hymns or abbreviations of frequently repeated introductory phrases . [ 198 ] [ 199 ] Some of them, such as Nun, were used in symbolic meanings. [ 200 ] In addition of the division into chapters, there are various ways of dividing Quran into parts of approximately equal length for convenience in reading. The 30 juz' (plural ajzāʼ ) can be used to read through the entire Quran in a month. A juz' is sometimes further divided into two ḥizb (plural aḥzāb ), and each hizb subdivided into four rubʻ al-ahzab . The Quran is also divided into seven approximately equal parts, manzil (plural manāzil ), for it to be recited in a week. [ 16 ] A different structure is provided by semantic units resembling paragraphs and comprising roughly ten āyāt each. Such a section is called a ruku . Literary style The Quran's message is conveyed with various literary structures and devices. In the original Arabic, the suras and verses employ phonetic and thematic structures that assist the audience's efforts to recall the message of the text. Muslims [ who? ] assert (according to the Quran itself) that the Quranic content and style is inimitable. [ 201 ] The language of the Quran has been described as "rhymed prose" as it partakes of both poetry and prose; however, this description runs the risk of failing to convey the rhythmic quality of Quranic language, which is more poetic in some parts and more prose-like in others. Rhyme, while found throughout the Quran, is conspicuous in many of the earlier Meccan suras, in which relatively short verses throw the rhyming words into prominence. The effectiveness of such a form is evident for instance in Sura 81 , and there can be no doubt that these passages impressed the conscience of the hearers. Frequently a change of rhyme from one set of verses to another signals a change in the subject of discussion. Later sections also preserve this form but the style is more expository. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] The Quranic text seems to have no beginning, middle, or end, its nonlinear structure being akin to a web or net. [ 16 ] The textual arrangement is sometimes considered to exhibit lack of continuity, absence of any chronological or thematic order and repetitiousness. [ v ] Michael Sells , citing the work of the critic Norman O. Brown , acknowledges Brown's observation that the seeming disorganization of Quranic literary expression—its scattered or fragmented mode of composition in Sells's phrase—is in fact a literary device capable of delivering profound effects as if the intensity of the prophetic message were shattering the vehicle of human language in which it was being communicated. [ 206 ] [ 207 ] Sells also addresses the much-discussed repetitiveness of the Quran, seeing this, too, as a literary device. Another group of researchers explores the irregularities and repetitions mentioned in the Quranic text in a way that refutes the traditional claim that it was preserved by memorization alongside writing. According to them, an oral period shaped the Quran as a text and order, and mentioned repetitions and irregularities were remnants of this period. [ 208 ] A text is self-referential when it speaks about itself and makes reference to itself. According to Stefan Wild, the Quran demonstrates this metatextuality by explaining, classifying, interpreting and justifying the words to be transmitted. Self-referentiality is evident in those passages where the Quran refers to itself as revelation ( tanzil ), remembrance ( dhikr ), news ( naba' ), criterion ( furqan ) in a self-designating manner (explicitly asserting its Divinity, "And this is a blessed Remembrance that We have sent down; so are you now denying it?"), [ 209 ] or in the frequent appearance of the "Say" tags, when Muhammad is commanded to speak (e.g., "Say: 'God's guidance is the true guidance'", "Say: 'Would you then dispute with us concerning God?'"). According to Wild the Quran is highly self-referential. The feature is more evident in early Meccan suras. [ 210 ] Inimitability In Islam , ’i‘jāz ( Arabic : اَلْإِعْجَازُ ), "inimitability challenge" of the Quran in sense of feṣāḥa and belagha (both eloquence and rhetoric) is the doctrine which holds that the Quran has a miraculous quality, both in content and in form, that no human speech can match. [ 211 ] According to this, the Quran is a miracle and its inimitability is the proof granted to Muhammad in authentication of his prophetic status. [ 212 ] The literary quality of the Quran has been praised by Muslim scholars and by many non-Muslim scholars. [ 213 ] The doctrine of the miraculousness of the Quran is further emphasized by Muhammad's illiteracy since the unlettered prophet could not have been suspected of composing the Quran. [ 214 ] The Quran is widely regarded as the finest work in Arabic literature . [ 219 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The emergence of the Quran was an oral and aural poetic [ 220 ] experience; the aesthetic experience of reciting and hearing the Quran is often regarded as one of the main reasons behind conversion to Islam in the early days. [ 221 ] Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry was an element of challenge, propaganda and warfare, [ 222 ] and those who incapacitated their opponents from doing the same in feṣāḥa and Belagha socially honored, as could be seen on Mu'allaqat poets. The etymology of the word " shā'ir ; (poet)" connotes the meaning of a man of inspirational knowledge, of unseen powers. `To the early Arabs poetry was ṣihr ḥalāl and the poet was a genius who had supernatural communications with the jinn or spirits , the muses who inspired him.’ [ 221 ] Although pre-Islamic Arabs gave poets status associated with suprahuman beings, soothsayers and prophecies were seen as persons of lower status. Contrary to later hurufic and recent scientific prophecy claims , traditional miracle statements about the Quran hadn't focused on prophecies , with a few exceptions like the Byzantine victory over the Persians [ 223 ] in wars that continued for hundreds of years with mutual victories and defeats. The first works about the ’i‘jāz of the Quran began to appear in the 9th century in the Mu'tazila circles, which emphasized only its literary aspect, and were adopted by other religious groups. [ 224 ] According to grammarian Al-Rummani the eloquence contained in the Quran consisted of tashbīh , istiʿāra , taǧānus , mubālaġa , concision, clarity of speech (bayān), and talāʾum . He also added other features developed by himself; the free variation of themes (taṣrīf al-maʿānī), the implication content (taḍmīn) of the expressions and the rhyming closures (fawāṣil). [ 225 ] The most famous works on the doctrine of inimitability are two medieval books by the grammarian Al Jurjani (d. 1078 CE), Dala’il al-i'jaz ('the Arguments of Inimitability') and Asraral-balagha ('the Secrets of Eloquence'). [ 226 ] Al Jurjani believed that Quran's eloquence must be a certain special quality in the manner of its stylistic arrangement and composition or a certain special way of joining words. [ 214 ] Angelika Neuwirth lists the factors that led to the emergence of the doctrine of ’i‘jāz : The necessity of explaining some challenging verses in the Quran; [ 227 ] In the context of the emergence of the theory of "proofs of prophecy" ( dâ'il an-nubuwwa ) in Islamic theology , proving that the Quran is a work worthy of the emphasized superior place of Muhammad in the history of the prophets, thus gaining polemical superiority over Jews and Christians; Preservation of Arab national pride in the face of confrontation with the Iranian Shu'ubiyya movement, etc. [ 228 ] Orientalist scholars Theodor Nöldeke , Friedrich Schwally and John Wansbrough , pointing out linguistic defects, held similar opinions on the Quranic text as careless and imperfect. [ 229 ] Significance in Islam Part of a series on Islam Beliefs Oneness of God Angels Holy books Prophets Judgement Day Predestination Resurrection Oneness of God Angels Holy books Prophets Judgement Day Predestination Resurrection Practices Profession of faith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Pilgrimage Profession of faith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Pilgrimage Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah ( Hadith , Sirah ) Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya ( Stories of the Prophets ) Mathnawi (poems) Fiqh (jurisprudence) Sharia (law) Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah ( Hadith , Sirah ) Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya ( Stories of the Prophets ) Mathnawi (poems) Fiqh (jurisprudence) Sharia (law) History Timeline Jahiliyyah Muhammad Ahl al-Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Caliphate Imamate Spread of Islam Succession to Muhammad Abbasid Caliphate Al-Andalus Golden Age Seljuk Empire Ilkhanate Timurid Renaissance Gunpowder empires Ottoman Empire Saudi Arabia Timeline Jahiliyyah Muhammad Ahl al-Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Caliphate Imamate Spread of Islam Succession to Muhammad Abbasid Caliphate Al-Andalus Golden Age Seljuk Empire Ilkhanate Timurid Renaissance Gunpowder empires Ottoman Empire Saudi Arabia Culture and society Academics Animals Art Association football Calendar Cats Censorship Children Circumcision Democracy Demographics Diaspora Denominations Sunni Shia Ibadi Economics Education Ethics Exorcism Feminism Festivals Finance Liberalism Madrasa Moral teachings Mosque Music Mysticism Philosophy Poetry Politics Proselytizing Science Sexuality LGBTQ Slavery Concubinage Social welfare Women Academics Animals Art Association football Calendar Cats Censorship Children Circumcision Democracy Demographics Diaspora Diaspora Denominations Sunni Shia Ibadi Sunni Shia Ibadi Economics Education Ethics Exorcism Feminism Festivals Finance Liberalism Madrasa Moral teachings Mosque Music Mysticism Philosophy Poetry Politics Proselytizing Science Sexuality LGBTQ LGBTQ Slavery Concubinage Concubinage Social welfare Women Related topics Arabic language Apostasy Criticism Muhammad Quran Hadith Other religions Islamism Violence terrorism war Islamophobia Jihad Jihadism Salafi jihadism Deobandi jihadism Military laws Peace Pacifism Glossary Arabic language Apostasy Criticism Muhammad Quran Hadith Muhammad Quran Hadith Other religions Islamism Violence terrorism war terrorism war Islamophobia Jihad Jihadism Salafi jihadism Deobandi jihadism Military laws Jihadism Salafi jihadism Deobandi jihadism Military laws Peace Pacifism Pacifism Glossary Islam portal Islam portal v t e v t e Quran says, "We have sent down the Quran in truth, and with the truth it has come down" [ 230 ] and frequently asserts in its text that it is divinely ordained. [ 231 ] The Quran speaks of a written pre-text that records God's speech before it is sent down, the "preserved tablet" that is the basis of the belief in fate also, and Muslims believe that the Quran was sent down or started to be sent down on the Laylat al-Qadr . [ 143 ] [ 232 ] Revered by pious Muslims as "the holy of holies", [ 233 ] whose sound moves some to "tears and ecstasy", [ 234 ] it is the physical symbol of the faith, the text often used as a charm on occasions of birth, death, marriage. Traditionally, before starting to read the Quran , ablution is performed, one seeks refuge in Allah from the accursed Satan , and the reading begins by mentioning the names of Allah, Rahman and Rahim together known as basmala . Consequently, It must never rest beneath other books, but always on top of them, one must never drink or smoke when it is being read aloud, and it must be listened to in silence. It is a talisman against disease and disaster. [ 233 ] [ 235 ] It must never rest beneath other books, but always on top of them, one must never drink or smoke when it is being read aloud, and it must be listened to in silence. It is a talisman against disease and disaster. [ 233 ] [ 235 ] According to Islam, the Quran is the word of God ( Kalām Allāh ). Its nature and whether it was created became a matter of fierce debate among religious scholars; [ 236 ] [ 237 ] and with the involvement of the political authority in the discussions, some Muslim religious scholars who stood against the political stance faced religious persecution during the caliph al-Ma'mun period and the following years. Muslims believe that the present Quranic text corresponds to that revealed to Muhammad, and according to their interpretation of Quran 15:9 , it is protected from corruption ("Indeed, it is We who sent down the Quran and indeed, We will be its guardians"). [ 238 ] Muslims consider the Quran to be a sign of the prophethood of Muhammad and the truth of the religion. For this reason, in traditional Islamic societies, great importance was given to children memorizing the Quran, and those who memorized the entire Quran were honored with the title of hafiz . Even today, "millions and millions of people refer to the Koran daily to explain their actions and to justify their aspirations" [ x ] or see it as the source of scientific knowledge, [ 240 ] though this has been criticized as pseudoscientific . [ 241 ] Muslims believe the Quran to be God's literal words, [ 16 ] a complete code of life, [ 242 ] the final revelation to humanity, a work of divine guidance revealed to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel . [ 25 ] [ 243 ] [ 244 ] [ 245 ] On the other hand it is believed in Muslim community that full understanding of it can only be possible with the depths obtained in the basic and religious sciences that the ulema ( imams in shia [ 246 ] ) might access, as "heirs of the prophets". [ 247 ] For this reason, direct reading of the Quran or applications based on its literal translations are considered problematic except for some groups such as Quranists thinking that the Quran is a complete and clear book; [ 248 ] and tafsir / fiqh are brought fore to correct understandings in it. With a classical approach, scholars will discuss verses of the Quran in context called asbab al-nuzul in islamic literature, as well as language and linguistics; will pass it through filters such as muhkam and mutashabih , nasıkh and abrogated ; will open the closed expressions and try to guide the believers. There is no standardization in Quran translations, [ 249 ] and interpretations range from traditional scholastic, to literalist - salafist understandings to Esoteric - Sufist , to modern and secular exegesis according to the personal scientific depth and tendencies of scholars. [ 250 ] In worship Surah Al-Fatiha , the first chapter of the Quran, is recited in full in every rakat of salah and on other occasions. This sura, which consists of seven verses, is the most often recited surah of the Quran: [ 16 ] بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ ٱلْعَٰلَمِينَ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ مَٰلِكِ يَوْمِ ٱلدِّينِ إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ ٱهْدِنَا ٱلصِّرَٰطَ ٱلْمُسْتَقِيمَ صِرَٰطَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ ٱلْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا ٱلضَّآلِّينَ بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ ٱلْعَٰلَمِينَ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ مَٰلِكِ يَوْمِ ٱلدِّينِ إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ ٱهْدِنَا ٱلصِّرَٰطَ ٱلْمُسْتَقِيمَ صِرَٰطَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ ٱلْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا ٱلضَّآلِّينَ In the Name of Allah the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful. [All] praise is [due] to Allah, Lord of the worlds — The Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful, Sovereign of the Day of Recompense. It is You we worship and You we ask for help Guide us to the straight path— The path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor, not of those who have evoked [Your] anger or of those who are astray. In the Name of Allah the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful. [All] praise is [due] to Allah, Lord of the worlds — The Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful, Sovereign of the Day of Recompense. It is You we worship and You we ask for help Guide us to the straight path— The path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor, not of those who have evoked [Your] anger or of those who are astray. Other sections of the Quran of choice are also read in daily prayers. Sura Al-Ikhlāṣ is second in frequency of Quran recitation, for according to many early authorities, Muhammad said that Ikhlāṣ is equivalent to one-third of the whole Quran. [ 251 ] قُلۡ هُوَ ٱللَّهُ أَحَدٌ ٱللَّهُ ٱلصَّمَدُ لَمۡ یَلِدۡ وَلَمۡ یُولَدۡ وَلَمۡ یَكُن لَّهُۥ كُفُوًا أَحَدُۢ قُلۡ هُوَ ٱللَّهُ أَحَدٌ ٱللَّهُ ٱلصَّمَدُ لَمۡ یَلِدۡ وَلَمۡ یُولَدۡ وَلَمۡ یَكُن لَّهُۥ كُفُوًا أَحَدُۢ Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ "He is God—One ˹and Indivisible˺; God—the Sustainer ˹needed by all˺. He has never had offspring, nor was He born. And there is none comparable to Him." Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ "He is God—One ˹and Indivisible˺; God—the Sustainer ˹needed by all˺. He has never had offspring, nor was He born. And there is none comparable to Him." Respect for the written text of the Quran is an important element of religious faith by many Muslims, and the Quran is treated with reverence. Based on tradition and a literal interpretation of Quran 56:79 ("none shall touch but those who are clean"), some Muslims believe that they must perform a ritual cleansing with water ( wudu or ghusl ) before touching a copy of the Quran, although this view is not universal. [ 16 ] Worn-out and old copies of the Quran are wrapped in a cloth and stored indefinitely in a safe place, buried in a mosque or a Muslim cemetery, or burned and the ashes buried or scattered over water. [ 252 ] While praying, the Quran is only recited in Arabic. [ 253 ] In Islam, most intellectual disciplines, including Islamic theology, philosophy , mysticism and jurisprudence , have been concerned with the Quran or have their foundation in its teachings. [ 16 ] Muslims believe that the preaching or reading of the Quran is rewarded with divine rewards variously called ajr , thawab , or hasanat . [ 254 ] In Islamic art The Quran also inspired Islamic arts and specifically the so-called Quranic arts of calligraphy and illumination . [ 16 ] The Quran is never decorated with figurative images, but many Qurans have been highly decorated with decorative patterns in the margins of the page, or between the lines or at the start of suras. Islamic verses appear in many other media, on buildings and on objects of all sizes, such as mosque lamps , metal work, pottery and single pages of calligraphy for muraqqas or albums. Calligraphy , 18th century, Brooklyn Museum . Quranic inscriptions, Bara Gumbad mosque , Delhi , India . Typical mosque lamp , of enamelled glass , with the Ayat an-Nur or "Verse of Light" (24:35). Quran page decoration art, Ottoman period. Quranic verses, Shahizinda mausoleum, Samarkand , Uzbekistan . The leaves from Quran written in gold and contoured with brown ink with a horizontal format suited to classical Kufic calligraphy , which became common under the early Abbasid caliphs . 9th-century Quran in the Reza Abbasi Museum Shikasta nastaliq script, 18th–19th centuries Interpretation Tafsir ( Arabic : تفسير , romanized : tafsīr [tafˈsiːr] ; English: explanation ) refers to an exegesis , or commentary, of the Quran. An author of a tafsir is a mufassir ( Arabic : مُفسّر ; plural: Arabic : مفسّرون , romanized : mufassirūn ). A Quranic tafsir attempts to provide elucidation, explanation, interpretation, context or commentary for clear understanding and conviction of God 's will in Islam . [ 255 ] In the classical approach, the exegesis of the Qur'an is built on the 7th verse of Al Imran -7; "He is the one who has sent down to you the Book. In it are verses that are sound (muhkamat), which are the foundation of the Book, and others that are assimilated (mutashabihat; resembling one another)." In classical approach verses that speak of Allah's "hand," "throne" ( arsh ), or His "sitting on throne" (istiwa) are considered mutashabih. These expressions are not believed to refer to a physical organ or action but are seen as metaphorical expressions symbolizing Allah's power, knowledge, or majesty. [ 256 ] Principally, a tafsir deals with the issues of linguistics , jurisprudence , and theology . In terms of perspective and approach, tafsir can be broadly divided into two main categories, namely tafsir bi-al-ma'thur (lit. received tafsir), which is transmitted from the early days of Islam through the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his companions , and tafsir bi-al-ra'y (lit. tafsir by opinion), which is arrived through personal reflection or independent rational thinking . [ 255 ] Knowledge of context / Asbab al-Nuzul ; a scholar must understand the reasons and circumstances of a revelation in order to interpret the text correctly. If a verse is isolated without knowing the context, it can be misinterpreted. [ 257 ] Quranic hermeneutics , and hermeneutics in general, refers to efforts to understand the Quran and Islamic texts through a more objective and secular approach, using universal criteria and moving beyond traditionally imposed forms. The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran offers a new and compelling approach to understanding the implications of the Qur'an, based on linguistic and geographical-cultural knowledge that also coincides with the findings of historical research of the revisionist school . There are different characteristics and traditions for each of the tafsirs representing respective schools and doctrines , such as Sunni Islam , Shia Islam , and Sufism . There are also general distinctions between classic tafsirs compiled by authoritative figures of Muslim scholarship during the formative ages of Islam , and modern tafsir which seeks to address a wider audience, including the common people. [ 255 ] Exoteric and Esoteric interpretations ( ta'wil ) Commentaries dealing with the zahir ('outward aspects') of the text are called tafsir , (explanation) and hermeneutic and esoteric commentaries dealing with the batin are called ta'wil ('interpretation'). Commentators with an esoteric slant believe that the ultimate meaning of the Quran is known only to God. [ 16 ] Esoteric or Sufi interpretation relates Quranic verses to the inner or esoteric ( batin ) and metaphysical dimensions of existence and consciousness. [ 259 ] According to Sands, esoteric interpretations are more suggestive than declarative, and are allusions ( isharat ) rather than explanations ( tafsir ). They indicate possibilities as much as they demonstrate the insights of writers. [ 260 ] Shias and Sunnis as well as some Muslim philosophers believe the meaning of the Quran is not restricted to the literal aspect. [ 261 ] : 7 In contrast, Quranic literalism , followed by Salafis and Zahiris , is the belief that the Quran should only be taken at its apparent meaning. [ 262 ] [ 263 ] Henry Corbin narrates a hadith that goes back to Muhammad : The Quran possesses an external appearance and a hidden depth, an exoteric meaning and an esoteric meaning. This esoteric meaning in turn conceals an esoteric meaning. So it goes on for seven esoteric meanings. [ 261 ] : 7 The Quran possesses an external appearance and a hidden depth, an exoteric meaning and an esoteric meaning. This esoteric meaning in turn conceals an esoteric meaning. So it goes on for seven esoteric meanings. [ 261 ] : 7 According to esoteric interpreters, the inner meaning of the Quran does not eradicate or invalidate its outward meaning. Rather, it is like the soul, which gives life to the body. [ 264 ] Corbin considers the Quran to play a part in Islamic philosophy , because Gnosiology itself goes hand in hand with prophetology . [ 261 ] : 13 Translations Translating the Quran has always been problematic and difficult. Many argue that the Quranic text cannot be reproduced in another language or form. [ 265 ] An Arabic word may have a range of meanings depending on the context, making an accurate translation difficult. [ 266 ] Moreover, one of the biggest difficulties in understanding the Quran for those who do not know its language in the face of shifts in linguistic usage over the centuries is semantic translations (meanings) that include the translator's contributions to the relevant text instead of literal ones. Although the author's contributions are often bracketed and shown separately, the author's individual tendencies may also come to the fore in making sense of the main text. These studies contain reflections and even distortions [ 267 ] [ 268 ] caused by the region, sect , [ 269 ] education, ideology and knowledge of the people who made them, and efforts to reach the real content are drowned in the details of volumes of commentaries. These distortions can manifest themselves in many areas of belief and practices such as hijab . [ y ] In fact, every new interpretation and translation of the Quran inherently involves a new semantic restructuring of it. Islamic tradition also holds that translations were made for Negus of Abyssinia and Byzantine Emperor Heraclius , as both received letters by Muhammad containing verses from the Quran. [ 266 ] In early centuries, the permissibility of translations was not an issue, but whether one could use translations in prayer. [ citation needed ] The Quran has been translated into most African , Asian , and European languages. [ 63 ] The first translator of the Quran was Salman the Persian , who translated surat al-Fatiha into Persian during the seventh century. [ 271 ] Another translation of the Quran was completed in 884 in Alwar ( Sindh , India , now Pakistan ) by the orders of Abdullah bin Umar bin Abdul Aziz on the request of the Hindu Raja Mehruk. [ 272 ] The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in Persian . The Samanid king, Mansur I (961–976), ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al-Tabari , originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari wrote a complete tafsir of the Quran in Persian. In the 12th century, Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi translated the Quran into Persian. [ 273 ] The manuscripts of all three books have survived and have been published several times. In 1936, translations in 102 languages were known. [ 266 ] In 2010, the Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review reported that the Quran was presented in 112 languages at the 18th International Quran Exhibition in Tehran. [ 274 ] Robert of Ketton 's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable , Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete , was the first into a Western language ( Latin ). [ 275 ] Alexander Ross offered the first English version in 1649, from the French translation of L'Alcoran de Mahomet (1647) by Andre du Ryer . In 1734, George Sale produced the first scholarly translation of the Quran into English; another was produced by Richard Bell in 1937, and yet another by Arthur John Arberry in 1955. While all these translators were non-Muslims, there have been numerous translations by Muslims: popular modern English translations by Muslims include The Oxford World Classics translation by Muhammad Abdel Haleem , The Clear Quran by Mustafa Khattab, Sahih International 's translation, among various others. As with translations of the Bible, the English translators have sometimes favored archaic English words and constructions over their more modern or conventional equivalents; for example, two widely read translators, Abdullah Yusuf Ali and Marmaduke Pickthall , use the plural and singular ye and thou instead of the more common you . [ 276 ] The oldest Gurmukhi translation of the Quran Sharif has been found in village Lande of Moga district of Indian Punjab which was printed in 1911. [ 277 ] 1091 Quranic text in bold script with Persian translation and commentary in a lighter script [ 278 ] Arabic Quran with interlinear Persian translation from the Ilkhanid Era The first printed Quran in a European vernacular language: L'Alcoran de Mahomet , André du Ryer , 1647 Title page of the first German translation (1772) of the Quran Verses 33 and 34 of surat Yā Sīn in this Chinese translation of the Quran Recitation Rules of recitation The proper recitation of the Quran is the subject of a separate discipline named tajwid which determines in detail how the Quran should be recited, how each individual syllable is to be pronounced, the need to pay attention to the places where there should be a pause, to elisions , where the pronunciation should be long or short, where letters should be sounded together and where they should be kept separate, etc. It may be said that this discipline studies the laws and methods of the proper recitation of the Quran and covers three main areas: the proper pronunciation of consonants and vowels (the articulation of the Quranic phonemes ), the rules of pause in recitation and of resumption of recitation, and the musical and melodious features of recitation. [ 279 ] In order to avoid incorrect pronunciation, reciters follow a program of training with a qualified teacher. The two most popular texts used as references for tajwid rules are Matn al-Jazariyyah by Ibn al-Jazari [ 280 ] and Tuhfat al-Atfal by Sulayman al-Jamzuri. The recitations of a few Egyptian reciters, like El Minshawy , Al-Hussary , Abdul Basit , Mustafa Ismail , were highly influential in the development of current styles of recitation. [ 281 ] [ 282 ] [ 283 ] : 83 Southeast Asia is well known for world-class recitation, evidenced in the popularity of the woman reciters such as Maria Ulfah of Jakarta . [ 279 ] Today, crowds fill auditoriums for public Quran recitation competitions . [ 284 ] [ 13 ] There are generally two types of recitation (based on pace of recitation): Murattal is a recitation at moderate pace, used for study and practice. Mujawwad refers to a slower recitation that deploys heightened technical artistry and melodic modulation, as in public performances by trained experts. It is directed to and dependent upon an audience for the mujawwad reciter seeks to involve the listeners. [ 285 ] Variant readings The variant readings of the Quran are one type of textual variant. [ 286 ] [ 287 ] According to Melchert (2008), the majority of disagreements have to do with vowels to supply, most of them in turn not conceivably reflecting dialectal differences and about one in eight disagreements has to do with whether to place dots above or below the line. [ 288 ] Nasser categorizes variant readings into various subtypes, including internal vowels, long vowels, gemination ( shaddah ), assimilation and alternation . [ 289 ] It is generally stated that there are small differences between readings. However, these small changes may also include differences that may lead to serious differences in Islam, ranging from the definition of God [ z ] to practices such as the formal conditions of ablution . [ 290 ] The first Quranic manuscripts lacked marks, enabling multiple possible recitations to be conveyed by the same written text. The 10th-century Muslim scholar from Baghdad , Ibn Mujāhid , is famous for establishing seven acceptable textual readings of the Quran. He studied various readings and their trustworthiness and chose seven 8th-century readers from the cities of Mecca , Medina , Kufa , Basra and Damascus . Ibn Mujahid did not explain why he chose seven readers , rather than six or ten, but this may be related to a prophetic tradition (Muhammad's saying) reporting that the Quran had been revealed in seven ahruf . Today, the most popular readings are those transmitted by Ḥafṣ (d. 796) and Warsh (d. 812) which are according to two of Ibn Mujahid's reciters, Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud (Kufa, d. 745) and Nafiʽ al-Madani (Medina, d. 785), respectively. The influential standard Quran of Cairo uses an elaborate system of modified vowel-signs and a set of additional symbols for minute details and is based on ʻAsim's recitation, the 8th-century recitation of Kufa. This edition has become the standard for modern printings of the Quran. [ 51 ] [ 68 ] Occasionally, an early Quran shows compatibility with a particular reading. A Syrian manuscript from the 8th century is shown to have been written according to the reading of Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi . [ 291 ] Another study suggests that this manuscript bears the vocalization of himsi region. [ 292 ] According to Ibn Taymiyyah vocalization markers indicating specific vowel sounds ( tashkeel ) were introduced into the text of the Quran during the lifetimes of the last Sahabah . [ 293 ] Writing and printing Writing Before printing was widely adopted in the 19th century, the Quran was transmitted in manuscripts made by calligraphers and copyists. The earliest manuscripts were written in Ḥijāzī -typescript. The Hijazi style manuscripts nevertheless confirm that transmission of the Quran in writing began at an early stage. Probably in the ninth century, scripts began to feature thicker strokes, which are traditionally known as Kufic scripts. Toward the end of the ninth century, new scripts began to appear in copies of the Quran and replace earlier scripts. The reason for discontinuation in the use of the earlier style was that it took too long to produce and the demand for copies was increasing. Copyists would therefore choose simpler writing styles. Beginning in the 11th century, the styles of writing employed were primarily the naskh , muhaqqaq , rayḥānī and, on rarer occasions, the thuluth script. Naskh was in very widespread use. In North Africa and Iberia, the Maghribī style was popular. More distinct is the Bihari script which was used solely in the north of India. Nastaʻlīq style was also rarely used in Persian world. [ 294 ] [ 295 ] In the beginning, the Quran was not written with dots or tashkeel . These features were added to the text during the lifetimes of the last of the Sahabah . [ 293 ] Since it would have been too costly for most Muslims to purchase a manuscript, copies of the Quran were held in mosques in order to make them accessible to people. These copies frequently took the form of a series of 30 parts or juzʼ . In terms of productivity, the Ottoman copyists provide the best example. This was in response to widespread demand, unpopularity of printing methods and for aesthetic reasons. [ 296 ] [ 297 ] Whilst the majority of Islamic scribes were men, some women also worked as scholars and copyists; one such woman who made a copy of this text was the Moroccan jurist, Amina, bint al-Hajj ʿAbd al-Latif . [ 298 ] Folio from the "Blue" Quran at the Brooklyn Museum Kufic script, eighth or ninth century Maghribi script , 13th–14th centuries Muhaqqaq script, 14th–15th centuries Printing Wood-block printing of extracts from the Quran is on record as early as the 10th century. [ 299 ] Arabic movable type printing was ordered by Pope Julius II ( r. 1503–1512 ) for distribution among Middle Eastern Christians . [ 300 ] The first complete Quran printed with movable type was produced in Venice in 1537–1538 for the Ottoman market by Paganino Paganini and Alessandro Paganini. [ 301 ] [ 302 ] But this Quran was not used as it contained a large number of errors. [ 303 ] Two more editions include the Hinckelmann edition published by the pastor Abraham Hinckelmann in Hamburg in 1694, [ 304 ] and the edition by the Italian priest Ludovico Maracci in Padua in 1698 with Latin translation and commentary. [ 305 ] Printed copies of the Quran during this period met with strong opposition from Muslim legal scholars : printing anything in Arabic was prohibited in the Ottoman empire between 1483 and 1726—initially, even on penalty of death. [ 306 ] [ 297 ] [ 307 ] The Ottoman ban on printing in Arabic script was lifted in 1726 for non-religious texts only upon the request of Ibrahim Muteferrika , who printed his first book in 1729. Except for books in Hebrew and European languages, which were unrestricted, very few books, and no religious texts, were printed in the Ottoman Empire for another century. [ aa ] In 1786, Catherine the Great of Russia, sponsored a printing press for "Tatar and Turkish orthography" in Saint Petersburg , with one Mullah Osman Ismail responsible for producing the Arabic types. A Quran was printed with this press in 1787, reprinted in 1790 and 1793 in Saint Petersburg, and in 1803 in Kazan . [ ab ] The first edition printed in Iran appeared in Tehran (1828), a translation in Turkish was printed in Cairo in 1842, and the first officially sanctioned Ottoman edition was finally printed in Constantinople between 1875 and 1877 as a two-volume set, during the First Constitutional Era . [ 310 ] [ 311 ] Gustav Flügel published an edition of the Quran in 1834 in Leipzig , which remained authoritative in Europe for close to a century, until Cairo's Al-Azhar University published an edition of the Quran in 1924 . This edition was the result of a long preparation, as it standardized Quranic orthography, and it remains the basis of later editions. [ 294 ] Criticism Regarding the claim of divine origin, critics [ who? ] refer to pre-existing sources, not only taken from the Bible, supposed to be older revelations of God, but also from heretic , Apocryphic and talmudic sources, such as the Syriac Infancy Gospel and Gospel of James . [ citation needed ] The Quran acknowledges that accusations of borrowing popular ancient fables were being made against Muhammad. [ 312 ] Relationship with other literature Some non-Muslim groups such as the Baháʼí Faith and Druze view the Quran as holy. In the Baháʼí Faith, the Quran is accepted as authentic revelation from God along with the revelations of the other world religions, Islam being viewed as a stage within the divine process of progressive revelation . Bahá'u'lláh , the Prophet-Founder of the Baháʼí Faith, wrote about the Quran. [ 313 ] Unitarian Universalists may also seek inspiration from the Quran. It has been suggested that the Quran has some narrative similarities to the Diatessaron , Protoevangelium of James , Infancy Gospel of Thomas , Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew and the Arabic Infancy Gospel . [ 314 ] [ 315 ] One scholar has suggested that the Diatessaron, as a gospel harmony , may have led to the conception that the Christian Gospel is one text. [ 316 ] Relationship with The Bible The Quran attributes its relationship with former books (the Torah and the Gospels ) to their unique origin, saying all of them have been revealed by the God, [ 318 ] [ non-primary source needed ] through it asserts that Jews and Christians have corrupted it through falsification and alteration ( Taḥrīf ). [ 319 ] [ 320 ] According to Christoph Luxenberg (in The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran ) the Quran's language was similar to the Syriac language . [ 321 ] The Quran recounts stories of many of the people and events recounted in Jewish and Christian sacred books ( Tanakh , Bible ) and devotional literature ( Apocrypha , Midrash ), although it differs in many details. Adam , Enoch , Noah , Eber , Shelah , Abraham , Lot , Ishmael , Isaac , Jacob , Joseph , Job , Jethro , David , Solomon , Elijah , Elisha , Jonah , Aaron , Moses , Zechariah , John the Baptist and Jesus are mentioned in the Quran as prophets of God (see Prophets of Islam ). In fact, Moses is mentioned more in the Quran than any other individual. [ 130 ] Jesus is mentioned more often in the Quran than Muhammad (by name—Muhammad is often alluded to as "The Prophet" or "The Apostle"), while Mary is mentioned in the Quran more than in the New Testament . [ 322 ] Relationship with Arab writing After the Quran, and the general rise of Islam, the Arabic alphabet developed rapidly into an art form. [ 63 ] The Arabic grammarian Sibawayh wrote one of the earliest books on Arabic grammar, referred to as "Al-Kitab", which relied heavily on the language in the Quran. Wadad Kadi , Professor of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at University of Chicago , and Mustansir Mir, Professor of Islamic studies at Youngstown State University , state that the Quran exerted a particular influence on Arabic literature's diction, themes, metaphors, motifs and symbols and added new expressions and new meanings to old, pre-Islamic words that would become ubiquitous. [ 323 ] See also Islam portal Book portal Middle Ages portal List of chapters in the Quran List of translations of the Quran Quran translations Historical reliability of the Quran Quran and miracles Quran code Criticism of the Quran Violence in the Quran Women in the Quran Digital Quran The True Furqan Qira'at Hadith Hadith al-Thaqalayn Islamic schools and branches Schools of Islamic theology Attempted imitations of the Quran Notes ^ / k ʊ ˈ r ɑː n / , kuurr- AHN ; the English pronunciation varies: / k ə ˈ r ɑː n / , /- ˈ r æ n / , / k ɔː -/ , / k oʊ -/ ; [ 1 ] especially with the spelling quran / k ʊ ˈ r ɑː n / , /- ˈ r æ n / ; [ 2 ] including British English / k ɒ ˈ r ɑː n / . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ^ Quranic Arabic : الۡقُرۡءَان , al-Qurʾān ^ .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Arabic pronunciation: [ælqʊrˈʔɑːn] . The Arabic pronunciation can be transcribed phonemically as /al.qurˈʔaːn/ . The actual pronunciation in Literary Arabic varies regionally. The first vowel varies from [ o ] to [ ʊ ] , while the second vowel varies from [ æ ] to [ a ] to [ ɑ ] . For example, the pronunciation in Egypt is [qorˈʔɑːn] and in Central East Arabia [qʊrˈʔæːn] . ^ (English spelling) The form Alcoran (and its variants) was usual before the 19th century when it became obsolete. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The form Koran was most predominant from the second half of the 18th century until the 1980s, when it has been superseded by either Qur'an or Quran . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Other transliterations include al-Coran , Coran , Kuran and al-Qur'an . The adjectives vary as well and include Koranic , Quranic and Qur'anic (sometimes in lowercase). [ 10 ] ^ According to Welch in the Encyclopedia of Islam , the verses pertaining to the usage of the word hikma should probably be interpreted in the light of IV, 105, where it is said that "Muhammad is to judge ( tahkum ) mankind on the basis of the Book sent down to him." ^ Hadith are primarily from Muhammad but some are from those closest to him. Muslim scholars have worked carefully to authenticate them; see Hadith studies#Evaluating authenticity . ^ "God's Apostle replied, 'Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell, this form of Inspiration is the hardest of all and then this state passes off after I have grasped what is inspired. Sometimes the Angel comes in the form of a man and talks to me and I grasp whatever he says.' ʻAisha added: Verily I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the Sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over)." [ 31 ] ^ "Few have failed to be convinced that … the Quran is … the words of Muhammad, perhaps even dictated by him after their recitation." [ 54 ] There is some disagreement among early Muslim sources disagree over who was the first to collect the narrations. At least one source credits Salim, the freed slave of Abu Hudhaifah with collecting the Quran into a mushaf: "It is reported... from Ibn Buraidah who said: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}} The first of those to collect the Qur'an into a mushaf ( codex ) was Salim, the freed slave of Abu Hudhaifah . [ 55 ] The first of those to collect the Qur'an into a mushaf ( codex ) was Salim, the freed slave of Abu Hudhaifah . [ 55 ] The first of those to collect the Qur'an into a mushaf ( codex ) was Salim, the freed slave of Abu Hudhaifah . [ 55 ] ^ For both the claim that variant readings are still transmitted and the claim that no such critical edition has been produced, see Gilliot, C., "Creation of a fixed text" [ 70 ] ^ Arabic and Persian writers such as 10th-century geographer al-Muqaddasi , [ 80 ] 11th-century scholar Nasir Khusraw , [ 80 ] 12th-century geographer al-Idrisi [ 81 ] and 15th-century Islamic scholar Mujir al-Din , [ 82 ] as well as 19th-century North American and British Orientalist scholars such as Edward Robinson , Guy Le Strange , and Edward Henry Palmer explained that the term Masjid al-Aqsa refers to the entire esplanade plaza also known as the Temple Mount or Haram al-Sharif ('Noble Sanctuary')—i.e., the entire area including the Dome of the Rock , the fountains, the gates , and the four minarets —because none of these buildings existed at the time when the Quran was written . [ 83 ] [ 84 ] ^ While "masjid" may simply be used as a place of worship, meaning a place of prostration traditionally used for worship, it may also refer to the buildings where these acts took place. In this case, the relevant verses could be dated after the construction of these buildings. Another verse alluding to Muhammad's Miraj story can be used to conclude that these two mosques are not that far apart. In this regard, one can consider the conclusions of scholars who point to Al-Aqsa being near Mecca —in the Al-Ji'rana region— [ 85 ] or, conversely, the Revisionist school of Islamic studies , which suggests that the birth of Islam occurred in northwestern Arabia. ^ Tajalli ( Arabic : تَجَلِّي , romanized : tajallī , lit. ' manifestation ' ) is the appearance and disclosure of God as truth in Sufism . [ 113 ] Tajalli is believed to be a process by which God manifests himself in concrete forms. [ 114 ] ^ Human qualities which are attributed to Allah in the Quran such as coming, going, sitting, satisfaction, anger and sadness; "Allah has equipped them with words to bring them closer to our minds; in this respect, they are like proverbs that are used to create a picture in the mind and thus help the listener to clearly understand the idea he wants to express." [ 115 ] [ 116 ] ^ My mother, the high priestess, conceived; in secret she bore me, She set me in a basket of rushes, with bitumen she sealed my lid, She cast me into the river which rose over me. [ 126 ] ^ a b Beyza Bilgin states that the expression 'let them put their outer coverings over themselves' in the 59th verse of Al-Ahzab was revealed because they harassed women under the conditions of that day, considering them to be concubines, and commented as follows: [ 152 ] In other words, veiling is a security issue that arose according to the needs of that period. These are not taken into consideration at all and are reflected as God's command. Women have been called God's command for a thousand years. Women said the same thing to their daughters and daughters-in-law. She said the following about covering herself in prayer : They tell me; 'Do you cover yourself while praying?' Of course, I cover up when I'm in congregation. I am obliged not to disturb the peace. But I also pray with my head uncovered in my own home. Because the Quran's requirement for prayer is not covering up, but ablution and turning towards the qibla. This is a thousand year old issue. It's so ingrained in us. But this should definitely not be underestimated. Because people do it thinking it is God's command. But on the other hand, we should not declare a person who does not cover up as a bad woman. [ 152 ] In other words, veiling is a security issue that arose according to the needs of that period. These are not taken into consideration at all and are reflected as God's command. Women have been called God's command for a thousand years. Women said the same thing to their daughters and daughters-in-law. In other words, veiling is a security issue that arose according to the needs of that period. These are not taken into consideration at all and are reflected as God's command. Women have been called God's command for a thousand years. Women said the same thing to their daughters and daughters-in-law. They tell me; 'Do you cover yourself while praying?' Of course, I cover up when I'm in congregation. I am obliged not to disturb the peace. But I also pray with my head uncovered in my own home. Because the Quran's requirement for prayer is not covering up, but ablution and turning towards the qibla. This is a thousand year old issue. It's so ingrained in us. But this should definitely not be underestimated. Because people do it thinking it is God's command. But on the other hand, we should not declare a person who does not cover up as a bad woman. [ 152 ] They tell me; 'Do you cover yourself while praying?' Of course, I cover up when I'm in congregation. I am obliged not to disturb the peace. But I also pray with my head uncovered in my own home. Because the Quran's requirement for prayer is not covering up, but ablution and turning towards the qibla. This is a thousand year old issue. It's so ingrained in us. But this should definitely not be underestimated. Because people do it thinking it is God's command. But on the other hand, we should not declare a person who does not cover up as a bad woman. [ 152 ] ^ A verse that demonstrates that the Quran is not overly concerned with form is found in Surah Al-A'raf-26; "O Children of Adam! We have bestowed upon you a garment to cover your shame and adornment. But the garment of taqwa is the best of all. That is one of the signs of Allah, so that they may remember." ^ Sunnah originally meant a tradition that did not contain the definition of good and bad. Later, "good traditions" began to be referred to as sunnah and the concept of "Muhammad's sunnah" was established. [ 153 ] ^ "The Caliphate in Baghdad at the beginning of the 10th Century had 7,000 black eunuchs and 4,000 white eunuchs in his palace." [ 163 ] The Arab slave trade typically dealt in the sale of castrated male slaves. Black boys at the age of eight to twelve had their penises and scrota completely amputated. Reportedly, about two out of three boys died, but those who survived drew high prices. [ 164 ] ^ In Shiite jurisprudence, it is unlawful for a master of a female slave to grant a third party the use of her for sexual relations. The Shiite scholar Shaykh al-Tusi stated: ولا يجوز إعارتها للاستمتاع بها لأن البضع لا يستباح بالإعارة "It is not permissible to loan (the slave girl) for enjoyment purpose, because sexual intercourse cannot be legitimate through loaning" [ 165 ] and the Shiite scholars al-Muhaqiq al-Kurki, Allamah Al-Hilli and Ali Asghar Merwarid made the following ruling: ولا تجوز استعارة الجواري للاستمتاع "It is not permissible to loan the slave girl for the purpose of sexual intercourse" [ 166 ] ^ Qira’at: All except for ʻAsem, Al-Kesa’i, Yaʻqub and Khalaf in one of his narrations read it as 4 King of the Day of Judgement . ^ Scholars disagree on the exact number but this is a disagreement over "the placing of the divisions between the verese, not on the text itself." [ 184 ] ^ "The final process of collection and codification of the Quran text was guided by one over-arching principle: God's words must not in any way be distorted or sullied by human intervention. For this reason, no serious attempt, apparently, was made to edit the numerous revelations, organize them into thematic units, or present them in chronological order... This has given rise in the past to a great deal of criticism by European and American scholars of Islam, who find the Quran disorganized, repetitive and very difficult to read." [ 204 ] Samuel Pepys: "One feels it difficult to see how any mortal ever could consider this Quran as a Book written in Heaven, too good for the Earth; as a well-written book, or indeed as a book at all; and not a bewildered rhapsody; written, so far as writing goes, as badly as almost any book ever was!" [ 205 ] ^ Mehmet Özdemir (prof.dr.) regarding sirah draws attention to the almost non-existent number of miracles ( dalāʾil al-nubuwwa ) in the first records and the hundreds of additions made in later periods. [ 218 ] ^ Algerian Mohammed Arkoun, Professor Emeritus of Islamic Thought at the University of Paris . [ 239 ] ^ "Let them draw their veils over their chests" (surah-24:31) In Luxenberg's Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran , the verse instead commands women to "snap their belts around their waists." The belt was a sign of chastity in the Christian world. [ 270 ] According to him, the meanings of the words in the relevant part of the verse are as follows:خِمار Khimar; cummerbund, جيب jyb; sinus, sac, وَلْيَضْرِبْنَ;"let them hit" ^ Qira’at: All except for ʻAsem, Al-Kesa’i, Yaʻqub and Khalaf in one of his narrations read [māliki yawmi-d-dīn(i)] as 4 King of the Day of Judgement . ^ "the major Ottoman printing houses published a combined total of only 142 books in more than a century of printing between 1727 and 1838. When taken in conjunction with the fact that only a minuscule number of copies of each book were printed, this statistic demonstrates that the introduction of the printing press did not transform Ottoman cultural life until the emergence of vibrant print media in the middle of the nineteenth century" [ 308 ] ^ "at imperial expense, a 'Tatar and Turkish Typography' was established in St. Petersburg; a domestic scholar, Mullah Osman Ismail, was responsible for the manufacture of the types. One of the first products of this printing house was the Qur'ān. Through the doctor and writer, Johann Georg v. Zimmermann (d. 1795), who was befriended by Catherine II, a copy of the publication arrived in the Göttingen University library. Its director, the philologist Christian Gottlob Heyne (d. 1812), presented the work immediately in the Göttingische Anzeigen von gelehrten Sachen (28 July 1788); therein he pointed especially to the beauty of the Arabic types. To the Arabic text marginal glosses have been added that consist predominantly of reading variants. The imprint was reproduced unchanged in 1790 and 1793 in St. Petersburg (cf. Schnurrer, Bibliotheca arabica, no. 384); later, after the transfer of the printing house to Kazan, editions appeared in different formats and with varying presentation [ 309 ] References Citations ^ dictionary.reference.com: koran ^ dictionary.reference.com: quran ^ Cambridge dictionary: koran ^ Cambridge dictionary: quran ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Alcoran". Oxford English Dictionary . Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Oxford University Press . 1888. p. 210 . ^ a b "Google Books Ngram Viewer" . Google Books . Retrieved 16 February 2021 . ^ "Koran". Oxford English Dictionary . Vol. 5 (1st ed.). Oxford University Press . 1901. p. 753 . ^ "Koran" . Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) ^ "Quran" . Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) ^ "Koran" . Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary . Merriam-Webster. ^ Guillaume, Alfred (1954). Islam . Edinburgh: Penguin books. p. 74. It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it. ^ a b Toropov, Brandon; Buckles, Luke (2004). Complete Idiot's Guide to World Religions . Alpha. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-59257-222-9 . Muslims believe that Muhammad's many divine encounters during his years in Mecca and Medina inspired the remainder of the Qur'an, which, nearly fourteen centuries later, remains the Arabic language's preeminent masterpiece. ^ a b c Esposito, John (2010). Islam: The Straight Path (4th ed.). Oxford University Press . p. 21. ISBN 978-0-19-539600-3 . Throughout history, many Arab Christians as well have regarded it as the perfection of the Arabic language and literature. ^ Wheeler, Brannon M. (2002). Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis . A&C Black. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8264-4957-3 . ^ "The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon" . Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion . Archived from the original on 18 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Nasr 2007 ^ Quran 75:17 ^ Quran 7:204 ^ See "Ķur'an, al-", Encyclopedia of Islam Online and 9:111 ^ Quran 20:2 cf. ^ Quran 25:32 cf. ^ Jaffer, Abbas; Jaffer, Masuma (2009). Quranic Sciences . ICAS press. pp. 11– 15. ISBN 978-1-904063-30-8 . ^ Surah Al-Qadr 97 ^ Sandıkcı, Özlem; Rice, Gillian (2011). Handbook of Islamic Marketing . Edward Elgar. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-84980-013-6 . ^ a b Fisher, Mary Pat (1997). Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths (Rev. ed.). London: I. B. Tauris Publishers . p. 338. ^ Quran 17:106 ^ Tabatabae 1988 , p. 98 ^ a b c d e f g Richard Bell (Revised and Enlarged by W. Montgomery Watt) (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qur'an . Univ. Press. pp. 31– 51. ISBN 978-0-85224-171-4 . ^ a b P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis (1970). The Cambridge history of Islam (Reprint. ed.). Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-521-29135-4 . ^ Denffer, Ahmad von (1985). Ulum al-Qur'an: an introduction to the sciences of the Qur an (Repr. ed.). Islamic Foundation. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-86037-132-8 . ^ "Translation of Sahih Bukhari, Book 1" . Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement . University of Southern California. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. ^ Quran 53:5 ^ Quran 53:6-9 ^ Buhl, Fr. (2012) [1913–1936]. "Muhammad". In Houtsma, M. Th. ; Arnold, T. W. ; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Islam (1 ed.). doi : 10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_4746 . ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6 . ^ Quran 7:157 ^ Günther, Sebastian (2002). "Muhammad, the Illiterate Prophet: An Islamic Creed in the Quran and Quranic Exegesis". Journal of Quranic Studies . 4 (1): 1– 26. doi : 10.3366/jqs.2002.4.1.1 . ISSN 1465-3591 . ^ "The Origins of the Variant Readings of the Qur'an" . Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research . Retrieved 15 August 2024 . ^ a b c Philips, Abu Ameenah Bilal (2006). Tafseer Soorah Al -Hujurat (New Revised Edition 2 ed.). International Islamic Publishing House. pp. 50– 54. ISBN 9960-9677-0-0 . ^ a b c "Qira't and the 7 Ahruf: All You Need To Know" . Arabian Tongue . 15 February 2023. Archived from the original on 15 August 2024 . Retrieved 15 August 2024 . ^ a b c Academy, Ulum Al-Azhar (13 August 2024). "What Is Ahruf And Qirat? | A Full Guide - Ulum Al Azhar" . Retrieved 15 August 2024 . ^ a b c "Background of 7 Ahruf (Dialects) of the Quran" . Rizqan Kareem - Most Excellent Sustenance . Retrieved 15 August 2024 . ^ "معهد الفتح الإسلامي يرحب بكم" . www.alfatihonline.com . Retrieved 15 August 2024 . ^ a b c Campo, Juan E. (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam . Facts On File. pp. 570– 574. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1 . ^ a b Donner, Fred (2006). "The historical context". In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Qur'ān . Cambridge University Press. pp. 31– 33. ^ Roslan Abdul-Rahim (December 2017). "Demythologizing the Qur'an Rethinking Revelation Through Naskh al-Qur'an" . Global Journal Al-Thaqafah . 7 (2): 62. doi : 10.7187/GJAT122017-2 . ISSN 2232-0474 . ^ "Wat is de Koran?" . Koran.nl (in Dutch). 18 February 2016. ^ Cook 2000 , p. 121. ^ a b c Tabatabae 1988 , p. 99: Since the word of God seemed threatened with alteration, the [third] caliph ordered that five of the qurrā' from amongst the companions, (one of them being Zayd ibn Thābit who had compiled the first volume), produce other copies from the first volume which had been prepared on the orders of the first caliph and which had been kept with Ḥafṣah, the wife of the Prophet and daughter of the second caliph. The other copies, already in the hands of Muslims in other areas, were collected and sent to Medina where, on orders of the Caliph, they were burnt (or, according to some historians, were destroyed by boiling). Thus several copies were made, one being kept in Medina, one in Mecca, and one each sent to Sham (a territory now divided into Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan), Kufa and Basra. It is said that beside these five, one copy was also sent to Yemen and one to Bahrein. These copies were called the Imam copies and served as original for all future copies. The only difference of order between these copies and the first volume was that the chapters "Spirits of War" and "Immunity" were written in one place between "The Heights" and "Jonah." Since the word of God seemed threatened with alteration, the [third] caliph ordered that five of the qurrā' from amongst the companions, (one of them being Zayd ibn Thābit who had compiled the first volume), produce other copies from the first volume which had been prepared on the orders of the first caliph and which had been kept with Ḥafṣah, the wife of the Prophet and daughter of the second caliph. The other copies, already in the hands of Muslims in other areas, were collected and sent to Medina where, on orders of the Caliph, they were burnt (or, according to some historians, were destroyed by boiling). Thus several copies were made, one being kept in Medina, one in Mecca, and one each sent to Sham (a territory now divided into Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan), Kufa and Basra. It is said that beside these five, one copy was also sent to Yemen and one to Bahrein. These copies were called the Imam copies and served as original for all future copies. The only difference of order between these copies and the first volume was that the chapters "Spirits of War" and "Immunity" were written in one place between "The Heights" and "Jonah." Since the word of God seemed threatened with alteration, the [third] caliph ordered that five of the qurrā' from amongst the companions, (one of them being Zayd ibn Thābit who had compiled the first volume), produce other copies from the first volume which had been prepared on the orders of the first caliph and which had been kept with Ḥafṣah, the wife of the Prophet and daughter of the second caliph. The other copies, already in the hands of Muslims in other areas, were collected and sent to Medina where, on orders of the Caliph, they were burnt (or, according to some historians, were destroyed by boiling). Thus several copies were made, one being kept in Medina, one in Mecca, and one each sent to Sham (a territory now divided into Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan), Kufa and Basra. It is said that beside these five, one copy was also sent to Yemen and one to Bahrein. These copies were called the Imam copies and served as original for all future copies. The only difference of order between these copies and the first volume was that the chapters "Spirits of War" and "Immunity" were written in one place between "The Heights" and "Jonah." ^ al-Bukhari, Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari, volume 6, book 61, narrations number 509 and 510" . sahih-bukhari.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . ^ Cook 2000 , p. 117. ^ a b Rippin 2006 : "Poetry and Language", by Navid Kermani , pp. 107–20. For the history of compilation see "Introduction," by Tamara Sonn , pp. 5–6 For eschatology, see "Discovering (final destination)", by Christopher Buck, p. 30. For literary structure, see "Language," by Mustansir Mir, p. 93. For writing and printing, see "Written Transmission", by François Déroche , pp. 172–87. For recitation, see "Recitation," by Anna M. Gade pp. 481–93 "Poetry and Language", by Navid Kermani , pp. 107–20. For the history of compilation see "Introduction," by Tamara Sonn , pp. 5–6 For eschatology, see "Discovering (final destination)", by Christopher Buck, p. 30. For literary structure, see "Language," by Mustansir Mir, p. 93. For writing and printing, see "Written Transmission", by François Déroche , pp. 172–87. For recitation, see "Recitation," by Anna M. Gade pp. 481–93 ^ Yusuff, Mohamad K. "Zayd ibn Thabit and the Glorious Qur'an" . ^ Cook 2000 , pp. 117–124. ^ Peters 1991 , pp. 3–5 ^ John Gilchrist, Jam' Al-Qur'an. The Codification of the Qur'an Text A Comprehensive Study of the Original Collection of the Qur'an Text and the Early Surviving Qur'an Manuscripts , [MERCSA, Mondeor, 2110 Republic of South Africa, 1989], Chapter 1. "The Initial Collection of the Qur'an Text", citing as-Suyuti, Al-Itqan fii Ulum al-Qur'an , p. 135). ^ "Noorullah Website - Is the Qur'an Corrupted? Shi'ites View" . 27 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. ^ Shirazi, Muhammad (2001). The Qur'an - When was it compiled? . London,UK: Fountain Books. pp. 5, 7. ^ Shirazi, Muhammad (2008). The Shi'a and their Beliefs . London,UK: Fountain Books. p. 29. ^ HADDADIAN ABDORREZA; MOADDAB SEYYED REZA. "A STUDY ON TRADITIONS OF DISTORTION IN AYYASHI EXEGESIS". Hadith Studies . 4 (8): 141– 166. ^ Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Sayyari (2009). Kohlberg, Etan; Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (eds.). "Revelation and Falsification: The Kitab al-qira'at of Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Sayyari: Critical Edition with an Introduction and Notes by Etan Kohlberg and Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi" . Texts and Studies on the Qurʼān . 4 . BRILL: vii. ISSN 1567-2808 . ^ Kohlberg & Amir-Moezzi 2009, p.24-26-27 ^ Kohlberg & Amir-Moezzi 2009, pp.20, 24 ^ a b c Leaman, Oliver , ed. (2006). The Qur'an: an Encyclopedia . New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32639-1 . For God in the Quran (Allah), see "Allah", by Zeki Saritoprak, pp. 33–40. For eschatology, see "Eschatology," by Zeki Saritoprak, pp. 194–99. For searching the Arabic text on the internet and writing, see "Cyberspace and the Qur'an", by Andrew Rippin , pp. 159–63. For calligraphy, see by "Calligraphy and the Qur'an" by Oliver Leaman , pp. 130–35. For translation, see "Translation and the Qur'an," by Afnan Fatani, pp. 657–69. For recitation, see "Art and the Qur'an" by Tamara Sonn , pp. 71–81; and "Reading", by Stefan Wild, pp. 532–35. For God in the Quran (Allah), see "Allah", by Zeki Saritoprak, pp. 33–40. For eschatology, see "Eschatology," by Zeki Saritoprak, pp. 194–99. For searching the Arabic text on the internet and writing, see "Cyberspace and the Qur'an", by Andrew Rippin , pp. 159–63. For calligraphy, see by "Calligraphy and the Qur'an" by Oliver Leaman , pp. 130–35. For translation, see "Translation and the Qur'an," by Afnan Fatani, pp. 657–69. For recitation, see "Art and the Qur'an" by Tamara Sonn , pp. 71–81; and "Reading", by Stefan Wild, pp. 532–35. ^ Religions of the world Lewis M. Hopfe – 1979 "Some Muslims have suggested and practiced textual criticism of the Quran in a manner similar to that practiced by Christians and Jews on their bibles. No one has yet suggested the higher criticism of the Quran." ^ Egypt's culture wars: politics and practice – Page 278 Samia Mehrez – 2008 Middle East report: Issues 218–222; Issues 224–225 Middle East Research & Information Project, JSTOR (Organization) – 2001 Shahine filed to divorce Abu Zayd from his wife, on the grounds that Abu Zayd's textual criticism of the Quran made him an apostate, and hence unfit to marry a Muslim. Abu Zayd and his wife eventually relocated to the Netherlands ^ Donner, "Quran in Recent Scholarship", 2008 : p.30 ^ Donner, Fred M. (2014). "Review: Textual Criticism and Qurʾān Manuscripts, by Keith E. Small". Journal of Near Eastern Studies . 73 (1): 166– 169. doi : 10.1086/674909 . ^ a b Melchert, Christopher (2000). "Ibn Mujahid and the Establishment of Seven Qur'anic Readings". Studia Islamica (91): 5– 22. doi : 10.2307/1596266 . JSTOR 1596266 . ^ Ibn Warraq, Which Koran? Variants, Manuscript, Linguistics , p. 45. Prometheus Books, 2011. ISBN 1-59102-430-7 ^ Gilliot, C. (2006). "Creation of a fixed text". In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Qur'ān . Cambridge University Press. p. 52. ^ " 'The Qur'an: Text, Interpretation and Translation' Third Biannual SOAS Conference, 16–17 October 2003". Journal of Qur'anic Studies . 6 (1): 143– 145. April 2004. doi : 10.3366/jqs.2004.6.1.143 . ^ Bergmann, Uwe; Sadeghi, Behnam (September 2010). "The Codex of a Companion of the Prophet and the Qurān of the Prophet". Arabica . 57 (4): 343– 436. doi : 10.1163/157005810X504518 . ^ Sadeghi, Behnam; Goudarzi, Mohsen (March 2012). "Ṣan'ā' 1 and the Origins of the Qur'ān". Der Islam . 87 ( 1– 2): 1– 129. doi : 10.1515/islam-2011-0025 . S2CID 164120434 . ^ a b Lester, Toby (1 January 1999). "What Is the Koran?" . The Atlantic . Washington, D.C. ISSN 2151-9463 . OCLC 936540106 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 16 May 2022 . ^ "An Inscription Mentioning the Rebuilding of Al-Masjid Al-Haram, 78 AH / 697-698 CE" . ^ Jeffrey 1952 , pp. 99–120. ^ Robinson 1996 , p. 56. ^ John Wansbrough argued that ḥadīth literature is exegetical in origin, i.e., the bulk of the tradition literature is closely tied to the interpretation of the Qur'an, which he believed did not take its final form/canonised until the late eighth / early ninth century. ^ "When the Quraish disbelieved me (concerning my night journey), I stood up in Al- Hijr (the unroofed portion of the Ka`ba) and Allah displayed Bait-ul-Maqdis before me, and I started to inform them (Quraish) about its signs while looking at it." . ^ a b Le Strange, Guy (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Translated from the Works of the Medieval Arab Geographers . Houghton, Mifflin. p. 96. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 31 July 2022 . Great confusion is introduced into the Arab descriptions of the Noble Sanctuary by the indiscriminate use of the terms Al Masjid or Al Masjid al Akså, Jami' or Jami al Aksâ; and nothing but an intimate acquaintance with the locality described will prevent a translator, ever and again, misunderstanding the text he has before him-since the native authorities use the technical terms in an extraordinarily inexact manner, often confounding the whole, and its part, under the single denomination of "Masjid." Further, the usage of various writers differs considerably on these points : Mukaddasi invariably speaks of the whole Haram Area as Al Masjid, or as Al Masjid al Aksî, "the Akså Mosque," or "the mosque," while the Main-building of the mosque, at the south end of the Haram Area, which we generally term the Aksa, he refers to as Al Mughattâ, "the Covered-part." Thus he writes "the mosque is entered by thirteen gates," meaning the gates of the Haram Area. So also "on the right of the court," means along the west wall of the Haram Area; "on the left side" means the east wall; and "at the back" denotes the northern boundary wall of the Haram Area. Nasir-i-Khusrau, who wrote in Persian, uses for the Main-building of the Aksâ Mosque the Persian word Pushish, that is, "Covered part," which exactly translates the Arabic Al Mughatta. On some occasions, however, the Akså Mosque (as we call it) is spoken of by Näsir as the Maksurah, a term used especially to denote the railed-off oratory of the Sultan, facing the Mihrâb, and hence in an extended sense applied to the building which includes the same. The great Court of the Haram Area, Nâsir always speaks of as the Masjid, or the Masjid al Akså, or again as the Friday Mosque (Masjid-i-Jum'ah). ^ Idrīsī, Muhammad ; Jaubert, Pierre Amédée (1836). Géographie d'Édrisi (in French). à l'Imprimerie royale. pp. 343– 344. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 31 July 2022 . Sous la domination musulmane il fut agrandi, et c'est (aujourd'hui) la grande mosquée connue par les Musulmans sous le nom de Mesdjid el-Acsa مسجد الأقصى. Il n'en existe pas au monde qui l'égale en grandeur, si l'on en excepte toutefois la grande mosquée de Cordoue en Andalousie; car, d'après ce qu'on rapporte, le toit de cette mosquée est plus grand que celui de la Mesdjid el-Acsa. Au surplus, l'aire de cette dernière forme un parallelogramme dont la hauteur est de deux cents brasses (ba'a), et le base de cents quatre-vingts. La moitié de cet espace, celle qui est voisin du Mihrab, est couverte d'un toit (ou plutôt d'un dôme) en pierres soutenu par plusieurs rangs de colonnes; l'autre est à ciel ouvert. Au centre de l'édifice est un grand dôme connu sous le nom de Dôme de la roche; il fut orné d'arabesques en or et d'autres beaux ouvrages, par les soins de divers califes musulmans. Le dôme est percé de quatre portes; en face de celle qui est à l'occident, on voit l'autel sur lequel les enfants d'Israël offraient leurs sacrifices; auprès de la porte orientale est l'église nommée le saint des saints, d'une construction élégante; au midi est une chapelle qui était à l'usage des Musulmans; mais les chrétiens s'en sont emparés de vive force et elle est restée en leur pouvoir jusqu'à l'époque de la composition du présent ouvrage. Ils ont converti cette chapelle en un couvent où résident des religieux de l'ordre des templiers, c'est-à-dire des serviteurs de la maison de Dieu. Also at Williams, G.; Willis, R. (1849). "Account of Jerusalem during the Frank Occupation, extracted from the Universal Geography of Edrisi. Climate III. sect. 5. Translated by P. Amédée Jaubert. Tome 1. pp. 341—345." . The Holy City: Historical, Topographical, and Antiquarian Notices of Jerusalem . J.W. Parker. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 31 July 2022 . ^ Mustafa Abu Sway (Fall 2000). "The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Islamic Sources" . Journal of the Central Conference of American Rabbis : 60– 68. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022 . Retrieved 29 May 2022 . Quoting Mujir al-Din : "Verily, 'Al-Aqsa' is a name for the whole mosque which is surrounded by the wall, the length and width of which are mentioned here, for the building that exists in the southern part of the Mosque, and the other ones such as the Dome of the Rock and the corridors and other [buildings] are novel" ^ Le Strange, Guy (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Translated from the Works of the Medieval Arab Geographers . Houghton, Mifflin. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 29 May 2022 . THE AKSÀ MOSQUE. The great mosque of Jerusalem, Al Masjid al Aksà, the "Further Mosque," derives its name from the traditional Night Journey of Muhammad, to which allusion is made in the words of the Kuran (xvii. I)... the term "Mosque" being here taken to denote the whole area of the Noble Sanctuary, and not the Main-building of the Aksà only, which, in the Prophet's days, did not exist. ^ Strange, Guy le (1887). "Description of the Noble Sanctuary at Jerusalem in 1470 A.D., by Kamâl (or Shams) ad Dîn as Suyûtî" . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland . 19 (2). Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 247– 305. doi : 10.1017/S0035869X00019420 . ISSN 0035-869X . JSTOR 25208864 . S2CID 163050043 . …the term Masjid (whence, through the Spanish Mezquita, our word Mosque) denotes the whole of the sacred edifice, comprising the main building and the court, with its lateral arcades and minor chapels. The earliest specimen of the Arab mosque consisted of an open courtyard, within which, round its four walls, run colonades or cloisters to give shelter to the worshippers. On the side of the court towards the Kiblah (in the direction of Mekka), and facing which the worshipper must stand, the colonade, instead of being single, is, for the convenience of the increased numbers of the congregation, widened out to form the Jami' or place of assembly… coming now to the Noble Sanctuary at Jerusalem, we must remember that the term 'Masjid' belongs not only to the Aksa mosque (more properly the Jami' or place of assembly for prayer), but to the whole enclosure with the Dome of the Rock in the middle, and all the other minor domes and chapels. ^ Grabar, Oleg (1959). "The Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem" . Ars Orientalis . 3 : 33– 62. ISSN 0571-1371 . JSTOR 4629098 . ^ a b Coughlan, Sean. " 'Oldest' Koran fragments found in Birmingham University" . BBC . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . ^ Dan Bilefsky (22 July 2015). "A Find in Britain: Quran Fragments Perhaps as Old as Islam" . New York Times . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . ^ Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives 8 June 632, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (mainly non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the invasion of Palestine . See Stephen J. Shoemaker, The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam, [ page needed ] University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. ^ "New Light on the History of the Quranic Text?" . The Huffington Post . 24 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ a b Saeed, Abdullah (2008). The Qurʼan: an introduction . London: Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-415-42124-9 . ^ Crone, Patricia (10 June 2008). "What do we actually know about Mohammed?" . Open Democracy . Retrieved 3 October 2019 . ^ Vogel, Frank E. (2000). Islamic Law and the Legal System of Saudí: Studies of Saudi Arabia . Brill. pp. 4– 5. ISBN 9004110623 . ^ "Surah Al-Isra – 7" . Quran.com . Retrieved 10 July 2023 . ^ 1 Kings 11:1, 7–8 ^ Bietenholz, Peter G. (1994). Historia and fabula: myths and legends in historical thought from antiquity to the modern age . Brill. ISBN 978-9004100633 . ^ Watt 1960–2007 : "It is generally agreed both by Muslim commentators and modéra [sic] occidental scholars that Dhu ’l-Ḳarnayn [...] is to be identified with Alexander the Great." Cook 2013 : "[...] Dhū al-Qarnayn (usually identified with Alexander the Great) [...]". ^ Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (17 April 2018). Khwadāynāmag The Middle Persian Book of Kings . BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-27764-9 . Many Mediaeval scholars argued against the identification, though. Cf., e.g., the discussion in al-Maqrizi, Khabar §§212-232. ^ Maqrīzī, Aḥmad Ibn-ʿAlī al-; Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2018). Al-Maqrīzī's al-Ḫabar ʻan al-bašar: vol. V, section 4: Persia and its kings, part I . Bibliotheca Maqriziana Opera maiora. Leiden Boston: Brill. pp. 279– 281. ISBN 978-90-04-35599-6 . ^ Zadeh, Travis (28 February 2017). Mapping Frontiers Across Medieval Islam: Geography, Translation and the 'Abbasid Empire . Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 97– 98. ISBN 978-1-78673-131-9 . In the early history of Islam there was a lively debate over the true identity of Dhū 'l-Qarnayn. One prominent identification was with an ancient South Arabian Ḥimyarī king, generally referred to in the sources as al-Ṣaʿb b. Dhī Marāthid. [...] Indeed the association of Dhū 'l-Qarnayn with the South Arabian ruler can be traced in many early Arabic sources. ^ Fazeli, Hamidreza; Tali Tabasi, Marziyeh; Fazeli, Alireza; Fararooei, Shokrolla. "A Critical Study of the Quran's Theory of Mythology (A Case Study on Mohammad Arkoun's Perspectives)" . Iraqi Open Access Journals . p. 2. Archived from the original on 17 February 2025 . Retrieved 5 March 2024 . After examining the verses of the Quran to find where the word mythology has been used and seeking the accordance between the meaning and context with Quran's purpose of knowledge and guidance, including rules and educational issues, we found that the concept of myth is not acceptable in the Quran. The result of this study show that Quran is not a myth, rather the stories are factual and based on reality. ^ In his Encyclopaedia of the Social Concepts of the Qur’ân he mentions that we should understand evil people like Namrud (the king who humiliated and imprisoned Abraham), Haman, Qarun and Pharaoh ‘not as historical figures, but as concepts about human beings. To give an example, Shariati expressed as his opinion that Qarun/Korah was a symbol for the economic elite, while Pharaoh was the ultimate symbol for a tyrant. ^ ^ Quran 67:3 ^ Saritoprak, Zeki (2006). "Allah". In Leaman, Oliver (ed.). The Qur'an: an Encyclopedia . New York: Routledge. pp. 33– 40. ISBN 978-0-415-32639-1 . ^ D.B. Macdonald. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "Ilah", Vol. 3, p. 1093. ^ F.E. Peters, Islam , p.4, Princeton University Press, 2003 ^ Yuskaev, Timur R. (18 October 2017). Speaking Qur'an: An American Scripture . Univ of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-61117-795-4 . Indeed, "Lord" is a direct translation of the Arabic word Rabb . ^ a b Denis Gril, Miracles , Encyclopedia of the Qur'an , Brill, 2007. ^ Williams, W. Wesley, "A study of anthropomorphic theophany and Visio Dei in the Hebrew Bible, the Quran and early Sunni Islam", University of Michigan, March 2009 ^ "bir söyleşide yaptığı ilgili açıklama" . YouTube . 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . ^ Williams 2002 . sfn error: no target: CITEREFWilliams2002 ( help ) ^ Cook 2024 , p. 140–141. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCook2024 ( help ) ^ Knysh, Alexander D. (1 January 1999). Ibn 'Arabi in the Later Islamic Tradition: The Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam . SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791439678 . ^ Izutsu, Toshihiko (1 January 1984). Sufism and Taoism: A Comparative Study of Key Philosophical Concepts . University of California Press. ISBN 9780520052642 . ^ Tabatabai, Allamah . "Al-Mizan Discourses" . Tafsir Al-Mizan <!-– Allamah Muhammad Hussein Tabatabai --> . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 16 February 2021 . ^ "The Qur'an Possesses Revelation and Exegesis" . Allamah Tabatabaee . Islamic Ma'aref Foundation Institute. 1988. pp. 37– 45. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. ^ "bir söyleşide yaptığı ilgili açıklama" . YouTube . 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . ^ Quran 41:43 ^ Levenson 2012 , p. 8. ^ Peters 2003 , p. 9. ^ Levenson 2012 , p. 200. ^ Lings 2004 . ^ Quran 2:135 ^ Glassé, Cyril (1991). "Abraham". Kaaba . The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam . HarperSanFrancisco , Suhail Academy. pp. 18– 19. ISBN 0-0606-3126-0 . ^ "Moses" . Oxford Biblical Studies Online . ^ Finlay, Timothy D. (2005). The Birth Report Genre in the Hebrew Bible . Forschungen zum Alten Testament. Vol. 12. Mohr Siebeck. p. 236. ISBN 978-3-16-148745-3 . ^ Coogan, Michael David; Coogan, Michael D. (2001). The Oxford History of the Biblical World . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513937-2 . Many of these forms are not, and should not be considered, historically based; Moses' birth narrative, for example, is built on folkloric motifs found throughout the ancient world. ^ Rendsburg, Gary A. (2006). "Moses as Equal to Pharaoh" . In Beckman, Gary M.; Lewis, Theodore J. (eds.). Text, Artifact, and Image: Revealing Ancient Israelite Religion . Brown Judaic Studies. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-930675-28-5 . ^ Ltd, Hymns Ancient Modern (May 1996). Third Way (magazine) . p. 18. [ better source needed ] ^ a b Keeler, Annabel (2005). "Moses from a Muslim Perspective" . In Solomon, Norman; Harries, Richard; Winter, Tim (eds.). Abraham's children: Jews, Christians and Muslims in conversation . T&T Clark. pp. 55– 66. ISBN 978-0-567-08171-1 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. ^ Bennett 1998 , pp. 18–19. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBennett1998 ( help ) ^ Peters 1994 , p. 261. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPeters1994 ( help ) ^ a b Watt, William Montgomery ; Sinai, Nicolai (2024). "Muhammad" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 4 February 2023 . ^ Hagen, G. (2009). "From Haggadic Exegesis To Myth: Popular Stories Of The Prophets In Islam". In Sacred Tropes: Tanakh, New Testament, and Qur’an as Literature and Culture. Leiden, Niederlande: Brill. ^ Izutsu, Toshihiko (6 June 2007) [2002]. Ethico-religious concepts in the Qur'an (Repr. ed.). McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 184. 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ISBN 978-0-691-11461-3 . ^ For example see comments by Arthur John Arberry : "to produce something which might be accepted as echoing however faintly the sublime rhetoric of the Arabic Koran, I have been at pains to study the intricate and richly varied rhythms which constitute the Koran's undeniable claim to rank amongst the greatest literary masterpieces of mankind Arberry, A.J (1955). The Koran: Interpreted. New York: Macmillan. pp. x ; Karen Armstrong : "It is as though Muhammad had created an entirely new literary form that some people were not ready for but which thrilled others. Without this experience of the Koran, it is extremely unlikely that Islam would have taken root." Armstrong, K (1994). A History of God.p.78 ; Oliver Leaman : "the verses of the Qur'an represent its uniqueness and beauty not to mention its novelty and originality. That is why it has succeeded in convincing so many people of its truth. it imitates nothing and no one nor can it be imitated. Its style does not pall even after long periods of study and the text does not lose its freshness over time" Leaman, Oliver (2006). The Qur'an: an Encyclopedia.p.404 and similar views by Joseph Schacht (1974) The legacy of Islam , Henry Stubbe An account of the Rise and Progress of Mohammadanism (1911) , Martin Zammit A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur'anic Arabic (2002) , and Alfred Guillaume Islam (1990) ^ a b Vasalou, Sophia (2002). "The Miraculous Eloquence of the Qur'an: General Trajectories and Individual Approaches". Journal of Qur'anic Studies . 4 (2): 23– 53. doi : 10.3366/jqs.2002.4.2.23 . ^ "Well, Did Muhammad Not Copy Some Verses of the Qur'an from Imru'l Qais?" . ^ "Search Results - Search Results - moon split (page 1) - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)" . sunnah.com . ^ Wensinck, A.J. "Muʿd̲j̲iza". Encyclopaedia of Islam . Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C. E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. 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Christians are often surprised to discover that Jesus is mentioned by name in the Quran more than Muhammad and that Mary is mentioned more times in the Quran than in the New Testament. Both Jesus and Mary play important roles not only in the Quran but also in Muslim piety and spirituality. ^ Kadi, Wadad ; Mir, Mustansir (2002). "Literature and the Quran". In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān . Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill. pp. 213, 216. ISBN 90-04-12354-7 . Sources Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2022). The Religion and Rituals of the Nomads of Pre-Islamic Arabia: A Reconstruction Based on the Safaitic Inscriptions . Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-50427-1 . Allen, Roger (2000). An Introduction to Arabic literature . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77657-8 . Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin; Reichmuth, Stefan (2016). Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism: A Sourcebook . Brill. ISBN 9789004329003 . Berlin, Adele (2011). "Cosmology and creation" . In Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine (eds.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion . Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199730049 . Clogg, Richard (1979). "An Attempt to Revive Turkish Printing in Istanbul in 1779". International Journal of Middle East Studies . 10 (1): 67– 70. doi : 10.1017/s0020743800053320 . S2CID 159835641 . Cook, David B. (2013). "Gog and Magog". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun ; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three . doi : 10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27495 . Cook, Michael (2000). The Koran; A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285344-8 . Retrieved 24 September 2019 . Corbin, Henry (1993) [1964 (in French)]. History of Islamic Philosophy . Translated by Sherrard, Liadain; Sherrard, Philip . London: Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies . ISBN 978-0-7103-0416-2 . Dost, Suleyman (2023). "Pilgrimage in Pre-Islamic Arabia: Continuity and Rupture from Epigraphic Texts to the Qur'an" . Millennium . 20 (1): 15– 32. doi : 10.1515/mill-2023-0003 . Guessoum, Nidhal (2011). Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science . I.B. Tauris. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-84885-517-5 . Jeffrey, Arthur (1952). The Qur'an as Scripture . New York: Russell F. Moore Company. Levenson, Jon Douglas (2012). Inheriting Abraham: The Legacy of the Patriarch in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam . Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691155692 . Lings, Martin (2004). Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now . Archetype. ISBN 978-1-901383-07-2 . Krek, Miroslav (1979). "The Enigma of the First Arabic Book Printed from Movable Type". Journal of Near Eastern Studies . 38 (3): 203– 212. doi : 10.1086/372742 . S2CID 162374182 . Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2003). Islam: Religion, History and Civilization . San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-050714-5 . Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). "Qurʾān" . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 4 November 2007 . Peters, Francis E. (August 1991). "The Quest of the Historical Muhammad". International Journal of Middle East Studies . 23 (3): 291– 315. doi : 10.1017/S0020743800056312 . S2CID 162433825 . Rippin, Andrew ; et al., eds. (2006). The Blackwell companion to the Qur'an . Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-1752-4 . Robinson, Neal (1996). Discovering the Qur'an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text . SCM Press. Tabatabae, Mohammad Hosayn (1988). The Qur'an in Islam: Its Impact and Influence on the Life of Muslims . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7103-0266-3 . Watt, W. Montgomery (1960–2007). "al-Iskandar". In Bearman, P. ; Bianquis, Th. ; Bosworth, C.E. ; van Donzel, E. ; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition . doi : 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3630 . Watson, William J. (1968). "İbrāhīm Müteferriḳa and Turkish Incunabula". Journal of the American Oriental Society . 88 (3): 435– 441. doi : 10.2307/596868 . JSTOR 596868 . Ziolkowski, Jan M. (2007). Fairy Tales from Before Fairy Tales: The Medieval Latin Past of Wonderful Lies . Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-03379-9 . Further reading Introductory texts Bell, Richard ; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān . Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2 . Hawting, G.R. (1993). Approaches to the Qur'ān (1 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-05755-4 . Hixon, Lex (2003). The heart of the Qurʼan: an introduction to Islamic spirituality (2 ed.). Quest. ISBN 978-0-8356-0822-0 . Rahman, Fazlur (2009) [1989]. Major Themes of the Qur'an (Second ed.). University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-70286-5 . Robinson, Neal (2002). Discovering the Qur'an . Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1-58901-024-6 . Sells, Michael (15 November 1999). Approaching the Qur'ān: The Early Revelations (Book & CD ed.). White Cloud Press. ISBN 978-1-883991-26-5 . Wild, Stefan (1996). The Quʼran as Text . Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09300-3 . Traditional Quranic commentaries (tafsir) Al-Tabari (1987) [Cairo 1955–69]. "Jāmiʻ al-bayān ʻan taʼwīl al-qurʼān". The Commentary on the Qurʼān . transl. J. Cooper (ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920142-6 . Tabatabae, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn . Tafsir al-Mizan . Topical studies McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (1991). Qurʼānic Christians: an analysis of classical and modern exegesis . New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36470-6 . Siljander, Mark D.; Mann, John David (2008). A Deadly Misunderstanding: a Congressman's Quest to Bridge the Muslim-Christian Divide . New York: Harper One. ISBN 978-0-06-143828-8 . Stowasser, Barbara Freyer (1 June 1996). Women in the Qur'an, Traditions and Interpretation (Reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511148-4 . Literary criticism M.M. Al-Azami (2003). The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments (First ed.). UK Islamic Academy. ISBN 978-1-872531-65-6 . Boullata, Issa J , ed. (2000). Literary Structures of Religious Meaning in the Qur'ān . Curzon Press. ISBN 0-7007-1256-9 . . Luling, Gunter (2003). A challenge to Islam for reformation: the rediscovery and reliable reconstruction of a comprehensive pre-Islamic Christian hymnal hidden in the Koran under earliest Islamic reinterpretations . New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1952-8 . Luxenberg, Christoph (2007) [2004]. The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran: a contribution to the decoding of the language of the Koran . Berlin: Verlag Hans Schiler. ISBN 978-3-89930-088-8 . Puin, Gerd R. (1996). "Observations on Early Qur'an Manuscripts in Sana'a' ". In Wild, Stefan (ed.). The Qurʾan as Text . Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 107– 111. Wansbrough, John (1977). Quranic Studies . Oxford University Press. Encyclopedias McAuliffe JD , et al., eds. (2001). Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an (First ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-11465-4 . Leaman O , et al., eds. (2005). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia (First ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-77529-8 . Iqbal M, et al., eds. (2013). The Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'an (First ed.). Center for Islamic Sciences. ISBN 978-1-926620-00-8 . Academic journals Journal of Qur'anic Studies ( ISSN 1465-3591 ), published by the School of Oriental and African Studies Journal of Qur'anic Research and Studies , published by King Fahd Qur'an Printing Complex External links Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Reference material The British Library: Discovering Sacred Texts – Islam Archived 17 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine Manuscripts Several digitised Qurans in the Cambridge University Digital Library 2017-232-1 al-Qurʼān. / القرآن at OPenn Digitised Manuscripts Sorted by Verses at Corpus Coranicum Quran browsers and translation Quran Pdf Al-Quran.info Archived 29 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Quran Archive – Texts and Studies on the Quran Quran text and translation at Tufts University Tanzil – Online Quran Navigator Quran.com Previous.quran.com – By clicking Settings and selecting The Bridges’ translation by Fadel Soliman, words that have significant variants among the ten canonical qira'at are highlighted in red, together with a footnote listing the readers or transmitters and an English translation for each of the variant readings Multilingual Quran (Arabic, English, French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Italian) Latin script transliterated Qur'an. Hans Zirker. University of Frankfurt. v t e People and things in the Quran v t e Characters Non-humans Allāh ('The God ') Names of Allah found in the Quran, such as Karīm (Generous) Animals Related The baqara (cow) of Israelites The dhiʾb (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians Ḥimār ( Domesticated donkey ) The hud-hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb (dog) of the sleepers of the cave The namlah (female ant) of Solomon The nūn (fish or whale) of Jonah The nāqat (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ Non-related ʿAnkabūt (Female spider ) Dābbat al-Arḍ ( Beast of the Earth ) Ḥimār ( Wild ass ) Naḥl ( Honey bee ) Qaswarah (' Lion ', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter') Malāʾikah ( Angels ) Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Bearers of the Throne Harut and Marut Jundallah Kirāman Kātibīn (Honourable Scribes) Raqib Atid Muqarrabun Jibrīl (Gabriel, chief) Ar-Rūḥ ('The Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn ('The Trustworthy Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus ('The Holy Spirit ') Angel of the Trumpet ( Isrāfīl or Raphael ) Malakul-Mawt (Angel of Death, Azrael) Mīkāil (Michael) Jinn (Genies) Jann ʿIfrīt Sakhr (Asmodeus) Qarīn Shayāṭīn ( Demons ) Iblīs ash-Shayṭān (the (chief) Devil ) Mārid ('Rebellious one') Others Ghilmān or Wildān Ḥūr Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al-Yasa ʿ ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl-Kifl (Ezekiel?) Hārūn (Aaron) Hūd (Eber?) Idrīs ( Enoch ?) Ilyās (Elijah) ʿImrān (Joachim the father of Maryam) Isḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismāʿīl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shuʿayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab ?) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah) Yaʿqūb ( Jacob ) Isrāʾīl (Israel) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn-Nūn ('He of the Fish (or Whale )' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)') Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ('Companion of the Whale') Yūsuf ibn Ya‘qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulul-ʿAzm ('Those of the Perseverance and Strong Will') Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones ʿ Uzair ( Ezra ?) Dhūl-Qarnain Luqmān Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭālūt ( Saul or Gideon ?) Implied Irmiyā (Jeremiah) Ṣamūʾīl ( Samuel ) Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses) People of Prophets Good ones Adam's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya-Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman's son People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael's mother Isaac's mother People of Jesus Disciples (including Peter ) Mary's mother Zechariah's wife People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd (Muhammad's adopted son) People of Joseph Brothers (including Binyāmin (Benjamin) and Simeon ) Egyptians ʿAzīz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin) Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd)) Wife of ʿAzīz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother People of Aaron and Moses Egyptians Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura) Imraʾat Firʿawn ( Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim the Wife of Pharaoh , who adopted Moses) Magicians of the Pharaoh Wise, pious man Moses' wife Moses' sister-in-law Mother Sister Evil ones Āzar (possibly Terah ) Firʿawn ( Pharaoh of Moses' time) Hāmān Jālūt (Goliath) Qārūn (Korah, cousin of Moses) As-Sāmirī Abū Lahab Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr) Implied or not specified Abraha Abu Bakr Bal'am/Balaam Barṣīṣā Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al-Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the Sabbath ) Jesus' apostles Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Companions of Noah's Ark Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim? Companions of the Elephant People of al-Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah) Nation of Noah Tribes, ethnicities or families ‘ Ajam Ar-Rūm (literally 'The Romans') Banī Isrāʾīl (Children of Israel) Muʾtafikāt (Sodom and Gomorrah) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ('Companions of the Wood') Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah) Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Anṣār (literally 'Helpers') Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina) People of Mecca Wife of Abu Lahab Children of Ayyub Sons of Adam Wife of Nuh Wife of Lut Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog) Son of Nuh Aʿrāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd (people of Hud) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of Tubba ) People of Sabaʾ or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd (people of Ṣāliḥ) Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ('Companions of the Stoneland ') Ahl al-Bayt ('People of the Household') Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Lot's daughters Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Muhammad's wives Household of Salih Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus and Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al-Dhimmah Kāfirūn disbelievers Majūs Zoroastrians Munāfiqūn ( Hypocrites ) Muslims Believers Ahl al-Kitāb ( People of the Book ) Naṣārā ( Christian (s) or People of the Injil) Ruhban (Christian monks) Qissis (Christian priest) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār (Jewish scholars) Rabbani/Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Characters Non-humans Allāh ('The God ') Names of Allah found in the Quran, such as Karīm (Generous) Animals Related The baqara (cow) of Israelites The dhiʾb (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians Ḥimār ( Domesticated donkey ) The hud-hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb (dog) of the sleepers of the cave The namlah (female ant) of Solomon The nūn (fish or whale) of Jonah The nāqat (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ Non-related ʿAnkabūt (Female spider ) Dābbat al-Arḍ ( Beast of the Earth ) Ḥimār ( Wild ass ) Naḥl ( Honey bee ) Qaswarah (' Lion ', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter') Malāʾikah ( Angels ) Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Bearers of the Throne Harut and Marut Jundallah Kirāman Kātibīn (Honourable Scribes) Raqib Atid Muqarrabun Jibrīl (Gabriel, chief) Ar-Rūḥ ('The Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn ('The Trustworthy Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus ('The Holy Spirit ') Angel of the Trumpet ( Isrāfīl or Raphael ) Malakul-Mawt (Angel of Death, Azrael) Mīkāil (Michael) Jinn (Genies) Jann ʿIfrīt Sakhr (Asmodeus) Qarīn Shayāṭīn ( Demons ) Iblīs ash-Shayṭān (the (chief) Devil ) Mārid ('Rebellious one') Others Ghilmān or Wildān Ḥūr Non-humans Allāh ('The God ') Names of Allah found in the Quran, such as Karīm (Generous) Allāh ('The God ') Names of Allah found in the Quran, such as Karīm (Generous) Names of Allah found in the Quran, such as Karīm (Generous) Animals Related The baqara (cow) of Israelites The dhiʾb (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians Ḥimār ( Domesticated donkey ) The hud-hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb (dog) of the sleepers of the cave The namlah (female ant) of Solomon The nūn (fish or whale) of Jonah The nāqat (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ Non-related ʿAnkabūt (Female spider ) Dābbat al-Arḍ ( Beast of the Earth ) Ḥimār ( Wild ass ) Naḥl ( Honey bee ) Qaswarah (' Lion ', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter') Malāʾikah ( Angels ) Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Bearers of the Throne Harut and Marut Jundallah Kirāman Kātibīn (Honourable Scribes) Raqib Atid Muqarrabun Jibrīl (Gabriel, chief) Ar-Rūḥ ('The Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn ('The Trustworthy Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus ('The Holy Spirit ') Angel of the Trumpet ( Isrāfīl or Raphael ) Malakul-Mawt (Angel of Death, Azrael) Mīkāil (Michael) Jinn (Genies) Jann ʿIfrīt Sakhr (Asmodeus) Qarīn Shayāṭīn ( Demons ) Iblīs ash-Shayṭān (the (chief) Devil ) Mārid ('Rebellious one') Others Ghilmān or Wildān Ḥūr Animals Related The baqara (cow) of Israelites The dhiʾb (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians Ḥimār ( Domesticated donkey ) The hud-hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb (dog) of the sleepers of the cave The namlah (female ant) of Solomon The nūn (fish or whale) of Jonah The nāqat (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ Non-related ʿAnkabūt (Female spider ) Dābbat al-Arḍ ( Beast of the Earth ) Ḥimār ( Wild ass ) Naḥl ( Honey bee ) Qaswarah (' Lion ', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter') Related The baqara (cow) of Israelites The dhiʾb (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians Ḥimār ( Domesticated donkey ) The hud-hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb (dog) of the sleepers of the cave The namlah (female ant) of Solomon The nūn (fish or whale) of Jonah The nāqat (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ The baqara (cow) of Israelites The dhiʾb (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians Ḥimār ( Domesticated donkey ) The hud-hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb (dog) of the sleepers of the cave The namlah (female ant) of Solomon The nūn (fish or whale) of Jonah The nāqat (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ Non-related ʿAnkabūt (Female spider ) Dābbat al-Arḍ ( Beast of the Earth ) Ḥimār ( Wild ass ) Naḥl ( Honey bee ) Qaswarah (' Lion ', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter') ʿAnkabūt (Female spider ) Dābbat al-Arḍ ( Beast of the Earth ) Ḥimār ( Wild ass ) Naḥl ( Honey bee ) Qaswarah (' Lion ', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter') Malāʾikah ( Angels ) Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Bearers of the Throne Harut and Marut Jundallah Kirāman Kātibīn (Honourable Scribes) Raqib Atid Muqarrabun Jibrīl (Gabriel, chief) Ar-Rūḥ ('The Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn ('The Trustworthy Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus ('The Holy Spirit ') Angel of the Trumpet ( Isrāfīl or Raphael ) Malakul-Mawt (Angel of Death, Azrael) Mīkāil (Michael) Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Mālik Zabāniyah Bearers of the Throne Harut and Marut Jundallah Kirāman Kātibīn (Honourable Scribes) Raqib Atid Raqib Atid Muqarrabun Jibrīl (Gabriel, chief) Ar-Rūḥ ('The Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn ('The Trustworthy Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus ('The Holy Spirit ') Angel of the Trumpet ( Isrāfīl or Raphael ) Malakul-Mawt (Angel of Death, Azrael) Mīkāil (Michael) Jibrīl (Gabriel, chief) Ar-Rūḥ ('The Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn ('The Trustworthy Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus ('The Holy Spirit ') Ar-Rūḥ ('The Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn ('The Trustworthy Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus ('The Holy Spirit ') Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn ('The Trustworthy Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus ('The Holy Spirit ') Angel of the Trumpet ( Isrāfīl or Raphael ) Malakul-Mawt (Angel of Death, Azrael) Mīkāil (Michael) Jinn (Genies) Jann ʿIfrīt Sakhr (Asmodeus) Qarīn Jann ʿIfrīt Sakhr (Asmodeus) Qarīn Shayāṭīn ( Demons ) Iblīs ash-Shayṭān (the (chief) Devil ) Mārid ('Rebellious one') Iblīs ash-Shayṭān (the (chief) Devil ) Mārid ('Rebellious one') Others Ghilmān or Wildān Ḥūr Ghilmān or Wildān Ḥūr Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al-Yasa ʿ ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl-Kifl (Ezekiel?) Hārūn (Aaron) Hūd (Eber?) Idrīs ( Enoch ?) Ilyās (Elijah) ʿImrān (Joachim the father of Maryam) Isḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismāʿīl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shuʿayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab ?) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah) Yaʿqūb ( Jacob ) Isrāʾīl (Israel) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn-Nūn ('He of the Fish (or Whale )' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)') Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ('Companion of the Whale') Yūsuf ibn Ya‘qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulul-ʿAzm ('Those of the Perseverance and Strong Will') Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones ʿ Uzair ( Ezra ?) Dhūl-Qarnain Luqmān Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭālūt ( Saul or Gideon ?) Implied Irmiyā (Jeremiah) Ṣamūʾīl ( Samuel ) Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses) Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al-Yasa ʿ ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl-Kifl (Ezekiel?) Hārūn (Aaron) Hūd (Eber?) Idrīs ( Enoch ?) Ilyās (Elijah) ʿImrān (Joachim the father of Maryam) Isḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismāʿīl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shuʿayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab ?) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah) Yaʿqūb ( Jacob ) Isrāʾīl (Israel) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn-Nūn ('He of the Fish (or Whale )' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)') Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ('Companion of the Whale') Yūsuf ibn Ya‘qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulul-ʿAzm ('Those of the Perseverance and Strong Will') Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones ʿ Uzair ( Ezra ?) Dhūl-Qarnain Luqmān Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭālūt ( Saul or Gideon ?) Implied Irmiyā (Jeremiah) Ṣamūʾīl ( Samuel ) Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses) Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al-Yasa ʿ ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl-Kifl (Ezekiel?) Hārūn (Aaron) Hūd (Eber?) Idrīs ( Enoch ?) Ilyās (Elijah) ʿImrān (Joachim the father of Maryam) Isḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismāʿīl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shuʿayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab ?) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah) Yaʿqūb ( Jacob ) Isrāʾīl (Israel) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn-Nūn ('He of the Fish (or Whale )' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)') Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ('Companion of the Whale') Yūsuf ibn Ya‘qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulul-ʿAzm ('Those of the Perseverance and Strong Will') Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones ʿ Uzair ( Ezra ?) Dhūl-Qarnain Luqmān Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭālūt ( Saul or Gideon ?) Ādam ( Adam ) Al-Yasa ʿ ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl-Kifl (Ezekiel?) Hārūn (Aaron) Hūd (Eber?) Idrīs ( Enoch ?) Ilyās (Elijah) ʿImrān (Joachim the father of Maryam) Isḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismāʿīl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Dhabih Ullah Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shuʿayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab ?) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah) Yaʿqūb ( Jacob ) Isrāʾīl (Israel) Isrāʾīl (Israel) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn-Nūn ('He of the Fish (or Whale )' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)') Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ('Companion of the Whale') Dhūn-Nūn ('He of the Fish (or Whale )' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)') Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ('Companion of the Whale') Yūsuf ibn Ya‘qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulul-ʿAzm ('Those of the Perseverance and Strong Will') Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary) Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones ʿ Uzair ( Ezra ?) Dhūl-Qarnain Luqmān Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭālūt ( Saul or Gideon ?) ʿ Uzair ( Ezra ?) Dhūl-Qarnain Luqmān Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭālūt ( Saul or Gideon ?) Implied Irmiyā (Jeremiah) Ṣamūʾīl ( Samuel ) Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses) Irmiyā (Jeremiah) Ṣamūʾīl ( Samuel ) Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses) People of Prophets Good ones Adam's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya-Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman's son People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael's mother Isaac's mother People of Jesus Disciples (including Peter ) Mary's mother Zechariah's wife People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd (Muhammad's adopted son) People of Joseph Brothers (including Binyāmin (Benjamin) and Simeon ) Egyptians ʿAzīz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin) Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd)) Wife of ʿAzīz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother People of Aaron and Moses Egyptians Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura) Imraʾat Firʿawn ( Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim the Wife of Pharaoh , who adopted Moses) Magicians of the Pharaoh Wise, pious man Moses' wife Moses' sister-in-law Mother Sister Evil ones Āzar (possibly Terah ) Firʿawn ( Pharaoh of Moses' time) Hāmān Jālūt (Goliath) Qārūn (Korah, cousin of Moses) As-Sāmirī Abū Lahab Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr) Implied or not specified Abraha Abu Bakr Bal'am/Balaam Barṣīṣā Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad People of Prophets Good ones Adam's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya-Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman's son People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael's mother Isaac's mother People of Jesus Disciples (including Peter ) Mary's mother Zechariah's wife People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd (Muhammad's adopted son) People of Joseph Brothers (including Binyāmin (Benjamin) and Simeon ) Egyptians ʿAzīz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin) Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd)) Wife of ʿAzīz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother People of Aaron and Moses Egyptians Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura) Imraʾat Firʿawn ( Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim the Wife of Pharaoh , who adopted Moses) Magicians of the Pharaoh Wise, pious man Moses' wife Moses' sister-in-law Mother Sister Evil ones Āzar (possibly Terah ) Firʿawn ( Pharaoh of Moses' time) Hāmān Jālūt (Goliath) Qārūn (Korah, cousin of Moses) As-Sāmirī Abū Lahab Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr) Implied or not specified Abraha Abu Bakr Bal'am/Balaam Barṣīṣā Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Good ones Adam's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya-Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman's son People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael's mother Isaac's mother People of Jesus Disciples (including Peter ) Mary's mother Zechariah's wife People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd (Muhammad's adopted son) People of Joseph Brothers (including Binyāmin (Benjamin) and Simeon ) Egyptians ʿAzīz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin) Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd)) Wife of ʿAzīz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother People of Aaron and Moses Egyptians Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura) Imraʾat Firʿawn ( Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim the Wife of Pharaoh , who adopted Moses) Magicians of the Pharaoh Wise, pious man Moses' wife Moses' sister-in-law Mother Sister Adam's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya-Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman's son People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael's mother Isaac's mother Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael's mother Isaac's mother People of Jesus Disciples (including Peter ) Mary's mother Zechariah's wife Disciples (including Peter ) Mary's mother Zechariah's wife People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd (Muhammad's adopted son) People of Joseph Brothers (including Binyāmin (Benjamin) and Simeon ) Egyptians ʿAzīz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin) Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd)) Wife of ʿAzīz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother Brothers (including Binyāmin (Benjamin) and Simeon ) Egyptians ʿAzīz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin) Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd)) Wife of ʿAzīz ( Zulaykhah ) ʿAzīz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin) Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd)) Wife of ʿAzīz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother People of Aaron and Moses Egyptians Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura) Imraʾat Firʿawn ( Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim the Wife of Pharaoh , who adopted Moses) Magicians of the Pharaoh Wise, pious man Moses' wife Moses' sister-in-law Mother Sister Egyptians Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura) Imraʾat Firʿawn ( Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim the Wife of Pharaoh , who adopted Moses) Magicians of the Pharaoh Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura) Imraʾat Firʿawn ( Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim the Wife of Pharaoh , who adopted Moses) Magicians of the Pharaoh Wise, pious man Moses' wife Moses' sister-in-law Mother Sister Evil ones Āzar (possibly Terah ) Firʿawn ( Pharaoh of Moses' time) Hāmān Jālūt (Goliath) Qārūn (Korah, cousin of Moses) As-Sāmirī Abū Lahab Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr) Āzar (possibly Terah ) Firʿawn ( Pharaoh of Moses' time) Hāmān Jālūt (Goliath) Qārūn (Korah, cousin of Moses) As-Sāmirī Abū Lahab Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr) Implied or not specified Abraha Abu Bakr Bal'am/Balaam Barṣīṣā Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Abraha Abu Bakr Bal'am/Balaam Barṣīṣā Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al-Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the Sabbath ) Jesus' apostles Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Companions of Noah's Ark Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim? Companions of the Elephant People of al-Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah) Nation of Noah Tribes, ethnicities or families ‘ Ajam Ar-Rūm (literally 'The Romans') Banī Isrāʾīl (Children of Israel) Muʾtafikāt (Sodom and Gomorrah) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ('Companions of the Wood') Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah) Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Anṣār (literally 'Helpers') Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina) People of Mecca Wife of Abu Lahab Children of Ayyub Sons of Adam Wife of Nuh Wife of Lut Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog) Son of Nuh Aʿrāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd (people of Hud) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of Tubba ) People of Sabaʾ or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd (people of Ṣāliḥ) Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ('Companions of the Stoneland ') Ahl al-Bayt ('People of the Household') Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Lot's daughters Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Muhammad's wives Household of Salih Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus and Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al-Dhimmah Kāfirūn disbelievers Majūs Zoroastrians Munāfiqūn ( Hypocrites ) Muslims Believers Ahl al-Kitāb ( People of the Book ) Naṣārā ( Christian (s) or People of the Injil) Ruhban (Christian monks) Qissis (Christian priest) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār (Jewish scholars) Rabbani/Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al-Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the Sabbath ) Jesus' apostles Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Companions of Noah's Ark Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim? Companions of the Elephant People of al-Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah) Nation of Noah Tribes, ethnicities or families ‘ Ajam Ar-Rūm (literally 'The Romans') Banī Isrāʾīl (Children of Israel) Muʾtafikāt (Sodom and Gomorrah) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ('Companions of the Wood') Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah) Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Anṣār (literally 'Helpers') Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina) People of Mecca Wife of Abu Lahab Children of Ayyub Sons of Adam Wife of Nuh Wife of Lut Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog) Son of Nuh Aʿrāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd (people of Hud) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of Tubba ) People of Sabaʾ or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd (people of Ṣāliḥ) Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ('Companions of the Stoneland ') Ahl al-Bayt ('People of the Household') Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Lot's daughters Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Muhammad's wives Household of Salih Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus and Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al-Dhimmah Kāfirūn disbelievers Majūs Zoroastrians Munāfiqūn ( Hypocrites ) Muslims Believers Ahl al-Kitāb ( People of the Book ) Naṣārā ( Christian (s) or People of the Injil) Ruhban (Christian monks) Qissis (Christian priest) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār (Jewish scholars) Rabbani/Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Mentioned Aṣḥāb al-Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the Sabbath ) Jesus' apostles Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Companions of Noah's Ark Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim? Companions of the Elephant People of al-Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah) Nation of Noah Tribes, ethnicities or families ‘ Ajam Ar-Rūm (literally 'The Romans') Banī Isrāʾīl (Children of Israel) Muʾtafikāt (Sodom and Gomorrah) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ('Companions of the Wood') Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah) Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Anṣār (literally 'Helpers') Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina) People of Mecca Wife of Abu Lahab Children of Ayyub Sons of Adam Wife of Nuh Wife of Lut Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog) Son of Nuh Aʿrāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd (people of Hud) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of Tubba ) People of Sabaʾ or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd (people of Ṣāliḥ) Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ('Companions of the Stoneland ') Ahl al-Bayt ('People of the Household') Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Lot's daughters Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Muhammad's wives Household of Salih Aṣḥāb al-Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the Sabbath ) Jesus' apostles Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Companions of Noah's Ark Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim? Companions of the Elephant People of al-Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah) Nation of Noah Tribes, ethnicities or families ‘ Ajam Ar-Rūm (literally 'The Romans') Banī Isrāʾīl (Children of Israel) Muʾtafikāt (Sodom and Gomorrah) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ('Companions of the Wood') Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah) Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Anṣār (literally 'Helpers') Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina) People of Mecca Wife of Abu Lahab Children of Ayyub Sons of Adam Wife of Nuh Wife of Lut Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog) Son of Nuh Aʿrāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd (people of Hud) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of Tubba ) People of Sabaʾ or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd (people of Ṣāliḥ) Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ('Companions of the Stoneland ') Ahl al-Bayt ('People of the Household') Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Lot's daughters Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Muhammad's wives Household of Salih ‘ Ajam Ar-Rūm (literally 'The Romans') Banī Isrāʾīl (Children of Israel) Muʾtafikāt (Sodom and Gomorrah) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ('Companions of the Wood') Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah) Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Anṣār (literally 'Helpers') Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina) People of Mecca Wife of Abu Lahab Children of Ayyub Sons of Adam Wife of Nuh Wife of Lut Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog) Son of Nuh ‘ Ajam Ar-Rūm (literally 'The Romans') Banī Isrāʾīl (Children of Israel) Muʾtafikāt (Sodom and Gomorrah) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ('Companions of the Wood') Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ('Companions of the Wood') Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah) Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Anṣār (literally 'Helpers') Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Anṣār (literally 'Helpers') Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina) Anṣār (literally 'Helpers') Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina) People of Mecca Wife of Abu Lahab Wife of Abu Lahab Children of Ayyub Sons of Adam Wife of Nuh Wife of Lut Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog) Son of Nuh Aʿrāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd (people of Hud) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of Tubba ) People of Sabaʾ or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd (people of Ṣāliḥ) Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ('Companions of the Stoneland ') ʿĀd (people of Hud) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of Tubba ) People of Sabaʾ or Sheba People of Sabaʾ or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd (people of Ṣāliḥ) Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ('Companions of the Stoneland ') Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ('Companions of the Stoneland ') Ahl al-Bayt ('People of the Household') Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Lot's daughters Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Muhammad's wives Household of Salih Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Lot's daughters Progeny of Imran Brothers of Yūsuf Lot's daughters Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Muhammad's wives ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Muhammad's wives Household of Salih Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus and Khazraj People of Quba Amalek Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus and Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al-Dhimmah Kāfirūn disbelievers Majūs Zoroastrians Munāfiqūn ( Hypocrites ) Muslims Believers Ahl al-Kitāb ( People of the Book ) Naṣārā ( Christian (s) or People of the Injil) Ruhban (Christian monks) Qissis (Christian priest) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār (Jewish scholars) Rabbani/Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Ahl al-Dhimmah Kāfirūn disbelievers disbelievers Majūs Zoroastrians Munāfiqūn ( Hypocrites ) Muslims Believers Believers Ahl al-Kitāb ( People of the Book ) Naṣārā ( Christian (s) or People of the Injil) Ruhban (Christian monks) Qissis (Christian priest) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār (Jewish scholars) Rabbani/Rabbi Sabians Naṣārā ( Christian (s) or People of the Injil) Ruhban (Christian monks) Qissis (Christian priest) Ruhban (Christian monks) Qissis (Christian priest) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār (Jewish scholars) Rabbani/Rabbi Ahbār (Jewish scholars) Rabbani/Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah ('The Holy Land') 'Blessed' Land' Al- Jannah ( Paradise , literally 'The Garden') Jahannam ( Hell ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn Miṣr (Mainland Egypt ) Salsabīl (A river in Paradise) In the Arabian Peninsula (excluding Madyan) Al-Aḥqāf ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') Iram dhāt al-ʿImād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al- Madīnah (formerly Yathrib ) ʿArafāt and Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām ( Muzdalifah ) Al-Ḥijr (Hegra) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure') Kaʿbah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham) Safa and Marwa Sabaʾ ( Sheba ) ʿArim Sabaʾ ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al- Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah ('The Blessed Place') Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor In Mesopotamia Al-Jūdiyy Munzalanm-Mubārakan ('Place-of-Landing Blessed') Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryat Yūnus ('Township of Jonah ,' that is Nineveh ) Religious locations Bayʿa (Church) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally 'Place of Prostration ') Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām ('The Sacred Grove') Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā ( Al-Aqsa , literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration') Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca) Masjid al-Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: Masjid Qubāʾ ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet's Mosque Salat (Synagogue) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Al- Ḥijāz (literally 'The Barrier') Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad (Black Stone) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira Ghār ath-Thawr (Cave of the Bull) Hudaybiyyah Ta'if Ayla Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn Bayt al-Muqaddas & 'Ariha Bilād ar-Rāfidayn (Mesopotamia) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an-Nadwa Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Locations Mentioned Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah ('The Holy Land') 'Blessed' Land' Al- Jannah ( Paradise , literally 'The Garden') Jahannam ( Hell ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn Miṣr (Mainland Egypt ) Salsabīl (A river in Paradise) In the Arabian Peninsula (excluding Madyan) Al-Aḥqāf ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') Iram dhāt al-ʿImād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al- Madīnah (formerly Yathrib ) ʿArafāt and Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām ( Muzdalifah ) Al-Ḥijr (Hegra) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure') Kaʿbah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham) Safa and Marwa Sabaʾ ( Sheba ) ʿArim Sabaʾ ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al- Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah ('The Blessed Place') Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor In Mesopotamia Al-Jūdiyy Munzalanm-Mubārakan ('Place-of-Landing Blessed') Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryat Yūnus ('Township of Jonah ,' that is Nineveh ) Religious locations Bayʿa (Church) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally 'Place of Prostration ') Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām ('The Sacred Grove') Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā ( Al-Aqsa , literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration') Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca) Masjid al-Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: Masjid Qubāʾ ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet's Mosque Salat (Synagogue) Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah ('The Holy Land') 'Blessed' Land' 'Blessed' Land' Al- Jannah ( Paradise , literally 'The Garden') Jahannam ( Hell ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn Miṣr (Mainland Egypt ) Salsabīl (A river in Paradise) In the Arabian Peninsula (excluding Madyan) Al-Aḥqāf ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') Iram dhāt al-ʿImād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al- Madīnah (formerly Yathrib ) ʿArafāt and Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām ( Muzdalifah ) Al-Ḥijr (Hegra) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure') Kaʿbah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham) Safa and Marwa Sabaʾ ( Sheba ) ʿArim Sabaʾ ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass Al-Aḥqāf ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') Iram dhāt al-ʿImād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Iram dhāt al-ʿImād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al- Madīnah (formerly Yathrib ) ʿArafāt and Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām ( Muzdalifah ) Al-Ḥijr (Hegra) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure') Kaʿbah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham) Safa and Marwa Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure') Kaʿbah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham) Safa and Marwa Sabaʾ ( Sheba ) ʿArim Sabaʾ ( Dam of Sheba ) ʿArim Sabaʾ ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al- Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah ('The Blessed Place') Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Al- Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah ('The Blessed Place') Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah ('The Blessed Place') Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah ('The Blessed Place') Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor In Mesopotamia Al-Jūdiyy Munzalanm-Mubārakan ('Place-of-Landing Blessed') Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryat Yūnus ('Township of Jonah ,' that is Nineveh ) Al-Jūdiyy Munzalanm-Mubārakan ('Place-of-Landing Blessed') Munzalanm-Mubārakan ('Place-of-Landing Blessed') Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryat Yūnus ('Township of Jonah ,' that is Nineveh ) Religious locations Bayʿa (Church) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally 'Place of Prostration ') Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām ('The Sacred Grove') Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā ( Al-Aqsa , literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration') Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca) Masjid al-Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: Masjid Qubāʾ ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet's Mosque Salat (Synagogue) Bayʿa (Church) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally 'Place of Prostration ') Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām ('The Sacred Grove') Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā ( Al-Aqsa , literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration') Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca) Masjid al-Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: Masjid Qubāʾ ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet's Mosque Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām ('The Sacred Grove') Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā ( Al-Aqsa , literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration') Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca) Masjid al-Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: Masjid Qubāʾ ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet's Mosque Masjid Qubāʾ ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet's Mosque Salat (Synagogue) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Al- Ḥijāz (literally 'The Barrier') Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad (Black Stone) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira Ghār ath-Thawr (Cave of the Bull) Hudaybiyyah Ta'if Ayla Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn Bayt al-Muqaddas & 'Ariha Bilād ar-Rāfidayn (Mesopotamia) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an-Nadwa Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Antioch Antakya Antakya Arabia Al- Ḥijāz (literally 'The Barrier') Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad (Black Stone) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira Ghār ath-Thawr (Cave of the Bull) Hudaybiyyah Ta'if Al- Ḥijāz (literally 'The Barrier') Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad (Black Stone) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira Ghār ath-Thawr (Cave of the Bull) Hudaybiyyah Ta'if Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad (Black Stone) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira Ghār ath-Thawr (Cave of the Bull) Hudaybiyyah Ta'if Ayla Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn Bayt al-Muqaddas & 'Ariha Bilād ar-Rāfidayn (Mesopotamia) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an-Nadwa Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Events, incidents, occasions or times Incident of Ifk Laylat al-Qadr (Night of Decree) Event of Mubahala Sayl al-ʿArim (Flood of the Great Dam of Ma'rib in Sheba) The Farewell Pilgrimage Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Battles or military expeditions Battle of al-Aḥzāb ('the Confederates') Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Uhud Expedition of Tabuk Conquest of Mecca Days Al- Jumuʿah (The Friday) As- Sabt (The Sabbath or Saturday) Days of battles Days of Hajj Doomsday Months of the Islamic calendar 12 months: Four holy months Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred or Forbidden Month) Ramaḍān Pilgrimages Al- Ḥajj (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage) Al-ʿ Umrah (The Lesser Pilgrimage) Times for prayer or remembrance Times for Duʿāʾ (' Invocation '), Ṣalāh and Dhikr ('Remembrance', including Taḥmīd ('Praising'), Takbīr and Tasbīḥ ): Al-ʿAshiyy (The Afternoon or the Night) Al-Ghuduww ('The Mornings') Al-Bukrah ('The Morning') Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ('The Morning') Al-Layl ('The Night') Al- ʿIshāʾ ('The Late-Night') Aẓ- Ẓuhr ('The Noon') Dulūk ash-Shams ('Decline of the Sun') Al- Masāʾ ('The Evening') Qabl al- Ghurūb ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') Al-Aṣīl ('The Afternoon') Al- ʿAṣr ('The Afternoon') Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams ('Before the rising of the Sun') Al- Fajr ('The Dawn') Implied Ghadir Khumm Laylat al-Mabit First Pilgrimage Events, incidents, occasions or times Incident of Ifk Laylat al-Qadr (Night of Decree) Event of Mubahala Sayl al-ʿArim (Flood of the Great Dam of Ma'rib in Sheba) The Farewell Pilgrimage Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Incident of Ifk Laylat al-Qadr (Night of Decree) Event of Mubahala Sayl al-ʿArim (Flood of the Great Dam of Ma'rib in Sheba) The Farewell Pilgrimage Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Battles or military expeditions Battle of al-Aḥzāb ('the Confederates') Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Uhud Expedition of Tabuk Conquest of Mecca Days Al- Jumuʿah (The Friday) As- Sabt (The Sabbath or Saturday) Days of battles Days of Hajj Doomsday Months of the Islamic calendar 12 months: Four holy months Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred or Forbidden Month) Ramaḍān Pilgrimages Al- Ḥajj (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage) Al-ʿ Umrah (The Lesser Pilgrimage) Times for prayer or remembrance Times for Duʿāʾ (' Invocation '), Ṣalāh and Dhikr ('Remembrance', including Taḥmīd ('Praising'), Takbīr and Tasbīḥ ): Al-ʿAshiyy (The Afternoon or the Night) Al-Ghuduww ('The Mornings') Al-Bukrah ('The Morning') Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ('The Morning') Al-Layl ('The Night') Al- ʿIshāʾ ('The Late-Night') Aẓ- Ẓuhr ('The Noon') Dulūk ash-Shams ('Decline of the Sun') Al- Masāʾ ('The Evening') Qabl al- Ghurūb ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') Al-Aṣīl ('The Afternoon') Al- ʿAṣr ('The Afternoon') Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams ('Before the rising of the Sun') Al- Fajr ('The Dawn') Implied Ghadir Khumm Laylat al-Mabit First Pilgrimage Battles or military expeditions Battle of al-Aḥzāb ('the Confederates') Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Uhud Expedition of Tabuk Conquest of Mecca Battle of al-Aḥzāb ('the Confederates') Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Uhud Expedition of Tabuk Conquest of Mecca Days Al- Jumuʿah (The Friday) As- Sabt (The Sabbath or Saturday) Days of battles Days of Hajj Doomsday Al- Jumuʿah (The Friday) As- Sabt (The Sabbath or Saturday) Days of battles Days of Hajj Doomsday Months of the Islamic calendar 12 months: Four holy months Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred or Forbidden Month) Ramaḍān 12 months: Four holy months Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred or Forbidden Month) Ramaḍān Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred or Forbidden Month) Ramaḍān Pilgrimages Al- Ḥajj (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage) Al-ʿ Umrah (The Lesser Pilgrimage) Al- Ḥajj (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage) Al-ʿ Umrah (The Lesser Pilgrimage) Times for prayer or remembrance Times for Duʿāʾ (' Invocation '), Ṣalāh and Dhikr ('Remembrance', including Taḥmīd ('Praising'), Takbīr and Tasbīḥ ): Al-ʿAshiyy (The Afternoon or the Night) Al-Ghuduww ('The Mornings') Al-Bukrah ('The Morning') Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ('The Morning') Al-Layl ('The Night') Al- ʿIshāʾ ('The Late-Night') Aẓ- Ẓuhr ('The Noon') Dulūk ash-Shams ('Decline of the Sun') Al- Masāʾ ('The Evening') Qabl al- Ghurūb ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') Al-Aṣīl ('The Afternoon') Al- ʿAṣr ('The Afternoon') Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams ('Before the rising of the Sun') Al- Fajr ('The Dawn') Al-ʿAshiyy (The Afternoon or the Night) Al-Ghuduww ('The Mornings') Al-Bukrah ('The Morning') Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ('The Morning') Al-Bukrah ('The Morning') Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ('The Morning') Al-Layl ('The Night') Al- ʿIshāʾ ('The Late-Night') Al- ʿIshāʾ ('The Late-Night') Aẓ- Ẓuhr ('The Noon') Dulūk ash-Shams ('Decline of the Sun') Al- Masāʾ ('The Evening') Qabl al- Ghurūb ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') Al-Aṣīl ('The Afternoon') Al- ʿAṣr ('The Afternoon') Al- Masāʾ ('The Evening') Qabl al- Ghurūb ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') Al-Aṣīl ('The Afternoon') Al- ʿAṣr ('The Afternoon') Al-Aṣīl ('The Afternoon') Al- ʿAṣr ('The Afternoon') Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams ('Before the rising of the Sun') Al- Fajr ('The Dawn') Al- Fajr ('The Dawn') Implied Ghadir Khumm Laylat al-Mabit First Pilgrimage Ghadir Khumm Laylat al-Mabit First Pilgrimage Other Holy books Al- Injīl (The Gospel of Jesus) Al- Qurʾān (The Book of Muhammad) Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm (Scroll(s) of Abraham) At- Tawrāt (The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā (Scroll(s) of Moses) Tablets of Stone Az- Zabūr (The Psalms of David) Umm al-Kitāb ('Mother of the Book(s)') Objects of people or beings Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles Noah's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as-Sakīnah (Casket of Shekhinah) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols (cult images) 'Ansāb Jibt and Ṭāghūt ( False god ) Of Israelites Baʿal The ʿijl ( golden calf statue) of Israelites Of Noah's people Nasr Suwāʿ Wadd Yaghūth Yaʿūq Of Quraysh Al-Lāt Al-ʿUzzā Manāt Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'): Al-Qamar (The Moon) Kawākib (Planets) Al-Arḍ (The Earth) Nujūm (Stars) Ash-Shams (The Sun) Plant matter Baṣal (Onion) Fūm (Garlic or wheat) Shaṭʾ (Shoot) Sūq (Plant stem) Zarʿ (Seed) Fruits ʿAdas ( Lentil ) Baql (Herb) Qith-thāʾ ( Cucumber ) Rummān ( Pomegranate ) Tīn ( Fig ) Zaytūn ( Olive ) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes, trees or plants Plants of Sheba Athl ( Tamarisk ) Sidr ( Lote-tree ) Līnah (Tender Palm tree ) Nakhl ( Date palm ) Sidrat al-Muntahā Zaqqūm Liquids Māʾ (Water or fluid) Nahr (River) Yamm (River or sea) Sharāb (Drink) Other Holy books Al- Injīl (The Gospel of Jesus) Al- Qurʾān (The Book of Muhammad) Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm (Scroll(s) of Abraham) At- Tawrāt (The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā (Scroll(s) of Moses) Tablets of Stone Az- Zabūr (The Psalms of David) Umm al-Kitāb ('Mother of the Book(s)') Al- Injīl (The Gospel of Jesus) Al- Qurʾān (The Book of Muhammad) Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm (Scroll(s) of Abraham) At- Tawrāt (The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā (Scroll(s) of Moses) Tablets of Stone Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā (Scroll(s) of Moses) Tablets of Stone Az- Zabūr (The Psalms of David) Umm al-Kitāb ('Mother of the Book(s)') Objects of people or beings Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles Noah's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as-Sakīnah (Casket of Shekhinah) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols (cult images) 'Ansāb Jibt and Ṭāghūt ( False god ) Of Israelites Baʿal The ʿijl ( golden calf statue) of Israelites Of Noah's people Nasr Suwāʿ Wadd Yaghūth Yaʿūq Of Quraysh Al-Lāt Al-ʿUzzā Manāt Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles Noah's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as-Sakīnah (Casket of Shekhinah) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols (cult images) 'Ansāb Jibt and Ṭāghūt ( False god ) Of Israelites Baʿal The ʿijl ( golden calf statue) of Israelites Of Noah's people Nasr Suwāʿ Wadd Yaghūth Yaʿūq Of Quraysh Al-Lāt Al-ʿUzzā Manāt 'Ansāb Jibt and Ṭāghūt ( False god ) Of Israelites Baʿal The ʿijl ( golden calf statue) of Israelites Baʿal The ʿijl ( golden calf statue) of Israelites Of Noah's people Nasr Suwāʿ Wadd Yaghūth Yaʿūq Nasr Suwāʿ Wadd Yaghūth Yaʿūq Of Quraysh Al-Lāt Al-ʿUzzā Manāt Al-Lāt Al-ʿUzzā Manāt Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'): Al-Qamar (The Moon) Kawākib (Planets) Al-Arḍ (The Earth) Nujūm (Stars) Ash-Shams (The Sun) Al-Qamar (The Moon) Kawākib (Planets) Al-Arḍ (The Earth) Al-Arḍ (The Earth) Nujūm (Stars) Ash-Shams (The Sun) Ash-Shams (The Sun) Plant matter Baṣal (Onion) Fūm (Garlic or wheat) Shaṭʾ (Shoot) Sūq (Plant stem) Zarʿ (Seed) Fruits ʿAdas ( Lentil ) Baql (Herb) Qith-thāʾ ( Cucumber ) Rummān ( Pomegranate ) Tīn ( Fig ) Zaytūn ( Olive ) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes, trees or plants Plants of Sheba Athl ( Tamarisk ) Sidr ( Lote-tree ) Līnah (Tender Palm tree ) Nakhl ( Date palm ) Sidrat al-Muntahā Zaqqūm Baṣal (Onion) Fūm (Garlic or wheat) Shaṭʾ (Shoot) Sūq (Plant stem) Zarʿ (Seed) Fruits ʿAdas ( Lentil ) Baql (Herb) Qith-thāʾ ( Cucumber ) Rummān ( Pomegranate ) Tīn ( Fig ) Zaytūn ( Olive ) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam ʿAdas ( Lentil ) Baql (Herb) Qith-thāʾ ( Cucumber ) Rummān ( Pomegranate ) Tīn ( Fig ) Zaytūn ( Olive ) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes, trees or plants Plants of Sheba Athl ( Tamarisk ) Sidr ( Lote-tree ) Līnah (Tender Palm tree ) Nakhl ( Date palm ) Sidrat al-Muntahā Zaqqūm Plants of Sheba Athl ( Tamarisk ) Sidr ( Lote-tree ) Athl ( Tamarisk ) Sidr ( Lote-tree ) Līnah (Tender Palm tree ) Nakhl ( Date palm ) Sidrat al-Muntahā Zaqqūm Liquids Māʾ (Water or fluid) Nahr (River) Yamm (River or sea) Sharāb (Drink) Māʾ (Water or fluid) Nahr (River) Yamm (River or sea) Nahr (River) Yamm (River or sea) Sharāb (Drink) Note: Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship) v t e Islam topics v t e Outline of Islam Beliefs God in Islam Allah Tawhid Muhammad In Islam Prophets of Islam Angels Revelation Qadar Judgement Day Holiest sites Five Pillars Shahada Salah Sawm Zakat Hajj History Leaders Timeline of the history of Islam Succession to Muhammad Early conquests Golden Age Historiography Sahaba Ahl al-Bayt Shi'a Imams Caliphates Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Córdoba Fatimid Almohad Sokoto Ottoman Religious texts Quran Hadith Tafsir Seerah Story of Prophets Denominations Sunni Ash'arism Atharism Maturidism Mu'tazili Salafi Wahhabism Sufi Shia Twelver Shi'ism Isma'ilism Alawites Alevism Bektashi Alevism Zaydism Muhakkima / Khawarij Azariqa Moderate Kharijites Ibadi Azzabas Nukkari Wahbi Sufri Najdat Nation of Islam Ahmadiyya Lahori Quranism Non-denominational Life Culture Adherents Animals Art Association football Calendar Children Clothing Flags Holidays Mosques Madrasas Moral teachings Music Peace Pacifism Philosophy Political aspects Democracy Petro-Islam Liberalism and progressivism Qurbani Science Social welfare Women LGBT Islam by country Beliefs God in Islam Allah Tawhid Muhammad In Islam Prophets of Islam Angels Revelation Qadar Judgement Day Holiest sites God in Islam Allah Allah Tawhid Muhammad In Islam In Islam Prophets of Islam Angels Revelation Qadar Judgement Day Holiest sites Five Pillars Shahada Salah Sawm Zakat Hajj Shahada Salah Sawm Zakat Hajj History Leaders History Leaders Timeline of the history of Islam Succession to Muhammad Early conquests Golden Age Historiography Sahaba Ahl al-Bayt Shi'a Imams Caliphates Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Córdoba Fatimid Almohad Sokoto Ottoman Timeline of the history of Islam Succession to Muhammad Early conquests Golden Age Historiography Sahaba Ahl al-Bayt Shi'a Imams Caliphates Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Córdoba Fatimid Almohad Sokoto Ottoman Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Córdoba Fatimid Almohad Sokoto Ottoman Religious texts Quran Hadith Tafsir Seerah Story of Prophets Quran Hadith Tafsir Seerah Story of Prophets Denominations Sunni Ash'arism Atharism Maturidism Mu'tazili Salafi Wahhabism Sufi Shia Twelver Shi'ism Isma'ilism Alawites Alevism Bektashi Alevism Zaydism Muhakkima / Khawarij Azariqa Moderate Kharijites Ibadi Azzabas Nukkari Wahbi Sufri Najdat Nation of Islam Ahmadiyya Lahori Quranism Non-denominational Sunni Ash'arism Atharism Maturidism Mu'tazili Salafi Wahhabism Ash'arism Atharism Maturidism Mu'tazili Salafi Wahhabism Wahhabism Sufi Shia Twelver Shi'ism Isma'ilism Alawites Alevism Bektashi Alevism Zaydism Twelver Shi'ism Isma'ilism Alawites Alevism Bektashi Alevism Bektashi Alevism Zaydism Muhakkima / Khawarij Azariqa Moderate Kharijites Ibadi Azzabas Nukkari Wahbi Sufri Najdat Azariqa Moderate Kharijites Ibadi Azzabas Nukkari Wahbi Sufri Ibadi Azzabas Nukkari Wahbi Azzabas Nukkari Wahbi Sufri Najdat Nation of Islam Ahmadiyya Lahori Lahori Quranism Non-denominational Life Culture Life Culture Adherents Animals Art Association football Calendar Children Clothing Flags Holidays Mosques Madrasas Moral teachings Music Peace Pacifism Philosophy Political aspects Democracy Petro-Islam Liberalism and progressivism Qurbani Science Social welfare Women LGBT Islam by country Adherents Animals Art Association football Calendar Children Clothing Flags Holidays Mosques Madrasas Moral teachings Music Peace Pacifism Pacifism Philosophy Political aspects Democracy Petro-Islam Liberalism and progressivism Democracy Petro-Islam Liberalism and progressivism Qurbani Science Social welfare Women LGBT Islam by country Law Jurisprudence Economics Banking Economic history Sukuk Takaful Murabaha Riba Hygiene Ghusl Miswak Najis Tayammum Toilet Wudu Family Marriage Sex Haya Marriage contract Mahr Mahram Nikah Nikah mut'ah Zina Other aspects Baligh Cleanliness Criminal Violence Domestic violence Islamic extremism Islamic terrorism Apostasy Blasphemy Death penalty Dhabiĥa Dhimmi Divorce Diet Ethics Etiquette Gambling Gender segregation Honorifics Hudud Inheritance Jizya Leadership Ma malakat aymanukum Military POWs Slavery Sources of law Theological Kalam Schools of islamic jurisprudence Law Jurisprudence Law Jurisprudence Economics Banking Economic history Sukuk Takaful Murabaha Riba Hygiene Ghusl Miswak Najis Tayammum Toilet Wudu Family Marriage Sex Haya Marriage contract Mahr Mahram Nikah Nikah mut'ah Zina Other aspects Baligh Cleanliness Criminal Violence Domestic violence Islamic extremism Islamic terrorism Apostasy Blasphemy Death penalty Dhabiĥa Dhimmi Divorce Diet Ethics Etiquette Gambling Gender segregation Honorifics Hudud Inheritance Jizya Leadership Ma malakat aymanukum Military POWs Slavery Sources of law Theological Kalam Schools of islamic jurisprudence Economics Banking Economic history Sukuk Takaful Murabaha Riba Banking Economic history Sukuk Takaful Murabaha Riba Hygiene Ghusl Miswak Najis Tayammum Toilet Wudu Ghusl Miswak Najis Tayammum Toilet Wudu Family Marriage Sex Family Marriage Sex Haya Marriage contract Mahr Mahram Nikah Nikah mut'ah Zina Haya Marriage contract Mahr Mahram Nikah Nikah mut'ah Zina Other aspects Baligh Cleanliness Criminal Violence Domestic violence Islamic extremism Islamic terrorism Apostasy Blasphemy Death penalty Dhabiĥa Dhimmi Divorce Diet Ethics Etiquette Gambling Gender segregation Honorifics Hudud Inheritance Jizya Leadership Ma malakat aymanukum Military POWs Slavery Sources of law Theological Kalam Schools of islamic jurisprudence Baligh Cleanliness Criminal Violence Domestic violence Islamic extremism Islamic terrorism Apostasy Blasphemy Death penalty Violence Domestic violence Domestic violence Islamic extremism Islamic terrorism Apostasy Blasphemy Death penalty Dhabiĥa Dhimmi Divorce Diet Ethics Etiquette Gambling Gender segregation Honorifics Hudud Inheritance Jizya Leadership Ma malakat aymanukum Military POWs POWs Slavery Sources of law Theological Kalam Kalam Schools of islamic jurisprudence Islamic studies Arts Arabesque Architecture Calligraphy Carpets Gardens Geometric patterns Music Pottery Medieval science Alchemy and chemistry Astronomy Cosmology Geography and cartography Mathematics Medicine Ophthalmology Physics Philosophy Early Contemporary Eschatology Theological Other areas Astrology Creationism (evolution) Feminism Inventions Literature poetry Psychology Shu'ubiyya Conversion to mosques Islamic studies Arts Arabesque Architecture Calligraphy Carpets Gardens Geometric patterns Music Pottery Medieval science Alchemy and chemistry Astronomy Cosmology Geography and cartography Mathematics Medicine Ophthalmology Physics Philosophy Early Contemporary Eschatology Theological Other areas Astrology Creationism (evolution) Feminism Inventions Literature poetry Psychology Shu'ubiyya Conversion to mosques Arts Arabesque Architecture Calligraphy Carpets Gardens Geometric patterns Music Pottery Arabesque Architecture Calligraphy Carpets Gardens Geometric patterns Music 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and education 2 Medical career Toggle Medical career subsection 2.1 Notable contributions 2.1 Notable contributions 3 Presidency (1971–1981) Toggle Presidency (1971–1981) subsection 3.1 1970 presidential election 3.2 First presidential term (1971–1974) 3.3 1974 presidential election 3.4 Second presidential term (1974–1978) 3.5 1978 presidential election 3.6 Third presidential term (1978–1981) 3.1 1970 presidential election 3.2 First presidential term (1971–1974) 3.3 1974 presidential election 3.4 Second presidential term (1974–1978) 3.5 1978 presidential election 3.6 Third presidential term (1978–1981) 4 Personal life 5 Death and funeral Toggle Death and funeral subsection 5.1 Legacy 5.1 Legacy 6 Honours Toggle Honours subsection 6.1 Foreign 6.1 Foreign 7 See also 8 References Toggle References subsection 8.1 Notes 8.2 Citations 8.3 Bibliography 8.1 Notes 8.2 Citations 8.3 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Benjamin Sheares العربية Asturianu 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Тоҷикӣ Tiếng Việt 吴语 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Benjamin Sheares DPMK FRCOG FACS [ 1 ] Sheares in 1951 2nd President of Singapore In office 2 January 1971 – 12 May 1981 Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew Preceded by Yusof Ishak Yeoh Ghim Seng (acting) Succeeded by Yeoh Ghim Seng (acting) Devan Nair Personal details Born Benjamin Henry Sheares ( 1907-08-12 ) 12 August 1907 Singapore , Straits Settlements Died 12 May 1981 (1981-05-12) (aged 73) Holt Road, Singapore Cause of death Lung cancer Resting place Kranji State Cemetery Party Independent Spouse(s) .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Wong Ah Foon ( m. 1931; div. 1947) Yeo Seh Geok ( m. 1939) Children 3; including Constance and Joseph Alma mater King Edward VII College of Medicine Occupation .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Physician academic Physician academic Benjamin Henry Sheares (12 August 1907 – 12 May 1981) was a Singaporean obstetrician, gynaecologist, and academic who served as the second president of Singapore between 1971 until his death in 1981. Born in Singapore under British rule , Sheares graduated from the King Edward VII College of Medicine in 1929. He specialised in obstetrics and gynaecology and worked at the Singapore General Hospital and Kandang Kerbau Hospital (KKH), eventually serving as the acting professor of obstetrics and gynaecology at the University of Malaya in Singapore . He later became the professor of obstetrics and gynaecology in 1950, becoming the first local to rise to such a position as high-ranking colonial officers were usually appointed instead. Sheares retired in 1961 due to health complications and went into private practice before being elected as the president of Singapore by parliament following the death of incumbent president Yusof Ishak . Sheares was sworn in on 2 January 1971 following a unanimous agreement by Parliament and served as the president of Singapore for three terms, from 2 January 1971 till his death in office on 12 May 1981. He was succeeded by Devan Nair on 23 October 1981. During his presidency, he officiated multiple events and ceremonies such as the 1971 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting and the 1973 South East Asian Peninsular Games . Regarded as "the father of obstetrics and gynaecology in Singapore", Sheares was known for standardising the lower Caesarian section in Singapore and creating an artificial vagina . The lower Caesarian section has since become the standard procedure in Singapore whilst his method to create an artificial vagina has been dubbed the "Sheares operation" and is used to help women who suffer from birth defects such as vaginal agenesis or in sex-change operations . Sheares remains the only president to have been elected for three terms. Both the Benjamin Sheares Bridge and Sheares Hall at the National University of Singapore (NUS) are named after him. Early life and education Sheares was born on 12 August 1907 in government housing in Singapore , when it was a part of the Straits Settlements , to Edwin Henry and Lilian Jane Sheares ( née Gomez). Sheares's grandfather was from England but went to India to work with East India Company . According to Sheares's grandmother, her brothers had a dispute with the family, which led them to move out of England and change their surname from "Shears" to "Sheares". [ 2 ] Edwin was born in 1863 in Madras, India. Edwin moved to Penang as a teenager, where he met and married Lilian in 1902; she was born in Singapore and raised in Sumatra, Indonesia. They later moved to Singapore, where Edwin worked as a technical supervisor with the Public Works Department . [ 3 ] Edwin and Lilian had six children; they died in 1940 and 1971, respectively. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] In his youth, Sheares was known affectionately as Ben or Bennie and had showed ambition to become a doctor. His sister Alice encouraged him to follow his dream against his mother's wishes, as she wanted Sheares to start work as a clerk to support the family as soon as he completed his Senior Cambridge examinations (present-day Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Levels ). He attended Methodist Girls' School , when it still allowed mixed-sex education, from 1912 to 1917, following the completion of his Fourth Standard Government Grant in Aid School Examination in 1917. He was then transferred to Saint Andrew's Secondary School in 1918. After four years with Saint Andrew's, he transferred to Raffles Institution in 1922 to study to qualify for the King Edward VII College of Medicine (KECOM). [ 6 ] [ 7 ] In 1923, he successfully enrolled at KECOM as a government scholar; the scholarships were provided by the Council of the Medical College. He performed well at KECOM, earning four medals for his results and passing the obstetrics and gynaecology final examination with distinctions. Sheares donated most of the S$ 50.00 he earned monthly from his scholarship to his mother to support the family. He graduated from KECOM in March 1929 and was among nine graduates sent to work at the Singapore General Hospital (SGH) as their first batch of trainee doctors. [ 8 ] Medical career Upon his graduation in March 1929, he worked as an assistant medical officer at SGH. Sheares was paid S$250.00 a month as a local, whereas a British assistant medical officer would be paid twice his salary. The journalist K. C. Vijayan theorised that the difference in pay could be "to maintain parity with their counterparts in London", among other reasons. After getting his Licence in Medicine and Surgery, Sheares had wanted to pursue internal medicine , but was unable to during his work as a medical officer at an outpatient clinic in Malacca. He worked there for two years, but was unhappy. In 1931, he was transferred to Kandang Kerbau Hospital (KKH), but was later transferred to SGH's obstetrics and gynaecology unit at the request of professor J. S. English on 8 April 1931. English sought Sheares due to his academic performance at KECOM. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Sheares subsequently specialised in obstetrics and gynaecology, becoming the first Singaporean to do so. He told New Nation in 1976 that "you were just ordered to specialise by the professor if you had good marks", but that "once I got involved, I loved the discipline". [ 11 ] [ 12 ] He continued to study midwifery and gynaecology under English, later becoming the only assistant in the obstetric and gynaecology unit. In 1937, English posted Sheares to KKH – which was converted to a maternity hospital in 1935 – to take responsibility for all obstetric patients at KKH. Sheares divided his time between practising gynaecology at SGH and dealing with obstetric cases at KKH. In 1939, he was awarded the Queen's Fellowship , which granted him two-years of postgraduate training in London. Sheares was to use the Fellowship to prepare for the Member of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 's (MRCOG) examinations, but the outbreak of World War II in Europe postponed his trip. [ 13 ] [ 10 ] During the war in 1941, he continued working at KKH and was in charge of its two obstetrical wards. The hospital was damaged by the bombing from the Japanese military and was then converted into an emergency general hospital for injured civilians. Following the fall of Singapore in 1942, the Japanese interned British doctors, leading to local doctors taking up larger roles in the medical service. During the Japanese occupation , KKH was renamed the Chuo Byoin ( lit. ' Central Hospital ' ) and served both Japanese and Singaporean patients. Sheares was made the Deputy Medical Superintendent, which was responsible for all the Singaporean patients; the Medical Superintendent was responsible for Japanese patients. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] In August 1942, the Syonan Shimbun reported that Sheares was a part of the Japanese's "travelling dispensaries", which were mobile medical units sent to the rural areas of Singapore. [ 16 ] After the war, Sheares received the Good Service Certificate from the British for his "good service rendered during the war to the cause of the Allies and the liberation of Malaya". [ 17 ] He was also made the acting professor of KECOM, [ a ] a role he held while English was recovering in Britain after the war. [ 19 ] In April 1947, he left the post and went to England to resume his postgraduate studies under the Queen's Fellowship, where he was admitted to the Royal Postgraduate Medical School in Hammersmith under professor James Browne. He went on to pass the MRCOG examinations in January 1948, becoming the first Singaporean to do so. He had planned to take an examination at the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh to join the Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons – he had registered for it in March 1948 – but returned to Singapore after being called on by then- governor of Singapore Franklin Gimson to return to his post as acting professor of obstetrics and gynaecology at KECOM following English's retirement. [ 20 ] [ 7 ] [ 12 ] Upon his arrival back to Singapore, he was appointed the acting professor, with the job of professor being advertised in the British Medical Journal . Sheares faced prejudice as, despite serving as the acting professor for two years prior, the role of professor was not given to him as he was a local, and high-ranking colonials usually held such positions. He needed two referrals and asked English and KKH's Principal Medical Officer, who both refused and instead preferred a British medical officer. Sheares noted that the British medical officer had no experience in gynaecological surgery and poor knowledge in obstetrics. Sheares eventually got his referrals from two British physicians: Sir Eardley Holland, the chairman of the Board of Examiners who had previously examined him for his MRCOG, and Browne of the Royal Postgraduate Medical School. [ 21 ] [ 7 ] [ 12 ] With these referrals, Sheares met with the Selection Board in London and, in January 1950, became the first local professor of obstetrics and gynaecology at the University of Malaya in Singapore. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] In December 1951, Sheares used the remainder of his Queen's Fellowship study to go to the United States for a year. During this period, he studied at different teaching institutions in the United States, such as the Mayo Clinic . [ 10 ] [ 24 ] He remarked from his visit that "[KKH] was at least 50 years behind any American maternity hospital". [ 25 ] Sheares returned in July 1952 to KKH and went on to improve their maternity services; he enhanced the antenatal supervision services and created a network of clinics that would be linked back to KKH. In 1952, the School of Midwifery was established, with Sheares serving as its chairman of the board, and he improved the training of midwives. [ 26 ] From 1953 to 1955, Sheares helped design new additions to the KKH building such as the out-patient department and the front block of the hospital, stating that, "[KKH] was initially just a maternity hospital and I had to design the new buildings in such a way that the maternity operating theatres were in a different block from the gynaecological operating theatres." [ 12 ] In 1955, Sheares became the first Singaporean to be awarded a fellowship by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists , following his contributions to the sector. [ 27 ] In March 1956, he founded the Bulletin of Kandang Kerdau Hospital , which later become the Singapore Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , and served as its first editor. [ 28 ] In 1959, Sheares advocated for voluntary sterilisation as a way to reduce population growth instead of legalising abortion , which he garnered criticism for. [ 29 ] Sheares explained that even if abortions were made legal, people would still perform abortions illegally . [ 30 ] He later stated that he believed that his critics assumed he was advocating for forced sterilisation , when he was really advocating for voluntary sterilisation, further saying, "they also did not understand the consequences of letting the population grow un-checked." [ 7 ] He served as the first president of the Obstetrical and Gynaecological Society, which was a part of the Singapore Medical Association , from 1960 to 1961. Sheares retired in March 1961 from both the National University of Singapore and KKH due to health complications such as severe acute gastric ulcers . He also had concerns that his ill health would reduce his ability to provide for his family. He subsequently went into private practice and worked at a clinic at Battery Road. He remained as an honorary consultant at KKH after his retirement. [ 31 ] [ 7 ] Additionally, Sheares was a personal gynaecologist and obstetrician to certain members of the Malaysian royal families, and was a consultant in three Malaysian states. In 1965, he suddenly collapsed at work due to a massive gastric haemorrhage, and received a gastrectomy operation from his colleague and friend Yeoh Ghim Seng . In 1968 and 1969, Sheares served as the chairman of the Chapter of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and on the obstetrics and gynaecology committee of the School of Postgraduate Medical Studies, respectively. [ 32 ] In June 1970, he and economist Albert Winsemius were given the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters by the National University of Singapore . [ 33 ] Notable contributions Regarded as "the father of obstetrics and gynaecology in Singapore", [ 12 ] [ 34 ] contributions by Sheares to obstetrics include the lower Caesarian section , which he standardised, that resulted in a lower mortality and morbidity rate in pregnant women than the upper Caesarian section. [ 35 ] Initially, very few Caesarian sections were carried out in Singapore and, when they were, used the upper Caesarian section which was the established method at that time. Despite this, the upper Caesarian section was not used much as it had a high risk of damaging the uterine scar at the woman's next pregnancy. Sheares knew that the lower Caesarian section would be more effective but was unable to perform it under the previous professor, English. [ 12 ] [ 36 ] During the Japanese occupation , Sheares became the head of department of obstetrics and gynaecology at KKH. This allowed him to perform the first lower Caesarian section in Singapore which eventually became the standard routine. [ 7 ] Sheares also created a technique to make an artificial vagina for those born without one due to vaginal agenesis . The procedure involved surgically creating a cavity between the bladder and the rectum, which was then lined with either a skin graft taken from the thigh or buttock, or with a membranous tissue located between the urethra and the rectum. After he published the method in a 1960 paper, he received praise and worldwide attention from the United States, Europe, and Southeast Asia, who saw success with the method by their gynaecologists. [ 37 ] [ 12 ] The technique became known as the "Sheares operation", and is used to help women who suffer from birth defects such as vaginal agenesis or in sex-change operations . [ 37 ] [ 38 ] The Sheares operation saw mention in the 1960 Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Empire . Vijayan attributes the success of his 1960 paper to his surgical experience from Sheares's past papers, such as his 1952 MD thesis of birth defects in the female reproductive system and his 1956 MS thesis on congenital and acquired vaginal atresia . His research on birth defects relating to the uterus saw international recognition, and he received the Master of Surgery from the University of Malaya in Singapore. Sheares authored and published a total of twenty-nine papers from 1940 to 1964. [ 39 ] Presidency (1971–1981) 1970 presidential election Following the death of incumbent president Yusof Ishak , six people – Yeoh Ghim Seng , Othman Wok , Wee Chong Jin , Ismail bin Abdul, Punch Coomaraswamy , and A. P. Rajah – were considered to be the most likely candidates for the role in November 1970. The president was elected by Parliament instead of by popular vote . [ 40 ] [ 41 ] At the 1970 presidential election , then-prime minister Lee Kuan Yew nominated Sheares to become president and he became the second president of Singapore on 2 January 1971 after he was sworn in, following a unanimous agreement by Parliament. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] His mother was 91 years old when she learnt that her son had become the president of Singapore. Just two weeks before she died, she said "God has blessed Bennie especially after the way he looked after us and me." [ 45 ] Speculation on why Sheares was chosen to become the president include that he was non-partisan , as he was not a part of any political party, or that he was from a minority race in Singapore , to show the equality in the then-mostly Chinese dominated government. The Far Eastern Economic Review stated in a 1971 issue that Sheares was largely chosen due to his profession and success, along with showing diversity in the government. After the 1959 general election , where the People's Action Party (PAP) won in a landslide victory , the PAP was critical of the medical profession and the university due to their "flaccid anti-colonialism ". Sheares' appointment to the presidency served as a symbol of unity between the government and academics. [ 46 ] First presidential term (1971–1974) During his first term in 1971, he was appointed Chancellor of the National University of Singapore and he served in that role till 1981. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] [ 49 ] That same year, Sheares opened the 1971 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting , holding dinners and tours for the representatives. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] In July 1971, Sheares awarded the first Singapore Armed Forces Overseas Scholarships , the second highest scholarship award to the President's Scholar . [ 52 ] In October 1971, Sheares opened the S$ 10 million Sentosa Satellite Earth Station , the first site in Singapore to use satellites for communication. [ 53 ] Later that month, following the British's announcement of withdrawing their troops from Singapore in August, Sheares attended a dinner in honour of the British's role in Singapore alongside other Parliament members. [ 54 ] The following year, Sheares spoke on the importance of maintaining relations with the British . [ 55 ] In February 1972, Sheares hosted a 3-day visit for Queen Elizabeth II and her family's visit to Singapore. He was awarded the Honorary Knight Grand Cross of The Most Honourable Order of the Bath , and gave the Order of Temasek to Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh . He gave the Distinguished Service Order to Princess Anne . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] In October 1972, Sheares opened the third Parliament , giving a speech about the new policies of the government for the next five years. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] He also announced new policies to be implemented in the government, including the periodic investigations of political parties by accountants and auditors, increased subsidiaries in health and education, and increasing the wages of workers. [ 60 ] After the Robinsons department store fire in November 1972, Sheares appointed a three-man commission to do an inquiry into the fire in December. [ 61 ] The report was received by Sheares in August 1973, and released to the public in December 1973. [ 62 ] In February 1973, Sheares met American vice president Spiro Agnew upon his visit to Singapore, where Agnew discussed problems in Southeast Asia with other ministers. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] In March 1973, Sheares gave a speech at the Singapore Red Cross Society , praising their efforts in fundraising and stating that the society's status would soon be recognised by Singapore. [ 65 ] In July 1973, after the creation of the Presidential Council for Minority Rights , Sheares swore in the chairman of the council Wee Chong Jin . [ 66 ] In September 1973, Sheares opened the 7th South East Asian Peninsular Games at the National Stadium as the host country. [ 67 ] 1974 presidential election At the 1974 presidential election , Sheares was nominated by Lee again to continue serving as the president, delivering a motion that Sheares had shown, "courage from tenacity" and had "carried his office with unassuming dignity, application, and self-discipline". [ 68 ] Following this motion, Sheares received a unanimous agreement by Parliament and was elected to serve a second term. [ 69 ] Second presidential term (1974–1978) Whilst serving his second term as president in 1974, Sheares taught demonstration classes at KKH to gynaecologists . [ 69 ] In February 1974, Sheares assented eight acts including the Arms Offences Act and the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act . [ 70 ] In June 1975, Sheares stated that the government expected a growth of five percent in the economy that year. [ 71 ] In July 1975, Sheares was made an honorary fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine by Sir John Stallworthy . [ 72 ] In November 1975, Sheares gave a speech after opening the fifth Pan-Pacific Conference of the International Society for the Rehabilitation of the Disabled at the Singapore Conference Hall , stating that more security measures should be in place to reduce workplace accidents that leave workers disabled. [ 73 ] In October 1976, Sheares appointed Arumugam Ponnu Rajah as a judge of the Supreme Court of Singapore . [ 74 ] In December 1976, Sheares dissolved the third Parliament on the advice of the Cabinet , issuing Writs of Election for the 69 constituencies. [ 75 ] In 1977, at the opening of the fourth Parliament , Sheares gave a speech addressing the economics and security of Singapore, stating that they have increased from prospects given in October 1972. Sheares also talked about adopting the science, technology, management, and marketing skills from the West . [ 76 ] 1978 presidential election After his second term, Sheares had originally planned to retire as he felt that he did not have the energy for another term. However, Lee persuaded him and Sheares, then aged 71, participated in the 1978 presidential election . [ 77 ] Lee held a motion in Parliament for Sheares' re-election to the office, stating that Sheares, "undertakes his social and protocol functions with conscientious interest, never treating them as perfunctory chores." [ 78 ] This received unanimous support from Parliament and Sheares was elected to a third term. This also made Sheares the first president to serve three terms. Upon his re-election, Sheares received praise for his service to the presidency from members of parliament Yeo Choo Kok , Sidek bin Saniff , and Ang Kok Peng . [ 79 ] Third presidential term (1978–1981) During his third term in 1978, Sheares opened the ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Assembly at Mandarin Hotel and the sixth Asia and Oceania Congress of Endocrinology at Shangri-La Hotel . [ 80 ] [ 81 ] At the latter, Sheares gave a speech on how more research in family planning for women was needed to strengthen future policies. [ 82 ] In October 1978, Sheares appointed T. S. Sinnathuray as a Judge of the Supreme Court of Singapore. [ 83 ] [ 84 ] In 1979, Sheares assented multiple acts such as the Money-Changing and Remittance Business Act 1979 and the State Immunity Act 1979 . [ 85 ] Throughout the 1970s, the trade union in Singapore had been growing exponentially, especially that of the National Trades Union Congress . [ 86 ] In 1980, Sheares was involved in improving commercial and economic relations with Kuwait after a visit by the Emir of Kuwait Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah where they discussed strengthening bilateral relations between the two countries. [ 87 ] In February 1981, Sheares opened the fifth Parliament and gave a 15-minute long speech. [ 88 ] Sheares served his third term as president until his death in office in March 1981. [ 89 ] Devan Nair succeeded him as president. [ 90 ] According to a medical assistant of his, Sheares had possibly donated his entire salary as president to charity. [ 91 ] Personal life Sheares' first wife was Wong Ah Foon, whom he married in 1931 [ 92 ] and divorced in 1947. [ 93 ] He married his second wife Yeo Seh Geok , a trained midwife , in 1939 and they had three children together. [ 94 ] Their daughter, Constance , is an arts administrator, curator, and writer. [ 95 ] Their son, Joseph , is a surgeon who specialises in cardiothoracic surgery . [ 96 ] In 1939, he was exonerated of all blame for a traffic accident where he hit a ten-year-old boy. [ 97 ] In 1955, Sheares and his family were robbed in their bungalow , which was provided by the University of Malaya in Singapore, and had S$ 10,000 worth of jewellery and cash stolen from them. [ 98 ] In November 1971, Sheares underwent medical treatment for a vascular disorder in the United States as the operation required had not yet been developed in Singapore. [ 99 ] He returned in February 1972. [ 100 ] Death and funeral On 2 March 1981, it was discovered that Sheares had lung cancer . On May 3, Sheares suffered from a brainstem ischaemia which caused him to go unconscious. [ 101 ] On 7 May, Sheares slipped into a coma after developing a cerebral haemorrhage . [ 102 ] On 12 May, two nurses from the Ministry of Health and a security officer with oxygen cylinders and a stretcher were sent to his house. He died later that day at 2:10 pm. [ 89 ] News of his death was first announced at 2:47 pm and all scheduled radio and television programs were cancelled. The flag at City Hall was flown at half-mast in respect. An open casket service was held at his home with the first visitors being Chief Justice Wee Chong Jin and his wife, deputy prime minister Goh Keng Swee and his wife, and prime minister Lee Kuan Yew , Lee's wife , and Lee's daughter . Other visitors included environment minister Ong Pang Boon and member of parliament Lee Chiaw Meng . [ 103 ] Sheares' body was laid in state on 14 May with about 85,000 people showing up to pay their respects on 15 May. [ 104 ] On 16 May, Sheares' coffin was carried from the Istana to Kranji State Cemetery to be buried where he was given a 21-gun salute by the Singapore Armed Forces . [ 105 ] Foreign dignitaries who attended his funeral include Indonesian president Suharto , Thai prime minister Prem Tinsulanonda , Malaysian deputy prime minister Mahathir Mohamad , governor of Malacca Syed Zahiruddin Syed Hassan , and Filipino speaker of the house Querube Makalintal . Other countries such as New Zealand, Myanmar, Japan, South Korea, Brunei, Maldives, Nauru, Sri Lanka, United States, and Australia also sent their representatives. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] United States president Ronald Reagan stated that Sheares' had "an unselfish public devotion which all Americans admire." Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia Sultan Ahmad Shah stated that he was "an illustrious son of Singapore who had contributed much to the existing close relationship between [the] two countries." [ 108 ] Prime minister Lee said that "his humble and unassuming manner belied an intense commitment to excellence". [ 109 ] Legacy Sheares is the first and only president to serve three terms and was also the longest-serving president at 10 years, before it was surpassed by S. R. Nathan in January 2010, who served for 12 years. [ 110 ] Locations in Singapore such as the Benjamin Sheares Bridge , Sheares Avenue, and Sheares Link are named after him. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] In academia, the student's residence Sheares Hall at the National University of Singapore , [ 113 ] Benjamin Henry Sheares Professorship in Obstetrics & Gynaecology, [ 114 ] Benjamin Sheares Professorship in Academic Medicine, [ 115 ] and the Benjamin Sheares College at the Duke–NUS Graduate Medical School [ 116 ] are all named after him. Honours Foreign Kelantan Honorary Commander of the Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan (1964) [ 117 ] Honorary Commander of the Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan (1964) [ 117 ] Kedah: Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Kedah (1968) [ 118 ] Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Kedah (1968) [ 118 ] United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB) (1972) [ 119 ] [ 57 ] Honorary Knight Grand Cross of The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB) (1972) [ 119 ] [ 57 ] Indonesia: First Class of the Star of the Republic of Indonesia (1974) [ 120 ] First Class of the Star of the Republic of Indonesia (1974) [ 120 ] Philippines: Grand Collar of the Order of Sikatuna , Rank of Raja (GCS) (1976) [ 121 ] Grand Collar of the Order of Sikatuna , Rank of Raja (GCS) (1976) [ 121 ] See also President of Singapore Benjamin Sheares Bridge References Notes ^ KECOM would merge to become the University of Malaya in Singapore 's (present-day National University of Singapore) Faculty of Medicine, following the university's creation in 1949. [ 18 ] Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Distinction And Dignity" . 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"Benjamin Henry Sheares, MD , MS , FRCOG : President, Republic of Singapore 1971–1981; Obstetrician and Gynaecologist 1931–1981 : A Biography, 12th August 1907 – 12th May 1981" (PDF) . Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore . 34 (6): 25C – 41C . doi : 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V34N6p25C . ISSN 0304-4602 . PMID 16010377 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2006. ^ "Sheares Is Varsity's New Chancellor" . The Straits Times . 24 March 1971. p. 17 . Retrieved 1 November 2024 – via NewspaperSG . ^ "Sheares To Be Chancellor" . The Straits Times . 30 July 1980. p. 6 . Retrieved 16 October 2024 – via NewspaperSG . ^ "Sheares To Continue As Varsity Chief" . The Straits Times . 28 February 1976. p. 8 . Retrieved 16 October 2024 – via NewspaperSG . ^ "Social Events After Sundown For The VIPs" . The Straits Times . 14 January 1971. p. 9 . Retrieved 14 December 2024 – via NewspaperSG . ^ "Perwakilan C'wealth di-jamu di-Istana" [Representatives of C'wealth Were Entertained At The Istana]. Berita Harian (in Malay). 16 January 1971. p. 2 . Retrieved 14 December 2024 – via NewspaperSG . ^ "President Praises Student's Decision To Join SAF" . The Straits Times . 2 July 1971. p. 20 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 – via NewspaperSG . ^ Raman, P. M. (23 October 1971). "Singapore Joins Satellite Club For Communications" . The Straits Times . p. 9 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 – via NewspaperSG . ^ Chandran, R. (17 October 1971). "Lee's Tribute To British Peace-Keeping Role In S-E Asia" . The Straits Times . p. 1 . Retrieved 16 December 2024 – via NewspaperSG . ^ "Sheares: We'll Always Value Ties With British" . The Straits Times . 19 February 1972. p. 7 . Retrieved 16 December 2024 – via NewspaperSG . ^ "Sunshine Welcome!" . The Straits Times . 19 February 1972. p. 1 . 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The Straits Times . 8 October 1979. p. 8 . Retrieved 13 December 2024 – via NewspaperSG . ^ Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies . 1989. p. 164. ISBN 978-9971-988-96-8 . Retrieved 16 December 2024 . ^ Teo, Edmund (21 September 1980). "Singapore Economic Mission To Boost Ties In Kuwait" . The Straits Times . p. 5 . Retrieved 14 December 2024 – via NewspaperSG . ^ Thomas, Margaret (4 February 1981). "Sheares Underscores Virtues of Success" . The Business Times . p. 1 . Retrieved 14 December 2024 – via NewspaperSG . ^ a b "Sheares Dies" . New Nation . 12 May 1981. p. 1 . Retrieved 15 October 2024 – via NewspaperSG . ^ Fernandez, Ivan (13 October 1981). "Man Who Will Be The People's President" . The Straits Times . p. 14 . Retrieved 15 October 2024 – via NewspaperSG . ^ Chew, Shing Chai (10 August 2011). "Good Presidents Past" . The Straits Times . Archived from the original on 17 August 2011 . 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"Monuments, Landmarks And More: Legacy of Singapore's Former Presidents" . AsiaOne . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ "History" . National University of Singapore . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ "Continuing The Medical Legacy of Prof Benjamin Sheares" . SingHealth . Archived from the original on 27 November 2022 . Retrieved 4 June 2020 . ^ "Professor Soo Khee Chee Named Benjamin Sheares Professor of Academic Medicine" . Duke–NUS Medical School . Archived from the original on 9 January 2015 . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ "Duke-NUS Medical School Names Its Advisory Colleges" . National University of Singapore . Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . ^ "Chief of Staff Heads Ruler's Awards List" . The Straits Budget . 15 July 1964. p. 16 . Retrieved 1 January 2025 – via NewspaperSG . ^ "Kedah Sultan Honours Prof. Sheares" . The Straits Times . 23 February 1968. p. 7 . Retrieved 10 December 2024 – via NewspaperSG . ^ "Baginda Ratu kurniakan bintang kpd Presiden" [Her Majesty The Queen Bestows A Star On The President]. Berita Harian (in Malay). 19 February 1972. p. 1 . Retrieved 16 October 2024 – via NewspaperSG . ^ Raman, P. M. (30 August 1974). "21-Gun Salute And 400-Man Honour Guard" . The Straits Times . p. 8 . Retrieved 16 October 2024 – via NewspaperSG . ^ "The Highest Honour..." The Straits Times . 28 January 1976. p. 9 . Retrieved 16 October 2024 – via NewspaperSG . Bibliography Vijayan, K. C. (24 November 2025). The Benjamin Sheares Story: From Pioneering Gynaecologist to Singapore President . ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute . ISBN 9789815306354 . Further reading "A Quiet Determination" (PDF) . Eurasians Singapore. June 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2015 . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Sheares, Joseph H. H. (July 2005). "Benjamin Henry Sheares, MD , MS , FRCOG : President, Republic of Singapore 1971–1981; Obstetrician and Gynaecologist 1931–1981 : A Biography, 12th August 1907 – 12th May 1981" (PDF) . Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore . 34 (6): 25C – 41C . doi : 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V34N6p25C . ISSN 0304-4602 . PMID 16010377 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2006 . Retrieved 2 May 2025 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Benjamin Sheares at Wikimedia Commons Political offices Preceded by Yusof Ishak President of Singapore 1970–1981 Succeeded by Devan Nair Singapore Biography Medicine .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Presidents of Singapore v t e List Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Ong Teng Cheong S. R. Nathan Tony Tan Halimah Yacob Tharman Shanmugaratnam Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Ong Teng Cheong S. R. Nathan Tony Tan Halimah Yacob Tharman Shanmugaratnam Presidential elections 1993 1999 2005 2011 2017 2023 1993 1999 2005 2011 2017 2023 Powers of the president of Singapore Powers of the president of Singapore Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND WorldCat National United States United States 1907 births 1981 deaths Singaporean gynaecologists 20th-century Singaporean educators Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Presidents of Singapore Raffles Institution alumni Saint Andrew's School, Singapore alumni Academic staff of the National University of Singapore Singaporean people of Chinese descent Singaporean people of English descent Singaporean people of British descent Singaporean people of Spanish descent Deaths from lung cancer in Singapore CS1 Malay-language sources (ms) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Use dmy dates from June 2020 Use British English from June 2020 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 16:02 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Geography Toggle Geography subsection 1.1 Limits 1.2 Hydrography 1.2.1 Hydrographic features 1.2.2 Seamounts 1.1 Limits 1.2 Hydrography 1.2.1 Hydrographic features 1.2.2 Seamounts 1.2.1 Hydrographic features 1.2.2 Seamounts 2 Border and basin countries 3 Trade routes Toggle Trade routes subsection 3.1 Major ports 3.1 Major ports 4 Islands 5 Oxygen minimum zone 6 Environment and wildlife 7 Arabian Sea warming 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Arabian Sea Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ अंगिका العربية Արեւմտահայերէն অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kumoring Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikidata item Arabian Sea بَحرُ ٱلْعَرَبْ ( Arabic ) The Arabian Sea as defined by the International Hydrographic Organization Location East Africa , West Asia and South Asia Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 14°N 65°E / 14°N 65°E / 14; 65 Type Sea Part of Indian Ocean Basin countries India Iran Maldives Oman Pakistan Seychelles Somalia Sri Lanka Yemen Max. width 2,400 km (1,500 mi) Surface area 3,862,000 km 2 (1,491,000 sq mi) (3,600,000 to 4,600,000 km2 in various sources) Max. depth 4,652 m (15,262 ft) Islands Astola island , Basavaraj Durga Island , Bundal Island , Charna Island , Clifton Oyster Rocks , Khiprianwala Island , Lakshadweep , Malan Island , Manora Island , Masirah Island , Piram Island , Pirotan , Shams Pir , Socotra Archipelago Location Interactive map of Arabian Sea The Arabian Sea ( Arabic : بَحرُ ٱلْعَرَبْ , romanized : baḥr al-ʿarab ) [ 1 ] is a region of sea in the northern Indian Ocean , bounded on the west by the Arabian Peninsula , Gulf of Aden and Guardafui Channel , on the northwest by Gulf of Oman and Iran , on the north by Pakistan , on the east by India , and on the southeast by the Laccadive Sea [ 2 ] and the Maldives , on the southwest by Somalia . [ 3 ] Its total area is 3,862,000 km 2 (1,491,000 sq mi) and its maximum depth is 5,395 meters (17,700 feet). The Gulf of Aden in the west connects the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb , and the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest, connecting it to the Persian Gulf . Geography The Arabian Sea's surface area is about 3,862,000 km 2 (1,491,130 sq mi). [ 4 ] The maximum width of the sea is approximately 2,400 km (1,490 mi), and its maximum depth is 5,395 metres (17,700 ft). [ 5 ] The biggest river flowing into the sea is the Indus River . The Arabian Sea has two important branches: the Gulf of Aden in the southwest, connecting with the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb ; and the Gulf of Oman to the northwest, connecting with the Persian Gulf. There are also the gulfs of Khambhat and Kutch on the Indian Coast . The Arabian Sea has been crossed by many important marine trade routes since the 3rd or 2nd millennium BCE. Major seaports include Kandla Port , Mundra Port , Pipavav Port , Dahej Port , Hazira Port , Mumbai Port , Nhava Sheva Port (Navi Mumbai) , Mormugão Port (Goa) , New Mangalore Port and Kochi Port in India, the Port of Karachi , Port Qasim , and the Gwadar Port in Pakistan, Chabahar Port in Iran and the Port of Salalah in Salalah , Oman . The largest islands in the Arabian Sea include Socotra ( Yemen ), Masirah Island (Oman), Lakshadweep (India) and Astola Island (Pakistan). The countries with coastlines on the Arabian Sea are Yemen, Oman, Pakistan, Iran, India and the Maldives . [ 4 ] Limits The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Arabian Sea as follows: [ 6 ] On the west: the eastern limit of the Gulf of Aden. On the north: a line joining Ràs al Hadd , east point of the Arabian Peninsula (22°32'N) and Ràs Jiyùni (61°43'E) on the coast of Pakistan. On the south: a line running from the southern extremity of Addu Atoll in the Maldives, to the eastern extremity of Ràs Hafun (the easternmost point of Africa , 10°26'N). On the east: the western limit of the Laccadive Sea a line running from Sadashivgad on the west coast of India ( 14°48′N 74°07′E / 14.800°N 74.117°E / 14.800; 74.117 ) to Cora Divh ( 13°42′N 72°10′E / 13.700°N 72.167°E / 13.700; 72.167 ) and thence down the west side of the Laccadive and Maldive archipelagos to the most southerly point of Addu Atoll in the Maldives. Hydrography The International Indian Ocean Expedition in 1959 was among the first to perform hydrographic surveys of the Arabian Sea. Significant bathymetric surveys were also conducted by the Soviet Union during the 1960s. [ 7 ] Hydrographic features Significant features in the northern Arabian Sea include the Indus Fan , the second largest fan system in the world. The De Covilhao Trough, named after the 15th century Portuguese explorer Pero de Covilhăo , reaches depths of 4,400 metres (14,436 ft) and separates the Indus Fan region from the Oman Abyssal Plain, which eventually leads to the Gulf of Oman . The southern limits are dominated by the Arabian Basin , a deep basin reaching depths over 4,200 metres (13,780 ft). The northern sections of the Carlsberg Ridge flank the southern edge of the Arabian Basin. The deepest parts of the Arabian Sea are in the Alula-Fartak Trough on the western edge of the Arabian Sea off the Gulf of Aden. The trough, reaching depths over 5,360 metres (17,585 ft), traverses the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea. The deepest known point is in the Arabian Sea limits at a depth of 5,395 metres (17,700 ft). Other significant deep points are part of the Arabian Basin, which include a 5,358 metres (17,579 ft) deep point off the northern limit of Calrsberg Ridge. [ 5 ] Seamounts Prominent sea mounts off the Indian west coast include Raman Seamount named after C. V. Raman , Panikkar Seamount, named after N. K. Panikkar , and the Wadia Guyot , named after D. N. Wadia . [ 8 ] Sind'Bad Seamount, named after the fictional explorer Sinbad the Sailor , Zheng He Seamount, and the Mount Error Guyot are some notable sea mounts in western Arabian Sea. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Border and basin countries Border and basin countries: [ 11 ] [ 12 ] India - 2,500 km coastline Pakistan - 1,050 km coastline Iran Maldives Oman Yemen Somalia Arabian Sea above Bombay/Mumbai Arabian Sea seen from space Arabian Sea in Karachi, Pakistan Trade routes The Arabian Sea has been an important marine trade route since the era of the coastal sailing vessels from possibly as early as the 3rd millennium BCE, certainly the late 2nd millennium BCE through the later days known as the Age of Sail . By the time of Julius Caesar , several well-established combined land-sea trade routes depended upon water transport through the sea around the rough inland terrain features to its north. These routes usually began in the Far East or down river from Madhya Pradesh , India with transshipment via historic Bharuch (Bharakuccha), traversed past the inhospitable coast of modern-day Iran, then split around Hadhramaut , Yemen into two streams north into the Gulf of Aden and thence into the Levant , or south into Alexandria via Red Sea ports such as Axum . Each major route involved transhipping to pack animal caravan , travel through desert country and risk of bandits and extortionate tolls by local potentates. This southern coastal route past the rough country in the southern Arabian Peninsula was significant, and the Egyptian Pharaohs built several shallow canals to service the trade, one more or less along the route of today's Suez Canal , and another from the Red Sea to the Nile River , both shallow works that were swallowed up by huge sand storms in antiquity. Later the kingdom of Axum arose in Ethiopia to rule a mercantile empire rooted in the trade with Europe via Alexandria. [ 13 ] Major ports Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Mumbai is the largest port in the Arabian Sea, and the largest container port in India. Major Indian ports in the Arabian Sea are Mundra Port , Kandla Port , Nava Sheva , Kochi Port , Mumbai Port , Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram and Mormugão . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] The Port of Karachi , Pakistan's largest and busiest seaport lies on the coast of the sea. It is located between the Karachi towns of Kiamari and Saddar . The Gwadar Port of Pakistan is a warm-water, deep-sea port situated at Gwadar in Balochistan at the apex of the Arabian Sea and at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, about 460 km west of Karachi and approximately 75 km (47 mi) east of Pakistan's border with Iran. The port is located on the eastern bay of a natural hammerhead-shaped peninsula jutting out into the Arabian Sea from the coastline. Port of Salalah in Salalah, Oman is also a major port in the area. The International Task Force often uses the port as a base. There is a significant number of warships of all nations coming in and out of the port, which makes it a very safe bubble. The port handled just under 3.5m teu in 2009. [ 16 ] Islands There are several islands in the Arabian Sea, with the most important ones being Lakshadweep Islands (India), Socotra (Yemen), Masirah (Oman) and Astola Island (Pakistan). The Lakshadweep Islands (formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Aminidivi Islands) is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea region of Arabian Sea, 200 to 440 km (120 to 270 mi) off the southwestern coast of India. The archipelago is a union territory and is governed by the Union Government of India . The islands form the smallest union territory of India with their total surface area being just 32 km 2 (12 sq mi). Next to these islands are the Maldives islands. These islands are all part of the Lakshadweep-Maldives-Chagos group of islands. Zalzala Koh was an island which was around for only a few years. After the 2013 earthquake in Pakistan, the mud island was formed. By 2016 the island had completely submerged. [ 17 ] Astola Island, also known as Jezira Haft Talar in Balochi , or 'Island of the Seven Hills', is a small, uninhabited island in the northern tip of the Arabian Sea in Pakistan's territorial waters. Socotra, also spelled Soqotra , is the largest island, being part of a small archipelago of four islands. It lies some 240 km (150 mi) east of the Horn of Africa and 380 km (240 mi) south of the Arabian Peninsula. Masirah and the five Khuriya Muriya Islands are islands off the southeastern coast of Oman. Oxygen minimum zone The Arabian Sea has one of the world's three largest oceanic oxygen minimum zones (OMZ), or “dead zones,” along with the eastern tropical North Pacific and the eastern tropical South Pacific. OMZs have very low levels of oxygen , sometimes so low as to be undetectable by standard equipment. [ 18 ] The Arabian Sea's OMZ has the lowest levels of oxygen in the world, especially in the Gulf of Oman. [ 19 ] Causes of the OMZ may include untreated sewage as well as high temperatures on the Indian subcontinent, which increase winds blowing towards India, bringing up nutrients and reducing oxygen in the Arabian Sea's waters. In winter, phytoplankton suited to low-oxygen conditions turn the OMZ bright green. [ 20 ] Environment and wildlife The wildlife of the Arabian sea is diverse, and entirely unique because of the geographic distribution. Mangrove forests of Karachi, Pakistan Critically endangered Sea Creatures Dugong mother & her offspring in shallow waters Arabian Sea warming Recent studies [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology confirmed that the Arabian Sea is warming monotonously; it possibly is due to global warming. The intensification and northward shift of the summer monsoon low-level jet over the Arabian Sea from 1979 to 2015, led to increased upper ocean heat content due to enhanced downwelling and reduced southward heat transport. [ 22 ] See also Oceans portal Indian Ocean Rim Association North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone Piracy off the coast of Somalia References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Arabian Sea" . UNBIS Thesaurus . Retrieved 28 December 2023 . ^ Banse, Karl, and Charles R. McClain. "Winter blooms of phytoplankton in the Arabian Sea as observed by the Coastal Zone Color Scanner." Marine Ecology Progress Series (1986): 201-211. ^ Pham, J. Peter. "Putting Somali piracy in context." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 28.3 (2010): 325-341. ^ a b Arabian Sea , Encyclopædia Britannica ^ a b "NOAA Bathymetric Data Viewer" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ^ "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF) . International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. pp. 20– 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2020 . ^ Hall, John K.; Levenson, Shahar (March 20, 2017). "Compilation of a 100m bathymetric grid for the Arabian Plate; Red Sea, Arabian and Oman Seas and Persian Gulf". U.S. HYDRO 2017 Conference . ^ "Wadia Guyot" . Marine Regions Gazetteer . Retrieved 14 September 2024 . ^ "Sind'Bad Seamount" . Marine Regions Gazetteer . ^ "Mount Error Guyot" . Marine Regions Gazetteer . Retrieved 14 September 2024 . ^ "Iran" . The World Factbook (2026 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency . ^ "Introduction to Pakistan: Section 5: Coastline" . www.wildlifeofpakistan.com . Archived from the original on 2020-06-26 . Retrieved 2020-08-28 . ^ "Documents on the Persian Gulf's name the eternal heritage ancient time by Dr. Mohammad Ajam" . japan.mfa.gov.ir . ^ "TRAFFIC HANDLED AT MAJOR PORTS (LAST 7 YEARS)" (PDF) . shipping.gov.in . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. [ permanent dead link ] ^ "WORLD PORT RANKINGS" (PDF) . aapa.files.cms-plus.com . 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. ^ Salalah’s versatility beats the slump Archived October 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine , Port of Salalah ^ "Gwadar's quake island disappears" . www.dawn.com . 31 December 2016. ^ Lüke, Claudia; Speth, Daan R.; Kox, Martine A. R.; Villanueva, Laura; Jetten, Mike S. M. (2016-04-07). "Metagenomic analysis of nitrogen and methane cycling in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone" . PeerJ . 4 e1924. doi : 10.7717/peerj.1924 . ISSN 2167-8359 . PMC 4830246 . PMID 27077014 . ^ Queste, Bastien Y.; Vic, Clément; Heywood, Karen J.; Piontkovski, Sergey A. (2018). "Physical Controls on Oxygen Distribution and Denitrification Potential in the North West Arabian Sea" . Geophysical Research Letters . 45 (9): 4143– 4152. Bibcode : 2018GeoRL..45.4143Q . doi : 10.1029/2017GL076666 . ISSN 1944-8007 . ^ Bhanoo, S.N. "A Green Blanket on the Arabian Sea". The New York Times . ^ Roxy, Mathew Koll; Ritika, Kapoor; Terray, Pascal; Murtugudde, Raghu; Ashok, Karumuri; Goswami, B. N. (16 June 2015). "Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian Ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient" . Nature Communications . 6 (1): 7423. Bibcode : 2015NatCo...6.7423R . doi : 10.1038/ncomms8423 . ISSN 2041-1723 . PMID 26077934 . S2CID 7061499 . ^ a b Pratik, Kad; Parekh, Anant; Karmakar, Ananya; Chowdary, Jasti S.; Gnanaseelan, C. (1 April 2019). "Recent changes in the summer monsoon circulation and their impact on dynamics and thermodynamics of the Arabian Sea" . Theoretical and Applied Climatology . 136 (1): 321– 331. Bibcode : 2019ThApC.136..321P . doi : 10.1007/s00704-018-2493-6 . ISSN 1434-4483 . S2CID 126114281 . ^ Roxy, M. K.; Gnanaseelan, C.; Parekh, Anant; Chowdary, Jasti S.; Singh, Shikha; Modi, Aditi; Kakatkar, Rashmi; Mohapatra, Sandeep; Dhara, Chirag; Shenoi, S. C.; Rajeevan, M. (2020). "Indian Ocean Warming" . Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region: A Report of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India . Springer. pp. 191– 206. doi : 10.1007/978-981-15-4327-2_10 . ISBN 978-981-15-4327-2 . S2CID 226643638 . Sources This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). " Arabian Sea ". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 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Main page Community portal Recent changes Random page Help Special pages Donate Create account Log insyd Donate Create account Log insyd Main Page Main Page Discuss am Read View source View history Read View source View history What dey link here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite dis page Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Create book Download am as PDF Version wey be printable Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata item Welcam for Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia top! De free encyclopedia wey everybro fi edit for top 4,259 articles in Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia Feature article EC logo Electoral Commission of Ghana (EC) be de official body for Ghana inside wey be responsible for every public elections. E get seven members, 1992 Ghana constitution guarantee hin independence. De Electoral Commission Act (Act 451) of 1993 wey establish de current commission. Kwadwo Afari-Gyan be de first substantive chairman give de commission from 1993 to 2015. Charlotte Osei wey chop de first female chairman give de commission wey succeed am. For 5th December 2018, Jean Adukwei Mensah wey be de Electoral commission chairperson wey revert de old logo wey dey show Ghana ein Coat of arms den ballot wey dey show de hand wey e dey cast votes, after de fresh logo bring sam controversy. Rydis, Ghana get 33,367 polling stations, 38,622 voting stations, 27 political parties den 17,027,641 registered voters. ...you fi to read more Feature article Ghana officially be Republic of Ghana , ebe country wey dey West Africa insyd. Edey start for de Gulf of Guinea den de Atlantic Ocean to de south, edey share border plus Ivory Coast in de west, Burkina Faso in de north, den Togo in de east. Ghana dey cover area of 238,535 km 2 (92,099 sq mi), wey dey span diverse biomes wey dey range from coastal savannas go tropical rainforests. Plus over 31 million people, Ghana be de second-most country for West Africa wey dema population bonch, after Nigeria. De capital den largest city be Accra ; other major cities be Kumasi , Tamale den Sekondi-Takoradi ...you fi to read more You know say...? Cedi coin Accra High School (AHISCO) be Senior High school wey dey Accra, Ghana for West Africa? Today ein feature photo Independence Arch Accra - Ghana . Wona beginning Welcam! You go fi write Ghanaian Pidgin? We dey hia your help! Wikimedia sister projects Volunteer editors wey dey write Wikipedia wey de Wikimedia Foundation, non-profit organization dey host am wey esan so dey host range of oda volunteer projects: Commons Free media repository Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikisource Free-content library Wikispecies Directory of species Wikiversity Free learning materials and activities Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination View total pages For news insyd...? Storm Daniel hits northern and eastern Libya, killing hundreds, and rains inundate many cities in the country. The German national team is crowned champion of the 2023 FIBA World Cup after winning the final match over its Serbian counterpart with a score of 83-77, achieving the achievement for the first time in its history. An earthquake measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale strikes the Al Haouz province in Morocco, killing more than 2,900 people. Welcam for Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia top! De free encyclopedia wey everybro fi edit for top 4,259 articles in Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia Feature article EC logo Electoral Commission of Ghana (EC) be de official body for Ghana inside wey be responsible for every public elections. E get seven members, 1992 Ghana constitution guarantee hin independence. De Electoral Commission Act (Act 451) of 1993 wey establish de current commission. Kwadwo Afari-Gyan be de first substantive chairman give de commission from 1993 to 2015. Charlotte Osei wey chop de first female chairman give de commission wey succeed am. For 5th December 2018, Jean Adukwei Mensah wey be de Electoral commission chairperson wey revert de old logo wey dey show Ghana ein Coat of arms den ballot wey dey show de hand wey e dey cast votes, after de fresh logo bring sam controversy. Rydis, Ghana get 33,367 polling stations, 38,622 voting stations, 27 political parties den 17,027,641 registered voters. ...you fi to read more Feature article Ghana officially be Republic of Ghana , ebe country wey dey West Africa insyd. Edey start for de Gulf of Guinea den de Atlantic Ocean to de south, edey share border plus Ivory Coast in de west, Burkina Faso in de north, den Togo in de east. Ghana dey cover area of 238,535 km 2 (92,099 sq mi), wey dey span diverse biomes wey dey range from coastal savannas go tropical rainforests. Plus over 31 million people, Ghana be de second-most country for West Africa wey dema population bonch, after Nigeria. De capital den largest city be Accra ; other major cities be Kumasi , Tamale den Sekondi-Takoradi ...you fi to read more You know say...? Cedi coin Accra High School (AHISCO) be Senior High school wey dey Accra, Ghana for West Africa? Today ein feature photo Independence Arch Accra - Ghana . Wona beginning Welcam! You go fi write Ghanaian Pidgin? We dey hia your help! Wikimedia sister projects Volunteer editors wey dey write Wikipedia wey de Wikimedia Foundation, non-profit organization dey host am wey esan so dey host range of oda volunteer projects: Commons Free media repository Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikisource Free-content library Wikispecies Directory of species Wikiversity Free learning materials and activities Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination View total pages For news insyd...? Storm Daniel hits northern and eastern Libya, killing hundreds, and rains inundate many cities in the country. The German national team is crowned champion of the 2023 FIBA World Cup after winning the final match over its Serbian counterpart with a score of 83-77, achieving the achievement for the first time in its history. An earthquake measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale strikes the Al Haouz province in Morocco, killing more than 2,900 people. Feature article EC logo Electoral Commission of Ghana (EC) be de official body for Ghana inside wey be responsible for every public elections. E get seven members, 1992 Ghana constitution guarantee hin independence. De Electoral Commission Act (Act 451) of 1993 wey establish de current commission. Kwadwo Afari-Gyan be de first substantive chairman give de commission from 1993 to 2015. Charlotte Osei wey chop de first female chairman give de commission wey succeed am. For 5th December 2018, Jean Adukwei Mensah wey be de Electoral commission chairperson wey revert de old logo wey dey show Ghana ein Coat of arms den ballot wey dey show de hand wey e dey cast votes, after de fresh logo bring sam controversy. Rydis, Ghana get 33,367 polling stations, 38,622 voting stations, 27 political parties den 17,027,641 registered voters. ...you fi to read more Feature article Ghana officially be Republic of Ghana , ebe country wey dey West Africa insyd. Edey start for de Gulf of Guinea den de Atlantic Ocean to de south, edey share border plus Ivory Coast in de west, Burkina Faso in de north, den Togo in de east. Ghana dey cover area of 238,535 km 2 (92,099 sq mi), wey dey span diverse biomes wey dey range from coastal savannas go tropical rainforests. Plus over 31 million people, Ghana be de second-most country for West Africa wey dema population bonch, after Nigeria. De capital den largest city be Accra ; other major cities be Kumasi , Tamale den Sekondi-Takoradi ...you fi to read more You know say...? Cedi coin Accra High School (AHISCO) be Senior High school wey dey Accra, Ghana for West Africa? Today ein feature photo Independence Arch Accra - Ghana . Feature article EC logo Electoral Commission of Ghana (EC) be de official body for Ghana inside wey be responsible for every public elections. E get seven members, 1992 Ghana constitution guarantee hin independence. De Electoral Commission Act (Act 451) of 1993 wey establish de current commission. Kwadwo Afari-Gyan be de first substantive chairman give de commission from 1993 to 2015. Charlotte Osei wey chop de first female chairman give de commission wey succeed am. For 5th December 2018, Jean Adukwei Mensah wey be de Electoral commission chairperson wey revert de old logo wey dey show Ghana ein Coat of arms den ballot wey dey show de hand wey e dey cast votes, after de fresh logo bring sam controversy. Rydis, Ghana get 33,367 polling stations, 38,622 voting stations, 27 political parties den 17,027,641 registered voters. ...you fi to read more Feature article Ghana officially be Republic of Ghana , ebe country wey dey West Africa insyd. Edey start for de Gulf of Guinea den de Atlantic Ocean to de south, edey share border plus Ivory Coast in de west, Burkina Faso in de north, den Togo in de east. Ghana dey cover area of 238,535 km 2 (92,099 sq mi), wey dey span diverse biomes wey dey range from coastal savannas go tropical rainforests. Plus over 31 million people, Ghana be de second-most country for West Africa wey dema population bonch, after Nigeria. De capital den largest city be Accra ; other major cities be Kumasi , Tamale den Sekondi-Takoradi ...you fi to read more You know say...? Cedi coin Accra High School (AHISCO) be Senior High school wey dey Accra, Ghana for West Africa? Today ein feature photo Independence Arch Accra - Ghana . Electoral Commission of Ghana (EC) be de official body for Ghana inside wey be responsible for every public elections. E get seven members, 1992 Ghana constitution guarantee hin independence. De Electoral Commission Act (Act 451) of 1993 wey establish de current commission. Kwadwo Afari-Gyan be de first substantive chairman give de commission from 1993 to 2015. Charlotte Osei wey chop de first female chairman give de commission wey succeed am. For 5th December 2018, Jean Adukwei Mensah wey be de Electoral commission chairperson wey revert de old logo wey dey show Ghana ein Coat of arms den ballot wey dey show de hand wey e dey cast votes, after de fresh logo bring sam controversy. Rydis, Ghana get 33,367 polling stations, 38,622 voting stations, 27 political parties den 17,027,641 registered voters. Ghana officially be Republic of Ghana , ebe country wey dey West Africa insyd. Edey start for de Gulf of Guinea den de Atlantic Ocean to de south, edey share border plus Ivory Coast in de west, Burkina Faso in de north, den Togo in de east. Ghana dey cover area of 238,535 km 2 (92,099 sq mi), wey dey span diverse biomes wey dey range from coastal savannas go tropical rainforests. Plus over 31 million people, Ghana be de second-most country for West Africa wey dema population bonch, after Nigeria. De capital den largest city be Accra ; other major cities be Kumasi , Tamale den Sekondi-Takoradi Accra High School (AHISCO) be Senior High school wey dey Accra, Ghana for West Africa? Wona beginning Welcam! You go fi write Ghanaian Pidgin? We dey hia your help! Wikimedia sister projects Volunteer editors wey dey write Wikipedia wey de Wikimedia Foundation, non-profit organization dey host am wey esan so dey host range of oda volunteer projects: Commons Free media repository Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikisource Free-content library Wikispecies Directory of species Wikiversity Free learning materials and activities Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination View total pages For news insyd...? Storm Daniel hits northern and eastern Libya, killing hundreds, and rains inundate many cities in the country. The German national team is crowned champion of the 2023 FIBA World Cup after winning the final match over its Serbian counterpart with a score of 83-77, achieving the achievement for the first time in its history. An earthquake measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale strikes the Al Haouz province in Morocco, killing more than 2,900 people. Wona beginning Welcam! You go fi write Ghanaian Pidgin? We dey hia your help! Wikimedia sister projects Volunteer editors wey dey write Wikipedia wey de Wikimedia Foundation, non-profit organization dey host am wey esan so dey host range of oda volunteer projects: Commons Free media repository Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikisource Free-content library Wikispecies Directory of species Wikiversity Free learning materials and activities Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination View total pages Welcam! You go fi write Ghanaian Pidgin? We dey hia your help! Volunteer editors wey dey write Wikipedia wey de Wikimedia Foundation, non-profit organization dey host am wey esan so dey host range of oda volunteer projects: Commons Free media repository Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikisource Free-content library Wikispecies Directory of species Wikiversity Free learning materials and activities Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination Storm Daniel hits northern and eastern Libya, killing hundreds, and rains inundate many cities in the country. The German national team is crowned champion of the 2023 FIBA World Cup after winning the final match over its Serbian counterpart with a score of 83-77, achieving the achievement for the first time in its history. An earthquake measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale strikes the Al Haouz province in Morocco, killing more than 2,900 people. 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Reçua La Tavèrna Pâge per hasârd Portâl comunôtèro Dèrriérs changements Éde Pâge de contacto Balyér Fâre un comptio Sè branchiér Balyér Fâre un comptio Sè branchiér Seconda Guèrra mondiâla Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Ænglisc العربية الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български भोजपुरी Bislama ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ বাংলা བོད་ཡིག Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano کوردی Corsu Qırımtatarca Čeština Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Võro Føroyskt Français Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ ગુજરાતી Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Ilokano Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard ລາວ Lietuvių Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол मराठी Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål ߒߞߏ Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Picard Deitsch Pälzisch Polski Piemontèis پنجابی پښتو Português Runa Simi Rumantsch Română Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Toki pona Türkçe Татарча / tatarça Тыва дыл ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 Pâge Discussion Liére Changiér Changiér lo tèxto sôrsa Vêre l’historico Liére Changiér Changiér lo tèxto sôrsa Vêre l’historico Pâges liyêes Changements liyês Chargiér un fichiér Lim pèrmanent Enformacions sus la pâge Citar cela pâge Avêr n’URL racorciêe Dèchargiér lo code QR Utiliser l'ancien analyseur Fâre un lévro Dèchargiér coment PDF Vèrsion emprimâbla Wikimedia Commons Èlèment Wikidata Cél articllo est ècrit en arpetan supradialèctâl / ORB lârge . La Seconda Guèrra mondiâla est una guèrra yô que des payis de tôs les continents ont jouyâ un rolo. Los doux aliances advèrsèros éront: Los Aliâs L’Axe La Seconda Guèrra mondiâla comence lo 1ér de septembro 1939 et ‘l est durâ tanqu’a l’an 1945 . La capitulacion de l’Alemagne est adoptâye lo 8 mê et la fin de la guèrra est lo 2 de septembro 1945 . Cél articllo est ècrit en arpetan supradialèctâl / ORB lârge . La Seconda Guèrra mondiâla est una guèrra yô que des payis de tôs les continents ont jouyâ un rolo. Los doux aliances advèrsèros éront: Los Aliâs L’Axe La Seconda Guèrra mondiâla comence lo 1ér de septembro 1939 et ‘l est durâ tanqu’a l’an 1945 . La capitulacion de l’Alemagne est adoptâye lo 8 mê et la fin de la guèrra est lo 2 de septembro 1945 . Articllo en arpetan supradialèctâl / ORB Guèrra Histouère XXémo siècllo Lo dèrriér changement de cela pâge est étâ fêt lo 18 jouin 2023 a 13:53. La pâge est étâye rendua avouéc Parsoid . Los tèxtos sont disponiblos desot licence Creative Commons atribucion-partâjo du mémo 4.0 ; d’ôtres condicions sè pôvont aplicar. Vêde les condicions d’usâjo por més de dètalys. Politica de confidencialitât Sus Vouiquipèdia Semonces Code de conduita Dèvelopiors Statistiques Dècllaracion sus los tèmouens (cookies) Vèrsion mobila
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 January 1.2 February 1.3 March 1.4 April 1.5 May 1.6 June 1.7 July 1.8 August 1.9 September 1.10 October 1.11 November 1.12 December 1.13 Date unknown 1.1 January 1.2 February 1.3 March 1.4 April 1.5 May 1.6 June 1.7 July 1.8 August 1.9 September 1.10 October 1.11 November 1.12 December 1.13 Date unknown 2 Births Toggle Births subsection 2.1 January–February 2.2 March–April 2.3 May–June 2.4 July–August 2.5 September–October 2.6 November–December 2.7 Date unknown 2.1 January–February 2.2 March–April 2.3 May–June 2.4 July–August 2.5 September–October 2.6 November–December 2.7 Date unknown 3 Deaths Toggle Deaths subsection 3.1 January–June 3.2 July–December 3.3 Dates unknown 3.1 January–June 3.2 July–December 3.3 Dates unknown 4 References 5 Further reading 1883 Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala Lombard Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Мокшень မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Удмурт Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Tolışi Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Years Millennium 2nd millennium Centuries 18th century 19th century 20th century 18th century 19th century 20th century Decades 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s Years 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e 1883 by topic Humanities Animation Archaeology Architecture Art Literature Poetry Music Animation Archaeology Architecture Art Literature Poetry Poetry Music By country Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Denmark France Germany New Zealand Norway Portugal Russia South Africa Sweden United Kingdom United States Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Denmark France Germany New Zealand Norway Portugal Russia South Africa Sweden United Kingdom United States Other topics Rail transport Science Sports Rail transport Science Sports Lists of leaders Sovereign states Sovereign state leaders Territorial governors Religious leaders Law Sovereign states Sovereign state leaders Territorial governors Religious leaders Law Birth and death categories Births Deaths Births Deaths Establishments and disestablishments categories Establishments Disestablishments Establishments Disestablishments Works category Works Works v t e v t e Gregorian calendar 1883 MDCCCLXXXIII Ab urbe condita 2636 Armenian calendar 1332 ԹՎ ՌՅԼԲ Assyrian calendar 6633 Baháʼí calendar 39–40 Balinese saka calendar 1804–1805 Bengali calendar 1289–1290 Berber calendar 2833 British Regnal year 46 Vict. 1 – 47 Vict. 1 Buddhist calendar 2427 Burmese calendar 1245 Byzantine calendar 7391–7392 Chinese calendar 壬午 年 (Water Horse ) 4580 or 4373 — to — 癸未年 (Water Goat ) 4581 or 4374 Coptic calendar 1599–1600 Discordian calendar 3049 Ethiopian calendar 1875–1876 Hebrew calendar 5643–5644 Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat 1939–1940 - Shaka Samvat 1804–1805 - Kali Yuga 4983–4984 Holocene calendar 11883 Igbo calendar 883–884 Iranian calendar 1261–1262 Islamic calendar 1300–1301 Japanese calendar Meiji 16 (明治１６年) Javanese calendar 1812–1813 Julian calendar Gregorian minus 12 days Korean calendar 4216 Minguo calendar 29 before ROC 民前29年 Nanakshahi calendar 415 Thai solar calendar 2425–2426 Tibetan calendar ཆུ་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་ (male Water- Horse ) 2009 or 1628 or 856 — to — ཆུ་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་ (female Water- Sheep ) 2010 or 1629 or 857 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII ) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar , the 1883rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 883rd year of the 2nd millennium , the 83rd year of the 19th century , and the 4th year of the 1880s decade. As of the start of 1883, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Events January January 4 – Life magazine is founded in Los Angeles, California, United States. January 10 – A fire at the Newhall Hotel in Milwaukee , Wisconsin, United States, kills 73 people. January 16 – The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act , establishing the United States civil service , is passed. January 19 – The first electric lighting system employing overhead wires begins service in Roselle, New Jersey , United States, installed by Thomas Edison . February February 15 – Tokyo Electrical Lightning Grid, predecessor of Tokyo Electrical Power ( TEPCO ), one of the largest electrical grids in Asia and the world, is founded in Japan. [ 1 ] February 16 – The Ladies' Home Journal is published for the first time, in the United States. [ 2 ] February 23 – Alabama becomes the first U.S. state to enact an antitrust law . [ 3 ] February 28 – The first vaudeville theater is opened, in Boston , Massachusetts . February – The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi is first published complete in book form, in Italy. March March 2 – The Hong Kong Observatory is established. [ 4 ] March 9 – Demonstration of 9 March 1883 : Parisian anarchists , unemployed and carpenters narrowly miss the Presidential palace during a violent protest; first use of the black flag as a symbol of anarchism by Louise Michel . [ 5 ] March 20 – The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property is held. [ 6 ] March 28 – Battle of Gia Cuc : A French force defeats the Vietnamese in northern Vietnam in the run-up to the Sino-French War . April April 5 – Oxygen is liquefied for the first time. April 28 – The first rugby sevens tournament is played at Melrose RFC in Scotland. [ 7 ] May May 20 – 1883 eruption of Krakatoa , Indonesia May 23 – Robert Louis Stevenson 's children's pirate adventure novel Treasure Island is first published in book format, in London. May 24 – Brooklyn Bridge is opened to traffic in New York City, after 13 years of construction. May 30 – A rumor that the Brooklyn Bridge is going to collapse causes a stampede, which crushes 12 people. May 31 – Otto von Bismarck pushes the first social security law through the Reichstag . It establishes a system of Publicly funded health care , one of the first worldwide. It is signed into law on June 15 . June June 13 – Count Arvid Posse leaves office as Prime Minister of Sweden . He is succeeded by Carl Johan Thyselius , the first non-aristocrat (Swedish; " ofrälse ") to serve as Swedish head of government, and Prime Minister. June 16 – Victoria Hall disaster : A rush for treats results in 183 children being asphyxiated in a concert hall in Sunderland , England. June 28 – In Milan , Italy, the first central European electricity power station is inaugurated. June 30 – Robert Louis Stevenson 's novel The Black Arrow first appears as a serial in the British magazine Young Folks; A Boys' and Girls' Paper of Instructive and Entertaining Literature as by 'Captain George North'. Stevenson completes writing it at the end of the summer in France. July July 3 – The SS Daphne sinks on launch in Glasgow , Scotland, leaving 124 dead. [ 8 ] July 4 – The world's first rodeo is held in Pecos, Texas . July 22 – Zulu King Cetshwayo barely escapes a rebel attack with his life. August August 12 – The last quagga dies at the Artis Magistra zoo in Amsterdam . August 21 – 1883 Rochester tornado : An F5 tornado strikes Rochester, Minnesota , leading to the creation of the Mayo Clinic . August 26 – 27 – 1883 eruption of Krakatoa : The volcanic island of Krakatoa erupts at 10:02 am (local time); 163 villages are destroyed, 36,417 killed by tsunami. August 29 – Dunfermline Carnegie Library , the first Carnegie library , is opened in Andrew Carnegie 's hometown, Dunfermline , Scotland. August – King William's College is opened on the Isle of Man . September September 1 – Pope Leo XIII publishes the encyclical Supremi apostolatus officio ("On Devotion of the Rosary"). September 11 – Major Evelyn Baring becomes Consul-General of Egypt under British rule . September 15 The Bombay Natural History Society is founded in India. The University of Texas at Austin opens to students. The Bombay Natural History Society is founded in India. The University of Texas at Austin opens to students. September 29 – A consortium of flour mill operators in Minneapolis forms the Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie and Atlantic Railway , as a means to get their product to the Great Lakes ports, avoiding the high tariffs of Chicago. October October 1 Sydney Boys High School is founded in Sydney, Australia, the country's first state high school. In Amsterdam , the first International Colonial and Export Exhibition closes, having had over 1 million visitors. Sydney Boys High School is founded in Sydney, Australia, the country's first state high school. In Amsterdam , the first International Colonial and Export Exhibition closes, having had over 1 million visitors. October 4 The Boys' Brigade (the first uniformed youth organization in existence) is founded in Glasgow , Scotland. The Orient Express train begins to run through from Paris Gare de l'Est to Giurgiu in Romania, with onward ferry and train connections to Istanbul (the train has been running since June 5 as far as Vienna). The Boys' Brigade (the first uniformed youth organization in existence) is founded in Glasgow , Scotland. The Orient Express train begins to run through from Paris Gare de l'Est to Giurgiu in Romania, with onward ferry and train connections to Istanbul (the train has been running since June 5 as far as Vienna). October 16 – In five Civil Rights Cases the Supreme Court of the United States declares part of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to be unconstitutional, allowing individuals and corporations to discriminate based on race . October 20 – Peru and Chile sign the Treaty of Ancón , by which the Tarapacá province is ceded to Chile, ending Peru's involvement in the War of the Pacific . October 22 – The Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram in Vienna (Austria) is the first electric tram powered by overhead wire . October 24 – Cardiff University , Wales, opens (under the name of University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire). October 30 – Two Clan na Gael dynamite bombs explode in the London Underground , injuring several people. The next day, British Home Secretary Vernon Harcourt drafts 300 policemen to guard the underground, and introduces the Explosives Bill. November November 3 The 14th Century AH begins in the Islamic calendar on the 1st of Muharram, 1301 AH. American Old West : Self-described Black Bart the Po-8 makes his last stagecoach robbery, but leaves a handkerchief with a laundry mark that eventually leads to his capture. The 14th Century AH begins in the Islamic calendar on the 1st of Muharram, 1301 AH. American Old West : Self-described Black Bart the Po-8 makes his last stagecoach robbery, but leaves a handkerchief with a laundry mark that eventually leads to his capture. November 14 – Chile's National Library of Congress is founded. November 18 – U.S. and Canadian railroads institute 5 standard continental time zones , ending the confusion of thousands of local times . November 28 – Whitman College is chartered as a 4-year college in Walla Walla, Washington . December December 1 – Battleford Industrial School , the first government-operated Indian residential school opens in Canada. December 5 – Bisbee Massacre : Five people are killed in the robbery of a general store by bandits in Bisbee, Arizona . [ 9 ] December 16 – Tonkin Campaign : French forces capture the Sơn Tây citadel. December 21 – The Royal Canadian Dragoons and The Royal Canadian Regiment , the first Permanent Force cavalry and infantry regiments of the Canadian Army, are formed. December 26 – The Harbour Grace Affray takes place in Harbour Grace , Colony of Newfoundland . Date unknown Antoni Gaudí begins to work on the Sagrada Família Cathedral in Barcelona (it was consecrated in 2010 ) Construction of Speicherstadt as a free zone in the Port of Hamburg begins. During construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1883, blasting and excavation reveal high concentrations of nickel – copper ore at Murray Mine , on the edge of the Sudbury Basin , located near Sudbury, Ontario , Canada. The British Parliament considers a major bill to allow Indian judges to try Europeans in India. The British community rises in protest, and defeats the measure. The Mexican government passes a law allowing real estate companies (controlled by General Porfirio Díaz 's political associates) to survey public and "vacant" lands, and to retain one third of the land they survey. Bernard Kroger establishes the first Kroger grocery store , in Cincinnati , Ohio . The first purebred Percheron (horse) stud book is created in France. ASEA is founded by Ludvig Fredholm in Sweden , predecessor of the global electronic equipment and engineering business ABB . [ 10 ] Founding of: Houghton College in New York State Wagner College in New York City Baltimore Polytechnic Institute in Maryland Raith Rovers F.C. in Scotland The Black Arabs F.C (later Bristol Rovers ) in England Dunstable Town F.C. in England Houghton College in New York State Wagner College in New York City Baltimore Polytechnic Institute in Maryland Raith Rovers F.C. in Scotland The Black Arabs F.C (later Bristol Rovers ) in England Dunstable Town F.C. in England Births January–February January 1 – Ichirō Hatoyama , Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1959 ) January 3 – Clement Attlee , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1967 ) January 4 – Johanna Westerdijk , Dutch plant pathologist (d. 1961 ) January 5 – Döme Sztójay , Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1946 ) January 6 – Kahlil Gibran , Lebanese poet, painter and novelist (d. 1931 ) January 10 Francis X. Bushman , American screen actor (d. 1966 ) Hubert Latham , pioneer French aviator of the pre- World War I era (d. 1912 ) Florence Reed , American actress (d. 1967 ) Helen Lackaye , American stage actress (d. 1940 ) Aleksei Nikolaevich Tolstoy , Russian writer (d. 1945 ) [ 11 ] Francis X. Bushman , American screen actor (d. 1966 ) Hubert Latham , pioneer French aviator of the pre- World War I era (d. 1912 ) Florence Reed , American actress (d. 1967 ) Helen Lackaye , American stage actress (d. 1940 ) Aleksei Nikolaevich Tolstoy , Russian writer (d. 1945 ) [ 11 ] January 16 – Oswald Short , English aircraft manufacturer (d. 1969 ) January 19 – Waite Phillips , American businessman, philanthropist (d. 1964 ) January 20 – Bertram Ramsay , British admiral (d. 1945 ) [ 12 ] February 8 – Joseph Schumpeter , Austrian economist (d. 1950 ) [ 13 ] February 15 – Sax Rohmer , English author (d. 1959 ) February 16 – Koshirō Oikawa , Japanese admiral (d. 1958 ) February 22 Abe Attell , American boxer (d. 1970 ) Marguerite Clark , American silent film actress (d. 1940 ) Abe Attell , American boxer (d. 1970 ) Marguerite Clark , American silent film actress (d. 1940 ) February 23 – Karl Jaspers , German philosopher (d. 1969 ) February 28 – Gheorghe Argeșanu , Romanian general and politician, 40th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1940 ) March–April March 2 – Nikos Kazantzakis , Greek writer (d. 1957 ) March 3 – Cyril Burt , British educational psychologist (d. 1971 ) March 4 Sam Langford , Canadian boxer (d. 1956 ) Maude Fealy , American actress (d. 1971 ) Sam Langford , Canadian boxer (d. 1956 ) Maude Fealy , American actress (d. 1971 ) March 7 – Michael Somogyi , Hungarian-American biochemist (d. 1971 ) March 19 Norman Haworth , British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1950 ) Joseph Stilwell , American general (d. 1946 ) Norman Haworth , British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1950 ) Joseph Stilwell , American general (d. 1946 ) March 21 – Sam Hardy , American stage and screen actor (d. 1935 ) March 24 – Dorothy Campbell , Scottish golfer (d. 1945 ) March 28 – Tikiri Bandara Panabokke II , Ceylonese colonial-era legislator, lawyer and diplomat (d. 1963 ) April 1 Laurette Taylor , American actress (d. 1946 ) Lon Chaney , American actor (d. 1930 ) Laurette Taylor , American actress (d. 1946 ) Lon Chaney , American actor (d. 1930 ) April 3 – Henry Diesen , Norwegian admiral (d. 1953 ) April 5 – Walter Huston , Canadian-born American actor (d. 1950 ) April 11 – Leonard Mudie , English actor (d. 1965 ) April 12 – Dally Messenger , Australian rugby league player (d. 1959 ) April 15 – Stanley Bruce , 8th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1967 ) April 25 – Semyon Budyonny , Cossack cavalryman, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 1973 ) April 30 – Jaroslav Hašek , Czech writer (d. 1923 ) [ 14 ] May–June May 1 – Tom Moore , Irish-American actor (d. 1955 ) May 5 Eleazar López Contreras , 32nd President of Venezuela (d. 1973 ) Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell , British field marshal (d. 1950 ) Eleazar López Contreras , 32nd President of Venezuela (d. 1973 ) Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell , British field marshal (d. 1950 ) May 9 – José Ortega y Gasset , Spanish philosopher (d. 1955 ) May 10 – Eugen Leviné , Communist leader of the Munich Soviet Republic (d. 1919 ) May 16 Celâl Bayar , Turkish politician, statesman, 3rd President of Turkey (d. 1986 ) Solomone Ula Ata , Prime Minister of Tonga (d. 1950 ) Celâl Bayar , Turkish politician, statesman, 3rd President of Turkey (d. 1986 ) Solomone Ula Ata , Prime Minister of Tonga (d. 1950 ) May 18 Walter Gropius , German architect (d. 1969 ) Hasui Kawase , Japanese painter, printmaker (d. 1957 ) Eurico Gaspar Dutra , Brazilian marshal, 16th President of Brazil (d. 1974 ) Walter Gropius , German architect (d. 1969 ) Hasui Kawase , Japanese painter, printmaker (d. 1957 ) Eurico Gaspar Dutra , Brazilian marshal, 16th President of Brazil (d. 1974 ) May 23 – Douglas Fairbanks , American actor (d. 1939 ) May 24 – Elsa Maxwell , American gossip columnist, international party giver (d. 1963 ) May 25 – Lesley J. McNair , American general (d. 1944 ) May 27 – Jessie Arms Botke , American artist (d. 1971 ) May 28 – Vinayak Damodar Savarkar , Indian pro-independence activist, Hindu nationalist (d. 1966 ) May 31 – Lauri Kristian Relander , President of Finland (d. 1942 ) June 5 John Maynard Keynes , English economist (d. 1946 ) Mary Helen Young , Scottish nurse and resistance fighter during World War II (died 1945 ) [ 15 ] John Maynard Keynes , English economist (d. 1946 ) Mary Helen Young , Scottish nurse and resistance fighter during World War II (died 1945 ) [ 15 ] June 7 – Sylvanus Morley , American scholar, World War I spy (d. 1948 ) June 11 – Aubrey Fitch , American admiral (d. 1978 ) June 18 – Mary Alden , American stage, screen actress (d. 1946 ) June 20 – Royal E. Ingersoll , American admiral (d. 1976 ) June 24 – Victor Francis Hess , Austrian-born American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964 ) June 28 – Pierre Laval , Prime Minister of France (d. 1945 ) June 29 – Lothrop Stoddard , American eugenicist , radical scientific racist (d. 1950 ) July–August July 1 – István Friedrich , 24th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1951 ) July 3 – Franz Kafka , Austrian writer (d. 1924 ) July 4 – Rube Goldberg , American cartoonist (d. 1970 ) July 6 – Godfrey Huggins , English-born Rhodesian politician and physician, Prime Minister of Rhodesia (d. 1971 ) July 10 – Johannes Blaskowitz , German general (d. 1948 ) July 13 – Jack Reagan , American salesman (d. 1941 ) July 16 – Charles Sheeler , American photographer, artist (d. 1965 ) July 19 Max Fleischer , Austrian animator, film producer ( Betty Boop ) (d. 1972 ) Beatrice Forbes, Countess of Granard , American-born heiress (d. 1972 ) Max Fleischer , Austrian animator, film producer ( Betty Boop ) (d. 1972 ) Beatrice Forbes, Countess of Granard , American-born heiress (d. 1972 ) July 20 – Catherine Bramwell-Booth , English Salvation Army officer (d. 1987 ) July 23 Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke , British field marshal (d. 1963 ) Ubaldo Soddu , Italian general (d. 1949 ) [ 16 ] Oscar Westover , United States Army Air Corps general (d. 1938 ) [ 17 ] Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke , British field marshal (d. 1963 ) Ubaldo Soddu , Italian general (d. 1949 ) [ 16 ] Oscar Westover , United States Army Air Corps general (d. 1938 ) [ 17 ] July 25 – Alfredo Casella , Italian composer (d. 1947 ) July 26 – Edwin Balmer , American science fiction, mystery writer (d. 1959 ) July 29 Henry Robertson Bowers , Scottish polar explorer (d. 1912 ) Benito Mussolini , dictator of Italy (d. 1945 ) Henry Robertson Bowers , Scottish polar explorer (d. 1912 ) Benito Mussolini , dictator of Italy (d. 1945 ) July 31 – Ramón Fonst , Cuban fencer (d. 1959) August 2 – Aurelio Mosquera , Ecuadorian politician, 25th President of Ecuador (d. 1939 ) August 6 – Scott Nearing , American political activist, economist, and simple living advocate (d. 1983 ) August 9 – Chester Gillette , American murderer (d. 1908 ) August 12 Pauline Frederick , American stage, screen actress (d. 1938 ) Marion Lorne , American film, stage and television actress (d. 1968 ) Pauline Frederick , American stage, screen actress (d. 1938 ) Marion Lorne , American film, stage and television actress (d. 1968 ) August 15 – Ivan Meštrović , Croatian sculptor and architect (d. 1962 ) August 19 Coco Chanel , French fashion designer (d. 1971 ) [ 18 ] Elsie Ferguson , American actress (d. 1961 ) José Mendes Cabeçadas , 9th President of Portugal and 94th Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1965 ) Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp , 24th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1954 ) Coco Chanel , French fashion designer (d. 1971 ) [ 18 ] Elsie Ferguson , American actress (d. 1961 ) José Mendes Cabeçadas , 9th President of Portugal and 94th Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1965 ) Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp , 24th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1954 ) August 23 Jesse Pennington , English footballer (d. 1970 ) Jonathan M. Wainwright , American general (d. 1953 ) Jesse Pennington , English footballer (d. 1970 ) Jonathan M. Wainwright , American general (d. 1953 ) August 30 – Theo van Doesburg , Dutch artist, painter, architect, and poet (d. 1931 ) September–October September 2 – Rudolf Weigl , Polish biologist (d. 1957 ) September 5 – Mel Sheppard , American Olympic athlete (d. 1942 ) September 13 – August Zaleski , 6th President of Poland (d. 1972 ) September 15 – Esteban Terradas i Illa , Catalan mathematician, scientist, and engineer (d. 1950 ) September 28 – Berta Pīpiņa , Latvian politician (d. 1942 ) October 2 – Karl von Terzaghi , Austrian civil engineer and "father of soil mechanics" (d. 1963 ) October 5 – Joseph Hubert Priestley , British botanist (d. 1944 ) [ 19 ] October 8 – Otto Heinrich Warburg , German physician and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970 ) October 15 – Robert L. Ghormley , American admiral (d. 1958 ) October 26 – Paul Pilgrim , American athlete (d. 1958 ) October 30 – Bob Jones Sr. , American evangelist, religious broadcaster, and founder of Bob Jones University (d. 1968 ) October 31 – Anthony Wilding , New Zealand tennis player (d. 1915 ) November–December November 4 – Nikolaos Plastiras , Greek general and politician (d. 1953 ) November 7 – Francisco Moreno Fernández , Spanish admiral (d. 1945 ) [ 20 ] November 8 – Arnold Bax , English composer (d. 1953 ) November 9 – Edna May Oliver , American stage and film character actress (d. 1942 ) November 11 – Ernest Ansermet , Swiss conductor (d. 1969 ) November 14 – Ado Birk , 3rd Prime Minister of Estonia (d. 1942 ) November 18 Carl Vinson , U.S. congressman (d. 1981 ) Alf Bjørnskau Bastiansen , Norwegian priest and politician (d. 1965 ) Carl Vinson , U.S. congressman (d. 1981 ) Alf Bjørnskau Bastiansen , Norwegian priest and politician (d. 1965 ) November 25 Harvey Spencer Lewis , American occultist (b. 1939 ) Diego Martínez Barrio , Spanish politician, 2-time Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1962 ) Harvey Spencer Lewis , American occultist (b. 1939 ) Diego Martínez Barrio , Spanish politician, 2-time Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1962 ) November 26 – Belle da Costa Greene , American librarian, bibliographer, and archivist (d. 1950 ) November 29 Lev Galler , Soviet admiral (d. 1950 ) Max Horton , British admiral (d. 1951 ) Lev Galler , Soviet admiral (d. 1950 ) Max Horton , British admiral (d. 1951 ) December 3 – Anton Webern , Austrian composer (d. 1945 ) December 9 Alexander Papagos , Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1955 ) Joseph Pilates , German physical culturist and developer of Pilates (d. 1967 ) Alexander Papagos , Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1955 ) Joseph Pilates , German physical culturist and developer of Pilates (d. 1967 ) December 10 – Giovanni Messe , Italian field marshal and politician (d. 1968 ) December 12 – Maxey Dell Moody , American businessman and founder of M. D. Moody & Sons, Inc. (d. 1949 ) December 14 – Morihei Ueshiba , Japanese martial artist and founder of aikido (d. 1969 ) December 16 – Max Linder , French actor (d. 1925 ) December 22 – Edgard Varèse , French composer (d. 1965 ) December 25 – Hugo Bergmann , German and Israeli Jewish philosopher (d. 1975 ) December 26 – Maurice Utrillo , French artist and illustrator (d. 1955 ) December 28 – Lloyd Fredendall , American general (d. 1963 ) December 29 – Forrest Taylor , American stage, film and television actor (d. 1965 ) Date unknown Lotte Herrlich , German photographer (d. 1956 ) Constantin Noe , Megleno-Romanian editor and professor (d. 1939 ) [ 21 ] Ali Ahmad Khan , Afghan politician and emir (d. 1929 ) Ernest Spybuck , Native American artist (d. 1949 ) [ 22 ] Trần Trọng Kim , Vietnamese historian and Prime Minister of the Empire of Vietnam (d. 1953 ) Deaths January–June January 4 – Antoine Chanzy , French general and colonial governor (b. 1823 ) January 8 – Miska Magyarics , Slovene poet in Hungary (b. 1825 ) January 10 Samuel Mudd , American doctor to John Wilkes Booth (b. 1833 ) Elling Eielsen , Norwegian Lutheran leader (b. 1804 ) Samuel Mudd , American doctor to John Wilkes Booth (b. 1833 ) Elling Eielsen , Norwegian Lutheran leader (b. 1804 ) January 17 – Matilde Diez , Spanish actress (b. 1818 ) [ 23 ] January 23 – Gustave Doré , French artist (b. 1832 ) January 24 – Friedrich von Flotow , German composer (b. 1812 ) February 13 – Richard Wagner , German composer (b. 1813 ) February 15 – Prince Kachō Hiroatsu of Japan (b. 1875 ) February 17 Napoléon Coste , French guitarist and composer (b. 1806 ) Vasudev Balwant Phadke , Indian revolutionary (b. 1845 ) Napoléon Coste , French guitarist and composer (b. 1806 ) Vasudev Balwant Phadke , Indian revolutionary (b. 1845 ) February 18 – Francis Abbott , Australian astronomer (b. 1799 ) March 4 – Alexander Hamilton Stephens , Vice President of the Confederate States of America (b. 1812 ) March 14 – Karl Marx , German communist philosopher (b. 1818 ) March 20 – Charles Lasègue , French physician (b. 1816 ) March 21 – Grigol Orbeliani , Georgian poet and soldier (b. 1804 ) March 27 – John Brown , Scottish personal servant and favourite of Queen Victoria (b. 1826 ) March 28 – Napoleon Bonaparte Buford , American general and railroad executive (b. 1807 ) April 4 – Peter Cooper , American industrialist, inventor and philanthropist (b. 1791 ) April 13 – Archduchess Maria Antonietta of Austria, Princess of Tuscany (b. 1858 ) [ 24 ] April 15 – Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b. 1823 ) April 16 – Charles II, Duke of Parma (b. 1799 ) April 26 – Napoleon Orda , Belarusian composer and artist (b. 1807 ) April 30 – Édouard Manet , French painter (b. 1832 ) May 6 – Cecilia Fryxell , Swedish educational pioneer (b. 1806 ) [ 25 ] May 24 – Keʻelikōlani , princess of Hawaii (b. 1826 ) [ 26 ] May 26 – Abdelkader El Djezairi , Algerian leader (b. 1808 ) June 6 – Ciprian Porumbescu , Romanian composer (b. 1853) June 11 – Caroline Leigh Gascoigne , English writer (b. 1813) June 20 – John Colenso , English-born mathematician and theologian, Bishop of Natal (b. 1814 ) June 26 – Edward Sabine , Irish astronomer (b. 1788 ) July–December July 15 – General Tom Thumb , American circus performer and entertainer (b. 1838 ) July 22 – Edward Ord , U.S. Army officer (b. 1818 ) July 23 – Rose Massey , English actress (b. 1851 ?) July 24 – Matthew Webb , English sailor, first recorded person to swim the English Channel without the use of artificial aids (b. 1848 ) July 27 – Montgomery Blair , American politician (b. 1813 ) July 28 – Carlo Pellion di Persano , Italian admiral and politician (b. 1806 ) August 24 – Henri, Count of Chambord , pretender to the French throne (b. 1820 ) August 25 – Louise Lateau , Belgian mystic and stigmatist (b. 1850 ) September 3 – Ivan Turgenev , Russian writer (b. 1818 ) September 10 – Otto Pius Hippius , Baltic German architect (b. 1826 ) September 17 – Junius Brutus Booth Jr. , American actor and theatre manager (b. 1821 ) September 24 – Selina Jenkinson , British aristocrat (b. 1812 ) October 5 – Joachim Barrande , French palaeontologist (b. 1799 ) October 14 – Sir Arthur Elton, 7th Baronet , English writer and Liberal Party politician (b. 1818 ) October 20 – George Chichester, 3rd Marquess of Donegall , Anglo-Irish landowner, courtier and politician (b. 1797 ) October 22 – Thomas Mayne Reid , Irish-American novelist (b. 1818 ) October 30 Dayananda Saraswati , Hindu religious leader (b. 1824 ) Robert Volkmann , German composer (b. 1815 ) Dayananda Saraswati , Hindu religious leader (b. 1824 ) Robert Volkmann , German composer (b. 1815 ) November 19 – Carl Wilhelm Siemens , German engineer (b. 1823 ) November 20 – Tenshoin , wife of 13th Shōgun of Japan, Tokugawa Iesada (b. 1836 ) November 29 – Elisabeth Dieudonné Vincent , Haitian-born migrant and free woman of colour (b. 1798 ) December 13 – Victor de Laprade , French poet and critic (b. 1812 ) December 27 – Andrew A. Humphreys , American general and civil engineer (b. 1810 ) Dates unknown Margaret Agnes Bunn , British actress (b. 1799 ) Jules Miot , French republican socialist (b. 1809 ) References ^ ja:東京配電#沿革 (Japanese language edition) Retrieved on July 12, 2020. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Top 100 U.S. Magazines by Circulation" (PDF) . PSA Research Center . Archived from the original (PDF) on November 15, 2016 . Retrieved February 6, 2016 . ^ "Happy Birthday, Antitrust Law!" . The Blackacre Times . 2013-02-23 . Retrieved 2025-07-20 . ^ "History of the Hong Kong Observatory" . Hong Kong Observatory. 20 May 2011. Archived from the original on January 11, 2019 . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . ^ Chartreux, Félix; Larrère, Mathilde; Palieraki, Eugénia (2013), "Brandir la révolution:Histoire des drapeaux révolutionnaires" , Révolutions, Quand les peuples font l'histoire (in French), Belin, pp. 44– 47, doi : 10.3917/bel.larre.2013.01.0044 , retrieved 2025-10-11 ^ World Intellectual Property Organization (1983). The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property from 1883 to 1983 . WIPO. ISBN 978-92-805-0099-8 . ^ "History of melrose sevens" . Archived from the original on February 18, 2014 . Retrieved 2014-03-02 . ^ "SS Daphne" . Clydebuilt Database . Archived from the original on 2006-07-07 . Retrieved 2014-06-23 . ^ "Bisbee Massacre", in The Encyclopedia of Lawmen, Outlaws, and Gunfighters , Leon Claire Metz, ed. (Infobase Publishing, 2002) p25. ^ Glete, Jan (1987). Asea under hundra år: 1883-1983 . Västerås: ASEA. ^ Stanley Hochman (1984). McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama: An International Reference Work in 5 Volumes . McGraw-Hill. p. 31. ^ Farrell, Brian P. (19 May 2011). "Ramsay, Sir Bertram Home (1883–1945), naval officer" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/35661 . Retrieved 5 September 2019 . (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.) ^ Humphrey, Thomas M. (2008). "Schumpeter, Joseph (1883–1950)" . In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). Schumpeter, Joseph (1893–1950) . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications; Cato Institute. pp. 452– 455. doi : 10.4135/9781412965811.n276 . ISBN 978-1412965804 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . ^ Patrick, Julian (2009). 501 great writers : A comprehensive guide to the giants of literature . Apple. p. 287. ISBN 9781845433109 . ^ Watson, Fiona R. (2004). "Young, Mary Helen (1883–1945), nurse and resistance worker" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/73212 . ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8 . Retrieved 24 August 2022 . (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.) ^ Ubaldo Soddu on [1] , Access date 24 February 2020 ^ "Official US Air Force biography" . Archived from the original on December 12, 2012 . Retrieved December 12, 2022 . ^ "Coco Chanel | Biography, Fashion, Designs, Perfume, & Facts" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 19 February 2021 . ^ Who's Who (96th ed.). New York: Macmillan Publishers . 1944. p. 2239. OCLC 49208358 . Retrieved 6 December 2021 . ^ "Francisco Moreno Fernández: Biografía" [Francisco Moreno Fernández: Biography] (in Spanish). Madrid : Real Academia de la Historia. 2022 . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ Berciu Drăghicescu, Adina; Dorin, Lozovanu; Virgil, Coman (2012). Aromâni, meglenoromâni, istroromâni: aspecte identitare și culturale (in Romanian). Editura Universității din București. ISBN 9786061601486 . ^ "SPYBUCK, ERNEST (1883–1949)" . Digital.library.okstate.edu . Oklahoma State University . Retrieved 2010-08-30 . ^ The Athenaeum . J. Lection. 1883. p. 194. ^ "Il divin salvatore periodico settimanale romano" . Tip. Salviucci. 7 June 1883 – via Google Books. ^ Ulrika Cecilia Fryxell at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon ^ Damon, Samuel C. (1883). "The Friend" . Vol. 32, no. 7. S.C. Damon. p. 60. Further reading 1883 Annual Cyclopedia (1884) online ; highly detailed coverage of "Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry" for 1883; massive compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage. 897pp 1883 CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1: unfit URL Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Commons category link from Wikidata Articles containing Latin-language text This page was last edited on 6 January 2026, at 00:56 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Haadside Wikipedy-mienskip Koartlyn feroare Samar in side Help Bysûndere siden Donaasjes Akkount meitsje Oanmelde Donaasjes Akkount meitsje Oanmelde Haadside Haadside Oerlis Lêze Boarne besjen Skiednis besjen Lêze Boarne besjen Skiednis besjen Hjirmei keppele Keppelings folgje Fêste keppeling Sidegegevens Dizze side sitearje Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Boek meitsje Ynlade as PDF Ofdrukferzje Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikiboeken Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikiwurdboek Wikidata-item Wolkom by Wikipedy De frije ensyklopedy dêr't eltsenien syn witten op hokfoar mêd dan ek diele kin mei oaren. Tiisdei, 13 jannewaris 2026 59.017 siden yn it Frysk Sykje ynformaasje Mienskip Oerlisside Side fan de wike Treasure Island is in histoaryske jonges - en aventoereroman fan 'e hân fan 'e Skotske skriuwer Robert Louis Stevenson . De titel betsjut: "Skateilân", en it boek is yn Nederlân nei alle gedachten bekender ûnder de fernederlânske namme Schateiland . Stevenson joech it wurk oarspronklik de titel The Sea Cook: A Story for Boys ("De Seekok: In Ferhaal foar Jonges"). De plot , dy't mids achttjinde iuw spilet, folget de aventoeren fan 'e jonge Jim Hawkins, dy't as hutbetsjinde fan jonker Trelawney meireizget op 'e Hispaniola . Dat is in sylskip dat troch de jonker ôfhierd is om op 'e siik te gean nei de legindaryske skat dy't ferburgen is troch de beruchte seerôver Flint. Op 'e reis foarmet Jim in nauwe bân mei de skipskok , de ienskonkige Long John Silver . Troch in ôfharke petear komt er oan 'e weet dat it grutste part fan 'e bemanning fan 'e Hispaniola eins út seerôvers bestiet dy't ûnder Flint fearn hawwe, en dat Silver harren lieder is. Hja binne fan doel om, nei't de skat fûn is, yn opstân te kommen, de oare opfarrenden te fermoardzjen en mei de skat út te piken. Treasure Island ferskynde yn 1881 en 1882 yn in iere ferzje as fúljeton yn it tydskrift Young Folks , en waard yn 1883 yn syn úteinlike foarm as roman útjûn troch útjouwerij Cassell & Co. yn Londen . It boek wie it earste literêre súkses fan Stevenson, en it is oant de dei fan hjoed populêr bleaun. Der binne withoefolle adaptaasjes ta oare media fan makke, lykas toanielstikken , films , tillefyzjesearjes en tekenfilmsearjes . Treasure Island hat ek in ûnútwiskbere ynfloed hân op 'e ôfskildering fan seerôvers yn 'e popkultuer , mei eleminten lykas ûnbewenne eilannen yn 'e tropen , skatkaarten mei in X op it plak fan 'e bedobbe skat, en ienskonkige seelju mei in pappegaai op it skouder . Lês fierder Wisten jo dat... It gemaal de Dongeradielen ... it gemaal De Dongeradielen by Iezumasyl der foar soarget dat de gemeente Dongeradiel syn reinwetter kwytrekket? ... de Fryske boer Arjen Roelofs in ferneamd stjerrekundige wie? ... de Stellingwerven foardat se om 1500 hinne by Fryslân kamen, selsstannich wiene en bestjoerd waarden troch trije Stellingen ? ... der foar de tekstferwurker Word troch Microsoft en de Fryske Akademy in staveringshifker ûntwikkele is? Hjoed, 13 jannewaris , yn de skiednis Karel de Dikket 888 - Ferstoarn: Karel de Dikke , Frankysk kening (* 839 ). 1696 - Ferstoarn: Folkert Bock , Fryske keunstskilder (*?). 1910 - De earste radio -útstjoering fynt plak. 1915 - In ierdskodding yn Avezzano , Itaalje kostet 29.800 minsken it libben. 1939 - By boskbrânen yn Austraalje baarnt 20.000 km² lân ôf, 71 minsken komme om. 1956 - Berne: Jan Schulting , Fryske fuotballer en fuotbaltrener. 1991 - It leger fan de Sovjet-Uny falt Litouske pro-ûnôfhinkliken oan yn Vilnius . Temasiden Geografy Skiednis Religy Sport Wittenskip Fryslân Mienskip Alle temasiden Topsiden Nijsgjirrige siden Kategoryen Listen Ynfo Besikers kinne mei de Temasiden sjen hokker siden wy fan beskate tema's hawwe. Mei de Kwissipedy kinne besikers op in boartlike wize yn 'e kunde komme mei de ynhâld fan de Wikipedy. Sjoernalisten dy't wat witte wolle oer de Wikipedy kinne sjen by Parse . Nije skriuwers kinne altyd Meidwaan , mar dêrfoar binne wol wat lytse Regels . Begjinnende skriuwers kinne better earst sjen hoe't hja Ienfâldich begjinne kinne. Plaatsje fan de wike In mantsje fan 'e spinnesoarte Telemonia dimidiata . Projekten Commons Samling fan mediatriemmen Wikiboeken De frije stúdzjebibleteek Wikiboarne De frije boarnebibleteek Wikiwurdboek It frije wurdboek Alle siden fan de Wikipedy falle ûnder de GNU Iepen Dokumintaasje Lisinsje . De ynhâld is iepenbier en mei ûnder de lisinsjebetingsten frij ferspraat wurde. Wolkom by Wikipedy De frije ensyklopedy dêr't eltsenien syn witten op hokfoar mêd dan ek diele kin mei oaren. Tiisdei, 13 jannewaris 2026 59.017 siden yn it Frysk Sykje ynformaasje Mienskip Oerlisside Wolkom by Wikipedy De frije ensyklopedy dêr't eltsenien syn witten op hokfoar mêd dan ek diele kin mei oaren. Tiisdei, 13 jannewaris 2026 59.017 siden yn it Frysk 59.017 siden yn it Frysk Sykje ynformaasje Mienskip Oerlisside Side fan de wike Treasure Island is in histoaryske jonges - en aventoereroman fan 'e hân fan 'e Skotske skriuwer Robert Louis Stevenson . De titel betsjut: "Skateilân", en it boek is yn Nederlân nei alle gedachten bekender ûnder de fernederlânske namme Schateiland . Stevenson joech it wurk oarspronklik de titel The Sea Cook: A Story for Boys ("De Seekok: In Ferhaal foar Jonges"). De plot , dy't mids achttjinde iuw spilet, folget de aventoeren fan 'e jonge Jim Hawkins, dy't as hutbetsjinde fan jonker Trelawney meireizget op 'e Hispaniola . Dat is in sylskip dat troch de jonker ôfhierd is om op 'e siik te gean nei de legindaryske skat dy't ferburgen is troch de beruchte seerôver Flint. Op 'e reis foarmet Jim in nauwe bân mei de skipskok , de ienskonkige Long John Silver . Troch in ôfharke petear komt er oan 'e weet dat it grutste part fan 'e bemanning fan 'e Hispaniola eins út seerôvers bestiet dy't ûnder Flint fearn hawwe, en dat Silver harren lieder is. Hja binne fan doel om, nei't de skat fûn is, yn opstân te kommen, de oare opfarrenden te fermoardzjen en mei de skat út te piken. Treasure Island ferskynde yn 1881 en 1882 yn in iere ferzje as fúljeton yn it tydskrift Young Folks , en waard yn 1883 yn syn úteinlike foarm as roman útjûn troch útjouwerij Cassell & Co. yn Londen . It boek wie it earste literêre súkses fan Stevenson, en it is oant de dei fan hjoed populêr bleaun. Der binne withoefolle adaptaasjes ta oare media fan makke, lykas toanielstikken , films , tillefyzjesearjes en tekenfilmsearjes . Treasure Island hat ek in ûnútwiskbere ynfloed hân op 'e ôfskildering fan seerôvers yn 'e popkultuer , mei eleminten lykas ûnbewenne eilannen yn 'e tropen , skatkaarten mei in X op it plak fan 'e bedobbe skat, en ienskonkige seelju mei in pappegaai op it skouder . Lês fierder Wisten jo dat... It gemaal de Dongeradielen ... it gemaal De Dongeradielen by Iezumasyl der foar soarget dat de gemeente Dongeradiel syn reinwetter kwytrekket? ... de Fryske boer Arjen Roelofs in ferneamd stjerrekundige wie? ... de Stellingwerven foardat se om 1500 hinne by Fryslân kamen, selsstannich wiene en bestjoerd waarden troch trije Stellingen ? ... der foar de tekstferwurker Word troch Microsoft en de Fryske Akademy in staveringshifker ûntwikkele is? Hjoed, 13 jannewaris , yn de skiednis Karel de Dikket 888 - Ferstoarn: Karel de Dikke , Frankysk kening (* 839 ). 1696 - Ferstoarn: Folkert Bock , Fryske keunstskilder (*?). 1910 - De earste radio -útstjoering fynt plak. 1915 - In ierdskodding yn Avezzano , Itaalje kostet 29.800 minsken it libben. 1939 - By boskbrânen yn Austraalje baarnt 20.000 km² lân ôf, 71 minsken komme om. 1956 - Berne: Jan Schulting , Fryske fuotballer en fuotbaltrener. 1991 - It leger fan de Sovjet-Uny falt Litouske pro-ûnôfhinkliken oan yn Vilnius . Side fan de wike Treasure Island is in histoaryske jonges - en aventoereroman fan 'e hân fan 'e Skotske skriuwer Robert Louis Stevenson . De titel betsjut: "Skateilân", en it boek is yn Nederlân nei alle gedachten bekender ûnder de fernederlânske namme Schateiland . Stevenson joech it wurk oarspronklik de titel The Sea Cook: A Story for Boys ("De Seekok: In Ferhaal foar Jonges"). De plot , dy't mids achttjinde iuw spilet, folget de aventoeren fan 'e jonge Jim Hawkins, dy't as hutbetsjinde fan jonker Trelawney meireizget op 'e Hispaniola . Dat is in sylskip dat troch de jonker ôfhierd is om op 'e siik te gean nei de legindaryske skat dy't ferburgen is troch de beruchte seerôver Flint. Op 'e reis foarmet Jim in nauwe bân mei de skipskok , de ienskonkige Long John Silver . Troch in ôfharke petear komt er oan 'e weet dat it grutste part fan 'e bemanning fan 'e Hispaniola eins út seerôvers bestiet dy't ûnder Flint fearn hawwe, en dat Silver harren lieder is. Hja binne fan doel om, nei't de skat fûn is, yn opstân te kommen, de oare opfarrenden te fermoardzjen en mei de skat út te piken. Treasure Island ferskynde yn 1881 en 1882 yn in iere ferzje as fúljeton yn it tydskrift Young Folks , en waard yn 1883 yn syn úteinlike foarm as roman útjûn troch útjouwerij Cassell & Co. yn Londen . It boek wie it earste literêre súkses fan Stevenson, en it is oant de dei fan hjoed populêr bleaun. Der binne withoefolle adaptaasjes ta oare media fan makke, lykas toanielstikken , films , tillefyzjesearjes en tekenfilmsearjes . Treasure Island hat ek in ûnútwiskbere ynfloed hân op 'e ôfskildering fan seerôvers yn 'e popkultuer , mei eleminten lykas ûnbewenne eilannen yn 'e tropen , skatkaarten mei in X op it plak fan 'e bedobbe skat, en ienskonkige seelju mei in pappegaai op it skouder . Lês fierder Treasure Island is in histoaryske jonges - en aventoereroman fan 'e hân fan 'e Skotske skriuwer Robert Louis Stevenson . De titel betsjut: "Skateilân", en it boek is yn Nederlân nei alle gedachten bekender ûnder de fernederlânske namme Schateiland . Stevenson joech it wurk oarspronklik de titel The Sea Cook: A Story for Boys ("De Seekok: In Ferhaal foar Jonges"). De plot , dy't mids achttjinde iuw spilet, folget de aventoeren fan 'e jonge Jim Hawkins, dy't as hutbetsjinde fan jonker Trelawney meireizget op 'e Hispaniola . Dat is in sylskip dat troch de jonker ôfhierd is om op 'e siik te gean nei de legindaryske skat dy't ferburgen is troch de beruchte seerôver Flint. Op 'e reis foarmet Jim in nauwe bân mei de skipskok , de ienskonkige Long John Silver . Troch in ôfharke petear komt er oan 'e weet dat it grutste part fan 'e bemanning fan 'e Hispaniola eins út seerôvers bestiet dy't ûnder Flint fearn hawwe, en dat Silver harren lieder is. Hja binne fan doel om, nei't de skat fûn is, yn opstân te kommen, de oare opfarrenden te fermoardzjen en mei de skat út te piken. Treasure Island ferskynde yn 1881 en 1882 yn in iere ferzje as fúljeton yn it tydskrift Young Folks , en waard yn 1883 yn syn úteinlike foarm as roman útjûn troch útjouwerij Cassell & Co. yn Londen . It boek wie it earste literêre súkses fan Stevenson, en it is oant de dei fan hjoed populêr bleaun. Der binne withoefolle adaptaasjes ta oare media fan makke, lykas toanielstikken , films , tillefyzjesearjes en tekenfilmsearjes . Treasure Island hat ek in ûnútwiskbere ynfloed hân op 'e ôfskildering fan seerôvers yn 'e popkultuer , mei eleminten lykas ûnbewenne eilannen yn 'e tropen , skatkaarten mei in X op it plak fan 'e bedobbe skat, en ienskonkige seelju mei in pappegaai op it skouder . Wisten jo dat... It gemaal de Dongeradielen ... it gemaal De Dongeradielen by Iezumasyl der foar soarget dat de gemeente Dongeradiel syn reinwetter kwytrekket? ... de Fryske boer Arjen Roelofs in ferneamd stjerrekundige wie? ... de Stellingwerven foardat se om 1500 hinne by Fryslân kamen, selsstannich wiene en bestjoerd waarden troch trije Stellingen ? ... der foar de tekstferwurker Word troch Microsoft en de Fryske Akademy in staveringshifker ûntwikkele is? ... it gemaal De Dongeradielen by Iezumasyl der foar soarget dat de gemeente Dongeradiel syn reinwetter kwytrekket? ... de Fryske boer Arjen Roelofs in ferneamd stjerrekundige wie? ... de Stellingwerven foardat se om 1500 hinne by Fryslân kamen, selsstannich wiene en bestjoerd waarden troch trije Stellingen ? ... der foar de tekstferwurker Word troch Microsoft en de Fryske Akademy in staveringshifker ûntwikkele is? Hjoed, 13 jannewaris , yn de skiednis Karel de Dikket 888 - Ferstoarn: Karel de Dikke , Frankysk kening (* 839 ). 1696 - Ferstoarn: Folkert Bock , Fryske keunstskilder (*?). 1910 - De earste radio -útstjoering fynt plak. 1915 - In ierdskodding yn Avezzano , Itaalje kostet 29.800 minsken it libben. 1939 - By boskbrânen yn Austraalje baarnt 20.000 km² lân ôf, 71 minsken komme om. 1956 - Berne: Jan Schulting , Fryske fuotballer en fuotbaltrener. 1991 - It leger fan de Sovjet-Uny falt Litouske pro-ûnôfhinkliken oan yn Vilnius . 888 - Ferstoarn: Karel de Dikke , Frankysk kening (* 839 ). 1696 - Ferstoarn: Folkert Bock , Fryske keunstskilder (*?). 1910 - De earste radio -útstjoering fynt plak. 1915 - In ierdskodding yn Avezzano , Itaalje kostet 29.800 minsken it libben. 1939 - By boskbrânen yn Austraalje baarnt 20.000 km² lân ôf, 71 minsken komme om. 1956 - Berne: Jan Schulting , Fryske fuotballer en fuotbaltrener. 1991 - It leger fan de Sovjet-Uny falt Litouske pro-ûnôfhinkliken oan yn Vilnius . Temasiden Geografy Skiednis Religy Sport Wittenskip Fryslân Mienskip Alle temasiden Topsiden Nijsgjirrige siden Kategoryen Listen Ynfo Besikers kinne mei de Temasiden sjen hokker siden wy fan beskate tema's hawwe. Mei de Kwissipedy kinne besikers op in boartlike wize yn 'e kunde komme mei de ynhâld fan de Wikipedy. Sjoernalisten dy't wat witte wolle oer de Wikipedy kinne sjen by Parse . Nije skriuwers kinne altyd Meidwaan , mar dêrfoar binne wol wat lytse Regels . Begjinnende skriuwers kinne better earst sjen hoe't hja Ienfâldich begjinne kinne. Plaatsje fan de wike In mantsje fan 'e spinnesoarte Telemonia dimidiata . Projekten Commons Samling fan mediatriemmen Wikiboeken De frije stúdzjebibleteek Wikiboarne De frije boarnebibleteek Wikiwurdboek It frije wurdboek Temasiden Geografy Skiednis Religy Sport Wittenskip Fryslân Mienskip Alle temasiden Topsiden Nijsgjirrige siden Kategoryen Listen Ynfo Besikers kinne mei de Temasiden sjen hokker siden wy fan beskate tema's hawwe. Mei de Kwissipedy kinne besikers op in boartlike wize yn 'e kunde komme mei de ynhâld fan de Wikipedy. Sjoernalisten dy't wat witte wolle oer de Wikipedy kinne sjen by Parse . Nije skriuwers kinne altyd Meidwaan , mar dêrfoar binne wol wat lytse Regels . Begjinnende skriuwers kinne better earst sjen hoe't hja Ienfâldich begjinne kinne. Plaatsje fan de wike In mantsje fan 'e spinnesoarte Telemonia dimidiata . Projekten Commons Samling fan mediatriemmen Wikiboeken De frije stúdzjebibleteek Wikiboarne De frije boarnebibleteek Wikiwurdboek It frije wurdboek Geografy Skiednis Religy Sport Geografy Skiednis Religy Sport Wittenskip Fryslân Mienskip Alle temasiden Wittenskip Fryslân Mienskip Alle temasiden Topsiden Nijsgjirrige siden Topsiden Nijsgjirrige siden Kategoryen Listen Kategoryen Listen Besikers kinne mei de Temasiden sjen hokker siden wy fan beskate tema's hawwe. Mei de Kwissipedy kinne besikers op in boartlike wize yn 'e kunde komme mei de ynhâld fan de Wikipedy. Sjoernalisten dy't wat witte wolle oer de Wikipedy kinne sjen by Parse . Nije skriuwers kinne altyd Meidwaan , mar dêrfoar binne wol wat lytse Regels . Begjinnende skriuwers kinne better earst sjen hoe't hja Ienfâldich begjinne kinne. Besikers kinne mei de Temasiden sjen hokker siden wy fan beskate tema's hawwe. Mei de Kwissipedy kinne besikers op in boartlike wize yn 'e kunde komme mei de ynhâld fan de Wikipedy. Sjoernalisten dy't wat witte wolle oer de Wikipedy kinne sjen by Parse . Nije skriuwers kinne altyd Meidwaan , mar dêrfoar binne wol wat lytse Regels . Begjinnende skriuwers kinne better earst sjen hoe't hja Ienfâldich begjinne kinne. Commons Samling fan mediatriemmen Wikiboeken De frije stúdzjebibleteek Wikiboarne De frije boarnebibleteek Wikiwurdboek It frije wurdboek Alle siden fan de Wikipedy falle ûnder de GNU Iepen Dokumintaasje Lisinsje . De ynhâld is iepenbier en mei ûnder de lisinsjebetingsten frij ferspraat wurde. Alle siden fan de Wikipedy falle ûnder de GNU Iepen Dokumintaasje Lisinsje . De ynhâld is iepenbier en mei ûnder de lisinsjebetingsten frij ferspraat wurde. Wikipedy Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Aymar aru Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru Tsetsêhestâhese ᏣᎳᎩ Cymraeg کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu Farefare فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni ગુજરાતી Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo ייִדיש Iñupiatun Ilokano Ido Yorùbá ГӀалгӀай Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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Page was rendered with Parsoid . De tekst is beskikber ûnder de lisinsje Creative Commons Nammefermelding-Lyk diele ; der kinne oanfoljende betingsten fan tapassing wêze. Sjoch de Gebrûksbetingsten foar mear ynformaasje. Privacybelied Oer Wikipedy Foarbehâld Gedrachskoade Untwikkelders Statistiken Taljochting koekjes Mobile ferzje
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Try the New NCBI Taxonomy Pages! Explore our redesigned taxonomy browser and taxonomy record pages with faster, more intuitive search, taxonomy images, and links to NCBI Datasets and other data available at NCBI. Entrez PubMed Nucleotide Protein Genome Structure PMC Taxonomy BioCollections Search for as complete name wild card token set taxonomy id lock Entrez records Database name Direct links Subtree links Links from type BioProject - 7 - BioSample - 21 - Identical Protein Groups - 228 - Nucleotide - 1,551 - PMC 8 142 - Protein - 1,488 - SRA - 27 - Taxonomy 22 22 - Heteromyinae External Information Resources (NCBI LinkOut) LinkOut Subject LinkOut Provider Heteromyinae taxonomy taxonomy/phylogenetic Arctos Specimen Database DNA barcoding : Heteromyinae taxonomy/phylogenetic Barcodes of Life Heteromyinae Gray, 1868 taxonomy/phylogenetic Integrated Taxonomic Information System Heteromyinae taxonomy/phylogenetic Lifemap Heteromyinae Gray 1868 taxonomy/phylogenetic Mammal Species of the World Disclaimer: The NCBI taxonomy database is not an authoritative source for nomenclature or classification - please consult the relevant scientific literature for the most reliable information. Reference: How to cite this resource - Schoch CL, et al. NCBI Taxonomy: a comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools. Database (Oxford). 2020: baaa062 . PubMed: 32761142 PMC: PMC7408187 . [Help] [Search] [NLM NIH] [Disclaimer]
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Awards and nominations 2 References 3 External links List of accolades received by Inglourious Basterds Español Bahasa Indonesia Русский Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Actors Eli Roth and Mélanie Laurent, with producer Lawrence Bender .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} Awards and nominations Award Wins Nominations Academy Award 1 8 American Society of Cinematographers 0 1 Art Directors Guild 0 1 Austin Film Critics 3 3 Boston Film Critics 1 1 British Academy Film Awards 1 6 Broadcast Film Critics 3 10 Cannes Film Festival 1 2 Chicago Film Critics 1 5 David di Donatello Awards 1 1 Directors Guild of America Awards 0 1 Empire Awards 1 5 Film Critics Circle of Australia 1 1 Golden Eagle Award 0 1 Golden Globe Awards 1 4 Grammy Awards 0 1 Hollywood Film Festival 1 1 London Film Critics' Circle 1 1 Los Angeles Film Critics 1 1 Motion Picture Sound Editors 1 2 MTV Movie Awards 0 1 NME Awards 1 1 New York Film Critics 1 1 New York Film Critics Online 4 4 Online Film Critics 4 8 Palm Dog 0 1 People's Choice Awards 1 1 Producers Guild of America Awards 0 1 San Diego Film Critics 6 8 Satellite Awards 1 2 Saturn Awards 1 7 Screen Actors Guild 2 3 Toronto Film Critics Association 3 4 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics 2 4 Awards and nominations Award Wins Nominations Academy Award 1 8 American Society of Cinematographers 0 1 Art Directors Guild 0 1 Austin Film Critics 3 3 Boston Film Critics 1 1 British Academy Film Awards 1 6 Broadcast Film Critics 3 10 Cannes Film Festival 1 2 Chicago Film Critics 1 5 David di Donatello Awards 1 1 Directors Guild of America Awards 0 1 Empire Awards 1 5 Film Critics Circle of Australia 1 1 Golden Eagle Award 0 1 Golden Globe Awards 1 4 Grammy Awards 0 1 Hollywood Film Festival 1 1 London Film Critics' Circle 1 1 Los Angeles Film Critics 1 1 Motion Picture Sound Editors 1 2 MTV Movie Awards 0 1 NME Awards 1 1 New York Film Critics 1 1 New York Film Critics Online 4 4 Online Film Critics 4 8 Palm Dog 0 1 People's Choice Awards 1 1 Producers Guild of America Awards 0 1 San Diego Film Critics 6 8 Satellite Awards 1 2 Saturn Awards 1 7 Screen Actors Guild 2 3 Toronto Film Critics Association 3 4 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics 2 4 Totals [ a ] Wins 49 Nominations 102 .mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}} Note .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} ^ Certain award groups do not simply award one winner. They acknowledge several different recipients, have runners-up, and have third place. Since this is a specific recognition and is different from losing an award, runner-up mentions are considered wins in this award tally. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination. ^ Certain award groups do not simply award one winner. They acknowledge several different recipients, have runners-up, and have third place. Since this is a specific recognition and is different from losing an award, runner-up mentions are considered wins in this award tally. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination. Inglourious Basterds is a 2009 World War II film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino . It premiered on May 20, 2009, at the 62nd Cannes Film Festival , before being widely released in theaters in the United States and Europe in August 2009 by The Weinstein Company and Universal Studios . The film grossed over $ 38 million in its opening weekend, making it the box office number one. [ 1 ] Inglourious Basterds opened internationally at number one in 22 markets on 2,650 screens making $27.49 million. [ 2 ] In total, the film has grossed over $320 million worldwide, making it Tarantino's third highest-grossing film to date, behind Django Unchained (2012) [ 3 ] and Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019). Inglourious Basterds has earned various awards and nominations, with nominations in categories ranging from recognition of the screenplay to its direction and editing to the cast's acting performance, particularly Christoph Waltz 's portrayal of the film's antagonist , Col. Hans Landa . The film was submitted for consideration for the Palme d'Or at the 62nd annual Cannes Film Festival, but lost to The White Ribbon . [ 4 ] Waltz was later given the Best Actor Award . Inglourious Basterds received four nominations at the 67th Golden Globe Awards ceremony and came away with the award for Best Actor In A Supporting Role In A Motion Picture. Inglourious Basterds received eight Academy Awards nominations; the ceremony saw Waltz win for Best Supporting Actor. The film was nominated for six awards at the 63rd British Academy Film Awards , winning the Best Supporting Actor award. The film won two awards at the 16th Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role and Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. The film later went on to win four more of its nominations for Best Cast from the 15th Critics' Choice Awards , and 14th San Diego Film Critics Society Awards . Waltz also received recognition for his performance at the 2009 Boston Society of Film Critics Awards , 35th LA Film Critics Association Awards and 75th NY Film Critics Circle Awards , winning Best Supporting Actor from all three of the organizations. Waltz's performance in the film was named one of Time magazines 'Great Performances' in film 2009. [ 5 ] Awards and nominations Date of ceremony Award Category Recipients and nominees Result March 7, 2010 Academy Award [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Best Picture Lawrence Bender Nominated Best Director Quentin Tarantino Nominated Best Supporting Actor Christoph Waltz Won Best Original Screenplay Quentin Tarantino Nominated Best Cinematography Robert Richardson Nominated Best Film Editing Sally Menke Nominated Best Sound Editing Wylie Stateman Nominated Best Sound Mixing Michael Minkler , Tony Lamberti and Mark Ulano Nominated February 27, 2010 American Society of Cinematographers [ 8 ] Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases Robert Richardson Nominated February 13, 2010 Art Directors Guild [ 9 ] Best Production Design For A Feature Period Film David Wasco Nominated December 15, 2009 Austin Film Critics [ 10 ] Best Actor in a Supporting Role Christoph Waltz Won Best Actress in a Leading Role Mélanie Laurent Won Best Original Screenplay Quentin Tarantino Won December 13, 2009 Boston Film Critics [ 11 ] Best Actor in a Supporting Role Christoph Waltz Won February 21, 2010 British Academy Film Awards [ 12 ] Best Supporting Actor Won Best Director Quentin Tarantino Nominated Best Original Screenplay Quentin Tarantino Nominated Best Cinematography Robert Richardson Nominated Best Editing Sally Menke Nominated Best Production Design David Wasco and Sandy Reynolds Wasco Nominated January 15, 2010 Broadcast Film Critics [ 13 ] Best Original Screenplay Quentin Tarantino Won Best Actor in a Supporting Role Christoph Waltz Won Best Cast Inglourious Basterds Won Best Action Film Inglourious Basterds Nominated Best Art Direction David Wasco Nominated Best Cinematography Robert Richardson Nominated Best Costume Design Anna B. Sheppard Nominated Best Director Quentin Tarantino Nominated Best Editing Sally Menke Nominated Best Film Inglourious Basterds Nominated May 13–24, 2009 Cannes Film Festival [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Best Actor Christoph Waltz Won Golden Palm for Best Film Quentin Tarantino Nominated December 21, 2009 Chicago Film Critics [ 16 ] Best Film Inglourious Basterds Nominated Best Director Quentin Tarantino Nominated Best Original Screenplay Quentin Tarantino Nominated Best Supporting Actor Christoph Waltz Won Best Cinematography Robert Richardson Nominated May 7, 2010 David di Donatello Awards [ 17 ] Best Foreign Film Inglourious Basterds Won January 30, 2010 Directors Guild of America Awards [ 18 ] Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Quentin Tarantino Nominated March 28, 2010 Empire Awards [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Best Actor Christoph Waltz Won Best Film Inglourious Basterds Nominated Best Director Quentin Tarantino Nominated Best Actress Mélanie Laurent Nominated Best Thriller Inglourious Basterds Nominated May 31, 2010 Film Critics Circle of Australia [ 21 ] Best Foreign Film in the English Language Inglourious Basterds Nominated January 29, 2010 Golden Eagle Award [ 22 ] Best Foreign Language Film Inglourious Basterds Nominated January 17, 2010 Golden Globe Awards [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Best Actor in a Supporting Role Christoph Waltz Won Best Director Quentin Tarantino Nominated Best Drama Film Inglourious Basterds Nominated Best Screenplay Quentin Tarantino Nominated January 31, 2010 Grammy Awards [ 25 ] Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media Various Artists Nominated October 26, 2009 Hollywood Film Festival [ 26 ] Best Actor in a Supporting Role Christoph Waltz Won February 18, 2010 London Film Critics' Circle [ 27 ] Actor of the Year Won December 14, 2009 Los Angeles Film Critics [ 28 ] Best Supporting Actor Won February 20, 2010 Motion Picture Sound Editors [ 29 ] Best Dialogue and ADR in a Feature Film Inglourious Basterds Won Best Sound Effects and Foley in a Feature Film Inglourious Basterds Nominated June 6, 2010 MTV Movie Awards [ 30 ] Best Villain Christoph Waltz Nominated February 24, 2010 NME Awards [ 31 ] Best Film Inglourious Basterds Won December 14, 2009 New York Film Critics [ 32 ] Best Actor in a Supporting Role Christoph Waltz Won December 13, 2009 New York Film Critics Online [ 33 ] Best Cinematography Robert Richardson Won Best Screenplay Quentin Tarantino Won Best Supporting Actor Christoph Waltz Won Breakthrough Performer Christoph Waltz Won January 5, 2010 Online Film Critics [ 34 ] Best Original Screenplay Quentin Tarantino Won Best Actress Mélanie Laurent Won Best Supporting Actor Christoph Waltz Won Best Cinematography Robert Richardson Won Best Picture Inglourious Basterds Nominated Best Director Quentin Tarantino Nominated Best Supporting Actress Diane Kruger Nominated Best Editing Sally Menke Nominated May 22, 2009 Palm Dog [ 35 ] Best Performance by a Canine The Black Poodle Nominated January 6, 2010 People's Choice Awards [ 36 ] Favorite Independent Movie Inglourious Basterds Won January 24, 2010 Producers Guild of America Awards [ 37 ] Producer of the Year Award Lawrence Bender Nominated December 15, 2009 San Diego Film Critics [ 38 ] Best Actor in a Supporting Role Christoph Waltz Won Best Cast Inglourious Basterds Won Best Director Quentin Tarantino Won Best Film Inglourious Basterds Won Best Production Design David Wasco Won Best Original Screenplay Quentin Tarantino Won Best Editing Sally Menke Nominated Best Cinematography Robert Richardson Nominated December 20, 2009 Satellite Awards [ 39 ] Best Actor in a Supporting Role Christoph Waltz Won Best Cinematography Robert Richardson Nominated June 24, 2010 Saturn Awards [ 40 ] [ 41 ] Best Action/Adventure/Thriller Film Inglourious Basterds Won Best Actress Mélanie Laurent Nominated Best Supporting Actor Christoph Waltz Nominated Best Supporting Actress Diane Kruger Nominated Best Direction Quentin Tarantino Nominated Best Writing Quentin Tarantino Nominated Best Costume Anna B. Sheppard Nominated January 23, 2010 Screen Actors Guild [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Christoph Waltz Won Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Inglourious Basterds Won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Diane Kruger Nominated December 16, 2009 Toronto Film Critics Association [ 44 ] Best Director Quentin Tarantino Nominated Best Film Inglourious Basterds Won Best Screenplay Quentin Tarantino Won Best Supporting Actor Christoph Waltz Won December 7, 2009 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics [ 45 ] Best Actor in a Supporting Role Christoph Waltz Won Best Original Screenplay Quentin Tarantino Won Best Director Quentin Tarantino Nominated Best Film Inglourious Basterds Nominated References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Nicole Sperling (August 23, 2009). "Inglourious Basterds rules the weekend box office" . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner . Archived from the original on August 27, 2009 . Retrieved September 4, 2009 . ^ Strowbridge, C.S. (August 26, 2009). "International Top Five - Glourious Debut for Basterds" . The-Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved February 25, 2010 . ^ Brandon Gray (September 21, 2009). "Weekend Report: Moviegoers Feast on 'Meatballs,' Slim Pickings for 'Jennifer' " . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved September 27, 2009 . ^ Singh, Anita (May 24, 2009). "Cannes 2009: White Ribbon wins Palme d'Or at Cannes Film Festival" . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved April 15, 2010 . ^ Richard Corliss & Mary Pols (February 10, 2010). "Christoph Waltz" . Time . Time Inc. Archived from the original on February 14, 2010 . Retrieved February 28, 2010 . ^ Reynolds, Simon (March 7, 2010). "In Full: Oscars 2010 - The Winners" . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi (UK) Ltd . Retrieved April 5, 2010 . ^ "Nominees & Winners for the 82nd Academy Awards" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on April 11, 2010 . Retrieved April 14, 2010 . ^ "ASC Announces 2010 Nominees" . American Society of Cinematographers . January 11, 2010. Archived from the original on January 21, 2010 . Retrieved April 15, 2010 . ^ Finke, Nikki (January 8, 2010). "Art Directors Guild Award Nominations" . Deadline . Mail.com Media Corporation . Retrieved January 31, 2010 . ^ "2009 Awards" . Austin Film Critics Association . December 15, 2009. Archived from the original on March 17, 2010 . Retrieved January 31, 2010 . ^ "Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 2009 Winners" . Boston Society of Film Critics . Archived from the original on February 16, 2009 . Retrieved January 31, 2010 . ^ "BAFTA Winners 2010" . British Academy Film Awards . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . January 21, 2010. Archived from the original on February 28, 2010 . Retrieved February 21, 2010 . ^ "The 15th Annual Critics' Choice Awards" . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on October 14, 2010 . Retrieved January 31, 2010 . ^ "Best Actor to Christoph Waltz for his role in "Inglourious Basterds" " . Cannes Film Festival . May 24, 2009. Archived from the original on January 18, 2010 . Retrieved August 21, 2009 . ^ "Tarantino Up For Top Cannes Prize" . BBC News . BBC . April 23, 2009 . Retrieved January 31, 2010 . ^ Robinson, Anna (December 21, 2009). "2009 Chicago Film Critics Association Awards" . Alt Film Guide . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . ^ Vivarelli, Nick (May 7, 2010). " 'Vincere' tops Italy's David awards" . Variety . Rome . Retrieved April 2, 2020 . ^ "DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Feature Film for the year 2009" . Directors Guild of America . January 7, 2010. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010 . Retrieved January 31, 2010 . ^ Reynolds, Simon (February 25, 2010). 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Retrieved February 26, 2010 . ^ "2009 Awards" . New York Film Critics Circle . Archived from the original on November 11, 2013 . Retrieved January 31, 2010 . ^ Karger, Dave (December 13, 2009). " 'Avatar' takes New York online critics' prize" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 2, 2015 . ^ OFCS Governing Committee (January 6, 2010). "Online Film Critics Awards 2009" . Online Film Critics Society . Retrieved March 30, 2010 . ^ "Pixar Pooch Picks Up Cannes Prize" . BBC News . BBC . May 22, 2009 . Retrieved January 31, 2010 . ^ "People's Choice Awards Winners 2010" . People's Choice . Sycamore Productions Inc . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ "2010 Producers Guild Awards Winners" . Producers Guild of America . Archived from the original on March 3, 2016 . Retrieved April 5, 2010 . ^ "San Diego Film Critics Society 2009 Awards" . San Diego Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on June 30, 2012 . Retrieved January 31, 2010 . ^ "2009 14th Annual Satellite Awards" . International Press Academy . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Retrieved January 31, 2010 . ^ "The 36th Saturn Award Nominations" . Saturn Awards . Archived from the original on February 9, 2010 . Retrieved March 27, 2010 . ^ Reynolds, Simon (June 25, 2010). "In Full: Saturn Awards 2010 - Movie Winners" . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi (UK) Ltd . Retrieved June 25, 2010 . ^ "Inglourious Basterds Wins Top Screen Actors Guild Award" . BBC News . BBC . January 24, 2010 . Retrieved January 24, 2010 . ^ Esmailian, Ani (December 17, 2009). "2010 Screen Actors Guild Awards Nominations List" . Hollyscoop . DNA Group. Archived from the original on January 29, 2010 . Retrieved January 31, 2010 . ^ "Past award winners" . Toronto Film Critics Association . Retrieved August 8, 2015 . ^ "Up in the Air Flies High with D.C. Film Critics" . Washington DC Area Film Critics Association . December 7, 2009 . Retrieved January 31, 2010 . External links Awards for Inglourious Basterds at IMDb .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Quentin Tarantino v t e Filmography Awards and nominations Unrealized projects Filmography Awards and nominations Unrealized projects Films written and directed Reservoir Dogs (1992) soundtrack Pulp Fiction (1994) soundtrack accolades Jackie Brown (1997) soundtrack Kill Bill series (2003–04; 2006) Kill Bill: Volume 1 soundtrack Kill Bill: Volume 2 soundtrack Kill Bill: The Whole Bloody Affair Death Proof (2007) soundtrack Inglourious Basterds (2009) soundtrack accolades Django Unchained (2012) soundtrack accolades The Hateful Eight (2015) soundtrack accolades Once Upon a Time...in Hollywood (2019) soundtrack accolades Reservoir Dogs (1992) soundtrack soundtrack Pulp Fiction (1994) soundtrack accolades soundtrack accolades Jackie Brown (1997) soundtrack soundtrack Kill Bill series (2003–04; 2006) Kill Bill: Volume 1 soundtrack Kill Bill: Volume 2 soundtrack Kill Bill: The Whole Bloody Affair Kill Bill: Volume 1 soundtrack soundtrack Kill Bill: Volume 2 soundtrack soundtrack Kill Bill: The Whole Bloody Affair Death Proof (2007) soundtrack soundtrack Inglourious Basterds (2009) soundtrack accolades soundtrack accolades Django Unchained (2012) soundtrack accolades soundtrack accolades The Hateful Eight (2015) soundtrack accolades soundtrack accolades Once Upon a Time...in Hollywood (2019) soundtrack accolades soundtrack accolades Written only True Romance (1993) Natural Born Killers (1994; story) From Dusk till Dawn (1996) The Adventures of Cliff Booth (2026) True Romance (1993) Natural Born Killers (1994; story) From Dusk till Dawn (1996) The Adventures of Cliff Booth (2026) Books Once Upon a Time in Hollywood: A Novel (2021) Cinema Speculation (2022) Once Upon a Time in Hollywood: A Novel (2021) Cinema Speculation (2022) Characters Mia Wallace Seth Gecko The Bride Hans Landa Mia Wallace Seth Gecko The Bride Hans Landa Other work My Best Friend's Birthday (1987) " Motherhood " (1995) Four Rooms (1995) Sin City (2005) " Grave Danger " (2005) Grindhouse (2007) Planet Terror (2007) My Best Friend's Birthday (1987) " Motherhood " (1995) Four Rooms (1995) Sin City (2005) " Grave Danger " (2005) Grindhouse (2007) Planet Terror (2007) Planet Terror (2007) Related Tony Tarantino (father) Quentin Tarantino Film Festival New Beverly Cinema Vista Theatre Video Archives A Band Apart Rolling Thunder Pictures Big Kahuna Burger " Never Again " (1997) Reservoir Dogs (2006 video game) Stealing Tarantino (2006) Quentin Tarantino's Suicide Squad (2016) QT8: The First Eight (2019) Stealing Pulp Fiction (2024) Tony Tarantino (father) Quentin Tarantino Film Festival New Beverly Cinema Vista Theatre Video Archives A Band Apart Rolling Thunder Pictures Big Kahuna Burger " Never Again " (1997) Reservoir Dogs (2006 video game) Stealing Tarantino (2006) Quentin Tarantino's Suicide Squad (2016) QT8: The First Eight (2019) Stealing Pulp Fiction (2024) Category Lists of accolades by film Quentin Tarantino CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru) CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Pages using IMDb title with no id set Featured lists This page was last edited on 16 September 2025, at 12:28 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Etymology 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Early history 2.2 Rise of Aksum 2.3 Decline 2.3.1 Gudit's invasion 2.1 Early history 2.2 Rise of Aksum 2.3 Decline 2.3.1 Gudit's invasion 2.3.1 Gudit's invasion 3 Society 4 Culture Toggle Culture subsection 4.1 Language 4.2 Literature 4.3 Religion 4.4 Coinage 4.5 Architecture 4.5.1 Palace architecture 4.5.2 Stelae 4.6 Foreign relations, trade, and economy 4.6.1 Climate change hypothesis 4.1 Language 4.2 Literature 4.3 Religion 4.4 Coinage 4.5 Architecture 4.5.1 Palace architecture 4.5.2 Stelae 4.5.1 Palace architecture 4.5.2 Stelae 4.6 Foreign relations, trade, and economy 4.6.1 Climate change hypothesis 4.6.1 Climate change hypothesis 5 In literature 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Notes Toggle Notes subsection 8.1 Language notes 8.1 Language notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Kingdom of Aksum Afrikaans አማርኛ العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Български Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Malagasy मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oromoo پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taclḥit ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Ghanaian Pidgin Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Kingdom of Aksum መንግሥተ አክሱም ( Ge'ez ) 𐩱𐩫𐩪𐩣 ( Sabaean ) Βασιλεία τῶν Ἀξωμιτῶν ( Ancient Greek ) 1st century – 960 AD Aksumite currency depicting King Endybis The Kingdom of Aksum c. 6th century , overlaid on modern borders Capital .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Axum Kubar (after c. 800 ) Axum Kubar (after c. 800 ) Common languages Geʽez Sabaic [ 1 ] Koine Greek [ 2 ] (from 1st century) [ 3 ] Various [ i ] Geʽez Sabaic [ 1 ] Koine Greek [ 2 ] Religion Christianity ( Nicene and Miaphysite Christianity ; official after mid-4th century) [ 5 ] Aksumite polytheism (before 350) [ 6 ] Ancient Semitic religion (before 350) Christianity ( Nicene and Miaphysite Christianity ; official after mid-4th century) [ 5 ] Aksumite polytheism (before 350) [ 6 ] Ancient Semitic religion (before 350) Demonyms Aksumite, Ethiopian, Abyssinian Government Monarchy Negus / Negusa Nagast • c. 1st century Bazen of Axum (first known) Ethiopis (according to tradition) • 917 or 940-960 Dil Na'od (last) Historical era Classical antiquity to Early Middle Ages • Established 1st century • Early South Arabian involvement 3rd century • King Ezana 's conversion to Christianity 325 or 328 • King Ezana 's conquest of the Kingdom of Kush 330 • Aksumite invasion of Himyar 518–525 • Year of the Elephant 570 • Aksumite–Persian wars 570–578 • First Hijra 613-615 • Early Muslim conquests 7th century • Collapse 960 AD Area 350 [ 7 ] 1,250,000 km 2 (480,000 sq mi) 525 2,500,000 km 2 (970,000 sq mi) Currency Aksumite currency Preceded by Succeeded by Dʿmt Zagwe dynasty Preceded by Succeeded by Dʿmt Dʿmt Zagwe dynasty Zagwe dynasty Today part of .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Sudan Yemen Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Sudan Yemen Part of a series on the History of Eritrea Pre-colonial Prehistory Land of Punt ( c. 2500–980 BC) Kingdom of Dəmot ( c. 980–400 BC) Aksumite Empire ( c. 150 BC–AD 960) Sultanate of Dahlak (960–1557) Zagwe Dynasty ( c. 1137–1270) Ethiopian Empire (1270–1974) Dankali Sultanate ( c. Late 13th century–18th century) Sultanate of Aussa (1734–1936) Prehistory Land of Punt ( c. 2500–980 BC) Kingdom of Dəmot ( c. 980–400 BC) Aksumite Empire ( c. 150 BC–AD 960) Sultanate of Dahlak (960–1557) Zagwe Dynasty ( c. 1137–1270) Ethiopian Empire (1270–1974) Dankali Sultanate ( c. Late 13th century–18th century) Sultanate of Aussa (1734–1936) Colonial Eyalet-i Habeş (1554–1872) Italian Eritrea (1882–1936) Eritrea Governorate of Italian East Africa (1936–1941) East African Campaign of World War II (1940–1941) British Military Administration (1941–1952) Eyalet-i Habeş (1554–1872) Italian Eritrea (1882–1936) Eritrea Governorate of Italian East Africa (1936–1941) East African Campaign of World War II (1940–1941) British Military Administration (1941–1952) Post-Colonial Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea (1952–1962) Autonomy within Ethiopia (1952–1962) Eritrean War of Independence (1961–1991) Annexation as the Eritrea Province (1962–1993) Ethiopian Civil War (1974–1991) Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea (1952–1962) Autonomy within Ethiopia (1952–1962) Eritrean War of Independence (1961–1991) Annexation as the Eritrea Province (1962–1993) Ethiopian Civil War (1974–1991) State of Eritrea 1990s in Eritrea Eritrean–Ethiopian War (1998–2000) 2000s in Eritrea 2010s in Eritrea 1990s in Eritrea Eritrean–Ethiopian War (1998–2000) 2000s in Eritrea 2010s in Eritrea Eritrea portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Part of a series on the History of Ethiopia Historiography Archaeology Peoples Historiography Archaeology Peoples Early history Prehistory Dʿmt 980–400 BC Prehistory Dʿmt 980–400 BC Middle Ages Aksum 100–940 AD Harla kingdom 501-1500 Sultanate of Shewa 896–1286 Kingdom of Damot 10th c.–16th c. Zagwe dynasty 900–1270 Ethiopian Empire 1270–1974 └─ Early Solomonic period 1270–1529 └─ Amda Seyon's Expansions 1314-1344 Kingdom of Simien 960–1329 Hadiya Sultanate 13th c.–? Dankali Sultanate 13th c.–18th c. Sultanate of Ifat 1275–1403 Sultanate of Adal 1415–1577 Kingdom of Kaffa 14th c.–1897 Ennarea 14th c.–1710 Aksum 100–940 AD Harla kingdom 501-1500 Sultanate of Shewa 896–1286 Kingdom of Damot 10th c.–16th c. Zagwe dynasty 900–1270 Ethiopian Empire 1270–1974 └─ Early Solomonic period 1270–1529 └─ Amda Seyon's Expansions 1314-1344 Kingdom of Simien 960–1329 Hadiya Sultanate 13th c.–? Dankali Sultanate 13th c.–18th c. Sultanate of Ifat 1275–1403 Sultanate of Adal 1415–1577 Kingdom of Kaffa 14th c.–1897 Ennarea 14th c.–1710 Early modern history Ethiopian Empire 1270-1974 └─ Ethiopian–Adal War 1527–1543 └─ Ottoman conflicts 1557–17th c. └─ Gondarine period 1632–1769 └─ Zemene Mesafint 1769–1855 └─ Ottoman border conflicts 1832–1848 Oromo migrations 1543–17th c. Imamate of Aussa 1577-1734 Sultanate of Aussa 1734-1936 Harar Emirate 1647-1877 Kingdom of Jimma 1737–1932 Ethiopian Empire 1270-1974 └─ Ethiopian–Adal War 1527–1543 └─ Ottoman conflicts 1557–17th c. └─ Gondarine period 1632–1769 └─ Zemene Mesafint 1769–1855 └─ Ottoman border conflicts 1832–1848 Oromo migrations 1543–17th c. Imamate of Aussa 1577-1734 Sultanate of Aussa 1734-1936 Harar Emirate 1647-1877 Kingdom of Jimma 1737–1932 Modern history Imperial Unification 1855–1913 Imperial Expansionism 1878–1904 First Italo–Ethiopian War 1895–1896 Modernization 1913–1974 World War I 1914–1918 Second Italo–Ethiopian War 1935–1936 Italian East Africa 1936–1941 World War II 1941 Italian guerrilla war 1941–1943 Federation with Eritrea 1952–1962 Eritrean Independence War 1961–1991 Ethiopian Civil War 1974–1991 Ogaden War 1977–1978 Imperial Unification 1855–1913 Imperial Expansionism 1878–1904 First Italo–Ethiopian War 1895–1896 Modernization 1913–1974 World War I 1914–1918 Second Italo–Ethiopian War 1935–1936 Italian East Africa 1936–1941 World War II 1941 Italian guerrilla war 1941–1943 Federation with Eritrea 1952–1962 Eritrean Independence War 1961–1991 Ethiopian Civil War 1974–1991 Ogaden War 1977–1978 Recent history Eritrean–Ethiopian War 1998–2000 Eritrean border conflict 1998–2018 Police massacre 2005 War in Somalia 2006–2009 East Africa drought 2011–2012 Oromo protests 2014–2016 Ethiopian civil conflict 2018–present Tigray war 2020–2022 Eritrean–Ethiopian War 1998–2000 Eritrean border conflict 1998–2018 Police massacre 2005 War in Somalia 2006–2009 East Africa drought 2011–2012 Oromo protests 2014–2016 Ethiopian civil conflict 2018–present Tigray war 2020–2022 Topics Economic history Emperor Aristocracy Army of the Empire Territorial Army (Ethiopia) Ethiopian horses Military History List of conflicts in Ethiopia List of wars involving Ethiopia Expansion Timeline of the Ethiopian Empire Currency Aksumite Famines Ethiopian units of measurement Ethiopian art Literature Music Economy Economy of the Ethiopian Empire Land reform in Ethiopia Resettlement Economic history Emperor Aristocracy Army of the Empire Territorial Army (Ethiopia) Ethiopian horses Territorial Army (Ethiopia) Ethiopian horses Military History List of conflicts in Ethiopia List of wars involving Ethiopia List of conflicts in Ethiopia List of wars involving Ethiopia Expansion Timeline of the Ethiopian Empire Currency Aksumite Aksumite Famines Ethiopian units of measurement Ethiopian art Literature Music Economy Economy of the Ethiopian Empire Land reform in Ethiopia Resettlement Economy of the Ethiopian Empire Land reform in Ethiopia Resettlement v t e v t e The Kingdom of Aksum , [ note 1 ] [ a ] or the Aksumite Empire , [ b ] was a kingdom in East Africa and South Arabia from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages , based in what is now northern Ethiopia and Eritrea , and spanning present-day Djibouti , Sudan , and Yemen . Emerging from the earlier Dʿmt civilization, the kingdom was founded in the 1st century. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] The city of Axum served as the kingdom's capital for many centuries until it relocated to Kubar [ 10 ] in the 9th century due to declining trade connections and recurring invasions. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The Kingdom of Aksum was considered one of the four great powers of the 3rd century by Mani , the founder of Manichaeism , alongside Persia , Rome , and China . [ 13 ] Aksum continued to expand under the reign of Gedara ( c. 200–230 ), who was the first king to be involved in South Arabian affairs. His reign resulted in the control of much of western Yemen , such as the Tihama , Najran , al-Ma'afir , Zafar (until c. 230 ), and parts of Hashid territory around Hamir in the northern highlands until a joint Himyarite-Sabean alliance pushed them out. Aksum-Himyar conflicts persisted throughout the 3rd century. During the reign of Endybis (270–310), Aksum began minting coins that have been excavated as far away as Caesarea and southern India. [ 14 ] As the kingdom became a major power on the trade route between Rome and India and gained a monopoly of Indian Ocean trade , it entered the Greco-Roman cultural sphere . Due to its ties with the Greco-Roman world, Aksum adopted Christianity as its state religion in the mid 4th century under Ezana (320s – c. 360 ). [ 15 ] Following their Christianization, the Aksumites ceased construction of steles . [ 11 ] The kingdom continued to expand throughout late antiquity , conquering Kush under Ezana in 330 for a short period of time and inheriting from it the Greek exonym "Ethiopia". [ 16 ] Aksumite dominance in the Red Sea culminated during the reign of Kaleb of Axum (514–542), who, at the behest of the Byzantine emperor Justin I , invaded the Himyarite Kingdom in Yemen in order to end the persecution of Christians perpetrated by the Jewish king Dhu Nuwas . With the annexation of Himyar, the Kingdom of Aksum reached its largest territorial extent, spanning around 2,500,000 km 2 (970,000 sq mi). However, the territory was lost in the Aksumite–Persian wars . [ 17 ] Aksum held on to Southern Arabia from 520 until 525 when Sumyafa Ashwa was deposed by Abraha . The kingdom's slow decline had begun by the 7th century, at which point currency ceased to be minted. The Persian (and later Muslim) presence in the Red Sea caused Aksum to suffer economically, and the population of the city of Axum shrank. Alongside environmental and internal factors, this has been suggested as the reason for its decline. Aksum's final three centuries are considered a dark age, and the kingdom collapsed under uncertain circumstances around 960. [ 15 ] Despite its position as one of the foremost empires of late antiquity, the Kingdom of Aksum fell into obscurity as Ethiopia remained isolated throughout the Late Middle Ages. [ 18 ] Etymology Carlo Conti Rossini believed that the word Aksum derives from a Semitic root, and means 'a green and dense garden' or 'full of grass'. [ 19 ] Due to limited geographical knowledge many Byzantine texts from seventh and early eight century wrongly classified Ethiopia being in " India ", [ 20 ] which lead to the Kingdom also being called Kingdom of the Aksumite Indians . [ 21 ] History Early history Before the establishment of Axum, Eritrea and the Tigray plateau of northern Ethiopia was home to a kingdom known as Dʿmt . Archaeological evidence shows that the kingdom was influenced by Sabaeans from modern-day Yemen; scholarly consensus had previously been that Sabaeans had been the founders of Semitic civilization in Ethiopia, though this has now been refuted, and their influence is considered to have been minor. [ 22 ] [ ii ] [ 23 ] The Sabaean presence likely lasted only for a matter of decades, but their influence on later Aksumite civilization included the adoption of Ancient South Arabian script , which developed into Geʽez script , and Ancient Semitic religion . [ 24 ] The initial centuries of Aksum's development, transitioning from a modest regional center to a significant power, remain largely obscure. Stone Age artifacts have been unearthed at Gobedra , two kilometers west of Aksum . Excavations on Beta Giyorgis, a hill to the northwest of Aksum, validate the pre-Aksumite roots of a settlement in the vicinity of Aksum, dating back to approximately the seventh to fourth centuries BC. Further evidence from excavations in the Stele Park at the heart of Aksum corroborates continuous activity in the area from the outset of the common era. Two hills and two streams lie on the east and west expanses of the city of Aksum, perhaps providing the initial impetus for settling this area. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Archeological evidence suggests that the Aksumite polity arose between 150 BC and 150 AD. Small scale district "kingdoms" denoted by very large nucleated communities with one or more elite residences appears to have existed in the early period of the kingdom of Aksum, and here Stuart Munro-Hay concludes that "Quite probably, the kingdom was a confederacy, one of which was led by a district-level king who commanded the allegiance of other petty kings within the Axumite realm. The ruler of the Axumite kingdom was thus 'king of kings' — a title often found in inscriptions of this period. There is no evidence that a single royal lineage has yet emerged, and it is quite possible that at the death of a king of kings, a new one would be selected from among all the kings in the confederacy, rather than through some principle of primogeniture." [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Rise of Aksum The first historical mention of Axum comes from the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , a trading guide which likely dates to the mid-first century AD. Axum is mentioned alongside Adulis and Ptolemais of the Hunts as lying within the realm of Zoskales . The area is described as a primarily producing ivory, as well as tortoise shells. It is evident from the Periplus that, even at this early stage of its history, Axum played a role in the transcontinental trade route between Rome and India . [ 30 ] [ 31 ] The Aksumite control over Adulis enabled the exchange of Ethiopian products for foreign imports. Both Pliny the Elder and the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea make reference to this port, situated three days away from the initial ivory market at Coloe , itself five days distant from Aksum. This trade across the Red Sea, spanning from the Roman Empire in the north to India and Ceylon in the east, played a crucial role in Aksum's prosperity. The city thrived by exporting goods such as ivory, tortoiseshell, and rhinoceros horn. Pliny also mentioned additional items like hippopotamus hide, monkeys, and slaves. During the second century AD, Ptolemy 's geographer referred to Aksum as a powerful kingdom. Both archaeological findings and textual evidence suggest that during this period, a centralized regional polity had emerged in the Aksumite area, characterized by defined social stratification. By the beginning of the fourth century AD, the Aksumite state had become well-established, featuring urban centers, an official currency with coinage struck in gold, silver, and copper, an intensive agricultural system, and a organized military. [ 32 ] Around 200 AD, Aksumite ambitions had expanded to Southern Arabia, where Aksum appears to have established itself in al-Maafer and engaged in conflicts with Saba and Himyar at various points, forming different alliances with chief kingdoms and tribes. During the early part of the third century, the kings GDRT and ʽDBH dispatched military expeditions to the region. Inscriptions from local Arabian dynasties refer to these rulers with the title "nagasi of Aksum and Habashat," and a metal object discovered in eastern Tigray also mentions a certain "GDR negus of Aksum." Later in the century the mlky hhst dtwns wzqrns (kings of Habashat DTWNS and ZQRNS) are also mentioned fighting in Arabia . According to a Greek inscription in Eritrea known as the Monumentum Adulitanum recorded by Cosmas Indicopleustes , in around the mid to late third century (possibly circa 240 to circa 260), the Aksumites, led by an anonymous king, achieved significant territorial expansion in the Ethiopian Highlands and the Arabian Peninsula , with their influence extending as far as Lake Tana and the borders of Egypt. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] By the end of the third century AD, Aksum had gained recognition by the prophet Mani in the Kephalaia , as one of the four great powers of the world alongside Rome, Persia, and China. As the political influence of Aksum expanded, so did the grandeur of its monuments. Excavations by archaeological expeditions revealed early use of stelae, evolving from plain and rough markers to some of the largest monuments in Africa. The granite steles in the main cemetery, housing Aksumite royal tombs, transformed from plain to carefully dressed granite, eventually carved to resemble multi-storey towers in a distinctive architectural style. Aksumite architecture featured massive dressed granite blocks, smaller uncut stones for walling, mud mortar, bricks for vaulting and arches, and a visible wooden framework, known as "monkey-heads" or square corner extrusions. Walls inclined inwards and incorporated several recessed bays for added strength. Aksum and other cities, such as Adulis and Matara , boasted substantial "palace" buildings employing this architectural style. In the early sixth century, Cosmas Indicopleustes described his visit to Aksum, mentioning the four-towered palace of the Aksumite king, adorned with bronze statues of unicorns. Aksum also featured rows of monumental granite thrones, likely bearing metal statues dedicated to pre-Christian deities. These thrones incorporated large panels at the sides and back with inscriptions, attributed to Ousanas , Ezana , Kaleb , and his son Wazeba , serving as victory monuments documenting the wars of these kings. [ 36 ] King Ezana became the first Christian ruler of Aksum in the fourth century. Ezana's coins and inscriptions make the change from pre-Christian imagery to Christian symbolism around 340. The conversion to Christianity was one of the most revolutionary events in the history of Ethiopia as it gave Aksum a cultural link with the Mediterranean . Aksum gained a political link with the Byzantine Empire , which regarded itself as the protector of Christendom . Three inscriptions on the Ezana Stone documents the conversion of King Ezana to Christianity and two of his military expeditions against neighboring areas, one inscribed in Greek and the other in Ge'ez. The two expeditions refers to two distinct campaigns, one against the " Noba ", and the other against the Beja . According to the inscription, the Noba were settled somewhere around the Nile and Atbara confluence, where they seemed to have taken over much of the Kingdom of Kush . Yet they did not drive the Kushites away from their heartland since the inscription states that the Aksumites fought them at the junction of the two rivers. Also mentioned in the inscription are the mysterious "red Noba" against whom an expedition was carried out. This people seems to be settled further north and may be identical with the "other Nobades" mentioned in the inscription of the Nubian king Silko carved on the wall of the Temple of Kalabsha . [ 37 ] [ 38 ] King Kaleb sent an expedition against the Jewish Himyarite king Dhu Nuwas , who was persecuting the Christian community in Yemen. Kaleb gained widespread acclaim in his era as the conqueror of Yemen. He expanded his royal title to include king of Hadramawt in southeastern Yemen, as well as the coastal plain and highland of Yemen, along with "all their Arabs", highlighting the extensive influence of Aksum across the Red Sea into Arabia. Dhu Nuwas was deposed and killed and Kaleb appointed an Arab viceroy named Esimiphaios ("Sumuafa Ashawa"), but his rule was short-lived as he was ousted in a coup led by an Aksumite named Abraha after five years. Kaleb sent two expeditions against Abraha, but both were decisively defeated. According to Procopius , following Aksum's unsuccessful attempts to remove him, Abraha continued to govern Yemen through a tribute arrangement with the king of Aksum. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] After Abraha 's death, his son Masruq Abraha continued the Aksumite vice-royalty in Yemen, resuming payment of tribute to Aksum. However, his half-brother Ma'd-Karib revolted. Ma'd-Karib first sought help from the Roman Emperor Justinian the Great , but having been denied, he decided to ally with the Sassanid Persian Emperor Khosrow I , triggering the Aksumite–Persian wars . Khosrow I sent a small fleet and army under commander Vahrez to depose the king of Yemen. The war culminated with the Siege of Sana'a , capital of Aksumite Yemen. After its fall in 570, and Masruq's death, Ma'd-Karib's son, Saif, was put on the throne. In 575, the war resumed again, after Saif was killed by Aksumites. The Persian general Vahrez led another army of 8,000, ending Axum rule in Yemen and becoming hereditary governor of Yemen. According to Stuart Munro-Hay , these wars may have been Aksum's swan song as a great power, with an overall weakening of Aksumite authority and over-expenditure in money and manpower. [ 41 ] Decline Aksumite trade in the Red Sea likely suffered due to the Persian conquests in Egypt and Syria, followed by the defeats in Yemen. However, a more enduring impact occurred with the rise of Islam in the early seventh century and the expansion of the Rashidun Caliphate . Axum initially had good relations with its Islamic neighbours. In 615, for example, early Muslims from Mecca fleeing Qurayshi persecution traveled to Axum and were given refuge; this journey is known in Islamic history as the First Hijrah . In 630, Muhammad sent a naval expedition against suspected Abyssinian pirates, the Expedition of Alqammah bin Mujazziz . [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Trade with the Roman and Byzantine world came to a halt as the Arabs seized the eastern Roman provinces. Consequently, Aksum experienced a decline in prosperity due to increased isolation and eventually ceased production of coins in the early eighth century. [ 44 ] The decline of Aksum contributed to the emergence of the nearby Islamic-influenced Harla Kingdom . [ 45 ] The Islamic conquests were not solely responsible for the decline of Aksum. Another reason for the decline was the expansions of the Beja nomads. Due to the poverty of their country, many of them began to migrate into the northern Ethiopian plateau. At the end of the seventh century, a strong Beja tribe known as the Zanafaj entered the Eritrean plateau through the valley of Gash-Barka . They overran and pillaged much of the Eritrean highlands as Aksum could no longer maintain its sovereignty over the frontier. As a result, the connection to the Red Sea ports was lost. [ 46 ] Around this same time, the Aksumite population was forced to go farther inland to the highlands for protection, abandoning Aksum as the capital. Arab writers of the time continued to describe Ethiopia (no longer referred to as Aksum) as an extensive and powerful state, though they had lost control of most of the coast and their tributaries. [ 47 ] While land was lost in the north, it was gained in the south, and though Ethiopia was no longer an economic power, it still attracted Arab merchants. The capital was then moved south to a new location called Kubar . [ 22 ] The Arab writer Ya'qubi was the first to describe the new Aksumite capital. The capital was probably located in southern Tigray or Angot ; however, the exact location of this city is currently unknown. [ 48 ] Famine is noted in Ethiopia in the ninth century. The Coptic patriarchs James (819–830) and Joseph (830–849) of Alexandria attribute Ethiopia's condition to war, plague, and inadequate rains. [ 49 ] Under the reign of Degna Djan , during the ninth century, the empire kept expanding south, undertaking missionary activities south of Angot . [ 50 ] Gudit's invasion Local history holds that, around 960, a Jewish queen named Yodit (Judith) or " Gudit " defeated the empire and burned its churches and literature. While there is evidence of churches being burned and an invasion around this time, her existence has been questioned by some western authors. Gudit sacked Aksum by destroying churches and buildings, persecuted Christians and committed Christian iconoclasm . Her origin has been debated among scholars. Some argued that she had a Jewish ethnicity or was from a southern region. According to one traditional account, she reigned for forty years and her dynasty lasted until 1137 C.E., when it was overthrown by Mara Takla Haymanot , resulting in the inception of the Agaw -led Zagwe dynasty . [ 51 ] According to an oral tradition, Gudit rose to power after she killed the Beta Israel king and then reigned for forty years. She brought her Jewish army from Semien Mountains and Lake Tana to orchestrate the pillage against Aksum and its countryside. She was determined to destroy all members of the Aksumite dynasty, palaces, churches and monuments in Tigray . Her notorious deeds are still recounted by peasants inhabiting northern Ethiopia. Large ruins, standing stones and steles are found in the area. [ 52 ] Gudit also killed the last emperor of Aksum, possibly Dil Na'od , while other accounts say Dil Na'od went into exile in Shewa , protected by Christians. He begged assistance from a Nubian Greek ruler, King Moses Georgios , but his plea was unanswered. [ 53 ] [ unreliable source? ] She was said to have been succeeded by Dagna-Jan, whose throne name was Anbasa Wudem. [ 51 ] Her reign was marked by the displacement of the Aksumite population into the south. According to one Ethiopian traditional account, she reigned for forty years and her dynasty was eventually overthrown by Mara Tekla Haymanot in 1137 C.E., who ushered in the formation of the Zagwe dynasty by bearing children with a descendant of the last Aksumite emperor, Dil Na'od. [ 54 ] After a short Dark Age, the Aksumite Empire was succeeded by the Zagwe dynasty in the eleventh or twelfth century (most likely around 1137), although limited in size and scope. However, Yekuno Amlak , who killed the last Zagwe king and founded the modern Solomonic dynasty around 1270 traced his ancestry and his right to rule from the last emperor of Aksum, Dil Na'od . It should be mentioned that the end of the Aksumite Empire didn't mean the end of Aksumite culture and traditions; for example, the architecture of the Zagwe dynasty at Lalibela and Yemrehana Krestos Church shows heavy Aksumite influence. [ 22 ] Society The Aksumite population mainly consisted of Semitic -speaking groups, one of these groups were the Agʿazian or the speakers of Geʽez , the commenter of the Adulis inscription identifies them as the main inhabitants of Aksum and its surroundings. The Cushitic -speaking Agaw people were also known to have lived within the kingdom, as Cosmas Indicopleustes notes that a "governor of Agau", was entrusted by King Kaleb of Axum with the protection of the vital long-distance caravan routes from the south, suggesting that they lived within the southern frontier of the Aksumite kingdom. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Aksum also had a sizeable Greek population, which resided in the cities of Ptolemais Theron and Adulis . [ 57 ] Nilotic groups also inhabited Aksum, as inscriptions from the time of Ezana note the "Barya", an animist tribe who lived in the western part of the empire, believed to be the Naras . [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Aksumite settlements were distributed across a significant portion of the highlands in the northern Horn of Africa, with the majority located in northeastern Tigray , Ethiopia, as well as the Akele Guzai and Seraye regions of Eritrea. Despite the concentration in these areas, some Aksumite settlements such as Mifsas Bahri are located as far as Ofla . In addition to the highlands, sites from the Aksumite period were discovered along the Red Sea coast of Eritrea, near the Gulf of Zula . Numerous Aksumite settlements were strategically positioned along an axis that traversed from Aksum to the Gulf of Zula , forming a route connecting the Aksumite capital in the highlands to the principal Aksumite port of Adulis on the Red Sea. Along this route, two of the largest Aksumite-era settlements, Matara and Qohaito , were situated in the Eritrean highlands. The concertation of these Aksumite ancient settlements suggests high population density in the highlands of Tigray and central Eritrea. The southern regions of the Aksumite polity are little known. However, in the mountains of Lasta and Wollo , archeological surveys appear to have located sites with Aksumite affinities, particularly near Mount Abuna Yosef . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] A complex agricultural system in the Aksumite area, which involved irrigation, dam construction, terracing, and plough-farming, played a crucial role in sustaining both urban and rural populations. Aksumite farmers cultivated a variety of cereal crops with origins from both Africa and the Near East. These crops included teff , finger millet , sorghum , emmer wheat, bread wheat, hulled barley, and oats. In addition to cereal crops, Aksumite farmers also grew linseed, cotton, grapes, and legumes of Near Eastern origin such as lentils, fava beans, chickpeas, common peas, and grass peas. Other important crops included the African oil crop, Guizotia abyssinica , as well as gourds and cress. This diverse range of crops, combined with the herding of domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats, contributed to the creation of a highly productive indigenous agropastoral food-producing tradition. This tradition played an integral role in the development of the Aksumite economy and the consolidation of state power. [ 62 ] Culture The Empire of Aksum is notable for a number of achievements, such as its own alphabet, the Geʽez script , which was eventually modified to include vowels , becoming an abugida . Furthermore, in the early times of the empire, around 1700 years ago, giant obelisks to mark emperors' (and nobles') tombs (underground grave chambers) were constructed, the most famous of which is the Obelisk of Aksum . Under Emperor Ezana , Aksum adopted Coptic Christianity in place of its former polytheistic and Judaic religions around 325. The Axumite Coptic Church gave rise to the present day Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (only granted autonomy from the Coptic Church in 1959) and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahdo Church (granted autonomy from the Ethiopian Orthodox church in 1993). Since the schism with Orthodoxy following the Council of Chalcedon (451), it has been an important Miaphysite church, and its scriptures and liturgy continue to be in Geʽez. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] [ 65 ] Language Greek became the official and literary language of the Axumite state, coming from the influence of the significant Ethiopian Greek communities established in Axum , the port of Adulis , Ptolemais Theron , and other cities in the region during Ptolemaic times. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] Greek was used in the state's administration, international diplomacy, and trade; it can be widely seen in coinage and inscriptions. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ] Geʿez , the language of Agʿazi , was spoken alongside Greek in the court of Aksum. Although during the early kingdom, Geʿez was a spoken language, it has attestations written in the Old South Arabian language Sabaic . [ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 75 ] In the fourth century, Ezana of Axum promoted the Geʽez script and made Geʽez an official state language alongside Greek; by the sixth century literary translations into Geʿez were common. [ 69 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] [ 78 ] After the seventh century's Muslim conquests in the Middle East and North Africa, which effectively isolated Axum from the Greco-Roman world, Geʿez replaced Greek entirely. [ 79 ] [ 18 ] Literature Early on in the Christian period, several texts began to be translated into Ge'ez in the Kingdom of Aksum for religious purposes. The most famous example is represented by the Garima Gospels , a set of manuscripts containing all four Gospels translated into Ethiopic dating between the fourth and sixth centuries. [ 80 ] Citations of the Bible occur in several Aksumite inscriptions that have been found in South Arabia. [ 81 ] Dating to roughly the same time period, the Aksumite Collection is a multi-text manuscript dating to the 13th century, at the latest, but containing a large number of documents which must have been translated into Ge'ez between the fourth and sixth centuries, covering subjects including liturgy, canon law, historiography, letters and treatises, etc. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] Other translations include the entire Greek Bible, parabiblical texts (including the Book of Enoch , Book of Jubilees , 4 Baruch , and the Ascension of Isaiah ), and other theological texts like the Qerallos. Native Ethiopic texts from this period are less certain, though it was a period active with translations from Greek texts. [ 84 ] The reception or translation of Syriac literature during the Aksumite age is still unattested. [ 85 ] In recent decades, the known corpus of Aksumite literature has grown substantially. [ 86 ] Religion Before its conversion to Christianity, the Aksumites practiced a polytheistic religion related to the religion practiced in southern Arabia. This included the use of the crescent-and-disc symbol used in southern Arabia and the northern horn. [ 87 ] In the UNESCO -sponsored General History of Africa , French archaeologist Francis Anfray suggests that the Aksumites worshipped Astar , his son Mahrem , and Beher . [ 88 ] Steve Kaplan argues that with Aksumite culture came a major change in religion, with only Astar remaining of the old gods, the others being replaced by what he calls a "triad of indigenous divinities, Mahrem, Beher and Medr." He also suggests that Aksum culture was significantly influenced by Judaism, saying that "The first carriers of Judaism reached Ethiopia between the reign of Queen of Sheba BC and conversion to Christianity of King Ezana in the fourth century AD." He believes that although Ethiopian tradition suggests that these were present in large numbers, "A relatively small number of texts and individuals dwelling in the cultural, economic, and political center could have had a considerable impact", and that "their influence was diffused throughout Ethiopian culture in its formative period. By the time Christianity took hold in the fourth century, many of the originally Hebraic-Jewish elements had been adopted by much of the indigenous population and were no longer viewed as foreign characteristics. Nor were they perceived as in conflict with the acceptance of Christianity." [ 89 ] Before converting to Christianity, King Ezana II's coins and inscriptions show that he might have worshiped the gods Astar, Beher, Meder/Medr, and Mahrem. Another of Ezana's inscriptions is clearly Christian and refers to "the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit". [ 90 ] Around 324 AD the King Ezana II was converted to Christianity by his teacher Frumentius , who established the Axumite Coptic Church, which later became the modern Ethiopian Orthodox Church . [ 91 ] [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Frumentius taught the emperor while he was young, and it is believed that at some point staged the conversion of the empire. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] We know that the Aksumites converted to Christianity because in their coins they replaced the disc and crescent with the cross. Frumentius was in contact with the Church of Alexandria , and was appointed Bishop of Ethiopia around the year 330. The Church of Alexandria never closely managed the affairs of the churches in Aksum, allowing them to develop their own unique form of Christianity. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] However, the Church of Alexandria probably did retain some influence considering that the churches of Aksum followed the Church of Alexandria into Oriental Orthodoxy by rejecting the Fourth Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon . [ 96 ] Aksum is also the alleged home of the holy relic the Ark of the Covenant. The Ark is said to have been placed in the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion by Menelik I for safekeeping. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] Islam arrived in the seventh century, during the reign of Ashama ibn-Abjar , when the first followers of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (also known as the Sahabah ) migrated from Arabia due to their persecution by the Quraysh , the ruling Arab tribal confederation of Mecca . The Quraysh appealed to the Ashama ibn-Abjar , arguing that the early Muslim migrants were rebels who had invented a new religion, the likes of which neither the Meccans nor the Aksumites had heard of. The king granted them an audience, but ultimately refused to hand over the migrants. A second migration consisting of 100 Muslim migrants occurred a few years later. Arabic inscriptions on the Dahlak Archipelago dated to the mid ninth century AD. confirm the existence of an early Muslim presence in Aksum. [ 97 ] Coinage The Empire of Aksum was one of the first African polities to issue its own coins , [ 94 ] [ 95 ] which bore legends in Geʽez and Greek. From the reign of Endybis up to Armah ( c. 270 – c. 610 ), gold, silver and bronze coins were minted. Issuing coinage in ancient times was an act of great importance in itself, for it proclaimed that the Aksumite Empire considered itself equal to its neighbours. Many of the coins are used as signposts about what was happening when they were minted. An example being the addition of the cross to the coin after the conversion of the empire to Christianity. The presence of coins also simplified trade, and was at once a useful instrument of propaganda and a source of profit to the empire. Architecture Palace architecture In general, elite Aksumite buildings such as palaces were constructed atop podia built of loose stones held together with mud-mortar, with carefully cut granite corner blocks which rebated back a few centimeters at regular intervals as the wall got higher, so the walls narrowed as they rose higher. These podia are often all that survive of Aksumite ruins. Above the podia, walls were generally built with alternating layers of loose stone (often whitewashed, like at Yemrehana Krestos Church ) and horizontal wooden beams, with smaller round wooden beams set in the stonework often projecting out of the walls (these are called 'monkey heads') on the exterior and sometimes the interior. Both the podia and the walls above exhibited no long straight stretches but were indented at regular intervals so that any long walls consisted of a series of recesses and salients. This helped to strengthen the walls. Worked granite was used for architectural features including columns, bases, capitals, doors, windows, paving, water spouts (often shaped like lion heads) and so on, as well as enormous flights of stairs that often flanked the walls of palace pavilions on several sides. Doors and windows were usually framed by stone or wooden cross-members, linked at the corners by square 'monkey heads', though simple lintels were also used. Many of these Aksumite features are seen carved into the famous stelae as well as in the later rock hewn churches of Tigray and Lalibela . [ 22 ] Palaces usually consisted of a central pavilion surrounded by subsidiary structures pierced by doors and gates that provided some privacy (see Dungur for an example). The largest of these structures now known is the Ta'akha Maryam, which measured 120 × 80m, though as its pavilion was smaller than others discovered it is likely that others were even larger. [ 22 ] Some clay models of houses survive to give us an idea of what smaller dwellings were like. One depicts a round hut with a conical roof thatched in layers, while another depicts a rectangular house with rectangular doors and windows, a roof supported by beams that end in 'monkey heads', and a parapet and water spout on the roof. Both were found in Hawelti . Another depicts a square house with what appear to be layers of pitched thatch forming the roof. [ 22 ] Stelae The stelae are perhaps the most identifiable part of the Aksumite architectural legacy. These stone towers served to mark graves and represent a magnificent multi-storied palace. They are decorated with false doors and windows in typical Aksumite design. The largest of these would measure 33 meters high had it not fractured. The stelae have most of their mass out of the ground, but are stabilized by massive underground counter-weights. The stone was often engraved with a pattern or emblem denoting the king's or the noble's rank. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] For important monuments built in the region, a particular type of granite is used called nepheline syenite . It is fine grained and has also been used in historic monuments like the stelae. These monuments are used to celebrate key figures in Axum history, especially kings or priests. These stelae are also called obelisks, they are located in the Mai Hejja stelae field, where complex sedimentology of the land can be observed. The foundations for the monuments are around 8.5 m below the surface of the Mai Hejja stelae field. Sediments in this area have undergone a lot of weathering over the years, so the surface of this area has undergone a lot of changes. This is part of the reason for the complex stratigraphic history in this site, some previous layers under the surface of the site. [ 98 ] Foreign relations, trade, and economy Covering parts of what is now northern Ethiopia and southern and eastern Eritrea , Aksum was deeply involved in the trade network between the Indian subcontinent and the Mediterranean ( Rome , later Byzantium ), exporting ivory , tortoise shell, gold and emeralds , and importing silk and spices. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] Aksum's access to both the Red Sea and the Upper Nile enabled its strong navy to profit in trade between various African ( Nubia ), Arabian ( Yemen ), and Indian states. The main exports of Aksum were, as would be expected of a state during this time, agricultural products. The land was much more fertile during the time of the Aksumites than now, and their principal crops were grains such as wheat, barley and teff . The people of Aksum also raised cattle , sheep, and camels. Wild animals were also hunted for things such as ivory and rhinoceros horns. They traded with Roman traders as well as with Egyptian and Persian merchants. The empire was also rich with gold and iron deposits. These metals were valuable to trade, but another mineral was also widely traded: salt . Salt was abundant in Aksum and was traded quite frequently. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] It benefited from a major transformation of the maritime trading system that linked the Roman Empire and India . This change took place around the start of the first century. The older trading system involved coastal sailing and many intermediary ports. The Red Sea was of secondary importance to the Persian Gulf and overland connections to the Levant . Starting around first century, a route from Egypt to India was established, making use of the Red Sea and using monsoon winds to cross the Arabian Sea directly to southern India . By about 100 AD, the volume of traffic being shipped on this route had eclipsed older routes. Roman demand for goods from southern India increased dramatically, resulting in greater number of large ships sailing down the Red Sea from Roman Egypt to the Arabian Sea and India. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Although excavations have been limited, fourteen Roman coins dating to the second and third centuries have been discovered at Aksumite sites like Matara. This suggests that trade with the Roman Empire existed at least since this period. [ 99 ] In 525 AD, the Aksumites attempted to take over the Yemen region to gain control over The Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb; one of the most significant trading routes in the medieval world, connecting the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. Rulers were inclined to establish a spot of imperialism across the Red Sea in Yemen to completely control the trading vessels that ran down the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb. It is located in the maritime choke point between Yemen and Djibouti and Eritrea. Because of the ruler of Yemen's persecution of Christians in 523 AD, Kaleb I, the ruler of Aksum (a Christian region) at the time, responded to the persecutions by attacking the Himyarite king Yūsuf As'ar Yath'ar, known as Dhu Nuwas, a Jewish convert who was persecuting the Christian community of Najran,Yemen in 525 AD, with the help of the Byzantine empire, with whom had ties with his kingdom. Victoriously, the Aksum empire was able to claim the Yemen region, establishing a viceroy in the region and troops to defend it until 570 AD when the Sassanids invaded. The Kingdom of Aksum was ideally located to take advantage of the new trading situation. Adulis soon became the main port for the export of African goods, such as ivory, incense, gold, slaves, and exotic animals. In order to supply such goods the kings of Aksum worked to develop and expand an inland trading network. A rival, and much older trading network that tapped the same interior region of Africa was that of the Kingdom of Kush , which had long supplied Egypt with African goods via the Nile corridor. By the first century AD, however, Aksum had gained control over territory previously Kushite. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea explicitly describes how ivory collected in Kushite territory was being exported through the port of Adulis instead of being taken to Meroë , the capital of Kush. During the second and third centuries AD the Kingdom of Aksum continued to expand their control of the southern Red Sea basin. A caravan route to Egypt was established which bypassed the Nile corridor entirely. Aksum succeeded in becoming the principal supplier of African goods to the Roman Empire, not least as a result of the transformed Indian Ocean trading system. [ 101 ] Climate change hypothesis Climate change and trade isolation have also been claimed as large reasons for the decline of the culture. [ citation needed ] The local subsistence base was substantially augmented by a climatic shift during the first century AD that reinforced the spring rains, extended the rainy season from 3 1/2 to six or seven months, vastly improved the surface and subsurface water supply, doubled the length of the growing season, and created an environment comparable to that of modern central Ethiopia (where two crops can be grown per annum without the aid of irrigation). Askum was also located on a plateau 2,000 m (6,600 ft) feet above sea level, making its soil fertile and the land good for agriculture. This appears to explain how one of the marginal agricultural environments of Ethiopia was able to support the demographic base that made this far flung commercial empire possible. It may also explain why no Aksumite rural settlement expansion into the moister, more fertile, and naturally productive lands of Begemder or Lasta can be verified during the heyday of Aksumite power. As international profits from the exchange network declined, Aksum lost control over its raw material sources, and that network collapsed. The persistent environmental pressure on a large population needing to maintain a high level of regional food production intensified, which resulted in a wave of soil erosion that began on a local scale c. 650 , and reached crisis levels after 700. Additional socioeconomic contingencies presumably compounded the problem: these are traditionally reflected in a decline in maintenance, the deterioration and partial abandonment of marginal crop lands, shifts toward more destructive exploitation of pasture land—and ultimately wholesale, irreversible land degradation . This decline was possibly accelerated by an apparent decline in the reliability of rainfall beginning between 730 and 760, presumably with the result that an abbreviated modern growing season was reestablished during the ninth century. [ 102 ] : 495 In literature The Aksumite Empire is portrayed as the main ally of Byzantium in the Belisarius series by David Drake and Eric Flint published by Baen Books . The series takes place during the reign of Kaleb , who in the series was assassinated by the Malwa in 532 at the Ta'akha Maryam and succeeded by his youngest son Eon bisi Dakuen. In the Elizabeth Wein series The Lion Hunters , Mordred and his family take refuge in Aksum after the fall of Camelot . Kaleb is the ruler in the first book; he passes his sovereignty onto his son Gebre Meskal, who rules during the Plague of Justinian . Gallery Reconstruction of Dungur The largest Aksumite stele, broken where it fell. Aksumite-era Amphora from Asmara . The Obelisk of Aksum after being returned to Ethiopia. Model of the Ta'akha Maryam palace. Aksumite water-spouts in the shape of lion heads. Aksumite jar with figural spout. Tombs beneath the stele field. Entrance to the Tomb Of The False Door. The Stelae Park in Aksum. Small stelae in the Gudit Stelae Field Another stelae field in Aksum. Istifanos Monastery in Hayk. Aksumite gold coins. Aksum stelle and ruins Aksum stelle in desert See also Eritrea portal Africa portal Abraha History of Ethiopia Mifsas Bahri Monumentum Adulitanum Notes ^ Latin , Arabic , Coptic , Persian , Nubian , and other languages. [ 4 ] ^ According to Munro-Hay, "The arrival of Sabaean influences does not represent the beginning of Ethiopian civilisation.... Semiticized Agaw peoples are thought to have migrated from south-eastern Eritrea possibly as early as 2000 BC, bringing their 'proto-Ethiopic' language, ancestor of Geʽez and the other Ethiopian Semitic languages, with them; and these and other groups had already developed specific cultural and linguistic identities by the time any Sabaean influences arrived." [ 22 ] Language notes ^ Ge'ez : አክሱም , romanized: ʾÄksum ; Sabaean : 𐩱𐩫𐩪𐩣 , .mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%} ʾkšm ; Ancient Greek : Ἀξωμίτης , romanized : Axōmítēs ^ also romanized as the Kingdom of Axum ^ also romanized as the Axumite Empire References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Fairbairn, Donald (2021). 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Journal of World-Systems Research . 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X . Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020 . Retrieved 5 June 2023 . ^ The Cultural Heritage of Aksum. , UNESCO Archived 2023-10-08 at the Wayback Machine ^ Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-7486-0106-6 . ^ Burstein, Stanley (2015). "Africa: states, empires, and connections". In Benjamin, Craig (ed.). The Cambridge World History: Volume 4: A World with States, Empires and Networks 1200 BCE–900 CE . Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. pp. 631– 661. doi : 10.1017/cbo9781139059251.025 . ISBN 978-1-139-05925-1 . ^ a b Phillipson, David W. (2012). Foundations of an African Civilisation: Aksum & the Northern Horn, 1000 BC - AD 1300 . Woodbridge: James Currey. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-84701-041-4 . ^ Butzer, Karl W. (1981). "Rise and Fall of Axum, Ethiopia: A Geo-Archaeological Interpretation". American Antiquity . 46 (3). Cambridge University Press: 471– 495. Bibcode : 1981AmAnt..46..471B . doi : 10.2307/280596 . JSTOR 280596 . S2CID 162374800 . ^ Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0-7486-0106-6 . ^ Hahn, Wolfgang (2000). "Askumite Numismatics - A critical survey of recent Research" . Revue Numismatique . 6 (155): 281– 311. doi : 10.3406/numi.2000.2289 . Retrieved 9 September 2021 . ^ a b Derat, Marie-Laure (2020). "Before the Solomonids: Crisis, Renaissance and the Emergence of the Zagwe Dynasty (Seventh–Thirteenth Centuries)". In Kelly, Samantha (ed.). A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea . Leiden: Brill. p. 34. ISBN 978-90-04-41958-2 . ^ Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 15– 16. ISBN 0-7486-0106-6 . ^ Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 55. ISBN 0-7486-0106-6 . ^ a b Fritsch, Emmanuel; Kidane, Habtemichael (2020). "The Medieval Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Its Liturgy". In Kelly, Samantha (ed.). A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea . Leiden: Brill. p. 169. ISBN 978-90-04-41958-2 . ^ Selassie, Sergew Hable (1972). Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270 . p. 68. ^ Andrade, Nathanael J. (19 April 2018). The Journey of Christianity to India in Late Antiquity: Networks and the Movement of Culture . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-41912-3 . ^ Jr, Stephen H. Rapp (15 May 2017). The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-01672-4 . ^ a b c d e f g Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity (PDF) . Edinburgh: University Press. p. 57. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . ^ Pankhurst, Richard K. P. (17 January 2003). "Let's Look Across the Red Sea I" . Addis Tribune . Archived from the original on 9 January 2006 . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . ^ Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 61– 62. ISBN 0-7486-0106-6 . ^ a b c Archived copy ufl.edu Archived 2018-03-29 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c "Aksum" . ^ Uhlig, Siegbert. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C . p. 173. ^ Uhlig, Siegbert. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C . p. 181. ^ S. C. Munro-Hay (1991) Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity . Edinburgh: University Press. p. 40. ISBN 0-7486-0106-6 ^ Phillips, Jacke (2016). "Aksum, Kingdom of". In MacKenzie, John M. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Empire . Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1– 2. ISBN 978-1-118-45507-4 . ^ Binyam, Yonatan; Krebs, Verena (2024). 'Ethiopia' and the World, 330-1500 CE . Cambridge University Press. pp. 5– 6. ^ Uhlig, Siegbert. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C . p. 174. ^ George Hatke, Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa (New York University Press, 2013), pp. 44. ISBN 0-7486-0106-6 ^ "The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes" . Nature . 84 (2127): 133– 134. August 1910. Bibcode : 1910Natur..84..133. . doi : 10.1038/084133a0 . hdl : 2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t07w6zm1b . ISSN 0028-0836 . S2CID 3942233 . ^ Uhlig, Siegbert. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C . p. 175. ^ Uhlig, Siegbert. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C . p. 176. ^ Uhlig, Siegbert. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C . p. 177. ^ Uhlig, Siegbert. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N . p. 1193. ^ Bury, J. B. (1923). History of the Later Roman Empire . Vol. II. Macmillan. pp. 325– 326. ^ Uhlig, Siegbert. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C . p. 178. ^ Uhlig, Siegbert. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C . p. 178. ^ E. Cerulli, "Ethiopia's Relations with the Muslim World" in Cambridge History of Africa: Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh century , p. 575. ^ Trimingham, Spencer, Islam in Ethiopia , p. 46. ^ Uhlig, Siegbert. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C . p. 178. ^ González-Ruibal, Alfredo (2025). "Rise of the Nomad Kings—Pastoral Polities in the Horn of Africa (a.d. 650–1000)" . Journal of Field Archaeology . 50 (8). Taylor & Francis: 737– 766. doi : 10.1080/00934690.2025.2479290 . ^ Trimingham, Spencer, Islam in Ethiopia , p. 49. ^ Uhlig, Siegbert. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C . p. 178. ^ Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 36. ^ Evetts, B.: "History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria", by Sawirus ibn al-Mukaffa', bishop of al-Ashmunien, Vol I, IV, Menas I to Joseph, PO X fasc. 5. pp 375-551, Paris, 1904 ^ Werner J. Lange, "History of the Southern Gonga (southwestern Ethiopia)", Steiner, 1982, p. 18 ^ a b Henze, Paul B. (2000). Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia . Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1-85065-393-6 . ^ Childress, David Hatcher (27 October 2015). Ark of God: The Incredible Power of the Ark of the Covenant . SCB Distributors. ISBN 978-1-939149-60-2 . ^ Jewel, Lady (August 2012). Keeper of the Ark (a Moses Trilogy): For the Love of Moses, for the Children of Moses, for the Children of God . WestBow. ISBN 978-1-4497-5061-9 . ^ Mekonnen, Yohannes K. (April 2013). Ethiopia: The Land, Its People, History and Culture . New Africa Press. ISBN 978-9987-16-024-2 . ^ Hable Selassie, Sergew. Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270 . p. 27. ^ Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 50. ^ Crawford Young, The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-state at Bay? , (University of Wisconsin Press: 1993), p. 160 ^ Pankhrust, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands . The Red Sea Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-932415-19-6 . ^ Hatke, George (7 January 2013). Aksum and Nubia . NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6283-7 . ^ Uhlig, Siegbert. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C . p. 187. ^ Finneran, Niall (8 November 2007). The Archaeology of Ethiopia . Routledge. p. 157. ^ Uhlig, Siegbert. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C . p. 187. ^ a b c "The wealth of Africa – The kingdom of Aksum: Teachers' notes" (PDF) . The British Museum . Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2019. ^ a b c "Daily Life in Aksum" (PDF) . www.hmhco.com/ (formerly eduplace.com) . Research Reports: Daily Life in Ancient Times. Houghton Mifflin Company. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2020. ^ Cox, George O. (2015). African Empires and Civilizations: Ancient and Medieval . Routledge. p. 71. ^ Abba Salama Volumes 6-8 . University of California. 1975. p. 24. ^ Andebrhan Welde Giorgis (2014). Eritrea at a Crossroads A Narrative of Triumph, Betrayal and Hope . Strategic Book Publishing and Rights Company. p. 19. ^ Raoul McLaughlin, The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean , p. 114, Barnsley, Pen & Sword Military, 2012, ISBN 9781-78346-381-7 . ^ a b Judith S. McKenzie; Francis Watson (2016). The Garima Gospels: Early Illuminated Gospel Books from Ethiopia . NYU Press. p. 18. ^ American Numismatic Society (1984). Museum Notes, Volumes 29 to 31 . American Numismatic Society. p. 165. ^ F. J. Nöthling (1989). Pre-colonial Africa: Her Civilisations and Foreign Contacts . Southern Book Publishers. p. 58. ^ Louise Minks (1995). Traditional Africa . Lucent Books. p. 28. ^ Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1981). Ancient Civilizations of Africa . Heinemann Educational Books. p. 398. ^ James Cowles Prichard (1826). Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind, Volume 1 . John and Arthur Arch, Cornhill. p. 284. ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica: The New Volumes, Constituting, in Combination with the Twenty-nine Volumes of the Eleventh Edition, the Twelfth Edition of that Work, and Also Supplying a New, Distinctive, and Independent Library of Reference Dealing with Events and Developments of the Period 1910 to 1921 Inclusive, Volume 24 . Encyclopædia Britannica Company, Limited. 1911. p. 629. ^ Thomas O. Lambdin (2018). Introduction to Classical Ethiopic (Geʻez) . Brill. p. 1. ^ American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Areas Studies Division; Irving Kaplan (1964). Area Handbook for Ethiopia . U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 34. ^ Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-7486-0106-6 . ^ Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār (1990). UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. II, Abridged Edition: Ancient Africa . University of California Press. p. 234. ^ Kim, Sergey (8 November 2022). "New Studies of the Structure and the Texts of Abba Garima Ethiopian Gospels" . Afriques. Débats, méthodes et terrains d'histoire . 13 (13). doi : 10.4000/afriques.3494 . ISSN 2108-6796 . ^ Hatke, Georg (2022). "Religious Ideology in the Gəʿəz Epigraphic Corpus from Yemen" . Rocznik Orientalistyczny . 75 (2): 76– 78. ISSN 0080-3545 . ^ Bausi, Alessandro; Brita, Antonella; Marco Di Bella; Nosnitsin, Denis; Rabin, Ira; Sarris, Nikolas (2020). "The Aksumite Collection or Codex Σ (Sinodos of Qǝfrǝyā, MS C3-IV-71/C3-IV-73, Ethio-SPaRe UM-039): Codicological and Palaeographical Observations. With a Note on Material Analysis of Inks" . Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies Bulletin . 6 : 127– 171. doi : 10.25592/uhhfdm.8470 . ^ Hatke, Georg (2022). "Religious Ideology in the Gəʿəz Epigraphic Corpus from Yemen" . Rocznik Orientalistyczny . 75 (2): 73. ISSN 0080-3545 . ^ Butts, Aaron (2021). "Ethiopic". In Walters, J. Edward (ed.). Eastern Christianity: a reader . Chicago: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. pp. 369– 370. ISBN 978-0-8028-7686-7 . ^ Camplani, Alberto (2021). "Paths of Cultural Transmission Between Syria and Ethiopia: About a Recent Book on Symbolic Interpretations" . Aethiopica . 24 : 261– 272. doi : 10.15460/aethiopica.24.0.1883 . ISSN 2194-4024 . ^ Bausi, Alessandro (8 January 2020), A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea , Brill, pp. 225– 226, doi : 10.1163/9789004419582_010 , ISBN 978-90-04-41958-2 , retrieved 28 March 2025 {{ citation }} : |chapter= ignored ( help ) ; Missing or empty |title= ( help ) ^ Phillipson, David (2012). Foundations of an African Civilisation: Aksum and the northern Horn, 1000 BC – AD 1300 . James Currey. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-84701-041-4 . ^ G. Mokhtar, ed. (1990). UNESCO General History of Africa: Ancient Africa v. 2 . University of California Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-520-06697-7 . ^ Kaplan, Steve (1994). The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia: From the Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century . New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-4664-6 . ^ Munro-Hay, Stuart (2010). Henry Louis Gates Jr., Kwame Anthony Appiah (ed.). Encyclopedia of Africa Vol. I . Oxford University press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9 . ^ Adejumobi, Saheed A. (2007). The History of Ethiopia . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-313-32273-0 . ^ a b "GoBlues - Asheville School" (PDF) . 16 May 2023. ^ a b Bekerie, Ayele. "The Rise of the Askum Obelisk is the Rise of Ethiopian History" (PDF) . Newark, USA: Rutgers University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . ^ a b c Kingdom of Axum Archived 2020-09-25 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c Záhoří, Jan (February 2014). "Review: Phillipson, (2012). Foundations of an African civilization: Aksum & the Northern Horn, 1000 BC - AD 1300 " (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . ^ Wybrew, Hugh. "A History of Christianity in the Middle East & North Africa" . Jerusalem & Middle East Church Association. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . ^ Trimingham, Spencer, Islam in Ethiopia , p. 47. ^ Butzer, Karl W. (July 1981). "Rise and Fall of Axum, Ethiopia: A Geo-Archaeological Interpretation" . American Antiquity . 46 (3): 471– 495. Bibcode : 1981AmAnt..46..471B . doi : 10.2307/280596 . ISSN 0002-7316 . JSTOR 280596 . S2CID 162374800 . ^ Sergew Hable, Sellassie (1972). Ancient and medieval Ethiopian history to 1270 . Addis Ababa. p. 79. ^ Anfray, Francis (1965). Maṭarā. — Deuxième, troisième et quatrième campagnes de fouilles. In: Annales d'Ethiopie. Volume 6 (in French). p. 69. ^ The effect of the Indian Ocean trading system on the rise of Aksum is described in State Formation in Ancient Northeast Africa and the Indian Ocean Trade Archived 2009-01-14 at the Wayback Machine , by Stanley M. Burstein. ^ Butzer, Karl W. (1981). "Rise and Fall of Axum, Ethiopia: A Geo-Archaeological Interpretation" (PDF) . American Antiquity . 46 (3): 471– 495. Bibcode : 1981AmAnt..46..471B . doi : 10.2307/280596 . JSTOR 280596 . S2CID 162374800 – via University of Texas at Austin. Further reading Bausi, Alessandro (2018). "Translations in Late Antique Ethiopia" (PDF) . Egitto Crocevia di Traduzioni . 1 . EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste: 69– 100. ISBN 978-88-8303-937-9 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2018 . Retrieved 4 September 2018 . Phillipson, David W. (1998). Ancient Ethiopia. Aksum: Its Antecedents and Successors . The British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-2763-7 . Phillipson, David W. (2012). Foundations of an African civilization: Aksum & the Northern Horn, 1000 BC - AD 1300 . Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey. ISBN 978-1-84701-088-9 . Yule, Paul A., ed. (2013). Late Antique Arabia Ẓafār, Capital of Ḥimyar, Rehabilitation of a 'Decadent' Society, Excavations of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 1998–2010 in the Highlands of the Yemen . Abhandlungen Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, vol. 29, Wiesbaden, pp. 251–54. ISBN 978-3-447-06935-9 . External links World History Encyclopedia – Kingdom of Axum East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States at the Wayback Machine (archived February 22, 2007) Ethiopian Treasures – Queen of Sheba, Aksumite Kingdom – Aksum Ancient History Sourcebook: Accounts of Meröe, Kush, and Axum Aksum: UNESCO World Heritage Site v t e Empires v t e Ancient ( colonies ) Akkadian Armenian Urartu Orontid Ancient Assyrian Middle Assyrian Neo-Assyrian Babylonian Old Babylonian Kassite Neo-Babylonian Chinese Qin Han Jin Dʿmt Egyptian Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Goguryeo Harsha Hellenistic Greek colonisation Macedonian Seleucid Ptolemaic Bactrian Indo-Greek Hittite Hunnic White Xiongnu Iranian Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kush Kushan Magadha Haryanka Shaishunaga Nanda Maurya Shunga Gupta Phoenician Carthaginian Roman Western Eastern Satavahana Neo-Sumerian Xianbei Rouran Akkadian Armenian Urartu Orontid Ancient Urartu Orontid Ancient Assyrian Middle Assyrian Neo-Assyrian 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 2 Early career (1951–1955) Toggle Early career (1951–1955) subsection 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 3 Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Toggle Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) subsection 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 4 Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) Toggle Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) subsection 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 5 Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Toggle Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) subsection 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 6 Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Toggle Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) subsection 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 7 Senior Minister (1990–2004) Toggle Senior Minister (1990–2004) subsection 7.1 Condominium rebates 7.1 Condominium rebates 8 Minister Mentor (2004–2011) 9 Illness and death 10 Legacy 11 Legal suits Toggle Legal suits subsection 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 12 Political positions Toggle Political positions subsection 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 13 Personal life 14 Cultural depictions 15 Awards 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References Toggle References subsection 18.1 Works cited 18.1 Works cited 19 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 20 External links Lee Kuan Yew Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English سنڌي Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item The Honourable Lee Kuan Yew GCMG CH SPMJ DK Lee in 1975 1st Prime Minister of Singapore In office 5 June 1959 – 28 November 1990 Monarchs .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) President Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Deputy Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by Office established Lim Yew Hock (Chief Minister of Singapore) Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Secretary-General of the People's Action Party In office 20 October 1957 – 14 November 1992 Chairman Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by T. T. Rajah Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong In office 21 November 1954 – 3 August 1957 Preceded by Position established Succeeded by T. T. Rajah 1st Leader of the Opposition In office 22 April 1955 – 31 March 1959 Chief Minister David Marshall Lim Yew Hock Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Lim Yew Hock Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC In office 21 August 1991 – 23 March 2015 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by PAP held Majority All elections: N/A (walkover) Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC In office 2 April 1955 – 26 April 1957 Preceded by Constituency established In office 29 June 1957 – 14 August 1991 Succeeded by Constituency abolished Majority 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) Personal details Born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ( 1923-09-16 ) 16 September 1923 Singapore Died 23 March 2015 (2015-03-23) (aged 91) Singapore Resting place Mandai Crematorium and Columbarium Party People's Action Party Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Kwa Geok Choo ( m. 1950; died 2010) Children Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Parents Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Relatives Lee family Education Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Signature Chinese name Chinese 李光耀 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Lee Kuan Yew [ a ] GCMG CH SPMJ DK (born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ; 16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), often referred to by his initials LKY , was a Singaporean statesman and barrister who was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. A founding father of the modern Singaporean state, his authoritarian political leadership transformed post-independence Singapore into a highly developed country and one of the four Asian Tigers . Born in Singapore during British colonial rule to a family of Chinese descent, Lee studied law in England at Cambridge University and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1950. Shortly after, he returned to Singapore and practised law, founding the law firm Lee & Lee . In 1954, Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP), which won significant support among the working class and trade unions in the lead up to the 1955 general election , securing him a seat in the Tanjong Pagar division and making him the de facto leader of the opposition . In 1959, Lee led the PAP to its first electoral victory , becoming Singapore's first prime minister. Seeking sovereignty from the British Empire , Lee led Singapore to a merger with Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah , forming Malaysia in 1963. Racial strife and ideological differences later led to Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia and consequent independence in 1965. Lee oversaw major economic reforms and urban development, instituting policies promoting meritocracy , multiracialism and anti-corruption . His administration, generally characterised as an illiberal democracy with nanny state tendencies, restricted press freedoms , public assembly , labour activism and civil liberties . From 1968 to 1981 , Singapore was a de facto one-party state , with the PAP facing no opposition in Parliament. Although Lee maintained legal and institutional procedures that formally characterised Singapore as a democratic parliamentary republic , he employed defamation laws , detention without trial and social engineering to ensure continued electoral success. In justifying his policies, Lee was a major proponent of Asian values , arguing that communitarianism and limited human rights were necessary for the social cohesion , political stability and rapid economic development of Singapore. Lee stepped down as prime minister in 1990 but continued to serve in the Cabinet as senior minister until 2004 and subsequently as minister mentor until his retirement in 2011. Throughout his political career, he remained an influential figure in shaping Singapore's domestic and foreign policies, at the same time serving as an advisor to foreign leaders as an elder statesman. Lee died of pneumonia on 23 March 2015 at the age of 91. In Singapore, Lee is widely regarded as instrumental in the development of Singapore's economy , bureaucracy , education system , foreign policy , public housing and healthcare . The Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore is named in his honor. Following his death, a week of national mourning was announced, during which approximately 1.7 million people paid their respects at tribute sites around the country. Early life Childhood and early education Harry Lee Kuan Yew was born on 16 September 1923, the first child of Lee Chin Koon , who was born in Semarang during Dutch colonial rule and subsequently moved to Singapore, [ 2 ] and Chua Jim Neo , at 92 Kampong Java Road in Singapore, then part of the Straits Settlements . [ 3 ] Both of Lee's parents were English-educated third-generation Peranakan Chinese , [ 4 ] with his paternal side being of Hakka descent from Dabu County . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] He was named 'Kuan Yew', [ b ] meaning 'light and brightness', alternately meaning 'bringing great glory to one's ancestors'. Lee's paternal grandfather Lee Hoon Leong, who was described as "especially westernised", had worked on British ships as a purser , and hence gave Lee the Western name 'Harry'. [ 7 ] While the family spoke English as its first language, Lee also learned Malay. [ 3 ] Lee had three brothers and one sister, all of whom lived to old age. [ 8 ] Lee was not close to his father, who worked as a storekeeper within the Shell Oil Company and had a gambling addiction. His mother Chua often stood up against her husband for his poor financial management and parenting skills. [ 9 ] The family was considered prosperous with a high social standing compared to recent immigrants, and had the means to hire servants. [ 10 ] During the Great Depression the family fortunes declined considerably, though Lee's father retained his job at Shell. [ 3 ] Later in life, Lee described his father as a man with a nasty temper, and he credited his mother with holding the family together amidst her husband's gambling addiction. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In 1930, Lee enrolled at Telok Kurau English School where he spent six years of his primary education. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Attending Raffles Institution in 1935, Lee did poorly in his first two years but later topped the Junior Cambridge examinations. [ 15 ] He also joined the Scouts and partook in several physical activities such as cricket, tennis, swimming as well as debates. [ 16 ] Lee was the top scorer in the Senior Cambridge examinations in 1940 across the Straits Settlements and Malaya, earning the John Anderson scholarship to attend Raffles College, as well as the Tan Jiak Kim scholarship. [ 16 ] [ c ] During the prize-awarding ceremony, Lee met his future wife Kwa Geok Choo ; she was the only girl at the school. [ 15 ] Lee's subsequent university studies at Raffles College were disrupted by the onset of World War II in Asia, with the school being converted into a medical facility in 1941. The war arrived in December of that year and following the British surrender in February 1942, the Japanese occupation of Singapore began. [ 17 ] World War II Lee was amongst the Chinese men rounded up by the Japanese Sook Ching operation. By his own account, he feared getting caught by the Kempeitai (military police) and reported with a friend to be screened. He attempted to leave the next morning but was ordered to join a group of already segregated men. Lee requested to collect his clothes first and managed to spend a second night in the dormitory before successfully leaving the site the next day when a different guard cleared him through. [ 18 ] He later learned that the group of men were likely taken to the beach and executed. [ 19 ] Lee obtained a Japanese language proficiency certificate in August 1942 and worked in a friend's company and then the Kumiai , which controlled essential items. [ 20 ] He got a job with the Japanese propaganda department ( Hōdōbu ) in late 1943 and worked for the Japanese occupation force as an English specialist. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Working at the top of the Cathay Building , he was assigned to listen to Allied radio stations for Morse code signals. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] By late 1944, Lee knew Japan had suffered major setbacks and planned to move to the Cameron Highlands with his family to avoid a possible British invasion. He was tipped off that he was being followed and abandoned the plan. [ 26 ] He engaged in private enterprises and black market sales for the rest of the war. [ 27 ] During this time, Lee helped develop a glue based on tapioca, which he sold under the name Stikfas, as a means to support himself during the war. [ 28 ] The Stikfas logo later appeared on the base of his wedding cake. [ 29 ] The rapid Japanese victory in the Malaya and Singapore campaign had a major impact on Lee as he recalled: "In 70 days of surprises, upsets and stupidities, British colonial society was shattered, and with it all the assumptions of the Englishman's superiority". [ 30 ] In a radio broadcast made in 1961, Lee said he "emerged [from the war] determined that no one—neither Japanese nor British—had the right to push and kick us around... (and) that we could govern ourselves." [ 31 ] It also influenced his perceptions of raw power and the effectiveness of harsh punishment in deterring crime. [ 32 ] University, marriage and politics Lee chose not to return to Raffles College after the war and pursued higher education in the United Kingdom. [ 9 ] He sailed from Singapore in 1946 on his 23rd birthday on the MV Britannic , arriving in the UK on 3 October. [ 33 ] He initially enrolled at the London School of Economics , but found himself disliking life in the British capital. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] He visited Cambridge in November and was introduced to W. S. Thatcher , Censor of Fitzwilliam House. He was admitted into the following year's Lent term and matriculated in January 1947, reading law at Fitzwilliam College . [ 36 ] Prior to his departure from Singapore, Lee had begun a relationship with Kwa, with whom he had kept in contact during the war. They married in secret at Stratford-upon-Avon in December. [ 9 ] Lee achieved a first class result in both the Prelims and Part I of the Tripos , and graduated with a Starred First for Part II Law in 1949. As the top student of his cohort, he was awarded the Fitzwilliam's Whitlock Prize; Lee was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1950. [ 36 ] If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. During his studies, Lee's political convictions and anti-colonial sentiments were hardened by personal experiences and an increasing belief that the British were ruling Singapore for their own benefit. He supported the Labour Party against the Conservatives whom he perceived as opposing decolonisation . [ 38 ] In the leadup to the 1950 United Kingdom general election , Lee engaged in politics for the first time and actively campaigned for a friend, David Widdicombe in Totnes constituency, driving Widdicombe around in a lorry and delivering several speeches on his behalf. [ 39 ] Before returning to Singapore, Lee dropped his English name, Harry. [ d ] Notwithstanding, even until the end of his life, old friends and relatives referred to him as Harry. [ 41 ] Early career (1951–1955) Litigation practice Lee and his wife returned to Singapore in August 1950 on board the MS Willem Ruys . [ 42 ] He joined the Laycock and Ong law firm founded by British lawyer John Laycock . [ 43 ] Laycock was a co-founder of the pro-British Progressive Party and Lee represented the party during the 1951 legislative council election as an election agent. [ 44 ] Lee was called to the Singapore bar on 7 August 1951. [ 45 ] During the postal union strike in May 1952, Lee negotiated a settlement marking his first step into the labour movement. [ 46 ] In due course, Lee represented nearly fifty trade unions and associations against the British authorities on a pro bono basis. [ 47 ] The disputes often centered around wages and Laycock eventually requested Lee to cease taking on such cases as it was hurting the firm. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] In May 1954, the left-wing University Socialist Club published an article 'Aggression in Asia' in the club's magazine The Fajar , and the student editors were charged with sedition. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Lee became junior counsel to Denis Pritt . The court quashed the charges and the two counsel gained a reputation through the trial, with Lee thereafter becoming a "major leader" of the movement against British rule. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] During the same year, Lee also appealed on behalf of the students arrested during the 13 May incident . The colonial government upheld the sentences, though the case enhanced Lee's reputation as a "left-wing lawyer" and marked his first involvement with the Chinese intelligentsia. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Forming the PAP During his studies in Britain, Lee met Goh Keng Swee and Toh Chin Chye via the Malayan Forum . [ 57 ] The forum sought to promote an independent Malaya which included Singapore and met at 44 Bryanston Square in London. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Lee and his contemporaries deliberately avoided the topic of forming a political party to avoid charges of subversion , beginning work on forming a political party only after returning to Singapore. [ 60 ] Lee had sought to build support among the English-educated, Malay, and Indian communities by taking on cases against the British authorities. In the course of his work, Lee became acquainted with the journalist Sinnathamby Rajaratnam ; Abdul Samad Ismail , a writer for the Malay newspaper Utusan Melayu ; and Devan Nair . [ 61 ] He next turned his attention to the Chinese-speaking majority and was introduced to Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan, leaders of the influential bus and factories unions. While the unions had been infiltrated by communists, Lee consciously sought their support as he wanted a popular front. [ 62 ] With elections approaching in 1955, Lee and his associates debated the name, ideology, and policies of the party they wanted to create at 38 Oxley Road . [ 63 ] The People's Action Party (PAP) was inaugurated on 21 November 1954 at the Victoria Memorial Hall . As the party still lacked members, trade union leaders rounded up an estimated audience of 800 to 1,500 supporters. [ 64 ] Lee had also invited Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock , presidents of the United Malays National Organisation and Malayan Chinese Association . In his inaugural speech, Lee denounced the British for the slow transition to self-rule, demanded their immediate withdrawal, and said that the PAP would pursue a Singapore-Malaya union. Lee became secretary-general of the party, a post he held until 1992, barring a brief period in 1957 when the post was taken up by T. T. Rajah . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In July 1953, Governor John Nicoll initiated the Rendel Commission to provide for a transition to self-rule. The commission created the legislative assembly and opened 25 of 32 seats for direct contest in the upcoming 1955 election . The PAP and Labour Front , led by Lee and David Marshall respectively, both criticised the concessions as "inadequate". The PAP faced manpower constraints but decided to prioritise resources and contest four seats as a protest gesture. [ 67 ] In a rally speech, Lee said he chose the Tanjong Pagar division as it was a "working class area" and that he did not want to represent "wealthy merchants or landlords". [ 68 ] During the campaigning period, the British press labelled Lee as a " commissar " and accused the PAP of being a "communist-backed party". [ 69 ] Democratic Party (DP) challenger Lam Thian also capitalised on Lee's inability to converse in Chinese. Lee's proposal for a multilingual debate was never reciprocated by Thian, though he eventually made his maiden Chinese speech after several hours of coaching. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] On polling day, 2 April, the ruling Progressive Party captured only four seats, shocking both the British establishment and its opposition. Lee defeated his competitors and won Tanjong Pagar, with the PAP winning three of their four contested seats. He pledged to work with Marshall and the new Labour Front government. [ 72 ] As independent member Ahmad Ibrahim joined PAP following the election, PAP had 4 members in the Assembly and thus Lee became the new Leader of the Opposition. [ 73 ] Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Strikes and power struggle Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. On 23 April 1955, workers from the Hock Lee Amalgamated Bus Company began a strike under the direction of Fong Swee Suan, leader of the Singapore Buses Workers' Union (SBWU). [ 75 ] [ 76 ] As SBWU's legal advisor, Lee worked with Marshall's government to negotiate a resolution, which was initially agreed by the SBWU but then reneged on by the company. [ 77 ] Seeking to exert greater pressure, Lee, Fong and Lim Chin Siong addressed the strikers on 1 May ( May Day ), where Lee called the government a "half-past six democracy". [ 78 ] The strike subsequently escalated into a riot on 12 May . [ 79 ] Lee, Marshall and the company agreed on a further resolution on 14 May, which conceded to several of the strikers' demands. [ 80 ] In an emergency legislative assembly sitting on 16 May, Chief Secretary William Goode accused Lee of losing control of the PAP to Lim. [ 77 ] Lee was constrained between defending the actions of his colleagues and denouncing them, instead reiterating the PAP's committal to non-violence. [ 81 ] Marshall defended him and the PAP as "decent men" against Goode's accusations and called upon the party to "purge themselves of communists". [ 77 ] [ 80 ] The riot led the public to perceive the PAP as being led by "young, immature and troublesome politicians", resulting in a shortfall of new members. [ 82 ] It deepened the divide between two emerging factions, with Lee's faction advocating Fabian 's brand of socialism for gradual reform and Lim's faction, later described by Fong as "favour(ing) a more radical approach". [ 83 ] Lee was convinced that Lim and Fong's influence were pushing the party toward "political disaster". [ 74 ] After consulting his allies Toh Chin Chye , S. Rajaratnam and Byrne , Lee censured the two men privately and demanded they change strategies or leave the party. [ 84 ] By 1956, Lee believed that the PAP "had been captured by the communists" and privately endorsed the Labour Front government purge of suspected "leftists" in the aftermath of the 1956 Chinese middle schools riots . The arrestees included his rival Lim and several other PAP members. [ 85 ] When other leftist members captured six seats in the PAP central executive committee (CEC) elections on 4 August 1957, [ 86 ] Lee refused to allow his allies to assume their appointments and said that his faction had "lost their moral right" to enforce the party's founding philosophy. [ 87 ] Overtures were made by fellow CEC member T. T. Rajah to remain in his post, to which he declined. [ 86 ] The government arrested the leftist leaders on 22 August [ 88 ] [ 89 ] and Lee was restored as secretary-general on 20 October. He later blamed the attempted takeover on lax admission rules to the party [ 90 ] [ 91 ] and permanently distrusted the leftists thereafter. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] On 23 November 1958, the party constitution was amended to implement a cadre system. [ 91 ] The right to vote in party elections and run for office were revoked from ordinary party members, whom now had to seek approval from the CEC to be a cadre and regain these privileges. [ 92 ] Lee credited the Vatican system where the pope pre-selects its cardinals for the idea. [ 93 ] Merdeka talks The Labour Front government's conciliatory approach to the Hock Lee strikers led to a drastic increase in strikes. [ 80 ] Frustrated by his limited powers, Marshall demanded further constitutional reforms towards the aim of "true self-government". Lee supported Marshall in his efforts, though he initially threatened an opposition boycott over wording disputes in the agreement. [ 94 ] Between 1956 and 1958, there were three rounds of constitutional talks. [ 95 ] Lee was part of Marshall's 13-member delegation to London in April 1956. Marshall's demands for independence were repeatedly rejected by Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd and Lee departed early over Marshall's refusal to compromise. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] He criticised Marshall for his "political ineptitude" in the British press and received widespread media and radio coverage. [ 98 ] He returned to London in March 1957 as part of a five-member delegation led by the new chief minister Lim Yew Hock . [ 99 ] Britain conceded to Singapore's self-governance but also demanded that a tripartite Internal Security Council be established, which proved controversial back home. [ 99 ] Marshall challenged Lee to seek a fresh mandate from his Tanjong Pagar constituents, which Lee accepted. [ 100 ] In the June 1957 by-elections , Lee was reelected with 68.1% of the vote. [ 101 ] Lee returned to London for the third and final talks in May 1958, [ 102 ] where it was agreed that Singapore would assume self-governance with a Yang di-Pertuan Negara as head of state, with Britain retaining control of defence and foreign policy. [ 103 ] The British House of Lords passed the State of Singapore Act on 24 July 1958, which received royal assent on 1 August, and became law following the subsequent general election. [ 104 ] 1957 and 1959 elections As the 1957 City Council election in December approached, a Hokkien-speaking candidate, Ong Eng Guan , became the PAP's new face to the Chinese electorate. [ 89 ] The 32-seat city council's functions were restricted to up-keeping public amenities within city limits, but party leaders decided to contest the election as a "dry run" for the upcoming general election. [ 105 ] Lee limited the PAP to contesting 14 seats to avoid provoking the government and formed an electoral pact with the Labour Front and United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to jointly tackle the new Liberal Socialist Party . [ e ] [ 107 ] The PAP campaigned on a slogan to "sweep the city clean" [ 106 ] and emerged with 13 seats, allowing it to form a minority administration with UMNO's support. Lee and the rest of the CEC unanimously endorsed Ong to become mayor . [ 105 ] External image Portrait of Lee being sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore National Heritage Board Early in 1959, Communications and Works Minister Francis Thomas received evidence of corruption on Education Minister Chew Swee Kee . Thomas brought the evidence to Lee after the chief minister dismissed the matter. [ 108 ] Lee tabled a motion in the assembly on 17 February, which forced Chew's resignation. [ 108 ] As the expiry of the assembly's term approached, the PAP was initially split on whether to capture power but Lee chose to proceed. [ 109 ] While picking the candidates, Lee deliberately chose people from different racial and education backgrounds to repair the party's image of being run by intellectuals. [ 110 ] In the 1959 general election held on 30 May 1959, the PAP won a landslide victory with 43 of the 51 seats, though with only 53.4% of the popular vote which Lee noted. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The PAP's victory reportedly created a dilemma within the 12-member CEC as there was no formal process in place to choose a prime minister-elect. [ 112 ] A vote was purportedly held between Lee and Ong Eng Guan and after both men received six votes, party chairman Toh Chin Chye cast the tie-breaking vote for Lee. [ 113 ] When interviewed nearly five decades later, Toh and one other party member recalled the vote, but Lee and several others denied the account. [ 113 ] Lee was summoned by Governor William Goode to form a new government on 1 June, to which he requested the release of arrested PAP members. [ 114 ] On 3 June, Singapore became a self-governing state, ending 140 years of direct British rule. [ 114 ] Lee was sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore on 5 June at City Hall , along with the rest of his Cabinet . [ 114 ] Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) First years in power Lee's first speech as prime minister to a 50,000-strong audience at the Padang sought to dampen his supporters' euphoria of the PAP's electoral win. [ 111 ] In the first month of Lee taking power, Singapore experienced an economic slump as foreign capital fell and Western businesses and expatriates left for Kuala Lumpur in Malaya, fearing the new government's anti-colonial zeal. [ 111 ] As part of an 'anti-yellow culture' drive, Lee banned jukeboxes and pinball machines, while the police under Home Affairs Minister Ong Pang Boon raided pubs and pornography publications. [ f ] [ 115 ] The government cracked down on secret societies , prostitution and other illegal activities, with TIME magazine later reporting that a full week passed without "kidnapping, extortion or gangland rumble(s)" for the first time. [ 115 ] Lee also spearheaded several 'mobilisation campaigns' to clean the city, introduced air-conditioning to government offices, and slashed the salaries of civil servants. The last act provoked anger from the sector, which Lee justified as necessary to balance the budget. [ 116 ] In February 1960, the Housing and Development Board (HDB) superseded the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) and assumed responsibility of public housing . With strong government support, the HDB under chairman Lim Kim San completed more flats in three years than its predecessor did in thirty-two. [ 117 ] Government expenditure for public utilities, healthcare and education also increased significantly. [ 117 ] By the end of the year, however, unemployment began to rise drastically as the economy slowed. Lee reversed anti-colonial policies and launched a five-year plan to build new industries, seeking to attract foreign investors and rival Hong Kong . [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Jurong , a swampland to the island's western coast was chosen to be the site of a new industrial estate and would house steel mills, shipyards, and oil refineries, though Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee was initially worried the venture would fail. [ 120 ] The government promoted multiculturalism by recognising Chinese, English, Malay, and Tamil as the official languages of the new state and sought to create a new national Malayan identity. The Ministry of Culture under S. Rajaratnam held free outdoor concerts with every ethnic race represented in the performances. [ 121 ] Lee also introduced the People's Association , a government-linked organisation to run community centers and youth clubs, with its leaders trained to spread the PAP's ideology. [ 121 ] Youth unemployment was alleviated by the establishment of work brigades. [ 121 ] PAP split of 1961 Lee took measures to secure his position in the aftermath of the 1957 party elections. In 1959, he delayed the release of leftist PAP members arrested under the former Labour Front government and appointed five of its leaders, [ g ] including Lim Chin Siong, as parliamentary secretaries lacking political power. [ 114 ] [ 123 ] Lee clashed further with Lim when the government sought to create a centralised labour union in the first half of 1960. [ 124 ] Trouble also arose from former mayor and Minister of National Development Ong Eng Guan , who Lee had appointed in recognition of Ong's contribution to the PAP's electoral win. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ong's relocation of his ministry to his Hong Lim stronghold and continued castigation of the British and civil servants was regarded by his colleagues as disruptive and Lee removed several portfolios from Ong's purview in February 1960. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] In the party conference on 18 June 1960, Ong filed "16 resolutions" against the leadership, accusing Lee of failing to seek party consensus when deciding policy, not adhering to anti-colonialism and suspending left-wing unions. [ 127 ] Lee regarded it as a move to split the party and together with his allies expelled Ong from the party. [ 128 ] Ong resigned his seat in December, precipitating the Hong Lim by-election on in April 1961 which he won against a PAP candidate. [ 126 ] [ 129 ] The death of the PAP assemblyman for Anson that April triggered a second by-election. For the first time, Lim's faction openly revolted against Lee and endorsed Workers' Party chairman David Marshall who won the seat. [ 126 ] [ 130 ] Lee assumed responsibility for the two by-election defeats and submitted his resignation to party chairman Toh Chin Chye on 17 July. Toh rejected it and upheld Lee's mandate. [ 131 ] Lee moved a motion of confidence in his own government in the early hours of 21 July after a thirteen-hour debate which had begun the preceding day, narrowly surviving it with 27 "Ayes", 8 "Noes" and 16 abstentions. [ 132 ] The PAP now commanded a single seat majority in the 51-seat assembly after 13 of its members had abstained. [ 133 ] Lee expelled the 13 who had broken ranks in addition to Lim, Fong and Woodhull. [ 133 ] Leadup to referendum and merger Lee and his colleagues believed that Singapore could only survive through merger with Malaya and was unwilling to call for complete independence. [ 134 ] Merger would allow goods to be exported to the peninsula under a common market , while devolving unpopular internal security measures to Kuala Lumpur . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] Malaya's ruling Alliance Party coalition dominated by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) had repeatedly opposed the scheme and was apprehensive that Singapore's Chinese majority would reduce 'Malay political supremacy'. [ 136 ] Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman backtracked after the PAP's Hong Lim by-election defeat, fearing a "pro-communist government" in Singapore should Lee fall from power. [ 135 ] On 27 May 1961, Tunku announced that Malaya, Singapore, and the British colonies of North Borneo and Sarawak should pursue "political and economic cooperation". [ 135 ] Lee endorsed the program six days later and commenced negotiations on the formation of Malaysia. [ 135 ] In August 1961, Lee and Tunku agreed that Singapore's defence, foreign affairs and internal security would be transferred to the federal government, while education and labour policy remained with the state government. [ 135 ] [ 137 ] Lim Chin Siong and his supporters saw Lee's ceding control of internal security—then controlled by the Internal Security Council with British, Malayan, Singaporean representatives—to the federal government as a threat as Tunku was convinced they were communists. [ 135 ] In a meeting with British Commissioner General Lord Selkirk , Selkirk reaffirmed that the British would not suspend Singapore's constitution should Lee be voted out. [ 135 ] Lee saw the meeting as a British endorsement of Lim and accused it as a plot against his government. [ 138 ] On 13 August, Lim founded the Barisan Sosialis and became its secretary-general, with 35 of 51 branches of the PAP defecting. [ 133 ] [ 139 ] Lee anticipated a Barisan win in the next election and saw 'independence through merger' as the only means for the PAP to retain power. [ 136 ] Beginning on 13 September 1961, Lee gave twelve multilingual radio speeches outlining the benefits of merger in what he called the 'Battle for Merger'. The speeches proved to be a massive success for Lee's campaign, while Barisan's demands for equal airtime were rejected. [ 140 ] Lee employed full use of state resources to suppress his opponents by revoking the Barisan's printing permits, banning or relocating its rallies, and purging its supporters from the government, while the judiciary and police engaged to "obstruct, provoke and isolate" the party. [ 141 ] The Barisan lambasted Lee for securing only 15 seats in the Malaysian parliament for Singapore in contrast to North Borneo (16) and Sarawak (24), despite both having a combined population well below Singapore's 1.7 million. [ 142 ] Singapore citizens would also be categorised as "nationals" and not be granted Malaysian citizenship. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] On 6 December, the legislative assembly voted 33–0 in favour of the agreements struck by Lee and Tunku, which the Barisan boycotted. [ 144 ] A referendum for merger was scheduled for 1 September 1962. Lee ensured that the ballot lacked a "no" option, with all three options having varying terms for admission into Malaysia. [ 142 ] The ballot was crafted by Lee and Goh Keng Swee to capitalise on a mistake which the Barisan had made the previous year. The Barisan had inadvertently endorsed merger under terms "like Penang " (a state of Malaya) with full citizenship rights, not realising that Malayan law entitled only a native-born to qualify for automatic citizenship, which would disenfranchise nearly one third of those eligible to vote; [ 145 ] it issued a clarification but never recovered from the mistake. [ 146 ] Lee placed the flag of Singapore alongside option A with the terms of Singapore retaining control of education and labour policy, while portraying the Barisan's choice as option B favouring entry into the federation with no special rights, next to the flag of Penang . [ 147 ] When Lim called for his supporters to submit blank votes , Lee countered that blank votes would count as a vote for the majority choice. 71% eventually voted for option A, while 26% cast blank votes. [ 148 ] In November, Lee embarked on a ten-month visit to all fifty-one constituencies, prioritising those with the highest count of blank votes. [ 149 ] Operation Coldstore detentions The Malayan government considered the arrests of Singapore's left-wing groups as non-negotiable for the formation of Malaysia. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] Tunku felt that Lee lacked the initiative to suppress "pro-communist elements" and warned that a Malay-led dictatorship would be instated to prevent a "socialist majority" in the next Malayan election. [ 144 ] As the Malayans increased pressure on the Internal Security Council (ISC) to take action, Lee began supporting the idea of a purge in March 1962. [ 152 ] The Malayan and Singapore special branches collaborated on an arrest list of major opposition members, though doubts arose if Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan could be classified as 'communists'. [ 152 ] Up until the end of November 1962, the British declined to support the operation without a pretext, noting that Lim and the Barisan Sosialis had not broken any laws. [ 153 ] The Brunei revolt on 8 December led by A. M. Azahari provided a "heaven-sent opportunity" to take action, as Lim had met Azahari on 3 December. [ 154 ] The Malayan government convened the ISC to discuss the operation, while Singapore's Special Branch produced alleged evidence of the communist control of Barisan. [ 154 ] On 13 December, Lord Selkirk gave his authorisation for the arrests to proceed on 16 December. However, Lee's attempt to add two Malayan parliamentarians opposed to the formation of Malaysia into the arrest list caused the Malayan representative to rescind his consent, stopping the operation. [ 154 ] Tunku suspected that Lee was trying to eliminate his entire opposition, while Lee felt that Tunku was evading his shared responsibility for the arrests. [ 149 ] An ISC meeting was scheduled to be held on 1 February 1963 to remount the operation. [ 155 ] During the interim period, Lee had added three names from the United People's Party, one of them being former PAP minister Ong Eng Guan. [ 155 ] Selkirk expressed concerns that Ong's arrest lacked any justification and Lee conceded that it was meant as a "warning" to Ong. [ 155 ] Tunku told Geofroy Tory , the British High Commissioner in Kuala Lumpur on 30 January, that 'if this operation failed, merger with Singapore was off'. [ 155 ] Selkirk was pressured to put his reservations aside and finally consented. [ 155 ] On 2 February, Operation Coldstore commenced across Singapore, with 113 detained including Lim and 23 others from Barisan Sosialis. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Lee offered Lim a path into exile which Lim rejected. [ 158 ] The Malayans and British later pressured Lee to retract his comment when he said he "disapproved" of the operation. [ 156 ] In his memoirs, Lee portrayed himself as reluctant in supporting the operation, though declassified British documents revealed that Lee was "somewhat more enthusiastic" than he eventually admitted. [ 159 ] Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Elections and tensions On 31 August 1963, Lee declared Singapore's independence in a ceremony at the Padang and pledged loyalty to the federal government. [ 160 ] With the conclusion of the trials of Barisan Sosialis' leaders, Lee dissolved the legislative assembly on 3 September and called for a snap election . [ 161 ] [ 162 ] He touted "independence through merger" as a success and utilised television and the mass media effectively. [ 163 ] In conjunction with Sabah (formerly North Borneo) and Sarawak , Lee proclaimed Singapore as part of Malaysia in a second ceremony on 16 September accompanied by a military parade. [ 164 ] [ h ] Lim Chin Siong's arrest had, however, generated widespread sympathy for the Barisan and a close result was predicted. Australian and British officials expected a Barisan win. [ 165 ] When the PAP defeated the Barisan in a landslide victory on 21 September, it was seen as a public endorsement of merger and Lee's socio-economic policies. [ 163 ] [ 166 ] Relations between the PAP and Malaysia's ruling Alliance Party quickly deteriorated as Lee began espousing his policies to the rest of the country. The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) was also shocked by the loss of three Malay-majority seats to the PAP in the recent 1963 Singapore election. [ 167 ] Ultra-nationalists within UMNO alleged that Lee sought to overthrow the Malay monarchies and infringe on rural life . [ 167 ] Lee's attempts to reconcile the PAP with UMNO were rebuffed as the latter remained committed to the Malaysian Chinese Association . [ 167 ] Further hostility ensued when the PAP decided to contest in the 1964 Malaysian general election in contravention of a gentlemen's agreement that it disavow itself from peninsula politics, but PAP already regarded the agreement to be rendered moot as the Alliance contested the 1963 Singapore state election and broke the agreement first. [ 168 ] Lee's speeches in Malaysia attracted large crowds and he expected the PAP to win at least seven parliamentary seats. [ 169 ] The party ultimately won only one seat in Bangsar , Selangor under Devan Nair. [ 168 ] Lee and other party insiders later conceded that UMNO's portrayal of the PAP as a "Chinese party" and its lack of grassroots in the peninsula had undermined its support from the Malay majority. [ 168 ] [ 170 ] Ethnic tensions had risen prior to the April election when UMNO secretary-general Syed Jaafar Albar utilised the Utusan Melayu to accuse Lee of evicting Malays from their homes in March 1964. [ 171 ] Lee explained personally to the affected neighbourhoods that the scheme was part of an urban renewal plan and that eviction notices had been sent to everyone irrespective of race. [ 172 ] Albar responded by warning Lee to not "treat the sons of the soil as step-children" and led calls for the deaths of Lee and Social Affairs Minister Othman bin Wok on 12 July. [ 172 ] On 21 July, the 1964 race riots in Singapore erupted during a celebration of Prophet Muhammad's birthday , lasting four days, killing 22 and injuring 461. [ 173 ] Further riots occurred in late-August and early-September resulting in communities self-segregating from each other, which Lee characterised as "terribly disheartening" and against "everything we had believed in and worked for". [ 171 ] Lee never forgot the Malay PAP leaders who stood against UMNO during the turmoil and as late as 1998, paid tribute to them for Singapore's survival. [ 174 ] Malaysian Malaysia and separation Lee's perceptions that merger was becoming infeasible was also due to the federal government's obstruction of his industrialisation program and its imposition of new taxes on Singapore in the November 1964 federal budget. [ 172 ] Tunku mentioned to deputy prime minister Goh Keng Swee in December 1964 about his desire to have Singapore “hived off” from Malaysia. [ 175 ] Lee authorized Goh to renegotiate with Deputy Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein on Singapore's place in the federation in early 1965. [ 172 ] Seeking to provide an alternative to the Alliance Party government, Lee and his colleagues formed the Malaysian Solidarity Convention (MSC) with the Malayan and Sarawakian opposition on 9 May, with its goals for a Malaysian Malaysia and race-blind society. [ 172 ] [ 176 ] The MSC was seen by UMNO as a threat to the Malay monopoly of power and special rights granted to Malays under Article 153 . [ 177 ] [ 178 ] UMNO supreme council member and future prime minister Mahathir Mohamad called the PAP "pro-Chinese, communist-oriented and positively anti-Malay", while others called for Lee's arrest under the Internal Security Act for trying to split the federation. [ 177 ] [ 179 ] Mathathir in his speech stated the huaren (ethnic Chinese) of Singapore were of "the insular, selfish and arrogant type of which Mr. Lee is a good example...They are in fact Chinese first, seeing China as the center of the world and Malaysia as a very poor second". [ 180 ] Such fears were sincerely felt by the UMNO leaders as one UMNO politician who was friendly with Lee privately told him: "You Chinese are too energetic and clever for us...we cannot stand the pressure". [ 181 ] Many UMNO politicians felt threatened by Lee, a politician who sought to appeal to both ethnic Chinese and Malay voters. [ 180 ] Albar warned in a speech that the Malay voters of Singapore must have been "misled" into voting for the PAP, and the UNMO would not allow this to happen in the next election. [ 180 ] Lee later wrote of Tunku that was "a nice man", but "he was a prince who understood power and knew how to use it. He did not carry a big stick, but he had many hatchet-bearers who would do the job for him while he looked the other way and appeared as benign as ever". [ 180 ] Tunku was a Malay aristocrat who spent his undergraduate years at Cambridge by his own admission on "fast women" rather than studying and whom Lee contemptuously noted had been awarded a degree at Cambridge that he did not deserve solely because he was an aristocrat. [ 182 ] Tunku in turn felt threatened by Lee, a man who had worked his way up via his intelligence and self-discipline, which made him very different from the people in his world. [ 182 ] On 26 May 1965, Lee addressed the Malaysian parliament for the final time, delivering his speech entirely in the Malay language. He challenged the Alliance Party to commit itself to a Malaysian Malaysia and denounce its extremists, and also argued that the PAP could better uplift the livelihood of the Malays. [ 177 ] Then-social affairs minister Othman Wok later recounted: "I noticed that while he was speaking, the Alliance leaders sitting in front of us, they sank lower and lower because they were embarrassed this man (Lee) could speak Malay better than them". [ 183 ] Then-national development minister Lim Kim San also noted: "That was the turning point. They perceived [Lee] as a dangerous man who could one day be the prime minister of Malaya. This was the speech that changed history." [ 183 ] Prime Minister Tunku labelled the speech as the final straw which contributed to his decision in July 1965, while being treated for shingles in London, [ 184 ] [ 185 ] that Singapore's secession was necessary. [ 186 ] The more extreme UMNO politicians such as Albar were pressing to have Lee arrested and martial law proclaimed, but Tunku chose to accept Singapore's secession instead. [ 182 ] The British government received allegations of a plot to arrest Lee, and thus the British prime minister Harold Wilson quietly pressured Tunku against taking any such action, warning of potential repercussions on the Malaysian government. [ 182 ] As Britain was defending Malaysia from Indonesian attempts to annex the country, Britain was in a strong position to apply pressure on Malaysia. Lee in his memoirs stated that Singapore owed Wilson a major debt for his role in pressuring Tunku for a peaceful resolution of the crisis, calling Wilson a "good friend". [ 187 ] On 13 July 1965, Deputy Prime Minister Goh Keng Swee met with Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein and Home Affairs Minister Ismail Abdul Rahman , in Razak's office while Tunku was still overseas, being treated for shingles. Goh proposed separation of Singapore from Malaysia, before reporting back to Lee about the proposal. [ 188 ] Lee agreed, and during another meeting between Goh, Razak and Ismail on 20 July 1965, Goh told the Malaysians that Lee had given the greenlight for separation arrangements to be done quickly. [ 185 ] [ 188 ] Lee then summoned Law Minister E. W. Barker to draft documents effecting Singapore's separation from the federation and its proclamation of independence. To ensure that a 1962 agreement to draw water from Johor was retained, Lee insisted that it be enshrined in the separation agreement and Malaysian constitution. [ 189 ] The negotiations of post-separation relations were held in utmost secrecy and Lee tried to prevent secession to the last minute, trying to convince Tunku upon his return from London to continue negotiating a looser confederation. However, Tunku's mind was already made up. [ 188 ] Lee was persuaded to finally relent by Goh on 7 August. [ 177 ] [ 190 ] That day, Lee and several cabinet ministers signed the separation agreement at Razak's home, which stipulated continued co-operation in trade and mutual defence. [ 191 ] Cabinet ministers Toh Chin Chye and S. Rajaratnam , were asked to meet Lee in Kuala Lumpur. Upon being informed of the impending separation, they refused to sign the agreement at first and were distraught at the idea, before the fear of further violence and bloodshed finally convinced them to sign. [ 192 ] Lee returned to Singapore the following day and convened the rest of his cabinet to sign the document, whereupon it was flown back to Kuala Lumpur. [ 190 ] [ 193 ] On 9 August 1965 at 10am, Tunku convened the Malaysian parliament and moved the Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Bill 1965 , which passed unanimously by a vote of 126–0 with no PAP representatives present. [ 194 ] Singapore's independence was announced locally via radio at the same time and Lee broke the news to senior diplomats and civil servants. [ 193 ] [ 195 ] In a televised press conference that day, Lee fought back tears and briefly stopped to regain his composure as he formally announced the news to an anxious population: [ 196 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Despite the momentous event, Lee did not call for the parliament to convene to reconcile the issues that Singapore would face immediately as a new nation. Without giving further instructions on who should act in his absence, he went into isolation for six weeks, unreachable by phone, at Changi Cottage . According to then-deputy prime minister Toh Chin Chye , the parliament hung in "suspended animation" until the sitting in December that year. [ 198 ] In his memoirs, Lee said that he was unable to sleep and was prescribed tranquilizers from doctors. Upon learning of Lee's condition from the British High Commissioner to Singapore, John Robb, the British prime minister, Harold Wilson , expressed concern, in response to which Lee replied: Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Lee began to seek international recognition of Singapore's independence. Singapore joined the United Nations on 21 September 1965, and founded the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) on 8 August 1967 with four other South-East Asian countries. Lee made his first official visit to Indonesia on 25 May 1973, just a few years after the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation under Sukarno 's regime. Relations between Singapore and Indonesia substantially improved as subsequent visits were made between the two countries. Singapore has never had a dominant culture to which immigrants could assimilate, even though Malay was the dominant language at that time. [ 201 ] Together with efforts from the government and ruling party, Lee tried to create a unique Singaporean identity in the 1970s and 1980s—one which heavily recognised racial consciousness within the umbrella of multiculturalism . Lee and his government stressed the importance of maintaining religious tolerance and racial harmony, and they were ready to use the law to counter any threat that might incite ethnic and religious violence. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] For example, Lee warned against "insensitive evangelisation", by which he referred to instances of Christian proselytising directed at Malays. In 1974 the government advised the Bible Society of Singapore to stop publishing religious material in Malay. [ 204 ] Defence The vulnerability of Singapore was deeply felt, with threats from multiple sources, including the communists and Indonesia with its confrontational stance. Adding to this vulnerability was the impending withdrawal of British forces from East of Suez . As Singapore gained admission to the United Nations, Lee quickly sought international recognition of Singapore's independence. He appointed Goh Keng Swee as Minister for the Interior and Defence to build up the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and requested help from other countries, particularly Israel and Taiwan, for advice, training and facilities. [ 205 ] In 1967, Lee introduced conscription for all able-bodied male Singaporean citizens 18 years of age to serve National Service (NS) either in the SAF, Singapore Police Force or the Singapore Civil Defence Force . By 1971, Singapore had 17 national service battalions (16,000 men) with 14 battalions (11,000 men) in the reserves. [ 206 ] In 1975, Lee and Republic of China premier Chiang Ching-kuo signed an agreement permitting Singaporean troops to train in Taiwan, under the codename " Project Starlight ". [ 207 ] Economy One of Lee's most urgent tasks upon Singapore's independence was to address high unemployment. Together with his economic aide, Economic Development Board chairman Hon Sui Sen , and in consultation with Dutch economist Albert Winsemius , Lee set up factories and initially focused on the manufacturing industry. Before the British completely withdrew from Singapore in 1971, Lee also persuaded the British not to destroy their dock and had the British naval dockyard later converted for civilian use. Eventually, Lee and his cabinet decided the best way to boost Singapore's economy was to attract foreign investments from multinational corporations (MNCs). By establishing First World infrastructure and standards in Singapore, the new nation could attract American, Japanese and European business. By the 1970s multinational corporations like Texas Instruments , Hewlett-Packard , and General Electric began turning Singapore into a major electronics exporter. [ 208 ] Workers were frequently trained to familiarise themselves with the work systems and cultures of foreign companies. The government also started several new industries, such as steel mills under 'National Iron and Steel Mills', service industries like Neptune Orient Lines , and the Singapore Airlines . [ 209 ] Lee and his cabinet also worked to establish Singapore as an international financial centre. Foreign bankers were assured of the reliability of Singapore's social conditions, with top-class infrastructure and skilled professionals, and investors were made to understand that the Singapore government would pursue sound macroeconomic policies, with budget surpluses , leading to a stable valued Singapore dollar. [ 210 ] Throughout the tenure of his office, Lee placed great importance on developing the economy, and his attention to detail on this aspect went even to the extent of connecting it with other facets of Singapore, including the country's extensive and meticulous tending of its international image of being a "Garden City". [ 211 ] The 1967 "Garden City" planning initiative included prominent roadside greenery along the East Coast Parkway (ECP) highway connecting Singapore Changi Airport with Singapore Central Area . [ 212 ] Anti-corruption measures Lee introduced legislation giving the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) greater power to conduct arrests, search, call up witnesses, and investigate bank accounts and income-tax returns of suspected persons and their families. [ 213 ] Lee believed that ministers should be well paid in order to maintain a clean and honest government. On 21 November 1986, Lee received a complaint of corruption against then Minister for National Development Teh Cheang Wan . [ 214 ] Lee authorised the CPIB to carry out investigations on Teh, but Teh committed suicide before any charges could be pressed against him. [ 215 ] In 1994, he proposed to link the salaries of ministers, judges, and top civil servants to the salaries of top professionals in the private sector, arguing that this would help recruit and retain talent to serve in the public sector. [ 216 ] Population policies In the late 1960s, fearing that Singapore's growing population might overburden the developing economy, Lee started a " Stop at Two " family planning campaign. Couples were urged to undergo sterilisation after their second child. Third or fourth children were given lower priorities in education and such families received fewer economic rebates . [ 216 ] In 1983, Lee sparked the "Great Marriage Debate" when he encouraged Singapore men to choose highly educated women as wives. [ 217 ] He was concerned that a large number of graduate women were unmarried. [ 218 ] Some sections of the population, including graduate women, were upset by his views. [ 218 ] Nevertheless, a match-making agency, the Social Development Unit (SDU), [ 219 ] was set up to promote socialising among men and women graduates. [ 216 ] In the Graduate Mothers Scheme, Lee also introduced incentives such as tax rebates , schooling, and housing priorities for graduate mothers who had three or four children, in a reversal of the over-successful "Stop at Two" family planning campaign in the 1960s and 1970s. Lee suggested that perhaps the campaign for women's rights had been too successful: Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. — Lee Kuan Yew, "Talent for the future", 14 August 1983 [ 220 ] The uproar over the proposal led to a swing of 12.9 per cent against the PAP government in the 1984 general election . In 1985, some especially controversial portions of the policy, that gave education and housing priorities to educated women, were abandoned or modified. [ 216 ] [ 221 ] By the late 1990s the birth rate had fallen so low that Lee's successor Goh Chok Tong extended these incentives to all married women, and gave even more incentives, such as the "baby bonus" scheme. [ 216 ] Water resources Singapore has traditionally relied on water from Malaysia. However, this reliance has made Singapore subject to the possibility of price increases and allowed Malaysian officials to use the water reliance as political leverage by threatening to cut off supply . To reduce this problem, Lee decided to experiment with water recycling in 1974. [ 222 ] As a result of such efforts, Singapore has achieved self-sufficiency with its water supply since the mid-2010s. [ 223 ] Under Lee tree planting was pursued, in 1963 he began a tree-planting campaign which aimed to plant 10,000 saplings a year and in 1971 a 'Tree-Planting Day' was established. One of the goals of this was to increase rainfall. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] He also made efforts to clean Singapore's waters for collection and use. [ 226 ] Environment Lee envisioned Singapore as a garden city , [ 227 ] declaring that "no other hallmark of success will be more distinctive than that of achieving our position as the cleanest and greenest city in Southeast Asia ". [ 228 ] He later said that " greening is the most cost-effective project I have launched". [ 229 ] Lee set up an 'Anti-Pollution Unit' stating that its importance resided in giving citizens "respite from city centres" and in the small size of Singapore which made it necessary to "preserve a clean and gracious environment for rich and poor alike". [ 230 ] In 1995 Lee declared "I have always believed that a blighted urban landscape, a concrete jungle, destroys the human spirit. We need the greenery of nature to lift our spirits". [ 231 ] Lee saw this as a means of attracting tourists and businesspeople to the city. [ 232 ] He wrote that "without a word being said, they would know that Singaporeans were competent, disciplined, and reliable, a people who would learn the skills they required soon enough". [ 233 ] After independence Lee sought for "some dramatic way to distinguish ourselves from other Third World countries. I settled for a clean and green Singapore" [ 234 ] because "if we had First World standards then business people and tourists would make us a base for their business and tours of the region". [ 235 ] Lee considered air conditioning the most important invention of the 20th century for Singapore. [ 236 ] Air quality relates to work quality and as such Lee made sure air conditioning was installed in the offices of the Singaporean civil service in the 1960s. [ 237 ] Foreign policy Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad Lee looked forward to improving relationships with Mahathir Mohamad upon the latter's promotion to Deputy Prime Minister. Knowing that Mahathir was in line to become the next Prime Minister of Malaysia , Lee invited Mahathir to visit Singapore in 1978. The first and subsequent visits improved both personal and diplomatic relationships between them. Then UMNO 's Secretary-General Mahathir asked Lee to cut off all links with the Democratic Action Party (DAP); in exchange, Mahathir undertook not to interfere in the affairs of Malay Singaporeans . [ 238 ] In June 1988, Lee and Mahathir reached an agreement in Kuala Lumpur to build the Linggui dam on the Johor River . [ 239 ] Lee said he had made more progress solving bilateral issues with Dr Mahathir from 1981 to 1990 than in the previous 12 years with the latter's two predecessors. [ 179 ] Mahathir ordered the lifting of the ban on the export of construction materials to Singapore in 1981, agreed to sort out Malaysia's claim to Pedra Branca island and affirmed it would honour the 1962 Water Agreement. [ 179 ] One day before Lee left office in November 1990, Malaysia and Singapore signed the Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990 (POA). Malayan Railways (KTM) would vacate the Tanjong Pagar railway station and move to Bukit Timah while all KTM's land between Bukit Timah and Tanjong Pagar would revert to Singapore. Railway land at Tanjong Pagar would be handed over to a private limited company for joint development, the equity of which would be divided 60% to Malaysia and 40% to Singapore. However, Prime Minister Mahathir expressed his displeasure with the POA, for it failed to include a piece of railway land in Bukit Timah for joint development in 1993. Following Lee's death, Mahathir posted a blog post that suggested his respect for Lee despite their differences, stating that while "I am afraid on most other issues we could not agree [...] [h]is passage marks the end of the period when those who fought for independence lead their countries and knew the value of independence. ASEAN lost a strong leadership after President Suharto and Lee Kuan Yew". [ 240 ] Indonesia In March 1967, the president of Indonesia , Sukarno , who had initiated the Konfrontasi , resigned from the presidency under pressure by military general Suharto amidst the 30 September Movement . A clemency plea by President Suharto for Osman bin Mohamed Ali and Harun bin Said, the perpetrators of the MacDonald House bombing in March 1965 during Konfrontasi , was rejected. The Singapore Embassy in Jakarta was occupied on the day of the saboteurs' hanging by 300 students. [ 241 ] [ 242 ] However, Bilateral relations between Singapore and Indonesia would improve after 1973, when Lee visited the graves of Harun and Osman in Indonesia ( nyekar ) and scattered flowers on them. [ 243 ] This was followed by Suharto's visit to Singapore in 1974. [ 244 ] From the 1980s, exchanges would sharply increase between the two countries in politics, tourism, defence, business, and student and community-based exchanges. [ 243 ] Lee and Suharto developed a strong relationship, with the growing trust between both leaders developing into friendship. Lee and Suharto regarded each other as trustworthy and reliable. Lee kept up his relationship with Suharto until his death in 2008, even advising him and his children during the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis which led to Suharto's fall from power. [ 245 ] In 1978, Suharto rallied ASEAN to oppose Australia's newly proclaimed integrated civil aviation policy, which cut Kangaroo Route air access to Singapore while providing inducements to Indonesia and other countries in the region. Suharto believed that ASEAN should not give in to such tactics and inducements, and Australia relented. [ 245 ] Singapore remains a crucial stopover for Kangaroo Route flights between the United Kingdom and Australia. [ 245 ] Singapore and Indonesia entered joint projects such as the Batam Industrial Park, Bintan Resorts , the Riau Water Agreement and the Air Combat Manoeuvring Range in Pekan Baru proceeded smoothly. Swift implementation of factory and hotel development proposals by foreign investors demonstrated Singapore's honesty and reliability to Suharto. [ 245 ] United States In his book The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew , Lee detailed an incident where in 1960, the CIA allegedly attempted to bribe certain members of his party, the PAP, in an attempt to create division and weaken his leadership, however the official had reported the bribery attempt instead of accepting the money. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] According to Lee, this was part of a broader strategy by the United States to influence the political landscape in Southeast Asia during the Cold War. [ 248 ] He mentioned that he confronted the CIA's representative in Singapore and demanded an explanation and compensation for this interference. After having two CIA agents arrested, Lee requested 3.5 million dollars in economic aid in exchange for the covert release of the two agents. The Americans rejected this offer and presented a counter-offer of 3.3 million dollars to be given directly to Lee and the People's Action Party, but the men were later released without any financial exchange. However instead of taking a passive approach, Lee negotiated with the CIA and eventually the US government agreed to pay a sum of 3.3 million dollars in formal economic aid to Singapore, which Lee claimed was to ensure that the U.S. would not interfere in Singapore's internal affairs. Lee revealed this incident in 1965, which led to the Americans to deny it ever occurred; however, Lee later made public a letter of apology from the US Secretary of State Dean Rusk over the incident. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] Lee fully supported the US involvement in the Vietnam War . Even as the war began to lose its popularity in the United States, Lee made his first official visit to the United States in October 1967, and declared to President Lyndon B. Johnson that his support for the war in Vietnam was "unequivocal". Lee saw the war as necessary for states in Southeast Asia like Singapore to buy time for stabilising their governments and economies. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] Lee cultivated close relationships with presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan , [ 254 ] as well as former secretaries of state Henry Kissinger [ 255 ] and George Shultz . [ 256 ] In 1967 Nixon, who was running for president in 1968, visited Singapore and met with Lee, who advised that the United States had much to gain by engaging with China, culminating in Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China . [ 257 ] [ 258 ] In the 1980s, closer defence relations between Singapore and the United States enabled Singapore to acquire advanced American weapon platforms and capabilities. The United States provided Singapore with aircraft such as the F-16 and the E-2C airborne early warning (AEW) to strengthen its air defences. [ 259 ] In October 1985, Lee made a state visit to the United States on the invitation of President Reagan and addressed a joint session of the United States Congress . Lee stressed to Congress the importance of free trade and urged it not to turn towards protectionism: It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] In May 1988, E. Mason "Hank" Hendrickson was serving as the First Secretary of the United States Embassy when he was expelled by the Singapore government. [ 260 ] [ 261 ] The Singapore government alleged that Hendrickson attempted to interfere in Singapore's internal affairs by cultivating opposition figures in a " Marxist conspiracy ". [ 262 ] Then-First Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong claimed that Hendrickson's alleged conspiracy could have resulted in the election of 20 or 30 opposition politicians to Parliament, which in his words could lead to "horrendous" effects, possibly even the paralysis and fall of the Singapore government. [ 263 ] In the aftermath of Hendrickson's expulsion, the U.S. State Department praised Hendrickson's performance in Singapore and denied any impropriety in his actions. [ 260 ] The State Department also expelled Robert Chua, a senior-level Singaporean diplomat equal in rank to Hendrickson, from Washington, D.C., in response. [ 264 ] [ 265 ] The State Department's refusal to reprimand Hendrickson, along with its expulsion of the Singaporean diplomat, sparked a rare protest in Singapore by the National Trades Union Congress ; they drove buses around the U.S. embassy, held a rally attended by four thousand workers, and issued a statement deriding the U.S. as "sneaky, arrogant, and untrustworthy". [ 266 ] China Singapore did not establish diplomatic relations with China until the U.S. and Southeast Asia had decided they wanted to do so in order to avoid portraying a pro-China bias. [ 267 ] [ 268 ] His official visits to China starting in 1976 were conducted in English, to assure other countries that he represented Singapore, and not a "Third China" (the first two being the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) and People's Republic of China ). [ 269 ] In November 1978, after China had stabilised following political turmoil in the aftermath of Mao Zedong 's death and the Gang of Four , Deng Xiaoping visited Singapore and met Lee. Deng, who was very impressed with Singapore's economic development, greenery and housing, and later sent tens of thousands of Chinese to Singapore and countries around the world to learn from their experiences and bring back their knowledge as part of the reform and opening up beginning in December 1978. Lee, on the other hand, advised Deng to stop exporting Communist ideologies to Southeast Asia, an advice that Deng later followed. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] This culminated in the exchange of Trade Offices between the two nations in September 1981. [ 272 ] In 1985, commercial air services between mainland China and Singapore commenced [ 273 ] and China appointed Goh Keng Swee , Singapore's finance minister in the post-independence years, as advisor on the development of Special Economic Zones . [ 274 ] On 3 October 1990, Singapore revised diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. United Kingdom Lee developed friendships with Prime Ministers Harold Wilson [ 275 ] and Margaret Thatcher . [ 275 ] Lee regarded Wilson's support and swift recognition of Singapore's independence crucial to Singapore's survival in its early days. Singapore was still heavily dependent on Britain for its defence and economy, and the British military bases were contributing over 20 percent to Singapore's gross national product. About 15 per cent of Singapore's workforce had jobs linked to British military bases on the island. [ 276 ] However, mounting economic problems in Britain led to a weakening faith in the pound sterling, and the Singapore Government began reducing its sterling holdings from about 90 percent to just 50 percent by November 1967, when the Labour government devaluated pound sterling. Chancellor of the Exchequer Roy Jenkins , in a letter to Goh Keng Swee, expressed his “regret that [Singapore] did not take [the UK] into their confidence” when diversifying out of Sterling. To which Goh retorted in reply that Singapore sustained losses of about US$157 million as a result of the pound's devaluation. [ 277 ] No longer able to afford its military commitment in Southeast Asia, Britain announced in January 1968, the total withdrawal of its troops East of Suez, with the pullout from Malaysia and Singapore to be done by 31 March 1971 – four years earlier than planned. The announcement came as a shock to Singapore, because the British had earlier committed to a phased withdrawal. [ 278 ] As the first batch of 900 national servicemen had just started their training on 17 August 1967, Singapore was ill-equipped to take up its own defence. It was projected that about 25,000 base workers in Singapore would be rendered unemployed in 1971 as a result of the military withdrawal. When informed of the decision, Lee's government responded with dismay and anger. Lee threatened to withdraw from the sterling area , give the dockyards to the Japanese, and disrupt British shipping and trade. He also suggested that if the British forces withdrew too quickly, he would have to “hire mercenaries to defend Singapore”. [ 278 ] Lee and Minister for Finance Goh Keng Swee left for London, meeting with British political leaders, rallying for support through television appearances. With intense lobbying by Lee and Goh, the Wilson government went ahead with withdrawal, but agreed to a compromise to extend the withdrawal deadline from March to December 1971. Lee successfully negotiated with the British for a soft loan of £50 million, free transfer of key assets, help with operating air defence systems, and training of military staff. Plans were set up to oversee the conversion and commercialisation of lands and facilities including the naval bases that had belonged to the British, which later proved instrumental in propelling Singapore's shipbuilding industry forward. [ 278 ] Singapore acquired a squadron of British Hawker Hunter planes for its new air force, arriving in Singapore in 1970. To make up for Britain's withdrawal, Singapore's military spending was tripled, and an air force and a navy were added to support the army. When Wilson's Labour government lost the 1970 election to the Conservatives under Edward Heath , the new Conservative government facilitated the Five Power Defence Arrangements , comprising the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore, to give a deterrent message that any attack on Singapore or Malaysia would lead to a potential intervention of British, Australian and New Zealand forces. Although most of the British troops had withdrawn from Singapore by October 1971, a small contingent of British, Australian and New Zealand forces stayed on as a token military presence. The last British soldier left Singapore in March 1976. [ 278 ] Lee and Thatcher, who became Britain's prime minister in 1979, admired each other's leadership qualities and had "ideological convergence" in policies like cracking down on trade union power, privatisation, low taxation and trimming the excesses of the welfare state. Lee also advised Thatcher while Britain was negotiating with China on the handover of Hong Kong . [ 279 ] Australia Australia, under Prime Minister Robert Menzies was one of the first countries to recognise Singapore's independence. [ 280 ] However, Lee would later clash with Australian leaders John Gorton and Gough Whitlam who were inclined to pull Australia back from the Five Power Defence Arrangement (FPDA). [ 281 ] Lee clashed fiercely with Whitlam. Whitlam was initially reluctant to take too many of the Vietnamese boat people and tried to make Singapore take the first refugees from the Vietnam War. Lee retorted that Whitlam ‘a very sympathetic Prime Minister who believes the White Australia policy is most deplorable and damnable and here is his chance.’ [ 282 ] Lee criticised Whitlam's pro-Asian rhetoric as political posturing because of his stance on the Vietnam boat refugees, and blocking Asian imports into Australia. In his memoirs, Lee wrote of his verbal jousts with Whitlam at Commonwealth meetings. Lee called Whitlam ‘quick-witted but also quick-tempered’, and was glad to see the end of the ‘acerbic’ Whitlam, calling it ‘a relief when their Governor-General removed Whitlam…’. [ 282 ] Singapore-Australia relations improved with Whitlam's successor, Malcolm Fraser . Lee held him in high regard for his support in confronting communism and defending the FPDA. [ 282 ] However, he urged Fraser to reform the Australian economy, prompting the famous remark from Lee that Australia was in danger of becoming the "poor white trash of Asia" [ 283 ] if it did not open up its economy. The comments were widely circulated in Australian political circles. Bob Hawke , who led the Labor party to a victory over Fraser in 1983, said "I thought [Lee] was right, and his harsh but fair comment helped galvanise my determination to undertake the reforms that would save us from that fate and set us on a better path." [ 283 ] Upon Lee's death, Hawke said "Lee Kuan Yew was a great friend of Australia, if at times an outspoken one". [ 283 ] Singapore was Australia's strongest backer within ASEAN in the effort to create APEC in 1989. [ 282 ] Cambodia Lee opposed the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978. [ 284 ] The Singapore government organised an international campaign to condemn Vietnam and provided aid to the Khmer Rouge which was fighting against Vietnamese occupation during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War from 1978 to 1989. In his memoirs, Lee recounted that in 1982, "Singapore gave the first few hundreds of several batches of AK-47 rifles, hand grenades, ammunition and communication equipment" to the Khmer Rouge resistance forces. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Senior Minister (1990–2004) After leading the PAP to victory in seven elections, Lee stepped down on 28 November 1990, handing over the prime ministership to Goh Chok Tong . [ 287 ] By that time, he had become the world's longest-serving prime minister. [ 288 ] This was the first leadership transition since independence. Goh was elected as the new prime minister by the younger ministers then in office. When Goh Chok Tong became head of government, Lee remained in the cabinet with a non-executive position of Senior Minister [ 289 ] and played a role he described as advisory. Lee subsequently stepped down as secretary-general of the PAP and was succeeded by Goh Chok Tong on 2 December 1992. [ 290 ] Condominium rebates In April 1996, Lee and his son, Lee Hsien Loong , disclosed that they had purchased apartments located at Nassim Jade and Scotts 28 from Hotel Properties Ltd, a real estate developer listed on the Stock Exchange of Singapore, at substantial discounts ranging from 5 to 12 per cent. [ 291 ] The dispute arose amidst rampant property speculation in Singapore. [ 292 ] Upon learning of the issue, Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong swiftly initiated an immediate investigation into the matter. While Singapore law permits the provision of special discounts or rebates to relatives and associates of directors, it is imperative that such transactions receive approval from shareholders. [ 293 ] This disclosure prompted sufficient public disquiet for Lee to appear before Parliament to explain the purchases. [ 294 ] Lee said that as he was a prominent figure, the developer had a "legitimate incentive" to provide discounts for publicity, and that he had previously purchased a car and acquired services from his tailor and cobbler at a discount. [ 295 ] The amount saved was donated to charity. [ 292 ] Minister Mentor (2004–2011) In December 2004, Lee stepped down to become Minister Mentor. Expressing concern about the declining proficiency of Mandarin among younger Chinese Singaporeans , he started a year-long campaign called " 华语 Cool! " (Mandarin is Cool!) to garner interest in using Mandarin. [ 296 ] On 13 September 2008, Lee underwent treatment for abnormal heart rhythm ( atrial flutter ) at Singapore General Hospital . The treatment was successful, and he was well enough to address a philanthropy forum via video link from the hospital. [ 297 ] On 28 September 2010, he was hospitalised for a chest infection, cancelling plans to attend the wake of the Senior Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Balaji Sadasivan . [ 298 ] In November 2010, Lee's private conversations with James Steinberg , US Deputy Secretary of State , on 30 May 2009 were among the leaked US Embassy cables . In a US Embassy report classified as "Secret", Lee gave his assessment of a number of Asian leaders and views on political developments in North Asia, including implications for nuclear proliferation. [ 299 ] In January 2011, the Straits Times Press published the book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . [ 300 ] Targeted at younger Singaporeans, it was based on 16 interviews with Lee by seven local journalists in 2008–2009. The first print run of 45,000 copies sold out in less than a month after it was launched in January 2011. Another batch of 55,000 copies was made available shortly after. [ 301 ] After the 2011 general elections in which the Workers' Party , a major opposition political party in Singapore, made unprecedented gains by winning a Group Representation Constituency (GRC), Lee announced that he decided to leave the Cabinet for his son, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , and his team to have a clean slate. [ 302 ] Some analysts, such as Citigroup economist Kit Wei Zheng, believed that the senior Lee had contributed to the PAP's poor performance. [ 303 ] In particular, he stated during campaigning that the voters of Aljunied constituency had "five years to live and repent" if they elected the Workers' Party , which some viewed as having backfired for the PAP as the opposition went on to win Aljunied. [ 304 ] In a column in the Sunday Times on 6 November 2011, Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, revealed that her father had peripheral neuropathy . [ 305 ] In the column, she recounted how she first noticed her father's ailments when she accompanied him to meet the former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in Connecticut in October 2009. Wei Ling, a neurologist, "did a few simple neurological tests and decided the nerves to his legs were not working as they should". A day later, when interviewed at a constituency tree-planting event, Lee stated: "I have no doubt at all that this has not affected my mind, my will nor my resolve" and that "people in wheel chairs can make a contribution. I've still got two legs, I will make a contribution". [ 306 ] Illness and death External videos State funeral service for the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew on 29 March 2015 , Prime Minister's Office On 15 February 2013, Lee was admitted to Singapore General Hospital following a prolonged cardiac dysrhythmia , which was followed by a brief stoppage of blood flow to the brain. [ 307 ] [ 308 ] [ 309 ] [ 310 ] For the first time in his career as a Member of Parliament (MP), Lee missed the annual Chinese New Year dinner at his constituency , where he was supposed to be the guest-of-honour. [ 311 ] [ 312 ] He was subsequently discharged, but continued to receive anti-coagulant therapy. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] [ 315 ] The following year, Lee missed his constituency's Chinese New Year dinner for the second consecutive time owing to bodily bacterial invasion. [ 316 ] In April 2014, a photo depicting a thin and frail Lee was released online, drawing strong reactions from netizens. [ 317 ] According to Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, Lee had discussed euthanasia which is not a legal option in Singapore. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] On 5 February 2015, Lee was hospitalised for pneumonia and was put on a ventilator at the intensive care unit of Singapore General Hospital, although his condition was reported initially as "stable". [ 320 ] [ 321 ] A 26 February update stated that he was again being given antibiotics, while being sedated and still under mechanical ventilation. [ 322 ] [ 323 ] From 17 to 22 March, Lee continued weakening as he developed an infection while on life support, and he was described as "critically ill". [ 324 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ] On 18 March that year, a death hoax website reported false news of Lee's death. The suspect is an unidentified minor who created a false webpage that resembled the PMO official website. [ 327 ] Several international news organisations reported on Lee's death based on this and later retracted their statements. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] On 23 March 2015, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced his father's death at the age of 91. [ 330 ] Lee had died at 03:18 Singapore Standard Time ( UTC+08:00 ). [ 330 ] [ 331 ] A week of national mourning took place, [ 332 ] during which time Lee was lying in state at Parliament House . As a mark of respect, State flags at all Government buildings were flown at half-mast . During this time, 1.7 million Singaporean residents as well as world leaders paid tribute to him at Parliament house and community tribute sites throughout the country. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] [ 335 ] A state funeral for Lee was held on 29 March and attended by world leaders. [ 336 ] Later that day, Lee was cremated in a private ceremony at the Mandai Crematorium . [ 337 ] Legacy I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. As prime minister from 1959 to 1990, Lee presided over many of Singapore's advancements. He oversaw Singapore's transformation from an island nation with a high illiteracy rate and no natural resources into a developed country with a high-income economy within a single generation, commonly termed (from his autobiography) as 'From the third world to the first world'. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] [ 341 ] [ 342 ] Singapore's gross national product per capita (GNP) rose from $1,240 in 1959 to $18,437 in 1990. The unemployment rate in Singapore dropped from 13.5% in 1959 to 1.7% in 1990. External trade increased from $7.3 billion in 1959 to $205 billion in 1990. In other areas, the life expectancy at birth for Singaporeans rose from 65 years in 1960 to 74 years in 1990. The population of Singapore increased from 1.6 million in 1959 to 3 million in 1990. The number of public flats in Singapore rose from 22,975 in 1959 (then under the Singapore Improvement Trust ) to 667,575 in 1990. The Singaporean literacy rate increased from 52% in 1957 to 90% in 1990. Telephone lines per 100 Singaporeans increased from 3 in 1960 to 38 in 1990. Visitor arrivals to Singapore rose from 100,000 in 1960 to 5.3 million in 1990. [ 343 ] These economic accomplishments were achieved in large part due to Lee's stewardship of public administration through relevant and targeted public policy ; Lee introduced measures to jumpstart manufacturing of finished goods for export ( export-oriented industrialisation ) and sought to create a conducive business environment in the trading nation to attract foreign direct investment (through the establishment of the Economic Development Board , EDB). [ 339 ] [ 344 ] Lee also forged a symbiotic and mutually dependent relationship between the PAP and the national trade union, the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), whereby the PAP receives a degree of grassroots labour input, whilst NTUC is led by prominent PAP politicians who usually have ministerial portfolios within the Government . [ 345 ] The Government's tight control over trade union activities and industrial relations ensured near-total industrial peace, which was assessed to be a prerequisite for rapid economic development . [ 346 ] Lee was a staunch promoter of economic globalisation and a vocal opponent of protectionism . [ 347 ] [ 348 ] Lee said that Singapore's only natural resources are its people and their strong work ethic. [ 349 ] In addition, Lee was focused on social policies such as improving and mandating higher public standards for education, sanitation and hygiene , whilst concurrently improving public health by expanding modern health care and greatly increasing the quantity and quality of high-rise affordable housing (through the establishment of the Housing and Development Board , HDB) for working- and middle-class families. [ 339 ] [ 344 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] Various world leaders have praised Lee's governance and political achievements. British Foreign Secretary George Brown called Lee "the best bloody Englishman east of Suez". [ 352 ] Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger once wrote of Lee: "One of the asymmetries of history is the lack of correspondence between the abilities of some leaders and the power of their countries." Former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher praised "his way of penetrating the fog of propaganda and expressing with unique clarity the issues of our time and the way to tackle them". [ 353 ] Former president of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev stated in his memoirs that after the independence of Kazakhstan from the Soviet Union in 1991, he met Lee and stated Lee's "observations and advice became for us [Kazakhstan] guidelines in the development of long-term state strategies." [ 354 ] Lee's achievements in Singapore were a major source of inspiration on Communist leadership in China , who made a major effort, especially under Deng Xiaoping , to emulate his policies of economic growth, entrepreneurship and suppression of dissent . [ 355 ] [ 356 ] From 1996 to 2019, 55,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] He has also had a major influence on thinking in Russia in recent years. [ 359 ] [ 358 ] On the other hand, proponents of liberal democracy especially in the West criticised Lee's rule as authoritarian and as intolerant of dissent, citing his numerous attempts to sue political opponents and newspapers who express unfavourable opinions of Lee. Reporters Without Borders , an international media advocacy group , requested Lee and other senior Singaporean officials to stop taking libel suits against journalists. [ 360 ] Lee was a co-inventor of " Asian values ". [ 361 ] [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Lee was criticised for curtailing press freedoms , often imposing limits on public protests which prevented further occurrences, restricting labour movements from industrial action or strike action, suppressing wage growth of skilled workers (in order to be competitive with developing countries ) amid widening and high levels of income inequality along with wealth inequality (relative to other developed countries ), had encouraged an elitist mindset as well as filing defamation lawsuits against prominent political opponents . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] [ 367 ] [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] However, supporters argued in retrospect that his actions were necessary for the country's early development, and various international political analysts note that Lee's governance was generally pragmatic and benevolent . [ better source needed ] [ 372 ] During the three decades in which Lee held office, Singapore grew from a developing country to one of the most developed nations in Asia and the world. [ 373 ] Singapore was described as an illiberal democracy and a nanny state under his rule. [ 374 ] [ 375 ] [ 376 ] [ 377 ] [ 378 ] Legal suits Action against Far Eastern Economic Review In April 1977, just months after a general election which saw the People's Action Party winning all 69 seats, the Internal Security Department , under orders from Lee, detained Ho Kwon Ping , the Singapore correspondent of the Far Eastern Economic Review , as well as his predecessor Arun Senkuttavan, over their reporting. Ho was detained under the Internal Security Act which allows for indefinite trial, held in solitary confinement for two months, and charged with endangering national security. Following a televised confession in which Ho confessed to "pro-communist activities", [ 379 ] he was fined $3,000. Lee Kuan Yew later charged FEER editor, Derek Davies, of participating in "a diabolical international Communist plot" to poison relations between Singapore and neighbouring Malaysia. In 1987 Lee restricted sale of the Review in Singapore after it published an article about the detention of Roman Catholic church workers , reducing circulation of the magazine from 9,000 to 500 copies, [ 380 ] on the grounds that it was "interfering in the domestic politics of Singapore." [ 381 ] On 24 September 2008 the High Court of Singapore , in a summary judgment by Justice Woo Bih Li , ruled that the Far Eastern Economic Review magazine (Hugo Restall, editor), defamed Lee and his son, the prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong . The court found the 2006 article "Singapore's 'Martyr': Chee Soon Juan " suggested that Lee "ha[d] been running and continue[d] to run Singapore in the same corrupt manner as Durai operated [the National Kidney Foundation] and he ha[d] been using libel actions to suppress those who questioned [him] to avoid exposure of his corruption". [ 382 ] The court ordered the Review, owned by Dow Jones & Company (in turn owned by Rupert Murdoch 's News Corp), to pay damages to the complainants. The magazine appealed but lost. [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam Lee commenced proceedings for slander against opposition leader J. B. Jeyaretnam for comments he made at a Workers' Party rally in the 1988 general election . Lee alleged that Jeyaretnam's speech at the rally implied he had tried to cover up the corruption of the former Minister for National Development , Teh Cheang Wan , by aiding and abetting his suicide. The action was heard by Justice Lai Kew Chai , who ruled against Jeyaretnam and ordered him to pay damages of S$260,000 plus costs to Lee. Jeyaretnam lost an appeal against the judgment. Action against Devan Nair In 1999, former president of Singapore Devan Nair , who was living in Canada, remarked in an interview with the Toronto -based The Globe and Mail that Lee's technique of suing his opponents into bankruptcy or oblivion was an abrogation of political rights. Nair also described Lee as "an increasingly self-righteous know-all" surrounded by "department store dummies". In response to these remarks, Lee sued Nair in a Canadian court and Nair countersued. Lee then brought a motion to have Nair's counterclaim thrown out of court, argued that it disclosed no reasonable cause of action and constituted an inflammatory attack on the integrity of the Singaporean government . However, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice refused to throw out the counterclaim, holding that Nair had a reasonable cause of action as Lee had abused the process of litigation. [ 384 ] Lee wrote in one of his memoirs that Nair was forced to resign as president due to his alleged alcoholism , a charge which Nair denied. [ 385 ] International Herald Tribune defamation case In 2010 Lee, together with his son Lee Hsien Loong, and Goh Chok Tong, threatened legal action against The New York Times Company , which owns the International Herald Tribune , regarding an op-ed piece titled "All in the Family" of 15 February 2010 by Philip Bowring , a freelance columnist and former editor of the Far Eastern Economic Review . The International Herald Tribune apologised in March that readers of the article may "infer that the younger Lee did not achieve his position through merit". The New York Times Company and Bowring also agreed to pay S$60,000 to Lee Hsien Loong, S$50,000 to Lee and S$50,000 to Goh (totalling about US$114,000 at the time), in addition to legal costs. The case stemmed from a 1994 settlement between the three Singaporean leaders and the paper about an article, also by Bowring, that referred to "dynastic politics" in East Asian countries, including Singapore. In that settlement, Bowring agreed not to say or imply that the younger Lee had attained his position through nepotism by his father Lee Kuan Yew. In response, media-rights watchdog Reporters Without Borders wrote an open letter to urge Lee and other top officials of the Singapore government to stop taking "libel actions" against journalists. [ 386 ] [ 387 ] [ 388 ] Political positions Criticism of Chinese marginalisation On 15 September 2006, at the Raffles Forum hosted by the School of Public Policy , Lee made a remark as to how the "Malaysian and Indonesian governments systematically marginalise its Chinese people", by bringing up topics such as the May 1998 riots of Indonesia and Ketuanan Melayu , which subsequently caused a short diplomatic spat. [ 389 ] He then described the systematic marginalisation of the Chinese in Malaysia, which aroused a strong response from the Malaysian government. Politicians in Malaysia and Indonesia expressed dissatisfaction with this and demanded the Singaporean government explain and apologise for Lee's remarks. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad criticised Lee Kuan Yew for his "arrogance and disrespect" for neighbouring countries and countered that Malaysia could also question Singapore's marginalisation of its local Malays and other minorities such as the Eurasians and Indians. Former Indonesian president B. J. Habibie also described the " little red dot " term in reference to Singapore as an incentive for Indonesian youth to learn from Singapore's achievements, and that the original intention was distorted. On 30 September, while Lee Kuan Yew apologised to the Malaysian prime minister at the time Abdullah Badawi for his remarks, [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] he did not fully retract his remarks. [ 395 ] [ 396 ] Eugenics Lee expressed views that have been characterised as pro- eugenics . [ 397 ] He maintained that the educational background and intelligence of parents played a decisive role in shaping the abilities of their children, and he promoted policies designed to encourage highly educated women to have more children. Concerned by the sharp decline in Singapore's total fertility rate (TFR), Lee introduced the "Graduate Mothers' Scheme" in 1983, which offered tax incentives for children born to women with university degrees and gave priority in primary school admissions to the children of graduate mothers with three or more offspring. [ 398 ] In his speech at the 1983 National Day Rally , Lee stated that if women graduates "were not in the breeding pool", society might become more "stupid" and that "there will be less bright people to support dumb people in the next generation." [ 399 ] [ 400 ] In June 1984, Lee's government introduced grants for low-income and low-education women to undergo sterilisation . Women whose husbands and themselves lacked passes at the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level and had fewer than three children could receive a $10,000 grant for sterilisation. Sterilised lower-class parents were also given priority in primary school admission for their existing first and second children. The controversy surrounding the proposal contributed to a 12.9 per cent swing against the PAP in the general election later that year , although the party still secured 64 per cent of the popular vote and the vast majority of seats. By 1985, particularly contentious aspects of the policy, such as granting education and housing advantages to educated women, were either abandoned or modified. A proponent of nature over nurture , Lee asserted that " intelligence is 80% nature and 20% nurture " and attributed the achievements of his children to genetics. [ 401 ] Islam In 1999, in a discussion forum, Lee was asked whether the emotional bonds of various ethnic groups in Singapore could be a hurdle to nation building, Lee replied by alluding that an ethnic Malay and highly religious officer of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) might be hesitant to engage against an hypothetical war with Singapore's direct neighbours such as Malaysia. [ 402 ] In 2011, leaked diplomatic cables attributed to Lee some controversial comments regarding Islam . The cables quoted Lee as having described Islam as a "venomous religion". Lee called the remarks "false" and looked up to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA)'s filenote of the meeting and found no record of the claim, stating that he was referring to extremists such as the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). He added that he recognises that Muslims in Singapore are largely rational and that one of the solutions to extremism was to give "moderate Muslims the courage to stand up and speak out against radicals who hijacked Islam to recruit volunteers for their violent ends". [ 403 ] [ 404 ] In his book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths to Keep Singapore Going , Lee stated that Singaporean Muslims faced difficulties in integrating because of their religion and urged them to "be less strict on Islamic observances". His remarks drew fire from Malay–Muslim leaders and MPs in Singapore, prompting a strong reaction from his son Lee Hsien Loong , the Prime Minister at that time, who said his views differs from his father and that he values and respects the Malay–Muslim community "who have done a good deal to strengthen our harmony and social cohesion." Lee Kuan Yew eventually made a further comment that his comment was "out of date" and that he recognises the efforts made by Muslims to integrate with the other communities. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] Homosexuality Section 377A of the Penal Code , which was first introduced in 1938 under British colonial rule that criminalised sex between adult males, remained enforced under Lee's premiership. In his later years, Lee appeared to become more supportive of LGBTQ+ issues and rights, expressing a belief that homosexuality was genetic and questioning the rationale behind its criminalisation. [ 407 ] [ 408 ] In 2007, he believed that homosexuality would eventually be accepted in Singapore, but advocated for a measured and "pragmatic approach" toward the matter "to maintain social cohesion." [ 409 ] Section 377A was eventually repealed in 2022. Corporal punishment One of Lee's abiding beliefs was in the efficacy of corporal punishment in the form of caning . [ 410 ] In his autobiography The Singapore Story , Lee described his time at Raffles Institution in the 1930s, mentioning that he was often caned there for chronic lateness by the then headmaster, D. W. McLeod. He added that he never understood why Western educationists were so much against corporal punishment as "it did my fellow students and me no harm". [ 411 ] Lee's government inherited judicial corporal punishment from British rule, but greatly expanded its scope. Under the British, it had been used as a penalty for offences involving personal violence, amounting to a handful of caning sentences per year. The PAP government under Lee extended its use to an ever-expanding range of crimes. [ 412 ] By 1993, it was mandatory for 42 offences and optional for a further 42. [ 413 ] Those routinely ordered by the courts to be caned now include drug addicts and illegal immigrants. From 602 canings in 1987, the figure rose to 3,244 in 1993 [ 414 ] and to 6,404 in 2007. [ 415 ] In 1994, judicial caning was publicised in the rest of the world when an American teenager, Michael P. Fay , was caned under the vandalism legislation. [ 410 ] School corporal punishment (for male students only) was likewise inherited from the British, and is still in use in schools, permitted under legislation from 1957. [ 416 ] Lee also introduced caning in the Singapore Armed Forces , and Singapore is one of the few countries in the world where corporal punishment is an official penalty in military discipline. [ 417 ] Press In his interview with Charlie Rose in October 2000, when asked whether he believed in the idea of a free press, Lee responded "I believe in truth" and "I don't believe that the press should be crusading and putting a spin on things" and asserted that newspapers should keep news reporting and editorials separate. [ 418 ] Immigration Lee believed that the benefits of immigration had to be carefully balanced against the associated "social load". In a speech he made in 1971, Lee explained that it was necessary to have non-Singapore workers take up jobs that Singaporeans were not willing to do, but observed that it was important that the number of such migrant workers be carefully controlled because "[t]hey dirty the place... they litter... if you take too many... they will bring us down to their values because it's easier to be untidy, scruffy, dirty, anti-social than to be disciplined, well-behaved and a good citizen". [ 419 ] Personal life Lee and his wife, Kwa Geok Choo , were married on 30 September 1950. Both spoke English as their first language . Lee first started learning Chinese in 1955, at the age of 32. [ 420 ] [ 421 ] During World War II , he learned the Japanese language to help him survive, and worked as a Japanese translator during the Japanese occupation of Singapore . [ 422 ] Lee and Kwa have two sons and a daughter. [ 423 ] His elder son, Lee Hsien Loong , was the third prime minister of Singapore. Several members of the Lee family hold prominent positions in the Singapore society. His younger son Lee Hsien Yang was president and CEO of SingTel , and Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). [ 424 ] Lee's daughter Lee Wei Ling , a neurologist and epileptologist, was director of the National Neuroscience Institute . Lee's daughter-in-law Ho Ching was executive director and CEO of Temasek Holdings . [ 424 ] [ 425 ] His wife Kwa Geok Choo died on 2 October 2010, at the age of 89. Lee had variously described himself as an agnostic [ 426 ] and a "nominal Buddhist". [ 427 ] He also mentioned that he was brought up in a family which practiced Chinese ancestor worship but stopped after his father died, [ 426 ] and that he "neither [denies] nor [accepts] that there is a God". [ 428 ] [ 429 ] In his later years, Lee practised meditation under the tutelage of Benedictine monk Laurence Freeman , director of the World Community for Christian Meditation . [ 426 ] [ 430 ] Lee was diagnosed with dyslexia in adulthood. [ 431 ] Lee was a founding member of the Fondation Chirac 's honour committee, which was launched by former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. [ 432 ] He was also a member of David Rockefeller 's "International Council", which included Henry Kissinger , Riley P. Bechtel , George Shultz and others. Additionally, he was one of the "Forbes' Brain Trust", along with Paul Johnson and Ernesto Zedillo . Cultural depictions In 1979, oil painter Chua Mia Tee depicted Lee's return from London after the Merdeka Talks . [ 433 ] In the early 1980s, Lee agreed to have a sculpture and oil painting of him done, on the condition that they not be exhibited in his lifetime. The works, respectively by British sculptor Sydney Harpley and American portrait painter Marion Pike , were commissioned by a group of Singaporeans, including first Chief Minister David Marshall . They are now part of the National Heritage Board 's national collection, [ 434 ] but only the bronze bust has gone on public display, briefly at the Istana and Parliament House . [ 435 ] An artist's proof of the sculpture was exhibited in 2025. [ 436 ] In 1991, Chua Mia Tee presented an oil painting of Lee to the Minister himself, depicting him against a backdrop of Singapore's transformation. [ 437 ] The untitled painting was commissioned by fifth president Ong Teng Cheong . [ 438 ] In 1992, artist Lai Kui Fang presented historical oil paintings of Lee's 1959 swearing-in ceremony as prime minister, which are now part of the National Museum of Singapore 's collection. [ 439 ] Also in 1992, watercolourist Ong Kim Seng painted Lee visiting the aftermath of the Bukit Ho Swee fire , based on a 1961 photograph. The painting was reproduced in The Straits Times and sold to an unknown collector. In 2025, Ong recreated the painting, on a larger canvas, for an exhibition. [ 440 ] In 2008, artist Ben Puah unveiled Hero , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 441 ] In 2009, artist Richard Lim Han presented Singapore Guidance Angel , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 442 ] In the same year, freelance designer, Christopher "Treewizard" Pereira, began making caricature figurines of Lee which range from 12 cm to 30 cm. Comics artist and painter Sonny Liew depicted Lee as part of the series Eric Khoo is a Hotel Magnate at Mulan Gallery. [ 443 ] [ 444 ] In addition, Cultural Medallion recipient Tan Swie Hian also began a painting of Lee and his late wife titled A Couple . The painting, which took Tan five years to complete, was partially damaged by a fire in 2013. It depicts Lee and Kwa in their youth, is based on a 1946 black-and-white photograph of the couple in Cambridge University and incorporates in its background Tan's poem in memory of Kwa. A Couple was purchased by art collector Wu Hsioh Kwang. [ 445 ] In 2010, Valentine Willie Fine Art gallery asked 19 local artists to imagine a future without Lee. The resulting exhibition, Beyond LKY , included artist a triptych of Lee as a father figure looming over a tiny kneeling figure with the words, "Papa can you hear me"; an installation of a broken piano with a tape recorder playing a crackling version of Singapore's National Anthem ; white ceramic chains hanging on a wall; and an installation of hammers smashed together. [ 446 ] [ 447 ] That year, Korean artist Kim Dong Yoo depicted Lee in Lee Kuan Yew & Queen Elizabeth II (2010), an oil-on-canvas portrait of Lee using small images of Queen Elizabeth II 's head, a reference to Singapore being a former British colony and current member of the Commonwealth. [ 448 ] Indian-Swiss novelist Meira Chand 's A Different Sky , published by UK's Harvill Secker in 2010, features Lee in his early years as a lawyer and co-founder of the People's Action Party . [ 449 ] In 2011, the iris image of Lee's eye was captured and artistically rendered to resemble a sand art gallery piece. His eye image with his autograph was auctioned off to raise funds for the Singapore Eye Research Institute. [ 450 ] In 2012, urban artist Sam Lo depicted Lee in their controversial Limpeh series, featuring his image in Shepard Fairey -inspired stickers, mirrors and collages. [ 451 ] In 2013, poet Cyril Wong published The Dictator's Eyebrow , a poetry collection revolving around a Lee-like figure and his eyebrow's thirst for recognition and power. [ 452 ] In the same year, a group of Tamil poets from three countries, including Singapore Literature Prize winner Ramanathan Vairavan, produced Lee Kuan Yew 90 , a collection of 90 new poems celebrating Lee's legacy. [ 453 ] Artist Sukeshi Sondhi also staged An Icon & A Legend , a solo exhibition at featuring 20 pop art style paintings of Lee. [ 454 ] Speed painter Brad Blaze was commissioned to craft a portrait of Lee, Trailblazer: Singapore , to raise funds for Reach Community Services Society. [ 455 ] [ 456 ] In August, a bronze bust of Lee, cast by contemporary French artist-sculptor Nacera Kainou, was unveiled at the Singapore University of Technology and Design as an early birthday present to Lee from the Lyon-Singapore Association and the municipality of Lyon. [ 457 ] In 2014, Bruneian painter Huifong Ng landed an exhibition after painting a portrait of Lee. [ 458 ] In May of that year, illustrator Patrick Yee produced the children's picture book A Boy Named Harry: The Childhood of Lee Kuan Yew , published by Epigram Books . The series was later translated into Mandarin. [ 459 ] Chinese artist Ren Zhenyu also created expressionist portraits of Lee in electric hues as part of his Pop and Politics series. Vietnamese artist Mai Huy Dung has crafted a series of oil painting portraits of Lee. [ 460 ] [ 461 ] Ukrainian artist Oleg Lazarenko also depicted Lee as part of his painting Lion of Singapore . [ 462 ] In October 2014, cartoonist Morgan Chua released LKY: Political Cartoons , an anthology of cartoons about Lee published by Epigram Books , featuring a 1971 Singapore Herald cartoon of Lee on a tank threatening to crush a baby representing press freedoms. [ 463 ] The Madame Tussauds Singapore museum also unveiled a wax figure of Lee and his late wife, Madam Kwa Geok Choo seated and smiling together against a backdrop of red flowers formed in the shape of two hearts. The statues were created based on a photograph that was taken by Madam Kwa's niece, Ms Kwa Kim Li, of the pair on Valentine's Day in 2008 at Sentosa . [ 464 ] [ 465 ] In February 2015, weeks before Lee's death, Helmi Yusof of The Business Times reported on how "[i]n the last few years, artworks featuring Lee Kuan Yew have turned into a flourishing cottage industry". [ 466 ] Artworks included Jeffrey Koh's seven LKY Pez candy-dispenser sculptures, paintings of Lee in the manner of Van Gogh , and Korean sculptor Park Seung Mo's three-dimensional image of Lee made using stainless steel wires. [ 467 ] In the same month, illustrator Patrick Yee launched the second title in his picture book series about Lee, called Harry Grows Up: The Early Years of Lee Kuan Yew , at an exhibition at the National Library, Singapore . [ 468 ] In March, Singaporean artist Fan Shaohua and Lebanese-British artist Laudi Abilama exhibited their portraits of Lee. [ 469 ] In the same month, the National Parks Board named a Singapore Botanic Gardens orchid hybrid called the "Aranda Lee Kuan Yew" in honour of Lee's efforts work in conservation and environmentalism. [ 470 ] Also in March, a portrait of Lee by Ong Yi Teck, comprising Lee's name written about 18,000 times, went viral on social media. The portrait was made in tribute to Lee, who was then critically ill. [ 471 ] Days after Lee died in 2015, the Asian edition of Time featured the late Lee Kuan Yew on its cover, [ 472 ] while the 16-year-old blogger Amos Yee released a video, Lee Kuan Yew is Finally Dead! , which criticised Lee and negatively compared him to Jesus Christ . Yee also posted on his blog a stick-figure cartoon depicting Lee having sex with Margaret Thatcher , a personal and political ally of Lee's. [ 473 ] For his actions, Yee was charged with insulting religious feelings and obscenity, and sentenced to four weeks imprisonment despite his youth. [ 474 ] In April 2015, an exhibition of 300 oil paintings on Lee and Singapore opened at Suntec City . Presented by art collector Vincent Chua, The Singapore Story featured 80 portraits of Lee and a life-size statue of Lee shaking hands with Deng Xiaoping when the Chinese statesman visited Singapore in 1978. [ 475 ] [ 476 ] In May, Sonny Liew released his graphic novel The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye , in which Lee is central, while Patrick Yee launched the third and final title in his Harry Lee picture book series, Harry Builds a Nation: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew , which were later translated to Chinese. [ 477 ] In July 2015, veteran actor Lim Kay Tong portrayed Lee in the historical film 1965 , including a re-enactment of the iconic press conference when Lee announced that Singapore would be separated from Malaysia [ 478 ] That same month, actor Adrian Pang played Lee in The LKY Musical opposite Sharon Au 's Kwa Geok Choo . [ 479 ] In October 2015, sculptor Lim Leong Seng exhibited a 75 cm bronze sculpture he made of Lee, entitled Weathering Storms As One . [ 480 ] In November 2015, the Singaporean Honorary Consulate General in Barcelona unveiled a bust of Lee at Cap Roig Gardens in Costa Brava , [ 481 ] while pop artist Andre Tan showed his series of portraits of Lee, 1965 and Father of the Nation ( 国父 ) at the Affordable Art Fair Singapore. [ 482 ] In 2016, to mark the first death anniversary of Lee, Lee's brother Lee Suan Yew and nephew Shaun Lee completed the art installation by young Singaporeans of Singapore flag erasers put together to form Lee's face, titled Our Father, Our Country, Our Flag . [ 483 ] In 2023, the centenary of Lee's birth, American artist Daniel Arsham was commissioned to create two sculptures of Lee, Eroded Bronze LKY Bust 1:1 and LKY Full Body 1:2 , using bronze, stainless steel, and patina. [ 484 ] They were exhibited, along with AI-generated videos and portraits of Lee, at the immersive exhibition Now Is Not The Time in September. [ 485 ] In the same month, paintings of Lee were exhibited at Tanjong Pagar Community Club in the show LKY100 . [ 486 ] In 2024, Singaporean artist David Chan showed his painting Lee And Raffles – 5 Stars Rising at Art Seasons Gallery's booth at the Art SG fair, where it sold to a collector. [ 487 ] In 2025 , Lee's ten-year death anniversary and "SG60" (Singapore's 60th year of independence), INSTINC gallery's exhibition 10 Years: Remembering LKY showcased artworks reflecting on Lee's legacy, including portraits of Lee by Boo Sze Yang , Chang Hui Fang , and Laudi Abilama ; Justin Lee 's series LKY Quotes ; and Yeo Shih Yun 's screenprint of Lee planting a tree in 1973. [ 488 ] The exhibition was a follow-up to Remembering LKY in 2015. [ 489 ] In July, Cuturi Gallery showcased Singaporean artist Yom Bo Sung's small-scale sculpture of Lee, Elegy , as part of the exhibition Sixty Summers Here . [ 490 ] Also in July, the group exhibition Artist’s Proof: Singapore At 60 showed, alongside an artist's proof of Harpley's bust of Lee, cartoonist Sonny Liew's figurine of Lee, as part of commissioned project "P.A.P. x P.A."; Foo Kwee Horng's painting portrait of Lee, Majulah (2016); a portrait of Lee by Rajesh P Kargutkar; and Jon Chan's oil paintings of the offices of Lee and former political detainee Chia Thye Poh . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] In August, movie director Jack Neo uploaded a music video for his song, "We Are Singapore", including AI-generated images of the late Lee. [ 493 ] Awards Lee received a number of state decorations , including the Order of the Companions of Honour (1970), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1972), the Ancient Order of Sikatuna (1974), [ 494 ] the Freedom of the City of London (1982), the Seri Paduka Mahkota Johor (1984), the Nishan-e-Quaid-i-Azam (1988) and the Order of the Rising Sun (1967). [ 495 ] In 1999, Lee was named one of Time 's Most Influential People of the 20th Century. [ 41 ] In 2002, Lee became a fellow of Imperial College London in recognition of his promotion of international trade and industry and development of science and engineering study initiatives with the United Kingdom. [ 496 ] In 2006, Lee was presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . In 2007, Lee was conferred an honorary Doctorate in Law at the Australian National University in Canberra , albeit amid protest from 150 students and staff. [ 497 ] In September 2009, Lee was awarded the Armenian Order of Honor by President Serzh Sargsyan for his activities directed at the establishment and deepening of bilateral cooperation between Armenia and Singapore, during Lee's official visit to Armenia. [ 498 ] In October 2009, the US–Asean Business Council conferred upon Lee its first Lifetime Achievement award, at its 25th anniversary gala dinner in Washington, D.C. His tribute, the former United States Secretary of State and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger . [ 499 ] A day later he met United States President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in the White House . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] On 15 November 2009, Lee was awarded the Russian Order of Friendship by President Dmitry Medvedev on the sidelines of APEC Singapore 2009 . [ 502 ] On 29 April 2010, Lee was named in the Time 100 list as one of the people who most affect our world. [ 503 ] On 14 January 2011, Lee received the inaugural Gryphon Award from his alma mater, Raffles Institution, given to illustrious Rafflesians who have made exceptional contributions to the nation. [ 504 ] On 19 October 2011, Lee received the Lincoln Medal in Washington DC—an honour reserved for people who have exemplified the legacy and character embodied by Abraham Lincoln . [ 505 ] On 21 February 2012, Lee was conferred the Kazakhstan Order of Friendship by Ambassador Yerlan Baudarbek-Kozhatayev, at The Istana . [ 506 ] On 10 September 2013, Lee was conferred Russia's Order of Honour by Ambassador Leonid Moiseev for his contributions for forging friendship and co-operation with the Russian Federal and scientific and cultural relations development. [ 507 ] On 22 May 2014, the title of Honorary Doctor of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was presented by the Russian government to Lee. [ 508 ] In 2016, Lee was conferred the Order of the Paulownia Flowers . The award was backdated to 23 March 2015, the date of his death. [ 509 ] In December 2018, China conferred a posthumous China Reform Friendship Medal on Lee for his "critical role in promoting Singapore's participation in China's reform journey". In former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping's southern tour , he urged Chinese leaders to learn from the Singapore model. Alan Chan Heng Loon, Singapore–China Foundation chairman and Lee's chief private secretary, said that Mr. Lee's administration did a lot to build China-Singapore ties. [ 510 ] See also Government of Singapore Politics of Singapore Political positions of Lee Kuan Yew Zhonghandi Notes ^ Chinese : See § Chinese name ^ Kuan Yew is a transliteration of a dialect word stemming from the Chinese words 光耀 ( guāng yào ); the Hanyu Pinyin used to romanise the latter word did not exist until 1958. ^ The former college is not to be confused with Raffles Institution which Lee also attended as part of his secondary education. ^ In his memoir The Singapore Story , Lee relates that he tried unsuccessfully to drop 'Harry' when being called to the bar at the Middle Temple, but had stopped using the name by then. He succeeded when called to the Singapore bar the following year. [ 40 ] ^ The Liberal Socialist Party was formed from a merger between the pro-British Democratic Party and Progressive Party . [ 106 ] ^ The term 'yellow culture' refers to 'degenerate' behaviours in contemporary Chinese culture during the era. ^ The five were Lim Chin Siong , Fong Swee Suan, Devan Nair , James Puthucheary and S Woodhull . [ 122 ] ^ Unlike the chief ministers of Sabah and Sarawak , Lee's position as the prime minister of Singapore remained unchanged even with the existence of the prime minister of Malaysia for the entire country. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES DEWAN RA'AYAT (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES) OFFICIAL REPORT" (PDF) . 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Washington, DC. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017 – via National Archives . ^ "Obama welcomes 'legendary' Lee Kuan Yew" . Agence France-Presse. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 26 February 2010 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . ^ "Remarks by President Obama and Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore before Meeting" . whitehouse.gov (Press release). Washington, DC. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017 – via National Archives . ^ Hoe Yeen Nie (16 November 2009). "Russia, S'pore move towards closer ties with new governmental body" . Channel NewsAsia . Singapore. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew – The 2010 TIME 100" . Time . New York. 29 April 2010. Archived from the original on 2 May 2010 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . ^ "S'pore must preserve meritocracy in govt schools, says MM Lee" . Channel NewsAsia . Singapore. Archived from the original on 14 January 2011 . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . ^ Marks, Simon (19 October 2011). "Former MM Lee Kuan Yew receives Lincoln Medal" . Channel NewsAsia . Singapore. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . ^ Chan, Joanne (21 February 2012). "Lee Kuan Yew conferred Order of Friendship by Kazakhstan" . Channel NewsAsia . Singapore. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . ^ Kumar, Chitra (6 January 2014). "Former MM Lee Kuan Yew conferred Russia's Order of Honour" . Channel NewsAsia . Singapore. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . ^ "Moscow honours Lee Kuan Yew with doctorate" . The Straits Times . Singapore. 24 May 2014. Archived from the original on 26 May 2014 . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew to be conferred one of Japan's highest awards" . Channel NewsAsia . Singapore. 3 February 2016. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew lauded for critical role in China's reform and opening-up" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . Works cited Sandhu, Kernial Singh; Wheatley, Paul (1989). Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789813035423 . Josey, Alex (1980). Lee Kuan Yew Vol. 2 . Times Books International. ISBN 9789971650438 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 21 October 2020 . Chan, Heng Chee (1984). A Sensation of Independence: A Political Biography of David Marshall . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195826074 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Conboy, Kenneth J. (January 1989), "Opportunities for Bush to Bolster the U.S.-Singapore Relationship" (PDF) , Asian Studies Backgrounder , 86 , archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021 , retrieved 3 March 2010 Régnier, Philippe (1991). Singapore: A City-state in South-East Asia . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Jones, Matthew (2000). "Creating Malaysia: Singapore security, the Borneo territories, and the contours of British policy, 1961–63" . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 28 (2): 85– 109. doi : 10.1080/03086530008583091 . S2CID 159579207 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 9 June 2021 . Hefner, Robert W. (2001). The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia . University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824824877 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Mauzy, Diane K.; Milne, Robert Stephen (2002). Singapore Politics Under the People's Action Party . Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415246538 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 1 May 2021 . Yao, Souchou (2007). Singapore: The State and the Culture of Excess . Routledge. ISBN 9780415417112 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Weatherbee, Donald E. (2008). Historical Dictionary of United States-Southeast Asia Relations . Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810864054 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Lee, Edwin (2008). Singapore: The Unexpected Nation . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812307965 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Turnbull, C. M. (2009). A History of Modern Singapore: 1819–2005 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789971694302 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Frost, Mark R.; Balasingamchow, Yu-Mei (2009). Singapore: A Biography . Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385169 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Yap, Sonny; Lim, Richard; Leong, Weng K. (2010). Men in White: The Untold Story of Singapore's Ruling Political Party . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814266512 . Pike, Francis (2010). Empires at War A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II . London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857730299 . Poh, Soo K; Tan, Jing Quee; Koh, Kay Yew (2010). The Fajar Generation: The University Socialist Club and the Politics of Postwar Malaya and Singapore . SIRD. ISBN 9789833782864 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Quah, Jon S.T. (2011). Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream? . Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 9780857248190 . Leo, Suryadinata (2012). Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume I & II . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789814345217 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Josey, Alex (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: The Crucial Years . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814435499 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Tortajada, Cecilia; Joshi, Yugal; Biswas, Asit K. (2013). The Singapore Water Story: Sustainable Development in an Urban City-state . Routledge. ISBN 9780415657822 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Plate, Tom (2013). Giants of Asia: Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew . Marshall Cavendish Intl. ISBN 9789814398619 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kah Seng, Loh (2013). Squatters into Citizens: The 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire and the Making of Modern Singapore . NUS Press. ISBN 9788776941222 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Soo, Kai Poh; Hong, Lysa; Chen, Guofang (2013). The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore, Commemorating 50 years . Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. ISBN 9789670630106 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Cotterell, Arthur (2014). A History of South-East Asia . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814634700 . Barr, Michael D. (2014). The Ruling Elite of Singapore: Networks of Power and Influence . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780857723680 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Oei, Anthony (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: Blazing The Freedom Trail . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814677875 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 28 July 2021 . Yeow, Stephanie (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: A Pictorial Memoir . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814642088 . Chew, Melanie (2015). Leaders Of Singapore . World Scientific. ISBN 9789810073336 . Zheng, Yongnian; Liang, Fook Lye (2015). Singapore-China Relations: 50 Years . World Scientific. ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kwa, Chong Guan; Heng, Derek; Borschberg, Peter; Tan, Tai Yong (2019). Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814868334 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 . Jayakumar, Shashi (2021). A History of the People's Action Party, 1985–2021 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789813251281 . Further reading Primary sources Lee, Kuan Yew (1998). The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . Times Editions. ISBN 9789812049834 . —— (2000). From Third World to First: 1965–2000: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060197766 . —— (2005). Keeping My Mandarin Alive: Lee Kuan Yew's Language Learning Experience . World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 9789812563828 . —— (2011). Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . Straits Times Press. ISBN 978-9814266727 . —— (2012). My Lifelong Challenge: Singapore's Bilingual Journey . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342032 . —— (2013a). The Wit and Wisdom of Lee Kuan Yew . Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385282 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . —— (2013b). One Man's View of the World . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342568 . —— (2014). The Battle for Merger . National Archives of Singapore. ISBN 9789814342773 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Other sources Kassim, Yang Razali; Ali, Mushahid, eds. (2016). Reflections: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew . Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. doi : 10.1142/9811 . ISBN 978-9814723886 . Allison, Graham T.; Blackwill, Robert D.; Ali, Wyne (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States and the World . The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262019125 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Koh, Buck Song (2011). Brand Singapore: How Nation Branding Built Asia's Leading Global City . Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9814328159 . Plate, Tom (2010). Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew: Citizen Singapore: How to Build a Nation . Giants of Asia Series. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9812616760 . Barr, Michael D. (2000). Lee Kuan Yew: The Beliefs Behind the Man . Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0878408160 . Datta-Ray, Sunanda K. (2009). Looking East to Look West: Lee Kuan Yew's Mission India . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9814279048 . Gordon, Uri (2000). "Machiavelli's Tiger: Lee Kwan Yew and Singapore's Authoritarian regime" . King, Rodney (2008). The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality (2 ed.). Insight Press. ISBN 978-0977556700 . Fernandez, Warren; Tan, Sumiko; Lam, Sally; Tay, Hwee Peng (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and His Ideas . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-9814677684 . Lama, Murat (2016). Lee Kuan Yew: Singapour et le renouveau de la Chine (in French). Paris: Manitoba/Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-89020-3 . Minchin, James (1986). No Man is an Island: A Study of Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew . Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0868619064 . Bellows, Thomas J. (1989), "Singapore in 1988: The Transition Moves Forward", Asian Survey , 29 (2): 145– 153, doi : 10.2307/2644574 , JSTOR 2644574 External links Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Resources in your library Resources in other libraries @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikimedia Commons Appearances on C-SPAN Portraits of Lee Kuan Yew at the National Portrait Gallery, London Quotations related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikiquote Political offices New office Prime Minister of Singapore 1959–1990 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Preceded by Hon Sui Sen Minister for Finance Acting 1983 Succeeded by Tony Tan Vacant Title last held by S. Rajaratnam 1988 Senior Minister 1990–2004 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong New office Minister Mentor 2004–2011 Position abolished Parliament of Singapore New constituency Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC 1959–1991 Constituency abolished Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC 1991–2015 Succeeded by Joan Pereira (Tanjong Pagar ward) Party political offices New office Secretary-General of the People's Action Party 1954–1992 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Prime ministers of Singapore v t e Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) v t e Legal profession in Singapore v t e Executive officers Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Lucien Wong Judicial officers Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Notable lawyers Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Notable academics Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Politicians with legal backgrounds Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Major law firms Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Law schools NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law Legal organisations Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Member of multiple Parliaments of Singapore .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) v t e Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Fu, H Y Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) v t e Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Seng, H T Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 Biography Politics Singapore Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Catalonia Academics CiNii CiNii People Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC Yale LUX IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC Yale LUX 1923 births 2015 deaths Alumni of the University of London Alumni of the London School of Economics Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Conservatism in Singapore Deaths from pneumonia in Singapore Fellows of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Singaporean politicians of Chinese descent Singaporean politicians of Hakka descent Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Honorary members of the Order of the Companions of Honour Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor Members of the Cabinet of Singapore Members of the Parliament of Singapore Members of the Dewan Rakyat Members of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore People's Action Party politicians Lee family (Singapore) Prime ministers of Singapore Raffles Institution alumni Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun Recipients of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers Singaporean agnostics Singaporean anti-communists Singaporean Confucianists Singaporean people of Hakka descent Hakka writers Singaporean people with disabilities Singaporean independence activists 20th-century Singaporean lawyers Lee Kuan Yew Politicians with dyslexia Lawyers with disabilities Peranakan people in Singapore Writers with dyslexia Radicals Critics of Islamism Ig Nobel laureates Singaporean Buddhists Recipients of the Order of Sikatuna All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1: long volume value CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh) CS1 Chinese (Singapore)-language sources (zh-sg) CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2026 Use British English from July 2023 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Pages using Template:Post-nominals with customized linking Articles containing Chinese-language text Articles with empty listen template All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2025 CS1 French-language sources (fr) Commons category link from Wikidata People appearing on C-SPAN National Portrait Gallery (London) person ID same as Wikidata Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:27 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 List of Wikipedia essays Toggle List of Wikipedia essays subsection 1.1 About essays 1.2 About Wikipedia 1.2.1 Privacy and security 1.2.2 About editors 1.3 Contributing to Wikipedia 1.3.1 Philosophy 1.3.1.1 Discussions and consensus 1.3.2 Development of Wikipedia 1.3.3 Removal or deletion of content 1.4 Wikipedia's code of conduct 1.4.1 Civility 1.4.2 Behavioural philosophy 1.4.2.1 Positive actions 1.4.2.2 Negative actions 1.4.2.2.1 Vandalism 1.4.3 Sanctions 1.4.4 Multiple accounts 1.5 Copyright 1.6 Wikipedia's content protocols 1.6.1 Neutral point of view 1.6.2 Verifiability and sources 1.6.2.1 Notability 1.6.2.2 Biographies 1.7 Wiki-culture 1.8 Essays in a nutshell 1.9 How-to pages 1.10 Humorous material 1.1 About essays 1.2 About Wikipedia 1.2.1 Privacy and security 1.2.2 About editors 1.2.1 Privacy and security 1.2.2 About editors 1.3 Contributing to Wikipedia 1.3.1 Philosophy 1.3.1.1 Discussions and consensus 1.3.2 Development of Wikipedia 1.3.3 Removal or deletion of content 1.3.1 Philosophy 1.3.1.1 Discussions and consensus 1.3.1.1 Discussions and consensus 1.3.2 Development of Wikipedia 1.3.3 Removal or deletion of content 1.4 Wikipedia's code of conduct 1.4.1 Civility 1.4.2 Behavioural philosophy 1.4.2.1 Positive actions 1.4.2.2 Negative actions 1.4.2.2.1 Vandalism 1.4.3 Sanctions 1.4.4 Multiple accounts 1.4.1 Civility 1.4.2 Behavioural philosophy 1.4.2.1 Positive actions 1.4.2.2 Negative actions 1.4.2.2.1 Vandalism 1.4.2.1 Positive actions 1.4.2.2 Negative actions 1.4.2.2.1 Vandalism 1.4.2.2.1 Vandalism 1.4.3 Sanctions 1.4.4 Multiple accounts 1.5 Copyright 1.6 Wikipedia's content protocols 1.6.1 Neutral point of view 1.6.2 Verifiability and sources 1.6.2.1 Notability 1.6.2.2 Biographies 1.6.1 Neutral point of view 1.6.2 Verifiability and sources 1.6.2.1 Notability 1.6.2.2 Biographies 1.6.2.1 Notability 1.6.2.2 Biographies 1.7 Wiki-culture 1.8 Essays in a nutshell 1.9 How-to pages 1.10 Humorous material 2 Wikipedia and User essays by category 3 Historical essays 4 See also Wikipedia : Essay directory Bahasa Indonesia සිංහල Türkçe 中文 Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Community portal Dashboard Departments Maintenance Tasks Discord IRC Meetups Directories ( Protocols Essays How-to Index Noticeboards WikiProjects ) Community portal Dashboard Departments Maintenance Tasks Tasks Discord IRC Meetups Directories ( Protocols Essays How-to Index Noticeboards WikiProjects ) Essays and information pages represent the opinion(s) or summaries of an individual or group of editors and are intended to supplement or clarify a process while sometimes offering advice. Essays and information pages are not one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines , thus have no official status within the community. Following the instructions or guidance given in an essay or information page is optional, as they may be written and edited by anyone without overall community oversight. .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcuts .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:EDIR WP:EDIR WP:ESSAYDIR WP:ESSAYDIR WP:ESSAYLIST WP:ESSAYLIST WP:EDIR WP:EDIR WP:ESSAYDIR WP:ESSAYDIR WP:ESSAYLIST WP:ESSAYLIST This is a descriptive directory of Wikipedia essays and related information pages located in the Wikipedia namespace . There are currently around 2,187 essays , with over two dozen categories to separate them for searching. Note : User essays are excluded from this directory (?) Essays can also be navigated via categories , the navigation template or by a custom search box (as seen below). For other useful directories and indexes, see Wikipedia:Directories and indexes . List of Wikipedia essays About essays About essays – what essays are, the types of essays and status within the community. Avoid writing redundant essays – why it is a good idea to check if similar essays already exist before creating new ones. Difference between policies, guidelines and essays – what the community chooses to call a "policy" or a "guideline" or an "essay" . Don't cite essays as if they were policy – we don't use essays or proposals as if they were guidelines or policy. Essay writing guide – how to create and edit essays. Quote your own essay – how editors may refer to essays, provided that they do not hold them out as general consensus or policy. Value of essays – how essays are not policies or guidelines. However, many are worthy of consideration. About Wikipedia About Wikipedia – a general introduction for visitors to Wikipedia. Administration – discuses both the non-human administrative structure of Wikipedia, as well as its human components. Academic use – how citation of Wikipedia in research papers may be considered unacceptable, because Wikipedia is not considered a credible or authoritative source. Editing environment – how is Wikipedia governed? What happens when content disputes 'boil over' into accusations of bad conduct? Editorial oversight and control – the various processes and structures by which Wikipedia articles and their editing are editorially controlled, and the processes which are built into that model to ensure quality of article content. Evaluating Wikipedia as an encyclopedia – Wikipedia's success or failure as an encyclopedia, using the standard accepted criteria for all encyclopedias. Five pillars – the fundamental principles of Wikipedia . Formal organization – who does what on Wikipedia? What does Wikipedia itself say about its own formal organizational structure? Gender bias and editing on Wikipedia – the gender gap that exists on Wikipedia, in terms of editors and editing practice. Past and future of Wikipedia – how Wikipedia has come to be what it is, and what threats it may face and what opportunities it may have in the future. Processes – the technical, methodical, and semi-formal means of accomplishing goals and resolving disputes. Product, process, policy – how process and policy are generated in order to improve Wikipedia. Purpose – Wikipedia's motive for being. Quality control – how the very wiki-nature of Wikipedia enables instant and continuous quality control, by allowing anyone and everyone to participate in improving articles and the encyclopedia as a whole. Replies to common objections – answers a number of common criticisms of the Wikipedia project as outlined in publications (see WP:Criticisms for a list of quotations from critics). Researching with Wikipedia – Wikipedia can be a great tool for learning and researching information. However, as with all reference works, not everything in Wikipedia is accurate, comprehensive, or unbiased. Role of Jimmy Wales – Jimmy Wales holds a special role in the governance of the English Wikipedia, because of the central and vital stake he had in its founding. Sexual content – Wikipedia contains sexual content. The essence of Wikipedia – how Wikipedia is the harnessing of the collective intelligence and collaborative efforts of editors who hold opposing points of view, in an attempt to preserve all serious contributions which are reliably sourced. The aim is the progressive building of more and better NPOV content. The hidden encyclopedia that resides in the article histories – how useful information can be obtained from past revisions of articles. The role of policies in collaborative anarchy – how policies produce a quality encyclopedia. The rules are principles – how policies and guidelines exist only as rough approximations of their underlying principles. Trifecta – the three founding principles of our policies and guidelines. Why Wikipedia is so great – what accounts for Wikipedia's enormous growth and success. Why Wikipedia is not so great – the drawbacks of Wikipedia. Who writes Wikipedia? – anyone ( EVEN YOU! ) can edit existing articles or create new ones, and volunteers do not need to have any formal training to contribute. Wikipedia may or may not be failing – what is going on? And why should we care? Wikipedia in brief – the very basic principles of contributing. Wikipedia is a mainstream encyclopedia – how what is considered "mainstream" for Wikipedia may be the minority view in society. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia – some norms of the Wikipedia community. Wikipedia is a community – how there is nothing wrong with occasionally doing other things than writing the encyclopedia, and that community spirit is a positive thing. Wikipedia is failing – ways in which Wikipedia is not fulfilling its aims. Wikipedia is a tertiary source – how Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and as such, Wikipedia is a tertiary source. Wikipedia is a work in progress – Wikipedia is constantly being improved and expanded, and it will never be finished. Wikipedia is not for sale — Wikipedia cannot be purchased by disinterested parties or those seeking to "liberate" it from some liberal agenda. Wikipedia is succeeding – presents arguments to show that the Wikipedia is succeeding in the goal of becoming a reputable and reliable encyclopedia. You don't own Wikipedia – the Wikimedia Foundation outranks the community. User:Jimbo Wales/Statement of principles – statement of principles! by the co-founder of Wikipedia, Jimmy Wales , as updated by the community since then. User:Jimbo Wales/Statement of principles – statement of principles! by the co-founder of Wikipedia, Jimmy Wales , as updated by the community since then. Privacy and security Editors willing to make difficult edits – support page for brave editors who face increased privacy/security risks from improving the encyclopedia How to not get outed on Wikipedia – for some editors of Wikipedia, having their "real life" identity discovered can be a major problem, threatening their well-being, careers, or even personal safety. There are a variety of steps you can take to help protect yourself from this happening. On privacy, confidentiality and discretion – everyone should be careful about revealing and handling personal and/or private information, as your rights to privacy may not extend as far as you believe. Personal security practices – intended as a guideline for user security concerns and practices on Wikipedia. It adapts some information from the Wikimedia foundation's privacy policy to address some personal security concerns that may arise in the course of editing Wikipedia. Protect your privacy – how-to guide Responding to threats of harm – anyone who observes potentially suicidal or violent behavior should notify Wikipedia administrators quickly. (Editors may not provide counselling services or professional referrals). Safety, security and privacy tips – short overview that also links to Wikimedia Foundation resources Wikipedia is in the real world – your activity here has real consequences, because Wikipedia is in the real world. Wikipedia is anonymous – Wikipedia can be anonymous. Still, there are various ways your identity can be revealed. Essays about accounts User account security – editors should use a strong password to avoid being blocked for bad edits by someone who guesses or "cracks" other editors' passwords. Why create an account – you don't need to be registered to edit; however it does provide additional features and privacy. IP edits are not anonymous – editing Wikipedia with an IP address as your identifier is often less anonymous than editing with a normal account. User account security – editors should use a strong password to avoid being blocked for bad edits by someone who guesses or "cracks" other editors' passwords. Why create an account – you don't need to be registered to edit; however it does provide additional features and privacy. IP edits are not anonymous – editing Wikipedia with an IP address as your identifier is often less anonymous than editing with a normal account. Essays for parents Advice for parents – offers a brief introduction to Wikipedia for parents and legal guardians. Protecting children's privacy – all users, including children, are permitted to edit anonymously without submitting identifying information. Reasonable efforts to discourage children from disclosing identifying personal information are appropriate. Advice for parents – offers a brief introduction to Wikipedia for parents and legal guardians. Protecting children's privacy – all users, including children, are permitted to edit anonymously without submitting identifying information. Reasonable efforts to discourage children from disclosing identifying personal information are appropriate. About editors Competence is required – not every person belongs on Wikipedia, because some people are not sufficiently competent. Disruptive user – examples of what would make someone a disruptive user. Editorial discretion – common sense and Wikipedia policy dictate that editors must practice discretion regarding the proper inclusion of relevant and well-sourced content. Editor integrity – editors have a responsibility to uphold the integrity of Wikipedia and respect intellectual property rights of the sources they draw upon when they create and improve encyclopedia pages. Editors matter – Wikipedia's most important resource is its contributors. Editors will sometimes be wrong – individual editors, and even groups of editors, are sometimes wrong. Expert editors – expert editors are important to Wikipedia. Ghostwriting – organizations and individuals bypassing the conflict-of-interest guideline by supplying approved drafts of articles about themselves. Here to build an encyclopedia – the distinguish constructive and non-constructive behaviour of editors. Honor system – how editors are trusted to obey all the rules and do the right thing. There is no central authority and no police force, just the assumption of good faith. IP users – guest users or unregistered users are users who edit Wikipedia without registering for an account. IP addresses are not people – with some exceptions, unregistered users can edit articles and participate on talk pages in the same way as registered users. Levels of competence – all editors go through a series of levels in their understanding of Wikipedia. New account – a new account is a registered user which has too few contributions to obtain a definite reputation, or is registered too recently for it. Newbies aren't always clueless – just because someone is new, does not mean they have no idea what they are doing. Paid editing (essay) – some editors (usually for money) create or edit Wikipedia articles for an individual or entity. Retiring – sometimes active users decide to retire from or leave Wikipedia, and may return at any point. Single-purpose account – while many single-purpose accounts turn out to be well-intentioned editors with a niche interest, a significant number appear to edit for the purposes of promotion or showcasing their favoured point of view. User rights are not a golden ticket – user rights, as they appear in the log, do not denote a hierarchy of Wikipedians. Rollback, sysop, checkuser, oversight etc. are not special groups. While we call these privileges, they are not a measure of status. What administrators do – administrators are regular unpaid editors who have access to tools which give them the ability to protect pages , delete pages , and block users . Wikipedia is a volunteer service – editors on Wikipedia are mainly volunteers. Editors can contribute as much as they want, and for however long they desire. Wikipedians – the volunteers who write and edit Wikipedia's articles, unlike readers who simply read them. You are not irreplaceable – how every good-faith editor is important to the overall success of Wikipedia, but that all editors must edit responsibly and be civil, regardless of their other contributions. Additionally, Wikipedia can still function without any single editor. Contributing to Wikipedia Contributing to Wikipedia – the main "how-to" page that provides information, links, videos and other resources on the basics needed to comprehend, comment on, and edit Wikipedia. Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia – some basics about contributing and interacting with others. Everything you need to know – a quick overview of some of Wikipedia's most important policies. Guidance for younger editors – advice for young editors about what they should be aware of. Frequent mistakes – a few common mistakes everyone should try to avoid. Plain and simple overview – the policies and customs that have developed over the years which reflect the experience of thousands of editors who are constantly learning and refining how to create balanced, accurate articles. Plain and simple conflict of interest guide – for editors who want to engage with the Wikipedia community about a subject with which they are affiliated. Plain and simple guide for medical editors – explains the extreme importance of medical content and gives advice on editing medical content on Wikipedia. Primer for newcomers – a blunt introduction intended to help newcomers that covers the basic mechanics of Wikipedia. Simplified Manual of Style – the basics of commonly used style guidelines. Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia – some basics about contributing and interacting with others. Philosophy Articles are more important than policy – while familiarizing yourself with how things work on Wikipedia is good, what's even more important is writing good articles. Articles must be written – how articles should be created before they are linked in other articles. Avoid vague introductions – how the lead section of articles should summarize the contents of the article. Be a reliable source – the best way you can be a good source is by strictly adhering to the guidelines pertaining to them. Best practices for editors with close associations – suggestions for how to edit successfully, if you have a close association or involvement with the topic you are editing. Cohesion – how text and other information is organized and structured within articles. Concede lost arguments – how making explicit concessions when an argument is lost is good. Don't lie – how editors should refrain from lying at all times. Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country — editing in Wikipedia-land is going into a different world, from which you return (usually) a better person. Explanationism – the concept of Wikipedia's purpose as being, to some degree, based in explanations. Every edit must stand on its own feet – how small changes are good, but each change must improve the article and preserve its integrity. Honesty – how honesty is expected in all processes of Wikipedia, including content discussion, the dispute process and all other functions of the community. Gender-neutral language – how gender-neutral language should be used where this can be done with clarity and precision. Introduction to structurism – an editing philosophy emphasizing interconnection, organization, and uniformity as the best way to improve the usefulness of content across all Wikimedia projects. Most ideas are bad – how most proposals are bad and how to handle that point. News policy abuse – breaking news should not be covered by a new Wikipedia article. Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction – how some articles should not be written, although we'd like to write them. Oversimplification – how not to oversimplify material in the effort to make it more understandable. Paradoxes – explains the major conceptual contradictions within our project. Paraphrasing – how editors should generally summarize source material in their own words. Readers first – how, whenever we write something, we should always put our readers first. Responsible tagging – the best care should be taken to add only the most relevant and specific tags, and to leave an explanation on the talk page so that others can understand what the problem was/is. Statement of principles – by the co-founder of Wikipedia, Jimmy Wales, as updated by the community since then. Student assignments – students that edit Wikipedia as part of an assignment should improve Wikipedia without any serious violations of content norms. Snowball clause – you should use common sense and not follow a process for the sake of it; but, when in doubt, allow discussions to take place. Tagging pages for problems – "tags" (template messages) should be used to clearly identify problems with Wikipedia pages and to indicate to other editors that improvements are needed. Tendentious editing – how to recognize bad editing, how to avoid it, and how not to be accused of it. Time management – your time reading and editing Wikipedia may be limited. Thus, you should focus your editing toward the most enjoyable and productive goals. Too long; didn't read – the cause of excessive length, suggestions on how to reduce it, and a reminder to always exercise civility with other editors when paring. What "Ignore all rules" means – how most rules are ultimately descriptive, not prescriptive; they describe existing current practice. Words of wisdom – editors should remember that the goal is encyclopedic information, and should attempt to set aside their egos while they are here at Wikipedia. Writing about women – the subtle and more obvious ways in which titles, language, images and linking practices on the English Wikipedia can discriminate against women. Discussions and consensus Adjectives in your recommendations – editors choose to put adjectives in their recommendations (sometimes described as votes or !votes); there is disagreement on if this is a good practice or not. Avoiding talk-page disruption – how best to use clear, expository, and even-handed responses in clashes over a new contribution. Arguments to avoid on discussion pages – while involved in a discussion, there are arguments that can make or break a case. Arguments to avoid in edit wars – when an edit war takes place, arguments should be productive and should be aimed at reaching an agreement, and not about acting superior, having it one's way, or otherwise discounting the other(s) involved. BOLD, revert, discuss cycle – making bold edits is encouraged, as it will result in either improving an article or stimulating discussion. If your edit gets reverted, do not revert again. Instead, begin a discussion with the person who reverted your change to establish consensus. BRD misuse – two types of editors exhibiting behaviors that misuse the BOLD, revert, discuss cycle. Confusing arguments mean nothing – a confusing argument has little to no meaning and can be ignored in Wikipedia discussions. Contributing to complicated discussions – when you lack requisite knowledge required to contribute to a discussion productively, it's often better to stay silent or at least acknowledge your ignorance. Educate yourself when it's an efficient use of your time. Closing discussions – when and how discussions should be closed. Discussing cruft – many Wikipedians use "cruft" as a shorthand term to describe content that is inappropriate for Wikipedia. Don't bludgeon the process – it is not necessary or desirable to reply to every comment in a discussion. Don't restore removed comments – users may remove comments from their own talk page. There is no need for others to replace those comments. Don't revert due solely to "no consensus" – if the only thing you have to say about a contribution to the encyclopedia is that it lacks consensus, it's best not to revert it. Don't drink the consensus Kool-Aid – speaking out against consensus and policy is not disruptive if it is done with civility. Editors can change their minds – how, if an editor changes position during Wikipedia discussions, all it means is the discussion process is working. Follow the leader – it is not necessary to agree with the nominator or the first editor to comment. Do not be ashamed to be in the minority. Do not use edit history to escalate the conflict – if the user has already removed one's uncivil comment, pulling it from edit history "for open discussion" may just escalate the conflict. I just don't like it – expressing a like or dislike for the issue in question is not a helpful or useful argument in a discussion. IPs are human too – unregistered users can edit articles and participate on talk pages in the same way as registered users. Their input is just as important in building consensus. Levels of consensus - How the CONLEVEL of something can be measured or described. Method for consensus building – the basic recommended consensus decision-making process. Nothing – editors who use the " everything " argument are urged to provide more detail of their argument. Notification – if you begin a discussion of another user on a common notice board, it is expected that you will notify the subject user by posting a message on their talk page. Polling is not a substitute for discussion – how some decisions on Wikipedia are not made by popular vote, but rather through discussions to achieve consensus. Polling is only meant to facilitate discussion, and should be used with care. Provide diffs – editors making claims about the conduct of other editors should always provide diffs as evidence during discussions. Read before commenting – familiarize yourself with a discussion before participating in it. Reducing consensus to an algorithm – a tongue-in-cheek "formula" for predicting the strength of an argument in a content dispute based on how well sourced it is. Shadowless Fists of Death! – it is best not to mindlessly quote policy or guideline titles at other editors in arguments. It's obnoxious and counter productive. Explain thyself. Sham consensus – a consensus may not be relied on if it violates a policy, a guideline, or an ArbCom decision. Silence and consensus – how consensus is assumed when there's no evidence of disagreement. Supervote – several varieties of supervote, and how most of them are problematic. Tag team – using meatpuppetry to coordinate the actions of multiple editors to circumvent the normal process of consensus is inappropriate. What is consensus? – disputes on Wikipedia are settled by editing and discussion, not voting. What "no consensus" means – a "no consensus" result's meaning differs depending on the nature of the discussion. Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole – editors should not rush into a discussion pointing at lots of policies without expanding on why they're doing so. Wisdom of the crowd - why in large discussions we can trust more in a count of editors on various sides to determine consensus. Development of Wikipedia 100K featured articles – the challenge of accomplishing the goal of 100,000 more Feature-quality articles. A navbox on every page – navigaton box templates can be useful as a tool for navigation. Acronym Overkill – articles should reflect acronym use in 3rd party sources. Adding images improves the encyclopedia – adding images to articles and essays is an easy way to improve the encyclopedia. Alternatives to the "Expand" template – better ways to say "this article needs more information" than using a template. Amnesia test – you should forget everything you know about the subject before editing. An unfinished house is a real problem – unfinished articles are not harmful; however, they should be made accurate and readable before saving. Articles have a half-life – the time it takes for a substance to degrade to half its former quantity and what to do about it. Avoid mission statements – why organizational statements generally should not be included in articles. Avoid template creep – why it is best not to overuse templates. Beef up that first revision – new page patrollers judge the articles by their first mainspace revisions; they prefer these to already contain basic context, assertion of notability, and sources. Build content to endure – take steps to ensure that content you write will not degrade or become outdated over time. Categories are different from articles – categories and articles serve different purposes in Wikipedia. Categories versus lists – the category system causes more problems than it solves. Categorising fiction – categorising fictional constructs on Wikipedia can be problematic. Common-style fallacy – Wikipedia has its own set of policies and guidelines for article content and naming, which are distinct from each other. Facts on a subject are drawn from reliable sources, but no particular subset of them dictates how Wikipedia must write. Style is a matter of Wikipedia community consensus, based on general-audience style guides, not mimicry of any particular genre (or trademark). Concept cloud – how brainstorming can help editors to overcome editorial struggles, and conceptualize, in a material way, the way an article is formed. Complete bollocks – articles that are obviously false should be treated differently from similar articles. Creating controversial content – how new articles or facts that are especially controversial can survive severe dispute. Don't demolish the house while it's still being built – how a short article should be marked as a stub, then edited, and expanded, rather than simply deleted. Don't hope the house will build itself – how a little planning and a little effort is all that is needed to prevent an article from being deleted. Don't include every update – newly released information is good, but can end up as clutter if everything goes into an article. Don't panic – you should always keep an eye on yourself when you are involved in a dispute. Don't overuse quotes – many articles use quotations to represent opinions of significant people. This is a mistake. Editing on mobile devices – the challenges of editing with smartphones. Editors are not mindreaders – how can someone distinguish the incomplete, unreferenced article you've just created but plan to improve from one that will never be improved? Featured articles may have problems – featured articles are not necessarily to be emulated; focus on our policies and guidelines. Give an article a chance – why it is best not to nominate newly created articles for deletion. How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance – the creation of new guidance and to the improvement or updating of existing guidance. Run an edit-a-thon – an "edit-a-thon" improves the encyclopedia and can be a great way to help new Wikipedians learn to edit. Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats – provides a rational argument for refusing editors who insist on using a date format that matches the most common style in a particular country. Keep it short and simple – rules and procedure pages should be simple and short, or else people will not read them. Let the dust settle – it is best to wait until things have calmed down before creating an article about current topics to Wikipedia. For breaking news, use Wikinews or current events . Merge Test – If a merge will result in an article too large to comfortably read or the deletion of encyclopedic content, it should not occur. Myth vs fiction – be careful when using the words "fiction" and "myth." While related, they are not interchangeable, "Murder of" articles – articles titled "Murder of [victim]" are a possible solution to the notability guidelines that would bar articles on the perpetrator or victim. Not everything needs a navbox – navigation-box templates can be useful as a tool for navigation, but use them sparingly. Nothing is in stone – how easy it is for Wikipedia to change, and how all Wikipedians should pay attention to the changes. Main article fixation – about how editors may insist that their contribution appear in the most prominent article. Permastub – some stub articles have no reasonable prospect for expansion. Potential, not just current state – why it is best to keep articles based on their potential notability and verification, not just how they look now. Presentism – judging historical events by current standards, should be avoided; explain what reliable sources have said regarding changed standards. Printability – editors decide whether or not any given type of article-namespace redirect is suitable for an offline, CD/DVD or print version of Wikipedia. Proseline – why articles being comprehensive and up-to-date is perfectly reasonable and okay to a point, but "proseline" (timelines) tends to degrade the quality of the articles. Pruning article revisions – for publicists who may want tips on legitimately reporting clients' achievements and have their articles stay in Wikipedia, not deleted. Put a little effort into it – when creating a new article, even if it is a stub, try to put in at least a little bit more than just the absolute minimum. Redirects are cheap – redirects take up minimal system resources, so it doesn't really hurt things if there are a few of them scattered around. Restoring part of a reverted edit – it is sometimes better to remove the content that is objectionable instead of entirely reverting an edit. Robotic editing – the manual performance of the same or similar edit to multiple, perhaps numerous pages. Specialized-style fallacy – Wikipedia has its own set of guidelines for article layout, content formatting, and page naming. Facts on a subject should be drawn from reliable sources, but how content is styled is a matter for the Wikipedia community, which strongly favors the style found in general-audience works over highly specialized ones, because of the breadth of our audience. Temporary versions of articles – reasons for and against temporary versions. There is a deadline – the preservation or survivability of the knowledge is at stake. Contribute it to Wikipedia before it's too late. There is no deadline – Wikipedia is a work in progress. Don't rush to edit; it's not a competition. The deadline is now – when an article contains unverifiable content, it needs to be corrected now before someone reads it and is misled by it. The world will not end tomorrow – an encyclopedia should not begin to move at lightning speed to keep up with the rat race of the outside world. Using sandboxes for article changes – advice on how to use sandboxes for rewriting existing articles Vital Direct – about development of vital articles. Walled garden – articles should have outgoing and incoming links to the wider encyclopedia. What an article should not include – some things rarely, if ever, should appear in the saved version of an article. Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion – Wikipedia grows organically, thus the quality of pages is varied. Writing better articles – advice on how to write an effective article, including information on layout, style, and how to make an article clear, precise and relevant to the reader. Wikipedia is not about YOU – Wikipedia is not the place to promote a topic with which you have personal involvement. Wikipedia is not a fan website – Wikipedia is a user-edited website, but it is an encyclopedia, not a fan website. Wikipedia is not a newspaper – Wikipedia is not a journal of current news. Removal or deletion of content AfD is not a war zone – how articles for deletion (AfD) discussions should remain calm and civil, and editors should avoid adhering too strongly to either deletionism or inclusionism. AfD stats don't measure what you think - the agreement of a user's AfD !votes and AfD outcomes is not easy to interpret and is frequently used in misleading ways. Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions – arguments that should generally be avoided, or at the least supplemented with a better-grounded rationale for the position. Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews – all should try to make clear, solid arguments in deletion reviews, avoiding short one-liners or simple links. Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions – the strongest arguments are those that explain clearly how they are based upon that policy. Arguments to make in deletion discussions – some arguments that have successfully saved articles from deletion in the past, or otherwise supported one's cause, and therefore, may support yours. Avoid repeated arguments – avoid repeating statements previously made in AfD discussions. Baby and bathwater – good-faith editors can mistakenly delete content that is actually properly sourced, and citations which are valid, by misunderstanding our sourcing-related policies and guidelines. Before commenting in a deletion discussion – there are several things you should be aware of before you comment in a deletion debate in order to best make your case. Content removal – when removing content from a page, it is important to be sure there is consensus to do so. Delete the junk – we don't need to keep an article with no merit in itself just because it might, theoretically, be possible to make a good article on the subject. Deletion and deletionism – the processes used on Wikipedia for removing articles, images, miscellaneous pages, user pages, stubs, and categories. Deletion by redirection – redirecting an article is often an appropriate course of action to be taken when an article clearly fails to meet the general notability guidelines for inclusion. Deletion is not cleanup – if an article on a notable subject can be improved through normal editing, do not put it through a deletion discussion. Does deletion help – whether or not articles add to a reader's knowledge without misleading or biasing them in any way is the main criteria for deciding to delete. It may sometimes be better to have an imperfect article than no article on a topic. Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument – editors in the midst of a dispute should not offer links to policy, guideline, or essay pages in place of reasoned rebuttals. Do not write articles using categories – an example of how not to use categories to mention every aspect of the topic covered. Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity - draft deletion criteria are different to article deletion criteria. Field guide to proper speedy deletion – a quick guide to understanding the speedy deletion criteria, and how to apply it properly. Help, my article got nominated for deletion! – new editors who decide to be bold sometimes encounter the deletion process because the new article may be at odds with a Wikipedia policy. How to save an article proposed for deletion – the best ways to save an article that has been proposed for deletion. How to delete a page – how to ask for an article to be deleted, because only administrators can delete articles. Note that removing all text from a page does not delete it, it just leaves a blank page, which is discouraged. Identifying blatant advertising – to locate, identify, and respond to articles, pages, and content that are blatantly created as an advertisement or promotion. Immunity – the idea that an article cannot possibly be deleted, either because no one will dispute the fact that it belongs, or that it meets inclusion criteria so well, no one will dare think of deleting it. Introduction to deletion process – an overview of the guidelines and policies relevant to deletion, as well as the overall process. Liar Liar Pants on Fire – calling an editor a liar is not a valid argument in AfD discussions (or anywhere else, for that matter). NPOV deletion – Controversial, barely notable subjects are difficult to describe in a neutral fashion. Overzealous deletion – overzealous deletion goes against Wikipedia's "assume good faith" principle. Relisting can be abusive – editors should not relist a deletion discussion if a consensus has been firmly and recently established. Revert only when necessary – editors should revert vandalism upon sight, but revert an edit made in good faith only after careful consideration. So your article has been nominated for deletion – a tutorial for users whose articles have been nominated for deletion, with an eye toward users new to Wikipedia in general. Viewing deleted content – normally, only administrators have the right to view deleted material. Why was the page I created deleted? – how to find out why a particular page or file was removed, and what you can do about a deletion you disagree with. What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion – why an article was tagged for deletion, and what your recourse is. When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork – when an event article of borderline notability that could potentially become notable in the future is nominated for deletion, the best solution is to transfer it out of article space without deleting it so it can potentially be re-added at a later date. Wikipedia's code of conduct Expectations and norms of the Wikipedia community – the general social norms that Wikipedia editors are expected to follow. Good editing practices – an overview of behavioral policies such as consensus and civility, and their relation to other core policies. Reasonability Rule – if an action cannot be considered "reasonable" or "acceptable" by an objective third person, that action should not be performed. Settle the process first – when there are process issues with a discussion, those need to be resolved before the underlying question is debated. Civility A weak personal attack is still wrong – how the mild severity of a personal attack does not make the personal attack okay. Advice for hotheads – how argumentative, cantankerous and curmudgeonly personalities can avoid getting themselves into trouble. Accepting other users – how and why we work cooperatively with other users and assume good faith. Wikipedia is a collaborative project. Apologizing – we should not be afraid to apologize, and a reminder to apologize with sincerity. Civil POV pushing – how the dispute resolution process has a difficult time dealing with civil POV pushers. Compromise – how negotiation skills often assist editors in delicate situations. Divisiveness – why content on your userpage might be seen by some as "divisive", and how it is recommended that you expand and explain the content in question. Don't retaliate - how retaliation and reacting while mad can get you in bigger trouble Encouraging newcomers – why the more guidance you offer novice editors, the better they will get at using Wikipedia. Keep it concise - AfD discussions are best served by keeping your comments short. The closing admin isn't grading you by volume. Keep it down to earth – workable solutions that have a realistic chance at succeeding. Pearl-clutching – a type of civil point-of-view pushing. Thank you – we all like to be respected, and we all deserve respect. Truce – when in a dispute, attempt to reach a compromise or declare a truce. High-functioning autism and Asperger's editors – Autistic and Asperger's editors may have different wiring patterns in their brains, but that does not mean they can't contribute. How to be civil – editors should offer constructive comments, forgive other editors, be polite, and walk away if they have to. How to improve civility – you should treat your fellow editor as a respected and admired colleague, who is working in collaboration with you on an important project. Imagine others complexly – how civility issues, misunderstandings, and discomfort on Wikipedia can sometimes arise from a failure to imagine others complexly. Maintaining a friendly space – Wikipedia should strive to provide a respectful, transparent, and positive experience for everyone. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder editors – editors with OCD may have different wiring patterns in their brains, and you may have to learn how to interact well with them, but they can still make a valuable contribution to Wikipedia. Responding to incivility – how to respond to incivility in a productive and meaningful way. Behavioural philosophy Admitting you're wrong – how you can make friends and influence enemies on Wikipedia by learning when to admit you're wrong. An uncivil environment is a poor environment – how being civil encourages others to be civil. Work towards building a collaborative workspace. Avoid instruction creep – why guidance that is too wordy and tries to cover all the bases and every conceivable outlying case tends to become counterproductive. Avoiding difficult users – since only a few users are difficult, they should just be avoided. Be the glue – how following WP:AGF can be a tactic that will let you either discover common ground when you're really facing good faith, or empirically establish that you aren't. Civility warnings – an explanation of best practice in leaving those notifications and warnings. Drama – creating and spreading drama disrupts and harms Wikipedia – and it may get you blocked. Don't be high-maintenance – editors should not threaten to quit, or otherwise make trouble, if you don't get your way. Editors' pronouns – respect the pronouns that editors request for themselves. Alternatively, just refer to everyone as they . Enjoy yourself – why editing should be fun. Expert retention – how the issue of how to attract and retain expert specialists, given the anarchic and often frustrating nature of Wikipedia, is one that many Wikipedians feel needs to be addressed. Expect no thanks – we should edit Wikipedia for the love of the project, not primarily with the hope of being thanked. However, a little more thanks would go a long way. Expressing thanks – common methods for communicating your thanks to other users. Failure – how failure is a good thing because people are prone to mistakes, and they learn as a result of them. Ignore personal attacks – if someone attacks you personally, you should ignore it, rise above it, and continue to comment solely on relevant content. Forgive and forget – how editors should stop fighting. Forgive others, apologize, and move on. It's not the end of the world – how if people disagree with you or revert your edits, it probably doesn't matter in the grand scheme of things. Muting difficult users – what to do when avoiding a difficult user does not work. Nobody cares – how lack of action by others can mean a lack of interest. Policy shopping – how it is best to present all justifications for a change at one time (not incrementally). Reasonableness – how reasonable people with good intentions can still disagree over matters of substance. Relationships with academic editors – Wikipedia is not a place to make an academic reputation, nor to post still-unpublished theories, and attempting academic defence of material is an emotional danger to one's self. Staying cool when the editing gets hot – how editors should remain calm when in an editing dispute. Respond politely and assume good faith. There is no seniority – The number of edits (or if the editor is a Wikipedia Administrator) does not mean that they are always right. Seniority does not add weight to arguments. Taking the road less traveled – doing things differently from others can often yield better results. The grey zone – how editors should not fall between the cracks. The last word – the importance that you always ensure that you get "The Last Word". The rules of polite discourse – how editors may need to take a "time out" and try to discuss the issue calmly. There is no Divine Right Of Editors – why no editor, administrator or otherwise, is superior or above the law. Wikipedia is not about winning – how everyone should work together to build a reliable encyclopedia, not try to prove themselves to be "better" than others. Writing for the opponent – how editors should represent all point of views neutrally and with due weight, even if you disagree with the view. You can search, too – search engines exist for a reason, and it is not the other editors' job to use one for you. Positive actions Assume the assumption of good faith – when involved in a discussion, it is best to think very carefully before citing WP:AGF . Assume no clue – you should assume that people don't know what they're doing before you assume bad faith. Avoid personal remarks – all should focus on editing, stay civil, and not make it personal. Call a spade a spade – why it's okay to call a spade a spade – to speak plainly – but remember to remain civil, and to stay focused on improving the encyclopedia. Candor – how being honest and frank can be beneficial before an editing disagreement gets worse. Deny recognition – how recognition is a motivation for vandalism. Trolls require food. Don't feed the trolls. Don't link to WP:AGF – why it can occasionally be useful to link to Wikipedia:Assume good faith , but there are many reasons not to. Don't overlook legal threats – when editors blank articles or make legal threats, they may have good cause. Stop and look carefully before assuming they're disruptive or wielding a banhammer. Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass – if the debate has died, don't revive it. Encourage full discussions – editors are encouraged to fully discuss all arguments in AfD discussions. If you bring up a point in the discussion, it is okay if someone else responds to it. Get over it – editors should not get frustrated over a dispute. Get over it and move on. How to lose – knowing how to "lose" a debate, with civility and grace, is sometimes as important as winning it. Ignore all dramas – if the dramas prevent you from improving or maintaining Wikipedia, ignore them. Just drop it – if you want an argument to stop, it is best that you stop arguing. Keep it down to earth – editors should aim for workable solutions that have a realistic chance of succeeding. Mind your own business – if editors are in a dispute that has nothing to do with you, then stay away. Thank not criticize – why editors should focus on the positives of a user more than the negatives. Try earning them carrots rather than sticks. Negative actions Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack – you should not retaliate if accused of a personal attack. Return to the discussion of the issue at hand. Don't be a WikiBigot – intolerance on the basis of people's ethnicity, race or other characteristics is not acceptable. Don't be an ostrich – why you should help other editors when they need help. Don't ignore them. Don't be ashamed – sometimes, an edit made in good faith does not comply to policy or consensus. Don't be ashamed of making mistakes. Don't be a fanatic – editors need to recognize that all Wikipedia editors are ultimately colleagues working together. Listen with civility, and try to find ways to respect and incorporate others' viewpoints and material as well as your own. Don't be inconsiderate – if people were considerate, we wouldn't need any other policies about behaviour. If people are telling you that you're inconsiderate, chances are that you need to change your behaviour. Don't be obnoxious – why it is best to avoid behaving in away that is unpleasant and offends or annoys other editors. Don't be prejudiced – how every user should give every other user a fair chance. Don't be rude – why it is crucial that everyone be considerate to others in all situations. Don't call editors trolls – why calling an editor a troll can be viewed in itself as disruptive. Don't call a spade a spade – how editors are unlikely to listen to anything further that you say once the dispute escalates to name calling. Don't call the kettle black – someone will call other people names while at the same time reminding them to not make personal attacks. Don't come down like a ton of bricks – editors should not create rancor amongst good faith contributors. People are not obliged to memorize policies and guidelines before editing. Don't cry COI – why it is best not to attack editors because they are paid editors or have a conflict of interest. Don't cry wolf – why you should not make accusations of harassment or personal attacks lightly. Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify – Identifying problems is a valid way to contribute to Wikipedia, even if one does not know how to or wish to go the extra mile to solve them. Don't edit for power – you should not edit Wikipedia just for power or to become an admin. Edit Wikipedia to build an encyclopedia! Don't enlist the masses – calling uninformed fellow editors in simply for the safety in numbers does not make you a winner. Don't give a fuck – the idea that attachment to things (articles, policies, AfDs, etc.) which are essentially beyond your control is a stumbling block to being a good Wikipedian. Don't ignore all rules if your decision is biased – why it is best not to ignore a rule solely because you like (or dislike) the subject. Don't take the bait – how goading others into making uncivil comments is a common tactic. Don't be fooled. Don't template the regulars – when dealing with experienced users, it is generally more effective to write them a short personal message than to apply a standardized template. Don't fight fire with fire – all should stay civil, even under the most intense flames. Don't remind others of past misdeeds – you should not criticize a repentant editor in good standing for past mistakes or behavior that have stopped reoccurring. Don't throw your toys out of the pram – why temper tantrums and expressions of anger are counter-productive. Don't help too much – you should help newcomers when they need it; however, don't spoon feed them. Don't overwhelm the newbies – why you should not ask newcomers to read all the policies and guidelines. Don't shoot the messenger – how you should research thoroughly what is ultimately the cause of a conflict before you mouth off about it. Don't shoot yourself in the foot – you should consider your own actions before bringing attention to the actions of others. Don't spite your face – when faced with enforcing a solution that will predictably escalate the evident problem beyond present levels, back off and seek other, less inflammatory, actions to go about solving it. Don't stuff beans up your nose – if you tell people not to do something, your advice may backfire and instead tempt them to do it. Don't teach the controversy – (which doesn't mean what you think it does); neutrally document the conflict . Don't tear others' heads off – all should be careful with taking preventative action against newcomers. Griefing – griefers are similar to trolls, with the main difference being that griefers will sometimes act in groups, in the form of tag team editing. No angry mastodons – there are several ways to de-escalate conflicts instead of flipping out. No, you can't have a pony – when discussion doesn't go your way, stamping your feet and becoming an impediment to further discussion won't help. Passive Aggressive – being passive aggressive to other editors, especially newcomers, makes you look unprofessional and mean. Tag bombing – adding multiple tags without explaining the reason is disruptive. Witchhunt – accusations against other editors should not be made in the absence of any value in doing so. You can't squeeze blood from a turnip – how some troublesome users do not want to change and the community's energies are limited. Vandalism Avoid the word "vandal" – the differences between vandals and those who make adverse edits. Dealing with coordinated vandalism – how to handle coordinated vandalism situations. Do not insult the vandals – why it may be better to revert and ignore vandals. Don't be trigger happy – a guide to care, courtesy, and professionalism when performing recent changes and new pages patrols. Identifying test edits – the difference between vandalism and editing tests, and how to identify them and properly respond. Just report the vandal and move on — don't keep engaging with vandals after reporting them. Make protection requests sparingly – how it is best not to overuse page protection. Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals – if someone is in a legitimate content dispute with you, don't call them a vandal. The motivation of a vandal – why would anyone wish to vandalize a source of information that benefits people? Vandalism-only account – most vandalism on Wikipedia is done by anonymous users who do not log in. However ... Vandalism types – on Wikipedia, there are many types of vandalism that occur. Each act of vandalism may fit into one or more categories. Not every IP is a vandal – you should check before you revert an IP's edit, as what may seem like being bold and clever may just be shoving a new user out of Wikipedia editing forever. Vandals versus Trolls – the distinction between vandals and trolls. Why you should be nice to people who vandalize – presents an alternative to hostile reactions, and a rationale for it. Sanctions Block on demand – how a self-requested block will be done by some, but not all, Wikipedia administrators. Don't lower the boom just yet – why administering sanctions with a light hand, combined with ongoing monitoring and coaching, can be more effective than coming down hard like a ton of bricks. Disruptive sanctions – how restricting an editor's ability to contribute to the encyclopedia is inherently a measure of last resort. Give 'em enough rope – why it may be better to just unblock them and make it clear that this is their last chance ... and see what happens. Guide to appealing blocks – understand, in full, the reasons of your block before requesting an unblock is your best bet. Hate is disruptive – there's nothing radical about sanctioning users for hateful speech or actions. I have been blocked – a block is a measure used to protect Wikipedia from possible improper activity in breach of editorial policies. Sanctions – sanctions act to limit or remove user privileges and may lead to blocks and bans. Sanctions against editors should not be punitive – administrative sanctions against editors are not punitive, and are imposed solely to prevent harm to the encyclopedia. Standard offer – discusses a process an editor that gets hit with a siteban or an indefinite block can do. Suicide by admin – refers to a set of actions by Wikipedia editors that lead to an editor being blocked indefinitely. Using the balanced editing restriction – discusses this subtype of the topic ban created in 2025. Multiple accounts Clean start – how a user who is not under current restrictions or blocks may stop using their current account and start using a new one. Consequences of sockpuppetry – why the use of a second account, unless explicitly permitted by the rules, is a violation known to many as sockpuppetry. Dealing with sockpuppets – sockpuppetry is a problem at Wikipedia, and you can help make a difference by reporting them to the correct admin board and by proper conduct when dealing with them. Lurkers – why one should never assume a user is a sockpuppet; it can create bad feeling and violates our "Assume good faith" policy. Obvious sock is obvious – if it looks like a duck, swims like a duck and quacks like a duck, then it probably is a duck. Signs of sockpuppetry – there are many possible signs of sockpuppetry or other multiple account usage. Still, none of them are absolute proof sockpuppetry is occurring. Sleeper account – a sleeper account is still enabled and it is still possible to use it. However, any such use of an account must conform to Wikipedia guidelines, particularly those of sockpuppetry. Copyright Basic copyright issues – the basic requirements for uploading images to the English language Wikipedia. Close paraphrasing – closely paraphrased material that infringes on the copyright of its source material should be rewritten or deleted to avoid infringement and to ensure that it complies with Wikipedia policy. Copying text from other sources – with the exceptions of short quotations and text copied from a free source, text from other sources may not be copied into Wikipedia. Doing so is a copyright violation and may constitute plagiarism. Copyright on emblems – explains the status of flags, coats of arms, seals, and similar official symbols, as well as drawings of such emblems, under United States copyright law. Declaration of consent for all enquiries – discuses the process of uploading media which protects both the uploader and Wikipedia users by making clear to both how shared content can be used. Donating copyrighted materials – the process of how editors who would like to grant permission to Wikipedia to use their own previously published work can do so. Quotations – the guidelines of how a brief excerpt from an original source can be used in Wikipedia articles. Mirrors and forks – publications that copy Wikipedia content should follow the licensing terms; however, many others fail – accidentally or intentionally – to place the notice required by these terms. Multi-licensing – it is best to use multiple licensing for one's contributions made to Wikipedia so that they are in the public domain or licensed under alternative licenses in addition to the CC-BY-SA license (and GFDL, often). News agencies and fair use – Wikipedia's non-free content criteria require fair use images. Plain and simple non-free content guide – Wikipedia's copyright guidelines are probably the most complicated part of the whole site. This is a breakdown of what the rules are and what they mean. Restricted materials – how free images may still have restrictions independent of their copyright status, but they are still considered free. Spotting possible copyright violations – a guide to spotting violations of the Wikipedia copyright policy that are simple copy-and-pastes from other websites. Wikipedia's content protocols Core content policies – the origins of Wikipedia's content policies. Content policy in a nutshell – the main Wikipedia content policies. Verifiability and notability – how they are distinct, both in principle and practice. Neutral point of view Advocacy – Wikipedia is not a venue for raising the visibility of an issue or agenda. Academic bias – how and why Wikipedia articles may have an academic (scholarly) bias. This does not mean the articles take sides, and it is not a violation of WP:NPOV . Activist – advice for determining if an article is being unduly influenced by activists, as well as advice on how to deal with the various problems caused by violations of Wikipedia's policies. An interest is not a conflict of interest – a conflict of interest can be cited as a cause for some other violation, but the existence of a conflict of interest by itself is not a policy violation. Avoid thread mode – don't "However" a position in the middle of stating its case. Be neutral in form – how being neutral in both content and in form is an asset. Coatrack – articles about one thing shouldn't mostly focus on another thing. Controversial articles – controversial articles, by their very nature, require far greater care to achieve a neutral point of view. Criticism – articles should include both positive and negative viewpoints from reliable sources, without giving undue weight to particular viewpoints, either negative or positive. Describing points of view – article should represent the POVs of the main scholars and specialists who have produced reliable sources on the issue. Let the reader decide – you should not consider a statement neutral just because you agree with it. Endorsements (commercial) – how commercial endorsements of goods, services, businesses, companies, nonprofits, and famous persons present special editorial challenges that require particular care. External criticism of Wikipedia – how criticism of Wikipedia from professors and journalists may be biased. Neutral and proportionate point of view – Wikipedia does not aim for the midpoint between them. Rather, it gives weight to each view in proportion to its prevalence in reliable sources. NPOV dispute – when adding {{ Citation needed }} and {{ Dubious }} templates to articles, editors should address the issues on the talk page, pointing to specific issues that are actionable within the content policies , namely NPOV , Verify , OR and BLP . Partisanship – how Wikipedia's coverage of political issues needs to adhere to NPOV in the face of partisanship. Systemic bias – how systemic bias created by the shared social and cultural characteristics of most editors results in an imbalanced coverage of subjects and perspectives on the encyclopedia. What is fringe? – how fringe theories range from theories that almost qualify as alternative mainstream theories to things that have just barely too many scientific chops to be called pseudoscience . We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions – your editing trends should not reveal your personal beliefs. Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat – ten types of arguments commonly used by advocates of fringe concepts, and advice for the neutrally-minded editor or administrator on how to defuse them. Verifiability and sources Allowing forensic crime data – how, under certain circumstances, forensic crime data may be used as primary sources on crime articles. Applying reliability guidelines – which policies and guidelines are the most relevant to evaluating a particular source. Assessing reliability – there are a number of ways in which you, as a reader, can assess the reliability of a given article. Bare URLs – why it is preferable to use proper citation templates when citing sources. Blind men and an elephant – reliable sources may be considered credible ... until newer reliable sources contradict them. But there must be sources! – why you shouldn't just insist there must be sources out there somewhere. Prove it by providing them. Cherrypicking – when selecting information from a source, include contradictory and significant qualifying information from the same source. Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books – children's sources, adult new reader sources, and abridged large-print media are questionable and need checking for reliability before being cited. Citation overkill – when citing material in an article, it is better to cite a couple of great sources than a stack of decent or sub-par sources. Cite tendentious texts directly – any text which takes a side on a difficult or controversial question – especially in cases where the text represents an extreme viewpoint – should be cited directly. Citing textbooks – there are several situations in which textbooks should be completely avoided as your primary source of information about a subject. Clones – websites that contain information that is directly copied from Wikipedia cannot be used to establish notability or verify the accuracy of any information on Wikipedia. Combining sources – articles should be based on reliable sources without implying any conclusions derived from improper synthesis . Conflicting sources – if two reliable sources offer contradicting information on a subject and none of them can be demonstrated unreliable, then an article should cite both. Dictionaries as sources – dictionaries and glossaries present a special challenge in determining whether one is primary, secondary, or tertiary. Evaluating sources – when using primary sources, editors should stick to describing what the sources say. Any interpretive claims, analyses, or synthetic claims require a secondary source. Fruit of the poisonous tree – if an otherwise reliable source attributes information to an unreliable source, then that information is likewise unreliable. Handling original research – material for which no reliable, published source exists is called "original research." There are various ways to deal with it. Identifying and using primary and secondary sources – the best way to identify and correctly use primary and non-primary sources. Identifying and using self-published works – a guide to identifying and correctly using self-published sources. Independent sources – independent sources are not necessarily "neutral" in the sense of being even-handed. An independent source may hold a strongly positive or negative view of a topic or an idea. Inaccuracy – addresses what editors should do with concerns about potentially inaccurate source material. Interviews – interviews generally count as primary sources, but commentary added to interviews by a publication can sometimes count as secondary-source material. Law sources – some law sources may not be reliable. Others may be very complicated to use. Link rot – how there are steps to be taken to reduce or repair its effect, and why it is not good to delete cited information solely because the URL to the source does not work any longer. Mine a source – how articles with "citation needed" tags often already have sufficient sources that simply have been under-utilized. More seasoning doesn't mean more flavor - What makes a source "good" and why less info isn't always worse info. Objective sources – you should be mindful that a reliable source to you may not be to others. Try to obtain objectively reliable sourcing. Offline sources – even though Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia, there is no distinction between using online versus offline sources. Open government data – Wikipedia often uses open government data, but official does not systematically mean reliable , and often involves a conflict of interest. With increasing amounts of open government data, how should this be handled? Party and person – explains the commonly misunderstood distinctions between "secondary source" and "third party". Perennial sources – sources that editors frequently discuss on Wikipedia. Some of these are currently deemed reliable, some are currently deemed unreliable, and some may be reliable in some circumstances. Perennial websites – describes websites that editors frequently inquire about, and how some are accepted, some are currently opposed for inclusion, and some depend on the circumstances. Potentially unreliable sources – analyses specific examples of sources that might initially appear to be reliable, yet may not be. POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields – how editors, sources, and fields can have a point of view and original research, and how even edits can have a POV, as long as the article in Wikipedia does not. Reliable sources and undue weight – how an article should not give undue weight to any aspects of the subject, but should strive to treat each aspect with a weight appropriate to its significance to the subject. References dos and don'ts – describes good and bad things about sources. Significant coverage – if a topic has received significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject, it is presumed to be suitable for a stand-alone article or list. Sourcing content about newer phenomena – some subcultures have been around for a long time and there is significant published material from which to describe these long-term subcultures on Wikipedia. Templates do not excuse citations – why "citation needed" templates are not an excuse to make as many claims as you can without verification. Tertiary-source fallacy – dictionaries, encyclopedias, and style guides do not magically trump other sources, policy, and reasoning. The answer to life, the universe, and everything – why articles generally require significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the topic. Third-party sources – every article on Wikipedia must be based upon verifiable statements from multiple third-party reliable sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. Trivial mentions – how notability requires significant coverage by reliable sources. Trivial mentions are not enough. Use of tertiary sources – how tertiary sources differ from secondary ones because they themselves do not provide significant analysis, commentary, or synthesis. Using sources – references must be reliable sources, used in accordance with the three core content policies. Verifiability, and truth – it is not enough for encyclopedic content to be verifiable via reliable sources. It must also conform to known, objective facts. Verifiability, not truth – how editors may not add (or delete!) content solely because they believe it is true (or false!). Verifiable but not false – a guide to limiting false information in Wikipedia. Verification methods – explains common methods that Wikipedia editors use to make their articles verifiable. Verifying different types of statement – describes what is required to verify different types of statements on Wikipedia. Videos as references – it's okay to cite movies, documentaries, TV programs and other video as references. Video links – how videos on user-submitted sites can sometimes be used as references or external links, but copyright infringement and unreliability will rule out the use of many of these videos. When to cite – when a source may or may not be needed. You are not a reliable source – quick list of reasons editor statements do not support content. You don't need to cite that the sky is blue – although citing sources is an important part of editing Wikipedia, do not cite already obvious information. Notability A creator is not their work - articles about creators or studios must have information beyond lists of the work they created to demonstrate notability. Alternative outlets – there are other places for potentially useful or valuable content which is not appropriate for Wikipedia. Articles with a single source – if an article is based on only one source, there may be copyright, original research, and notability concerns. Bare notability – editors should be cautious about creating articles that are borderline notable. A subject that seems to be barely notable may really not be notable at all. Bombardment – editors should not indiscriminately add excessive references to an article in the hope that the weight of numbers will prevent it from being deleted. Businesses with a single location – how a subject that meets all inclusion guidelines is likely to merit an article, even if one is yet to be created. This includes many businesses with one address. But it's true! – just because it is out there, it is not a sufficient reason to keep information on Wikipedia. Common sourcing mistakes (notability) – three common mistakes to avoid when trying to demonstrate notability through citations to sources. Don't assume negative notability – all should assume good faith, take a look to see if the article's subject could be notable after all, and give a new article a little time before playing Cybermen and shouting "DELETE!" WP:Don't cite GNG – Citing WP:GNG leads to poorer arguments. Discriminate vs indiscriminate information – discuses a response to WP:IINFO and the terms "discriminate" and "indiscriminate" as they apply to collections of information. Every snowflake is unique – many similar items can have encyclopedic articles of their own; each article's content should describe which peculiarities distinguish one item from the others, based on critical commentary found in reliable sources. Existence ≠ Notability – how truth alone is not a valid criteria for inclusion. Fart – just because a piece of trivial information was printed in a newspaper or gossip magazine, or on a website, there is no requirement for it to be included on Wikipedia. Google searches and numbers – one fallacy in determining the notability of a subject is the view that the results of a Google search can be used to assess notability. Handling trivia – trivia is information that is not important to the subject it is presented in relation to. High Schools – how high schools and secondary schools are generally considered to be notable, but they must be able to meet the relevant guidelines for notability. How the presumption of notability works – the presumption of notability is an assumption that can be rebutted during the deletion process. Inclusion is not an indicator of notability – why non-inclusion is not an indication of non-notability. Inherent notability – ultimately, the community decides if a subject is intrinsically notable. Insignificant – what is insignificant to some may be extremely significant to others. IT'S A CASTLE – castles, museums, tourist attractions, and other public attractions usually do have significant coverage. Lipstick on a pig – describes articles whose subject does not meet notability guidelines, but have nonetheless been written with considerable care and effort, and may be embellished with sources, citations, or images. Masking the lack of notability – how excellent prose and the sheer number of citations or external links have no effect on a subject's notability. Make stubs – why make a red link, when you can make a stub? News coverage does not decrease notability – articles that are subject to news coverage should not be nominated for deletion if they meet Wikipedia's general notability requirements and notability requirements for events. No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability – when notability is legitimately invoked as an issue in a deletion nomination, the problem usually cannot be solved by more editing. No big loss – deletion of any good article is a loss for the wider community and the encyclopedia in the long term, as that is knowledge lost. No one cares about your garage band – why it is best not to start an article on your band if you don't have much of an audience yet. No one really cares – why it is best not to make an article on a subject so trivial or arbitrary that no one could ever conceivably care about it. Notability and its Discontents - we can do better with marginalized subjects. Notability cannot be purchased – how notability is not something which can be purchased through a third party. Notability is not a level playing field – notability is not administered equally. In some areas, notability requirements are lower than others. Notability is not a matter of opinion – during a deletion discussion, arguments for keeping the article should be based on reliable sources, not opinions. Notability means impact – the concept of notability can also be described as a measure of the topic's impact, particularly with biographic articles. Notability points – how everything has a certain amount of notability, and can be put on a (rough) scale. Notability sub-pages – notability guideline sub-pages should be created only if there is a specific need to do so. Notability vs. prominence – explains the differences and the similarities between these two concepts. Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability – just because a topic is of little interest to the general public does not mean Wikipedia should not include it. One hundred words – the general notability guideline provides inadequate guidance as to what level of coverage is significant. One sentence does not an article make – one sentence "articles" and "essays" should be deleted as not worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia. Overreliance upon Google – describes Google search limitations and provides examples for custom searches. Pokémon test – a test that involves the comparison of the article nominated for deletion with an article for a character from Pokémon, to decide whether it is more notable. Run-of-the-mill – there are some items that are very commonplace for which sources verifying their existence do exist. Since there are so many of these that can be verified given the same sources, there shouldn't be an article on each one, so only those with additional sources deserve articles. Significance is not a formula – significant coverage cannot be measured by word count Significant coverage not required – the requirement of significant coverage as a criterion for notability is completely unjustifiable and absurd. Source content comes first! - A source's reliability doesn't immediately make it a good source. It's the content of the source that matters. Solutions are mixtures and nothing else – public relations slang, like "we offer solutions", is a good indication that an article is promotional and likely not notable. Subjective importance – some subjects may seem notable because they are perceived as being important, but without meeting Wikipedia's inclusion criteria, they are not notable. Up and coming next big thing - you may be convinced that something is about to break big, and Wikipedia will regret not already having an article on the topic. We won't. What BLP1E is not - about the commonly misunderstood WP:BLP1E policy and when it does and doesn't apply. What notability is not – argues that notability is not objective. Notability is not permanent; it can change. Notability is not judged in isolation. Notability is not a meritocracy. What is significant coverage? – editors have differing interpretations about how much detail is required for a source to qualify as "significant coverage". Writing about breeds – a crash course (mostly for new editors) in how to write encyclopedically about animal breeds and related topics. Wikipedia is not Crunchbase - discussion of problems with articles created to make businesses appear significant and important. Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause – it is secondary coverage in reliable sources which determines if a topic should be covered by Wikipedia, not how well-intentioned it is. Biographies An article about yourself isn't necessarily a good thing – how you may face problems if there is an article about you on Wikipedia. So, please think about it before you really go out of your way to try to get one. Anonymous dirt accretion method of biography writing – how WP:Eventualism does not apply to Wikipedia biographies. Wikipedia biographies need to be well rounded and fair to their subjects at all times. Articles on suicides – an article about a notable suicide is not a biography, nor is it a memorial. Care must be taken both in articles and discussions not to cause further distress to the bereaved, and to stay neutral and to neither record nor synthesise original research. Avoiding harm – contains a number of other ideas that were considered during the formation of the biographies of living persons policy. Many of them continue to resonate strongly with our current policy. Borderline biographies – when low-notability biographies of living people are considered for deletion, closing administrators may wish to consider requiring a positive consensus to retain the article. Current Events Editing – editors should refrain from making substantive changes to or creating new articles that are biographies of a living person where current events are the driving factor for edits. Deletion of articles on living persons – a summary of policies relating to the deletion of articles on living persons. Help with a biography of a living person – contains advice for people affected by being referred to in a Wikipedia article or on a talk page. I look ugly in this! – how to handle cases where the subject of an article doesn't like the image of themselves. I wouldn't know him from a hole in the ground – biographies must be on subjects that are notable. Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography – not everything in Wikipedia requires presentation in the form of a biographical article. Minors and persons judged incompetent – in light of WP:BLP , writing about minors and persons legally judged incompetent should be especially protective of their rights. Primer for women's biographies – how to appropriately write about women's biographies. Signatures of living persons – how there is no consensus on reproducing signatures in Wikipedia articles, and why there is some concern regarding reproducing the signatures of living persons. Smokers – smoking, or the use of other legal tobacco products, is not inherently important enough to mention and should not be included in biographical articles by default. Victim lists – why lists of victims of an event are inappropriate unless the majority of listed victims have Wikipedia articles or sections of their own. Who is a low-profile individual – a low-profile individual is a person, usually notable for only one event, who has not sought or desired the attention. Your alma mater is not your ticket to Wikipedia – why it is best not add a name to the "notable alumni" section of that person's alma mater unless that person is actually notable. Wiki-culture Wikibreak – refers to a period when even an editor must be parted from Wikipedia—though, presumably, only temporarily. WikiBullying – refers to using Wikipedia to threaten and/or intimidate other people, whether they are Wikipedia editors or not. WikiCrime – refers to an act that deliberately and seriously hurts the objective of creating quality articles. Wikiderata – a prose poem of advice, support, and philosophy about Wikipedia. WikiFauna – a listing of characterizations related to the culture of Wikipedia and its users about themselves that other editors may find helpful to understand. WikiHate – refers to a counterproductive attitude and behavior pattern that takes away time from many Wikipedians. WikiHounding – the singling out of one or more editors to repeatedly confront or inhibit their work. WikiLawyering – refers to a pejorative term which describes various questionable ways of judging other Wikipedians' actions. WikiHarassment – refers to a pattern of repeated offensive behavior that appears to a reasonable observer to intentionally target a specific person or persons. Wiki-Hell – refers to the many negative situations editors will deal with daily. WikiLove – refers to a general spirit of collegiality and mutual understanding among wiki users. WikiPeace – refers to the idea of to making Wikipedia a more peaceful place for everyone. Wikipediholic – refers to someone who has Wikipediholism, or obsession (addiction in some cases) with Wikipedia or other wikis (see Wikipediholism test ). Wiki-POV-railroading – refers to the use of bullying tactics to discredit an editor with an opposing viewpoint or eliminate them from a discussion. WikiRose – refers to an editor who will stop whatever they're doing, and give their time for other editor's benefit. Wikiville – refers to Wikipedia as a town, and all the users as the citizens that have positions within the community. Essays in a nutshell Article writing – a small listing of essays about editing, formatting, short articles and the use of templates. Civility – a small listing of essays about etiquette, as well as positive and negative interactions. Consensus and discussion – a small listing of essays about interaction procedures during talks with other users. Removal or deletion – a small listing of essays about the removal of Wikipedia content. Notability – a small listing of essays about the criteria of content inclusion and removal. Verifiability and reliable sources – a small listing of essays about the merit of references and other resources. How-to pages For a listing of "help" and "instructional" pages, see the Help directory . Humorous material Alternatives to edit warring Anyone can edit Wikipedia (short version) Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using preview button Avoid using wikilinks BOLD, revert, revert, revert Boston Tea Party Barnstaritis CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Buying Wikipedia Don't-give-a-fuckism Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Go ahead, vandalize Spaling Muich? Ignore every single rule Imminent death of Wikipedia predicted Lamest edit wars Let's try to avoid using too many acronyms Lobster Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Primogeniture Reducing consensus to an algorithm R-e-s-p-e-c-t Saint Wikipe - patron saint of Wikipedia, slayer of vandals. Sarcasm is really helpful Seven Ages of Wikipedians Talk page stalker template:cite guy in bar The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why not create an account? The WikiBible Writing an article that will probably get deleted Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You might be wikilawyering if... Wikipedia and User essays by category The following is a list of Wikipedia and User essays categories. To display all subcategories click on the "►": Wikipedia essays (52 C, 2,135 P) Wikipedia lists of essays (2 P) Orphaned Wikipedia essays (26 P) Uncategorized essays (empty) User essays (16 C, 2,486 P) Wikipedia essay templates (1 C, 5 P) Wikipedia essays about accessibility (3 P) Wikipedia essays about administration (1 C, 20 P) Wikipedia essays about arbitration (1 C, 5 P) Wikipedia essays about article formatting (2 C, 28 P) Wikipedia essays about artificial intelligence (7 P) Wikipedia essays about media (25 P) Wikipedia behavioral essays (4 C, 123 P) Wikipedia essays about BLP (1 C, 22 P) Wikipedia essays about building the encyclopedia (2 C, 167 P) Wikipedia essays about categorization (1 C, 27 P) Wikipedia essays about civility (1 C, 94 P) Wikipedia essays about competence (1 C, 40 P) Wikipedia essays about consensus (61 P) Wikipedia essays about copyright violations (1 P) Wikipedia essays about deletion (1 C, 146 P) Wikipedia essays about disambiguation (16 P) Wikipedia essays about editing (1 C, 50 P) Wikipedia essays about experts and expertise (20 P) Wikipedia essays about Wikipedian fallacies (17 P) Wikipedia essays about fringe theories (15 P) Wikipedia essays about gender (13 P) Wikipedia essays about the German Wikipedia (2 P) Wikipedia essays outlining goals (3 P) Reader help (3 C, 25 P) Wikipedia help (39 C, 60 P) Wikipedia how-to essays (44 P) Humorous Wikipedia essays (1 C, 196 P) Wikipedia essays about infoboxes (11 P) Wikipedia essays about lists (19 P) Wikipedia essays about navigation (2 C, 14 P) Wikipedia essays about neutrality (1 C, 70 P) Wikipedia essays about notability (2 C, 147 P) Wikipedia essays about original research (1 C, 17 P) Wikipedia essays explaining processes (44 P) Wikipedia essays about redirecting (18 P) Wikipedia essays about reliable sources (50 P) Wikipedia essays about stubs (8 P) Wikipedia essays about style (9 C, 48 P) Wikipedia essays about templates (2 C, 38 P) Wikipedia essays introducing or defining new terms (31 P) Wikipedia essays about vandalism (23 P) Wikipedia essays about verification (1 C, 115 P) Wikipedia warning essays (39 P) Essays about what Wikipedia is (19 P) Wikipedia essays in development (20 P) Wikipedia supplemental pages (144 P) WikiProject advice (6 C, 49 P) To display all subcategories click on the "►": User essays (16 C, 2,486 P) User essays on adminship (4 C, 77 P) User essays on arbitration (1 C, 19 P) User essays on BLP (12 P) User essays on categorization (20 P) User essays on civility (58 P) User essays on deletion (82 P) User essays on dispute resolution (23 P) User essays on editing and building content (93 P) User essays on editorial validation (10 P) Humorous user essays (16 P) User essays on IRC (7 P) User essays on neutrality (32 P) User essays on notability (55 P) User essays on style (63 P) User essays in development (85 P) Wikipedia election voter guides (2 C) Historical essays The Wikimedia Foundation's Meta-wiki was envisioned as the original place for editors to comment on and discuss Wikipedia, although the "Wikipedia" project space has since taken over most of that role. Many historical essays can still be found within Meta:Category:Essays . See also Advice pages – about guidance pages written by WikiProjects. Community standards and advice – a descriptive directory of community norms and advice for editors. Editor's Index to Wikipedia – lists hundreds of essays, as well as guidelines, policies, help pages, and more. List of guidelines – a comprehensive descriptive directory of guidelines. List of policies – a comprehensive descriptive directory of policies. Manual of Style contents – a comprehensive descriptive directory of the pages which make up the Manual of Style. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard v t e User essays (?) v t e User essays on BLP User:DGG/bios User:Doc glasgow/The BLP problem User:JoshuaZ/Thoughts on BLP User:Kirill Lokshin/Professionalism User:Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters/Academic and artistic biographies User:This is Paul/Articles concerning criminal acts User:Mattinbgn/BLP considerations User:SirFozzie/BLP-Lock User:Steve Smith/Semi-protection of BLPs User essays on BLP User:DGG/bios User:Doc glasgow/The BLP problem User:JoshuaZ/Thoughts on BLP User:Kirill 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Paj prensipal Kouminoté Modifikasyon ki nòv Paj ké azò Lèd Paj èspésyal Fè roun donnasyon Kréyé roun kont Konnègté sokò Fè roun donnasyon Kréyé roun kont Konnègté sokò Baydivan Koumansman 1 Artik pou li 2 Prézantasyon 3 Kouman kontribiyé ? Paj Prensipal Paj prensipal Kozman Li Chanjé Modifyé wikikod Afiché listorik Li Chanjé Modifyé wikikod Afiché listorik Paj ki yannen Swivi di paj-ya ki yannen Enpòrté roun fiché Yannaj ki pèrmannan Lenfòrmasyon asou paj Sité sa paj Obtenir l'URL raccourcie Télécharger le code QR Utiliser l'ancien analyseur Kréyé roun liv Téléchajé kou PDF Vèrsyon ki enprimab Wikimedia Commons Fondation Wikimédia MediaWiki Méta-Wiki Sensibilisation Wikimédia Wikisource multilingue Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Éléman Wikidata Wikipédja , roun lansiklopédi lib ki ou pouvé modifyé. Si ou konnèt Marké an Kriyòl Gwiyannen (menm si a oun tibi), pa pran pè kontribiyé. Nou ganyen Dòkò ki ké bay ou fòrs ké pasé dèyè'w. Kou nou ka di : "A roun lanmen ka lavé ròt" ! Épi pa bliyé ki pi enpòrtan, a di Patisipé ! Artik pou li Drapo Lagwiyann Lagwiyann [la.ɡɥi.jãn] ( Guyane an fransé ) sa roun réjyon é roun départman fransé ki sitchwé atè Lanmérik di Sid . Konpétans-ya di dé nivèl-ya di kolègtivité sa ègzèrsé annan kad-a di roun kolègtivité téritoryal inik ké lòrgann ki ka délibéré sa lasanblé di Lagwiyann. So kod Insee sa 973. Blazon Lagwiyann Ké roun sipèrfisi di 83 846 km² é roun popilasyon di 252 338 zabitan an 2014, Lagwiyann sa dézyenm réjyon-an di Lafrans an tèrm di sipèrfisi épi dézyenm mwen péplé-a apré Mayòt. Li sa égalman départman-an ki pi bwazé, 98% di téritwè kouvri ké roun danbwa ki parmi pi rich-ya é mwen ékolojikman fragmanté di monn-an. Pronmyé tras arkéyolojik (potri, gravir roupès, poliswè…) di pèp Nativ anmériken ant Loyapòk ké Maronni ka roumanté dipi Ve miléner anvan nou lè. Patché di yé sigsésò annan menm zonn jéyografik ka apartni prensipalman o group lengwistik di Toupi Gwaranni-ya. Nou ka èstimen ki jouk finisman-an di IIIe syèk, Nativ anmériken-yan Arawak ké Palikou, orijinèr di riv-ya di Lanmanzonn , ka enstalé yékò asou litoral gwiyannen. Yé swivi bò VIIIe syèk pa Nativ anmériken-yan ki aplé Karayb oben Karib, Kalinya (Galibi) ké Wayannan... Li laswit Prézantasyon Wikipédja sa roun projè di lansiklopédi kolèktif an lign, inivèrsèl, miltilenng épi ka fonksyonnen asou prensip di wiki . Sa projè ka sasé lofri roun kontni ki libman réytilizab, objèktif ké vérifyab, ki chak moun pouvé modifyé ké anmélyoré. Wikipédja sa défini pa tchèk prensip fondatò . So kontni sa anba lisans Creative Commons BY-SA . Li pouvé fika kopyé ké réytilizé anba menm lisans-a , ké rézèrv di rèspèkté kondisyon-yan. Wikipédja ka fourni tout so kontni gratchwitman, ké pyès piblisité, épi paka fè lésplwatasyon di data pésonnèl di so itilizatò-ya. Rédaktò-ya di artik-ya di Wikipédja sa bénévòl. Yé ka koòrdonnen yé léfò annan roun kouminoté ki kolaborativ, ki pa gen dirijan. Jodla, Wikipédja an kriyòl gwiyannen gen : 1 075 artik 8 kontribitò anréjistré ki aktif Kouman kontribiyé ? Chak moun pouvé pibliyé atchwèlman tchèk kontni an lign, rounso si moun ka rèspèkté larèl ésansyèl-ya ki établi pa Fondasyon Wikimedia é pa kouminoté-a ; pa lègzanp, vérifyabilité di kontni , admisibilité di artik-ya ké gadé roun atitid ké rèspè . Rounlo paj di lèd la pou ou dispozisyon, menm pou kréyé roun artik , modifyé roun artik oben mété roun zimaj . Pa pran pè pozé roun késyon pou ganyen lèd pou ou pronmyé kontribisyon, menm annan roun di projè tématik oben annan diféran lèspas diskisyon . Paj-ya di diskisyon sa itilizé pou santralizé réflèksyon-yan ké koumantèr-ya ki ka pèrmèt anmélyoré artik-ya. Konnésans pou koumansé Entérè Jénéral Filozofi · Matématik · Lépistémoloji Syans moun ké sosyal Lantropoloji · Larkéyoloji · Drwè · Lékonnonmi · Jéyografi · Listwè · Lengwistik · Psikoloji · Sosyoloji Lar Larchitèktir ké Lirbannism · Sinéma · Dans · Kiltir · Fotografi · Litératir · Lanmizik · Lanmizik klasik · Lapentir · Téyat Politik Diplonmasi · Lélèksyon · Mouvman · Pati · Réjim politik Byografi Artis · Chèf di Léta · Syantifik · Markè-palò · Filozòf · Politik · Rélijyon Santé Maladi · Ladròg · Swen · Lafarmasi · Médsin · Noutrisyon Syans ègzat , natirèl ké tèknolojik Lastronnonmi · Byoloji · Syans di lavi é di Latè · Lélèktronnik · Fizik · Lenfòrmatik · Météyoroloji · Chimi Sosyété Konpòrtman · Tchwizin · Kiltir · Divèrtisman · Èspò · Tourism Wikipédja annan rounòt lanng Wikipédja ké pli di 1 000 000 artik : Deutsch · English · Français · Español · Italiano · 日本語 · Nederland · Polski · Русский · Sinugboanong Binisaya · Svenska · Tiếng Việt · Winaray Wikipédja ké pli di 100 000 artik : العربية · български · Català · 한국어 · 中文 · Dansk · Slovenčina · Esperanto · Suomi · עִבְרִית · Magyar · Bahasa Indonesia · Lietuviu · Norsk · România · Српски / Srpski · Česká · Türkçe · Українська · Volapük Lis konplè di Wikipédja annan rounòt lanng Wikipédja , roun lansiklopédi lib ki ou pouvé modifyé. Si ou konnèt Marké an Kriyòl Gwiyannen (menm si a oun tibi), pa pran pè kontribiyé. Nou ganyen Dòkò ki ké bay ou fòrs ké pasé dèyè'w. Kou nou ka di : "A roun lanmen ka lavé ròt" ! Épi pa bliyé ki pi enpòrtan, a di Patisipé ! Wikipédja , roun lansiklopédi lib ki ou pouvé modifyé. Si ou konnèt Marké an Kriyòl Gwiyannen (menm si a oun tibi), pa pran pè kontribiyé. Nou ganyen Dòkò ki ké bay ou fòrs ké pasé dèyè'w. Kou nou ka di : "A roun lanmen ka lavé ròt" ! Épi pa bliyé ki pi enpòrtan, a di Patisipé ! Si ou konnèt Marké an Kriyòl Gwiyannen (menm si a oun tibi), pa pran pè kontribiyé. Nou ganyen Dòkò ki ké bay ou fòrs ké pasé dèyè'w. Kou nou ka di : "A roun lanmen ka lavé ròt" ! Épi pa bliyé ki pi enpòrtan, a di Patisipé ! Artik pou li Drapo Lagwiyann Lagwiyann [la.ɡɥi.jãn] ( Guyane an fransé ) sa roun réjyon é roun départman fransé ki sitchwé atè Lanmérik di Sid . Konpétans-ya di dé nivèl-ya di kolègtivité sa ègzèrsé annan kad-a di roun kolègtivité téritoryal inik ké lòrgann ki ka délibéré sa lasanblé di Lagwiyann. So kod Insee sa 973. Blazon Lagwiyann Ké roun sipèrfisi di 83 846 km² é roun popilasyon di 252 338 zabitan an 2014, Lagwiyann sa dézyenm réjyon-an di Lafrans an tèrm di sipèrfisi épi dézyenm mwen péplé-a apré Mayòt. Li sa égalman départman-an ki pi bwazé, 98% di téritwè kouvri ké roun danbwa ki parmi pi rich-ya é mwen ékolojikman fragmanté di monn-an. Pronmyé tras arkéyolojik (potri, gravir roupès, poliswè…) di pèp Nativ anmériken ant Loyapòk ké Maronni ka roumanté dipi Ve miléner anvan nou lè. Patché di yé sigsésò annan menm zonn jéyografik ka apartni prensipalman o group lengwistik di Toupi Gwaranni-ya. Nou ka èstimen ki jouk finisman-an di IIIe syèk, Nativ anmériken-yan Arawak ké Palikou, orijinèr di riv-ya di Lanmanzonn , ka enstalé yékò asou litoral gwiyannen. Yé swivi bò VIIIe syèk pa Nativ anmériken-yan ki aplé Karayb oben Karib, Kalinya (Galibi) ké Wayannan... Li laswit Artik pou li Drapo Lagwiyann Lagwiyann [la.ɡɥi.jãn] ( Guyane an fransé ) sa roun réjyon é roun départman fransé ki sitchwé atè Lanmérik di Sid . Konpétans-ya di dé nivèl-ya di kolègtivité sa ègzèrsé annan kad-a di roun kolègtivité téritoryal inik ké lòrgann ki ka délibéré sa lasanblé di Lagwiyann. So kod Insee sa 973. Blazon Lagwiyann Ké roun sipèrfisi di 83 846 km² é roun popilasyon di 252 338 zabitan an 2014, Lagwiyann sa dézyenm réjyon-an di Lafrans an tèrm di sipèrfisi épi dézyenm mwen péplé-a apré Mayòt. Li sa égalman départman-an ki pi bwazé, 98% di téritwè kouvri ké roun danbwa ki parmi pi rich-ya é mwen ékolojikman fragmanté di monn-an. Pronmyé tras arkéyolojik (potri, gravir roupès, poliswè…) di pèp Nativ anmériken ant Loyapòk ké Maronni ka roumanté dipi Ve miléner anvan nou lè. Patché di yé sigsésò annan menm zonn jéyografik ka apartni prensipalman o group lengwistik di Toupi Gwaranni-ya. Nou ka èstimen ki jouk finisman-an di IIIe syèk, Nativ anmériken-yan Arawak ké Palikou, orijinèr di riv-ya di Lanmanzonn , ka enstalé yékò asou litoral gwiyannen. Yé swivi bò VIIIe syèk pa Nativ anmériken-yan ki aplé Karayb oben Karib, Kalinya (Galibi) ké Wayannan... Li laswit Artik pou li Lagwiyann [la.ɡɥi.jãn] ( Guyane an fransé ) sa roun réjyon é roun départman fransé ki sitchwé atè Lanmérik di Sid . Konpétans-ya di dé nivèl-ya di kolègtivité sa ègzèrsé annan kad-a di roun kolègtivité téritoryal inik ké lòrgann ki ka délibéré sa lasanblé di Lagwiyann. So kod Insee sa 973. Ké roun sipèrfisi di 83 846 km² é roun popilasyon di 252 338 zabitan an 2014, Lagwiyann sa dézyenm réjyon-an di Lafrans an tèrm di sipèrfisi épi dézyenm mwen péplé-a apré Mayòt. Li sa égalman départman-an ki pi bwazé, 98% di téritwè kouvri ké roun danbwa ki parmi pi rich-ya é mwen ékolojikman fragmanté di monn-an. Pronmyé tras arkéyolojik (potri, gravir roupès, poliswè…) di pèp Nativ anmériken ant Loyapòk ké Maronni ka roumanté dipi Ve miléner anvan nou lè. Patché di yé sigsésò annan menm zonn jéyografik ka apartni prensipalman o group lengwistik di Toupi Gwaranni-ya. Nou ka èstimen ki jouk finisman-an di IIIe syèk, Nativ anmériken-yan Arawak ké Palikou, orijinèr di riv-ya di Lanmanzonn , ka enstalé yékò asou litoral gwiyannen. Yé swivi bò VIIIe syèk pa Nativ anmériken-yan ki aplé Karayb oben Karib, Kalinya (Galibi) ké Wayannan... Li laswit Prézantasyon Wikipédja sa roun projè di lansiklopédi kolèktif an lign, inivèrsèl, miltilenng épi ka fonksyonnen asou prensip di wiki . Sa projè ka sasé lofri roun kontni ki libman réytilizab, objèktif ké vérifyab, ki chak moun pouvé modifyé ké anmélyoré. Wikipédja sa défini pa tchèk prensip fondatò . So kontni sa anba lisans Creative Commons BY-SA . Li pouvé fika kopyé ké réytilizé anba menm lisans-a , ké rézèrv di rèspèkté kondisyon-yan. Wikipédja ka fourni tout so kontni gratchwitman, ké pyès piblisité, épi paka fè lésplwatasyon di data pésonnèl di so itilizatò-ya. Rédaktò-ya di artik-ya di Wikipédja sa bénévòl. Yé ka koòrdonnen yé léfò annan roun kouminoté ki kolaborativ, ki pa gen dirijan. Jodla, Wikipédja an kriyòl gwiyannen gen : 1 075 artik 8 kontribitò anréjistré ki aktif Kouman kontribiyé ? Chak moun pouvé pibliyé atchwèlman tchèk kontni an lign, rounso si moun ka rèspèkté larèl ésansyèl-ya ki établi pa Fondasyon Wikimedia é pa kouminoté-a ; pa lègzanp, vérifyabilité di kontni , admisibilité di artik-ya ké gadé roun atitid ké rèspè . Rounlo paj di lèd la pou ou dispozisyon, menm pou kréyé roun artik , modifyé roun artik oben mété roun zimaj . Pa pran pè pozé roun késyon pou ganyen lèd pou ou pronmyé kontribisyon, menm annan roun di projè tématik oben annan diféran lèspas diskisyon . Paj-ya di diskisyon sa itilizé pou santralizé réflèksyon-yan ké koumantèr-ya ki ka pèrmèt anmélyoré artik-ya. Konnésans pou koumansé Prézantasyon Wikipédja sa roun projè di lansiklopédi kolèktif an lign, inivèrsèl, miltilenng épi ka fonksyonnen asou prensip di wiki . Sa projè ka sasé lofri roun kontni ki libman réytilizab, objèktif ké vérifyab, ki chak moun pouvé modifyé ké anmélyoré. Wikipédja sa défini pa tchèk prensip fondatò . So kontni sa anba lisans Creative Commons BY-SA . Li pouvé fika kopyé ké réytilizé anba menm lisans-a , ké rézèrv di rèspèkté kondisyon-yan. Wikipédja ka fourni tout so kontni gratchwitman, ké pyès piblisité, épi paka fè lésplwatasyon di data pésonnèl di so itilizatò-ya. Rédaktò-ya di artik-ya di Wikipédja sa bénévòl. Yé ka koòrdonnen yé léfò annan roun kouminoté ki kolaborativ, ki pa gen dirijan. Jodla, Wikipédja an kriyòl gwiyannen gen : 1 075 artik 8 kontribitò anréjistré ki aktif Prézantasyon Wikipédja sa roun projè di lansiklopédi kolèktif an lign, inivèrsèl, miltilenng épi ka fonksyonnen asou prensip di wiki . Sa projè ka sasé lofri roun kontni ki libman réytilizab, objèktif ké vérifyab, ki chak moun pouvé modifyé ké anmélyoré. Wikipédja sa défini pa tchèk prensip fondatò . So kontni sa anba lisans Creative Commons BY-SA . Li pouvé fika kopyé ké réytilizé anba menm lisans-a , ké rézèrv di rèspèkté kondisyon-yan. Wikipédja ka fourni tout so kontni gratchwitman, ké pyès piblisité, épi paka fè lésplwatasyon di data pésonnèl di so itilizatò-ya. Rédaktò-ya di artik-ya di Wikipédja sa bénévòl. Yé ka koòrdonnen yé léfò annan roun kouminoté ki kolaborativ, ki pa gen dirijan. Jodla, Wikipédja an kriyòl gwiyannen gen : 1 075 artik 8 kontribitò anréjistré ki aktif Kouman kontribiyé ? Chak moun pouvé pibliyé atchwèlman tchèk kontni an lign, rounso si moun ka rèspèkté larèl ésansyèl-ya ki établi pa Fondasyon Wikimedia é pa kouminoté-a ; pa lègzanp, vérifyabilité di kontni , admisibilité di artik-ya ké gadé roun atitid ké rèspè . Rounlo paj di lèd la pou ou dispozisyon, menm pou kréyé roun artik , modifyé roun artik oben mété roun zimaj . Pa pran pè pozé roun késyon pou ganyen lèd pou ou pronmyé kontribisyon, menm annan roun di projè tématik oben annan diféran lèspas diskisyon . Paj-ya di diskisyon sa itilizé pou santralizé réflèksyon-yan ké koumantèr-ya ki ka pèrmèt anmélyoré artik-ya. Konnésans pou koumansé Kouman kontribiyé ? Chak moun pouvé pibliyé atchwèlman tchèk kontni an lign, rounso si moun ka rèspèkté larèl ésansyèl-ya ki établi pa Fondasyon Wikimedia é pa kouminoté-a ; pa lègzanp, vérifyabilité di kontni , admisibilité di artik-ya ké gadé roun atitid ké rèspè . Rounlo paj di lèd la pou ou dispozisyon, menm pou kréyé roun artik , modifyé roun artik oben mété roun zimaj . Pa pran pè pozé roun késyon pou ganyen lèd pou ou pronmyé kontribisyon, menm annan roun di projè tématik oben annan diféran lèspas diskisyon . Paj-ya di diskisyon sa itilizé pou santralizé réflèksyon-yan ké koumantèr-ya ki ka pèrmèt anmélyoré artik-ya. Entérè Jénéral Filozofi · Matématik · Lépistémoloji Syans moun ké sosyal Lantropoloji · Larkéyoloji · Drwè · Lékonnonmi · Jéyografi · Listwè · Lengwistik · Psikoloji · Sosyoloji Lar Larchitèktir ké Lirbannism · Sinéma · Dans · Kiltir · Fotografi · Litératir · Lanmizik · Lanmizik klasik · Lapentir · Téyat Politik Diplonmasi · Lélèksyon · Mouvman · Pati · Réjim politik Byografi Artis · Chèf di Léta · Syantifik · Markè-palò · Filozòf · Politik · Rélijyon Santé Maladi · Ladròg · Swen · Lafarmasi · Médsin · Noutrisyon Syans ègzat , natirèl ké tèknolojik Lastronnonmi · Byoloji · Syans di lavi é di Latè · Lélèktronnik · Fizik · Lenfòrmatik · Météyoroloji · Chimi Sosyété Konpòrtman · Tchwizin · Kiltir · Divèrtisman · Èspò · Tourism Entérè Jénéral Filozofi · Matématik · Lépistémoloji Syans moun ké sosyal Lantropoloji · Larkéyoloji · Drwè · Lékonnonmi · Jéyografi · Listwè · Lengwistik · Psikoloji · Sosyoloji Lar Larchitèktir ké Lirbannism · Sinéma · Dans · Kiltir · Fotografi · Litératir · Lanmizik · Lanmizik klasik · Lapentir · Téyat Politik Diplonmasi · Lélèksyon · Mouvman · Pati · Réjim politik Byografi Artis · Chèf di Léta · Syantifik · Markè-palò · Filozòf · Politik · Rélijyon Santé Maladi · Ladròg · Swen · Lafarmasi · Médsin · Noutrisyon Syans ègzat , natirèl ké tèknolojik Lastronnonmi · Byoloji · Syans di lavi é di Latè · Lélèktronnik · Fizik · Lenfòrmatik · Météyoroloji · Chimi Sosyété Konpòrtman · Tchwizin · Kiltir · Divèrtisman · Èspò · Tourism Entérè Jénéral Filozofi · Matématik · Lépistémoloji Syans moun ké sosyal Lantropoloji · Larkéyoloji · Drwè · Lékonnonmi · Jéyografi · Listwè · Lengwistik · Psikoloji · Sosyoloji Lar Larchitèktir ké Lirbannism · Sinéma · Dans · Kiltir · Fotografi · Litératir · Lanmizik · Lanmizik klasik · Lapentir · Téyat Politik Diplonmasi · Lélèksyon · Mouvman · Pati · Réjim politik Byografi Artis · Chèf di Léta · Syantifik · Markè-palò · Filozòf · Politik · Rélijyon Santé Maladi · Ladròg · Swen · Lafarmasi · Médsin · Noutrisyon Syans ègzat , natirèl ké tèknolojik Lastronnonmi · Byoloji · Syans di lavi é di Latè · Lélèktronnik · Fizik · Lenfòrmatik · Météyoroloji · Chimi Sosyété Konpòrtman · Tchwizin · Kiltir · Divèrtisman · Èspò · Tourism Entérè Jénéral Filozofi · Matématik · Lépistémoloji Filozofi · Matématik · Lépistémoloji Syans moun ké sosyal Lantropoloji · Larkéyoloji · Drwè · Lékonnonmi · Jéyografi · Listwè · Lengwistik · Psikoloji · Sosyoloji Lantropoloji · Larkéyoloji · Drwè · Lékonnonmi · Jéyografi · Listwè · Lengwistik · Psikoloji · Sosyoloji Lar Larchitèktir ké Lirbannism · Sinéma · Dans · Kiltir · Fotografi · Litératir · Lanmizik · Lanmizik klasik · Lapentir · Téyat Larchitèktir ké Lirbannism · Sinéma · Dans · Kiltir · Fotografi · Litératir · Lanmizik · Lanmizik klasik · Lapentir · Téyat Politik Diplonmasi · Lélèksyon · Mouvman · Pati · Réjim politik Diplonmasi · Lélèksyon · Mouvman · Pati · Réjim politik Byografi Artis · Chèf di Léta · Syantifik · Markè-palò · Filozòf · Politik · Rélijyon Artis · Chèf di Léta · Syantifik · Markè-palò · Filozòf · Politik · Rélijyon Santé Maladi · Ladròg · Swen · Lafarmasi · Médsin · Noutrisyon Maladi · Ladròg · Swen · Lafarmasi · Médsin · Noutrisyon Syans ègzat , natirèl ké tèknolojik Lastronnonmi · Byoloji · Syans di lavi é di Latè · Lélèktronnik · Fizik · Lenfòrmatik · Météyoroloji · Chimi Lastronnonmi · Byoloji · Syans di lavi é di Latè · Lélèktronnik · Fizik · Lenfòrmatik · Météyoroloji · Chimi Sosyété Konpòrtman · Tchwizin · Kiltir · Divèrtisman · Èspò · Tourism Konpòrtman · Tchwizin · Kiltir · Divèrtisman · Èspò · Tourism Wikipédja ké pli di 1 000 000 artik : Deutsch · English · Français · Español · Italiano · 日本語 · Nederland · Polski · Русский · Sinugboanong Binisaya · Svenska · Tiếng Việt · Winaray Wikipédja ké pli di 100 000 artik : العربية · български · Català · 한국어 · 中文 · Dansk · Slovenčina · Esperanto · Suomi · עִבְרִית · Magyar · Bahasa Indonesia · Lietuviu · Norsk · România · Српски / Srpski · Česká · Türkçe · Українська · Volapük 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 arbitration 26 comments 2 Page 10 comments 3 Am I being bullied? 3 comments 4 How do I ask for a move request to be closed? 3 comments 5 I need urgent help. 3 comments 6 on involvement 5 comments 7 Referencing errors on List of rulers of Timor 3 comments 8 Question about replacing a non‑free image in Murder of Michaela McAreavey 8 comments 9 Writ petition 2 comments 10 Referencing errors on John Herdman 3 comments 11 Reference desk 2 comments 12 Hijacking of The Morning Leader 3 comments 13 My page has disappeared and I do not know what to do. 26 comments 14 Edit removed 4 comments 15 How do non-talk pages have the talk page format? 4 comments 16 Copy-pasting a sentence added references 6 comments 17 How do you add a person to Wikipedia? 2 comments 18 Remove deceptive link 4 comments 19 Review 4 comments 20 Deprecated source and automatic filter 3 comments 21 URL for a physical book 10 comments 22 Drafts 14 comments 23 Editing page on John Campbell UK 4 comments 24 I can’t create an account!? 2 comments 25 Query regarding Draft:Candlelight Homes 8 comments 26 Referencing errors on Spatial epidemiology 2 comments 27 Creating Art for Wikipedia 11 comments 28 Curly quotes 5 comments 29 Page never underwent review and was published without? 9 comments 30 Referencing errors on Capital Fringe Festival 2 comments 31 ISBN ===> cite book template 6 comments 32 Shady users 2 comments 33 Iraq Page 4 comments 34 png thumbnail issue 2 comments 35 Articles 2 comments 36 Translation of the article "Pharmazimuseum Brixen" into English 4 comments 37 returning image to entry. 9 comments 38 Referencing errors on Freibahn 3 comments 39 Tool for LLM detection? 3 comments 40 i can’t add message 3 comments 41 Question 5 comments 42 What if? 4 comments 43 Referencing errors on Lemon Tree Hotels 2 comments 44 Translations 5 comments 45 Content Translation Tool Error 2 comments 46 Non-free image url 3 comments 47 How do I use Twinkle to warn? 3 comments 48 Create a wikepedia page 4 comments 49 How to translate? 3 comments 50 Edit "not been published" 15 comments 51 Contacting non-English article editors 4 comments 52 wikipedia25.org 8 comments 53 Question about source 5 comments 54 Help on creating a new article 17 comments 55 Historical Artwork owned by Gallery 5 comments 56 How to change what wikiproject messages are recieved on. 4 comments 57 A disruptive user 3 comments 58 changing email login 3 comments 59 Message on new articles 3 comments 60 HOW TO ENTER AN ARTIST IN WIKIPEDIA 5 comments 61 Police#Israel 2 comments 62 Shenandoah Presbyterian Church 4 comments 63 Variety of English used in articles about an author's works? 3 comments 64 Other language Wikipedia as an authoritative source? 6 comments 65 I need Help 5 comments 66 Legend for map in sidebar 2 comments 67 MEDAL AWARD DEVICE IS INCORRECT COLOR 4 comments 68 Opening a request for un-protection 4 comments 69 "Incle Vanyan" 3 comments 70 Mobile watchlist 1 comment 71 Referencing errors on Mahendra Singh Dhoni 4 comments 72 Bruno fernandes 2 comments 73 WP:SEAOFBLUE and introductory sentences to clergy members 3 comments 74 External guide 2 comments Wikipedia : Help desk العربية Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español فارسی Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî Lietuvių മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Português Русский संस्कृतम् Scots සිංහල سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Twi Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Project page Talk Read Edit Add topic View history Read Edit Add topic View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikisource Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikidata item Skip to TOC Skip to bottom Skip to bottom WP:HD WP:HD WP:Y WP:Y For other types of questions, use the search box , see the reference desk or Help:Contents . 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I want to open an arbitration case against it for its deletion Gnosticfind ( talk ) 21:23, 27 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Which article are you talking about? There's no need to involve arbcom in a routine deletion case. See WP:Deletion for how the deletion process works. Page Hello, I hope this message finds you well. I am the owner and General Manager of Flex FM, and I am writing regarding our existing Wikipedia page. Unfortunately, I no longer have access to the account originally used to manage the page, and as a result I am unable to log in to update or correct information. I would like to update elements of the page, including historical information and ensuring that the content accurately reflects Flex FM’s development and current status. I understand Wikipedia’s policies regarding neutrality and conflict of interest, and I am more than willing to follow the correct process to request changes rather than editing the article directly. Here is the link to the page in question: Flex FM I can provide proof of ownership and any supporting documentation required, and I would appreciate guidance on the appropriate next steps to have these updates reviewed and applied correctly. Thank you for your time and assistance. Kind regards, Terry Little Owner & General Manager Flex FM Noelsie tl ( talk ) 15:58, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Conflicted editor does things the wrong way Conflicted editor is reverted Conflicted editor is given advice on their talk page Conflicted editor asks here for further advice in order to do things the right way, while at the same time declaring CoI Conflicted editor is correctly answered (in this case by Ivanvector) Am I being bullied? Another user has repeatedly undone my edits but I did not introduce any external links; nor did I introduce any false information. I only added information already in the sources; everything I added is verifiable. Please help! Vollerhass ( talk ) 20:30, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do I ask for a move request to be closed? There’s been a move request for Hans Island since February 2025. I posted to it so I can’t close it. How do I request that an uninvolved admin consider whether to close it? Mr Serjeant Buzfuz ( talk ) 03:45, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I need urgent help. The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Hello, I am an Afghan commando soldier living in Afghanistan. My financial situation is not very good. I need urgent help. Kusarjan ( talk ) 16:33, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] on involvement for the purposes of closing discussions, which of those would you consider "improper", assuming different levels of involvement, but regardless of if the closure would require admin perms? closing on non-procedural grounds (keep, merge, retarget, etc.), after a comment or correction regarding another editor's mention of policy (i.e. "that's a2 , not g2 ") closing on non-procedural grounds after a comment or correction regarding another editor's mention of a page's topic (i.e. "it's a berry , not a follicle ") that is not actually opining on the discussion closing on procedural grounds (already speedy deleted, disruptive nom, malformed or duplicate nom, redirect overwritten by an article, they took earth to afd again, etc.) after a comment or correction regarding the stuff already mentioned above closing on procedural grounds after a vote (for this, it usually shouldn't matter if the vote supported or opposed the result) yes, this is mostly a matter of opinion on stuff i'm only very slightly iffy on, so don't worry too much consarn (talck) (contirbuton s) 17:29, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on List of rulers of Timor The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Reference help requested. Thanks, Javed Khan king of India ( talk ) 07:31, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question about replacing a non‑free image in Murder of Michaela McAreavey Hello, I would like to check something about non‑free images in the article Murder of Michaela McAreavey . The article currently uses a non‑free family photograph that includes Michaela McAreavey with her father and brother. I am considering whether it would be acceptable, under the Non‑free Content Criteria, to replace it with a different non‑free image that shows Michaela alone on her wedding day. This type of image seems more appropriate for identification purposes and is directly relevant to the widely reported circumstances of her murder on her honeymoon. Before doing anything, I want to confirm whether such a replacement would be allowed. If it is permitted, I would also like to know the correct way to tag the old non‑free image for deletion once the new one is in use. Could someone please advise on whether this approach complies with NFCC, and what the correct procedure would be? Thank you. ItsShandog ( talk ) 09:32, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Writ petition writ petition no. 9401 of 2019, s citation identity need for ~2026-20422-6 ( talk ) 14:25, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on John Herdman Reference help requested. Can you specific what the reference error you raised is? Thank you! Thanks, AnnWinterburne ( talk ) 17:14, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Reference desk Good saturday evening. Is it considered to spam to have too many questions on the Reference desk? I already have three there and i just got another one. I don't want to clog it. ~2025-40048-69 ( talk ) 20:51, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Hijacking of The Morning Leader Hello, I am usually not editing here, so maybe posting in the wrong place -- sorry for that. I just noticed that The Morning Leader was hijacked about two weeks ago. Coming from Wikidata, a lot of the respective user's edits there seem problematic. Also, it might be coincidental, but there are contributions overlapping with activity of users blocked due to SPIs concerning Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Aboobackeramani . I hope you can do something with it. Thanks, Dorades ( talk ) 22:09, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] My page has disappeared and I do not know what to do. I recently created a page called Quiichaar. It is about the book series. With in a minute after it was created someone put issues at the top. They said it was focused too much on the plot and also that it seemed too real. It is a science fiction fantasy novel series. It states this in the first sentence, so I do not understand how people would think this is real. There was other information other than the plot, but obviously that would be what most people would want to know about a book series. I did not give anything away in the summation, so I do not understand how to fix this issue. My page is no longer visible. Can someone please explain what I am supposed to do. This is my first time creating something on here. Thanks in advance. Showik123 ( talk ) 00:00, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I am confused. Can you explain what you meant by "no possibility of your draft being accepted while it fails to demonstrate that the book meets our notability criteria - which is indicated though significant coverage in published reliable sources with no connection to the subject matter." It is a real book. I have held it in my hand and read from the pages. I even included the ISBN numbers. I am quite certain that I do not understand what you are saying. Can you please explain further? Is this something that I can fix? I am certainly not meaning to sound like I am arguing with you. I merely wish to understand what you mean. When you say you ran a google search, may I ask what you mean by "significant coverage in independent published reliable sources?" I guess I just don't understand what that means. Can you give me an example. Sorry, I am just very unclear as to what you mean and I don't want to make assumptions to what you are referring. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Showik123 ( talk • contribs ) 01:36, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] That makes sense, but if you can buy the book on Amazon it must be real. Are they a source? Edit removed Hi, my edit on Preston Hollow, Dallas was removed automatically. It was a minor edit describing a former resident, Richard B. Spencer as a neo-Nazi, which his page describes him as, and I'm guessing it was removed due to the inflammatory nature of that topic and I think my edit was assumed to be vandalism. I added it because he is primarily known as Richard Spencer, potentially leading to confusion, and he has not been a high-profile figure for several years. IXequilibrium ( talk ) 03:59, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do non-talk pages have the talk page format? Many pages, like this one, WP:TEA , or WP:AN/I , are not talk pages, however they have the format, with the "Add topic" and "Reply" buttons. How is this done? dot . p y 05:25, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Copy-pasting a sentence added references So i copied a 186 char long string from a wikipedia article and I ended up putting +1,950 chars into that article, including references I - if i remember correctly - never touched. Tried again, happened again. 1st: To make a copy of that sentence i opened the editor with an old revision. 2nd: i think i made it the Question: Are there configurations of the default editor, where this could happen, as a kind of feature? Like "hey, you copied a sentence without its refs, here, take it all"? Or could this happen as a feature to prevent an edit conflict? I'm just asking to make sure, it was my mistake and that i didn't miss some feature differences between the editor software of the different languages I'm editing in. Amtiss , SNAFU ? 11:58, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Do you refer to this edit ? This text is 1925 characters <ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanno-Youngs |first1=Zolan |title=We Pressed Trump on His Conclusion About the ICE Shooting. Here's What He Said. |url= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 8, 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> This account has been contested by eyewitnesses, journalists,<ref name=LumStein /> local figures, and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] lawmakers, some of whom have called for a criminal investigation.<ref name=startribune_601559829>{{Cite news |last=Barnett |first=Sofia |date=January 6, 2026 |title=Mayor Jacob Frey's Remarks After ICE Agent Fatally Shot Woman in Minneapolis |url= |work=[[The Minnesota Star Tribune]] |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 }}</ref> Minneapolis mayor [[Jacob Frey]] and Minnesota governor [[Tim Walz]] called on the federal government to end their presence in the city. Thousands of people [[List of Renee Good protests|have protested]] in Minneapolis,<ref name="MinnPost">{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Trevor |date=January 7, 2026 |title=Minneapolis Vigil Draws Thousands as City Reels Following ICE Shooting |url= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 8, 2026 |work=[[MinnPost]] |language=en-US}}</ref> and more have protested in other cities including [[Chicago]], [[New York City]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="mpr" />}} -- Andy Mabbett Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy ; Andy's edits 14:59, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Let me be more clear. The numbers are not too important. Sorry for that. My question is: is there some kind of automatic assisting when using copy-paste or not? (I did, at no point select and copy the >1000 bytes, just the sentence.) -- Amtiss , SNAFU ? 15:18, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do you add a person to Wikipedia? Y ~2026-22492-7 ( talk ) 14:26, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Remove deceptive link How to remove a link that appears in "Films Scored by Miklos Rozsa"? "Ministry of Fear" was actually scored by Victor Young, though some Rozsa cues may have been incorporated. Rozsaphile1 ( talk ) 14:48, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Review Can someone review the article Ogden Round Lake Wilderness Area? It is only edited by me. Versions 111 ( talk • contribs ) 15:46, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Deprecated source and automatic filter Hello. When I tried to upload a finished new page, an automatic filter refused the page, saying that I was linking to a deprecated source, but I cannot find any link to a deprecated source. I'm using no source listed on the Wikipedia:Deprecated sources page. All my text links to other Wiki pages link to existing pages. I'm writing about a plant species using only technical/botanical references and there's no controversy about the topic. Thanks for any help. Gaiacoyote ( talk ) 19:43, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] URL for a physical book I've purchased an encyclopedia (The Pigeon by Wendell M. Levi) and in compiling the URL for my citation, I've found that the only websites I can use are commercial sites that sell the book, and the internet archive. Both seem insufficient to me. I'm unsure what I should do in this situation because the book hasn't got a PDF either, and the internet archive is a short review (one page) that is of the 1945 edition, while I have the 1977. Any help at all is appreciated :) Gone Extinct ( talk ) 00:09, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Drafts I happened to see that Draft:Milos Ercegovac is hanging in the air. This is quite strange because as I said on the talk page there he is a big shot in computer arithmetic. FYI I have met him, but we are not friends or anything, and I have not seen him for 20 or more years. What can I do to support his page? Thanks Yesterday, all my dreams... ( talk ) 10:56, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Yesterday, all my dreams... , I have moved the draft to main space since Ercegovac clearly meets WP:NACADEMIC . Thank you for your work to improve the encyclopedia. Cullen328 ( talk ) 06:05, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Editing page on John Campbell UK I signed up last year as a fact checker, I’ve only contributed to one article that incorrectly identified a public official that was sworn in and confirmed by the Senate is a nominee. It was accepted and the process went smoothly. I’m trying to suggest an added to talk to John Campbell UK I have watched him since the beginning of the pandemic, like me, he was excited about the vaccine, I took the first two Pfizer vaccines and had no side effects His views have shifted but only was peer reviewed journal articles I don’t think he is controversial but perhaps within orthodox medical circles, his podcasts there are always evidence based still properly just disclaimed, people may disagree but labeling him as a purveyor of misinformation is inaccurate. I guess controversial is a result in his focus focusing on government and pure review data that is often not widely covered. His recent highlighting of a 2013 study that supported higher vitamin D levels but calculated the amount of supplementation required is factual and extremely important information The error in the paper has been acknowledged by the authors but public health officials and some of the medical societies have not changed the RDA, only specialist to an endocrinologist seem to be aware. Can you provide me with the required background for the acceptance of characterizing John Campbell as a purveyor of misinformation? I certainly don’t want the name I just want to see the specific journal article which is almost always the basis for each episode. I do not know John Cambell and I’ve never communicated with him beyond subscribing to his YouTube channel I am based in the US and find it troubling that in 2026 we are labeling him as just “disinformation” source. I would respectfully request that you reconsider that characterization in the introduction I read Wikipedia briefly this morning because the information on vitamin D3 was consequential and the credibility Wikipedia, for me, plummeted if this description is current. I was unable to suggest an edit Z-factwriter ( talk ) 14:53, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I can’t create an account!? Hello, I’m trying to make an account so I can permanently enable dark mode on safari (iOS) lol. I keep getting the proxy error, but I don’t think I have ever made an account, or if I have, I don’t remember it and it would have been with an old email. I did have iCloud Relay active when I attempted to sign up the first time, then I turned it off and tried again. I assumed my IP would have changed to my actual one, because when it was active the the IP had been banned—it still didn’t work. Did that have something to do with it? Thanks! ~2026-25117-4 ( talk ) 15:55, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Query regarding Draft:Candlelight Homes Hello Wiki Help Desk, We’re reaching out for guidance regarding an article we recently submitted about our company, Candlelight Homes. The content was written to remain neutral in tone and supported by multiple third-party sources; however, it was declined due to concerns that the sources were not sufficiently in-depth. Candlelight Homes is an established, legitimate company, and our intent is not promotional. Our goal is simply to provide accurate, verifiable information so the company can be discoverable and properly represented within the community. We’d appreciate any direction on what types of sources or additional context would be required to meet Wikipedia’s notability and sourcing standards. Thank you for your time and assistance. Requesting guidance on acceptable sourcing and notability requirements for a company article that was declined due to insufficient depth of sources. ZacharyBinx99 ( talk ) 17:42, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Find several sources which meet all the requirements in WP:42 . If you can't, stop there. If you can, effectively forget everything you know about your company and write a summary of what those sources say. They leave out something important? Tough. They are nasty about you? Tough. They are wrong, according to your knowledge? Tough. Wikipedia's fundamental principle is verifiability , not truth. Referencing errors on Spatial epidemiology Reference help requested. tho i've been a wiki editor for decades, i find the creation and placement of references very confusing, so i'd appreciate any help! Thanks, Lee De Cola ( talk ) 20:07, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Creating Art for Wikipedia As a user, am I permitted to create art for certain pages on Wikipedia that lack any visuals? I'd like to add images to extinct animal pages that are lacking any visual. I'm a hobbyist artist and have experience making paleoart. I know users like Apokryltaros have done valuable work for this exact situation on Wikipedia, and I would like to create art in a similar vein (mostly for Holocene extinctions that lack paleo reconstructions). Are there any qualifications I need to have before doing this, or can I just try my hand without preparation? Gone Extinct ( talk ) 00:09, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Curly quotes The article United_States_v._Maduro_et_al. currently has lots of curly quotes. Question: When I see curly quotes, should I edit them into straight quotes? Is there a bot that does that? Are curly quotes OK to be left in articles? The article may have received those curly quotes from the user who was involved in an ANI thread around Jan 9, which covered LLM use, user @ ApoieRacional , a few editors mentioning LLM use on several articles... resulting in Cullen328 blocking that user from article space. Thanks. David10244 ( talk ) 03:36, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Page never underwent review and was published without? I just created this page today and rather than going under review when I pressed publish to save my changes, it went up instantly, skipping categorisation and now it is missing things like a Local Description and Wikidata Item ID. I've only been contributing since December and all of my other pages had to be reviewed. Sorry if this question should rather be on the page's talk page, I'm new to this. Gone Extinct ( talk ) 06:00, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Capital Fringe Festival The source, as it exists, has a generic byline. There's no other author name to use. How do I rewrite the reference to reflect that, and not order the words like a name? Thanks, DavidK93 ( talk ) 08:47, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] ISBN ===> cite book template Is there a tool to convert ISBN's to the template, populating as many fields as possible? Humpster ( talk ) 09:22, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Shady users I have come across a "shady" user while tending to my watchlist. Looking through their past edits, I found weird behavior, like many small and unimpactful additions to sentences that often get reverted. There's some potential they are blindly adding AI content. I also see a pretty strict routine of editing that I find unusual. But they've done nothing blatantly wrong, which is why they haven't been banned yet. I want to assume good faith but I fear they may be farming their edit count to sell their account once it's extended confirmed. Where is the best place to discuss users who may be farming edits? Edit7hesadparts ( talk ) 11:07, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Iraq Page I noticed a rule on the Iraq wiki page where it said I had to be extended confirmed to make an edit (it's only protected for confirmed/auto confirmed). Am I not allowed to do the edit request (Listed under the semi edit requests) that is requesting a typo be fixed? AirmanKitten203 ( talk ) 14:44, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] png thumbnail issue on the left hand side is the original picture; on the right hand side is the thumbnail. The thumbnail is broken on my side, but if I zoom in to 110%, it works as normal again. Does anyone know what's the problem? NDR0216 ( talk ) 15:27, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles Articles for creation Sumeetsinha1972 ( talk ) 15:30, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Translation of the article "Pharmazimuseum Brixen" into English Could anyone help me to figure out how to translate the article of "Pharmaziemuseum Brixen" into English? When I try it tells me I don't have the rights to do so. Th article is already available also in Italian and Spanish. Thank you for your help! Pharmaziemuseum Brixen ( talk ) 16:23, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] returning image to entry. I uploaded an image of Dame Louise Richardson . It was taken down due to copyright issue. The organization I represented, Carnegie Corporation of New York , in which Mrs. Richardson is the President, owns the rights to the copyright. May I reload a new image to her biography? Looking forward toward your response. Sincerely, Ronald Sexton ( talk ) 19:42, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Freibahn CS1 error on Freibahn. I have no idea what went wrong. Thanks, Neptun22 ( talk ) 21:30, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Tool for LLM detection? There is a current discussion at WP:RSN#Tool for detecting AI writing? which indicates lack of information on that topic. I suggested a few links there because the users at large seemed not aware of them. Does anyone here know of any tools? If not where should we suggest that WMF should hire an expert to guide them on that? Text analysis is not my area of expertise, but I know that general programmers will have no hope of success in that area without guidance. Please make suggestions. Thanks Yesterday, all my dreams... ( talk ) 22:16, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] i can’t add message i want to send a message to a user but talk page says it is protected to prevent vandalism. why is this? i want to send message so that editor understands what to do. grazie. ~2026-28017-1 ( talk ) 22:57, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question Random question.. can an editor be completely blocked from Wikipedia? I.e not even aloud to visit the website? Not a topic ban, editing restrictions, indefinite block etc but completely disallowing someone from visiting/reading some/all articles ?? ~2026-19602-0 ( talk ) 01:29, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] What if? If someone vandalizes an article but than immediately deletes the vandalism, do they still get punished? ~2026-24671-3 ( talk ) 04:14, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Lemon Tree Hotels Reference help requested. Thanks, Saimi Sattar1 ( talk ) 07:11, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Translations Courtesy link: User:PUZEG1/Grand Duke Butigeidis Dragoon Battalion Hello, I am writing to ask for help translating our military unit wikipedia page. As I understand, I have to be an editor who made over 500 changes in wikipedia to publish translated pages. Is it possible to publish our page translated into other languages by being new account in here? PUZEG1 ( talk ) 11:59, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Content Translation Tool Error Hello, can someone help me? I'm trying to translate a page from Spanish to English and it tells me I am not an extended confirmed user, but I am. Thanks Josep a11 ( talk ) 12:24, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Non-free image url I have a talk page message from Iruka13 which deals with non-free image urls. Is it still recommended to use the URL to the page displaying the image, even if the URL to the page is non-unique? Sswonk ( talk ) 14:39, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do I use Twinkle to warn? Alright so I'm new to using Twinkle and I can't figure out how to warn people. I checked the doc and it mentions a "warn tab" but I can't find it for whatever reason? I know for a fact I have warnings enabled in configuration. Thanks in advance :) Monkeymoo458 ( talk ) 18:49, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Create a wikepedia page I would like an assistance in creating a wikipedia page for my football club. Maryfelsports ( talk ) 20:19, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How to translate? Dear Editors, I would like to translate an article, that was written by me, from Hungarian to English. I have done it already on 'paper' but I do not know how to type it into the 'English Wikipedia' version. How to link them? I do not need automatic translation and I am not an advanced editor. Thank you for your answer and help. BEK2022 ( talk ) 21:11, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Edit "not been published" I recently tried to add one (1) sentence containing a quotation to a page about a prominent WWII officer Ernest N. Harmon , citing a very reliable, eminent historian who was quoting yet another reliable witness/historian in his latest, acclaimed nonfiction book. But for the very first time ever in my many years of contributing to Wikipedia, I was confronted with a box informing me "Your changes have not been published." To correct this, the same box refers me "to go to the report page and follow the instructions." But I must admit I was totally stymied by that report page and don't understand at all how to use it and resolve my edit problem. Looking for assistance to figure this out. Thanks for any reply & guidance. Mwprods2 ( talk ) 23:00, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Contacting non-English article editors Not sure if this is the right place to ask this, but does anyone know how I could do this? They don't seem to have user pages on the English edition. Thanks, Fort esc ( talk ) 23:37, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] wikipedia25.org Happy 25 years, but is wikipedia25.org supposed to work? It only shows a Wikimedia error. Versions 111 ( talk • contribs ) 23:44, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question about source I was using the CIA World Factbook (judicial branch section) to learn more about the judiciary of Mozambique for an article and noticed they got a basic fact wrong about the Constitutional Council judges' term renewal wrong. Should I consider the rest of the information I got from them ok, or re-source everything else in the article that used that source? Urchincrawler ( talk ) 01:09, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Help on creating a new article Hi, I used to edit Fandom and Wikihow pages as a child and am used to writing factual, objective information in those contexts, but am not really familiar with Wikipedia's conventions. I am looking to create an article on the now-defunct game Fight My Monster (Jan 2011-Late 2016). I have a collection of sources (Silicon Republic articles, Techcrunch articles, Guardian article, Companies House page, official FMM blog posts (from archive.org), as well as many more niche journalism and non-journalism sources) towards the game's existence and notability (5 million accounts in total throughout its lifetime, and was generally thought to be very innovative), but am unsure whether this game would meet the notability requirements for Wikipedia. The game also had commercials aired on British TV, had comics featured in The Beano, had trading cards you could order, had a book and membership cards that were in British bookstores, and had a planned animated TV series. I also have some fears that maybe I would be a conflict of interest in relation to the game, as I am a community moderator for a currently-active rewritten project. This would not be an advertisement and I have no intention on mentioning the rewritten project within the article, but I still thought a conflict of interest might need to be disclosed. My main motivations are to ensure that information on the game is briefly compiled into an article as I would love for this information to be easy to access, since even though so many sources exist, they are very disjointed. Would I just have to write the article, publish it, and then see what people think of it? Or should I create a sandbox and then ask for dynamic feedback somewhere on Wikipedia? Or should I not bother, due to lack of notability (or the conflict of interest issue)? Thank you so much for any input/feedback, I appreciate Wikipedia as a resource so much but have no idea of the inner workings of how to edit it lol. -kat279 ( talk ) 04:38, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Raising $2.1mil due to how unique the game was : (pre-the game's release) Companies house page, detailing when the company was founded/disbanded: Fight my Monster x Brown Bag Films: Fight My Monster and Brown Bag Films Announce Animated TV Series - Business Insider Growth and targeting boys: Ten Year-Olds Versus the Triple-A Market | GamesIndustry.biz (I think this might be a blog, but apparently the woman who wrote it was a Managing Editor at IGN?) Fight my monster brand ambitions: Fight My Monster Borrows From The Angry Birds Playbook - Merchandise And Movies Up Next? | TechCrunch FMM growth, including game mechanics and industry-leading parent centre: FightMyMonster.com: a monster of an idea that just keeps getting bigger | Games | The Guardian The Beano collaboration: (lasted throughout the latter half of 2013) The book they published (Fight My Monster: Monstrous Official Guide), mostly detailing game mechanics: Fight My Monster: Monstrous Official Guide: Amazon.co.uk: Simon & Schuster UK: 9781471115707: Books Historical Artwork owned by Gallery If our gallery reports on original artwork that we own for historical details that only we can provide, is this a conflict of interest? It has flagged a filter, almost certainly because our reference to the artwork is on our website. Before we attempt to publish again we ask so that we do not fall foul of wikipedia rules but would like to offer expert advice particularly regarding album artwork. The gallery has the largest private collection in The UK and potentially the world. This includes unseen design work for prominent and historic artworks. Popnouveau ( talk ) 13:29, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How to change what wikiproject messages are recieved on. Is there a way to set what wikiproject I get important messages on? I got the messages for the wikipedia birthday celebration on my wikisource account as it was the first account i made, but I would prefer to get my messages like that either here or on meta-wiki. Is there a way i can set that? i looked for quite a bit through my various preferences but could not find anything to do so.I know you can enable global notifications, and i do have them on, but it's not the same. Sorry if this is not the right place to ask this question, i want really sure. ¿VØ!D? ☄ 13:33, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] A disruptive user Some users are annoyed (including me) that there's a user who constantly makes (mostly) disruptive edits to articles without saying why that's done or by asking in the talk page and wait for consensus. The user is "Boringhuman404", but the person using it has used it from the other old names, including Urayahahah and "Renamed user c2ca70d12a943d959769c7559822e2ae". Ominae ( talk ) 17:05, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] changing email login I am registered to edit wikipedia under an old email address which I haven't used for several years and no longer have access to. Is there a way to retain my pervious access with a different email or would I have to start over? ~2026-31751-6 ( talk ) 17:15, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Message on new articles Hello Friends! I work a lot of new biographies and today, I'm seeing a message that says the page doesn't exist and to visit Wikispecies - see: Axel Hille and Alejandro Londoño-Burbano . I have never come across this before and not sure what it means or if it is supposed to be there. Any insight would be appreciated. Thank you!! Se7enNationArmy2024 ( talk ) 18:28, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] HOW TO ENTER AN ARTIST IN WIKIPEDIA The dominican singer and composer Alicia Baroni meets enough merits to be in Wikipedia, but so far I could not enter her bio. Can somebody help me, please? ~2026-32405-1 ( talk ) 19:20, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Find sources: Google ( books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs ) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL : This looks like it would be hard to find enough secondary coverage to create an article.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦ (talk to me) 19:52, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Police#Israel in this page it talks about policing in ancient Israel, although some of the areas existed like Jerusalem, Judah there was no Israel till 1948. Wikipedia should stay impartial and not peddle political messages to try and make out a state existed before it actually did. ~2026-31843-5 ( talk ) 20:05, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Shenandoah Presbyterian Church Courtesy link: Draft:Shenandoah (Miami) I'm trying to add a page for an historic church in Miami, Florida. Did I botch the title? It just says "Shenandoah." How do I edit it? LBK1Wiki ( talk ) 20:09, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Variety of English used in articles about an author's works? The biography of author Roald Dahl is tagged with {{ British English }} . Should this also apply to all articles about his books and short stories? Personally I think it should per MOS:TIES - but I regularly see editors changing UK to US spelling, such as this edit . (Admittedly, Dahl did live in the USA for many years, and many of his stories were first published in the USA and are set in the USA.) Muzilon ( talk ) 21:19, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Other language Wikipedia as an authoritative source? As seen in Talk:AmericaFest#Feedback from New Page Review process , a user told me that MSN is depreciated because the Chinese Wikipedia said so, even though it seemed to have been called generally reliable in the English Wikipedia per WP:MSNOW . They then said You should find the original URLs and use those, as these MSN sources appear to be aggregated instead. could anyone confirm that MSN should be depreciated, and if so, I'll add it onto WP:RSP ? Wikieditor662 ( talk ) 22:15, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I need Help Is this source considered a reliable source at web archive Pinchmemore ( talk ) 00:40, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Legend for map in sidebar I was trying to add this map to this sidebar but I can't figure out how to make the legend visible without A. Going to Commons, or B. Having a big caption with a legend in the sidebar (which seems inappropriate). Is this possible? When I click on images like here that use {{legend}} in a caption, the colors don't appear Placeholderer ( talk ) 01:43, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] MEDAL AWARD DEVICE IS INCORRECT COLOR My Father has a page on Wikipedia and his medals are displayed. But his Purple Heart should have a SILVER STAR on it, NOT a GOLD STAR… He has 6 PURPLE HEARTS AND THE MARINES Designate that with a SILVER STAR for 5 awards and the ribbon makes it 6…. We would like to see the Gold start replaced with SILVER STAR as the award device. Mdsd77 ( talk ) 02:54, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Opening a request for un-protection Hello, Back in 2008, the Bulletball page was deleted. I think it's gone back and forth a few times and ended up protected indefinitely around 2012. I think, at the time, that was understandable. Bulletball was probably put on here as a joke because of that one YouTube video [3] . The thing is, many years after the American Inventor incident, it actually did make it into the Olympics, it is quite literally an Olympic sport. As such, I do think that the game itself is notable enough to be in an encyclopedia. A list of Olympic sports would, by definition, not be complete without Bulletball. We don't need to make it read like "whoa the inventor was so whacky and they made him a meme!". Just a short article about the sport, its rules, its appearance on American Inventor, and eventual debut at the 2012 Senior Olympics. I'd be happy to write it. We could semi-protect it to stop people turning it into a meme page. Anyway, sorry. My question is: Is there somewhere I can go to argue the above and at least open a vote or discussion on the issue? Thank you for your help! LegalUsername ( talk ) 03:02, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] "Incle Vanyan" the play Uncle Vanya" ~2026-33068-4 ( talk ) 03:14, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Mobile watchlist The desktop watchlist can group all edits to a single page together. Am I correct that the mobile watchlist doesn't have the option to do this? Thanks! Helpful Cat { talk } 03:39, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Mahendra Singh Dhoni Reference help requested. Please fix this error in the article of Mahendra Singh Dhoni now. Thanks, ~2026-33072-4 ( talk ) 04:33, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Bruno fernandes See I was thinking we should include something about bruno's recent Twitter hacking ~2026-14741-7 ( talk ) 06:05, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] WP:SEAOFBLUE and introductory sentences to clergy members Hello. I've noticed that in several articles for notable clergy members, It'll introduce the subject as a Anglican priest or a Baptist minister etc etc, and I'm a bit confused on how I should improve the readability, if I should improve it at all. Do I de-link the denomination or the title? Rework the sentence (somehow)? Is there any relevant consensus on this topic? Thank you. Cawfeecrow ( talk ) 06:51, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] External guide who is external guide ~2026-33882-3 ( talk ) 08:20, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Wikipedia help forums Wikipedia move-protected project pages Non-talk pages that are automatically signed Pages automatically checked for incorrect links This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:08 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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suas dúvidas + Café dos administradores + Café dos burocratas + Café dos categorizadores + Café dos eliminadores + Café dos programadores + Café dos tradutores + Café do VRT + Coordenação robótica + Contato/Fale com a Wikipédia + Comunicação Pedidos Pedidos a administradores Pedidos a burocratas Pedidos a verificadores Pedidos de opinião Remoção por violação dir. autorais Votações Artigo em destaque Páginas para eliminar Aprovação de robôs e semirrobôs Administrador e Burocrata Notícias da comunidade 09/dez/2025 — O utilizador Victor Lopes é reeleito administrador. 12/nov/2025 — O utilizador Little Sunshine é eleito administrador de interface. 5/set/2025 — O utilizador JMagalhães perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 16/ago/2025 — O utilizador Stegop perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 16/jun/2025 — Os utilizadores JMSilva e JoãoGuilherme68 perdem o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 21/mai/2025 — O utilizador FSogumo perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 16/mai/2025 — O utilizador Fronteira tem o estatuto de administrador reatribuído . 6/mai/2025 — O utilizador Fronteira perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 4/mai/2025 – O utilizador Leone Melo é eleito eliminador. 30/abr/2025 — O utilizador OnlyJonny é reeleito administrador. 17/mar/2025 — O utilizador Paz e concórdia perde o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 14/mar/2025 — O utilizador Kacamata perde o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 12/jan/2025 — O utilizador Little Sunshine é eleito administrador. 6/jan/2025 — O utilizador Horcoff é eleito administrador. 6/jan/2025 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é reeleito supervisor. 25/dez/2024 — O número mínimo de apoios para aprovar um artigo destacado ou bom é reduzido para dois. 16/dez/2024 — O utilizador Otávio Astor Vaz Costa é eleito eliminador. 11/dez/2024 — O utilizador Eta Carinae é reeleito supervisor. 9/dez/2024 — A utilizadora Sintegrity é eleita administradora. 26/nov/2024 — A utilizadora Allice Hunter perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 25/nov/2024 — O utilizador Saturnalia0 perde o estatuto de administrador após solicitar WP:SUMIÇO . 25/nov/2024 — O utilizador Leefeni de Karik perde o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 22/nov/2024 — O utilizador Érico é reeleito verificador. 09/set/2024 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é reeleito verificador. 31/jul/2024 — O utilizador Rodrigo Padula perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 6/mai/2024 — O utilizador A.WagnerC é eleito eliminador. 20/jan/2024 — O utilizador Skyshifter perde o estatuto de administrador por decisão da comunidade . 18/jan/2024 — A utilizadora Sintegrity é eleita eliminadora. 1/dez/2023 — O utilizador HTPF perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 7/jun/2023 — A licença da Wikipédia é atualizada para a CC-BY-SA versão 4.0. 4/jun/2023 — O utilizador Horcoff é eleito eliminador. 30/mai/2023 — O utilizador Kascyo é eleito administrador. 5/mai/2023 — O utilizador MayTheForce perde o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 10/mar/2023 — O utilizador Fabiojrsouza é eleito supervisor. 9/mar/2023 — O utilizador Érico é reeleito supervisor. 9/mar/2023 — O utilizador Tks4Fish perde o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 6/mar/2023 — O utilizador Kongs é eleito administrador. 6/mar/2023 — O utilizador Pedrassani perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 1/mar/2023 — O utilizador Tks4Fish perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 12/fev/2023 — O utilizador Editor Master Plus é eleito administrador. 14/jan/2023 — O utilizador Teles é reeleito verificador de contas. 11/jan/2023 — O utilizador Leefeni de Karik perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 6/jan/2023 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é reeleito supervisor. 4/jan/2023 — O utilizador Pgnm renuncia ao estatuto de eliminador. 26/nov/2022 — O utilizador !Silent tem o estatuto de administrador reatribuído . 26/nov/2022 — O utilizador !Silent perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 17/nov/2022 — Os utilizadores El Descamisado , Liquet e Vitor Mazuco perdem ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 16/nov/2022 — O utilizador EuTuga perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 3/nov/2022 — O utilizador Rkieferbaum é eleito eliminador. 27/out/2022 — O utilizador Érico é reeleito verificador de contas. 22/out/2022 — O utilizador Hume42 é eleito eliminador. 28/set/2022 — O utilizador Zdtrlik é eleito eliminador. 8/set/2022 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é eleito verificador de contas. 3/set/2022 — O utilizador Victor Lopes renuncia ao estatuto de administrador. 28/ago/2022 — O utilizador Biologo32 perde o estatuto de burocrata por absenteísmo. 26/ago/2022 — O utilizador Cósmico perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 22/ago/2022 — O utilizador Diego Queiroz perde os estatutos de reversor, eliminador, administrador de interface e burocrata por absenteísmo. 20/jul/2022 — O utilizador DarkWerewolf é eleito administrador. 11/jul/2022 — O utilizador Biologo32 perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 9/jul/2022 — O utilizador Duke of Winterfell é eleito administrador. 16/jun/2022 — O utilizador Zdtrlik perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 16/jun/2022 — O utilizador OnlyJonny perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 7/jun/2022 — O utilizador Stanglavine é reeleito verificador de contas. 5/maio/2022 — O utilizador Kongs é eleito eliminador. 28/abr/2022 — O utilizador Cléééston perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 20/abr/2022 — O utilizador DarkWerewolf tem o estatuto de eliminador reatribuído . 27/fev/2022 — Os utilizadores Barão de Itararé , EternamenteAprendiz , Gameiro , He7d3r , Hume42 , Marquinhos , Mschlindwein , Red123 e Waldyrious perdem o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 23/fev/2022 — O utilizador Tks4Fish é reeleito supressor. 21/fev/2022 — O utilizador Eta Carinae tem o estatuto de verificador de contas removido devido ao término de seu mandato. 21/fev/2022 — O utilizador DarkWerewolf renuncia ao estatuto de eliminador. 27/jan/2022 — O utilizador Conde Edmond Dantès é reeleito verificador de contas. 11/dez/2021 — O utilizador ChristianH renuncia ao estatuto de administrador. 26/nov/2021 — O utilizador Spartacus. perde o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 1/out/2021 — O utilizador Paz e concórdia é eleito eliminador. 23/set/2021 — O utilizador KDL527 renuncia ao estatuto de administrador. 19/set/2021 — O utilizador Pgnm é eleito eliminador. 11/set/2021 — O utilizador Felipe da Fonseca renuncia ao estatuto de administrador. 8/set/2021 — O utilizador Francisco Leandro é eleito administrador de interface. 13/jul/2021 — O utilizador Jbribeiro1 perde os estatutos de administrador e burocrata por absenteísmo. 5/jul/2021 — O utilizador Teles renuncia ao estatuto de burocrata. 7/jun/2021 — O utilizador Opraco perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo . 5/jun/2021 — O utilizador DarkWerewolf é eleito eliminador. 11/mai/2021 — A Wikipédia em português completa 20 anos . 5/mai/2021 — O utilizador Érico tem o estatuto de burocrata reatribuído . 5/mai/2021 — A criação do novo grupo de usuários " avaliadores " é aprovada . 4/mai/2021 — A criação do novo grupo de usuários e proteção de artigos " autoconfirmados estendidos " é aprovada . 2/mai/2021 — O utilizador Duke of Winterfell é eleito eliminador. 28/abr/2021 — O utilizador Mr. Fulano perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo . 22/abr/2021 — O utilizador Liquet é eleito eliminador. 16/abr/2021 — O utilizador Felipe da Fonseca é eleito administrador. 25/mar/2021 — O utilizador SEPRodrigues tem o estatuto de verificador de contas removido . 10/mar/2021 — O utilizador Maikê tem o estatuto de administrador reatribuído . 1/mar/2021 — A votação sobre a Votação para o Logotipo comemorativo dos 20 anos da Wikipédia Lusófona é encerrada. 23/fev/2021 — O utilizador Editor D.S é reeleito supervisor. 16/fev/2021 — O utilizador Angus Guilherme perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo . 22/jan/2021 — O utilizador GRS73 renuncia ao estatuto de administrador. 14/jan/2021 — O utilizador Tks4Fish é reeleito verificador de contas. 3/jan/2021 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é eleito supervisor. 1/jan/2021 — O utilizador Érico renuncia ao estatuto de burocrata. 19/dez/2020 — O utilizador Fabiojrsouza tem os estatutos de administrador e burocrata reatribuídos . 16/dez/2020 — O utilizador Mr. Fulano renuncia ao estatuto de supervisor. 14/dez/2020 — O utilizador Fabiojrsouza renuncia aos estatutos de administrador e burocrata. 11/dez/2020 — O utilizador Rodrigo Padula tem o estatuto de administrador reatribuído . 3/dez/2020 — É implementada na Wikipédia lusófona a entrega de mensagens de boas-vindas de maneira automática . 21/nov/2020 — O utilizador Millennium bug perde todos os estatutos após discussão de bloqueio . 20/nov/2020 — O utilizador Manope2011 é eleito eliminador. 16/nov/2020 — O utilizador Érico é reeleito verificador de contas. 4/out/2020 - Com o encerramento da votação sobre a necessidade de registo para editar a Wikipédia lusófona , torna-se necessário estar registrado em uma conta para editar a Wikipédia, com exceção dos domínios "Ajuda" e "Discussão". 16/set/2020 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é eleito administrador de interface. 4/set/2020 — A votação sobre a necessidade de registo para editar a Wikipédia lusófona é iniciada. 17/ago/2020 — Após proposta com resultado consensual , é implementado o descadastro para editores que não desejem receber avisos decorrentes da eliminação segundo ESR-SIW . 17/jul/2020 — O utilizador Stanglavine é reeleito verificador de contas. 26/jun/2020 — O utilizador WikiFer é eleito burocrata. 21/jun/2020 — O utilizador EVinente é reeleito supervisor. 4/jun/2020 — O utilizador GhostP. é eleito administrador. 5/mai/2020 — O utilizador Mr. Fulano é reeleito supervisor. 12/abr/2020 — O utilizador Maikê renuncia ao estatuto de administrador. 7/abr/2020 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é eleito administrador. 5/abr/2020 — O utilizador Joalpe é eleito eliminador. 26/mar/2020 — O utilizador SirEdimon é eleito eliminador. 21/fev/2020 — O utilizador Fabiojrsouza é eleito burocrata. 21/fev/2020 — O utilizador Conde Edmond Dantès é eleito verificador de contas. 21/fev/2020 — O utilizador SEPRodrigues é eleito verificador de contas. 19/fev/2020 — O utilizador Tks4Fish é reeleito supervisor. 18/fev/2020 — O utilizador EVinente é reeleito verificador de contas. 16/fev/2020 — A utilizadora 79a é eleita administradora. 3/fev/2020 — O utilizador Editor D.S é eleito supervisor. 2/fev/2020 — O utilizador Millennium bug é reeleito verificador de contas. 22/jan/2020 — O utilizador Stanglavine renuncia aos estatutos de verificador de contas, administrador e burocrata. 18/jan/2020 — O utilizador Pórokhov tem o estatuto de administrador removido e conta global travada devido a contorno de bloqueio como Quintinense . Esplanada arquivo | atualizar | WP:E Esplanadas Anúncios + Propostas + Geral + Mostrar tudo Commons + Wikidata + Meta + Anúncios + Propostas + Geral + Mostrar tudo Anúncios + Propostas + Geral + Mostrar tudo Commons + Wikidata + Meta + Commons + Wikidata + Meta + Cafés Tire suas dúvidas + Café dos administradores + Café dos burocratas + Café dos categorizadores + Café dos eliminadores + Café dos programadores + Café dos tradutores + Café do VRT + Coordenação robótica + Contato/Fale com a Wikipédia + Tire suas dúvidas + Café dos administradores + Café dos burocratas + Café dos categorizadores + Café dos eliminadores + Café dos programadores + Café dos tradutores + Café do VRT + Coordenação robótica + Contato/Fale com a Wikipédia + Comunicação Pedidos Pedidos a administradores Pedidos a burocratas Pedidos a verificadores Pedidos de opinião Remoção por violação dir. autorais Pedidos a administradores Pedidos a burocratas Pedidos a verificadores Pedidos de opinião Remoção por violação dir. autorais Votações Artigo em destaque Páginas para eliminar Aprovação de robôs e semirrobôs Administrador e Burocrata Artigo em destaque Páginas para eliminar Aprovação de robôs e semirrobôs Administrador e Burocrata Notícias da comunidade 09/dez/2025 — O utilizador Victor Lopes é reeleito administrador. 12/nov/2025 — O utilizador Little Sunshine é eleito administrador de interface. 5/set/2025 — O utilizador JMagalhães perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 16/ago/2025 — O utilizador Stegop perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 16/jun/2025 — Os utilizadores JMSilva e JoãoGuilherme68 perdem o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 21/mai/2025 — O utilizador FSogumo perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 16/mai/2025 — O utilizador Fronteira tem o estatuto de administrador reatribuído . 6/mai/2025 — O utilizador Fronteira perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 4/mai/2025 – O utilizador Leone Melo é eleito eliminador. 30/abr/2025 — O utilizador OnlyJonny é reeleito administrador. 17/mar/2025 — O utilizador Paz e concórdia perde o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 14/mar/2025 — O utilizador Kacamata perde o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 12/jan/2025 — O utilizador Little Sunshine é eleito administrador. 6/jan/2025 — O utilizador Horcoff é eleito administrador. 6/jan/2025 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é reeleito supervisor. 25/dez/2024 — O número mínimo de apoios para aprovar um artigo destacado ou bom é reduzido para dois. 16/dez/2024 — O utilizador Otávio Astor Vaz Costa é eleito eliminador. 11/dez/2024 — O utilizador Eta Carinae é reeleito supervisor. 9/dez/2024 — A utilizadora Sintegrity é eleita administradora. 26/nov/2024 — A utilizadora Allice Hunter perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 25/nov/2024 — O utilizador Saturnalia0 perde o estatuto de administrador após solicitar WP:SUMIÇO . 25/nov/2024 — O utilizador Leefeni de Karik perde o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 22/nov/2024 — O utilizador Érico é reeleito verificador. 09/set/2024 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é reeleito verificador. 31/jul/2024 — O utilizador Rodrigo Padula perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 6/mai/2024 — O utilizador A.WagnerC é eleito eliminador. 20/jan/2024 — O utilizador Skyshifter perde o estatuto de administrador por decisão da comunidade . 18/jan/2024 — A utilizadora Sintegrity é eleita eliminadora. 1/dez/2023 — O utilizador HTPF perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 7/jun/2023 — A licença da Wikipédia é atualizada para a CC-BY-SA versão 4.0. 4/jun/2023 — O utilizador Horcoff é eleito eliminador. 30/mai/2023 — O utilizador Kascyo é eleito administrador. 5/mai/2023 — O utilizador MayTheForce perde o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 10/mar/2023 — O utilizador Fabiojrsouza é eleito supervisor. 9/mar/2023 — O utilizador Érico é reeleito supervisor. 9/mar/2023 — O utilizador Tks4Fish perde o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 6/mar/2023 — O utilizador Kongs é eleito administrador. 6/mar/2023 — O utilizador Pedrassani perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 1/mar/2023 — O utilizador Tks4Fish perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 12/fev/2023 — O utilizador Editor Master Plus é eleito administrador. 14/jan/2023 — O utilizador Teles é reeleito verificador de contas. 11/jan/2023 — O utilizador Leefeni de Karik perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 6/jan/2023 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é reeleito supervisor. 4/jan/2023 — O utilizador Pgnm renuncia ao estatuto de eliminador. 26/nov/2022 — O utilizador !Silent tem o estatuto de administrador reatribuído . 26/nov/2022 — O utilizador !Silent perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 17/nov/2022 — Os utilizadores El Descamisado , Liquet e Vitor Mazuco perdem ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 16/nov/2022 — O utilizador EuTuga perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 3/nov/2022 — O utilizador Rkieferbaum é eleito eliminador. 27/out/2022 — O utilizador Érico é reeleito verificador de contas. 22/out/2022 — O utilizador Hume42 é eleito eliminador. 28/set/2022 — O utilizador Zdtrlik é eleito eliminador. 8/set/2022 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é eleito verificador de contas. 3/set/2022 — O utilizador Victor Lopes renuncia ao estatuto de administrador. 28/ago/2022 — O utilizador Biologo32 perde o estatuto de burocrata por absenteísmo. 26/ago/2022 — O utilizador Cósmico perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 22/ago/2022 — O utilizador Diego Queiroz perde os estatutos de reversor, eliminador, administrador de interface e burocrata por absenteísmo. 20/jul/2022 — O utilizador DarkWerewolf é eleito administrador. 11/jul/2022 — O utilizador Biologo32 perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 9/jul/2022 — O utilizador Duke of Winterfell é eleito administrador. 16/jun/2022 — O utilizador Zdtrlik perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 16/jun/2022 — O utilizador OnlyJonny perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 7/jun/2022 — O utilizador Stanglavine é reeleito verificador de contas. 5/maio/2022 — O utilizador Kongs é eleito eliminador. 28/abr/2022 — O utilizador Cléééston perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 20/abr/2022 — O utilizador DarkWerewolf tem o estatuto de eliminador reatribuído . 27/fev/2022 — Os utilizadores Barão de Itararé , EternamenteAprendiz , Gameiro , He7d3r , Hume42 , Marquinhos , Mschlindwein , Red123 e Waldyrious perdem o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 23/fev/2022 — O utilizador Tks4Fish é reeleito supressor. 21/fev/2022 — O utilizador Eta Carinae tem o estatuto de verificador de contas removido devido ao término de seu mandato. 21/fev/2022 — O utilizador DarkWerewolf renuncia ao estatuto de eliminador. 27/jan/2022 — O utilizador Conde Edmond Dantès é reeleito verificador de contas. 11/dez/2021 — O utilizador ChristianH renuncia ao estatuto de administrador. 26/nov/2021 — O utilizador Spartacus. perde o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 1/out/2021 — O utilizador Paz e concórdia é eleito eliminador. 23/set/2021 — O utilizador KDL527 renuncia ao estatuto de administrador. 19/set/2021 — O utilizador Pgnm é eleito eliminador. 11/set/2021 — O utilizador Felipe da Fonseca renuncia ao estatuto de administrador. 8/set/2021 — O utilizador Francisco Leandro é eleito administrador de interface. 13/jul/2021 — O utilizador Jbribeiro1 perde os estatutos de administrador e burocrata por absenteísmo. 5/jul/2021 — O utilizador Teles renuncia ao estatuto de burocrata. 7/jun/2021 — O utilizador Opraco perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo . 5/jun/2021 — O utilizador DarkWerewolf é eleito eliminador. 11/mai/2021 — A Wikipédia em português completa 20 anos . 5/mai/2021 — O utilizador Érico tem o estatuto de burocrata reatribuído . 5/mai/2021 — A criação do novo grupo de usuários " avaliadores " é aprovada . 4/mai/2021 — A criação do novo grupo de usuários e proteção de artigos " autoconfirmados estendidos " é aprovada . 2/mai/2021 — O utilizador Duke of Winterfell é eleito eliminador. 28/abr/2021 — O utilizador Mr. Fulano perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo . 22/abr/2021 — O utilizador Liquet é eleito eliminador. 16/abr/2021 — O utilizador Felipe da Fonseca é eleito administrador. 25/mar/2021 — O utilizador SEPRodrigues tem o estatuto de verificador de contas removido . 10/mar/2021 — O utilizador Maikê tem o estatuto de administrador reatribuído . 1/mar/2021 — A votação sobre a Votação para o Logotipo comemorativo dos 20 anos da Wikipédia Lusófona é encerrada. 23/fev/2021 — O utilizador Editor D.S é reeleito supervisor. 16/fev/2021 — O utilizador Angus Guilherme perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo . 22/jan/2021 — O utilizador GRS73 renuncia ao estatuto de administrador. 14/jan/2021 — O utilizador Tks4Fish é reeleito verificador de contas. 3/jan/2021 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é eleito supervisor. 1/jan/2021 — O utilizador Érico renuncia ao estatuto de burocrata. 19/dez/2020 — O utilizador Fabiojrsouza tem os estatutos de administrador e burocrata reatribuídos . 16/dez/2020 — O utilizador Mr. Fulano renuncia ao estatuto de supervisor. 14/dez/2020 — O utilizador Fabiojrsouza renuncia aos estatutos de administrador e burocrata. 11/dez/2020 — O utilizador Rodrigo Padula tem o estatuto de administrador reatribuído . 3/dez/2020 — É implementada na Wikipédia lusófona a entrega de mensagens de boas-vindas de maneira automática . 21/nov/2020 — O utilizador Millennium bug perde todos os estatutos após discussão de bloqueio . 20/nov/2020 — O utilizador Manope2011 é eleito eliminador. 16/nov/2020 — O utilizador Érico é reeleito verificador de contas. 4/out/2020 - Com o encerramento da votação sobre a necessidade de registo para editar a Wikipédia lusófona , torna-se necessário estar registrado em uma conta para editar a Wikipédia, com exceção dos domínios "Ajuda" e "Discussão". 16/set/2020 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é eleito administrador de interface. 4/set/2020 — A votação sobre a necessidade de registo para editar a Wikipédia lusófona é iniciada. 17/ago/2020 — Após proposta com resultado consensual , é implementado o descadastro para editores que não desejem receber avisos decorrentes da eliminação segundo ESR-SIW . 17/jul/2020 — O utilizador Stanglavine é reeleito verificador de contas. 26/jun/2020 — O utilizador WikiFer é eleito burocrata. 21/jun/2020 — O utilizador EVinente é reeleito supervisor. 4/jun/2020 — O utilizador GhostP. é eleito administrador. 5/mai/2020 — O utilizador Mr. Fulano é reeleito supervisor. 12/abr/2020 — O utilizador Maikê renuncia ao estatuto de administrador. 7/abr/2020 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é eleito administrador. 5/abr/2020 — O utilizador Joalpe é eleito eliminador. 26/mar/2020 — O utilizador SirEdimon é eleito eliminador. 21/fev/2020 — O utilizador Fabiojrsouza é eleito burocrata. 21/fev/2020 — O utilizador Conde Edmond Dantès é eleito verificador de contas. 21/fev/2020 — O utilizador SEPRodrigues é eleito verificador de contas. 19/fev/2020 — O utilizador Tks4Fish é reeleito supervisor. 18/fev/2020 — O utilizador EVinente é reeleito verificador de contas. 16/fev/2020 — A utilizadora 79a é eleita administradora. 3/fev/2020 — O utilizador Editor D.S é eleito supervisor. 2/fev/2020 — O utilizador Millennium bug é reeleito verificador de contas. 22/jan/2020 — O utilizador Stanglavine renuncia aos estatutos de verificador de contas, administrador e burocrata. 18/jan/2020 — O utilizador Pórokhov tem o estatuto de administrador removido e conta global travada devido a contorno de bloqueio como Quintinense . 09/dez/2025 — O utilizador Victor Lopes é reeleito administrador. 12/nov/2025 — O utilizador Little Sunshine é eleito administrador de interface. 5/set/2025 — O utilizador JMagalhães perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 16/ago/2025 — O utilizador Stegop perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 16/jun/2025 — Os utilizadores JMSilva e JoãoGuilherme68 perdem o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 21/mai/2025 — O utilizador FSogumo perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 16/mai/2025 — O utilizador Fronteira tem o estatuto de administrador reatribuído . 6/mai/2025 — O utilizador Fronteira perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 4/mai/2025 – O utilizador Leone Melo é eleito eliminador. 30/abr/2025 — O utilizador OnlyJonny é reeleito administrador. 17/mar/2025 — O utilizador Paz e concórdia perde o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 14/mar/2025 — O utilizador Kacamata perde o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 12/jan/2025 — O utilizador Little Sunshine é eleito administrador. 6/jan/2025 — O utilizador Horcoff é eleito administrador. 6/jan/2025 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é reeleito supervisor. 25/dez/2024 — O número mínimo de apoios para aprovar um artigo destacado ou bom é reduzido para dois. 16/dez/2024 — O utilizador Otávio Astor Vaz Costa é eleito eliminador. 11/dez/2024 — O utilizador Eta Carinae é reeleito supervisor. 9/dez/2024 — A utilizadora Sintegrity é eleita administradora. 26/nov/2024 — A utilizadora Allice Hunter perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 25/nov/2024 — O utilizador Saturnalia0 perde o estatuto de administrador após solicitar WP:SUMIÇO . 25/nov/2024 — O utilizador Leefeni de Karik perde o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 22/nov/2024 — O utilizador Érico é reeleito verificador. 09/set/2024 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é reeleito verificador. 31/jul/2024 — O utilizador Rodrigo Padula perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 6/mai/2024 — O utilizador A.WagnerC é eleito eliminador. 20/jan/2024 — O utilizador Skyshifter perde o estatuto de administrador por decisão da comunidade . 18/jan/2024 — A utilizadora Sintegrity é eleita eliminadora. 1/dez/2023 — O utilizador HTPF perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 7/jun/2023 — A licença da Wikipédia é atualizada para a CC-BY-SA versão 4.0. 4/jun/2023 — O utilizador Horcoff é eleito eliminador. 30/mai/2023 — O utilizador Kascyo é eleito administrador. 5/mai/2023 — O utilizador MayTheForce perde o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 10/mar/2023 — O utilizador Fabiojrsouza é eleito supervisor. 9/mar/2023 — O utilizador Érico é reeleito supervisor. 9/mar/2023 — O utilizador Tks4Fish perde o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 6/mar/2023 — O utilizador Kongs é eleito administrador. 6/mar/2023 — O utilizador Pedrassani perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 1/mar/2023 — O utilizador Tks4Fish perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 12/fev/2023 — O utilizador Editor Master Plus é eleito administrador. 14/jan/2023 — O utilizador Teles é reeleito verificador de contas. 11/jan/2023 — O utilizador Leefeni de Karik perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 6/jan/2023 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é reeleito supervisor. 4/jan/2023 — O utilizador Pgnm renuncia ao estatuto de eliminador. 26/nov/2022 — O utilizador !Silent tem o estatuto de administrador reatribuído . 26/nov/2022 — O utilizador !Silent perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 17/nov/2022 — Os utilizadores El Descamisado , Liquet e Vitor Mazuco perdem ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 16/nov/2022 — O utilizador EuTuga perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 3/nov/2022 — O utilizador Rkieferbaum é eleito eliminador. 27/out/2022 — O utilizador Érico é reeleito verificador de contas. 22/out/2022 — O utilizador Hume42 é eleito eliminador. 28/set/2022 — O utilizador Zdtrlik é eleito eliminador. 8/set/2022 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é eleito verificador de contas. 3/set/2022 — O utilizador Victor Lopes renuncia ao estatuto de administrador. 28/ago/2022 — O utilizador Biologo32 perde o estatuto de burocrata por absenteísmo. 26/ago/2022 — O utilizador Cósmico perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 22/ago/2022 — O utilizador Diego Queiroz perde os estatutos de reversor, eliminador, administrador de interface e burocrata por absenteísmo. 20/jul/2022 — O utilizador DarkWerewolf é eleito administrador. 11/jul/2022 — O utilizador Biologo32 perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 9/jul/2022 — O utilizador Duke of Winterfell é eleito administrador. 16/jun/2022 — O utilizador Zdtrlik perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 16/jun/2022 — O utilizador OnlyJonny perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 7/jun/2022 — O utilizador Stanglavine é reeleito verificador de contas. 5/maio/2022 — O utilizador Kongs é eleito eliminador. 28/abr/2022 — O utilizador Cléééston perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 20/abr/2022 — O utilizador DarkWerewolf tem o estatuto de eliminador reatribuído . 27/fev/2022 — Os utilizadores Barão de Itararé , EternamenteAprendiz , Gameiro , He7d3r , Hume42 , Marquinhos , Mschlindwein , Red123 e Waldyrious perdem o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo. 23/fev/2022 — O utilizador Tks4Fish é reeleito supressor. 21/fev/2022 — O utilizador Eta Carinae tem o estatuto de verificador de contas removido devido ao término de seu mandato. 21/fev/2022 — O utilizador DarkWerewolf renuncia ao estatuto de eliminador. 27/jan/2022 — O utilizador Conde Edmond Dantès é reeleito verificador de contas. 11/dez/2021 — O utilizador ChristianH renuncia ao estatuto de administrador. 26/nov/2021 — O utilizador Spartacus. perde o estatuto de eliminador por absenteísmo. 1/out/2021 — O utilizador Paz e concórdia é eleito eliminador. 23/set/2021 — O utilizador KDL527 renuncia ao estatuto de administrador. 19/set/2021 — O utilizador Pgnm é eleito eliminador. 11/set/2021 — O utilizador Felipe da Fonseca renuncia ao estatuto de administrador. 8/set/2021 — O utilizador Francisco Leandro é eleito administrador de interface. 13/jul/2021 — O utilizador Jbribeiro1 perde os estatutos de administrador e burocrata por absenteísmo. 5/jul/2021 — O utilizador Teles renuncia ao estatuto de burocrata. 7/jun/2021 — O utilizador Opraco perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo . 5/jun/2021 — O utilizador DarkWerewolf é eleito eliminador. 11/mai/2021 — A Wikipédia em português completa 20 anos . 5/mai/2021 — O utilizador Érico tem o estatuto de burocrata reatribuído . 5/mai/2021 — A criação do novo grupo de usuários " avaliadores " é aprovada . 4/mai/2021 — A criação do novo grupo de usuários e proteção de artigos " autoconfirmados estendidos " é aprovada . 2/mai/2021 — O utilizador Duke of Winterfell é eleito eliminador. 28/abr/2021 — O utilizador Mr. Fulano perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo . 22/abr/2021 — O utilizador Liquet é eleito eliminador. 16/abr/2021 — O utilizador Felipe da Fonseca é eleito administrador. 25/mar/2021 — O utilizador SEPRodrigues tem o estatuto de verificador de contas removido . 10/mar/2021 — O utilizador Maikê tem o estatuto de administrador reatribuído . 1/mar/2021 — A votação sobre a Votação para o Logotipo comemorativo dos 20 anos da Wikipédia Lusófona é encerrada. 23/fev/2021 — O utilizador Editor D.S é reeleito supervisor. 16/fev/2021 — O utilizador Angus Guilherme perde o estatuto de administrador por absenteísmo . 22/jan/2021 — O utilizador GRS73 renuncia ao estatuto de administrador. 14/jan/2021 — O utilizador Tks4Fish é reeleito verificador de contas. 3/jan/2021 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é eleito supervisor. 1/jan/2021 — O utilizador Érico renuncia ao estatuto de burocrata. 19/dez/2020 — O utilizador Fabiojrsouza tem os estatutos de administrador e burocrata reatribuídos . 16/dez/2020 — O utilizador Mr. Fulano renuncia ao estatuto de supervisor. 14/dez/2020 — O utilizador Fabiojrsouza renuncia aos estatutos de administrador e burocrata. 11/dez/2020 — O utilizador Rodrigo Padula tem o estatuto de administrador reatribuído . 3/dez/2020 — É implementada na Wikipédia lusófona a entrega de mensagens de boas-vindas de maneira automática . 21/nov/2020 — O utilizador Millennium bug perde todos os estatutos após discussão de bloqueio . 20/nov/2020 — O utilizador Manope2011 é eleito eliminador. 16/nov/2020 — O utilizador Érico é reeleito verificador de contas. 4/out/2020 - Com o encerramento da votação sobre a necessidade de registo para editar a Wikipédia lusófona , torna-se necessário estar registrado em uma conta para editar a Wikipédia, com exceção dos domínios "Ajuda" e "Discussão". 16/set/2020 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é eleito administrador de interface. 4/set/2020 — A votação sobre a necessidade de registo para editar a Wikipédia lusófona é iniciada. 17/ago/2020 — Após proposta com resultado consensual , é implementado o descadastro para editores que não desejem receber avisos decorrentes da eliminação segundo ESR-SIW . 17/jul/2020 — O utilizador Stanglavine é reeleito verificador de contas. 26/jun/2020 — O utilizador WikiFer é eleito burocrata. 21/jun/2020 — O utilizador EVinente é reeleito supervisor. 4/jun/2020 — O utilizador GhostP. é eleito administrador. 5/mai/2020 — O utilizador Mr. Fulano é reeleito supervisor. 12/abr/2020 — O utilizador Maikê renuncia ao estatuto de administrador. 7/abr/2020 — O utilizador Albertoleoncio é eleito administrador. 5/abr/2020 — O utilizador Joalpe é eleito eliminador. 26/mar/2020 — O utilizador SirEdimon é eleito eliminador. 21/fev/2020 — O utilizador Fabiojrsouza é eleito burocrata. 21/fev/2020 — O utilizador Conde Edmond Dantès é eleito verificador de contas. 21/fev/2020 — O utilizador SEPRodrigues é eleito verificador de contas. 19/fev/2020 — O utilizador Tks4Fish é reeleito supervisor. 18/fev/2020 — O utilizador EVinente é reeleito verificador de contas. 16/fev/2020 — A utilizadora 79a é eleita administradora. 3/fev/2020 — O utilizador Editor D.S é eleito supervisor. 2/fev/2020 — O utilizador Millennium bug é reeleito verificador de contas. 22/jan/2020 — O utilizador Stanglavine renuncia aos estatutos de verificador de contas, administrador e burocrata. 18/jan/2020 — O utilizador Pórokhov tem o estatuto de administrador removido e conta global travada devido a contorno de bloqueio como Quintinense . Boas-vindas à Esplanada ! Sente-se, peça um cafezinho e sinta-se à vontade. Esta página é um espaço de entrada para vários locais que servem para todo o género de conversas e perguntas sobre a Wikipédia lusófona . Se tiver pouca experiência e quiser tirar alguma dúvida, veja o Tire suas dúvidas ou entre em contato com a Wikipédia. Para discutir sobre um artigo, prefira usar a página de discussão desse artigo. Ao adicionar uma mensagem escolha um título sucinto, que seja bastante claro e objetivo. No final da sua mensagem assine com quatro tis: ~~~~ ou o botão presente no alto da janela de edição; isso irá inserir automaticamente seu nome de usuário e a data. Preencha o sumário da edição , para que seja facilmente identificado nas mudanças recentes das esplanadas . Se tiver pouca experiência e quiser tirar alguma dúvida, veja o Tire suas dúvidas ou entre em contato com a Wikipédia. Para discutir sobre um artigo, prefira usar a página de discussão desse artigo. Ao adicionar uma mensagem escolha um título sucinto, que seja bastante claro e objetivo. No final da sua mensagem assine com quatro tis: ~~~~ ou o botão presente no alto da janela de edição; isso irá inserir automaticamente seu nome de usuário e a data. Preencha o sumário da edição , para que seja facilmente identificado nas mudanças recentes das esplanadas . Para escolha adicionar tópico anúncios e avisos relacionados à Wikipédia Esplanada/anúncios clique aqui propor alguma ideia que possa melhorar a Wikipédia Esplanada/propostas clique aqui reflexões, pedidos e debates relacionados à Wikipédia Esplanada/geral clique aqui mostrar todas as secções anteriores numa só página Esplanada/tudo apenas para visualizar colocar dúvidas sobre edição Tire suas dúvidas clique aqui discutir sobre categorias Café dos categorizadores clique aqui discutir ou pedir ajuda sobre traduções de artigos Café dos tradutores clique aqui discutir sobre robôs (bots) Coordenação robótica clique aqui discutir sobre edição avançada Café dos programadores clique aqui Don't understand Portuguese? For general questions click here to post a comment . For bot requests click here and read the instructions. See also: Welcome and Babel . .mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none} Commons Wikisource Wikiquote Wikilivros Wikinotícias Wikcionário Wikiversidade Meta-Wiki !Discussão Esta página foi editada pela última vez em 18 de maio de 2025, às 23h14min. Este texto é disponibilizado nos termos da licença Atribuição-CompartilhaIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-SA 4.0) da Creative Commons ; pode estar sujeito a condições adicionais. Para mais detalhes, consulte as condições de utilização . Política de privacidade Sobre a Wikipédia Avisos gerais Código de Conduta Desenvolvedores Estatísticas Declaração sobre cookies Versão móvel
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Why are there Problems with my PostScript File? Why is my PostScript File so Large? Using PSTricks on arXiv References to and in arXiv Documents Status of REVTeX 4 and REVTeX 4.1 support Nota Bene (updated 30 Jun '97) Frequently Asked Questions on Public Statistics TeX Live at arXiv Why doesn't my processed TeX submission look the way I expected it? Textures Why Does My Paper Give the Wrong Date? Why doesn't my paper have the arXiv id stamped on the side of the page? Status Information Ancillary Files (data, code, images) Availability of submissions Category cross listing Endorsement Adding Journal Reference and DOI Licenses Text Overlap Metadata for Required and Optional Fields Submit a new version of a work Oversized Submissions Submit a Paper List for Conference Proceedings Creating tar and zip Files for Upload What is TeX Proxy / Third Party Submission Translations Version Availability Why Submit TeX? 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Using PSTricks on arXiv References to and in arXiv Documents Status of REVTeX 4 and REVTeX 4.1 support Nota Bene (updated 30 Jun '97) Frequently Asked Questions on Public Statistics TeX Live at arXiv Why doesn't my processed TeX submission look the way I expected it? Textures Why Does My Paper Give the Wrong Date? Why doesn't my paper have the arXiv id stamped on the side of the page? Frequently Asked Questions LaTeX2e class for Astronomy & Astrophysics AMS LaTeX packages and AMS Journal styles Downloaded .gz Files that are not Gzipped Why do my citations appear in long form Examples of TeX Double Subscripts Papersize/Layout Problems: Margins are Different and/or Text is Truncated Using Feynmf on arXiv Truetype and Opentype fonts available at arXiv's TeX Live 2025 Proprietary fonts and/or their free equivalents How to Prepare Pages for Landscape Printout Common Mistakes that cause Automated Processing to Fail Why do my user defined symbols display incorrectly Why are some pages in the generated PDF file rotated? Why are there Problems with my PostScript File? Why is my PostScript File so Large? Using PSTricks on arXiv References to and in arXiv Documents Status of REVTeX 4 and REVTeX 4.1 support Nota Bene (updated 30 Jun '97) Frequently Asked Questions on Public Statistics TeX Live at arXiv Why doesn't my processed TeX submission look the way I expected it? 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صفحۂ اول جستہ جستہ مطالعہ نیا مضمون تحریر کریں رابطہ کریں ویکیپیڈیا پر آغاز کریں معاونت دیوان عام حالیہ تبدیلیاں مشاہدات اعلیٰ تعداد ناظرین اپلوڈ تصویر عطیہ دیجیے کھاتہ بنائیں داخل ہوں عطیہ دیجیے کھاتہ بنائیں داخل ہوں صفحۂ اول صفحۂ اول تبادلۂ خیال مطالعہ ماخذ تاریخچہ مطالعہ ماخذ تاریخچہ مربوط صفحات متعلقہ تبدیلیاں مستقل ربط معلومات صفحہ مضمون کا حوالہ مختصر یوآرایل ڈاؤن لوڈ کیوآر تخلیق کتاب ڈاؤن لوڈ بشکلPDF قابل طبع نسخہ ویکی ذخائر ویکیمیڈیا فاؤنڈیشن میڈیاویکی میٹاویکی ویکیمیڈیا ملاپ کثیر لسانی ویکی ماخذ ویکی انواع ویکی کتب ویکی ڈیٹا ویکی تفاعلات ویکی مینیا ویکی اقتباس ویکی لغت ویکی ڈیٹا آئٹم آزاد دائرۃ المعارف جس میں کوئی بھی ترمیم کر سکتا ہے تعداد مضامین _ 237,939 ویکیپیڈیا کا تعارف ترمیم کیسے کریں؟ اردو میں پڑھنا لکھنا دشوار؟ اصول و ضوابط اور دیگر حکمت عملیاں آف لائن نسخہ موبائل ویب سائٹ ویکیپیڈیا کا تعارف ترمیم کیسے کریں؟ اردو میں پڑھنا لکھنا دشوار؟ اصول و ضوابط اور دیگر حکمت عملیاں آف لائن نسخہ موبائل ویب سائٹ منتخب مضمون سڈنی ریاست نیو ساؤتھ ویلز کا دار الحکومت اور آسٹریلیا کا سب سے زیادہ آبادی والا شہر ہے۔ آسٹریلیا کے مشرقی ساحل پر واقع، میٹروپولیس سڈنی ہاربر کو گھیرے ہوئے ہے اور مغرب میں بلیو ماؤنٹینز، شمال میں ہاکسبری شہر ، رائل نیشنل پارک اور میکارتھر جنوب اور جنوب مغرب میں تقریباً 70 کلومیٹر (43.5 میل) تک پھیلا ہوا ہے۔ گریٹر سڈنی 658 مضافاتی علاقوں پر مشتمل ہے، جو 33 مقامی حکومتی علاقوں میں پھیلا ہوا ہے۔ شہر کے باشندے بول چال میں "سڈنی سائیڈرز" کے نام سے جانے جاتے ہیں۔ جون 2022ء کو تخمینہ شدہ آبادی 5,297,089 تھی؛ یہ شہر ریاست کی تقریباً 66% آبادی کا گھر ہے۔ شہر کے قابل ذکر عرفی ناموں میں "ایمرلڈ سٹی" اور "ہاربر سٹی" شامل ہیں۔ آسٹریلیا کے مقامی باشندے کم از کم 30,000 سالوں سے گریٹر سڈنی کے علاقے میں آباد ہیں اور ابیوریجنل کندہ کاری اور ثقافتی مقامات پورے گریٹر سڈنی میں عام ہیں۔ اس سرزمین کے روایتی متولی جس پر جدید سڈنی کھڑا ہے، داروگ، دھاروال اور ایورا لوگوں کے قبیلے ہیں۔ 1770ء میں اپنے پہلے بحر الکاہل کے سفر کے دوران، جیمز کک نے آسٹریلیا کے مشرقی ساحل کا نقشہ بنایا، جس نے خلیج بوٹنی پر لینڈ فال کیا۔ 1788ء میں آرتھر فلپ کی قیادت میں مجرموں کے پہلے بیڑے نے سڈنی کو ایک برطانوی تعزیری کالونی کے طور پر قائم کیا، جو آسٹریلیا میں پہلی یورپی بستی تھی۔ دوسری جنگ عظیم کے بعد، سڈنی کو بڑے پیمانے پر نقل مکانی کا سامنا کرنا پڑا اور 2021ء تک 40 فیصد سے زیادہ آبادی بیرون ملک پیدا ہوئی۔ پیدائشی غیر ملکی ممالک جن میں سب سے زیادہ نمائندگی ہے مین لینڈ چین ، ہندوستان ، برطانیہ ، ویت نام اور فلپائن ۔ مکمل مضمون پڑھیں۔۔۔ دیگر منتخب مضامین منتخب مضمون سڈنی ریاست نیو ساؤتھ ویلز کا دار الحکومت اور آسٹریلیا کا سب سے زیادہ آبادی والا شہر ہے۔ آسٹریلیا کے مشرقی ساحل پر واقع، میٹروپولیس سڈنی ہاربر کو گھیرے ہوئے ہے اور مغرب میں بلیو ماؤنٹینز، شمال میں ہاکسبری شہر ، رائل نیشنل پارک اور میکارتھر جنوب اور جنوب مغرب میں تقریباً 70 کلومیٹر (43.5 میل) تک پھیلا ہوا ہے۔ گریٹر سڈنی 658 مضافاتی علاقوں پر مشتمل ہے، جو 33 مقامی حکومتی علاقوں میں پھیلا ہوا ہے۔ شہر کے باشندے بول چال میں "سڈنی سائیڈرز" کے نام سے جانے جاتے ہیں۔ جون 2022ء کو تخمینہ شدہ آبادی 5,297,089 تھی؛ یہ شہر ریاست کی تقریباً 66% آبادی کا گھر ہے۔ شہر کے قابل ذکر عرفی ناموں میں "ایمرلڈ سٹی" اور "ہاربر سٹی" شامل ہیں۔ آسٹریلیا کے مقامی باشندے کم از کم 30,000 سالوں سے گریٹر سڈنی کے علاقے میں آباد ہیں اور ابیوریجنل کندہ کاری اور ثقافتی مقامات پورے گریٹر سڈنی میں عام ہیں۔ اس سرزمین کے روایتی متولی جس پر جدید سڈنی کھڑا ہے، داروگ، دھاروال اور ایورا لوگوں کے قبیلے ہیں۔ 1770ء میں اپنے پہلے بحر الکاہل کے سفر کے دوران، جیمز کک نے آسٹریلیا کے مشرقی ساحل کا نقشہ بنایا، جس نے خلیج بوٹنی پر لینڈ فال کیا۔ 1788ء میں آرتھر فلپ کی قیادت میں مجرموں کے پہلے بیڑے نے سڈنی کو ایک برطانوی تعزیری کالونی کے طور پر قائم کیا، جو آسٹریلیا میں پہلی یورپی بستی تھی۔ دوسری جنگ عظیم کے بعد، سڈنی کو بڑے پیمانے پر نقل مکانی کا سامنا کرنا پڑا اور 2021ء تک 40 فیصد سے زیادہ آبادی بیرون ملک پیدا ہوئی۔ پیدائشی غیر ملکی ممالک جن میں سب سے زیادہ نمائندگی ہے مین لینڈ چین ، ہندوستان ، برطانیہ ، ویت نام اور فلپائن ۔ خبروں میں .mw-parser-output .itn-img{float:left;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.2em} ٹائی پو عمارت آتشزدگی ہانگ کانگ میں ایک کثیر المنزلہ عمارت میں لگنے والی آگ (تصویر میں) سے کم از کم 128 افراد ہلاک ہو گئے۔ سمندری طوفان سنیار نے انڈونیشیا، ملائیشیا اور تھائی لینڈ میں 500 سے زیادہ افراد کی جان لے لی۔ بالی ووڈ کے ممتاز اداکار دھرمیندر 89 برس کی عمر میں وفات پا گئے۔ سابق بنگلہ دیشی وزیر اعظم حسینہ واجد کو انٹرنیشنل کرائمز ٹریبونل نے عدم موجودگی میں انسانیت کے خلاف جرائم کا مجرم قرار دے کر سزائے موت سنائی۔ حالیہ : غزہ جنگ ( غزہ نسل کشی ) یوکرین پر روسی حملہ سوڈان تنازع حالیہ وفیات : سوما چندر ڈی سلوا ذو الفقار احمد نقشبندی ٹام اسٹوپارڈ مضمون نامزد کریں کیا آپ جانتے ہیں؟ جھلکاری بائی • …کہ جھلکاری بائی (تصویر میں) نے 1857ء کی ہندوستانی بغاوت کے دوران جھانسی کی ملکہ لکشمی بائی کے بھیس میں ایسٹ انڈیا کمپنی کی فوج کے ساتھ لڑائی لڑی تاکہ رانی کو آسانی سے قلعہ سے فرار کیا جا سکے؟ • …کہ جے پور میں واقع جنتر منتر فلکیاتی آلات کا مجموعہ ہے، جسے یونیسکو نے 2010ء میں ہندوستان میں 28 ویں عالمی ثقافتی ورثہ کے طور پر تسلیم کیا تھا؟ • …کہ جرمنی سے تعلق رکھنے والا ولہیلم رونٹیگن وہ پہلا شخص تھا جسے دنیا کا سب سے پہلا نوبل انعام دیا گیا؟ • …کہ انسانی جسم کا پہلا ریکارڈ شدہ پوسٹ مارٹم قدیم اسکندریہ میں ہیروفلس اور ایراسیسٹراٹس نے کیا تھا؟ • …کہ ڈبلیو جی گریس فرسٹ کلاس کرکٹ میں سنچریوں کی سنچری بنانے والے پہلے کرکٹ کھلاڑی تھے؟ دیگر "کیا آپ جانتے ہیں" ویکیپیڈیا ایک تحریک کاغذی کے بجائے برقی کتاب، جہاں جگہ کی کوئی قید نہیں ہوتی! آج کا لفظ 6 عموماً کہا جاتا ہے : ہم وہاں سے بے نیل و مرام آئے لیکن درست جملہ یوں ہوگا : ہم وہاں سے بے نیل مرام آئے اس لیے کہ : نیل یعنی پانا، حاصل کرنا اور مرام یعنی مقصد ، نیل مرام کا مطلب ہوتا ہے حصول مقصد ۔ لہذا ان دونوں لفظوں کے درمیان و کا استعمال درست نہیں ۔ ويكشنری · فہرست الفاظ کیا آپ بھی لکھنا چاہتے ہیں؟ اردو ویکیپیڈیا پر اس وقت 237,939 مضامین موجود ہیں، اگر آپ بھی کسی موضوع پر مضمون لکھنا چاہتے ہیں تو پہلے اس صفحۂ تلاش پر جا کر عنوان لکھیے اور تلاش کرنے کی کوشش کریں، ممکن ہے آپ کا مطلوبہ مضمون پہلے سے موجود ہو۔ اگر مضمون موجود نہ ہو تو ذیل کے خانہ میں وہ عنوان درج کریں اور نیا مضمون تحریر کریں۔ ویڈیو دیکھیں خبروں میں ہانگ کانگ میں ایک کثیر المنزلہ عمارت میں لگنے والی آگ (تصویر میں) سے کم از کم 128 افراد ہلاک ہو گئے۔ سمندری طوفان سنیار نے انڈونیشیا، ملائیشیا اور تھائی لینڈ میں 500 سے زیادہ افراد کی جان لے لی۔ بالی ووڈ کے ممتاز اداکار دھرمیندر 89 برس کی عمر میں وفات پا گئے۔ سابق بنگلہ دیشی وزیر اعظم حسینہ واجد کو انٹرنیشنل کرائمز ٹریبونل نے عدم موجودگی میں انسانیت کے خلاف جرائم کا مجرم قرار دے کر سزائے موت سنائی۔ غزہ جنگ ( غزہ نسل کشی ) یوکرین پر روسی حملہ سوڈان تنازع سوما چندر ڈی سلوا ذو الفقار احمد نقشبندی ٹام اسٹوپارڈ مضمون نامزد کریں کیا آپ جانتے ہیں؟ • …کہ جھلکاری بائی (تصویر میں) نے 1857ء کی ہندوستانی بغاوت کے دوران جھانسی کی ملکہ لکشمی بائی کے بھیس میں ایسٹ انڈیا کمپنی کی فوج کے ساتھ لڑائی لڑی تاکہ رانی کو آسانی سے قلعہ سے فرار کیا جا سکے؟ • …کہ جے پور میں واقع جنتر منتر فلکیاتی آلات کا مجموعہ ہے، جسے یونیسکو نے 2010ء میں ہندوستان میں 28 ویں عالمی ثقافتی ورثہ کے طور پر تسلیم کیا تھا؟ • …کہ جرمنی سے تعلق رکھنے والا ولہیلم رونٹیگن وہ پہلا شخص تھا جسے دنیا کا سب سے پہلا نوبل انعام دیا گیا؟ • …کہ انسانی جسم کا پہلا ریکارڈ شدہ پوسٹ مارٹم قدیم اسکندریہ میں ہیروفلس اور ایراسیسٹراٹس نے کیا تھا؟ • …کہ ڈبلیو جی گریس فرسٹ کلاس کرکٹ میں سنچریوں کی سنچری بنانے والے پہلے کرکٹ کھلاڑی تھے؟ ویکیپیڈیا ایک تحریک کاغذی کے بجائے برقی کتاب، جہاں جگہ کی کوئی قید نہیں ہوتی! آج کا لفظ عموماً کہا جاتا ہے : ہم وہاں سے بے نیل و مرام آئے لیکن درست جملہ یوں ہوگا : ہم وہاں سے بے نیل مرام آئے اس لیے کہ : نیل یعنی پانا، حاصل کرنا اور مرام یعنی مقصد ، نیل مرام کا مطلب ہوتا ہے حصول مقصد ۔ لہذا ان دونوں لفظوں کے درمیان و کا استعمال درست نہیں ۔ کیا آپ بھی لکھنا چاہتے ہیں؟ اردو ویکیپیڈیا پر اس وقت 237,939 مضامین موجود ہیں، اگر آپ بھی کسی موضوع پر مضمون لکھنا چاہتے ہیں تو پہلے اس صفحۂ تلاش پر جا کر عنوان لکھیے اور تلاش کرنے کی کوشش کریں، ممکن ہے آپ کا مطلوبہ مضمون پہلے سے موجود ہو۔ اگر مضمون موجود نہ ہو تو ذیل کے خانہ میں وہ عنوان درج کریں اور نیا مضمون تحریر کریں۔ منتخب فہرست خلافت عباسیہ اسلامی تاریخ کی اہم ترین حکومتوں میں سے ایک تھی۔ جس نے 750ء سے 1258ء تک عالم اسلام کے بڑے حصے پر حکومت کی۔ 1258ء میں سقوط بغداد تک اس کے حکمران ( سلجوقی عہد کے علاوہ) خود مختار رہے لیکن اس سانحۂ عظیم کے بعد مملوک سلطان ملک الظاہر بیبرس نے عباسی خاندان کے ایک شہزادے ابو القاسم احمد کے ہاتھ پر بیعت کر کے اسے قاہرہ میں خلیفہ بنا دیا۔ یہ خلافت صرف ظاہری حیثیت میں تھی اصل اختیارات مملوکوں کے پاس تھے۔ عباسی خلیفہ خلیفہ کے اسلامی لقب کے حامل تھے جو عباسی خاندان کے رکن تھے۔ یہ قریش قبیلے کی ایک شاخ جن کا نسب عباس بن عبد المطلب سے تھا سے نکلی تھی جو پیغمبر محمد بن عبد اللہ کے چچا تھے۔ یہ خاندان 748-750 عیسوی میں عباسی انقلاب میں اموی خلافت کی جگہ اقتدار میں آیا۔ عباسیوں نے اپنی کامیابی کے بعد ریاست کے دار الحکومت کو دمشق سے کوفہ منتقل کیا اور پھر بغداد شہر کو اپنا دار الخلافہ بنایا جو تین صدیوں تک عباسی سلطنت کا دار الحکومت رہا اور دنیا کا سب سے بڑا اور خوبصورت ترین شہر اور سائنس و فنون کا دار الحکومت بن گیا۔ عباسی ریاست کے خاتمے کی وجوہات مختلف تھیں۔ بغداد میں عباسی حکمرانی 1258ء میں اس وقت ختم ہوئی جب ہلاکو خان نے شہر کو لوٹا اور جلا دیا اور خلیفہ اور اس کے بیٹوں کو قتل کر دیا۔ مکمل فہرست دیکھیں دیگر منتخب فہرستیں منتخب فہرست خلافت عباسیہ اسلامی تاریخ کی اہم ترین حکومتوں میں سے ایک تھی۔ جس نے 750ء سے 1258ء تک عالم اسلام کے بڑے حصے پر حکومت کی۔ 1258ء میں سقوط بغداد تک اس کے حکمران ( سلجوقی عہد کے علاوہ) خود مختار رہے لیکن اس سانحۂ عظیم کے بعد مملوک سلطان ملک الظاہر بیبرس نے عباسی خاندان کے ایک شہزادے ابو القاسم احمد کے ہاتھ پر بیعت کر کے اسے قاہرہ میں خلیفہ بنا دیا۔ یہ خلافت صرف ظاہری حیثیت میں تھی اصل اختیارات مملوکوں کے پاس تھے۔ عباسی خلیفہ خلیفہ کے اسلامی لقب کے حامل تھے جو عباسی خاندان کے رکن تھے۔ یہ قریش قبیلے کی ایک شاخ جن کا نسب عباس بن عبد المطلب سے تھا سے نکلی تھی جو پیغمبر محمد بن عبد اللہ کے چچا تھے۔ یہ خاندان 748-750 عیسوی میں عباسی انقلاب میں اموی خلافت کی جگہ اقتدار میں آیا۔ عباسیوں نے اپنی کامیابی کے بعد ریاست کے دار الحکومت کو دمشق سے کوفہ منتقل کیا اور پھر بغداد شہر کو اپنا دار الخلافہ بنایا جو تین صدیوں تک عباسی سلطنت کا دار الحکومت رہا اور دنیا کا سب سے بڑا اور خوبصورت ترین شہر اور سائنس و فنون کا دار الحکومت بن گیا۔ عباسی ریاست کے خاتمے کی وجوہات مختلف تھیں۔ بغداد میں عباسی حکمرانی 1258ء میں اس وقت ختم ہوئی جب ہلاکو خان نے شہر کو لوٹا اور جلا دیا اور خلیفہ اور اس کے بیٹوں کو قتل کر دیا۔ تاریخ آج : جمعرات، 15 جنوری 2026 عیسوی بمطابق 26 رجب 1447 ہجری ( م ع و ) يوم ویکیپیڈیا · امریکا میں یومِ مارٹن لوتھر کنگ جونیئر · شمالی کوریا میں کوریائی حروفِ تہجی کا دن ویکیپیڈیا واقعات 1854ء – روسی فوج نے رومانیہ میں، "معرکہ جاتانا" میں عثمانی فوج سے زبردست شکست کھائی۔ اور اس جنگ میں روس کی ناکامی، رومانیہ سے عثمانیوں کو نکالنے کا ذریعہ بنی۔ 1934ء – نیپال اور بھارت کے صوبہ بہار میں 8.4 ڈگری کا زلزلہ آیا جس میں تقریباً 10700 افراد ہلاک ہوئے۔ 1971ء – مصر میں اسوان بند کی تعمیر مکمل ہونے پر جشن منایا گیا۔ 1981ء - ریڈیو پاکستان کا ڈیرہ غازی خان میں نشریات کا آغاز ہوا۔ 1992ء - بلغاریہ نے مقدونیا کو تسلیم کیا۔ 2006ء - میچلے بیچلیٹ چلی کی پہلی خاتون صدر منتخب ہوئیں۔ 2011ء – تیونسی پارلیمان کے ایوان زیریں کے صدر فواد المبزع کو، صدر زین العابدین ابن علی کے جانشین کے طور پر عبوری صدر مقرر کیا گیا۔ ولادت 1876ء - سعود بن عبدالعزیز آل سعود ، سعودی حکمران 1918ء - جمال عبد الناصر ، سابق مصری صدر 1929ء - واصف علی واصف ، کالم نگار، شاعر، مصنف اور روحانی شخصیت 1935ء – شمس الرحمٰن فاروقی ، اردو ادب کے معروف ترین نقاد، محقق اور شاعر وفات 1977ء - رشید احمد صدیقی ، مضمون نگار اور نقاد 1996ء - محسن نقوی ، ذاکر اور اردو کے مشہور شاعر 2001ء - ریاض الدین ، پاکستانی فیلڈ ہاکی کھلاڑی 2003ء - ریاض بٹالوی ، صحافی 2006ء - جابر احمد الصباح ، کویتی امیر اور کویتی فوج کے کمانڈر → پچھلا دن – اگلا دن ← جنوری کے منتخب واقعات – مزید ایام۔۔۔ تاریخ آج : جمعرات، 15 جنوری 2026 عیسوی بمطابق 26 رجب 1447 ہجری ( م ع و ) يوم ویکیپیڈیا · امریکا میں یومِ مارٹن لوتھر کنگ جونیئر · شمالی کوریا میں کوریائی حروفِ تہجی کا دن 1854ء – روسی فوج نے رومانیہ میں، "معرکہ جاتانا" میں عثمانی فوج سے زبردست شکست کھائی۔ اور اس جنگ میں روس کی ناکامی، رومانیہ سے عثمانیوں کو نکالنے کا ذریعہ بنی۔ 1934ء – نیپال اور بھارت کے صوبہ بہار میں 8.4 ڈگری کا زلزلہ آیا جس میں تقریباً 10700 افراد ہلاک ہوئے۔ 1971ء – مصر میں اسوان بند کی تعمیر مکمل ہونے پر جشن منایا گیا۔ 1981ء - ریڈیو پاکستان کا ڈیرہ غازی خان میں نشریات کا آغاز ہوا۔ 1992ء - بلغاریہ نے مقدونیا کو تسلیم کیا۔ 2006ء - میچلے بیچلیٹ چلی کی پہلی خاتون صدر منتخب ہوئیں۔ 2011ء – تیونسی پارلیمان کے ایوان زیریں کے صدر فواد المبزع کو، صدر زین العابدین ابن علی کے جانشین کے طور پر عبوری صدر مقرر کیا گیا۔ 1876ء - سعود بن عبدالعزیز آل سعود ، سعودی حکمران 1918ء - جمال عبد الناصر ، سابق مصری صدر 1929ء - واصف علی واصف ، کالم نگار، شاعر، مصنف اور روحانی شخصیت 1935ء – شمس الرحمٰن فاروقی ، اردو ادب کے معروف ترین نقاد، محقق اور شاعر 1977ء - رشید احمد صدیقی ، مضمون نگار اور نقاد 1996ء - محسن نقوی ، ذاکر اور اردو کے مشہور شاعر 2001ء - ریاض الدین ، پاکستانی فیلڈ ہاکی کھلاڑی 2003ء - ریاض بٹالوی ، صحافی 2006ء - جابر احمد الصباح ، کویتی امیر اور کویتی فوج کے کمانڈر ویکیپیڈیا کا حصہ بنیں! ویکیپیڈیا ایک آزاد اور کثیر لسانی دائرۃ المعارف ہے جس میں ہم سب مل جل کر لکھتے ہیں اور مل جل کر اس کو سنوارتے ہیں۔ ویکیپیڈیا کا آغاز جنوری سنہ 2001ء میں ہوا، جبکہ اردو ویکیپیڈیا کا اجرا جنوری سنہ 2004ء میں عمل میں آیا۔ اس وقت اردو ویکیپیڈیا میں 237,939 مضامین موجود ہیں۔ ہمارے ساتھ شامل ہوں اگر آپ کا کھاتہ پہلے سے ہے تو براہ کرم لاگ ان ہوں کیا آپ نے ابھی تک کھاتہ نہیں بنایا؟ _ ابھی بنائیں ویکیپیڈیا کا حصہ بنیں! ہمارے ساتھ شامل ہوں اگر آپ کا کھاتہ پہلے سے ہے تو براہ کرم لاگ ان ہوں کیا آپ نے ابھی تک کھاتہ نہیں بنایا؟ _ ابھی بنائیں ویکیپیڈیا صحت ومعتبریت کی کوئی ضمانت فراہم نہیں کرتا ۔ ویکیمیڈیا فاؤنڈیشن ویکیپیڈیا پر موجود مواد کی صحت کا ذمہ دار نہیں ہے۔ ہر ترمیم کنندہ خود اپنی ترمیم کا ذمہ دار ہے۔ ویکیپیڈیا صحت ومعتبریت کی کوئی ضمانت فراہم نہیں کرتا ۔ ویکیمیڈیا فاؤنڈیشن ویکیپیڈیا پر موجود مواد کی صحت کا ذمہ دار نہیں ہے۔ ہر ترمیم کنندہ خود اپنی ترمیم کا ذمہ دار ہے۔ مدد کی ضرورت ہے؟ ہم سے رابطہ کریں! صفحۂ اول العربية فارسی English Català Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית 日本語 پنجابی پښتو Português Русский Simple English سنڌي Татарча / tatarça Tiếng Việt 中文 اس صفحہ میں آخری بار مورخہ 8 ستمبر 2024ء کو 16:30 بجے ترمیم کی گئی۔ تمام متن کری ئیٹیو کامنز انتساب / یکساں-شراکت اجازت نامہ کے تحت دستیاب ہے، اضافی شرائط بھی عائد ہو سکتی ہیں۔ تفصیل کے لیے استعمال کی شرائط ملاحظہ فرمائیں۔ خیال رہے کہ ویکیپیڈیا® ایک غیر منفعت بخش تنظیم ویکی میڈیا فاؤنڈیشن انکارپوریشن کا تجارتی مارکہ ہے۔ اخفائے راز کے اصول ویکیپیڈیا کا 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 1936–1978: Early years 1.1.1 Tokusatsu 1.1.2 Kaiju films 1.2 1978–1998: Rising popularity 1.3 1998–2007: Further rise 1.4 2008–present: Ubiquity of the MCU and DCEU and the expansion to streaming services 1.4.1 2008–2014 1.4.2 2015—2018 1.4.3 2019—present 1.4.4 Economic importance 1.1 1936–1978: Early years 1.1.1 Tokusatsu 1.1.2 Kaiju films 1.1.1 Tokusatsu 1.1.2 Kaiju films 1.2 1978–1998: Rising popularity 1.3 1998–2007: Further rise 1.4 2008–present: Ubiquity of the MCU and DCEU and the expansion to streaming services 1.4.1 2008–2014 1.4.2 2015—2018 1.4.3 2019—present 1.4.4 Economic importance 1.4.1 2008–2014 1.4.2 2015—2018 1.4.3 2019—present 1.4.4 Economic importance 2 Animated 3 Criticism 4 Parody 5 Box office reception 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography Superhero film العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Brezhoneg Català Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Superhero film" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( December 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The superhero film is a film genre categorized by the presence of superhero characters, individuals with extraordinary abilities who are dedicated to fighting crime, saving the world, or helping the innocent. It is sometimes considered a sub-genre of the action film genre and has evolved into one of the most financially successful film genres worldwide. These films focus on superhuman abilities , advanced technology, mystical phenomena, or exceptional physical and mental skills that enable these heroes to fight for the common good or defeat a supervillain antagonist. Superhero films typically include genre elements of romance , comedy , fantasy , and science fiction , with large instances of the superhero genre predominantly occupied and produced by American media franchises DC and Marvel , originally adaptations of their existing works of superhero comic books. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Individual superhero films frequently contain a character's origin story. [ 3 ] History 1936–1978: Early years Superhero stories initially gained popularity through comic books and were later adapted into film serials . Early examples include Flash Gordon (1936), Mandrake the Magician (1939), The Shadow (1940), Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941), Batman (1943), The Phantom (1943), Captain America (1944), and Superman (1948). [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Between 1941 and 1942, Fleischer Studios produced a series of eight animated cartoons and one additional short based on the Superman comic book . [ 6 ] Famous Studios , the successor of Fleischer Studios , created eight more cartoons between 1942 and 1943. In the following decades, the decline of Saturday matinée showings of serials and turmoil in the comic book industry slowed superhero motion picture production greatly, although films were still being produced. These films included Superman and the Mole Men (1951), starring George Reeves , and Batman (1966), a big-screen extension of the Batman television series starring Adam West . Superman and the Mole Men was a pilot for the TV series Adventures of Superman . Compilations of the series were later released theatrically. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Tokusatsu In 1957, Shinto Ho produced the first film serial featuring the Tokusatsu superhero character Super Giant , marking a shift in Japanese popular culture toward masked superheroes in Tokusatsu . The Super Giant film series and Astro Boy heavily influenced later Japanese Tokusatsu superhero films. [ 10 ] Moonlight Mask also became popular around that time, with six films retelling the story of the TV series. [ 11 ] Another early Japanese superhero film was Ōgon Bat (1966), starring Sonny Chiba , based on the 1931 Kamishibai superhero Ōgon Bat. [ 12 ] Kaiju films Although kaiju movies, or movies featuring kaiju monsters, do not typically fall under the superhero category, the kaiju monster Godzilla , originally a villain, transitioned into a superhero role in subsequent films. [ 13 ] Godzilla has been described as "the original radioactive superhero" because his nuclear origin story predates Spider-Man 's 1962 debut. [ 13 ] However, Godzilla did not become a hero until Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster (1964). [ 14 ] By the 1970s, Godzilla was viewed as a superhero, with the magazine King of the Monsters describing Godzilla in 1977 as the "Superhero of the '70s." Donald F. Glut wrote that Godzilla was "the most universally popular superhero of 1977." [ 15 ] 1966 saw the debut of the Ultra Series with the kaiju TV show Ultra Q . With the release of the original Ultraman , the franchise started focusing on superheroes and the series averaged an audience rating of 36.8% through its first 39 episodes. [ 16 ] In 1967, Ultraman started expanding to films. Early films, such as Ultraman: Monster Movie Feature , were compilations or theatrical releases of TV show episodes. The first original Ultraman film was The 6 Ultra Brothers vs. the Monster Army , a co-production with Thailand . [ 17 ] The popularity of television superheroes in Japan led to the Kamen Rider and Super Sentai franchises by manga artist Shotaro Ishinomori in 1971 and 1975, respectively. As with Ultraman , many early Kamen Rider and Super Sentai episodes were released as films. Original Kamen Rider films released before 1978 include Kamen Rider vs. Shocker , Kamen Rider vs. Ambassador Hell , Kamen Rider V3 vs. Destron Mutants, and Five Riders vs. King Dark . [ 18 ] Original superhero characters emerged in other, more comedy-oriented films , such as the French political satire film Mr. Freedom (1969), the Polish parody Hydrozagadka (1970), and the American B movies Rat Pfink a Boo Boo (1966) and The Wild World of Batwoman (1966). [ 19 ] [ 20 ] 1978–1998: Rising popularity Following the success of Star Wars , Richard Donner 's Superman (1978), the first big-budget DC feature film, was a critical and commercial success. [ 21 ] The same year, Toei Company 's Spider-Man reimagining and the first Super Sentai crossover film, JAKQ Dengekitai vs. Gorenger , were released. Other entries emerged throughout the 1980s, including Eight Riders vs. Galaxy King (1980), Kamen Rider Super-1: The Movie (1981), Richard Lester 's Superman II (1981), Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981), and Paul Verhoeven 's RoboCop (1987). These were followed by Kamen Rider Black: Hurry to Onigashima and Kamen Rider Black: Terrifying! The Phantom House of Devil Pass , released in 1988. The success of Tim Burton 's Batman (1989) and its direct follow-up, Batman Returns (1992), spawned the DC Animated Universe . [ 22 ] One of the first superhero films of the 1990s was Marvel 's Captain America (1991), which did not have a theatrical release. Roger Corman 's The Fantastic Four (1994) was produced solely to maintain the film rights to the property [ 23 ] and was not released theatrically or on home video . [ 24 ] Alex Proyas ' The Crow (1994) became the first independent comic superhero franchise film. [ 24 ] The film introduced a new level of violence to a younger audience, bridging the gap between superhero and modern action films . [ 25 ] The success of The Crow may have influenced the release of a film version of Spawn (1997), Image Comics 's leading character. After Marvel bought Malibu Comics (which owned The Men in Black comic series), Marvel and Columbia Pictures released Men in Black in 1997. [ 26 ] This film was the first Marvel property to win an Academy Award and, at the time, was the highest-grossing comic book adaptation. [ 27 ] While commercially successful, Joel Schumacher 's Batman & Robin (1997) was critically panned for its campiness [ 28 ] and deviation from the darker style of the series' first two films directed by Tim Burton . [ 29 ] Some have cited it as a factor in the temporary decline of the superhero film sub-genre . [ 30 ] In Japan in the 1990s, original Ultraman films became more common. In 1996, Tsuburaya released Ultraman Zearth , which parodied the original TV series and later installments. [ 31 ] The following year, the sequel titled Ultraman Zearth 2: Superhuman Big Battle - Light and Shadow premiered. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] 1998–2007: Further rise In 1998, Marvel released Blade , a darker superhero film blended with traditional action elements. The title character possesses the powers of a vampire and an arsenal of weaponry. [ 25 ] The success of Blade is considered the beginning of Marvel's film success and a catalyst for further comic book film adaptations. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Blade II was released in 2002. Adam Sternberg of Vulture stated that The Matrix (1999) was influenced by comic books, cyberpunk fiction, Japanese anime , and Hong Kong action films . He also credits the film and its incorporation of Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI) with reinventing the superhero film by setting the template for modern superhero blockbusters. According to Sternberg, this inspired the superhero renaissance in the early 21st century. [ 36 ] John Kenneth Muir , in The Encyclopedia of Superheroes on Film and Television , describes The Matrix as a re-imagination of movie visuals, paving the way for the visuals of later superhero films. He credits it with helping to "make comic-book superheroes hip." He notes that the bullet-time effect successfully demonstrates the concept of " faster than a speeding bullet " onscreen. [ 37 ] In Japan, following the success of the Kamen Rider Kuuga television series, a new era of the Kamen Rider franchise began, leading to the production of annual Kamen Rider movies, starting with Kamen Rider Agito: Project G4 in 2001. [ 38 ] The popularity of the Ultraman Tiga TV series led to several films based on it and later installments, including Ultraman Tiga & Ultraman Dyna: Warriors of the Star of Light (1998), Ultraman Gaia: The Battle in Hyperspace (1999), and Ultraman Tiga: The Final Odyssey (2000). 2008–present: Ubiquity of the MCU and DCEU and the expansion to streaming services 2008–2014 The release of Iron Man in 2008 began the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). A few months later, The Dark Knight was released to widespread critical acclaim and became the first superhero movie to make over $1 billion at the worldwide box office. [ 39 ] 2009 saw the release of Watchmen and X-Men Origins: Wolverine . The 2010s saw continued success for superhero films both culturally and economically, [ 40 ] taking the sub-genre's success and ubiquity to new heights. [ 41 ] Matthew Vaughn 's adaptation of Kick-Ass was released in 2010, followed by Iron Man 2 a month later. 2011 releases included The Green Hornet , [ 42 ] Green Lantern , and X-Men: First Class . After referencing the " Avengers Initiative " in the Iron Man films and The Incredible Hulk , Marvel released Thor in May 2011, [ 43 ] followed by Captain America: The First Avenger in July 2011. [ 44 ] While Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance (2012) had little audience interest, [ 45 ] three superhero films made it to the top ten in the box office chart for the year, both in the US [ 46 ] and internationally. [ 47 ] These were The Avengers (May 2012), The Dark Knight Rises (July 2012), and The Amazing Spider-Man (July 2012). A Superman Returns sequel was planned for 2009 but was delayed and later scrapped in favor of Man of Steel (2013), a reboot of the Superman franchise. At the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con , Marvel confirmed an Ant-Man movie was in development, as well as a film based on the 2008 comic book series Guardians of the Galaxy , which was released in August 2014. Iron Man 3 was released in May 2013, Thor: The Dark World in November 2013, and Captain America: The Winter Soldier in April 2014. The Amazing Spider-Man 2 , the sequel to the 2012 reboot, was released in May 2014. A sequel to the 2009 film X-Men Origins: Wolverine , titled The Wolverine was released in 2013. In 2014, X-Men: Days of Future Past was released. In 2014, Italian filmmaker Gabriele Salvatores directed a superhero-fantasy film titled Il Ragazzo Invisible ( The Invisible Boy ), which won the Young Audience Award at the 2015 European Film Awards . [ 48 ] 2015—2018 An Avengers sequel, titled Avengers: Age of Ultron , was released in May 2015. Following the success of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, rival DC also planned to make and produce their own shared film universe called the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), which tied back to the release of Man of Steel in 2013 . A sequel titled Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice was scheduled for release in May 2016 but was postponed to March 2016. The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water , a 2015 Nickelodeon film, features the main characters transforming into superheroes. 20th Century Fox rebooted the Fantastic Four series and released Fantastic Four in August 2015. [ 49 ] On March 9, 2015, publishing house Valiant Comics made a nine-figure deal with Chinese company DMG Entertainment to produce their series of superhero movies set in their cinematic universe. [ 50 ] The series was co-produced by Sony Pictures and started with a movie adaptation of Bloodshot for a 2020 release, followed by Harbinger , both movies receiving a sequel and ending in a crossover movie based on the Harbinger Wars arc from the comic books. [ 51 ] In 2015, Italian filmmaker Gabriele Mainetti directed the superhero film They Call Me Jeeg starring Claudio Santamaria . [ 52 ] Its original title is Lo Chiamavano Jeeg Robot , from the Italian name of the anime and manga series Steel Jeeg . It was released in Italy on February 25, 2016. [ 53 ] The eighth installment in the X-Men series, Deadpool , was released in February 2016. It became the highest-grossing R-rated film of all time (when adjusted for inflation) and the highest-grossing film of the series. The ninth instalment, X-Men: Apocalypse , was released in May. Warner Bros. released Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice , the first film to feature both Batman and Superman, in March 2016. Suicide Squad , released in August, featured a team of antihero/supervillains. Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and Suicide Squad are in the DCEU. In May 2016, Marvel Studios released Captain America: Civil War , where the Avengers split into opposing factions. In October, Max Steel , based on Mattel 's eponymous toy line, was released. [ 54 ] In November of the same year, Marvel Studios released Doctor Strange , which recounts the superhero origin of Stephen Strange . The first Finnish superhero film, Rendel: Dark Vengeance , was released in September 2017, and it won the Best Action Movie award at the Erratum Film Festival in Mexico. [ 55 ] Power Rangers , a movie reboot of the TV series, was released in March, with Lionsgate planning a seven-film franchise. The film Logan , which was Hugh Jackman 's and Patrick Stewart 's last appearances as their characters in the X-Men film series before Disney acquired 20th Century Fox, was the first ever canon X-Men movie to be rated R and the first superhero movie to receive an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . In the summer movie season, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , Wonder Woman , and Spider-Man: Homecoming confirmed the superhero film domination in the mainstream movie market. [ 56 ] That trend continued into the fall with the success of Thor: Ragnarök . Due to this, Warner Bros. attempted to have a shared universe media franchise, the DCEU , with Justice League , though this was poorly received and a box office disappointment . [ 57 ] [ 58 ] In February 2018, Marvel Studios released Black Panther , featuring the solo film adaptation of the first mainstream African American superhero, the Black Panther , a commercial and critical success in the MCU franchise. It became the first superhero film nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . [ 59 ] This MCU project was soon followed up by Avengers: Infinity War , released in April 2018, which earned both critical acclaim [ 60 ] and worldwide financial success, earning more than $2 billion. [ 61 ] Soon after, 20th Century Fox released Deadpool 2 in May 2018. [ 62 ] In addition, Incredibles 2 's wide release in June 2018 was met with considerable critical acclaim [ 63 ] and earned $182.68 million during its premiere weekend. [ 64 ] The next superhero film in the MCU, Ant-Man and the Wasp , was released on July 6th. The antihero film Venom , based on the comic book character of the same name, was released in October 2018 to poor reviews but box-office success. In December 2018, Warner Bros. released Aquaman , a film about the DC Comics superhero of the same name , marking a box office success for the DCEU, grossing $1.152 billion worldwide. [ 65 ] 2019—present Marvel's Captain Marvel was released in March 2019 and faced online hostility, originating from star Brie Larson 's comments about the lack of diversity in the film and film criticism industries. [ 66 ] Despite the controversy, it earned over $1 billion worldwide [ 67 ] and received largely positive reviews. [ 68 ] Later in April, the DCEU's Shazam! , featuring the lead character who was previously known as Captain Marvel , had decent box office success for a relatively low budget, [ 69 ] which has been seen as further evidence of the revitalization of the Warner Bros. media franchise. That same month, Avengers: Endgame ended the Infinity Saga to widespread acclaim, broke numerous box office records, and became the fastest film to exceed $1 billion worldwide, doing so in just five days. Avengers: Endgame became the highest-grossing film of all time , surpassing James Cameron 's Avatar before the latter reclaimed its place in 2021. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] By contrast, the X-Men film Dark Phoenix performed poorly — critically and financially — upon release in June. [ 72 ] This would be the last film in 20th Century Fox's X-Men series. Afterwards, X-Men and the Fantastic Four entered the MCU with Disney's acquisition of 20th Century Fox. However, neither franchise would receive a standalone film in the MCU until 2024's Deadpool & Wolverine , and 2025's The Fantastic Four: First Steps . [ 73 ] In July 2019, Phase 3 of the MCU was concluded with the Marvel and Sony co-produced film Spider-Man: Far From Home , which was released to critical and commercial success. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] In August 2019, Joko Anwar 's Gundala was released in Indonesia. [ 76 ] It screened at the Toronto International Film Festival in September. It also took the first entry in the Bum Langit Cinematic Universe (BCU) film series based on characters from comic books published by Bum Langit . [ 77 ] The second and third films in the series, Sri Asih and Patriot Taruna: Virgo and the Sparkling's , were announced for a 2020 release but were pushed back to 2021 as the COVID-19 pandemic significantly delayed production. [ 78 ] The production company's strategy of announcing films in volumes with a team-up film as the climax has led to the media dubbing it the "Indonesian equivalent to the MCU and DCEU". [ 79 ] The Suicide Squad was released in August but was a box office disappointment despite receiving positive reviews. The poor performance was attributed to the disruption of cinema during the COVID-19 pandemic (particularly the Delta variant ) and confusion from the general audience on whether the film was a sequel, reboot , or remake . [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Meanwhile, Marvel's Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings broke Labor Day records, [ 82 ] while similar successes were seen in Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage . [ 83 ] Despite mediocre reviews and the first rotten rating [ 84 ] for an MCU film on Rotten Tomatoes , Eternals opened to moderate success at the box office. [ 85 ] Spider-Man: No Way Home was released in December 2021, and became the highest-grossing film of 2021 , [ 86 ] the highest-grossing film of all time , [ 87 ] the third-highest-grossing film in the United States and Canada , [ 88 ] the highest-grossing Spider-Man film, and the highest-grossing film produced by Sony. [ 89 ] It also became the first film to gross over $1 billion since Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker , mainly due to the COVID-19 pandemic , [ 90 ] as well as the highest-grossing film not to be released in China (one of the world's biggest box office markets). [ 91 ] In 2022, Warner Bros. released The Batman , a reboot of the Batman film series , unconnected to the DC Extended Universe. It was a critical and commercial hit, with praise for the film being a grounded detective story, [ 92 ] due to Matt Reeves ' direction and Robert Pattinson 's performance as the titular hero. [ 93 ] It became the second biggest pandemic debut, after Spider-Man: No Way Home . [ 94 ] Morbius , starring Jared Leto and based on the Spider-Man villain of the same name , debuted that April as another chapter in Sony's Spider-Man Universe. The film was critically panned and a box-office bomb. [ 95 ] Variety reported that whilst the initial opening was hopeful for Morbius , "the character is not nearly as recognizable to general audiences as Spider-Man, Batman or Venom, nor is the film connected to a larger story like Eternals or Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings . Thus, Morbius wasn't expected to match the receipts for recent comic book tent-poles based on those characters." [ 96 ] Scott Mendelson further stated Sony seemed to rely on the film's connection to the Spider-Man universe, the success of Venom , and a misguided assumption that audiences were interested in villain movies. [ 97 ] In May 2022, Sam Raimi returned to the superhero genre with Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness . The film was met with mixed-to-positive reviews and earned $187 million on its opening weekend. It became the eleventh-best domestic debut of all time, the best summer debut for a Disney release during the pandemic, and Raimi's best opening. [ 98 ] The film earned $61 million in its second weekend, becoming one of the MCU's most significant second-weekend box office drops. The 67% decline was attributed by Deadline Hollywood to the "bad word of mouth" on the film and its CinemaScore grade. At the same time, Intelligence saw more than a 17% downsize of available seats for the film, resulting in fewer showtimes, which also led to the decline. [ 99 ] In its third weekend, the film earned $31.6 million, contributing to the 800-million-dollar mark at the box office to become Hollywood's second-highest-grossing film released during the pandemic behind No Way Home . [ 100 ] The film earned $16.4 million in its fourth weekend, contributing to the total box office that helped it to become the highest-grossing film of 2022, previously held by The Batman . [ 101 ] As of June 2022, the film stands as the 11th highest-grossing of the MCU worldwide. [ 102 ] In 2023, a majority of the superhero films released, such as Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania , Shazam! Fury of the Gods , The Flash , Blue Beetle , The Marvels , and Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom , were moderate commercial failures. Only two superhero films released that year, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 and Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse , performed well at the box office, grossing $845 million and $690 million respectively, turning a profit alongside positive reviews from audiences and critics. [ 103 ] In February 2024, Sony released its fourth film in the Spider-Man Universe, Madame Web . The film was panned by critics and underperformed at the box office. [ 104 ] In July, the MCU's first film of the year, Deadpool & Wolverine , was also its first R-rated film. It was Hugh Jackman's first X-Men film since 2017's Logan and Ryan Reynolds ' Deadpool 's MCU debut. The film was highly acclaimed and grossed over $1.33 billion worldwide, making it the 20th highest-grossing film of all time , the highest-grossing R-rated film of all time , and the second-highest-grossing film of 2024. [ 105 ] [ 106 ] Warner Bros.' Joker: Folie a Deux , a sequel to the 2019 film, Joker , was released in October 2024. Joaquin Phoenix reprised his role as The Joker and Lady Gaga made her superhero film debut as Harley Quinn . Joker: Folie a Deux was followed by Sony Spider-Man Universe films Venom: The Last Dance in November 2024, and Kraven the Hunter in December 2024. [ 107 ] In February 2025, Captain America: Brave New World was released to moderately poor reviews by critics, and to date has the fourth-lowest box office earnings of any MCU movie. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Economic importance Since the 2010s, superhero films have played a significant role in the film industry. According to The Hollywood Reporter , "With rare exception, even A+ stars aren't making what they used to" - making superhero films "one of the last ways for an actor to earn a major payday." They write that if an actor wants to get paid, they "have to put on a cape" and that characters like Spider-Man and Batman are more important than the actors themselves. [ 110 ] Since 2022, superhero films (especially from the MCU) have seen more inconsistent performances. The Marvels (2023) had the worst box-office outcome for an MCU film since 2008's The Incredible Hulk amid a broader trend of box-office disappointments for superhero films. [ 111 ] Fans, critics, and actors alike have pointed to cultural fatigue and the exhaustion of well-used storylines to explain this sudden dip in earnings and popularity. [ 112 ] On the other hand, director Joe Russo has suggested a "generational divide" in media consumption driving declining box office performances. [ 113 ] Animated Animated superhero films have also achieved critical and financial success. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] While animated superhero films are typically direct-to-video , a number have been released theatrically. In 1968, VIP my Brother Superman , a parody of the superhero genre, [ 116 ] directed by Italian animator Bruno Bozzetto , was a financial success. [ 117 ] Batman: Mask of the Phantasm , which was released theatrically in 1993, was a critical success, though a box-office failure. [ 118 ] In 2004, Pixar released The Incredibles , a film about a retired superhero couple and their children. It did well critically and financially, and went on to win an Academy Award . In 2010, DreamWorks Animation released Megamind to middling success. [ 119 ] In 2014, Walt Disney Animation Studios released an adaptation of the Marvel superhero team Big Hero 6 . The same year, Warner Bros. released The Lego Movie , with Batman and other DC superheroes in leading and supporting roles. As a significant box-office success, it was followed in 2017 by The Lego Batman Movie and DreamWorks Animation's Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie . [ citation needed ] In 2018, three theatrical animated superhero films were released to critical and commercial success: Pixar's Incredibles 2 , Warner Bros.' Teen Titans Go! To the Movies , and Sony Pictures Animation 's Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse . Into the Spider-Verse swept that year's major film awards for animated features, including the Academy Award . [ 120 ] A sequel to Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse came out in 2023, titled Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse . Another Spider-Verse sequel, Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse , is currently in production and scheduled to be released in 2027. [ 121 ] Criticism As the number of superhero films being produced increased during the latter part of the 2010s, the genre's contribution to cinema was questioned. In a 2019 interview with Empire magazine , American filmmaker Martin Scorsese commented, "The closest I can think of them, as well-made as they are, with actors doing the best they can under the circumstances, is theme parks. It isn't the cinema of human beings trying to convey emotional, psychological experiences to another human being." He stated the Marvel Cinematic Universe was not "cinema." [ 122 ] He later added that he was worried about studios' dependence on the format because in "many places around this country and the world, franchise films are now your primary choice if you want to see something on the big screen. It's a perilous time in film exhibition, and there are fewer independent theaters than ever." [ 123 ] Criticism of Marvel Studios ' films continued, with Jennifer Aniston stating that Marvel movies are "diminishing". Denis Villeneuve dismissed "too many Marvel films" as being "a cut and paste of others," [ 124 ] and Roland Emmerich stated large blockbuster films such as the MCU and Star Wars movies were "ruining our industry a little" since "nobody does anything original anymore". [ 125 ] Some media commentators have attributed the increasingly popular superhero franchises in the new millennium to the social and political climate in Western society since the September 11 attacks . [ 126 ] Others have argued advances in special effects technology have played a more significant role. [ 127 ] Grant Morrison , writer and co-creator of the All-Star Superman comic series, wonders whether the superhero genre can legitimately be classified as a film genre. They reflect that the idea of a superhuman is malleable and has been used in many other genres, like westerns and detective stories. They goes on to explain: I’m not even sure if there is a superhero genre or if the idea of the superhero is a special chilli pepper-like ingredient designed to energize other genres. The costumed superhero has survived since 1938, constantly shifting in tone from decade to decade to reflect the fears and the needs of the audience. The current mainstream popularity of the superhero has, I think, a lot to do with the fact that the Terror-stricken, environmentally-handicapped, overpopulated, pedophile-haunted world that’s being peddled by our news media is crying out for utopian role models and for any hopeful images of humankind’s future potential! [ 128 ] I’m not even sure if there is a superhero genre or if the idea of the superhero is a special chilli pepper-like ingredient designed to energize other genres. The costumed superhero has survived since 1938, constantly shifting in tone from decade to decade to reflect the fears and the needs of the audience. The current mainstream popularity of the superhero has, I think, a lot to do with the fact that the Terror-stricken, environmentally-handicapped, overpopulated, pedophile-haunted world that’s being peddled by our news media is crying out for utopian role models and for any hopeful images of humankind’s future potential! [ 128 ] Writer Alan Moore , a veteran of the comics industry known for his work on Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Batman: The Killing Joke , and From Hell , has expressed criticism of modern superhero movies in general, which he once called a "blight" to cinema and "also to culture to a degree." He said in an October 2022 interview with The Guardian that the popularization of the genre on the part of adults is an "infantilization" that can act as "a precursor to fascism ." Lamenting at how deeply such films became part of the culture, Moore commented: [ 129 ] [ 130 ] "I will always love and adore the comics medium, but the comics industry and all of the stuff attached to it just became unbearable...Hundreds of thousands of adults [are] lining up to see characters and situations that had been created to entertain the 12-year-old boys — and it was always boys — of 50 years ago. I didn't think that superheroes were adult fare. I think that this was a misunderstanding born of what happened in the 1980s — to which I must put my hand up to a considerable share of the blame, though it was not intentional — when things like Watchmen were first appearing. There were an awful lot of headlines saying, 'Comics Have Grown Up'. I tend to think that, no, comics hadn't grown up. There were a few titles that were more adult than people were used to. But the majority of comics titles were pretty much the same as they'd ever been. It wasn't comics growing up. I think it was more comics meeting the emotional age of the audience coming the other way." [ 129 ] [ 130 ] "I will always love and adore the comics medium, but the comics industry and all of the stuff attached to it just became unbearable...Hundreds of thousands of adults [are] lining up to see characters and situations that had been created to entertain the 12-year-old boys — and it was always boys — of 50 years ago. I didn't think that superheroes were adult fare. I think that this was a misunderstanding born of what happened in the 1980s — to which I must put my hand up to a considerable share of the blame, though it was not intentional — when things like Watchmen were first appearing. There were an awful lot of headlines saying, 'Comics Have Grown Up'. I tend to think that, no, comics hadn't grown up. There were a few titles that were more adult than people were used to. But the majority of comics titles were pretty much the same as they'd ever been. It wasn't comics growing up. I think it was more comics meeting the emotional age of the audience coming the other way." [ 129 ] [ 130 ] In a September 2023 interview with The Telegraph , Moore reiterated this view, saying what had appealed to him most about output from comics publishers was "no more," saying, "now they're called 'graphic novels,' which sounds sophisticated, and you can charge a lot more for them. These innocent and inventive and imaginative superhero characters from the '40s, '50s, and '60s are being recycled to a modern audience as if they were adult fare." During that same interview, journalist Jake Kerridge asked Moore if he divided the money he had received from onscreen adaptations of his work among the writers and other staff members of those productions. Moore replied, "I no longer wish it to even be shared with them. I don't feel, with the recent films, that they have stood by what I assumed were their original principles. So, I asked for DC Comics to send all of the money from any future TV series or films to Black Lives Matter ." [ 131 ] [ 130 ] At the end of the 2010s and later on in the 2020s, Moore's opinions became more widespread, often pointing out a tendency for superheroes to maintain the status quo. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] [ 134 ] In "Infinity Wars: Post 9/11 Superhero Films and American Empire" [ 135 ] Peter J. Bruno argues that "[...] post-9/11 superhero films cannot imagine alternatives outside of empire and its capitalist hegemony." He goes forward, tying superhero movies to an "aesthetic of death" and the process of the dehumanization of the enemy or othering — both typical of fascism according to Umberto Eco 's Ur-Fascism — and ties in Achille Mbembe ’s concept of necropolitics . Similar fascistic tendencies were noted by other commentators, notably with the spread of the term " Copaganda ." [ 136 ] By the 2020s, " .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}} superhero fatigue " emerged to describe audience weariness with formulaic superhero films, reflected in declining box-office returns and mixed reviews. In particular, the Marvel Cinematic Universe has been criticized for over-saturating the market with its expansion to streaming beginning with Phase Four , prompting Marvel Studios to rethink its annual output. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] [ 139 ] Parody Andrzej Kondratiuk 's 1970 film Hydrozagadka is a parody of the American ideals glorified in superhero films. [ 140 ] Kinka Usher 's 1999 film Mystery Men features a group of inept amateur superheroes. Another comedic play on superheroes is The Specials , a 2000 film in which the title team is more concerned with their public image than actually being superheroes. Kevin Smith 's 2001 film Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back parodies film companies' seemingly compulsive purchase of comic book film rights with " Bluntman and Chronic ." In the movie, the character Brodie Bruce (played by Jason Lee ) describes the process: "Well, after X-Men hit at the box office, all the studios started buying out every comic property they could get their dirty little hands on." Mark Hamill 's 2004 parody film Comic Book: The Movie was about a comic book fan and a film adaptation of his favorite character, and was released direct-to-video and achieved mild success, [ 141 ] garnering a cult following among comic book readers. Craig Mazin directed the more direct parody Superhero Movie , released in 2008. 2008's Hancock was a subversion of the genre by having the title character become a reluctant superhero. The movie grossed more than $629 million at the box office. Matthew Vaughn directed the 2010 film Kick-Ass , which saw a regular teenager turn to fighting crime. A sequel, Kick-Ass 2 , was released in 2013. James Gunn directed and wrote the 2010 film Super starring Rainn Wilson . Alejandro González Iñárritu 's Oscar-winning 2014 film Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) satirizes Hollywood's reliance on superhero and blockbuster films. In the film, Michael Keaton portrays Riggan Thomson, a washed-up Hollywood actor known for playing the superhero Birdman in blockbuster movies decades earlier. He is tormented by Birdman's voice, which mocks and criticizes him, and he sees himself performing feats of levitation and telekinesis. [ 142 ] The 2016 movie Deadpool and its 2018 sequel Deadpool 2 were box-office juggernauts, making $782.6 million and $785.8 million, respectively. Deadpool & Wolverine , which was released in 2024, has grossed approximately $1.3 billion and currently sits on the list of highest-grossing superhero films . Philippe Lacheau 's 2021 French movie Super-hero's malgré Lui , or Super Who? in English, follows an actor who landed the role of a superhero named "Badman." The actor suffers an accident that causes him amnesia and he starts believing that he is an actual superhero. The movie references DC and Marvel while making fun of the superhero film genre. [ 143 ] Quentin Dupieux ’s 2022 French film Fumer Fait Tousser ( Smoking Causes Coughing ) follows a team of five superheroes called the Tobacco Force who, following a battle against a diabolical giant turtle that goes wrong, go on a compulsory retreat to strengthen cohesion within their group. Soon, however, an enemy named Lézardin interrupts the retreat to destroy the planet Earth. Box office reception According to Box Office Mojo , the ten highest-grossing (as of January 2025) superhero films are: [ citation needed ] Film Year Worldwide gross Avengers: Endgame 2019 $2,799,439,100 [ 144 ] Avengers: Infinity War 2018 $2,048,359,754 [ 145 ] Spider-Man: No Way Home 2021 $1,926,899,310 [ 146 ] The Avengers 2012 $1,518,812,988 [ 147 ] Avengers: Age of Ultron 2015 $1,402,809,540 [ 148 ] Black Panther 2018 $1,346,913,171 [ 149 ] Deadpool & Wolverine 2024 $1,338,073,645 [ 150 ] Incredibles 2 2018 $1,242,805,359 [ 151 ] Iron Man 3 2013 $1,215,577, 205 [ 152 ] Captain America: Civil War 2016 $1,153,304,495 [ 153 ] The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) has earned over $31 billion and is one of the largest film franchises in history, surpassing Star Wars by over $7 billion. [ 154 ] Its highest-grossing film, Avengers: Endgame (2019), briefly held the record for the highest-grossing film of all time [ 155 ] before being surpassed by a record-breaking re-release of Avatar (2009) in 2021. [ 156 ] Deadpool & Wolverine is also the highest grossing R-rated film , both in the US/Canada and worldwide. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] See also Film portal Speculative fiction portal List of American superhero films List of films based on comics List of television series and films based on Dark Horse Comics publications List of films based on DC Comics publications List of films based on Image Comics List of films based on Marvel Comics publications Superhero fiction References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Shaw, Gabbi. 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"What Really Caused Superhero Fatigue in 2023 and How to Fix It" . Forbes . ^ Hughes, Mark (February 26, 2024). " 'Madame Web' Box Office Flop Puts Sony Spider-Man Universe In Jeopardy" . forbes.com . Retrieved November 14, 2024 . ^ " 'Deadpool & Wolverine' Overtakes 'Joker' as Highest-Grossing R-Rated Film in History With $1.08 billion Globally" . variety.com . August 16, 2024 . Retrieved November 14, 2024 . ^ "Box Office Milestone: 'Deadpool & Wolverine' Becomes Top-Grossing R-Rated Pic of All Time" . hollywoodreporter.com . August 16, 2024 . Retrieved November 14, 2024 . ^ Bradley, Ollie (January 6, 2024). "All Superhero Movies Releasing In 2024" . ScreenRant . Retrieved September 13, 2024 . ^ "Captain America: Brave New World | Rotten Tomatoes" . www.rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved March 19, 2025 . ^ Adams, Tim (March 18, 2025). "Captain America: Brave New World Has 4th Lowest MCU Box Office (Here Are the Other 3)" . ComicBook.com . 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Princeton University Press, 2009. p. 131. ^ "Batman: Mask of the Phantasm" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 29, 2024 . ^ Megamind , retrieved December 2, 2022 ^ Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018) - Awards - IMDb . Retrieved September 13, 2024 – via www.imdb.com. ^ Rubin, Rebecca (March 31, 2025). " Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse Sets 2027 Release Date, Reveals First Look at CinemaCon" . Variety . Archived from the original on April 1, 2025 . Retrieved July 3, 2025 . ^ De Semlyen, Nick (July 11, 2019). "The Irishman Week: Empire's Martin Scorsese Interview" . Empire . Retrieved March 4, 2024 . ^ Scorsese, Martin (November 5, 2019). "Opinion | Martin Scorsese: I Said Marvel Movies Aren't Cinema. Let Me Explain" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved November 3, 2023 . ^ "Denis Villeneuve Calls the MCU 'Cut and Paste' Movies" . September 16, 2021. ^ Crow, David (February 2, 2022). "Roland Emmerich: Marvel and Star Wars Are 'Ruining Our Industry' " . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on February 3, 2022 . Retrieved February 3, 2022 . ^ Charlie Jane Anders (September 7, 2011). "Where would superheroes be without 9/11?" . io9 . ^ Brown, Jeffrey A. (August 31, 2013). "How Marvel's superheroes found the magic to make us all true believers" . The Observer . Retrieved May 18, 2014 . ^ Anders, Charlie Jane (March 9, 2009). "Are Superhero Stories Even A Genre?" . Gizmodo . G/O Media . Retrieved May 1, 2023 . ^ a b Leith, Sam (October 7, 2022). "Watchmen author Alan Moore: 'I'm definitely done with comics' " . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 7, 2022 . Retrieved September 16, 2023 . ^ a b c Sharf, Zack (September 13, 2023). " 'Watchmen' Creator Alan Moore Asked DC to Send His Film and TV Royalties to Black Lives Matter: Recent Movies Don't Stand By Their 'Original Principles' " . Variety . Archived from the original on September 16, 2023 . Retrieved September 16, 2023 . ^ Kerridge, Jake (September 13, 2023). "Alan Moore interview: 'I'm giving all my screen royalties to Black Lives Matter' " . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on September 15, 2023 . Retrieved September 13, 2023 . ^ Berlatsky, Noah (January 7, 2019). "2018's superhero stories were about maintaining the status quo" . The Verge . Retrieved March 8, 2025 . ^ Navovy, Petr (December 1, 2022). "Marvel's Superheroes: Defenders of the Status Quo" . Pajiba . Retrieved March 8, 2025 . ^ Chand, Neeraj (March 16, 2023). "How MCU Superheroes Just Defend the Status Quo" . MovieWeb . Retrieved March 8, 2025 . ^ Bruno, Peter (September 1, 2019). "Infinity Wars: Post 9/11 Superhero Films and American Empire" . Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects . ^ Gonzalez, Eileen (November 15, 2021). "Into Their Own Hands: Copaganda in Superhero Comics" . BOOK RIOT . Retrieved March 8, 2025 . ^ Gleiberman, Owen (June 19, 2023). "Superhero Fatigue Is Real. The Cure? Make Better Movies Than The Flash " . Variety . Archived from the original on June 19, 2023 . Retrieved November 1, 2023 . ^ Seoul-Oh, Ron (February 23, 2023). "Superhero Fatigue Threatens Marvel's Multiverse Saga" . The Ringer . Archived from the original on February 24, 2023 . Retrieved November 1, 2023 . ^ Jacobs, Samantha (July 22, 2022). "10 Signs Audiences & Critics Are Finally Getting Superhero Fatigue" . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 23, 2022 . Retrieved November 1, 2023 . ^ Hydrozagadka (TV Movie 1971) - Photos - IMDb . Retrieved September 13, 2024 – via www.imdb.com. ^ Patrizio, Andy (February 9, 2004). "Comic Book: The Movie" . IGN . Retrieved September 13, 2024 . ^ Iñárritu, Alejandro G. (November 14, 2014), Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (Comedy, Drama), Michael Keaton, Zach Galifianakis, Edward Norton, New Regency Productions, M Productions, Grisbi Productions, Le , retrieved September 13, 2024 ^ Lacheau, Philippe (February 2, 2022), Super-héros malgré lui (Action, Comedy), Philippe Lacheau, Julien Arruti, Tarek Boudali, Cinéfrance Studios, Baf Prod, StudioCanal , retrieved September 13, 2024 ^ "Avengers: Endgame" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Avengers: Infinity War" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Spider-Man: No Way Home" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "The Avengers" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Avengers: Age of Ultron" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Black Panther" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Deadpool & Wolverine" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Incredibles 2" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Iron Man 3" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Captain America: Civil War" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Movie Franchises - Box Office History" . The Numbers . Retrieved February 1, 2025 . ^ "Avengers: Endgame overtakes Avatar as top box office movie of all time" . BBC News . July 22, 2019 . Retrieved November 15, 2024 . ^ McClintock, Pamela (March 13, 2021). " 'Avatar' Passes 'Avengers: Endgame' to Once Again Rule as Top-Grossing Pic at Global Box Office" . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 15, 2024 . ^ "All Time Domestic Box Office for R-rated Movies" . The Numbers . Retrieved June 21, 2025 . ^ "All Time Worldwide Box Office for R-rated Movies" . The Numbers . Retrieved June 21, 2025 . Bibliography Lichtenfeld, Eric (2007). Action Speaks Louder: Violence, Spectacle, and the American Action . Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 978-0-8195-6801-4 . The Staff and Friends of Scarecrow (2003). The Scarecrow Video Movie Guide . Sasquatch Books . ISBN 1-57061-415-6 . Graeber, David (2012). Super Position (Essay). The New Inquiry .* Graeber, David (October 8, 2012). "Super Position" . The New Inquiry . Retrieved January 26, 2023 . "All Time Worldwide Box Office for Super Hero Movies" . The Numbers . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Portal : Current events/2023 January 15 Portal Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Kivu conflict Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Kasindi church bombing Ten people are killed and 39 others are injured when a bomb explodes at a Pentecostal church in Kasindi , North Kivu , Democratic Republic of the Congo . The Islamic State has claimed responsibility for the attack. (Al Jazeera) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Kasindi church bombing Ten people are killed and 39 others are injured when a bomb explodes at a Pentecostal church in Kasindi , North Kivu , Democratic Republic of the Congo . The Islamic State has claimed responsibility for the attack. (Al Jazeera) Kasindi church bombing Ten people are killed and 39 others are injured when a bomb explodes at a Pentecostal church in Kasindi , North Kivu , Democratic Republic of the Congo . The Islamic State has claimed responsibility for the attack. (Al Jazeera) Ten people are killed and 39 others are injured when a bomb explodes at a Pentecostal church in Kasindi , North Kivu , Democratic Republic of the Congo . The Islamic State has claimed responsibility for the attack. (Al Jazeera) Afghanistan conflict Former lawmaker Mursal Nabizada and one of her bodyguards are shot and killed in Kabul inside her home, while her brother and a second security guard are injured. Taliban police spokesman Khalid Zadran condemns the killing and says that a "serious investigation has been launched". (AFP via Arab News) Former lawmaker Mursal Nabizada and one of her bodyguards are shot and killed in Kabul inside her home, while her brother and a second security guard are injured. Taliban police spokesman Khalid Zadran condemns the killing and says that a "serious investigation has been launched". (AFP via Arab News) Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadists kidnap dozens of women in Arbinda , Sahel Region , Burkina Faso , according to local officials. (BBC News) Jihadists kidnap dozens of women in Arbinda , Sahel Region , Burkina Faso , according to local officials. (BBC News) Disasters and accidents Yeti Airlines Flight 691 A plane which had departed from Kathmandu crashes in Pokhara , Gandaki Province , Nepal , killing all 72 people on board. (BBC News) (Reuters) A plane which had departed from Kathmandu crashes in Pokhara , Gandaki Province , Nepal , killing all 72 people on board. (BBC News) (Reuters) 2022–2023 California floods President of the United States Joe Biden issues a major disaster declaration for the state of California following major flooding . ( The Guardian ) President of the United States Joe Biden issues a major disaster declaration for the state of California following major flooding . ( The Guardian ) A light aircraft crashes in Nasrec , Johannesburg , South Africa , killing all three people on board. (UrduPoint) Law and crime Two suspected drug traffickers are killed in a shootout with United States Customs and Border Protection officials off the coast of Puerto Rico . (AP) The Jamaica Constabulary Force seizes $ 80 million worth of cocaine from a cargo ship at the port of Kingston . (Reuters) 2023 by day This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 17:13 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life Toggle Personal life subsection 3.1 Sexual assault allegations 3.1 Sexual assault allegations 4 Filmography Toggle Filmography subsection 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Jeremy Piven Afrikaans العربية Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Jeremy Piven Piven in 2009 Born Jeremy Samuel Piven ( 1965-07-26 ) July 26, 1965 (age 60) New York City , U.S. Occupations Actor, comedian Years active 1980–present Parent(s) Joyce Hiller Piven (mother) Byrne Piven (father) Relatives Shira Piven (sister) Adam McKay (brother-in-law) Jeremy Samuel Piven (born July 26, 1965) [ 1 ] is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for his role as Ari Gold in the comedy series Entourage , for which he won a Golden Globe Award and three consecutive Emmy Awards . [ 2 ] He also played the title role in the British period drama Mr Selfridge , and portrayed Spence Kovak on Ellen DeGeneres 's sitcom Ellen . Early life Piven was born in Manhattan to a Reconstructionist Jewish family. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] His parents were Byrne Piven (1929–2002) and Joyce Hiller Piven (née Goldstein; 1930–2025), both of whom were actors and drama teachers. [ 1 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] His elder sister is director Shira Piven , whom he has described as one of his first acting teachers. Piven grew up in Evanston, Illinois , [ 1 ] and was graduated from Evanston Township High School . [ 10 ] As a teenager, he attended Harand Theater Camp in Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin , where he played Bernardo in West Side Story . In Illinois, he trained at Piven Theatre Workshop , [ 11 ] founded by his parents. He also attended Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa , where he departed after his sophomore year to attend New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts . He left Tisch during his senior year to pursue his acting career [ 12 ] and is an alumnus of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. [ 13 ] He spent a semester at the National Theater Institute at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut . He has appeared in several films with John Cusack , who is also from Evanston and is a fellow alumnus of the Piven Theatre Workshop (as are Cusack's sisters Joan and Ann ). Piven and Cusack once shared an apartment and have been friends since high school. [ 14 ] Career One of Piven's early roles was Spike in Lucas (1986). His first important role came in 1992 when he became a regular cast member on HBO's The Larry Sanders Show , where he played head writer Jerry. He left the show in the second season after growing tired of the role, because his character was not given much of a background. In 1993, he portrayed George Costanza on the show-within-a-show scene in the two-part Seinfeld episode " The Pilot ". He was a supporting cast member on the last three seasons of the sitcom Ellen , where he played Ellen's cousin Spence. He also starred in and produced the short-lived ABC dramedy series Cupid , and voiced Elongated Man in three episodes of Justice League Unlimited . Beginning in 2004, Piven achieved significant success as the fast-talking, acerbic Hollywood agent Ari Gold in the HBO series Entourage . He received Emmy [ 15 ] nominations for Best Supporting Actor for four straight years, from 2005 to 2008, and won the award in 2006, 2007 and 2008. He also received Golden Globe nominations for the role from 2005 to 2010, and won in 2008. Piven has appeared in numerous films, including Judgment Night , Grosse Pointe Blank , Singles , Very Bad Things , The Family Man , Black Hawk Down , The Kingdom , Heat , PCU , Old School , RocknRolla , Serendipity , Smokin' Aces , and Runaway Jury . He has also made cameo appearances in Rush Hour 2 and the U.S. release of Cars . In 2007, Piven appeared in the video for "Drivin' Me Wild", the third single from rapper Common 's seventh album, Finding Forever . The two were co-stars in Smokin' Aces and appeared together when Piven hosted SNL in January 2007. [ 16 ] Piven appeared in the first Broadway revival of David Mamet 's Speed-the-Plow . The production began preview performances on October 3, 2008, and opened on October 23, 2008; the play was due to run through February 22, 2009. After Piven missed several performances, on December 17, 2008, Piven's representation announced that he had been suffering from hydrargyria , and would be ending his run in the play effective immediately. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ dead link ] Mamet joked that Piven was leaving the play "to pursue a career as a thermometer." [ 19 ] On September 1, 2009, Piven, in a guest appearance on the Late Show with David Letterman , explained that he had given up red meat and poultry, and had been getting all of his protein from fish for the past 20 years. [ 20 ] On August 3, 2009, Piven guest hosted an episode of the WWE Raw wrestling program. He was accompanied by Ken Jeong . The episode included several references to The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard , which starred both Piven and Jeong. During the show, Piven misspoke the name of the upcoming pay-per-view SummerSlam , referring it as "the Summerfest". In August 2011, he stated he was interested in portraying the drummer from the Who , Keith Moon . [ 21 ] From 2013 to 2016, he played the title role in the British television drama series Mr Selfridge , the semi-fictional story based on the life of Harry Selfridge, who founded the London department store Selfridge's. The show aired on the ITV network in the United Kingdom and on PBS in the United States. On August 1, 2019, Piven appeared on a KTVU morning news segment to promote a standup comedy show he was to perform in the next night in San Francisco . Personal life Piven resides in Malibu, California . [ 22 ] His brother-in-law is director Adam McKay . [ 22 ] Piven played drums with the notable Chicago-based progressive rock / jam band Umphrey's McGee on December 10, 2004 alongside Keller Williams and Not Quite Nikki Sixx. [ 23 ] Piven is a fan of the Chicago Bears . [ 24 ] Sexual assault allegations On October 30, 2017, adult film actress and reality television personality Ariane Bellamar [ 25 ] made accusations via Twitter that Piven had groped her. [ 26 ] The next day, Piven responded to these allegations, writing: "I unequivocally deny the appalling allegations being peddled about me. It did not happen". [ 27 ] Cassidy Freeman came to Bellamar's defense in an Instagram post, stating that Piven engaged in "predatory behavior" toward her when she was "far too young". [ 28 ] On November 9, advertising executive Tiffany Bacon Scourby alleged that Piven had attacked her in 2003, stating that he had "jumped on" her, "exposed his genitals, held her hands down and began rubbing against her body until he ejaculated". [ 29 ] Piven responded to the allegations, calling them "absolutely false and completely fabricated". A representative for Piven said the actor was "looking at legal options". [ 30 ] [ 29 ] On November 13, 2017, Piven voluntarily took a polygraph test , administered by a member of the American Polygraph Association, in which he was asked a series of questions about each allegation and again denied them. He passed with "no signs of deception". On this result, The Independent emphasized that polygraph tests are "only marginally more accurate than coin flips." [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Later that month, Anastasia Taneie, who worked as an extra on Entourage , alleged that Piven "confronted her in a dark hallway and groped her breast and genitals as he forcefully pushed her against a wall". [ 33 ] On November 27, 2017, CBS decided not to order a full season of Wisdom of the Crowd following weak ratings and the allegations against Piven. [ 34 ] In January 2018, BuzzFeed published an article in which three more women accused Piven of "sexual misconduct or inappropriate behavior". Piven denied the allegations. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Filmography Film † Denotes works that have not yet been released Year Title Role Notes 1986 Lucas Spike One Crazy Summer Ty 1989 Say Anything... Mark 1990 The Grifters Sailor / Freshman White Palace Kahn 1992 The Player Steve Reeves Twogether Arnie Bob Roberts Candle Seller Singles Doug Hughley There Goes the Neighborhood Albert Lodge 1993 Twenty Bucks Nervous Quick-Mart Clerk Judgment Night Ray Cochran 1994 Car 54, Where Are You? Herbert Hortz Floundering Guy PCU James 'Droz' Andrews 1995 Miami Rhapsody Mitchell Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde Peter Walston Heat Dr. Bob 1996 Livers Ain't Cheap John E=mc2 Professor Paul Higgins Larger Than Life Walter Layin' Low Jerry Muckler 1997 Just Write Harold McMurphy Grosse Pointe Blank Paul Spericki Kiss the Girls LAPD Detective Henry Castillo 1998 Music from Another Room Billy Swan Phoenix Detective Fred Shuster Very Bad Things Michael Berkow 2000 The Crew Detective Steve Menteer The Family Man Arnie 2001 Rush Hour 2 Versace Salesman Serendipity Dean Kansky Black Hawk Down CW4 Clifton 'Elvis' Wolcott 2002 Highway Scawldy 2003 Old School Dean Gordon "Cheese" Pritchard Runaway Jury Lawrence Green Scary Movie 3 Ross Giggins 2004 Chasing Liberty Alan Weiss 2005 Two for the Money Jerry Scooby-Doo! in Where's My Mummy? Rock Rivers Voice; direct-to-video [ 37 ] 2006 Cars Harv Voice; American version [ 37 ] Keeping Up with the Steins Adam Fiedler Smokin' Aces Robert 'Buddy Aces' Israel 2007 The Kingdom Damon Schmidt 2008 RocknRolla Roman 2009 The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard Don Ready 2011 I Melt with You Ron Spy Kids: All the Time in the World Timekeeper / Danger D'Amo 2012 The Pirates! In an Adventure with Scientists! Black Bellamy Voice [ 37 ] So Undercover Armon 2014 Edge of Tomorrow Colonel Walter Marx Uncredited Sin City: A Dame to Kill For Detective Bob Welcome to Me Additional voices Voice 2015 Entourage Ari Gold 2020 Close Encounters of the Fifth Kind Narrator Voice My Dad's Christmas Date David 2021 Last Call Seamus 'Mick' McDougal American Night Vincent Ghost Killers Greg 2022 The Walk Johnny Bunkley The System Warden Lucas 2023 Sweetwater Joe Lapchick [ 38 ] Vindicta Patrick O'Connor 2025 Primitive War TBA All-Star Weekend † Danny Completed [ 39 ] Television Year Title Role Notes 1990 Carol & Company Various Unknown episodes 1991–1998 Rugrats Various characters Voice; 4 episodes [ 37 ] 1992–1998 The Larry Sanders Show Jerry Capen 26 episodes 1993 Seinfeld Michael Barth Episode: " The Pilot " 12:01 Howard Richter Television film 1995 Chicago Hope Godfrey Nabbott 2 episodes Pride & Joy Nathan Green 6 episodes 1995–1998 Ellen Spence Kovak 72 episodes 1997 The Drew Carey Show Episode: "Drew Gets Married" Grace Under Fire Episode: "Vegas" Coach Episode: "Viva Las Ratings" Duckman Victor DeMann Voice; episode: "Ebony, Baby" Don King: Only in America Hank Schwartz Television film 1998 Hercules Nemean Lion Voice; episode: "Hercules and the Hero of Athens" 1998–1999 Cupid Trevor Hale / Cupid 15 episodes 2000 Will & Grace Nicholas Episode: " Love Plus One " Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Brain Pod #57 Voice; episode: "Star Crossed" [ 37 ] 2002 The Twilight Zone Tyler Ward Episode: "The Lineman" 2003 Spider-Man: The New Animated Series Roland Gaines Voice; episode: "Mind Games" 2004–2005 Justice League Unlimited Elongated Man Voice; 3 episodes [ 37 ] 2004–2011 Entourage Ari Gold 96 episodes 2007 Saturday Night Live Host Episode: "Jeremy Piven / AFI " 2009 WWE Raw Himself Host; episode: "August 3, 2009" 2013–2016 Mr Selfridge Harry Gordon Selfridge 40 episodes 2017–2018 Wisdom of the Crowd Jeffrey Tanner 13 episodes Awards and nominations Year Nominated work Association Category Result 2002 Serendipity Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor Nominated 2005 Entourage Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated 2006 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Won Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated 2007 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Won Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2008 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Won Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2009 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2010 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated References ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Jeremy Piven Biography" . filmreference . 2008 . Retrieved October 29, 2008 . ^ "Bio" . Jeremy Piven . Retrieved August 17, 2018 . ^ Horn, Jordana (May 12, 2006). "Actor 'Hugs Out' His Jewish Side" . Jewish Daily Forward . ^ "Jeremy Piven on Ari Gold and 'Mr. Selfridge' " . Archived from the original on October 29, 2014 . Retrieved August 28, 2017 . ^ "Jeremy Piven Gets A Body Double" . YouTube . April 22, 2009. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021 . Retrieved March 16, 2012 . ^ "Jeremy Piven Discusses American Muscle Cars, Hot Wheels, and Being a Jewish Buddhist" . Complex . February 18, 2011 . Retrieved March 16, 2012 . ^ "Jeremy's journey" . The Star Online eCentral . October 17, 2006. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007 . Retrieved March 16, 2012 . ^ "Jeremy Piven as Ari – Entourage" . HBO . Archived from the original on January 7, 2010 . Retrieved March 16, 2012 . ^ "Piven, Byrne" . Chicago Tribune . February 21, 2002. ^ Bartling, Charles (December 4, 2013). "Distinguished alums honored at ETHS" . Retrieved August 28, 2017 . ^ "Piven Theatre Workshop – Home" . Piventheatre.org . Retrieved March 16, 2012 . ^ "Jeremy Piven, Employing His Acting Skills" . Washington Post . July 14, 2004 . Retrieved March 16, 2012 . ^ "List of famous PIKES" . Iastatepikes.com . Archived from the original on April 25, 2012 . Retrieved March 16, 2012 . ^ Miller, Andrew (October 28, 2023). "Why Jeremy Piven Thinks Jealousy Ruined His Friendship With John Cusack" . Retrieved February 1, 2024 . ^ "Jeremy Piven Emmy Nominated" . Emmys.com . Retrieved March 16, 2012 . ^ SNL Archives | Episode Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved October 10, 2007. ^ Docs Tell Piven: Broadway is Bad for Your Health TMZ, December 17, 2008 ^ NFI Response to Jeremy's Piven's Claims About Fish and Mercury on YouTube ^ Jeremy Piven Abruptly Departs Broadway's Speed-the-Plow Archived 2008-12-20 at the Wayback Machine Playbill, December 17, 2008 ^ Silverman, Stephen M. (December 18, 2008). "Jeremy Piven Abruptly Abandons Broadway Play" . People . Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. ^ "Jeremy Piven wants to play Keith Moon?" . Keithmoonmovie.com . August 15, 2011 . Retrieved March 16, 2012 . ^ a b "Interview: Shira and Jeremy Piven Discuss Their Indie Comedy, "Fully Loaded" " . Hulu . April 1, 2013. Archived from the original on September 14, 2014 . Retrieved September 13, 2014 . ^ "Umphrey's McGee Live at Irving Plaza on 2004-12-10" . December 10, 2004 . Retrieved January 19, 2019 . ^ "Jeremy Piven juggles movie premiere, watching Bears" . ESPN . Retrieved February 15, 2011 . ^ Cronin, Melissa (April 18, 2014). " 'Millionaire Matchmaker' Porno Scandal: Series Star Ariane Bellamar's X-Rated Past Revealed PLUS What Patti Stanger Doesn't Want You To Know" . Radar Online . Retrieved February 18, 2019 . ^ Nyren, Erin (October 31, 2017). "Jeremy Piven 'Unequivocally' Denies Groping Allegations" . Variety . Retrieved January 29, 2018 . ^ Messer, Lesley; Chervokas, Jason (November 1, 2017). "Jeremy Piven 'unequivocally' denies 'appalling' groping allegations" . ABC News . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . ^ Delbyck, Cole (November 2, 2017). " 'Smallville' Actress Cassidy Freeman Calls Out Jeremy Piven's 'Predatory Behavior' " . Huffington Post . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . ^ a b Evans, Greg (November 10, 2017). "Jeremy Piven Says Sexual Harassment Allegations Against Him 'Are Absolutely False & Completely Fabricated' " . Deadline . Retrieved January 29, 2018 . ^ "Jeremy Piven on Hollywood sex scandal: 'Careers are being destroyed based on mere allegations' " . The Independent . November 10, 2017. Archived from the original on June 8, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2018 . ^ Stolworthy, Jacob (November 21, 2017). "Jeremy Piven has taken a lie detector test after sexual misconduct allegations" . The Independent . Archived from the original on June 8, 2022 . Retrieved November 22, 2017 . ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (November 23, 2017). " 'Entourage' Extra Alleges Jeremy Piven Sexually Assaulted Her In 2009 – Report" . Deadline . Retrieved January 29, 2018 . ^ "Another woman has accused Jeremy Piven of sexual misconduct on the set of HBO's 'Entourage' " . Business Insider . Retrieved January 29, 2018 . ^ Schwartz, Ryan (November 27, 2017). "Wisdom of the Crowd Cancelled Amid Jeremy Piven Sexual Assault Scandal" . TVLine . Retrieved December 12, 2017 . ^ Yandoli, Krystie Lee (January 27, 2018). "Exclusive: Three More Women Are Accusing Jeremy Piven Of Sexual Misconduct" . Buzzfeed . Retrieved January 29, 2018 . ^ "Jeremy Piven Faces Sexual Misconduct Allegations From 3 More Women" . Time . Archived from the original on January 28, 2018 . Retrieved January 29, 2018 . ^ a b c d e f "Jeremy Piven (visual voices guide)" . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved April 3, 2024 . A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information. ^ Lang, Brent (October 11, 2022). "Briarcliff Entertainment Buys Sweetwater , Drama About Pioneering African American NBA Player (Exclusive)" . Variety . Archived from the original on December 30, 2022 . Retrieved February 19, 2023 . ^ Tangonan, EJ (August 13, 2024). "Jamie Foxx leaks the trailer to his "unreleasable" film All-Star Weekend" . JoBlo . Retrieved November 19, 2024 . External links Jeremy Piven at IMDb Jeremy Piven at the Internet Broadway Database Jeremy Piven on Charlie Rose Jeremy Piven collected news and commentary at The Guardian Jeremy Piven collected news and commentary at The New York Times Interview on WHO.com with Jeremy Piven and Doug Ellin Piven on "Speed-the-Plow" and Mercury Poisoning at Yahoo! Jeremy Piven at Emmys.com Awards for Jeremy Piven .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series 1954–1975 Art Carney (1954) Art Carney (1955) Art Carney (1956) Carl Reiner (1957) Carl Reiner (1958) Tom Poston (1959) Don Knotts (1961) Don Knotts (1962) Don Knotts (1963) Don Knotts (1966) Don Knotts (1967) Werner Klemperer (1968) Werner Klemperer (1969) Michael Constantine (1970) Ed Asner (1971) Ed Asner (1972) Ted Knight (1973) Rob Reiner (1974) Ed Asner (1975) 1976–2000 Ted Knight (1976) Gary Burghoff (1977) Rob Reiner (1978) Robert Guillaume (1979) Harry Morgan (1980) Danny DeVito (1981) Christopher Lloyd (1982) Christopher Lloyd (1983) Pat Harrington Jr. (1984) John Larroquette (1985) John Larroquette (1986) John Larroquette (1987) John Larroquette (1988) Woody Harrelson (1989) Alex Rocco (1990) Jonathan Winters (1991) Michael Jeter (1992) Michael Richards (1993) Michael Richards (1994) David Hyde Pierce (1995) Rip Torn (1996) Michael Richards (1997) David Hyde Pierce (1998) David Hyde Pierce (1999) Sean Hayes (2000) 2001–present Peter MacNicol (2001) Brad Garrett (2002) Brad Garrett (2003) David Hyde Pierce (2004) Brad Garrett (2005) Jeremy Piven (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Jeremy Piven (2008) Jon Cryer (2009) Eric Stonestreet (2010) Ty Burrell (2011) Eric Stonestreet (2012) Tony Hale (2013) Ty Burrell (2014) Tony Hale (2015) Louie Anderson (2016) Alec Baldwin (2017) Henry Winkler (2018) Tony Shalhoub (2019) Dan Levy (2020) Brett Goldstein (2021) Brett Goldstein (2022) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2023) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2024) Jeff Hiller (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Television James Brolin (1970) Ed Asner (1971) James Brolin (1972) McLean Stevenson (1973) Harvey Korman (1974) Ed Asner / Tim Conway (1975) Ed Asner (1976) No Award (1977) Norman Fell (1978) Danny DeVito / Vic Tayback (1979) Pat Harrington Jr. / Vic Tayback (1980) John Hillerman (1981) Lionel Stander (1982) Richard Kiley (1983) Paul Le Mat (1984) Edward James Olmos (1985) Jan Niklas (1986) Rutger Hauer (1987) Barry Bostwick / John Gielgud (1988) Dean Stockwell (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Louis Gossett Jr. (1991) Maximilian Schell (1992) Beau Bridges (1993) Edward James Olmos (1994) Donald Sutherland (1995) Ian McKellen (1996) George C. Scott (1997) Don Cheadle / Gregory Peck (1998) Peter Fonda (1999) Robert Downey Jr. (2000) Stanley Tucci (2001) Donald Sutherland (2002) Jeffrey Wright (2003) William Shatner (2004) Paul Newman (2005) Jeremy Irons (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Tom Wilkinson (2008) John Lithgow (2009) Chris Colfer (2010) Peter Dinklage (2011) Ed Harris (2012) Jon Voight (2013) Matt Bomer (2014) Christian Slater (2015) Hugh Laurie (2016) Alexander Skarsgård (2017) Ben Whishaw (2018) Stellan Skarsgård (2019) John Boyega (2020) O Yeong-su (2021) Paul Walter Hauser / Tyler James Williams (2022) Matthew Macfadyen (2023) Tadanobu Asano (2024) Owen Cooper (2025) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series v t e 1954–1975 Art Carney (1954) Art Carney (1955) Art Carney (1956) Carl Reiner (1957) Carl Reiner (1958) Tom Poston (1959) Don Knotts (1961) Don Knotts (1962) Don Knotts (1963) Don Knotts (1966) Don Knotts (1967) Werner Klemperer (1968) Werner Klemperer (1969) Michael Constantine (1970) Ed Asner (1971) Ed Asner (1972) Ted Knight (1973) Rob Reiner (1974) Ed Asner (1975) Art Carney (1954) Art Carney (1955) Art Carney (1956) Carl Reiner (1957) Carl Reiner (1958) Tom Poston (1959) Don Knotts (1961) Don Knotts (1962) Don Knotts (1963) Don Knotts (1966) Don Knotts (1967) Werner Klemperer (1968) Werner Klemperer (1969) Michael Constantine (1970) Ed Asner (1971) Ed Asner (1972) Ted Knight (1973) Rob Reiner (1974) Ed Asner (1975) 1976–2000 Ted Knight (1976) Gary Burghoff (1977) Rob Reiner (1978) Robert Guillaume (1979) Harry Morgan (1980) Danny DeVito (1981) Christopher Lloyd (1982) Christopher Lloyd (1983) Pat Harrington Jr. (1984) John Larroquette (1985) John Larroquette (1986) John Larroquette (1987) John Larroquette (1988) Woody Harrelson (1989) Alex Rocco (1990) Jonathan Winters (1991) Michael Jeter (1992) Michael Richards (1993) Michael Richards (1994) David Hyde Pierce (1995) Rip Torn (1996) Michael Richards (1997) David Hyde Pierce (1998) David Hyde Pierce (1999) Sean Hayes (2000) Ted Knight (1976) Gary Burghoff (1977) Rob Reiner (1978) Robert Guillaume (1979) Harry Morgan (1980) Danny DeVito (1981) Christopher Lloyd (1982) Christopher Lloyd (1983) Pat Harrington Jr. (1984) John Larroquette (1985) John Larroquette (1986) John Larroquette (1987) John Larroquette (1988) Woody Harrelson (1989) Alex Rocco (1990) Jonathan Winters (1991) Michael Jeter (1992) Michael Richards (1993) Michael Richards (1994) David Hyde Pierce (1995) Rip Torn (1996) Michael Richards (1997) David Hyde Pierce (1998) David Hyde Pierce (1999) Sean Hayes (2000) 2001–present Peter MacNicol (2001) Brad Garrett (2002) Brad Garrett (2003) David Hyde Pierce (2004) Brad Garrett (2005) Jeremy Piven (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Jeremy Piven (2008) Jon Cryer (2009) Eric Stonestreet (2010) Ty Burrell (2011) Eric Stonestreet (2012) Tony Hale (2013) Ty Burrell (2014) Tony Hale (2015) Louie Anderson (2016) Alec Baldwin (2017) Henry Winkler (2018) Tony Shalhoub (2019) Dan Levy (2020) Brett Goldstein (2021) Brett Goldstein (2022) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2023) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2024) Jeff Hiller (2025) Peter MacNicol (2001) Brad Garrett (2002) Brad Garrett (2003) David Hyde Pierce (2004) Brad Garrett (2005) Jeremy Piven (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Jeremy Piven (2008) Jon Cryer (2009) Eric Stonestreet (2010) Ty Burrell (2011) Eric Stonestreet (2012) Tony Hale (2013) Ty Burrell (2014) Tony Hale (2015) Louie Anderson (2016) Alec Baldwin (2017) Henry Winkler (2018) Tony Shalhoub (2019) Dan Levy (2020) Brett Goldstein (2021) Brett Goldstein (2022) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2023) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2024) Jeff Hiller (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Television v t e James Brolin (1970) Ed Asner (1971) James Brolin (1972) McLean Stevenson (1973) Harvey Korman (1974) Ed Asner / Tim Conway (1975) Ed Asner (1976) No Award (1977) Norman Fell (1978) Danny DeVito / Vic Tayback (1979) Pat Harrington Jr. / Vic Tayback (1980) John Hillerman (1981) Lionel Stander (1982) Richard Kiley (1983) Paul Le Mat (1984) Edward James Olmos (1985) Jan Niklas (1986) Rutger Hauer (1987) Barry Bostwick / John Gielgud (1988) Dean Stockwell (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Louis Gossett Jr. (1991) Maximilian Schell (1992) Beau Bridges (1993) Edward James Olmos (1994) Donald Sutherland (1995) Ian McKellen (1996) George C. Scott (1997) Don Cheadle / Gregory Peck (1998) Peter Fonda (1999) Robert Downey Jr. (2000) Stanley Tucci (2001) Donald Sutherland (2002) Jeffrey Wright (2003) William Shatner (2004) Paul Newman (2005) Jeremy Irons (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Tom Wilkinson (2008) John Lithgow (2009) Chris Colfer (2010) Peter Dinklage (2011) Ed Harris (2012) Jon Voight (2013) Matt Bomer (2014) Christian Slater (2015) Hugh Laurie (2016) Alexander Skarsgård (2017) Ben Whishaw (2018) Stellan Skarsgård (2019) John Boyega (2020) O Yeong-su (2021) Paul Walter Hauser / Tyler James Williams (2022) Matthew Macfadyen (2023) Tadanobu Asano (2024) Owen Cooper (2025) James Brolin (1970) Ed Asner (1971) James Brolin (1972) McLean Stevenson (1973) Harvey Korman (1974) Ed Asner / Tim Conway (1975) Ed Asner (1976) No Award (1977) Norman Fell (1978) Danny DeVito / Vic Tayback (1979) Pat Harrington Jr. / Vic Tayback (1980) John Hillerman (1981) Lionel Stander (1982) Richard Kiley (1983) Paul Le Mat (1984) Edward James Olmos (1985) Jan Niklas (1986) Rutger Hauer (1987) Barry Bostwick / John Gielgud (1988) Dean Stockwell (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Louis Gossett Jr. (1991) Maximilian Schell (1992) Beau Bridges (1993) Edward James Olmos (1994) Donald Sutherland (1995) Ian McKellen (1996) George C. Scott (1997) Don Cheadle / Gregory Peck (1998) Peter Fonda (1999) Robert Downey Jr. (2000) Stanley Tucci (2001) Donald Sutherland (2002) Jeffrey Wright (2003) William Shatner (2004) Paul Newman (2005) Jeremy Irons (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Tom Wilkinson (2008) John Lithgow (2009) Chris Colfer (2010) Peter Dinklage (2011) Ed Harris (2012) Jon Voight (2013) Matt Bomer (2014) Christian Slater (2015) Hugh Laurie (2016) Alexander Skarsgård (2017) Ben Whishaw (2018) Stellan Skarsgård (2019) John Boyega (2020) O Yeong-su (2021) Paul Walter Hauser / Tyler James Williams (2022) Matthew Macfadyen (2023) Tadanobu Asano (2024) Owen Cooper (2025) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Netherlands Norway Poland Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Netherlands Norway Poland Israel Artists MusicBrainz Emmy Awards MusicBrainz Emmy Awards Other IdRef SNAC Yale LUX IdRef SNAC Yale LUX 1965 births 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors American Buddhists American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent American Reconstructionist Jews Television producers from New York City Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (television) winners Drake University alumni Evanston Township High School alumni Jewish American male actors Living people Jews from Illinois Male actors from Chicago Male actors from Manhattan Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Tisch School of the Arts alumni Television producers from Illinois Comedians from Manhattan Comedians from Evanston, Illinois American male comedians Jewish American comedians Jewish male comedians American people of Jewish descent Male actors from Malibu, California Comedians from Los Angeles County, California Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use American English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from January 2018 Pages using infobox person with multiple parents Articles with hCards All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2023 Commons category link from Wikidata IBDB name template using Wikidata Guardian topic template using Wikidata This page was last edited on 27 November 2025, at 22:33 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Description Toggle Description subsection 1.1 Locomotion 1.1 Locomotion 2 Ecology Toggle Ecology subsection 2.1 Range and habitat 2.2 Food and foraging 2.1 Range and habitat 2.2 Food and foraging 3 Behavior Toggle Behavior subsection 3.1 Burrow system 3.2 Social interactions 3.3 Mating and reproduction 3.1 Burrow system 3.2 Social interactions 3.3 Mating and reproduction 4 Taxonomy 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Kangaroo rat العربية Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kotava Lietuvių Lingua Franca Nova Magyar മലയാളം مصرى မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Wikidata item Kangaroo rat Temporal range: Late Pliocene – Recent Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Heteromyidae Subfamily: Dipodomyinae Genus: Dipodomys J. E. Gray , 1841 [ 1 ] Type species Dipodomys phillipsii J. E. Gray , 1841 Species Dipodomys agilis Dipodomys californicus Dipodomys compactus Dipodomys deserti Dipodomys elator Dipodomys gravipes Dipodomys heermanni Dipodomys ingens Dipodomys merriami Dipodomys microps Dipodomys nelsoni Dipodomys nitratoides Dipodomys ordii Dipodomys panamintinus Dipodomys phillipsii Dipodomys simulans Dipodomys spectabilis Dipodomys stephensi Dipodomys venustus Dipodomys agilis Dipodomys californicus Dipodomys compactus Dipodomys deserti Dipodomys elator Dipodomys gravipes Dipodomys heermanni Dipodomys ingens Dipodomys merriami Dipodomys microps Dipodomys nelsoni Dipodomys nitratoides Dipodomys ordii Dipodomys panamintinus Dipodomys phillipsii Dipodomys simulans Dipodomys spectabilis Dipodomys stephensi Dipodomys venustus Synonyms [ 2 ] Dipodops Merriam, 1890 Perodipus Fitzinger, 1867 Macrocolus Wagner, 1846 Dipodops Merriam, 1890 Perodipus Fitzinger, 1867 Macrocolus Wagner, 1846 Kangaroo rats , small mostly nocturnal rodents of genus Dipodomys , are native to arid areas of western North America . The common name derives from their bipedal form. They hop in a manner similar to the much larger kangaroo , but developed this mode of locomotion independently , like several other clades of rodents (e.g., dipodids and hopping mice ). Description Kangaroo rats are four or five-toed heteromyid rodents with big hind legs, small front legs, and relatively large heads. Adults typically weigh between 70 and 170 grams (2.5 and 6.0 oz). [ 3 ] The tail of a kangaroo rat is longer than its body and head combined. Another notable feature of kangaroo rats is their fur-lined cheek pouches, which are used for storing food. The coloration of kangaroo rats varies from cinnamon buff to dark gray, depending on the species. [ 4 ] There is also some variation in length with one of the largest species, the banner-tailed kangaroo rat being 6 inches in body length and a tail length of 8 inches. [ 4 ] Sexual dimorphism exists in all species, with males being larger than females. Locomotion Kangaroo rats move bipedally . Kangaroo rats often leap a distance of 7 feet, [ 5 ] and reportedly up to 9 feet (2.75 m) [ 6 ] at speeds up to almost 10 feet/sec, or 11 km/h (7 mph). They can quickly change direction between jumps. [ 7 ] The rapid locomotion of the banner-tailed kangaroo rat may maximise energy cost and minimise predation risk. Its use of a "move-freeze" mode may also make it less conspicuous to nocturnal predators. [ 8 ] Ecology Range and habitat Kangaroo rats live in arid and semiarid areas of western North America [ citation needed ] , particularly on sandy or soft soils [ 4 ] which are suitable for burrowing. They can, however, vary in both geographic range and habitat. Their elevation range depends on the species; they are found from below sea level to at least 7,100 feet (the type locality of D. ordii priscus ). [ 9 ] They are sensitive to extreme temperatures and remain in their burrows during rain storms and other forms of inclement weather. [ 4 ] Kangaroo rats are preyed on by coyotes, foxes, badgers, weasels, owls, and snakes. Merriam's kangaroo rats live in areas of high rainfall and humidity, and high summer temperature and evaporation rates. [ 10 ] They prefer areas of stony soils, including clays, gravel, and rocks, which are harder than soils preferred by some other species (like banner-tailed kangaroo rats). [ 4 ] Because their habitats are hot and dry [ contradictory ] , they must conserve water. [ 11 ] They do this in part by lowering their metabolic rate, which reduces the loss of water through their skin and respiratory system. Evaporation through the skin is the major route of loss. [ 12 ] Merriam's kangaroo rats obtain enough water from the metabolic oxidation of the seeds they eat to survive and do not need to drink water at all. [ 11 ] To help conserve water they produce very concentrated urine, via a process apparently associated with expression of aquaporin 1 along a longer than usual segment of the descending limb of the loop of Henle in the kidney. [ 13 ] In contrast, banner-tailed kangaroo rats have more specific habitat requirements for desert grasslands with scattered shrubs; this species is also more threatened because of the decline in these grasslands. These are also dry areas but they tend to have more water available to them than Merriam's kangaroo rats. Food and foraging Kangaroo rats are primarily seed eaters. [ 14 ] They will, however, eat vegetation occasionally, and at some times of the year, possibly insects as well. [ 4 ] They have been seen storing the seeds of mesquite, creosote bush, purslane, ocotillo, and grama grass in their cheek pouches. Kangaroo rats will store extra seeds in seed caches. [ 10 ] This caching behavior affects the rangeland and croplands where the animals live. [ 4 ] Kangaroo rats must harvest as much seed as possible in as little time as possible. To conserve energy and water, they minimize their time away from their cool, dry burrows. In addition, maximizing time in their burrows minimizes their exposure to predators. [ 14 ] When on foraging trips, kangaroo rats hoard the seeds that they find. It is important for a kangaroo rat to encounter more food items than are consumed, at least at one point in the year, as well as defend or rediscover food caches and remain within the same areas long enough to utilize food resources. [ 8 ] Different species of kangaroo rat may have different seed caching strategies to coexist with each other, as is the case for the banner-tailed kangaroo rat and Merriam's kangaroo rat which have overlapping ranges. [ 3 ] Merriam's kangaroo rats scatterhoard small caches of seeds in numerous small, shallow holes they dig. This is initially done close to the food source, maximizing harvest rates and reducing travel costs, but later redistributed more widely, minimizing theft by other rodents. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats larderhoard a sizable cache of seeds within the large mounds they occupy. This could decrease their time and energy expenses; they also spend less time on the surface digging holes, reducing the risk of predation. Being larger and more sedentary, they are better able to defend these larders from depredations by other rodents. [ 15 ] Behavior Kangaroo rats inhabit overlapping home ranges. These home ranges tend to be small with most activities within 200–300 ft and rarely 600 ft. [ 4 ] Home range size can vary within species with Merriam's kangaroo rats having larger home ranges than banner-tailed kangaroo rats. Recently weaned kangaroo rats move into new areas not occupied by adults. Within its home range, a kangaroo rat has a defended territory consisting of its burrowing system. Burrow system Kangaroo rats live in complex burrow systems. The burrows have separate chambers used for specific purposes like sleeping, living, and food storage. [ 4 ] The spacing of the burrows depends on the number of kangaroo rats and the abundance of food. Kangaroo rats also live in colonies that range from six to several hundred dens. [ 10 ] The burrow of a kangaroo rat is important in providing protection from the harsh desert environment. To maintain a constant temperature and relative humidity in their burrows, kangaroo rats plug the entrances with soil during the day. [ 4 ] When the outside temperature is too hot, a kangaroo rat stays in its cool, humid burrow and leaves it only at night. To reduce loss of moisture through respiration when sleeping, a kangaroo rat buries its nose in its fur to accumulate a small pocket of moist air. [ 11 ] The burrows of Merriam's kangaroo rats are simpler and shallower than those of banner-tailed kangaroo rats. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats also mate in their burrows, unlike Merriam's kangaroo rats. Social interactions Kangaroo rats are generally solitary animals with little social organization. Kangaroo rats communicate during competitive interactions and courtship. [ 16 ] They do cluster together in some feeding situations. Groups of kangaroo rats that exist are aggregations and colonies. [ 4 ] There appears to be a dominance hierarchy among male kangaroo rats in competition for access to females. [ 17 ] Male kangaroo rats are generally more aggressive than females and are more dominant over them. Females are more tolerant of each other than males are and have more non-aggressive interactions. This is likely in part because the home ranges of females overlap less than the home ranges of males. [ 17 ] Linear dominance hierarchies appear to exist among males but it is not known if this is the case for females. [ 17 ] Winners of aggressive encounters appear to be the most active individuals. Mating and reproduction Kangaroo rats have a promiscuous mating system. Their reproductive output is highest in summer following high rainfalls. [ 18 ] During droughts and food shortages, only a few females will breed. [ 4 ] It appears that kangaroo rats can assess their local conditions and adjust their reproductive efforts accordingly. [ 18 ] Merriam's kangaroo rats breed between December and May and produce two or three litters per year. [ 3 ] Before mating, the male and female will perform nasal-anal circling until the female stops and allows the male to mount her. A Merriam's kangaroo rat female will allow multiple males to mount her in a short time, perhaps to ensure greater chances of producing offspring. Mating in banner-tailed kangaroo rats involves more chasing and foot drumming in the male before the female allows him to mate. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats mate on mounds and the more successful males chase away rival males. [ 19 ] The gestation period of kangaroo rats lasts 22–27 days. The young are born in a fur-lined nest in the burrows. They are born blind and hairless. [ 3 ] For the first week, young Merriam kangaroo rats crawl, developing their hind legs in their second or third week. [ 10 ] At this time, the young become independent. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats are weaned between 22 and 25 days. Offspring remain in the mound for one or six more months in the maternal caches. [ 18 ] Taxonomy Family Heteromyidae Subfamily Dipodomyinae Dipodomys agilis (Agile kangaroo rat) Dipodomys californicus (California kangaroo rat) Dipodomys compactus (Gulf Coast kangaroo rat) Dipodomys deserti (Desert kangaroo rat) Dipodomys elator (Texas kangaroo rat) Dipodomys gravipes (San Quintin kangaroo rat) Dipodomys heermanni (Heermann's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys heermanni berkeleyensis (Berkeley kangaroo rat) Dipodomys ingens (Giant kangaroo rat) Dipodomys merriami (Merriam's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys microps (Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat) Dipodomys nelsoni (Nelson's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys nitratoides (Fresno kangaroo rat) Dipodomys ordii (Ord's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys panamintinus (Panamint kangaroo rat) Dipodomys phillipsii (Phillips's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys simulans (Dulzura kangaroo rat) Dipodomys spectabilis (Banner-tailed kangaroo rat) Dipodomys stephensi (Stephens's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys venustus ( Narrow-faced kangaroo rat ) Dipodomys venustus venustus (Santa Cruz kangaroo rat) [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Dipodomys venustus elephantinus ( Elephant-eared or big-eared kangaroo rat ) [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Dipodomys venustus sanctiluciae (Santa Lucia kangaroo rat) [ 21 ] Subfamily Dipodomyinae Dipodomys agilis (Agile kangaroo rat) Dipodomys californicus (California kangaroo rat) Dipodomys compactus (Gulf Coast kangaroo rat) Dipodomys deserti (Desert kangaroo rat) Dipodomys elator (Texas kangaroo rat) Dipodomys gravipes (San Quintin kangaroo rat) Dipodomys heermanni (Heermann's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys heermanni berkeleyensis (Berkeley kangaroo rat) Dipodomys ingens (Giant kangaroo rat) Dipodomys merriami (Merriam's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys microps (Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat) Dipodomys nelsoni (Nelson's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys nitratoides (Fresno kangaroo rat) Dipodomys ordii (Ord's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys panamintinus (Panamint kangaroo rat) Dipodomys phillipsii (Phillips's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys simulans (Dulzura kangaroo rat) Dipodomys spectabilis (Banner-tailed kangaroo rat) Dipodomys stephensi (Stephens's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys venustus ( Narrow-faced kangaroo rat ) Dipodomys venustus venustus (Santa Cruz kangaroo rat) [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Dipodomys venustus elephantinus ( Elephant-eared or big-eared kangaroo rat ) [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Dipodomys venustus sanctiluciae (Santa Lucia kangaroo rat) [ 21 ] Dipodomys agilis (Agile kangaroo rat) Dipodomys californicus (California kangaroo rat) Dipodomys compactus (Gulf Coast kangaroo rat) Dipodomys deserti (Desert kangaroo rat) Dipodomys elator (Texas kangaroo rat) Dipodomys gravipes (San Quintin kangaroo rat) Dipodomys heermanni (Heermann's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys heermanni berkeleyensis (Berkeley kangaroo rat) Dipodomys heermanni berkeleyensis (Berkeley kangaroo rat) Dipodomys ingens (Giant kangaroo rat) Dipodomys merriami (Merriam's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys microps (Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat) Dipodomys nelsoni (Nelson's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys nitratoides (Fresno kangaroo rat) Dipodomys ordii (Ord's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys panamintinus (Panamint kangaroo rat) Dipodomys phillipsii (Phillips's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys simulans (Dulzura kangaroo rat) Dipodomys spectabilis (Banner-tailed kangaroo rat) Dipodomys stephensi (Stephens's kangaroo rat) Dipodomys venustus ( Narrow-faced kangaroo rat ) Dipodomys venustus venustus (Santa Cruz kangaroo rat) [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Dipodomys venustus elephantinus ( Elephant-eared or big-eared kangaroo rat ) [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Dipodomys venustus sanctiluciae (Santa Lucia kangaroo rat) [ 21 ] Dipodomys venustus venustus (Santa Cruz kangaroo rat) [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Dipodomys venustus elephantinus ( Elephant-eared or big-eared kangaroo rat ) [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Dipodomys venustus sanctiluciae (Santa Lucia kangaroo rat) [ 21 ] See also Hopping mouse – a similar murid rodent native to Australia; an example of parallel evolution Jerboa – a similar dipodid rodent native to northern Africa and Asia Jumping mouse – a non-desert-dwelling dipodid rodent native to China and North America Kangaroo mouse – a closely related heteromyid rodent of North America Kultarr – an unrelated marsupial with a similar body plan and coloration; an example of convergence Springhare – a similar pedetid rodent native to southern and eastern Africa References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Gray, J. 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Bureau of Land Management web site . Bureau of Land Management . Retrieved 2014-03-26 . ^ Merlin, P. (2014). "Heteromyidae: Kangaroo Rats & Pocket Mice" . Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum web site . Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum . Retrieved 2014-03-26 . ^ "Animal Guide: Giant Kangaroo Rat" . Nature on PBS web site . Public Broadcasting System . 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-03-26 . Retrieved 2014-03-26 . ^ a b Schroder, G. D. (August 1979). "Foraging Behavior and Home Range Utilization of the Bannertail Kangaroo Rat". Ecology . 60 (4): 657– 665. doi : 10.2307/1936601 . JSTOR 1936601 . ^ Garrison, T.E.; Best, T.L. (April 1990). " Dipodomys ordii " . Mammalian Species (353): 1– 10. Bibcode : 1990MamSp.353....1G . doi : 10.2307/3504290 . JSTOR 3504290 . ^ a b c d Reynolds, H. G. (February 1958). "The Ecology of the Merriam Kangaroo Rat ( Dipodomys merriami Mearns) on the Grazing Lands of Southern Arizona". Ecological Monographs . 28 (2): 111– 127. Bibcode : 1958EcoM...28..111R . doi : 10.2307/1942205 . JSTOR 1942205 . ^ a b c Lidicker, W.Z. (Jr.) (1960), An Analysis of Intraspecific Variation in the Kangaroo Rat Dipodomus merriami , University of California Publications in Zoölogy, vol. 67, University of California Press , OCLC 902701222 ^ Tracy, R.L.; Walsberg, G.E. (2000). "Prevalence of cutaneous evaporation in Merriam's kangaroo rat and its adaptive variation at the subspecific level" . Journal of Experimental Biology . 203 (4): 773– 781. Bibcode : 2000JExpB.203..773T . doi : 10.1242/jeb.203.4.773 . PMID 10648219 . Retrieved 2020-01-06 . ^ Urity, V. B.; Issaian, T.; Braun, E. J.; Dantzler, W. H.; Pannabecker, T. L. (2012). "Architecture of kangaroo rat inner medulla: segmentation of descending thin limb of Henle's loop" . American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology . 302 (6): R720 – R726 . doi : 10.1152/ajpregu.00549.2011 . PMC 3774486 . PMID 22237592 . ^ a b Morgan, K. R.; Price, M. V. (1992-12-01). "Foraging in Heteromyid Rodents: The Energy Costs of Scratch-Digging". Ecology . 73 (6): 2260– 2272. Bibcode : 1992Ecol...73.2260M . doi : 10.2307/1941473 . JSTOR 1941473 . ^ Jenkins, S. H.; Rothstein, A.; Green, W. C. H. (December 1995). "Food Hoarding by Merriam's Kangaroo Rats: A Test of Alternative Hypotheses". Ecology . 76 (8): 2470– 2481. Bibcode : 1995Ecol...76.2470J . doi : 10.2307/2265821 . JSTOR 2265821 . ^ Randall, J.A. (2014). Vibrational Communication: Spiders to Kangaroo Rats . In: Witzany, G. (ed). Biocommunication of Animals. Springer, Dortrecht, pp. 103-133. ^ a b c Newmark, J. E.; Jenkins, S. H. (April 2000). "Sex Differences in Agonistic Behavior of Merriam's Kangaroo Rats ( Dipodomys merriami )". The American Midland Naturalist . 43 (2): 377– 388. doi : 10.1674/0003-0031(2000)143[0377:SDIABO]2.0.CO;2 . S2CID 86370238 . ^ a b c Waser, P. M.; Jones, W. T. (June 1991). "Survival and Reproductive Effort in Banner-Tailed Kangaroo Rats". Ecology . 72 (3): 771– 777. Bibcode : 1991Ecol...72..771W . doi : 10.2307/1940579 . JSTOR 1940579 . ^ Randall, J. A. (January 1987). "Field Observations of Male Competition and Mating in Merriam's and Bannertail Kangaroo Rats". American Midland Naturalist . 117 (1): 211– 213. doi : 10.2307/2425723 . JSTOR 2425723 . ^ a b Goldingay, Ross L., Kelly, Patrick A., Williams, Daniel F. (1997). "The Kangaroo Rats of California: endemism and conservation of keystone species". Pacific Conservation Biology . 3 (1): 47– 60. Bibcode : 1997PacSB...3...47L . doi : 10.1071/PC970047 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ a b c Alhajeri,Bader H. (2025). "Cranial variation in species and subspecies of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys, Dipodomyinae, Rodentia) according to geometric morphometrics". Integrative Zoology . 20 : 108– 134. doi : 10.1111/1749-4877.12824 . PMID 38601992 . Patton, J.L. (2005). "Family Heteromyidae" . In Wilson, D.E. ; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 844– 849. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0 . OCLC 62265494 . External links .mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)} Life History of the Kangaroo Rat at Project Gutenberg -- United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1091, from September 1922 ARKive.org .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Extant species of family Heteromyidae (subfamily Dipodomyinae ) v t e Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order: Rodentia Superfamily: Geomyoidea Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order: Rodentia Superfamily: Geomyoidea Dipodomys (Kangaroo rats) Agile kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis) California kangaroo rat (Dipodomys californicus) Gulf Coast kangaroo rat (Dipodomys compactus) Desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti) Texas kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator) Big-eared kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elephantinus) San Quintin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys gravipes) Heermann's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni) Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) San José Island kangaroo rat (Dipodomys insularis) Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps) Nelson's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nelsoni) Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) Panamint kangaroo rat (Dipodomys panamintinus) Phillips's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys phillipsii) Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans) Banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) Stephens's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi) Narrow-faced kangaroo rat (Dipodomys venustus) Agile kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis) California kangaroo rat (Dipodomys californicus) Gulf Coast kangaroo rat (Dipodomys compactus) Desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti) Texas kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator) Big-eared kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elephantinus) San Quintin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys gravipes) Heermann's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni) Giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) San José Island kangaroo rat (Dipodomys insularis) Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps) Nelson's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nelsoni) Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) Ord's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) Panamint kangaroo rat (Dipodomys panamintinus) Phillips's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys phillipsii) Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans) Banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) Stephens's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi) Narrow-faced kangaroo rat (Dipodomys venustus) Microdipodops (Kangaroo mice) Dark kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus) Pale kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops pallidus) Dark kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus) Pale kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops pallidus) Category v t e Castorimorpha v t e Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Castorimorpha Diplolophidae † Diplolophus † Floresomys † Griphomys † Jimomys † Meliakrouniomys † Schizodontomys † Texomys Castoroidea Castoridae † Migmacastor † Agnotocastorinae † Agnotocastorini Agnotocastor Neatocastor † Anchitheriomyini Anchitheriomys Oligotheriomys Propalaeocastor † Palaeocastorinae Capacikala Palaeocastor Pseudopalaeocastor † Euhapsini Euhapsis Fossorcastor † Castoroidinae Priusaulax † Castoroidini Castoroides Dipoides Monosaulax Procastoroides Prodipoides † Nothodipoidini Eucastor Microdipoides Nothodipoides † Trogontheriini Asiacastor Boreofiber Euroxenomys Trogontherium Youngofiber Castorinae Castor † Chalicomys † Hystricops † Romanofiber † Schreuderia † Sinocastor † Steneofiber † Zamolxifiber † Eutypomyidae Eutypomys Janimus Mattimys Microeutypomys † Rhizospalacidae Rhizospalax Castorimorpha Diplolophidae † Diplolophus † Floresomys † Griphomys † Jimomys † Meliakrouniomys † Schizodontomys † Texomys Castoroidea Castoridae † Migmacastor † Agnotocastorinae † Agnotocastorini Agnotocastor Neatocastor † Anchitheriomyini Anchitheriomys Oligotheriomys Propalaeocastor † Palaeocastorinae Capacikala Palaeocastor Pseudopalaeocastor † Euhapsini Euhapsis Fossorcastor † Castoroidinae Priusaulax † Castoroidini Castoroides Dipoides Monosaulax Procastoroides Prodipoides † Nothodipoidini Eucastor Microdipoides Nothodipoides † Trogontheriini Asiacastor Boreofiber Euroxenomys Trogontherium Youngofiber Castorinae Castor † Chalicomys † Hystricops † Romanofiber † Schreuderia † Sinocastor † Steneofiber † Zamolxifiber † Eutypomyidae Eutypomys Janimus Mattimys Microeutypomys † Rhizospalacidae Rhizospalax Diplolophidae † Diplolophus † Floresomys † Griphomys † Jimomys † Meliakrouniomys † Schizodontomys † Texomys Castoroidea Castoridae † Migmacastor † Agnotocastorinae † Agnotocastorini Agnotocastor Neatocastor † Anchitheriomyini Anchitheriomys Oligotheriomys Propalaeocastor † Palaeocastorinae Capacikala Palaeocastor Pseudopalaeocastor † Euhapsini Euhapsis Fossorcastor † Castoroidinae Priusaulax † Castoroidini Castoroides Dipoides Monosaulax Procastoroides Prodipoides † Nothodipoidini Eucastor Microdipoides Nothodipoides † Trogontheriini Asiacastor Boreofiber Euroxenomys Trogontherium Youngofiber Castorinae Castor † Chalicomys † Hystricops † Romanofiber † Schreuderia † Sinocastor † Steneofiber † Zamolxifiber † Eutypomyidae Eutypomys Janimus Mattimys Microeutypomys † Rhizospalacidae Rhizospalax Diplolophidae † Diplolophus † Floresomys † Griphomys † Jimomys † Meliakrouniomys † Schizodontomys † Texomys † Diplolophus † Floresomys † Griphomys † Jimomys † Meliakrouniomys † Schizodontomys † Texomys Castoroidea Castoridae † Migmacastor † Agnotocastorinae † Agnotocastorini Agnotocastor Neatocastor † Anchitheriomyini Anchitheriomys Oligotheriomys Propalaeocastor † Palaeocastorinae Capacikala Palaeocastor Pseudopalaeocastor † Euhapsini Euhapsis Fossorcastor † Castoroidinae Priusaulax † Castoroidini Castoroides Dipoides Monosaulax Procastoroides Prodipoides † Nothodipoidini Eucastor Microdipoides Nothodipoides † Trogontheriini Asiacastor Boreofiber Euroxenomys Trogontherium Youngofiber Castorinae Castor † Chalicomys † Hystricops † Romanofiber † Schreuderia † Sinocastor † Steneofiber † Zamolxifiber † Eutypomyidae Eutypomys Janimus Mattimys Microeutypomys † Rhizospalacidae Rhizospalax Castoridae † Migmacastor † Agnotocastorinae † Agnotocastorini Agnotocastor Neatocastor † Anchitheriomyini Anchitheriomys Oligotheriomys Propalaeocastor † Palaeocastorinae Capacikala Palaeocastor Pseudopalaeocastor † Euhapsini Euhapsis Fossorcastor † Castoroidinae Priusaulax † Castoroidini Castoroides Dipoides Monosaulax Procastoroides Prodipoides † Nothodipoidini Eucastor Microdipoides Nothodipoides † Trogontheriini Asiacastor Boreofiber Euroxenomys Trogontherium Youngofiber Castorinae Castor † Chalicomys † Hystricops † Romanofiber † Schreuderia † Sinocastor † Steneofiber † Zamolxifiber † Migmacastor † Agnotocastorinae † Agnotocastorini Agnotocastor Neatocastor † Anchitheriomyini Anchitheriomys Oligotheriomys Propalaeocastor † Agnotocastorini Agnotocastor Neatocastor Agnotocastor Neatocastor † Anchitheriomyini Anchitheriomys Oligotheriomys Propalaeocastor Anchitheriomys Oligotheriomys Propalaeocastor † Palaeocastorinae Capacikala Palaeocastor Pseudopalaeocastor † Euhapsini Euhapsis Fossorcastor Capacikala Palaeocastor Pseudopalaeocastor † Euhapsini Euhapsis Fossorcastor Euhapsis Fossorcastor † Castoroidinae Priusaulax † Castoroidini Castoroides Dipoides Monosaulax Procastoroides Prodipoides † Nothodipoidini Eucastor Microdipoides Nothodipoides † Trogontheriini Asiacastor Boreofiber Euroxenomys Trogontherium Youngofiber Priusaulax † Castoroidini Castoroides Dipoides Monosaulax Procastoroides Prodipoides Castoroides Dipoides Monosaulax Procastoroides Prodipoides † Nothodipoidini Eucastor Microdipoides Nothodipoides Eucastor Microdipoides Nothodipoides † Trogontheriini Asiacastor Boreofiber Euroxenomys Trogontherium Youngofiber Asiacastor Boreofiber Euroxenomys Trogontherium Youngofiber Castorinae Castor † Chalicomys † Hystricops † Romanofiber † Schreuderia † Sinocastor † Steneofiber † Zamolxifiber Castor † Chalicomys † Hystricops † Romanofiber † Schreuderia † Sinocastor † Steneofiber † Zamolxifiber † Eutypomyidae Eutypomys Janimus Mattimys Microeutypomys Eutypomys Janimus Mattimys Microeutypomys † Rhizospalacidae Rhizospalax Rhizospalax Geomorpha † Eomyidae Simiacritomys Symplokeomys † Apeomyinae Apeomyoides Apeomys Arikareeomys Megapeomys Zophoapheomys † Eomyinae Adjidaumo Aguafriamys Asianeomys Aulolithomys Centimanomys Comancheomys Cristadjidaumo Cupressimus Eomyodon Eomyops Eomys Estramomys Japaneomys Kansasimys Keramidomys Leptodontomys Ligerimys Metadjidaumo Metanoiamys Meteomys Montanamus Namatomys Neoadjidaumo Orelladjidaumo Paradjidaumo Paranamatomys Pentabuneomys Protadjidaumo Pseudotheridomys Rhodanomys Ritteneria Ronquillomys Viejadjidaumo † Yoderimyinae Litoyoderimys Yoderimys Zaisaneomys Zemiodontomys Geomyoidea † Griphomys † Meliakrouniomys † Florentiamyidae Ecclesimus Fanimus Florentiamys Hitonkala Kirkomys Sanctimus † Heliscomyidae Apletotomeus Heliscomys Passaliscomys Tylionomys Heteromyidae Dipodomyinae † Aurimys Dipodomys Microdipodops Heteromyinae † Diprionomys Heteromys † Metaliomys Perognathinae Chaetodipus Perognathus Geomyidae † Entoptychinae Entoptychus Gregorymys Pleurolicus Ziamys Geomyinae Cratogeomys Geomys Heterogeomys Orthogeomys Pappogeomys Thomomys Zygogeomys Geomorpha † Eomyidae Simiacritomys Symplokeomys † Apeomyinae Apeomyoides Apeomys Arikareeomys Megapeomys Zophoapheomys † Eomyinae Adjidaumo Aguafriamys Asianeomys Aulolithomys Centimanomys Comancheomys Cristadjidaumo Cupressimus Eomyodon Eomyops Eomys Estramomys Japaneomys Kansasimys Keramidomys Leptodontomys Ligerimys Metadjidaumo Metanoiamys Meteomys Montanamus Namatomys Neoadjidaumo Orelladjidaumo Paradjidaumo Paranamatomys Pentabuneomys Protadjidaumo Pseudotheridomys Rhodanomys Ritteneria Ronquillomys Viejadjidaumo † Yoderimyinae Litoyoderimys Yoderimys Zaisaneomys Zemiodontomys Geomyoidea † Griphomys † Meliakrouniomys † Florentiamyidae Ecclesimus Fanimus Florentiamys Hitonkala Kirkomys Sanctimus † Heliscomyidae Apletotomeus Heliscomys Passaliscomys Tylionomys Heteromyidae Dipodomyinae † Aurimys Dipodomys Microdipodops Heteromyinae † Diprionomys Heteromys † Metaliomys Perognathinae Chaetodipus Perognathus Geomyidae † Entoptychinae Entoptychus Gregorymys Pleurolicus Ziamys Geomyinae Cratogeomys Geomys Heterogeomys Orthogeomys Pappogeomys Thomomys Zygogeomys † Eomyidae Simiacritomys Symplokeomys † Apeomyinae Apeomyoides Apeomys Arikareeomys Megapeomys Zophoapheomys † Eomyinae Adjidaumo Aguafriamys Asianeomys Aulolithomys Centimanomys Comancheomys Cristadjidaumo Cupressimus Eomyodon Eomyops Eomys Estramomys Japaneomys Kansasimys Keramidomys Leptodontomys Ligerimys Metadjidaumo Metanoiamys Meteomys Montanamus Namatomys Neoadjidaumo Orelladjidaumo Paradjidaumo Paranamatomys Pentabuneomys Protadjidaumo Pseudotheridomys Rhodanomys Ritteneria Ronquillomys Viejadjidaumo † Yoderimyinae Litoyoderimys Yoderimys Zaisaneomys Zemiodontomys Geomyoidea † Griphomys † Meliakrouniomys † Florentiamyidae Ecclesimus Fanimus Florentiamys Hitonkala Kirkomys Sanctimus † Heliscomyidae Apletotomeus Heliscomys Passaliscomys Tylionomys Heteromyidae Dipodomyinae † Aurimys Dipodomys Microdipodops Heteromyinae † Diprionomys Heteromys † Metaliomys Perognathinae Chaetodipus Perognathus Geomyidae † Entoptychinae Entoptychus Gregorymys Pleurolicus Ziamys Geomyinae Cratogeomys Geomys Heterogeomys Orthogeomys Pappogeomys Thomomys Zygogeomys † Eomyidae Simiacritomys Symplokeomys † Apeomyinae Apeomyoides Apeomys Arikareeomys Megapeomys Zophoapheomys † Eomyinae Adjidaumo Aguafriamys Asianeomys Aulolithomys Centimanomys Comancheomys Cristadjidaumo Cupressimus Eomyodon Eomyops Eomys Estramomys Japaneomys Kansasimys Keramidomys Leptodontomys Ligerimys Metadjidaumo Metanoiamys Meteomys Montanamus Namatomys Neoadjidaumo Orelladjidaumo Paradjidaumo Paranamatomys Pentabuneomys Protadjidaumo Pseudotheridomys Rhodanomys Ritteneria Ronquillomys Viejadjidaumo † Yoderimyinae Litoyoderimys Yoderimys Zaisaneomys Zemiodontomys Simiacritomys Symplokeomys Simiacritomys Symplokeomys † Apeomyinae Apeomyoides Apeomys Arikareeomys Megapeomys Zophoapheomys Apeomyoides Apeomys Arikareeomys Megapeomys Zophoapheomys † Eomyinae Adjidaumo Aguafriamys Asianeomys Aulolithomys Centimanomys Comancheomys Cristadjidaumo Cupressimus Eomyodon Eomyops Eomys Estramomys Japaneomys Kansasimys Keramidomys Leptodontomys Ligerimys Metadjidaumo Metanoiamys Meteomys Montanamus Namatomys Neoadjidaumo Orelladjidaumo Paradjidaumo Paranamatomys Pentabuneomys Protadjidaumo Pseudotheridomys Rhodanomys Ritteneria Ronquillomys Viejadjidaumo Adjidaumo Aguafriamys Asianeomys Aulolithomys Centimanomys Comancheomys Cristadjidaumo Cupressimus Eomyodon Eomyops Eomys Estramomys Japaneomys Kansasimys Keramidomys Leptodontomys Ligerimys Metadjidaumo Metanoiamys Meteomys Montanamus Namatomys Neoadjidaumo Orelladjidaumo Paradjidaumo Paranamatomys Pentabuneomys Protadjidaumo Pseudotheridomys Rhodanomys Ritteneria Ronquillomys Viejadjidaumo † Yoderimyinae Litoyoderimys Yoderimys Zaisaneomys Zemiodontomys Litoyoderimys Yoderimys Zaisaneomys Zemiodontomys Geomyoidea † Griphomys † Meliakrouniomys † Florentiamyidae Ecclesimus Fanimus Florentiamys Hitonkala Kirkomys Sanctimus † Heliscomyidae Apletotomeus Heliscomys Passaliscomys Tylionomys Heteromyidae Dipodomyinae † Aurimys Dipodomys Microdipodops Heteromyinae † Diprionomys Heteromys † Metaliomys Perognathinae Chaetodipus Perognathus Geomyidae † Entoptychinae Entoptychus Gregorymys Pleurolicus Ziamys Geomyinae Cratogeomys Geomys Heterogeomys Orthogeomys Pappogeomys Thomomys Zygogeomys † Griphomys † Meliakrouniomys † Griphomys † Meliakrouniomys † Florentiamyidae Ecclesimus Fanimus Florentiamys Hitonkala Kirkomys Sanctimus Ecclesimus Fanimus Florentiamys Hitonkala Kirkomys Sanctimus † Heliscomyidae Apletotomeus Heliscomys Passaliscomys Tylionomys Apletotomeus Heliscomys Passaliscomys Tylionomys Heteromyidae Dipodomyinae † Aurimys Dipodomys Microdipodops Heteromyinae † Diprionomys Heteromys † Metaliomys Perognathinae Chaetodipus Perognathus Dipodomyinae † Aurimys Dipodomys Microdipodops † Aurimys Dipodomys Microdipodops Heteromyinae † Diprionomys Heteromys † Metaliomys † Diprionomys Heteromys † Metaliomys Perognathinae Chaetodipus Perognathus Chaetodipus Perognathus Geomyidae † Entoptychinae Entoptychus Gregorymys Pleurolicus Ziamys Geomyinae Cratogeomys Geomys Heterogeomys Orthogeomys Pappogeomys Thomomys Zygogeomys † Entoptychinae Entoptychus Gregorymys Pleurolicus Ziamys Entoptychus Gregorymys Pleurolicus Ziamys Geomyinae Cratogeomys Geomys Heterogeomys Orthogeomys Pappogeomys Thomomys Zygogeomys Cratogeomys Geomys Heterogeomys Orthogeomys Pappogeomys Thomomys Zygogeomys Taxon identifiers Dipodomys Wikidata : Q120094 Wikispecies : Dipodomys ADW : Dipodomys BOLD : 73570 CoL : 46G4 EoL : 14120 EPPO : 1DPDMG GBIF : 2439509 iNaturalist : 44098 IRMNG : 1396142 ITIS : 180232 MSW : 12700003 NCBI : 10016 Open Tree of Life : 342249 Paleobiology Database : 41678 Wikidata : Q120094 Wikispecies : Dipodomys ADW : Dipodomys BOLD : 73570 CoL : 46G4 EoL : 14120 EPPO : 1DPDMG GBIF : 2439509 iNaturalist : 44098 IRMNG : 1396142 ITIS : 180232 MSW : 12700003 NCBI : 10016 Open Tree of Life : 342249 Paleobiology Database : 41678 Dipodomys Heteromyidae Extant Piacenzian first appearances Taxa named by John Edward Gray CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with 'species' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2025 All self-contradictory articles Self-contradictory articles from November 2025 Articles with Project Gutenberg links This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 04:46 (UTC) . 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Forside Tilfeldig artikkel Hjelp Siste endringer Prosjektportal Hvordan bidra? Wikitreff Tinget Torget Konkurranser Kontakt Wikipedia Wikimedia Norge Doner Opprett konto Logg inn Doner Opprett konto Logg inn Forside Hovedside Diskusjon Les Vis kilde Vis historikk Les Vis kilde Vis historikk Lenker hit Relaterte endringer Last opp fil Permanent lenke Sideinformasjon Spesialsider Siter denne siden Hent forkortet URL Last ned QR-kode Last ned som PDF Utskriftsvennlig versjon Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Den flerspråklige Wikikilden Wikispecies Wikibøker Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikinytt Wikiquote Wikikilden Wiktionary Wikidata-element Velkommen til Wikipedia , den frie encyklopedien som du kan forbedre . Ukens artikkel ( uke 3 ) Gustav Struve (1805–1870) var en tysk jurist, politiker og revolusjonær. Han var aktiv under Vormärz og Marsrevolusjonen i 1848. Struve var medlem av Storhertugdømmet Badens landdag, og av det såkalte Forparlamentet som forberedte Frankfurtparlamentet. Sammen med Friedrich Hecker holdt han 12. september 1847 et møte med rundt 100 personer, i Offenburg i Baden. Forsamlingen krevde Karlsbad-beslutningene opphevet og at en demokratisk valgt folkeforsamling ble etablert. Den 21. september 1848 proklamerte han i byen Lörrach at Den tyske republikk var etablert. Den påfølgende oppstanden ble imidlertid raskt slått ned. ► Les mer her. Dagens skandinaviske artikkel ( nynorsk ) Gribbkarakara ( Caracara plancus ) er ein rovfugl i falkefamilien, Falconidae. Han lever frå det sørlege og søraustlege USA (Texas, Arizona og Florida) gjennom Mexico, der han finst i alle delstatar, og i store delar av Sentral- og Sør-Amerika, og dessutan på Cuba. Han er generelt ikkje i regnskogen i Amazonas har fråvære frå det indre av Peru og indre Nord-Chile. Dette er ein rovfugl som ofte er sett på bakken der han søkjer opportunistisk etter mat. Han lever hovudsakleg av kadaver av daude dyr. Han stel mat frå andre rovfuglar, åtakar fuglereir og krypdyr, og tar levande byttedyr viss moglegheita byr seg, for det meste insekt eller små pattedyr, småfuglar, amfibium, krypdyr, fisk, krabbar, andre skaldyr, flugelarver og makk. Han kan også ete frukt. Les meir … Arkiv · Dette er ukens artikkel på nynorsk Wikipedia Slik vokser leksikonet fram … Karoline Leavitt (født 1997; bildet ) ble den yngste pressesekretæren i Det hvite hus noensinne da hun tiltrådte 27 år gammel. Keramikeren Sidsel Hartvig Jensen (1916–1996) er representert i Victoria and Albert Museum i London. Makkabiaden er det største jødiske idrettsarrangement i verden og holdes hvert 4. år. Historiske spel blir framført på steder med lokal tilknytning til handlingen fra myter, sagn, litteratur eller historiske hendelser. Franske Régis Le Bris er er hovedtrener for den engelske fotballklubben Sunderland. Det ble i 2016 innført en lov for juridisk kjønn i Norge , som ikke nødvendigvis samsvarer med ens kjønn registrert ved fødsel. Trekroneren er et gatekjøkken i Bergen, etablert i 1946. Kanadiske Michael Ignatieff (født 1947) har arbeidet som professor, journalist, romanforfatter, litteraturkritiker, politiker og universitetsrektor. Dette er eksempler på gode nye Wikipedia-artikler. Arkiv Flere nye artikler her Søsterprosjekter Wikipedia utgis av den ideelle organisasjonen Wikimedia Foundation , som driver flere flerspråklige og frie prosjekter hvor alle kan bidra. Aktuelt Det er anslått at flere tusen har blitt drept i forbindelse med demonstrasjoner i Iran . Erling Braut Haaland ( bildet ) vinner tre priser under Idrettsgallaen 2026 . En kvinne blir skutt og drept av ICE i Minneapolis. Bakgrunn: USAs hybridkrig mot Grønland • Krigen i Gaza • Krigen i Ukraina • Krigen i Mali • Borgerkrigen i Jemen Samfunn: Totalforsvarsåret 2026 Sport : Håndball-EM • Afrikamesterskapet i fotball Verdenscup: Skiskyting (Ruhpolding) • Alpint (Wengen/Tarvisio) • Skihopping (Sapporo/Zhangjiakou) Nylig avdøde 13. jan. – Scott Adams ( bildet ), amerikansk tegneserieskaper (68) 11. jan. – Vigdis M. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Film 2 Television 3 Stage 4 Music video 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Angel Aquino on screen and stage Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Filipino actress Angel Aquino has appeared in film, television, and stage productions. She made her screen debut with a minor role in the action drama Mumbaki (1996), [ 1 ] and appeared in supporting roles in the dramas Goodbye America (1997), Bata, Bata... Pa'no Ka Ginawa? (1998), and Serafin Geronimo (1998). Her first television appearance was as a presenter of the lifestyle show F! (1999). [ 2 ] In 2000, Aquino had her breakthrough in the erotic drama Laro sa Baga , [ 3 ] for which she received a Star Award for Best Supporting Actress. [ 4 ] She made her stage debut in 2002 with the Folk Arts Theater production of Eve Ensler 's play The Vagina Monologues , portraying a Bosnian woman subjected to rape. [ 5 ] Aquino's profile continued to grow in the 2000s as she took on starring roles in two critically acclaimed films. She featured as a professional mourner in Mark Meily 's comedy drama Crying Ladies (2003), [ 6 ] [ 7 ] and played a cancer-stricken woman in Adolfo Alix 's drama Donsol (2006). [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Both films were submissions by the Philippines for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film at the 77th and 80th Academy Awards , respectively. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] During this period, she presented the lifestyle magazine show Us Girls (2006), and had minor roles in the fantasy series Etheria (2005), Captain Barbell (2006), and Darna (2009). Aquino received acclaim and an Asian Television Award nomination for her portrayal of a villainous fashion designer in the revenge drama series Magkaribal (2010). [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] In 2012, she took on the lead role in the horror film Amorosa , and starred with Isabelle Huppert in the psychological thriller Captive . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] In 2013, she earned two Gawad Urian Award nominations for her roles as a transgender woman in the drama film Porno and a woman desired by a teenage girl in the coming-of-age drama Ang Huling Cha-Cha ni Anita , winning Best Supporting Actress for the latter. [ 17 ] That year, she portrayed an assassin's wife in the neo-noir crime thriller On the Job , [ 18 ] which was screened at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival . [ 19 ] Also in 2013, she returned to the stage in the local production of Patrick Marber 's play Closer . For her performance as the main villain in the suspense drama series Apoy sa Dagat (2013), Aquino won the Golden Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Two years later, she played a vindictive antagonist in the family drama series And I Love You So (2015). [ 22 ] She appeared in Lav Diaz 's historical fantasy drama A Lullaby to the Sorrowful Mystery , which won the Silver Bear Alfred Bauer Prize at the 2016 Berlin International Film Festival . [ 23 ] In 2017, Aquino portrayed the military intelligence officer Brig. Gen. Diana Olegario in the action drama series Ang Probinsyano . [ 24 ] She starred as a gambling-addicted woman who becomes entangled in a murder plot with her family in the revenge drama series Dirty Linen (2023). [ 25 ] Film Year Title Role Notes .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Ref(s) 1996 Mumbaki Dolores [ 26 ] 1999 Wansapanataym Sylvia Enriquez [ 27 ] [ 28 ] 1997 Goodbye America Maria Salazar [ 29 ] 1998 Bata, Bata... Pa'no Ka Ginawa? Elinor [ 30 ] 1998 Serafin Geronimo Elvira Camandero [ 31 ] 1998 Sana Pag-ibig Na Karen [ 32 ] 1999 Isusumbong Kita sa Tatay Ko Alicia Rivera [ 33 ] 2000 Minsan, Minahal Kita Menchu [ 34 ] 2000 Daddy O, Baby O! Maribel [ 35 ] 2000 Laro sa Baga Carmen [ 36 ] 2001 La Vida Rosa Jing [ 37 ] 2001 Angels Rich Woman [ 38 ] 2003 Crying Ladies Choleng [ 39 ] 2004 Beautiful Life Dolor [ 40 ] 2004 Evolution of a Filipino Family Rica [ 41 ] 2005 ICU Bed No. 7 Beth [ 42 ] 2006 Ina, Anak, Pamilya — [ 43 ] 2006 Nasaan si Francis? Anne [ 44 ] 2006 Summer Heat Lourdes Also known as Kaleldo [ a ] [ 46 ] 2006 Donsol Teresa [ 47 ] 2006 Ang Pamana: The Inheritance — [ 48 ] 2007 Faces of Love — [ 49 ] 2007 Siquijor: Mystic Island Doreen Jimenez [ 50 ] 2008 Botelya Beth [ 51 ] 2008 God Only Knows Maria Short film [ 52 ] 2009 Soliloquy Lilian Also known as Biyaheng Lupa [ b ] [ 54 ] 2009 I Love You, Goodbye Valerie [ 55 ] 2012 Biktima Alice de la Cruz [ 56 ] 2012 Amorosa Rosa [ 57 ] 2012 1945 Puring Short film [ 58 ] 2012 Captive Olive Reyes [ 59 ] 2013 On the Job Lulette [ 60 ] 2013 Ang Huling Cha-Cha ni Anita Pilar [ 61 ] 2013 Kimmy Dora: Ang Kiyemeng Prequel Bridget [ 62 ] 2014 Astray Katie Short film [ 63 ] [ 64 ] 2014 Ibong Adarna: the Pinoy Adventure Sultana Mabunyi [ 65 ] 2014 Once a Princess Maritess [ 66 ] 2015 Old Skool Pinky [ 67 ] 2016 A Lullaby to the Sorrowful Mystery Androgynous Tikbalang Also known as Hele Sa Hiwagang Hapis [ c ] [ 69 ] 2017 Tatlong Bibe Olive [ 70 ] [ 71 ] 2018 Glorious Glory [ 72 ] 2018 Season of the Devil Anghelita [ 73 ] 2019 Motel Acacia Angeli [ 74 ] 2019 Akin Ang Korona Hope [ 75 ] 2019 Kaputol Maybelle [ 76 ] 2023 A Very Good Girl Mercedes Novela [ 77 ] 2024 Silig Sabina Short film [ 78 ] 2025 Fatherland Yazmin [ 79 ] 2025 Cinemartyrs Mother Mary [ 80 ] 2025 April April Released in Taiwan as 丟包阿公到我家 [ d ] [ 82 ] 2025 Unmarry Atty. Grace Agravante [ 83 ] 2026 Until She Remembers — [ 84 ] Television † Denotes shows that have not yet been aired Year Title Role Notes Ref(s) 1999–2006 F! Herself Host [ 2 ] 1999 Tabing Ilog Pia [ 85 ] 2001–2003 Recuerdo de Amor Cecilia Sebastian [ 86 ] [ 87 ] 2004 Hiram Charlotte Crisostomo [ 88 ] 2004 Marinara Oceana [ 89 ] [ 90 ] 2005 Etheria: Ang Ikalimang Kaharian ng Encantadia Bathaluman Ether [ 91 ] 2006–2012 Us Girls Herself Host [ 92 ] 2006 Captain Barbell Mrs. B [ 93 ] 2006 Encantadia: Pag-ibig Hanggang Wakas Bathaluman Ether [ 94 ] [ 95 ] 2007 Maalaala Mo Kaya Sheryl Ramos Episode: "Bag" [ 96 ] [ 97 ] 2007 Tablescape: Life On A Plate Herself Host [ 98 ] 2007 Maging Sino Ka Man: Ang Pagbabalik Andrea [ 99 ] [ 100 ] 2008 Iisa Pa Lamang Young Isadora Castillejos Guest role [ 101 ] 2008 Lobo Young Savannah Blancaflor Guest role [ 102 ] [ 103 ] 2008 Maalaala Mo Kaya Linda Episode: "Medyas" [ 104 ] 2009 All About Eve Judith Tebamo [ 105 ] [ 106 ] 2009 Darna Darna / Stonekeeper Guest role [ 107 ] [ 108 ] 2010 Magkaribal Vera Cruz [ 109 ] 2011 Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin Teresa Valderosa Guest role [ 110 ] [ 111 ] 2011 Maalaala Mo Kaya Salvacion "Bogs" Villanueva Episode: "Tungkod" [ 112 ] [ 113 ] 2011–2012 Maria la del Barrio Victoria Montenegro-Dela Vega [ 114 ] 2012 Wansapanataym Mrs. Miranda Episode: "Maan Tukin" [ 115 ] 2012 Maalaala Mo Kaya Cora Episode: "Manika" [ 116 ] 2013 Wansapanataym Mother Episode: "Si Paolo at Apollo" [ 117 ] 2013 Genesis Genesis (voice) Guest role [ 118 ] [ 119 ] 2013 Apoy Sa Dagat Adrianna Lamayre [ 120 ] 2013 Wansapanataym Lory Episode: "My Fairy Kasambahay" [ 121 ] 2013–2014 Honesto Lena Layer [ 122 ] 2014 Ikaw Lamang Señora Rebecca Del Carmen-Miravelez [ 123 ] 2014–2015 Bagito Raquel Medina [ 124 ] 2015 Wansapanataym Divina Episode: "Yamishita's Treasures" [ 125 ] 2015 Maalaala Mo Kaya Linda Episode: "Class Card" [ 126 ] 2015 Maalaala Mo Kaya Veronica de Guzman Episode: "Medical Record" [ 127 ] [ 128 ] 2015 Wish Ko Lang! Corazon Episode: "Lubid" [ 129 ] 2015 All of Me Rosita Figueras Guest role [ 130 ] 2015–2016 And I Love You So Katrina Cervantes [ 131 ] 2016 Maalaala Mo Kaya Beth Episode: "Picture" [ 132 ] [ 133 ] 2016 Magpakailanman Marivic Episode: "My Missing Carrot Man" [ 134 ] 2016 Wansapanataym Rose Episode: "Just Got Laki" [ 135 ] 2016–2017 Till I Met You Valerie "Val/Tita V." Reyes-Valderema [ 136 ] 2017 Maalaala Mo Kaya Marilou Episode: "Sto. Niño" [ 137 ] 2018 Maalaala Mo Kaya Betty Episode: "Portrait" 2017–2022 FPJ's Ang Probinsyano Diana Olegario [ 24 ] 2021 Maalaala Mo Kaya Vagelyn Tumbaga Episode: "Singsing" [ 138 ] 2023 Dirty Linen Feliz Fiero-Pavia [ 25 ] 2023 Fit Check: Confessions of an Ukay Queen Georgina [ 139 ] 2023 Happy ToGetHer Angie Guest role [ 140 ] 2023 Senior High Tania Mae Cruz [ 141 ] 2024 High Street Tania Mae Cruz [ 142 ] 2024 How to Spot a Red Flag Marian "Mars" Valdez [ 143 ] 2025 FPJ's Batang Quiapo Jackie Guerrero Stage Year Production Role Venue Ref(s) 2002 The Vagina Monologues Bosnian rape victim Folk Arts Theater [ 5 ] 2013 Closer Anna Whitespace Makati [ 144 ] Music video Year Title Performer(s) Album Ref(s) 2010 "Until" Swan Dive Until [ 145 ] See also List of awards and nominations received by Angel Aquino Notes ^ The film was theatrically released as Kaleldo , but was internationally screened as Summer Heat . [ 45 ] ^ The film was theatrically released as Biyaheng Lupa , but was internationally screened as Soliloquy . [ 53 ] ^ The film was screened at the 2016 Berlin International Film Festival as A Lullaby to the Sorrowful Mystery , but was theatrically released as Hele Sa Hiwagang Hapis . [ 68 ] ^ The film was released in Taiwan with the title 丟包阿公到我家 . [ 81 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Gonzalez, Bianca (September 2, 2012). "Angel Aquino on life, love and lessons" . The Philippine Star . Archived from the original on March 25, 2023 . Retrieved March 25, 2023 . ^ a b Almo, Nerisa (July 15, 2009). "Angel Aquino reunites with F! co-hosts Daphne Oseña-Paez and Cher Calvin" . Philippine Entertainment Portal . Archived from the original on March 26, 2023 . Retrieved March 26, 2023 . ^ "Angel Aquino shrugs off questions on her sexuality" . Philippine Daily Inquirer . May 19, 2000. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023 . Retrieved March 26, 2023 . ^ Torre, Nestor (March 17, 2001). "Which film awards should we believe in?" . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on March 26, 2023 . Retrieved March 26, 2023 . ^ a b Vergara, Andrew (November 11, 2002). "Three more women take on TVM" . The Philippine Star . Archived from the original on March 26, 2023 . Retrieved March 26, 2023 . ^ Lo, Ricky (February 25, 2004). "U.S. papers give Crying Ladies good reviews" . The Philippine Star . Archived from the original on March 26, 2023 . Retrieved March 26, 2023 . ^ Francisco, Butch (December 26, 2003). "Intelligent humor, poignant drama" . The Philippine Star . Archived from the original on March 26, 2023 . Retrieved March 26, 2023 . ^ Francisco, Butch (November 25, 2006). "A film about love, life and travel" . The Philippine Star . Archived from the original on April 1, 2023 . Retrieved April 1, 2023 . ^ Cu-Unjieng, Philip (December 11, 2006). "Grit and honesty" . The Philippine Star . Archived from the original on April 1, 2023 . Retrieved April 1, 2023 . ^ Nepales, Ruben (October 25, 2004). " Crying Ladies vs 48 other foreign films for Oscars" . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on March 26, 2023 . Retrieved March 26, 2023 . ^ Lo, Ricky (October 19, 2007). "RP's Donsol among 63 foreign Oscar entries" . The Philippine Star . Archived from the original on August 19, 2022 . Retrieved August 19, 2022 . ^ Reyma, Buan-Deveza (October 1, 2010). "Angel confirms conclusion of Magkaribal " . ABS-CBNnews.com . Archived from the original on April 8, 2023 . Retrieved April 8, 2023 . ^ Lo, Ricky (August 31, 2010). "Angel Aquino steals the spotlight in Magkaribal" . The Philippine Star . Archived from the original on April 8, 2023 . Retrieved April 8, 2023 . ^ Bagaoisan, Andrew Jonathan (November 20, 2011). "Angel Aquino, Bottomline nominated in Asian TV Awards" . ABS-CBNnews.com . Archived from the original on April 8, 2023 . Retrieved April 8, 2023 . ^ Policarpio, Allan (August 21, 2012). " Amorosa a challenge for Angel Aquino" . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on April 9, 2023 . Retrieved April 9, 2023 . ^ Mendoza, Abigail; Sancon, Allan (June 25, 2012). "Angel Aquino delivers a newborn baby in Brillante Mendoza's Captive " . Philippine Entertainment Portal . Archived from the original on October 26, 2021 . Retrieved April 23, 2023 . ^ Garcia, Vincent Paul (June 18, 2014). "Angel Aquino feels legitimized after Gawad Urian win" . ABS-CBNnews.com . Archived from the original on April 14, 2023 . Retrieved April 14, 2023 . ^ " On The Job Online Exclusive with Angel Aquino" (Video) (in Tagalog). Star Cinema . August 16, 2013. 00:55 minutes in. Archived from the original on August 16, 2013 . Retrieved April 15, 2023 – via YouTube . ^ Chang, Justin (June 12, 2013). "Film Review: On the Job " . Variety . Archived from the original on August 15, 2013 . Retrieved August 16, 2013 . ^ "In Apoy sa Dagat , Angel Aquino plays kontrabida anew" . ABS-CBNnews.com . August 3, 2012. Archived from the original on April 15, 2023 . Retrieved April 15, 2023 . ^ Smith, Chuck (March 22, 2014). " My Husband's Lover dominates 5th Golden Screen TV Awards" . The Philippine Star . Archived from the original on August 8, 2019 . Retrieved April 15, 2023 . ^ Carballo, Bibsy (December 6, 2015). "Tales of love and family" . The Philippine Star . Archived from the original on April 16, 2023 . Retrieved April 16, 2023 . ^ "Lav Diaz's Hele Sa Hiwagang Hapis wins big at Berlin Int'l Film Festival" . CNN Philippines . February 22, 2016. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023 . Retrieved April 16, 2023 . ^ a b "The glorious photos of Angel Aquino through the years" . ABS-CBNnews.com . March 21, 2022. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023 . Retrieved April 16, 2023 . ^ a b Ching, Mark Angelo (March 16, 2023). " Dirty Linen changing the landscape of teleseryes" . Philippine Entertainment Portal . Archived from the original on April 18, 2023 . Retrieved April 17, 2023 . ^ " Mumbaki (1996)" . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 23, 2023 . Retrieved April 23, 2023 . ^ " Wansapanataym (1999)" (Video) . Star Cinema . Archived from the original on April 23, 2023 . Retrieved April 23, 2023 – via YouTube . ^ Star Cinema (1999). Wansapanataym (Film). Cast and Credits. ^ " Goodbye America (1997)" . The A.V. Club . 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GMA Network News . April 15, 2016. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023 . Retrieved April 23, 2023 . ^ ABS-CBN (2016). Wansapanataym (Television show). Episode: Just Got Laki – Cast and Credits. ^ "Thea reveals 5 fun facts about her mom Angel Aquino aka Till I Met You ' s Valerie" . ABS-CBNnews.com . September 5, 2016 . Retrieved April 23, 2023 . ^ " MMK Episode: Sto. Niño" (Video) . ABS-CBN Entertainment . February 25, 2017. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023 . Retrieved April 23, 2023 – via YouTube . ^ Plaza, Gerry (January 3, 2021). "Review: Angel-Adrian, Belle-Jeremiah light up superb kiligfest on MMK "Singsing" " . ABS-CBNnews.com . Archived from the original on April 17, 2023 . Retrieved April 17, 2023 . ^ Valle, Jocelyn (July 1, 2023). "Angel Aquino: 50 and proud!" . Daily Tribune . Archived from the original on July 1, 2023 . Retrieved July 1, 2023 . ^ Acar, Aedrianne (August 3, 2023). "Catch the finale of Happy ToGetHer this coming August 6" (in Tagalog). GMA Network News . Archived from the original on August 3, 2023 . Retrieved August 3, 2023 . ^ "Andrea Brillantes, Kyle Echarri to reunite in Senior High " . ABS-CBNnews.com . May 19, 2023. Archived from the original on May 19, 2023 . Retrieved May 23, 2023 . ^ dela Cruz, Liezel (March 26, 2024). "Cast members express excitement, expectations as High Street takes shape" . ABS-CBNnews.com . Archived from the original on March 26, 2024 . Retrieved March 29, 2024 . ^ Roca, Patricia (September 26, 2024). "DonBelle topbills Viu original series How to Spot a Red Flag " . The Philippine Star . Retrieved October 15, 2024 . ^ Valle, Jocelyn (October 9, 2013). "Theater Review: Angel Aquino, Marc Abaya, Bart Guingona and Cris Villonco tackle modern relationships in Closer " . Philippine Entertainment Portal . Archived from the original on April 15, 2023 . Retrieved April 15, 2023 . ^ "Swan Dive - Until - Music Video" (Video) . Elvert Bañares (Director). May 10, 2011. Archived from the original on April 3, 2023 . Retrieved April 23, 2023 – via YouTube . External links Angel Aquino at IMDb Actress filmographies Philippine filmographies CS1 Tagalog-language sources (tl) Articles with short description Short description with empty Wikidata description Featured lists Use mdy dates from April 2023 Use Philippine English from April 2023 All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English This page was last edited on 8 January 2026, at 22:11 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Start and end dates 2 Background Toggle Background subsection 2.1 Aftermath of World War I 2.2 Germany and Italy 2.3 European treaties 2.4 Asia 2.1 Aftermath of World War I 2.2 Germany and Italy 2.3 European treaties 2.4 Asia 3 Pre-war events Toggle Pre-war events subsection 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) 3.2 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937) 3.4 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) 3.2 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937) 3.4 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 4 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 4.1 War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) 4.2 Western Europe (1940–1941) 4.3 Mediterranean (1940–1941) 4.4 Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) 4.6 Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) 4.7 Pacific (1942–1943) 4.8 Eastern Front (1942–1943) 4.9 Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) 4.10 Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) 4.11 Allies Offensives (1944) 4.12 Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) 4.1 War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) 4.2 Western Europe (1940–1941) 4.3 Mediterranean (1940–1941) 4.4 Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) 4.6 Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) 4.7 Pacific (1942–1943) 4.8 Eastern Front (1942–1943) 4.9 Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) 4.10 Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) 4.11 Allies Offensives (1944) 4.12 Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) 5 Aftermath 6 Impact Toggle Impact subsection 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and its application 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and its application 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Toggle References subsection 9.1 Sources 9.1 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links World War II Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski डोटेली Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladin Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. 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( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) (refs: 141, 198) World War II .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front , 1943 British Matilda II tanks during the North African campaign , 1941 US atomic bombing of Nagasaki in Japan, 1945 Soviet troops at the Battle of Stalingrad , 1943 Soviet soldier raising a flag over the Reichstag after the Battle of Berlin , 1945 US warships in Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines , 1945 German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front , 1943 British Matilda II tanks during the North African campaign , 1941 US atomic bombing of Nagasaki in Japan, 1945 Soviet troops at the Battle of Stalingrad , 1943 Soviet soldier raising a flag over the Reichstag after the Battle of Berlin , 1945 US warships in Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines , 1945 Date 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 [ a ] (6 years, 1 day) Location Global Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Allied victory Date 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 [ a ] (6 years, 1 day) Location Global Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Allied victory Allied victory Participants Allies Axis Commanders and leaders Main Allied leaders : Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek Main Axis leaders : Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Casualties and losses 60 million to over 75 million deaths (military and civilian) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Theatres of World War II v t e Europe Poland Soviet invasion Phoney War Saar Offensive Finland Winter War Karelia Lapland Weserübung Denmark Norway Western Front Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Alps 1944–1945 Britain Eastern Front Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Liberation of France Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany Asia-Pacific China Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Burma 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 South-East Asia Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore South West Pacific Philippines 1941–1942 1944–1945 Dutch East Indies Borneo 1945 Coral Sea Solomon Islands Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Pacific Ocean Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Soviet-Japanese War(Mainland) Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Japan Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Mediterranean and Middle East Balkans Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Albania Yugoslavia Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Dodecanese East Africa Guerrilla war Middle East Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran North Africa Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Italy Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Other campaigns Air warfare Strategic bombing Americas Aleuts Antarctica Atlantic Australia Arctic French West Africa Indian Ocean 1940–1945 Madagascar Coups Uruguay Norway Baltic Nations Yugoslavia Romania 1941 Iraq Italy Argentina Germany Croatia Romania 1944 Bulgaria Hungary French Indochina Japan Matsue Slovak National Uprising Resistance movements Albanian resistance Baltic states Belgian Resistance Czechoslovak Resistance Danish resistance Dutch resistance Ethiopian resistance French Resistance Greek resistance Italian Resistance Malayan resistance Norwegian resistance Filipino resistance Polish resistance Romanian resistance Slovak partisans Soviet partisans Free Thai Movement Yugoslav Partisans Poland Soviet invasion Soviet invasion Phoney War Saar Offensive Saar Offensive Finland Winter War Karelia Lapland Winter War Karelia Lapland Weserübung Denmark Norway Denmark Norway Western Front Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Alps 1944–1945 1944–1945 Britain Eastern Front Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Liberation of France Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany China Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Burma 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 South-East Asia Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore South West Pacific Philippines 1941–1942 1944–1945 1944–1945 Dutch East Indies Borneo 1945 Borneo 1945 Coral Sea Solomon Islands Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Pacific Ocean Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Soviet-Japanese War(Mainland) Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Japan Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Balkans Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Albania Yugoslavia Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Crete Albania Yugoslavia Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Dodecanese Adriatic Malta Dodecanese East Africa Guerrilla war Guerrilla war Middle East Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran North Africa Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Italy Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Air warfare Strategic bombing Strategic bombing Americas Aleuts Aleuts Antarctica Atlantic Australia Arctic French West Africa Indian Ocean 1940–1945 Madagascar Madagascar Uruguay Norway Baltic Nations Yugoslavia Romania 1941 Iraq Italy Argentina Germany Croatia Romania 1944 Bulgaria Hungary French Indochina Japan Matsue Slovak National Uprising Albanian resistance Baltic states Belgian Resistance Czechoslovak Resistance Danish resistance Dutch resistance Ethiopian resistance French Resistance Greek resistance Italian Resistance Malayan resistance Norwegian resistance Filipino resistance Polish resistance Romanian resistance Slovak partisans Soviet partisans Free Thai Movement Yugoslav Partisans World War II Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Category Bibliography Campaigns Countries Equipment Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Category Bibliography Category Bibliography v t e v t e World War II [ b ] or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two coalitions : the Allies and the Axis powers . Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising their resources in pursuit of total war . Tanks and aircraft played major roles , enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the deadliest conflict in history, causing the death of over 60 million people. Millions died in genocides , including the Holocaust , and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Germany , Austria , Japan , and Korea were occupied, and German and Japanese leaders were put on trial for war crimes . The causes of World War II included unresolved tensions in the aftermath of World War I , the rise of fascism in Europe and militarism in Japan . Key events preceding the war included Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Spanish Civil War , the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, and Germany's annexations of Austria and the Sudetenland . World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany , under Adolf Hitler , invaded Poland , after which the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany. Poland was also invaded by the Soviet Union in mid-September, and was partitioned between Germany and the Soviet Union under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . In 1940, the Soviet Union annexed the Baltic states and parts of Finland and Romania , while Germany conquered Norway , Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands . After the fall of France in June 1940, the war continued mainly between Germany, now assisted by Fascist Italy , and the British Empire / British Commonwealth , with fighting in the Balkans , Mediterranean, and Middle East , East Africa , the aerial Battle of Britain and the Blitz , and the naval Battle of the Atlantic . By mid-1941 Yugoslavia and Greece had also been defeated by Axis countries. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union , opening the Eastern Front and initially making large territorial gains along with Axis allies. In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories in Asia and the Pacific , including Pearl Harbor in Hawaii , leading the United States to enter the war against the Axis. Japan conquered much of coastal China and Southeast Asia , but its advances in the Pacific were halted in June 1942 at the Battle of Midway . In early 1943, Axis forces were defeated in North Africa and at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. An Allied invasion of Italy in July resulted in the fall of its fascist regime , and Allied offensives in the Pacific and the Soviet Union forced the Axis to retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded France at Normandy , and the Soviet Union advanced into Central Europe. During the same period, Japan suffered major setbacks, including the crippling of its navy by the United States, the loss of key Western Pacific islands, and defeats in South-Central China and Burma . The war in Europe concluded with the liberation of German-occupied territories and the invasion of Germany by the Allies which culminated in the fall of Berlin to Soviet troops, and Germany's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . On 6 and 9 August, the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Faced with an imminent Allied invasion , the prospect of further atomic bombings, and a Soviet declaration of war and invasion of Manchuria , Japan announced its unconditional surrender on 15 August, and signed a surrender document on 2 September 1945 . World War II transformed the political, economic, and social structures of the world, and established the foundation of international relations for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century. The United Nations was created to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts, with the victorious great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US—becoming the permanent members of its security council . The Soviet Union and the US emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the half-century Cold War . In the wake of Europe's devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the decolonisation of Africa and of Asia . Many countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery and expansion . Start and end dates Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude Events ( in Asia in Europe ) Aftermath Events ( in Asia in Europe ) Aftermath 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Aftermath 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Aftermath By topic Causes ( Diplomacy ) Declarations of war Battles Operations Causes ( Diplomacy ) Causes ( Diplomacy ) Declarations of war Battles Operations Battles Operations By theatre Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies v t e v t e Most historians agree that World War II began with the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and the United Kingdom and France 's declaration of war on Germany two days later. Dates for the beginning of the Pacific War include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] or the earlier Japanese invasion of Manchuria , on 18 September 1931. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Other proposed starting dates for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. [ 7 ] The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939. [ 8 ] Others view the Spanish Civil War as the start or prelude to World War II. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The exact date of the war's end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 15 August 1945 ( V-J Day ), rather than with the formal surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945, which officially ended the war in Asia . A peace treaty between Japan and the Allies was signed in 1951. [ 11 ] A 1990 treaty regarding Germany's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place. [ 12 ] No formal peace treaty between Japan and the Soviet Union was ever signed, [ 13 ] although the state of war between the two countries was terminated by the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 , which also restored full diplomatic relations between them. [ 14 ] Background Aftermath of World War I World War I had radically altered the political European map with the defeat of the Central Powers —including Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire —and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia , which led to the founding of the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the victorious Allies of World War I , such as France, Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Greece, gained territory, and new nation-states were created out of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian , Ottoman , and Russian Empires . [ 15 ] [ failed verification ] To prevent a future world war, the League of Nations was established in 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference . The organisation's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security, military, and naval disarmament , as well as settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration. [ 16 ] Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I , [ 17 ] irredentist and revanchist nationalism had emerged in several European states. These sentiments were especially pronounced in Germany due to the significant territorial, colonial, and financial losses imposed by the Treaty of Versailles . Under the treaty, Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all its overseas possessions , while German annexation of other states was prohibited, reparations were imposed, and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country's armed forces . [ 18 ] Germany and Italy The German Empire was dissolved in the German revolution of 1918–1919 , and a democratic government, later known as the Weimar Republic , was created. The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the political right and left. Italy, as an Entente ally, had made some post-war territorial gains; however, Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by the United Kingdom and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement. From 1922 to 1925, the fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist, totalitarian , and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy , repressed socialist, left-wing, and liberal forces, and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power, promising the creation of a "New Roman Empire". [ 19 ] Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923, eventually became the chancellor of Germany in 1933 when President Paul von Hindenburg and the Reichstag appointed him. Following Hindenburg's death in 1934, Hitler proclaimed himself Führer of Germany and abolished democracy, espousing a radical, racially motivated revision of the world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . [ 20 ] France, seeking to secure its alliance with Italy, allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany, and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, accelerated his rearmament programme, and introduced conscription. [ 21 ] European treaties The United Kingdom, France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 in order to contain Germany, a key step towards military globalisation ; however, that June, the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The Soviet Union, concerned by Germany's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect, though, the Franco-Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless. [ 22 ] The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year. [ 23 ] Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno Treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936, encountering little opposition due to the policy of appeasement . [ 24 ] In October 1936, Germany and Italy formed the Rome–Berlin Axis . A month later, Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact , which Italy joined the following year. [ 25 ] Asia The Kuomintang party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party (CCP) allies [ 26 ] and new regional warlords . In 1931, an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan , which had long sought influence in China [ 27 ] as the first step of what its government saw as the country's right to rule Asia , staged the Mukden incident as a pretext to invade Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo . [ 28 ] China appealed to the League of Nations to stop the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria. The two nations then fought several battles, in Shanghai , Rehe , and Hebei , until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria , and Chahar and Suiyuan . [ 29 ] After the 1936 Xi'an Incident , the Kuomintang and CCP forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan. [ 30 ] Pre-war events Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) The Second Italo-Ethiopian War was a colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire (also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ), which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . [ 31 ] The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana ); in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations, but the League did little when the former clearly violated Article X of the League's Covenant . [ 32 ] The United Kingdom and France supported imposing sanctions on Italy for the invasion, but the sanctions were not fully enforced and failed to end the Italian invasion. [ 33 ] Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany's goal of absorbing Austria . [ 34 ] Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) When civil war broke out in Spain, Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco . Italy supported the Nationalists to a greater extent than the Nazis: Mussolini sent more than 70,000 ground troops, 6,000 aviation personnel, and 720 aircraft to Spain. [ 35 ] The Soviet Union supported the existing government of the Spanish Republic . More than 30,000 foreign volunteers, known as the International Brigades , also fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the Soviet Union used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, remained officially neutral during World War II but generally favoured the Axis . [ 36 ] His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front . [ 37 ] Japanese invasion of China (1937) In July 1937, Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China following years of tension and low-level conflicts . [ 38 ] The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support, effectively ending China's prior cooperation with Germany . [ 39 ] From September to November, the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , engaged the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou , [ 40 ] fought Communist forces in Pingxingguan [ 41 ] [ 42 ] , and wrestled control over China's northern railway network. [ 43 ] Nationalist Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but after three months of heavy fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] In March 1938, Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang , but ultimately lost control of the city of Xuzhou in May. [ 47 ] In June 1938, Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River ; buying time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan at heavy cost to the local civilian population, but the city was taken by October after heavy fighting along the Yangtze River. [ 48 ] Japanese military victories did not destroy Chinese resistance; instead, the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Aiming to break Chinese morale, Japanese aircraft began striking cities in the Sichuan basin in a bombing campaign, killing tens of thousands of civilians. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Soviet–Japanese border conflicts In the mid-to-late 1930s, Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and Mongolia . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin-ron , which emphasised Japan's expansion northward, was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time. This policy would prove difficult to maintain in light of the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939, the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War [ 53 ] and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets. Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941, and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin-ron , promoted by the Navy, which took its focus southward and eventually led to war with the United States and the Western Allies. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] European occupations and agreements In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany annexed Austria , again provoking little response from other European powers. [ 56 ] Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland , an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population. Soon the United Kingdom and France followed the appeasement policy of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement , which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands. [ 57 ] Soon afterwards, Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary, and Poland annexed the Trans-Olza region of Czechoslovakia. [ 58 ] Although all of Germany's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement, privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation. In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish "war-mongers" and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build-up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy. In March 1939, Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . [ 59 ] Hitler also delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania on 20 March 1939, forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region , formerly the German Memelland . [ 60 ] Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig , the United Kingdom and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence ; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939, the same guarantee was extended to the Kingdoms of Romania and Greece . [ 61 ] Shortly after the Franco - British pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel . [ 62 ] Hitler accused the United Kingdom and Poland of trying to "encircle" Germany and renounced the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish declaration of non-aggression . [ 63 ] The situation became a crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border. On 23 August the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Germany, [ 64 ] after tripartite negotiations for a military alliance between France, the United Kingdom, and Soviet Union had stalled. [ 65 ] This pact had a secret protocol that defined German and Soviet "spheres of influence" (western Poland and Lithuania for Germany; eastern Poland , Finland, Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the Soviet Union), and raised the question of continuing Polish independence. [ 66 ] The pact neutralised the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two-front war, as it had in World War I . Immediately afterwards, Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that the United Kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it. [ 67 ] In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war, Germany made demands on Poland, which served as a pretext to worsen relations. [ 68 ] On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession. [ 68 ] The Poles refused to comply with the German demands, and on the night of 30–31 August in a confrontational meeting with the British ambassador Nevile Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected. [ 69 ] Course of the war War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the invasion. [ 71 ] The first German attack of the war came against the Polish defences at Westerplatte . [ 72 ] The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum for Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, Britain and France declared war on Germany. [ c ] During the Phoney War period, the alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of a cautious French probe into the Saarland . [ 73 ] The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany , which aimed to damage the country's economy and war effort. [ 74 ] Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships, which would later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic . [ 75 ] On 8 September, German troops reached the suburbs of Warsaw . The Polish counter-offensive to the west halted the German advance for several days, but it was outflanked and encircled by the Wehrmacht . Remnants of the Polish army broke through to besieged Warsaw . On 17 September 1939, two days after signing a cease-fire with Japan , the Soviet Union invaded Poland [ 76 ] under the supposed pretext that the Polish state had ceased to exist. [ 77 ] On 27 September, the Warsaw garrison surrendered to the Germans, and the last large operational unit of the Polish Army surrendered on 6 October . Despite the military defeat, Poland never surrendered; instead, it formed the Polish government-in-exile and a clandestine state apparatus remained in occupied Poland. [ 78 ] A significant part of Polish military personnel evacuated to Romania and Latvia; many of them later fought against the Axis in other theatres of the war. [ 79 ] Germany annexed western Poland and occupied central Poland ; the Soviet Union annexed eastern Poland . Small shares of Polish territory were transferred to Lithuania and Slovakia . On 6 October, Hitler made a public peace overture to the United Kingdom and France but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union. The proposal was rejected [ 69 ] and Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France, [ 80 ] which was postponed until the spring of 1940 due to bad weather. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ] After the outbreak of war in Poland, Stalin threatened Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania with military invasion, forcing the three Baltic countries to sign pacts allowing the creation of Soviet military bases in these countries; in October 1939, significant Soviet military contingents were moved there. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] [ 86 ] Finland refused to sign a similar pact and rejected ceding part of its territory to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union invaded Finland in November 1939, [ 87 ] and was subsequently expelled from the League of Nations for this crime of aggression. [ 88 ] Despite overwhelming numerical superiority, Soviet military success during the Winter War was modest, and the Finno–Soviet war ended in March 1940 with some Finnish concessions of territory . [ 89 ] In June 1940, the Soviet Union occupied the entire territories of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, [ 85 ] as well as the Romanian regions of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region . In August 1940, Hitler imposed the Second Vienna Award on Romania which led to the transfer of Northern Transylvania to Hungary. [ 90 ] In September 1940, Bulgaria demanded Southern Dobruja from Romania with German and Italian support, leading to the Treaty of Craiova . [ 91 ] The loss of one-third of Romania's 1939 territory caused a coup against King Carol II , turning Romania into a fascist dictatorship under Marshal Ion Antonescu , with a course set towards the Axis in the hopes of a German guarantee. [ 92 ] Meanwhile, German–Soviet political relations and economic co-operation [ 93 ] [ 94 ] gradually stalled, [ 95 ] [ 96 ] and both states began preparations for war. [ 97 ] Western Europe (1940–1941) In April 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden , which the Allies were attempting to cut off . [ 98 ] Denmark capitulated after six hours , and despite Allied support , Norway was conquered within two months. [ 99 ] British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the resignation of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain , who was replaced by Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940. [ 100 ] On the same day, Germany launched an offensive against France . To circumvent the strong Maginot Line fortifications on the Franco-German border, Germany directed its attack at the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg . [ 101 ] The Germans carried out a flanking manoeuvre through the Ardennes region, [ 102 ] which was mistakenly perceived by the Allies as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] By successfully implementing new Blitzkrieg tactics, the Wehrmacht rapidly advanced to the Channel and cut off the Allied forces in Belgium, trapping the bulk of the Allied armies in a cauldron on the Franco-Belgian border near Lille. The United Kingdom was able to evacuate a significant number of Allied troops from the continent by early June, although they had to abandon almost all their equipment. [ 105 ] On 10 June, Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom. [ 106 ] The Germans turned south against the weakened French army, and Paris fell to them on 14 June. Eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany ; it was divided into German and Italian occupation zones , [ 107 ] and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which, though officially neutral, was generally aligned with Germany. France kept its fleet, which the United Kingdom attacked on 3 July in an attempt to prevent its seizure by Germany. [ 108 ] The air Battle of Britain [ 109 ] began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours . [ 110 ] The German campaign for air superiority started in August but its failure to defeat RAF Fighter Command forced the indefinite postponement of the proposed German invasion of Britain . The German strategic bombing offensive intensified with night attacks on London and other cities in the Blitz , but largely ended in May 1941 [ 111 ] after failing to significantly disrupt the British war effort. [ 110 ] Using newly captured French ports, the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . [ 112 ] The British Home Fleet scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . [ 113 ] In November 1939, the United States was assisting China and the Western Allies, and had amended the Neutrality Act to allow " cash and carry " purchases by the Allies. [ 114 ] In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . [ 115 ] Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941. [ 116 ] In December 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless, calling for the United States to become an " arsenal of democracy " and promoting Lend-Lease programmes of military and humanitarian aid to support the British war effort; Lend-Lease was later extended to the other Allies, including the Soviet Union after it was invaded by Germany. [ 117 ] The United States started strategic planning to prepare for a full-scale offensive against Germany. [ 118 ] At the end of September 1940, the Tripartite Pact formally united Japan, Italy, and Germany as the Axis powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country—with the exception of the Soviet Union—that attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three. [ 119 ] The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia , and Romania joined. [ 120 ] Romania and Hungary later made major contributions to the Axis war against the Soviet Union, in Romania's case partially to recapture territory ceded to the Soviet Union . [ 121 ] Mediterranean (1940–1941) In early June 1940, the Italian Regia Aeronautica attacked and besieged Malta , a British possession. From late summer to early autumn, Italy conquered British Somaliland and made an incursion into British-held Egypt . In October, Italy attacked Greece , but the attack was repulsed with heavy Italian casualties; the campaign ended within months with minor territorial changes. [ 122 ] To assist Italy and prevent Britain from gaining a foothold, Germany prepared to invade the Balkans, which would threaten Romanian oil fields and strike against British dominance of the Mediterranean. [ 123 ] In December 1940, British Empire forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa . [ 124 ] The offensives were successful; by early February 1941, Italy had lost control of eastern Libya, and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner. The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats, with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission after a carrier attack at Taranto , and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan . [ 125 ] Italian defeats prompted Germany to deploy an expeditionary force to North Africa; at the end of March 1941, Rommel 's Afrika Korps launched an offensive which drove back Commonwealth forces. [ 126 ] In less than a month, Axis forces advanced to western Egypt and besieged the port of Tobruk . [ 127 ] By late March 1941, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact ; however, the Yugoslav government was overthrown two days later by pro-British nationalists. Germany and Italy responded with simultaneous invasions of both Yugoslavia and Greece , commencing on 6 April 1941 with a massive bombing of Belgrade ; both nations were forced to surrender within the month. [ 128 ] The airborne invasion of the Greek island of Crete at the end of May completed the German conquest of the Balkans. [ 129 ] Partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war. [ 130 ] In the Middle East in May, Commonwealth forces quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy-controlled Syria . [ 131 ] Between June and July, British-led forces invaded and occupied the French possessions of Syria and Lebanon , assisted by the Free French . [ 132 ] Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union made preparations for war. With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany, and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource-rich European possessions in Southeast Asia , the two powers signed the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941. [ 133 ] By contrast, the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massing forces on the Soviet border. [ 134 ] Hitler believed that the United Kingdom's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany. [ 135 ] On 31 July 1940, Hitler decided that the Soviet Union should be eliminated and aimed for the conquest of Ukraine , the Baltic states and Byelorussia . [ 136 ] However, other senior German officials like Ribbentrop saw an opportunity to create a Euro-Asian bloc against the British Empire by inviting the Soviet Union into the Tripartite Pact. [ 137 ] In November 1940, negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the pact. The Soviets showed some interest but asked for concessions from Finland, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union. [ 138 ] On 22 June 1941, Germany, supported by Italy and Romania, invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them ; they were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary. [ 139 ] The primary targets of this surprise offensive [ 140 ] were the Baltic region , Moscow and Ukraine, with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk–Astrakhan line —from the Caspian to the White Seas . Hitler's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power, exterminate communism , generate Lebensraum ("living space") [ 141 ] by dispossessing the native population , [ 142 ] and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany's remaining rivals. [ 143 ] Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war, [ 144 ] Operation Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt strategic defence . During the summer, the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory, inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel, mainly in massive encirclements around Minsk , Smolensk , and Uman .. Nazi policy entailed that Wehrmacht subject Soviet POWs to murderous treatment, executing all Jewish and Communist POWs immediately per the Commissar Order , and subjecting the remainder to forced marches to open-air concentration camps, where they were to be deliberately starved to death . By the end of the winter of 1941, 2.8 million Soviet POWs had died in German captivity. Some 3.3 million Soviet POWs would die in German captivity by the war's end in total, a nearly 60% mortality rate. [ 145 ] By mid-August, however, the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre , and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad. [ 146 ] The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful, resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies, and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially-developed eastern Ukraine (the First Battle of Kharkov ). [ 147 ] The diversion of three-quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front [ 148 ] prompted the United Kingdom to reconsider its grand strategy . [ 149 ] In July, the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany [ 150 ] and in August, the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter , which outlined British and American goals for the post-war world. [ 151 ] In late August the British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor , Iran's oil fields , and preempt any Axis advances through Iran toward the Baku oil fields or India. [ 152 ] By October, Axis powers had achieved operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region, with only the sieges of Leningrad [ 153 ] and Sevastopol continuing. [ 154 ] A major offensive against Moscow was renewed; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather, the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow, where the exhausted troops [ 155 ] were forced to suspend the offensive. [ 156 ] Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces, but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives: two key cities remained in Soviet hands, the Soviet capability to resist was not broken, and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential. The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended. [ 157 ] By early December, freshly mobilised reserves [ 158 ] allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops. [ 159 ] This, as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army , [ 160 ] allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100–250 kilometres (62–155 mi) west. [ 161 ] War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) Following the Japanese false flag Mukden incident in 1931, the Japanese shelling of the American gunboat USS Panay in 1937, and the 1937–1938 Nanjing Massacre , Japanese-American relations deteriorated . In 1939, the United States notified Japan that it would not be extending its trade treaty and American public opinion opposing Japanese expansionism led to a series of economic sanctions—the Export Control Acts —which banned US exports of chemicals, minerals and military parts to Japan, and increased economic pressure on the Japanese regime. [ 117 ] [ 162 ] [ 163 ] During 1939 Japan launched its first attack against Changsha , but was repulsed by late September. [ 164 ] Despite several offensives by both sides, by 1940 the war between China and Japan was at a stalemate. To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes, and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers, Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina in September 1940. [ 165 ] Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale counter-offensive in early 1940. In August, Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; [ 166 ] in retaliation, Japanese armies in North China implemented the Three Alls Policy , a massive scorched earth initiative to depopulate regions deemed hostile to Japanese occupation.. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation. [ 169 ] In March, the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the nationalist Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during the Battle of Shanggao . [ 170 ] In September, Japan attempted to take the city of Changsha again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces. [ 171 ] German successes in Europe prompted Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia . The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan with oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies , but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941. [ 172 ] In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina, threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East. The United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo . [ 173 ] [ 174 ] At the same time, Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East , intending to take advantage of the German invasion in the west, but abandoned the operation after the sanctions. [ 175 ] Since early 1941, the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China. Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate. [ 176 ] At the same time the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories, in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them. [ 177 ] Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines (an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946) and warned Japan that the United States would react to Japanese attacks against any "neighboring countries". [ 177 ] Frustrated at the lack of progress and pressured by American–British–Dutch sanctions, especially in oil, Japan prepared for war. Emperor Hirohito , after initial hesitation about Japan's chances of victory, [ 178 ] began to favour Japan's entry into the war. [ 179 ] As a result, Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe resigned. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] Hirohito refused the recommendation to appoint Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni in his place, choosing War Minister Hideki Tojo instead. [ 182 ] On 3 November, Nagano explained in detail the plan of the attack on Pearl Harbor to the Emperor. [ 183 ] On 5 November, Hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for the war. [ 184 ] On 20 November, the new government presented an interim proposal as its final offer. It called for the end of American aid to China and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other resources to Japan. In exchange, Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina. [ 176 ] The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers. [ 185 ] That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China, or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force; [ 186 ] [ 187 ] the Japanese military did not consider the former an option, and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war. [ 188 ] Japan planned to seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific. The Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war. [ 189 ] To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset. [ 190 ] On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific . [ 191 ] These included an attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor and the Philippines , as well as invasions of Guam , Wake Island , Malaya , [ 191 ] Thailand , and Hong Kong . [ 192 ] These attacks led the United States , United Kingdom , China, Australia, and several other states to formally declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan. [ 193 ] Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States [ 194 ] in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt. [ 139 ] [ 195 ] Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) On 1 January 1942, the Allied Big Four [ 196 ] —the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations , thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter [ 197 ] and agreeing not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers. [ 198 ] During 1942, Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue. All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective. The Americans favoured a straightforward, large-scale attack on Germany through France. The Soviets demanded a second front. The British argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength, leading to increasing demoralisation, and bolstering resistance forces ; Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign. An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour, without using large-scale armies. [ 199 ] Eventually, the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa. [ 200 ] At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943, the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies. The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes. [ 201 ] Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war, in May 1943, the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland, and to invade France in 1944. [ 202 ] Pacific (1942–1943) By the end of April 1942, Japan and its ally Thailand had almost conquered Burma , Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , Singapore , and Rabaul , inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners. Japanese advances were accompanied by numerous atrocities, including the Sook Ching Massacre in Singapore. [ 203 ] Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces , the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile. Following the capture of Bataan, Japanese armies forced some 75,000 Filipino and American prisoners on a 42km death march , resulting in thousands of deaths. [ 204 ] On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. [ 205 ] Japanese forces achieved naval victories in the South China Sea , Java Sea , and Indian Ocean , [ 206 ] and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin , Australia. In January 1942, the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha . [ 207 ] These easy victories over the unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident, and overextended. [ 208 ] In early May 1942, Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia. The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force, centred on two American fleet carriers, fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea . [ 209 ] Japan's next plan, motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid , was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated; as a diversion, Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. [ 210 ] In mid-May, Japan started the Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign in China, with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying Chinese air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups. [ 211 ] [ 212 ] In early June, Japan put its operations into action, but the Americans had broken Japanese naval codes in late May and were fully aware of the plans and order of battle, and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy . [ 213 ] With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan attempted to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua . [ 214 ] The Americans planned a counterattack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands , primarily Guadalcanal , as a first step towards capturing Rabaul , the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia. [ 215 ] Both plans started in July, but by mid-September, the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese, and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island , where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna–Gona . [ 216 ] Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal, with Japanese forces suffering massive losses in the attrition, especially amongst their elite pilots. [ 217 ] By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops . [ 218 ] In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations. The first was a disastrous offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942 that forced a retreat back to India by May 1943. [ 219 ] The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese frontlines in February which, by the end of April, had achieved mixed results. [ 220 ] Eastern Front (1942–1943) Despite considerable losses, in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia , keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year. [ 221 ] In May, the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov . [ 222 ] The fortress city of Sevastopol, which the Red Army had held out against Axis siege for nearly 250 days, was finally seized with the use of massive artillery bombardments and poison gas. [ 223 ] In June 1942 launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia, to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy the Kuban steppe , while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front. The Germans split Army Group South into two groups: Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south-east to the Caucasus, while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River . The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga. [ 224 ] By mid-November, the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting . The Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive, starting with an encirclement of the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad , [ 225 ] and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow , though the latter failed. [ 226 ] By early February 1943, the German army had taken tremendous losses; German troops at Stalingrad had been defeated, [ 227 ] and the front-line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive. In mid-February, after the Soviet push had tapered off, the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov , creating a salient in their front line around the Soviet city of Kursk . [ 228 ] Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) Exploiting poor American naval command decisions, the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast . [ 229 ] By November 1941, Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive in North Africa, Operation Crusader , and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made. [ 230 ] The Germans also launched a North African offensive in January, pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala line by early February, [ 231 ] followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives. [ 232 ] Concerns that the Japanese might use bases in Vichy-held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942. [ 233 ] An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein . [ 234 ] On the Continent, raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets, culminating in the failed Dieppe Raid , [ 235 ] demonstrated the Western Allies' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation, equipment, and operational security. [ 236 ] In August 1942, the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein [ 237 ] and, at a high cost, managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta . [ 238 ] A few months later, the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt, dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya. [ 239 ] This attack was followed up shortly after by Anglo-American landings in French North Africa , which resulted in the region joining the Allies. [ 240 ] Hitler responded to the French colony's defection by ordering the occupation of Vichy France ; [ 240 ] although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice, they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by German forces. [ 240 ] [ 241 ] Axis forces in Africa withdrew into Tunisia , which was conquered by the Allies in May 1943. [ 240 ] [ 242 ] In June 1943, the British and Americans began a strategic bombing campaign against Germany with a goal to disrupt the war economy, reduce morale, and " de-house " the civilian population. [ 243 ] The firebombing of Hamburg was among the first attacks in this campaign, inflicting significant casualties and considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial centre. [ 244 ] Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) After the Guadalcanal campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Canadian and US forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians . [ 245 ] Soon after, the United States, with support from Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islander forces, began major ground, sea and air operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands , and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands . [ 246 ] By the end of March 1944, the Allies had completed both of these objectives and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands . In April, the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea . [ 247 ] In the Soviet Union, both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia . On 5 July 1943, Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge . Within a week, German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets' well-constructed defences, [ 248 ] and for the first time in the war, Hitler cancelled an operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success. [ 249 ] This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July, which, combined with previous Italian failures, resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month. [ 250 ] On 12 July 1943, the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives , thereby nearly completely dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east. The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority, [ 251 ] giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther–Wotan line , but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and the Lower Dnieper Offensive . [ 254 ] On 3 September 1943, the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland , following Italy's armistice with the Allies and the ensuing German occupation of Italy. [ 255 ] Germany, with the help of the fascists, responded to the armistice by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders, seizing military control of Italian areas, [ 256 ] and creating a series of defensive lines. [ 257 ] German special forces then rescued Mussolini , who then soon established a new client state in German-occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic , [ 258 ] causing an Italian civil war . The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November. [ 259 ] German operations in the Atlantic also suffered. By May 1943, as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective , the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign. [ 260 ] In November 1943, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai-shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran . [ 261 ] The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory [ 262 ] and the military planning for the Burma campaign , [ 263 ] while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany's defeat. [ 264 ] From November 1943, during the seven-week Battle of Changde , the Chinese awaited Allied relief as they forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] [ 267 ] In January 1944, the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio . [ 268 ] On 27 January 1944, Soviet troops launched a major offensive that expelled German forces from the Leningrad region , thereby ending the most lethal siege in history . [ 269 ] The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence . This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region. [ 270 ] By late May 1944, the Soviets had liberated Crimea , largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine , and made incursions into Romania , which were repulsed by the Axis troops. [ 271 ] The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and, at the cost of allowing several German divisions to retreat, Rome was captured on 4 June. [ 272 ] The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia. In March 1944, the Japanese launched the first of two invasions, an operation against Allied positions in Assam, India , [ 273 ] and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima . [ 274 ] In May 1944, British and Indian forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma by July, [ 274 ] and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina . [ 275 ] The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China's main fighting forces, secure railways between Japanese-held territory and capture Allied airfields. [ 276 ] By June, the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha . [ 277 ] Allies Offensives (1944) On 6 June 1944 (commonly known as D-Day ), after three years of Soviet pressure, [ 278 ] the Western Allies invaded northern France . After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy, they also attacked southern France . [ 279 ] These landings were successful and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France . Paris was liberated on 25 August by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces , both led by General Charles de Gaulle , [ 280 ] and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year. An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed. [ 281 ] After that, the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany, but failed to cross the Roer river . In Italy, the Allied advance slowed due to the last major German defensive line . [ 282 ] On 22 June, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus that nearly destroyed the German Army Group Centre . [ 283 ] Soon after that, another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland. The Soviet Red Army however halted in the Praga district on the other side of the Vistula as the Germans quelled the Warsaw Uprising initiated by the Home Army (the main faction of the Polish resistance , loyal to the non-communist government-in exile), killing over 150,000 Poles. [ 284 ] [ 285 ] The national uprising in Slovakia was also quelled by the Germans. [ 286 ] The Soviet Red Army 's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria , followed by those countries' shift to the Allied side. [ 287 ] In September 1944, Soviet troops advanced into Yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups E and F in Greece , Albania , and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off. [ 288 ] By this point, the communist-led Partisans under Marshal Josip Broz Tito , who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941, controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south. In northern Serbia , the Soviet Red Army , with limited support from Bulgarian forces, assisted the Partisans in a joint liberation of the capital city of Belgrade on 20 October. A few days later, the Soviets launched a massive assault against German-occupied Hungary that lasted until the fall of Budapest in February 1945. [ 289 ] Unlike rapid Soviet victories in the Balkans, bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet-Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions, [ 290 ] although Finland was obligated to fight their German former allies . [ 291 ] By the start of July 1944, Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam , pushing the Japanese back to the Chindwin River [ 292 ] while the Chinese captured Myitkyina. In September 1944, Chinese forces captured Mount Song and reopened the Burma Road . [ 293 ] In China, the Japanese had more successes, having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of Hengyang by early August. [ 294 ] Soon after, they invaded the province of Guangxi , winning major engagements against Chinese forces at Guilin and Liuzhou by the end of November [ 295 ] and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December. [ 296 ] In the Pacific, US forces continued to push back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944, they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister, Hideki Tojo , and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands. In late October, American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte ; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history. [ 297 ] Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) On 16 December 1944, Germany made a last attempt to split the Allies on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along the French-German border , hoping to encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and prompt a political settlement after capturing their primary supply port at Antwerp . By 16 January 1945, this offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled. [ 298 ] In Italy, the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-January 1945, the Red Army attacked in Poland, pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany, and overran East Prussia . [ 299 ] On 4 February Soviet, British, and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference . They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan. [ 300 ] In February, the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania , while the Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river. By March, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr , encircling the German Army Group B . [ 301 ] In early March, in an attempt to protect its last oil reserves in Hungary and retake Budapest, Germany launched its last major offensive against Soviet troops near Lake Balaton . Within two weeks, the offensive had been repulsed, the Soviets advanced to Vienna , and captured the city. In early April, Soviet troops captured Königsberg , while the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg . American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April, leaving unoccupied pockets in southern Germany and around Berlin. Soviet troops stormed and captured Berlin in late April. [ 302 ] In Italy, German forces surrendered on 29 April, while the Italian Social Republic capitulated two days later. On 30 April, the Reichstag was captured, signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany. [ 303 ] Major changes in leadership occurred on both sides during this period. On 12 April, President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by his vice president, Harry S. Truman . [ 304 ] Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April. [ 305 ] On 30 April, Hitler committed suicide in his headquarters , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz (as President of the Reich ) and Joseph Goebbels (as Chancellor of the Reich ). Goebbels also committed suicide on the following day and was replaced by Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk , in what would later be known as the Flensburg Government . Total and unconditional surrender in Europe was signed on 7 and 8 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . [ 306 ] German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May. [ 307 ] On 23 May all remaining members of the German government were arrested by Allied forces in Flensburg . On 5 June all German political and military institutions were placed under Allied control through the Berlin Declaration . [ 308 ] In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines , clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945. They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March, during which Japanese forces killed 100,000 Filipino civilians in the city. Fighting continued on Luzon, Mindanao , and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war . [ 309 ] Meanwhile, the United States Army Air Forces launched a massive firebombing campaign of strategic cities in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale. A devastating bombing raid on Tokyo of 9–10 March was the deadliest conventional bombing raid in history. [ 310 ] In May 1945, Australian troops landed in Borneo , overrunning the oilfields there. British, American, and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March, and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May. [ 311 ] Chinese forces started a counterattack in the Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945. American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan, taking Iwo Jima by March, and Okinawa by the end of June. [ 312 ] At the same time, a naval blockade by submarines was strangling Japan's economy and drastically reducing its ability to supply overseas forces. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] On 11 July, Allied leaders met in Potsdam, Germany . They confirmed earlier agreements about Germany, [ 315 ] and the American, British and Chinese governments reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of Japan, specifically stating that " the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction ". [ 316 ] During this conference, the United Kingdom held its general election , and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister. [ 317 ] The call for unconditional surrender was rejected by the Japanese government, which believed it would be capable of negotiating for more favourable surrender terms. [ 318 ] In early August, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Between the two bombings, the Soviets, pursuant to the Yalta agreement, declared war on Japan , invaded Japanese-held Manchuria and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army , which was the largest Japanese fighting force. [ 319 ] These two events persuaded previously adamant Imperial Army leaders to accept surrender terms. [ 320 ] The Red Army also captured the southern part of Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . On the night of 9–10 August 1945, Emperor Hirohito announced his decision to accept the terms demanded by the Allies in the Potsdam Declaration . [ 321 ] On 15 August, the Emperor communicated this decision to the Japanese people through a speech broadcast on the radio ( Gyokuon-hōsō , literally "broadcast in the Emperor's voice"). [ 322 ] On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered , with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945, ending the war. [ 323 ] Aftermath The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany , both initially divided between western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, respectively. However, their paths soon diverged. In Germany, the western and eastern occupation zones officially ended in 1949, with the respective zones becoming separate countries, West Germany and East Germany . [ 324 ] In Austria, however, occupation continued until 1955, when a joint settlement between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union permitted the reunification of Austria as a democratic state officially non-aligned with any political bloc (although in practice having better relations with the Western Allies). A denazification program in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the Nuremberg trials and the removal of ex-Nazis from power, although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society. [ 325 ] Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war (1937) territory. Among the eastern territories, Silesia , Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland, [ 326 ] and East Prussia was divided between Poland and the Soviet Union, followed by the expulsion to Germany of the nine million Germans from these provinces, [ 327 ] [ 328 ] as well as three million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. By the 1950s, one-fifth of West Germans were refugees from the east. The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon Line , [ 329 ] from which two million Poles were expelled . [ 328 ] [ 330 ] North-east Romania, [ 331 ] [ 332 ] parts of eastern Finland, [ 333 ] and the Baltic states were annexed into the Soviet Union . [ 334 ] [ 335 ] Italy lost its monarchy , colonial empire , and some European territories . [ 336 ] In an effort to maintain world peace , [ 337 ] the Allies formed the United Nations , [ 338 ] which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, [ 339 ] and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 as a common standard for all member nations . [ 340 ] The great powers that were the victors of the war—France, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States—became the permanent members of the UN's Security Council . [ 341 ] The five permanent members remain so to the present, although there have been two seat changes, between the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China in 1971, and between the Soviet Union and its successor state , the Russian Federation , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over. [ 342 ] Besides Germany, the rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . [ 343 ] Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere , which led to the establishment of Communist-led regimes, with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities. As a result, East Germany , [ 344 ] Poland , Hungary , Romania , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , and Albania [ 345 ] became Soviet satellite states . Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy , causing tension with the Soviet Union . [ 346 ] A communist uprising in Greece was put down with Anglo-American support and the country remained aligned with the West. [ 347 ] Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact . [ 348 ] The long period of political tensions and military competition between them—the Cold War —would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and number of proxy wars throughout the world. [ 349 ] In Asia, the United States led the occupation of Japan and administered Japan's former islands in the Western Pacific, while the Soviets annexed South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . [ 350 ] Korea , formerly under Japanese colonial rule , was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the United States in the South between 1945 and 1948. Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948, each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea, which led ultimately to the Korean War . [ 351 ] In China, nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946. Communist forces prevailed and established the People's Republic of China on the mainland, while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949. [ 352 ] In the Middle East, the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab–Israeli conflict . While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires , their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful, leading to decolonisation . [ 353 ] [ 354 ] The global economy suffered heavily from the war, although participating nations were affected differently. The United States emerged much richer than any other nation, leading to a baby boom , and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much greater than that of any of the other powers, and it dominated the world economy. [ 355 ] The Allied occupational authorities pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany from 1945 to 1948. [ 356 ] Due to international trade interdependencies, this policy led to an economic stagnation in Europe and delayed European recovery from the war for several years. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] At the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944, the Allied nations drew up an economic framework for the post-war world. The agreement created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which later became part of the World Bank Group . The Bretton Woods system lasted until 1973. [ 359 ] Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in West Germany , and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the US Marshall Plan economic aid (1948–1951) both directly and indirectly caused. [ 360 ] [ 361 ] The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle . [ 362 ] Italy also experienced an economic boom [ 363 ] and the French economy rebounded . [ 364 ] By contrast, the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin, [ 365 ] and although receiving a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance, more than any other European country, [ 366 ] it continued in relative economic decline for decades. [ 367 ] The Soviet Union, despite enormous human and material losses, also experienced rapid increases in production in the immediate post-war era, [ 368 ] having seized and transferred most of Germany's industrial plants and exacted war reparations from its satellite states. [ d ] [ 369 ] Japan recovered much later. [ 370 ] China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952. [ 371 ] Impact Casualties and war crimes An estimated 60 million to more than 75 million people died in the war including at least 20 million who died from deprivation, famine and disease. [ 372 ] [ 373 ] [ 374 ] [ 375 ] The majority of these deaths were on the Eastern Front and the Chinese Theatre . [ 376 ] The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people [ 377 ] including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths. [ 378 ] A quarter of the Soviet population were wounded or killed. [ 379 ] Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses, mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany. [ 380 ] An estimated 11 [ 381 ] to 17 million [ 382 ] civilians died as a direct or as an indirect result of Hitler's racist policies , including mass killing of around 6 million Jews , along with Roma , homosexuals , at least 1.9 million ethnic Poles [ 383 ] [ 384 ] and millions of other Slavs (including Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians), and other ethnic and minority groups . [ 385 ] [ 382 ] Between 1941 and 1945, more than 1,200,000 Yugoslavians died. [ 386 ] 200,000 were ethnic Serbs , along with Roma and Jews, were persecuted and killed by the Axis-aligned Croatian Ustaše in Yugoslavia . [ 387 ] Concurrently, Muslims and Croats were persecuted and killed by Serb nationalist Chetniks , [ 388 ] with an estimated 50,000–68,000 victims (of which 41,000 were civilians). [ 389 ] Also, more than 100,000 Poles were massacred by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the Volhynia massacres , between 1943 and 1945. [ 390 ] At the same time, about 10,000–15,000 Ukrainians were killed by the Polish Home Army and other units in reprisal attacks. [ 391 ] The number of deaths resulting from the war in Asia and the Pacific is contested. Estimates of Chinese deaths range from 8 million to over 20 million. [ e ] Arne Westad estimates 14 million Chinese died directly from war, of which 2 million were soldiers and the rest civilians. [ 394 ] Rana Mitter considers Westad's figures conservative. [ 398 ] An estimated 500,000 died as a result of Nationalist forces flooding the Yellow River . [ 399 ] In the Nanking Massacre , between 100,000 and 200,000 Chinese civilians and POWs were killed by Japanese forces, while another 20,000 were raped. [ 44 ] Another 2.7 million Chinese civilians were killed by Japanese forces during the Three Alls policy . [ 400 ] Japanese forces killed between 5 million and 10 million civilians in Southeast Asia. [ 401 ] [ 402 ] At least a million civilians died in Indochina , while as many as 4 million died in the Dutch East Indies, 3 million of which died on Java from famine. Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Filipino civilians died during the Japanese occupation and American liberation. [ 403 ] [ 404 ] Estimates of the number of people killed by Japanese forces in all theatres are as high as 30 million. [ 405 ] Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons . The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China ( see Unit 731 ) [ 406 ] [ 407 ] and in early conflicts against the Soviets . [ 408 ] Both the Germans and the Japanese tested such weapons against civilians, [ 409 ] and sometimes on prisoners of war . [ 410 ] The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers, [ 411 ] and the imprisonment or execution of hundreds of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD secret police, along with mass civilian deportations to Siberia , in the Baltic states and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army. [ 412 ] Soviet soldiers committed mass rapes in occupied territories, especially in Germany . [ 413 ] [ 414 ] The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but historians estimate their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, and possibly as many as two million, [ 415 ] while figures for women raped by German soldiers in the Soviet Union go as far as ten million. [ 416 ] [ 417 ] The mass bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime, although no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II. [ 418 ] The USAAF bombed a total of 67 Japanese cities , killing 393,000 civilians, including the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and destroying 65% of built-up areas. [ 419 ] Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour Nazi Germany , under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler, was responsible for killing about 6 million Jews in what is now known as the Holocaust . They also killed an additional 4 million others who were deemed " unworthy of life " (including the disabled and mentally ill , Soviet prisoners of war , Romani , homosexuals , Freemasons , and Jehovah's Witnesses ) as part of a program of deliberate extermination, in effect becoming a " genocidal state". [ 420 ] Soviet POWs were kept in especially unbearable conditions , and 3.6 million Soviet POWs out of 5.7 million died in Nazi camps during the war. [ 421 ] [ 422 ] In addition to concentration camps , death camps were created in Nazi Germany to exterminate people on an industrial scale. Nazi Germany extensively used forced labourers ; about 12 million Europeans from German-occupied countries were abducted and used as a slave work force in German industry, agriculture and war economy. [ 423 ] The Soviet Gulag became a de facto system of deadly camps during 1942–1943, when wartime privation and hunger caused numerous deaths of inmates, [ 425 ] including foreign citizens of Poland and other countries occupied in 1939–1940 by the Soviet Union, as well as Axis POWs . [ 426 ] By the end of the war, most Soviet POWs liberated from Nazi camps and many repatriated civilians were detained in special filtration camps where they were subjected to NKVD evaluation, and 226,127 were sent to the Gulag as real or perceived Nazi collaborators. [ 427 ] Japanese prisoner-of-war camps , many of which were used as labour camps, also had high death rates. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27 percent (for American POWs, 37 percent), [ 428 ] seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians. [ 429 ] While 37,583 prisoners from the UK, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan , the number of Chinese released was only 56. [ 430 ] At least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board , or Kōain , for work in mines and war industries. After 1942, the number reached 10 million. [ 431 ] In Java , between 4 and 10 million rōmusha (Japanese: "manual labourers"), were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in Southeast Asia, and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java. [ 432 ] Occupation In Europe, occupation came under two forms. In Western, Northern, and Central Europe (France, Norway, Denmark, the Low Countries, and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia ) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichsmarks (27.8 billion US dollars) by the end of the war; this figure does not include the plunder of industrial products, military equipment, raw materials and other goods. [ 433 ] Thus, the income from occupied nations was over 40 percent of the income Germany collected from taxation, a figure which increased to nearly 40 percent of total German income as the war went on. [ 434 ] In the East, the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front-lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders. [ 435 ] Unlike in the West, the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the " inferior people " of Slavic descent; most German advances were thus followed by mass atrocities and war crimes . [ 436 ] The Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million ethnic Poles in addition to Polish-Jewish victims of the Holocaust . [ 437 ] Although by 1942 resistance groups formed in most occupied territories, [ 438 ] the assessments of the effectiveness of Soviet partisans [ 439 ] and French Resistance [ 440 ] suggests that they did not significantly hamper German operations until late 1943. In Asia, Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples. [ 441 ] Although Japanese forces were sometimes welcomed as liberators from European domination, Japanese war crimes frequently turned local public opinion against them. [ 442 ] During Japan's initial conquest, it captured 4,000,000 barrels (640,000 m 3 ) of oil (~550,000 tonnes) left behind by retreating Allied forces; and by 1943, was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels (7,900,000 m 3 ) of oil (~6.8 million tonnes), 76 percent of its 1940 output rate. [ 442 ] Home fronts and production In the 1930s, Britain and the United States together controlled almost 75% of world mineral output—essential for projecting military power. [ 443 ] In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics. In 1938, the Western Allies (United Kingdom, France, Poland and the British Dominions) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers (Germany and Italy); including colonies, the Allies had more than a 5:1 advantage in population and a nearly 2:1 advantage in GDP. [ 444 ] In Asia at the same time, China had roughly six times the population of Japan but only an 89 percent higher GDP; this reduces to three times the population and only a 38 percent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included. [ 444 ] The United States produced about two-thirds of all munitions used by the Allies in World War II, including warships, transports, warplanes, artillery, tanks, trucks, and ammunition. [ 445 ] Although the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies and the war evolved into one of attrition . [ 446 ] While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis was partly due to more access to natural resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the labour force , [ 447 ] Allied strategic bombing , [ 448 ] and Germany's late shift to a war economy [ 449 ] contributed significantly. Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and had not equipped themselves to do so. [ 450 ] To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers ; [ 451 ] Germany enslaved about 12 million people, mostly from Eastern Europe, [ 423 ] while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia. [ 431 ] [ 432 ] Advances in technology and its application Aircraft were used for reconnaissance , as fighters , bombers , and ground-support , and each role developed considerably. Innovations included airlift (the capability to quickly move limited high-priority supplies, equipment, and personnel); [ 452 ] and strategic bombing (the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy's ability to wage war). [ 453 ] Anti-aircraft weaponry also advanced, including defences such as radar and surface-to-air artillery, in particular the introduction of the proximity fuze . The use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide. [ 454 ] Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare , most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines . Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war, actions at Taranto , Pearl Harbor , and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship (in place of the battleship). [ 455 ] [ 456 ] [ 457 ] In the Atlantic, escort carriers became a vital part of Allied convoys, increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap . [ 458 ] Carriers were also more economical than battleships due to the relatively low cost of aircraft [ 459 ] and because they are not required to be as heavily armoured. [ 460 ] Submarines, which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War , [ 461 ] were expected by all combatants to be important in the second. The British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics, such as sonar and convoys, while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability, with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics. [ 462 ] Gradually, improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh Light , Hedgehog , Squid , and homing torpedoes proved effective against German submarines. [ 463 ] Land warfare changed from the static frontlines of trench warfare of World War I, which had relied on improved artillery that outmatched the speed of both infantry and cavalry , to increased mobility and combined arms . The tank , which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War, had evolved into the primary weapon. [ 464 ] In the late 1930s, tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I, [ 465 ] and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed, armour and firepower. [ 466 ] [ 467 ] At the start of the war, most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications. [ 468 ] This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour, and German doctrine of avoiding tank-versus-tank combat. This, along with Germany's use of combined arms, were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France. [ 464 ] Many means of destroying tanks , including indirect artillery , anti-tank guns (both towed and self-propelled ), mines , short-ranged infantry antitank weapons, and other tanks were used. [ 468 ] Even with large-scale mechanisation, infantry remained the backbone of all forces, [ 469 ] and throughout the war, most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I. [ 470 ] The portable machine gun spread, a notable example being the German MG 34 , and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings. [ 470 ] The assault rifle , a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun, became the standard post-war infantry weapon for most armed forces. [ 471 ] Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines, the most well-known being the German Enigma machine . [ 472 ] Development of SIGINT ( sig nals int elligence) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption. Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes [ 473 ] and British Ultra , a pioneering method for decoding Enigma that benefited from information given to the United Kingdom by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war. [ 474 ] Another component of military intelligence was deception , which the Allies used to great effect in operations such as Mincemeat and Bodyguard . [ 473 ] [ 475 ] Other technological and engineering feats achieved during, or as a result of, the war include the world's first programmable computers ( Z3 , Colossus , and ENIAC ), guided missiles and modern rockets , the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapons , operations research , the development of artificial harbours , and oil pipelines under the English Channel . [ 476 ] [ 477 ] Although penicillin was discovered before the war, the development ] of industrial production technology as well as the mass production and use began during the war. [ 478 ] See also Greatest Generation – Cohort born from 1901 to 1927 Opposition to World War II World War III – Hypothetical future global conflict Notes ^ While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the period most frequently cited. ^ Often abbreviated as WWII or WW2 ^ The UK declared war on Germany at 11 am. France followed 6 hours later at 5 pm. ^ Reparations were exacted from East Germany , Hungary , Romania , and Bulgaria using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises. The Soviet Union also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $15 billion to $20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the Marshall Plan ." ^ Multiple sources: [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] [ 395 ] [ 396 ] [ 397 ] References ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 6. ^ Wells, Anne Sharp (2014) Historical Dictionary of World War II: The War against Germany and Italy . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 7. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Ferris, John; Mawdsley, Evan (2015). 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Thomas, Nigel; Andrew, Stephen (1998). German Army 1939–1945 (2): North Africa & Balkans . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-85532-640-8 . Thompson, John Herd; Randall, Stephen J. (2008). Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies (4th ed.). Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978-0-8203-3113-3 . Trachtenberg, Marc (1999). A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963 . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press . ISBN 978-0-691-00273-6 . Tucker, Spencer C. ; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History . ABC-CIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-999-7 . Umbreit, Hans (1991). "The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe". In P. S. Falla (ed.). Germany and the Second World War – Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe . Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press . pp. 227– 326. ISBN 978-0-19-822885-1 . United States Army (1986) [1953]. The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941) . Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army . Archived from the original on 17 January 2022 . Retrieved 17 February 2022 . Waltz, Susan (2002). "Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights". Third World Quarterly . 23 (3): 437– 448. doi : 10.1080/01436590220138378 . JSTOR 3993535 . S2CID 145398136 . Ward, Thomas A. (2010). Aerospace Propulsion Systems . Singapore: John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978-0-470-82497-9 . Watson, William E. (2003). Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World . Westport, Connecticut: Praeger . ISBN 978-0-275-97470-1 . Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-85316-3 . ; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy Wettig, Gerhard (2008). Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: The Emergence and Development of East-West Conflict, 1939–1953 . Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978-0-7425-5542-6 . Wiest, Andrew; Barbier, M. K. (2002). Strategy and Tactics: Infantry Warfare . St Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978-0-7603-1401-2 . Williams, Andrew (2006). Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished . Abingdon & New York: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-35980-1 . Wilt, Alan F. (1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941". Military Affairs . 45 (4): 187– 191. doi : 10.2307/1987464 . JSTOR 1987464 . Wohlstetter, Roberta (1962). Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision . Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press . Wolf, Holger C. (1993). "The Lucky Miracle: Germany 1945–1951". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.). Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today . Cambridge: MIT Press . pp. 29– 56. ISBN 978-0-262-04136-2 . Wood, James B. (2007). Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable? . Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978-0-7425-5339-2 . Yoder, Amos (1997). The Evolution of the United Nations System (3rd ed.). London & Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978-1-56032-546-8 . Zalampas, Michael (1989). Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines, 1923–1939 . Bowling Green University Popular Press. ISBN 978-0-87972-462-7 . Zaloga, Steven J. (1996). Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-85532-478-7 . ——— (2002). Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-84176-408-5 . Zeiler, Thomas W. (2004). Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II . Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. ISBN 978-0-8420-2991-9 . Zetterling, Niklas; Tamelander, Michael (2009). Bismarck : The Final Days of Germany's Greatest Battleship . Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania: Casemate . ISBN 978-1-935149-04-0 . Further reading Buchanan, Andrew (7 February 2023). "Globalizing the Second World War". Past & Present (258): 246– 281. doi : 10.1093/pastj/gtab042 . ISSN 0031-2746 . also see online review Archived 4 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine Gerlach, Christian (2024). Conditions of Violence . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-1115-6873-7 . External links Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage West Point Maps of the European War . Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine . West Point Maps of the Asian-Pacific War . Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine . Atlas of the World Battle Fronts (July 1943 – August 1945) v t e World War II v t e Outline Battles Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences Outline Battles Operations Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences General Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Air warfare of World War II In Europe In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Participants Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Neutral Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia POWs Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire British Empire United States Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Neutral Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia POWs Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Soviet Union Azerbaijan Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Timeline Prelude Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania 1939 Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive 1940 Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 1942 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 1944 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 1945 Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Prelude Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania 1939 Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive 1940 Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 1942 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 1944 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 1945 Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia World portal Bibliography Category World portal Bibliography Category v t e History of World War II by region and country v t e Africa Belgian Congo British Somaliland Egypt Ethiopia French Somaliland French West Africa The Gambia Gold Coast Kenya Liberia Madagascar North Africa Tunisia Morocco Nyasaland Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Uganda Belgian Congo British Somaliland Egypt Ethiopia French Somaliland French West Africa The Gambia Gold Coast Kenya Liberia 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Cambodia Iran Iraq Japan Malaya Mongolia Nepal Philippines Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo Singapore Thailand Tibet Turkey Tuva Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Military history Basque Country Germany Greece Hungary ( Carpathian Ruthenia ) Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Soviet Union Azerbaijan Byelorussia Ukraine Spain Basque Country Catalonia Galicia Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom British Empire Wales Channel Islands Gibraltar Vatican City Yugoslavia ( Slovenia ) Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Military history Basque Country Military history Basque Country Germany Greece Hungary ( Carpathian Ruthenia ) Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Soviet Union Azerbaijan Byelorussia Ukraine Azerbaijan Byelorussia 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لومړی مخ جرګه وروستي بدلونونه ناټاکلی مخ لارښود ځانگړي مخونه بسپنه ورکول گڼون جوړول ننوتل بسپنه ورکول گڼون جوړول ننوتل لومړی مخ لومړی مخ شننه لوستل سرچينه کتل پېښليک کتل لوستل سرچينه کتل پېښليک کتل د دې مخ تړنې اړوند بدلونونه انځور/رسنۍ پورته کول تلپاتې وېبتړ د مخ مالومات د دې مخ سرچينه لنډ وېبتړ ترلاسهکول QR کوډ يې راکښته کړئ يو کتاب جوړول د PDF په بڼه ښکته کول چاپوړ بڼه ويکيرسنۍ خونديځ ويکيرسنۍ بنسټ مېډياويکي مېټاويکي ويکيرسنۍ لاسرسی څوژبيزه ويکيسرچينه ويکيډولونه ويکياومتوک ويکيدندې ويکيمانيا ويکييون ويکيسيند ويکياومتوک توکی ويکيپېډيا ته ښه راغلئ پښتو ويکيپېډیا یو وړيا پوهنغونډ دی چې هر څوک یې سمولای شي. زموږ ژبه دممهال ۲۰٬۹۲۴ ليکنې لري. مرسته غواړئ؟ لاندې کليک کړئ؛ د نن غوره ليکنه شاه حسين د ميرويس نيكه دوهم زوی وو چې د ۱۱۱۴ هـ كال د ربيع الاول پر ۲۳ د كلات په سيوري كې وزېږېد. د عمر تر دولسو كلو پورې يې فقه ، تفسير ، منطق او د بلاغت علوم ولوستل. هغه مهال چې پر ۱۱۳۵ هـ كال اعليحضرت شاه محمود اصفهان فتح كړ، نو خپل كشر ورور حسين يې د كندهار پر تخت كېناوه. اعليحضرت شاه حسين ډېر عالم، اديب او علم روزونكى پاچا وو او د ده عصر پر پښتنو باندې په ډېرې ارامۍ او راحت تېر شو، لوېديزې او شمالي خوا ته تر فراه ، سبزوار او هرات پورې او ختيځ خواته تر غزني او گومل پورې ده حكمراني كوله او سربېره پردې، پښين ، شال او د پنجاب د اسماعيل او غازي خان دېرې هم د شاه حسين په وختو كې فتح شوې. همدارنگه د ملتان لته هم د كندهار د قوواو له خوا تهديد شوه او د پښتنو پرمختگ د ملتان تر حدودو ورسېد. د دې زلمي پاچا د علم پروروۍ د ثبوت لپاره همدا دليل بس دى چې په شاهي ارگ كې يې ادبي انجمن جوړ كړى وو او په اوونۍ كې به یې يوه ورځ د خپل وخت ډېر لوى علما، شاعران او اديبان خپل كتابتون ته رابلل. شعرونه به يې اورېدل او ادبي مجلسونه به يې كول. شاعرانو ته به يې صلې وركولې چې د همدې ټولنې په بركت او ددې پاچا په امر د پښتو قيمتي نښير پټه خزانه ډگر ته راووت او وليكل شو او نور ډېر كتابونه په پښتو كې پيدا شول. شاه حسين پخپله هم د پښتو ژبې ښه شاعر وو. پر ملي وزن يې خواږه شعرونه ويل. ( بشپړه ليکنه... ) نورې ټاکلې ليکنې د نن سبا خبرونه ۳ جنوري ۲۰۲۶: د وینزویلا پر پلازمېنه د یو برید په پایله کي ددغه هیواد ولسمشر او مېرمن یې د متحده ایالاتو له لوري ژوندي ونیول سوه، او تمه ده چي په امریکا کي به محکمې ته وړاندي کړل سي. ۳۱ ډیسمبر ۲۰۲۵: د بنګله دېش پخوانۍ لومړۍ وزیره خالده ضیاء مړه سوه. ۳۰ ډیسمبر ۲۰۲۵: د سوریې حکومت خپله نوې کرنسۍ رسما بازار ته وړاندي کړه، چي د پخواني ولسمشر بشار الاسد انځور ترې لیري کړل سوی دی. ۲۹ ډیسمبر ۲۰۲۵: د حماس ویاند او نوموتی اتل ابو عبیده د اسراییلي ځواکونو په برید کي شهید سو. ۲۷ ډیسمبر ۲۰۲۵: اسراییلو د سومالي لېنډ په نوم له سومالیا بېل غوښتونکې سیمه د خپلواک اسلامي هېواد په توګه په رسمیت وپیژندله. ۱۴ ډیسمبر ۲۰۲۵: د اسټرالیا په پلازمېنه سیډني کي پر یهوادنو باندي د یو برید له امله ۲۰ تنه یهودان مړه او یو شمېر ټپیان سول. ۹ ډېسمبر ۲۰۲۵: د متحده ايالاتو د ولسمشر ډونالډ ټرمپ د مهاجرتونو د محدودولو د اعلان سره سم امریکا د ٥٠ ایرانیانو یوه ډله د ایروزونا ایالت څخه په چارټر الوتکه کې تهران ته واستوله او د ٥٥ ایرانیانو یوه بله ډله په راروانو ورځو کې له دې هېواده باسي. ۱۶ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۵: پر ډیورنډ کرښه تر خونړیو نښتو وروسته افغانستان د پاکستان په ټینګار او غوښتنه پر ۴۸ ساعته اوربند هوکړه وکړه. ۳۱ جولای ۲۰۲۵: د فوټبال د ملي لوبډلي تکړه لوبغاړی؛ قاسم جان اتل په کندهار کې وفات سو. ۱۱ مارچ ۲۰۲۵: د جعفر ایکسپریس بريد ؛ بلوڅ وسلهوالو شاوخوا ۱۰۰ پاکستاني پوځیان وتښتول. ۲۰۲۵ فبرورۍ ۴ مه : کریم اغا خان (په لوړ انځور کي)؛ د اسماعيلي شیعهګانو ۴۹م امام د ۸۸ کلونو په عمر د پرتګال په پلازمېنه لزبن کې مړ شو. ۲۰۲۵ جنورۍ ۱۰ مه: د رياست الوزراء سياسي مرستيال مولوي عبدالکبیر د کډوالو چارو وزير وټاکل شو. ۲۰۲۴ ډېسمبر ۳۰ مه: پر ښځو باندې د بندیزونو لړ کې اقتصاد وزارت په یوه تعقیبي مکتوب کې له داخلي او بهرنیو موسسو غوښتي، ترڅو ښځینه کارکوونکې ګوښه کړي. وایي، که یې امر ونه منل شي، فعالیتونه به یې وځنډوي او جواز به یې لغوه کړي. ۲۰۲۴ ډېسمبر ۳۰ مه: د هېواد د وزن پورته کولو ملي لوبډلې لوبغاړي زبیر نظري د قطر کپ اسیایي سیالیو کې د ۲۵۰ کیلو وزن په پورته کولو سره اتم مقام خپل کړ. ۲۰۲۴ ډېسمبر ۳۰ مه: د متحده ایالاتو پخوانی ولسمشر جیمي کارتر مړ شو. ۲۰۲۴ ډسمبر ۲۹ مه: په سوېلي کوریا کي د الوتکې پرېوتو یوې خونړۍ پېښې له کبله ۱۲۵ وګړي وژل شوي دي. د پي ټي ايم جوړښت د منظور پشتين پاڅون زاړه خبرونه نور خبرونه ورګډول د نن غوره انځور د افغانستان کريکېټ ملي لوبډله په ۲۰۲۴ زېږديز کال نړيوال شل اوريز جام سياليو کې استراليا ته د ماتې وروکولو وروسته خپله خوښي څرګندوي. انځورګر: [Darrian Traynor/ICC/Getty Images] انځورګر: [Darrian Traynor/ICC/Getty Images] ويکيپېډيا نورې برخې د پښتو ويکيپېډيا ځينې لارښود مخونه دا دي؛ ښه راغلاست! څنګه برخه واخلم؟ سمون لارښود د سمون لارښود او سپارښتنې بنډارځی پوښتنې او نظرونه سره شریکول جرګه د کارنانو تانبې نه ليدنه وکړئ! لارښود مېز اړين لارښوونځای! تګلارې او لارښوونې مهرباني وکړئ! له سمون دمخه دا ولولئ! د ويکيپېډیا خورلڼې پروژې د پښتو ويکيپېډيا خورلڼې پروژې په لاندې توګه دي؛ کامنز د رسنيو راټولوونکی ميډیاویکي د ويکيمېډيا سيسټميزه ويکي مېټا-ويکي د ټولو ويکيپاڼو پلرنی بنسټ ویکيتابتون د کتابونو راټولوونکې ويکي ويکيډېټا وړيا مالوماتو سرچينه ويکيخبرونه د خبرونو وړيا راټولوونکی ويکيوینا د هر ډول ویناوو راټولوونکی ويکيسرچينې د سرچينو راټولوونکی ويکي مسالې د مسالو اړوند مالومات ويکيپوهنتون د زدکړې لپاره وړیا توکي ويکيسفر د سفر اړوند مالومات ويکيلغات د لغاتونو وړيا راټولوونکی ويکيپېډیا په نورو ژبو ويکيپېډیا په نورو ژبو کې .mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-complete{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages ul a{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages>ul{list-style:none;text-align:center;clear:both}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-count-container{width:90%;display:flex;justify-content:center;padding-top:1em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-prettybars{width:100%;height:1px;margin:0.5em 0;background-color:#c8ccd1;flex-shrink:1;align-self:center}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-count{padding:0 1em;white-space:nowrap} ژبې چې له ۱،۰۰۰،۰۰۰ ډېرې ليکنې لري: العربية مصرى Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 العربية مصرى Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 ژبې چې له ۲۵۰،۰۰۰ ډېرې ليکنې لري: Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Български Català Čeština Dansk Esperanto Euskara עברית Հայերեն 한국어 Magyar Norsk Română English (simple form) Srpski Srpskohrvatski Suomi Türkçe Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Български Català Čeština Dansk Esperanto Euskara עברית Հայերեն 한국어 Magyar Norsk Română English (simple form) Srpski Srpskohrvatski Suomi Türkçe Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ژبې چې له ۵۰،۰۰۰ ډېرې ليکنې لري: Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bosanski کوردی Eesti Ελληνικά Frysk Gaeilge Galego Hrvatski ქართული Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Македонски မြန်မာဘာသာ Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina ไทย తెలుగు اردو Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bosanski کوردی Eesti Ελληνικά Frysk Gaeilge Galego Hrvatski ქართული Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Македонски မြန်မာဘာသာ Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina ไทย తెలుగు اردو Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu دا مخ وروستی ځل په ۱۷:۲۳، ۱۹ می ۲۰۲۵ سم شوی دی. دا ليک د ټولگړې پنځونې ځانگړيکونگ ورته-شريکېدنې منښتليک له مخې خپور شوی؛ زياتي منښتونه به هم کارېدلي وي. د نور سپيناوي لپاره د کارولو منښتونه وگورئ. پټنتيا تگلار د ويکيپېډيا په اړه بېرته واگ اخيستنې چلند تگلار پراختيا ورکوونکي شمېرنې د کوکيز ويناليک موبايل کتنه
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 College career 3 Professional career Toggle Professional career subsection 3.1 Green Bay Packers 3.2 Dallas Cowboys 3.3 End of career 3.1 Green Bay Packers 3.2 Dallas Cowboys 3.3 End of career 4 Legacy 5 Awards and honors 6 NFL career statistics Toggle NFL career statistics subsection 6.1 Regular season 6.2 Postseason 6.1 Regular season 6.2 Postseason 7 Broadcasting and coaching career 8 Personal life and death 9 References Herb Adderley Deutsch Español Français Italiano مصرى Português Русский Simple English Suomi Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Adderley with the Green Bay Packers No. 26 Position Cornerback Personal information Born ( 1939-06-08 ) June 8, 1939 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , U.S. Died October 30, 2020 (2020-10-30) (aged 81) Mantua, New Jersey , U.S. Height 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) Weight 205 lb (93 kg) Career information High school Northeast (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) College Michigan State (1957–1960) NFL draft 1961 : 1st round, 12th overall pick AFL draft 1961 : 2nd round, 10th overall pick Career history Green Bay Packers ( 1961 – 1969 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 1970 – 1972 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1961 – 1969 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 1970 – 1972 ) Awards and highlights 3× Super Bowl champion ( I , II , VI ) 5× NFL champion ( 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 ) 4× First-team All-Pro ( 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 ) 3× Second-team All-Pro ( 1964 , 1967 , 1969 ) 5× Pro Bowl ( 1963 – 1967 ) NFL 1960s All-Decade Team Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame First-team All-Big Ten ( 1960 ) Third-team All-Big Ten ( 1959 ) 3× Super Bowl champion ( I , II , VI ) 5× NFL champion ( 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 ) 4× First-team All-Pro ( 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 ) 3× Second-team All-Pro ( 1964 , 1967 , 1969 ) 5× Pro Bowl ( 1963 – 1967 ) NFL 1960s All-Decade Team Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame First-team All-Big Ten ( 1960 ) Third-team All-Big Ten ( 1959 ) Career NFL statistics Interceptions 48 Interception yards 1,046 Fumble recoveries 14 Defensive touchdowns 7 Stats at Pro Football Reference Interceptions 48 Interception yards 1,046 Fumble recoveries 14 Defensive touchdowns 7 Stats at Pro Football Reference Pro Football Hall of Fame Herbert Anthony Adderley (June 8, 1939 – October 30, 2020) was an American professional football cornerback who played for the Green Bay Packers and the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). In 1980, he was enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Adderley played college football for the Michigan State Spartans and was an All-Big Ten offensive star as a halfback . He is the only player to appear in four of the first six Super Bowls . He played on six NFL championship teams, and appeared in seven NFL championship games. Early life Adderley was born on June 8, 1939, in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania to Charles and Reva (White) Adderley. Charles was a factory machinist. [ 1 ] Adderley was raised in Philadelphia and graduated from Northeast High School in 1957, where he starred in football, basketball, and baseball, [ 2 ] and won All-City Honors in all three. [ 3 ] Adderley originally perceived of himself as a basketball player, until his high school football coach Charles Martin convinced him to play football. [ 4 ] He also lettered in track . Adderley and his football backfield teammate Angelo Coia were known as the "Touchdown Twins". Coia would go on to have a seven year NFL career as a receiver. [ 5 ] Adderley was selected to play for the Pennsylvania high school all stars in the first Big 33 Football Classic in 1957 (though the game was not played). He was honorary chair of the 1997 Big 33 game. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] In January 1957, Adderley received the 17th annual Men of Cliveden Award as the outstanding scholastic athlete in the Philadelphia region. [ 8 ] College career Adderley attended Michigan State University (MSU) in East Lansing , the first time in his life going out of Philadelphia. [ 9 ] He chose MSU because of the powerful impression its star running back Clarence Peaks had on Adderley when he saw Peaks playing on television; and he wore the jersey number 26 to honor Peaks throughout his later career at Michigan State and professionally. [ 4 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] He played football under head coach Duffy Daugherty , [ 12 ] primarily as a halfback, but also at safety . [ 13 ] Adderley led the Spartans in rushing yards as a junior in 1959 and pass reception yardage in both 1959 and 1960 . [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Adderley was the co-captain of the team as a senior, and played both offense and defense. [ 3 ] [ 9 ] For his MSU career, he had 813 rushing yards and four rushing touchdowns, plus 28 pass receptions for 519 yards (18.5 yards per reception) and four receiving touchdowns. [ 12 ] [ 16 ] His teammates included, among others, future NFL receiver Gary Ballman , and future American Football League All Stars, tight end Fred Arbanas and safety George Saimes . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] He made first team All-Big Ten Conference, [ 9 ] and played in the East-West Shrine Game , [ 20 ] the Coaches' All-American, and the College All-Star games. [ 3 ] He was picked for the All-Michigan State University team in 1970. [ 21 ] He is also one of the founding members of the Sigma Chapter of Omega Psi Phi fraternity at Michigan State University along with Ernie Green of the " Little Rock Nine ", established on campus in 1960 or 1961. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] His yearly performances included: 1958: 9 Games - 37 carries for 143 yards and two touchdowns; with six catches for 100 yards. [ 24 ] 1959: 9 Games - 93 carries for 413 yards and two touchdowns; with 13 catches for 265 yards and two touchdowns. [ 14 ] 1960: 9 Games - 68 carries for 251 yards; with nine catches for 154 yards and two touchdowns. [ 15 ] Professional career Adderley played for the Green Bay Packers from 1961 to 1969, and then played his final three seasons (1970 to 1972) with the Dallas Cowboys . [ 25 ] While with the Packers, he won rings for five NFL championship teams , including wins in the first two Super Bowls . [ 3 ] [ 26 ] In the pre-Super Bowl era he was on the 1961 , 1962 and 1965 NFL champion Green Bay Packers, [ 27 ] [ 28 ] and then played on the Packers' Super Bowl I and II championship teams. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] He was on the Dallas Cowboys 1970 National Football Conference (NFC) championship team , [ 31 ] and the Cowboys Super Bowl VI NFL championship team. [ 32 ] Green Bay Packers Adderley was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the first round of the 1961 NFL draft , the 12th overall pick, one pick ahead of future Cowboys Hall of Fame teammate Bob Lilly . [ 3 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] He was also drafted by the New York Titans (later Jets) in the second round of the AFL draft , 10th overall. [ 13 ] [ 35 ] He began his professional career as a halfback on offense, but was later switched to defense because the Packers already had eventual Hall of Fame runners in Paul Hornung and Jim Taylor . [ 3 ] He did not have any rushing attempts that season, but did return 18 kickoffs for 478 yards (26.6 yards per return). [ 36 ] Adderley was first moved to cornerback to replace injured teammate Hank Gremminger against Detroit on Thanksgiving of 1961. [ 3 ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] He was one of the team's top special teams plays up to that point. [ 39 ] He had an interception that set up the game-winning touchdown. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] Teammate and future Hall of Fame defensive back Emlen Tunnell , [ 42 ] a Philadelphia area native in his final NFL season, [ 43 ] had encouraged Lombardi to give Adderley an opportunity to play defensive back. [ 4 ] The Packers were NFL champions in 1961 , defeating the New York Giants , 37–0. Adderley intercepted a Y. A. Tittle pass in the championship game. [ 44 ] In 1962 , the move to left cornerback became permanent, with Gremminger being moved to safety. [ 39 ] Adderley went on to become a first-team NFL All-Pro selection five times in the 1960s. [ 25 ] Packers coach Vince Lombardi remarked, "I was too stubborn to switch him to defense until I had to. Now when I think of what Adderley means to our defense, it scares me to think of how I almost mishandled him". [ 45 ] In a 1962 game against the Baltimore Colts and future Hall of Fame quarterback great Johnny Unitas , [ 46 ] Adderley had a 103-yard kickoff return for a touchdown, intercepted a Unitas pass, and saved the game with a fourth down pass deflection at the two yard-line in the game's final minute. [ 13 ] He had seven interceptions in total that season, tied for third most in the NFL; including a 50-yard interception return for a touchdown against the Chicago Bears . [ 27 ] [ 47 ] [ 48 ] He returned 15 kickoffs for 418 yards (27.9 yards per return), and his 103-yard touchdown return against the Colts was the longest return in the NFL that season. [ 27 ] [ 47 ] He was named first-team All-Pro by the Associated Press (AP) and the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), and second-team All-Pro by United Press International (UPI). [ 49 ] The Packers defeated the New York Giants in the NFL Championship Game, 16–7. [ 50 ] In 1963, the Packers were 11–2–1, but finished second to the Chicago Bears (11–1–2). [ 51 ] Adderley started all 14 games at left cornerback, with five interceptions. He returned 20 kickoffs for 597 yards. In an October 6 game against the Los Angeles Rams , he returned the opening kickoff 98 yards for a touchdown, following a key block by teammate Earl Gros . His 29.9 yards per return average was third best in the NFL. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] Adderley was selected to play in the Pro Bowl for the first time, and the AP again named him first-team All-Pro and the UPI named him second-team All-Pro. [ 55 ] In 1964, he started 13 games at left cornerback with four interceptions. He returned 19 kickoffs for 508 yards, and his 26.7 yards per return was fourth best in the NFL. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] He was again selected to play in the Pro Bowl, and was named second-team All-Pro by the AP, UPI and NEA. [ 58 ] In 1965, he did not allow any touchdown receptions for the entire regular season. [ 39 ] He again started all 14 games at left cornerback. He had six interceptions that he returned for a league leading 175 yards, including three interceptions returns for touchdowns. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] He was the named Associated Press Defensive Player of the Week for his performance on September 26, 1965 against the Baltimore Colts, in the second game of the season. He intercepted two Johnny Unitas passes, running one back for a touchdown, and recovered a fumble; leading the Packers to a 20–17 victory. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] He also had interception returns for touchdowns in the first game of the season against the Pittsburgh Steelers (34 yards) [ 63 ] and in the final game of the season against the San Francisco 49ers (13 yards). [ 64 ] The Packers defeated the Baltimore Colts in the first round of the 1965 NFL playoffs, in sudden death overtime , Adderly calling it "the roughest game I've ever been in". That game was also memorable because the Colts had to use a halfback, Tom Matte , at quarterback due to injuries to Unitas and his backup, Gary Cuozzo ; and the game-tying kick by the Packer's Don Chandler sending the game to overtime was hotly disputed by the Colts, with future Hall of Fame Colts head coach Don Shula [ 65 ] still insisting decades later that Chandler's kick missed to the right. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] The Packers then went on to win the NFL championship over the Cleveland Browns , 23–12. In the championship game, Browns receiver Gary Collins scored the only touchdown pass against Adderley that season, but Adderley also intercepted a Frank Ryan pass in that game. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] He was again selected to play in the Pro Bowl, and was named first-team All-Pro by the AP, UPI and NEA for the 1965 season. [ 72 ] In 1966, Adderley again started all 14 games at left cornerback, was chosen to play in the Pro Bowl, and was named first-team All-Pro by the AP, UPI, NEA and the Pro Football Writers of America . [ 73 ] [ 74 ] He intercepted four passes, returning one 68 yards for a touchdown against the Atlanta Falcons on October 23; also returning 14 kickoffs for 320 yards. [ 73 ] [ 75 ] The Packers defeated the Dallas Cowboys 34–27 in the NFL Championship Game . Addlerley returned three kickoffs for 65 yards in that game. [ 76 ] The Packers then went on to defeat the Kansas City Chiefs in the first Super Bowl, 35–10. [ 77 ] In 1967, Adderley once more started all 14 games at left cornerback. He had four interceptions, returning one for a touchdown against Jim Hart and the St. Louis Cardinals on October 30. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] He was again chosen to play in the Pro Bowl, and was named second-team All-Pro by the AP and NEA. [ 81 ] The Packers defeated the Los Angeles Rams in the divisional round of the NFL playoffs, 28–7. [ 82 ] The Packers then defeated the Cowboys for the NFL championship , 21–17, on the last play of the game, in what came to be known as the "Ice Bowl" because of the well below freezing temperatures in which the game was played. [ 83 ] [ 84 ] Adderley had the only interception in the game, during the second quarter on a Don Meredith pass. [ 85 ] [ 83 ] The Packers then went on to win Super Bowl II , 33–14 over the Oakland Raiders . [ 86 ] Adderley was a factor in the Super Bowl II win over the Raiders, intercepting a pass by Raiders quarterback Daryle Lamonica in the fourth quarter and returning it 60 yards for a touchdown to put the game away. [ 3 ] [ 1 ] It was the first Super Bowl touchdown scored on an intercepted pass. [ 3 ] Lombardi retired as head coach just a few weeks later (staying on as general manager), and was replaced by the Packers' defensive coordinator Phil Bengston . [ 87 ] The Packers had a losing season in 1968 (6–7–1). Adderley remained the fulltime starter at left cornerback, with three interceptions. He also returned 14 kickoffs for 331 yards. [ 88 ] The Packers were 8–6 the following season (1969), and Adderley was once again named first-team All-Pro by the AP and Pro Football Weekly . He was also named second-team All-AFL/NFL by the Pro Football Writers. [ 89 ] He had five interceptions (tied for seventh in the NFL) and a league leading 169 return yards on interceptions. [ 90 ] Adderley had a strained relationship with Phil Bengtson by the end of the latter's second and penultimate year as Packers head coach. [ 91 ] Adderly accused Bengtson of keeping him off the Pro Bowl team in 1969 and requested to be traded. [ 92 ] After a holdout and two weeks before the start of the regular season , he was sent from the Packers to the Dallas Cowboys for Malcolm Walker and Clarence Williams on September 1, 1970. [ 93 ] Adderley stated it was general manager Tex Schramm , rather than Cowboys' head coach Tom Landry , who wanted Adderley in Dallas. [ 91 ] Adderley recorded 39 interceptions in his nine seasons with the Packers, leading the team in four seasons, and ranking third in total interceptions in Packer history at the time of his death. [ 13 ] [ 45 ] He led the league in interception return yards in 1965 and 1969. [ 12 ] He held the Green Bay records for interceptions returned for touchdowns in a career (seven, tied by Darren Sharper and then broken by Charles Woodson [ 39 ] ), and holds the record for interceptions returned for touchdowns in one season (three, in 1965, [ 39 ] tied by Nick Collins and Woodson). Adderley was also an excellent run defender. [ 26 ] Dallas Cowboys After joining the Cowboys in 1970, under head coach Tom Landry, Adderley became a vital cog in its " Doomsday Defense ", [ 94 ] assisting the Cowboys to an appearance in Super Bowl V and a win in Super Bowl VI . [ 26 ] Adderley started all 14 games at left cornerback for the Cowboys in 1970, with three interceptions. He was part of a defensive backfield that included Cornell Green , future Hall of Fame defensive back Mel Renfro [ 95 ] and Charlie Waters at safety. [ 96 ] In the 1970 NFC playoffs, the Cowboys defeated the Detroit Lions, [ 97 ] and then the San Francisco 49ers, [ 98 ] to become National Football Conference champions. They lost in Super Bowl V to the Baltimore Colts on a field goal by Jim O'Brien with only seconds left in the game. [ 99 ] Adderly started 12 games for the Cowboys at left cornerback in 1971, with six interceptions, tied for ninth best in the NFL. His 182 interception return yards was fourth best. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] In the first round of the 1971 NFC playoffs against the Minnesota Vikings , he had an interception in the Cowboys, 20–12 win. [ 102 ] With Adderley at starting left cornerback, the Cowboys defeated the 49ers, 14–3, to win the 1971 NFC championship . [ 103 ] The Cowboys then defeated the Miami Dolphins , 24–3, in Super Bowl VI; with Adderley again starting at left cornerback. [ 104 ] The Cowboys Hall of Fame vice president of player personnel Gil Brandt [ 105 ] said at the time of Adderley's death "He was such a great, great player. When we got him at the end of his career, he became the glue in our defensive backfield, the final piece to our first Super Bowl win". [ 39 ] In 1972, Adderley started only seven games, the first time he had started less than 12 games since 1961. [ 25 ] Landry benched Adderley in favor of a young Charlie Waters during the middle of the 1972 season. [ 106 ] Landry believed Adderly was no longer performing consistently. [ 107 ] Adderley had loved and admired Packer head coach Vince Lombardi, especially the equality with which he treated everyone; but reportedly loathed Cowboys head coach Tom Landry. [ 91 ] However, in 1980 at his Hall of Fame induction ceremony, Adderley remarked "I would like to say to coach Tom Landry I appreciate the opportunity to have played in Dallas for those three years". [ 4 ] End of career The Cowboys traded Adderley to the New England Patriots before the 1973 season. In late July 1973, the Patriots traded Adderley to the Los Angeles Rams , which pleased Adderley. [ 108 ] It was contemporaneously reported that Adderley was scheduled to play in an early August preseason game for the Rams at safety, as Rams’ coach Chuck Knox was still determining who could play safety for the Rams that season. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] A few days after that game, the Rams released Adderley. [ 111 ] One source, many years later, states Adderley opted not to report to the Rams and retired on August 7, after a dozen seasons in the NFL. [ 3 ] In his 12 seasons, Adderley recorded 48 interceptions, [ 26 ] which he returned for 1,046 yards and seven touchdowns, an average of 21.8 yards per return. [ 1 ] [ 39 ] [ 45 ] He also recovered 14 fumbles (returning them for 65 yards) [ 112 ] and returned 120 kickoffs for 3,080 yards [ 1 ] and two touchdowns. [ 3 ] [ 45 ] Legacy Adderley was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1980. [ 3 ] He entered the Hall of Fame in 1980 with his former Cowboys' teammate Bob Lilly, who Adderley praised as among those at the top of all-time great tackles. [ 4 ] [ 113 ] A year after his induction in Canton , Adderley became a member of the Packer Hall of Fame in 1981 . [ 114 ] He was also chosen for the AFL-NFL 1960-1984 All-Star teams. [ 3 ] Along with the Patriots' Tom Brady who has won seven world championships, [ 115 ] and two Packer teammates, offensive linemen Fuzzy Thurston (Packers and Colts ) and Forrest Gregg (Packers and Cowboys ) who won six each, Adderley is one of only four players in pro football history to play on at least six world championship teams. [ 116 ] In a revised edition of Instant Replay , a memoir by Packer teammate Jerry Kramer , Adderley is quoted as saying, "I'm the only man with a Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl ring who doesn't wear it. I'm a Green Bay Packer." [ 117 ] He is also quoted as saying he did not wear the Cowboys ring because "My loyalty, my commitment, my dedication and everything else is with the Packers . . . Nine years and five championship teams. We truly accomplished something special". [ 91 ] Adderley was the first NFL player ever to gain more than 1,000 interception return yards. Only eight other players have achieved this since then, and all of them did so with more interceptions than Adderley. [ 118 ] He had five interceptions in 15 playoff games. [ 119 ] Over his career, Adderley's teams were 127-46-5, a .713 winning percentage. [ 13 ] Awards and honors Adderley has received the following awards and honors, among others; Inducted into Pro Football Hall of Fame (1980) [ 13 ] Named 58th greatest player in The Athletic 's NFL 100 greatest players of all time (2021) [ 26 ] Named 45th greatest playing in The Sporting News 100 greatest players of all time (1999) [ 120 ] Associated Press First-Team All-Pro (1962-1963, 1965-1966, 1969) [ 13 ] Pro Bowl Selection (1963-1967) [ 13 ] Named runner up at defensive back on NFL 50th Anniversary All Time Team (1969) [ 121 ] Named to Packers 50th Anniversary Team (1969) [ 13 ] Named to Packers All-Modern Era Team (1976) [ 13 ] Inducted into Packers Hall of Fame (1981) [ 114 ] Inducted into Michigan State University Athletics Hall of Fame (2022) [ 9 ] Inducted into Michigan Sports Hall of Fame (1996) [ 21 ] Named to All-Michigan State University Team (1970) [ 21 ] Inducted into Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame [ 122 ] NFL career statistics Legend Won the NFL championship Won the Super Bowl Led the league Bold Career high Regular season Year Team Games Interceptions Fumbles Returning GP GS Int Yds Y/I Lng TD FR Yds Y/F TD Rt Yds Y/Rt Lng TD 1961 GB 14 1 1 9 9.0 9 0 0 0 — 0 18 478 26.6 61 0 1962 GB 14 14 7 132 18.9 50 1 4 15 3.8 0 15 418 27.9 103 [ a ] 1 [ b ] 1963 GB 14 14 5 86 17.2 39 0 0 0 — 0 20 597 29.9 98 1 1964 GB 13 13 4 56 14.0 35 0 1 18 18.0 0 19 508 26.7 43 0 1965 GB 14 14 6 175 29.2 44 3 3 2 0.7 0 11 221 20.1 33 0 1966 GB 14 14 4 125 31.3 68 1 2 0 0.0 0 14 320 22.9 65 0 1967 GB 14 14 4 16 4.0 12 1 1 0 0.0 0 10 207 20.7 37 0 1968 GB 14 14 3 27 9.0 17 0 2 25 12.5 0 14 331 23.6 50 0 1969 GB 14 14 5 169 33.8 80 1 0 0 — 0 0 0 — 0 0 1970 DAL 14 14 3 69 23.0 30 0 0 0 — 0 0 0 — 0 0 1971 DAL 12 12 6 182 30.3 46 0 0 0 — 0 0 0 — 0 0 1972 DAL 13 7 0 0 — 0 0 1 5 5.0 0 0 0 — 0 0 Career 164 145 48 1,046 21.8 80 7 14 65 4.6 0 121 3,080 25.5 103 2 ^ Led the league in regular season for longest kickoff return: 103. [ 123 ] ^ Led the league in regular season for kickoffs returned for touchdowns: 1. [ 123 ] Postseason Year Team Games Interceptions Fumbles Returning GP GS Int Yds Y/I Lng TD FR Yds Y/F TD Rt Yds Y/Rt Lng TD 1961 GB 1 0 1 14 14.0 14 0 0 0 — 0 0 0 — 0 0 1962 GB 1 1 0 0 — 0 0 0 0 — 0 0 0 — 0 0 1965 GB 2 2 1 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 — 0 2 32 16.0 17 0 1966 GB 2 2 0 0 — 0 0 0 0 — 0 5 105 21.0 26 0 1967 GB 3 3 2 75 37.5 60 1 1 0 0.0 0 1 24 24.0 24 0 1970 DAL 3 3 0 0 — 0 0 0 0 — 0 0 0 — 0 0 1971 DAL 3 3 1 8 8.0 8 0 0 0 — 0 0 0 — 0 0 Career 15 14 5 97 19.4 60 1 1 0 0.0 0 8 161 20.1 26 0 Broadcasting and coaching career After Adderley retired, he returned to Philadelphia to broadcast football games for Temple University and the Philadelphia Eagles . [ 3 ] [ 5 ] [ 39 ] He also coached as an assistant at Temple and with the Philadelphia Bell of the World Football League under head coach Willie Wood , a Packer teammate. [ 3 ] [ 5 ] [ 124 ] Personal life and death In 2007, Adderley became lead plaintiff in a class-action lawsuit against the NFL Players Association, for alleged non-payment of fees due under licensing and marketing agreements with the players, in connection with the use of the players' images in video games, and on trading cards and other items. In 2009, the case settled for $26.25 million. [ 12 ] Adderley's cousin's grandson (first cousin twice removed), Nasir Adderley , was drafted by the Los Angeles Chargers in the second round of the 2019 NFL draft . [ 125 ] [ 126 ] His first interception was against former Chargers Pro Bowl and All Pro quarterback Drew Brees . [ 5 ] Adderley died on October 30, 2020, at the age of 81. [ 127 ] [ 128 ] References ^ a b c d .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Goldstein, Richard (October 30, 2020). "Herb Adderley, a Packers Hall of Fame Cornerback, Dies at 81" . New York Times . ^ Amprey, Joseph L. Jr. (June 7, 2000). "Hall of famer Adderley never forgot Philly roots" . Reading Eagle . Pennsylvania. (editorial). p. B9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Windhausen, John D (2002) [1992]. Dawson, Dawn P (ed.). Great Athletes . Vol. 1 (Revised ed.). Salem Press. pp. 14– 16. ISBN 1-58765-008-8 . ^ a b c d e "Enshrinement Speech, Herb Adderley | Pro Football Hall of Fame" . pfhof . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ a b c d Fitzpatrick, Frank (October 30, 2020). "Herb Adderley, a Philadelphian who became a Hall of Famer as a Packer, dies at 81" . Philadelphia Inquirer . ^ Blake, Corky (February 21, 2018). "Best Of The Best". The Express-Times (Easton, Pennsylvania) . pp. B1, B4. ^ Groller, Keith (July 27, 1997). "Big 23 comes up big in Big 33". The Morning Call (Allentown, Pennsylvania) . pp. C1, C8. ^ "Cliveden Award Goes to Adderley". The Philadelphia Inquirer . January 16, 1957. p. 39. ^ a b c d Black, Ryan. "Why it took so long for Herb Adderley to enter MSU's sports Hall of Fame — and more from Friday's induction ceremony" . Lansing State Journal . Retrieved November 6, 2024 . ^ Tucker, Cody. " 'Who wore it best' at Michigan State: No. 26" . Lansing State Journal . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "Herb Adderley Through the Years" . NFL.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ a b c d "Michigan State great, NFL Hall of Famer Herb Adderley dies at 81" . The Detroit News . Retrieved November 6, 2024 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Herb Adderly, Packers.com, the official website of the Green Bay Packers" . www.packers.com . Retrieved November 6, 2024 . ^ a b c "1959 Michigan State Spartans Stats" . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ a b c "1960 Michigan State Spartans Stats" . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . 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Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men . 9 (1): 355– 362. doi : 10.2979/spectrum.9.1_2.23 . ISSN 2162-3252 . ^ "1958 Michigan State Spartans Stats" . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ a b c "Herb Adderley Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ a b c d e Hughes, Connor. "NFL 100: At No. 58, Herb Adderley was the perfect wingman, and a star cornerback all on his own" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved November 6, 2024 . ^ a b c "1962 Green Bay Packers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "Championship - Cleveland Browns at Green Bay Packers - January 2nd, 1966" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "1966 Green Bay Packers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . 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"When big play was the answer, Packer Adderley was a good bet" . Milwaukee Journal . p. 3, part 3. ^ a b c d e f g h Baker, David. " 'Greatest Cornerback' Herb Adderley: 1939-2020 | Pro Football Hall of Fame" . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ Lea, Bud (November 24, 1961). "Packers trip Lions 17-9; 1 win from title repeat" . Milwaukee Sentinel . p. 1, part 4. ^ Bochat, Rel (November 24, 1961). "3 service players big boost - Vince" . Milwaukee Sentinel . p. 1, part 4. ^ "Emlen Tunnell | Pro Football Hall of Fame" . pfhof . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "Emlen Tunnell Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "Championship - New York Giants at Green Bay Packers - December 31st, 1961" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ a b c d Huber, Bill (October 30, 2020). "Packers Legend Adderley Dies" . Green Bay Packers On SI . Retrieved November 6, 2024 . ^ "Johnny Unitas | Pro Football Hall of Fame | Pro Football Hall of Fame" . pfhof . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ a b "1962 NFL Leaders and Leaderboards" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "Chicago Bears at Green Bay Packers - September 30th, 1962" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "1962 NFL All-Pros" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "Championship - Green Bay Packers at New York Giants - December 30th, 1962" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "National Football League, 1963 Regular Season Standings" . NFL.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "1963 Green Bay Packers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ Remmel, Lee (October 7, 1963). "Crunching Block by Gros Springs Adderley for 98-Yard Kickoff Return". Appleton Post-Crescent (Appleton, Wisconsin) . pp. B6. ^ "1963 NFL Leaders and Leaderboards" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "1963 NFL Pro Bowlers" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "1964 Green Bay Packers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "1964 NFL Leaders and Leaderboards" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "1964 NFL Pro Bowlers" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "1965 Green Bay Packers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "1965 NFL Leaders and Leaderboards" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ Hand, Jack (September 29, 1965). "Packers' Herb Adderley Is Top Defensive Player". The Cumberland News (Cumberland, Maryland) . p. 25. ^ "Baltimore Colts at Green Bay Packers - September 26th, 1965" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "Green Bay Packers at Pittsburgh Steelers - September 19th, 1965" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "Green Bay Packers at San Francisco 49ers - December 19th, 1965" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "Don Shula | Pro Football Hall of Fame | Pro Football Hall of Fame" . pfhof . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "Divisional Round - Baltimore Colts at Green Bay Packers - December 26th, 1965" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ Hartnett, Ken (December 27, 1965). "Battered Packers, Especially Hornung-Starr Really Ache". The Sheboygan Press (Sheboygan, Wisconsin) . Associated Press. p. 32. ^ "Colts Are Critical Of Calls". Sun-Democrat (Paducah, Kentucky) . Associated Press. December 28, 1965. p. 10. ^ "Colts-Packers Playoff Remains Etched In Lore" . www.packers.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "Championship - Cleveland Browns at Green Bay Packers - January 2nd, 1966" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ Heaton, Charles (January 3, 1966). "Packers Grab NFL Title With 23–12 Win". The Cincinnati Enquirer . The Cleveland Plain Dealer. p. 29. ^ "1965 NFL Pro Bowlers" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ a b "1966 Green Bay Packers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "1966 NFL Pro Bowlers" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "Atlanta Falcons at Green Bay Packers - October 23rd, 1966" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "Championship - Green Bay Packers at Dallas Cowboys - January 1st, 1967" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "Super Bowl I - Kansas City Chiefs vs. Green Bay Packers - January 15th, 1967" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . 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January 1, 1968. pp. 1-C, 6-C. ^ "Super Bowl II - Green Bay Packers vs. Oakland Raiders - January 14th, 1968" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "Lombardi Retires as Packer Coach, Bengston New Leader in Green Bay". The Expositor (Brantford, Ontario, Canada) . Associated Press. February 2, 1968. p. 8. ^ "1968 Green Bay Packers Rosters, Stats, Schedule, Team Draftees" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "1969 NFL All-Pros" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "1969 NFL Leaders and Leaderboards" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ a b c d Brown, Clifton (October 13, 2012). "Herb Adderley's book shines negative light on Tom Landry" . Sporting News. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016 . Retrieved January 12, 2016 . ^ "Adderely says he's fed up with Packers" . The Morning Record . Meriden, Connecticut. Associated Press. 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November 2, 1972. p. 42. ^ Imelio, Carlo (July 25, 1973). "Patriots Trade Adderley to Rams". The Union (Springfield, Massachusetts) . p. 33. ^ Baker, Hugh (August 3, 1973). "Emphasis on winning now, Knox says". News-Pilot (San Pedro, California) . pp. B3. ^ "Rams to look at safeties against Cowboys tomorrow". Santa Barbara News-Press reported (Santa Barbara, California) . August 2, 1973. p. 12. ^ "Herb Adderley Cut By Rams". The Post-Star (Glens Falls, New York) . August 8, 1973. p. 22. ^ "Herb Adderly" . statscrew.com . ^ "Bob Lilly | Pro Football Hall of Fame" . pfhof . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ a b Christl, Cliff . "Herb Adderley" . Packers.com . Archived from the original on May 24, 2023 . Retrieved September 20, 2023 . ^ "Super Bowl 2021: Tom Brady wins seventh title as Tampa Bay Buccaneers beat Kansas City Chiefs" . BBC Sport . February 8, 2021 . Retrieved November 6, 2024 . ^ "Only four players in 100 years have won six NFL titles" . FOX Sports . Retrieved November 6, 2024 . ^ Dougherty, Pete. "Hall of Fame Packers cornerback Herb Adderley dies at 81" . Packers News . Retrieved October 30, 2020 . ^ "NFL Interception Return Yards Career Leaders (Since 1940)" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ "Herb Adderley Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . ^ "The Sporting News 100 Greatest Players of All-Time (1999)" . futurefootballlegends.com . Retrieved November 6, 2024 . ^ "Unitas QBs NFL Team" . Tampa Tribune . September 7, 1969. p. 34. ^ Jerardi, Dick (July 8, 2012). "The men behind the Philly Sports Hall of Fame". Philadelphia Inquirer . ^ a b "Herb Adderley Stats" . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved June 3, 2023 . ^ " 'Greatest Cornerback' Herb Adderley: 1939-2020 | Pro Football Hall of Fame" . pfhof . Retrieved November 6, 2024 . ^ "Nasir Adderley working to live up to DB bloodline" . www.giants.com . Retrieved October 30, 2020 . ^ "Nasir Adderley" . www.chargers.com . Retrieved October 30, 2020 . ^ "Herb Adderley, Packers legend and Hall of Fame CB, passes away at age 81" . NFL.com . Retrieved October 30, 2020 . ^ Smith, Michael David (October 30, 2020). "Hall of Famer Herb Adderley dies at 81" . ProFootballTalk . Retrieved October 30, 2020 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e 1961 NFL draft first-round selections v t e Tommy Mason Norm Snead Joe Rutgens Marlin McKeever Mike Ditka Jimmy Johnson Tom Matte Ken Rice Bernie Casey Bobby Crespino Billy Kilmer Herb Adderley Bob Lilly Art Baker Tommy Mason Norm Snead Joe Rutgens Marlin McKeever Mike Ditka Jimmy Johnson Tom Matte Ken Rice Bernie Casey Bobby Crespino Billy Kilmer Herb Adderley Bob Lilly Art Baker v t e Green Bay Packers first-round draft picks v t e Letlow Jankowski Isbell Buhler Van Every Paskvan Odson Wildung Pregulman Schlinkman Strzykalski Case Girard Heath Tonnemaker Gain Parilli Carmichael Hunter Switzer Bettis Losch Hornung Kramer Currie Duncan Moore Adderley Gros Robinson Voss Anderson Elkins Grabowski Gillingham Hyland Horn Carr Lueck Moore McCoy McGeorge Brockington Buchanon Tagge Barry Smith Barty Smith Koncar Butler E. Johnson Lofton J. Anderson Ivery B. Clark Cumby Campbell Hallstrom Lewis Carreker Ruettgers Fullwood Sharpe Mandarich Bennett Thompson V. Clark Buckley Simmons Teague Taylor Newsome Michels Verba Holliday Edwards Franks Reynolds J. Walker Barnett Carroll Rodgers Hawk Harrell Raji Matthews Bulaga Sherrod Perry Jones Clinton-Dix Randall K. Clark Alexander Gary Savage Love Stokes Q. Walker Wyatt Van Ness Morgan Golden Letlow Jankowski Isbell Buhler Van Every Paskvan Odson Wildung Pregulman Schlinkman Strzykalski Case Girard Heath Tonnemaker Gain Parilli Carmichael Hunter Switzer Bettis Losch Hornung Kramer Currie Duncan Moore Adderley Gros Robinson Voss Anderson Elkins Grabowski Gillingham Hyland Horn Carr Lueck Moore McCoy McGeorge Brockington Buchanon Tagge Barry Smith Barty Smith Koncar Butler E. Johnson Lofton J. Anderson Ivery B. Clark Cumby Campbell Hallstrom Lewis Carreker Ruettgers Fullwood Sharpe Mandarich Bennett Thompson V. Clark Buckley Simmons Teague Taylor Newsome Michels Verba Holliday Edwards Franks Reynolds J. Walker Barnett Carroll Rodgers Hawk Harrell Raji Matthews Bulaga Sherrod Perry Jones Clinton-Dix Randall K. Clark Alexander Gary Savage Love Stokes Q. Walker Wyatt Van Ness Morgan Golden v t e Green Bay Packers 1961 NFL draft selections v t e Herb Adderley Ron Kostelnik Phil Nugent Paul Dudley Joe LeSage Jack Novak Lee Folkins Lewis Johnson Vester Flanagan Roger Hagberg Buck McLeod Val Keckin John Denvir Elijah Pitts Nelson Toburen Ray Lardani Clarence Mason Jim Brewington Arthur Sims Leland Bondhus Ray Ratkowski Herb Adderley Ron Kostelnik Phil Nugent Paul Dudley Joe LeSage Jack Novak Lee Folkins Lewis Johnson Vester Flanagan Roger Hagberg Buck McLeod Val Keckin John Denvir Elijah Pitts Nelson Toburen Ray Lardani Clarence Mason Jim Brewington Arthur Sims Leland Bondhus Ray Ratkowski v t e New York Titans 1961 AFL draft selections v t e Tom Brown Herb Adderley Tom Matte Bill Brown Fred Mautino Harold Beaty Bernie Casey Joe Scibelli Art Gilmore Norris Stevenson Joe Wendryhoski Jim Cunningham Irv Cross Jerry Steffens Mike Pyle Alfred Bently Jim Kerr Neil Plumley Bob Brooks Wayne Fontes Mickey Walker Howard Dyer Andy Griffith Bobby Smith Moses Gray Fred Cox Bill Minnerly Tom Brown Herb Adderley Tom Matte Bill Brown Fred Mautino Harold Beaty Bernie Casey Joe Scibelli Art Gilmore Norris Stevenson Joe Wendryhoski Jim Cunningham Irv Cross Jerry Steffens Mike Pyle Alfred Bently Jim Kerr Neil Plumley Bob Brooks Wayne Fontes Mickey Walker Howard Dyer Andy Griffith Bobby Smith Moses Gray Fred Cox Bill Minnerly v t e Green Bay Packers 1961 NFL champions v t e 3 Ben Agajanian 5 Paul Hornung 10 John Roach 15 Bart Starr 22 Elijah Pitts 24 Willie Wood 25 Tom Moore 26 Herb Adderley 27 Johnny Symank 31 Jim Taylor 33 Lew Carpenter 40 Dale Hackbart 45 Emlen Tunnell 46 Hank Gremminger 47 Jesse Whittenton 51 Jim Ringo 53 Ken Iman 58 Dan Currie 61 Nelson Toburen 63 Fuzzy Thurston 64 Jerry Kramer 65 Tom Bettis 66 Ray Nitschke 71 Bill Forester 72 Ben Davidson 75 Forrest Gregg 74 Henry Jordan 76 Bob Skoronski 77 Ron Kostelnik 78 Norm Masters 79 Dave Hanner 81 Lee Folkins 83 Bill Quinlan 84 Gary Knafelc 85 Max McGee 86 Boyd Dowler 87 Willie Davis 88 Ron Kramer Head coach: Vince Lombardi Assistant coaches: Bill Austin Phil Bengtson Red Cochran Norb Hecker Dick Voris 3 Ben Agajanian 5 Paul Hornung 10 John Roach 15 Bart Starr 22 Elijah Pitts 24 Willie Wood 25 Tom Moore 26 Herb Adderley 27 Johnny Symank 31 Jim Taylor 33 Lew Carpenter 40 Dale Hackbart 45 Emlen Tunnell 46 Hank Gremminger 47 Jesse Whittenton 51 Jim Ringo 53 Ken Iman 58 Dan Currie 61 Nelson Toburen 63 Fuzzy Thurston 64 Jerry Kramer 65 Tom Bettis 66 Ray Nitschke 71 Bill Forester 72 Ben Davidson 75 Forrest Gregg 74 Henry Jordan 76 Bob Skoronski 77 Ron Kostelnik 78 Norm Masters 79 Dave Hanner 81 Lee Folkins 83 Bill Quinlan 84 Gary Knafelc 85 Max McGee 86 Boyd Dowler 87 Willie Davis 88 Ron Kramer Head coach: Vince Lombardi Assistant coaches: Bill Austin Phil Bengtson Red Cochran Norb Hecker Dick Voris v t e Green Bay Packers 1962 NFL champions v t e 5 Paul Hornung 10 John Roach 15 Bart Starr 22 Elijah Pitts 24 Willie Wood 25 Tom Moore 26 Herb Adderley 27 Johnny Symank 29 Howie Williams 31 Jim Taylor 33 Lew Carpenter 40 Earl Gros 46 Hank Gremminger 47 Jesse Whittenton 51 Jim Ringo 53 Ken Iman 58 Dan Currie 60 Ed Blaine 61 Nelson Toburen 63 Fuzzy Thurston 64 Jerry Kramer 66 Ray Nitschke 71 Bill Forester 73 Ron Gassert 74 Henry Jordan 75 Forrest Gregg 76 Bob Skoronski 77 Ron Kostelnik 78 Norm Masters 79 Dave Hanner 80 Gary Barnes 83 Bill Quinlan 84 Gary Knafelc 85 Max McGee 86 Boyd Dowler 87 Willie Davis 88 Ron Kramer Head coach: Vince Lombardi Assistant coaches: Bill Austin Phil Bengtson Red Cochran Tom Fears Norb Hecker Dick Voris 5 Paul Hornung 10 John Roach 15 Bart Starr 22 Elijah Pitts 24 Willie Wood 25 Tom Moore 26 Herb Adderley 27 Johnny Symank 29 Howie Williams 31 Jim Taylor 33 Lew Carpenter 40 Earl Gros 46 Hank Gremminger 47 Jesse Whittenton 51 Jim Ringo 53 Ken Iman 58 Dan Currie 60 Ed Blaine 61 Nelson Toburen 63 Fuzzy Thurston 64 Jerry Kramer 66 Ray Nitschke 71 Bill Forester 73 Ron Gassert 74 Henry Jordan 75 Forrest Gregg 76 Bob Skoronski 77 Ron Kostelnik 78 Norm Masters 79 Dave Hanner 80 Gary Barnes 83 Bill Quinlan 84 Gary Knafelc 85 Max McGee 86 Boyd Dowler 87 Willie Davis 88 Ron Kramer Head coach: Vince Lombardi Assistant coaches: Bill Austin Phil Bengtson Red Cochran Tom Fears Norb Hecker Dick Voris v t e Green Bay Packers 1965 NFL champions v t e 5 Paul Hornung 10 Dennis Claridge 12 Zeke Bratkowski 15 Bart Starr 21 Bob Jeter 22 Elijah Pitts 24 Willie Wood 25 Tom Moore 26 Herb Adderley 31 Jim Taylor (MVP) 34 Don Chandler 35 Allen Jacobs 40 Tom Brown 41 Junior Coffey 43 Doug Hart 46 Hank Gremminger 50 Bill Curry 56 Tommy Joe Crutcher 57 Ken Bowman 60 Lee Roy Caffey 63 Fred Thurston 64 Jerry Kramer 66 Ray Nitschke 67 Dan Grimm 70 Bud Marshall 71 Lloyd Voss 72 Steve Wright 74 Henry Jordan 75 Forrest Gregg 76 Bob Skoronski 77 Ron Kostelnik 80 Bob Long 81 Marv Fleming 82 Lionel Aldridge 84 Carroll Dale 85 Max McGee 86 Boyd Dowler 87 Willie Davis 88 Bill Anderson 89 Dave Robinson Head coach: Vince Lombardi Assistant coaches: Phil Bengtson Red Cochran Tom Fears Dave Hanner Norb Hecker Ray Wietecha 5 Paul Hornung 10 Dennis Claridge 12 Zeke Bratkowski 15 Bart Starr 21 Bob Jeter 22 Elijah Pitts 24 Willie Wood 25 Tom Moore 26 Herb Adderley 31 Jim Taylor (MVP) 34 Don Chandler 35 Allen Jacobs 40 Tom Brown 41 Junior Coffey 43 Doug Hart 46 Hank Gremminger 50 Bill Curry 56 Tommy Joe Crutcher 57 Ken Bowman 60 Lee Roy Caffey 63 Fred Thurston 64 Jerry Kramer 66 Ray Nitschke 67 Dan Grimm 70 Bud Marshall 71 Lloyd Voss 72 Steve Wright 74 Henry Jordan 75 Forrest Gregg 76 Bob Skoronski 77 Ron Kostelnik 80 Bob Long 81 Marv Fleming 82 Lionel Aldridge 84 Carroll Dale 85 Max McGee 86 Boyd Dowler 87 Willie Davis 88 Bill Anderson 89 Dave Robinson Head coach: Vince Lombardi Assistant coaches: Phil Bengtson Red Cochran Tom Fears Dave Hanner Norb Hecker Ray Wietecha v t e Green Bay Packers Super Bowl I champions v t e 5 Paul Hornung 12 Zeke Bratkowski 15 Bart Starr ( MVP ) 21 Bob Jeter 22 Elijah Pitts 24 Willie Wood 26 Herb Adderley 27 Red Mack 31 Jim Taylor 33 Jim Grabowski 34 Don Chandler 37 Phil Vandersea 40 Tom Brown 43 Doug Hart 44 Donny Anderson 45 Dave Hathcock 50 Bill Curry 56 Tommy Joe Crutcher 57 Ken Bowman 60 Lee Roy Caffey 63 Fred Thurston 64 Jerry Kramer 66 Ray Nitschke 68 Gale Gillingham 72 Steve Wright 73 Jim Weatherwax 74 Henry Jordan 75 Forrest Gregg 76 Bob Skoronski 77 Ron Kostelnik 78 Bob Brown 80 Bob Long 81 Marv Fleming 82 Lionel Aldridge 83 Allen Brown 84 Carroll Dale 85 Max McGee 86 Boyd Dowler 87 Willie Davis 88 Bill Anderson 89 Dave Robinson 5 Paul Hornung 12 Zeke Bratkowski 15 Bart Starr ( MVP ) 21 Bob Jeter 22 Elijah Pitts 24 Willie Wood 26 Herb Adderley 27 Red Mack 31 Jim Taylor 33 Jim Grabowski 34 Don Chandler 37 Phil Vandersea 40 Tom Brown 43 Doug Hart 44 Donny Anderson 45 Dave Hathcock 50 Bill Curry 56 Tommy Joe Crutcher 57 Ken Bowman 60 Lee Roy Caffey 63 Fred Thurston 64 Jerry Kramer 66 Ray Nitschke 68 Gale Gillingham 72 Steve Wright 73 Jim Weatherwax 74 Henry Jordan 75 Forrest Gregg 76 Bob Skoronski 77 Ron Kostelnik 78 Bob Brown 80 Bob Long 81 Marv Fleming 82 Lionel Aldridge 83 Allen Brown 84 Carroll Dale 85 Max McGee 86 Boyd Dowler 87 Willie Davis 88 Bill Anderson 89 Dave Robinson Head coach: Vince Lombardi Head coach: Vince Lombardi Coaches: Phil Bengtson Jerry Burns Red Cochran Dave Hanner Bob Schnelker Ray Wietecha Coaches: Phil Bengtson Jerry Burns Red Cochran Dave Hanner Bob Schnelker Ray Wietecha v t e Green Bay Packers Super Bowl II champions v t e 12 Zeke Bratkowski 13 Don Horn 15 Bart Starr ( MVP ) 21 Bob Jeter 22 Elijah Pitts 23 Travis Williams 24 Willie Wood 26 Herb Adderley 27 Claudis James 30 Chuck Mercein 33 Jim Grabowski 34 Don Chandler 36 Ben Wilson 40 Tom Brown 43 Doug Hart 44 Donny Anderson 45 John Rowser 50 Bob Hyland 55 Jim Flanigan 56 Tommy Joe Crutcher 57 Ken Bowman 60 Lee Roy Caffey 63 Fred Thurston 64 Jerry Kramer 66 Ray Nitschke 68 Gale Gillingham 72 Steve Wright 73 Jim Weatherwax 74 Henry Jordan 75 Forrest Gregg 76 Bob Skoronski 77 Ron Kostelnik 78 Bob Brown 80 Bob Long 81 Marv Fleming 82 Lionel Aldridge 83 Allen Brown 84 Carroll Dale 85 Max McGee 86 Boyd Dowler 87 Willie Davis 88 Dick Capp 89 Dave Robinson 12 Zeke Bratkowski 13 Don Horn 15 Bart Starr ( MVP ) 21 Bob Jeter 22 Elijah Pitts 23 Travis Williams 24 Willie Wood 26 Herb Adderley 27 Claudis James 30 Chuck Mercein 33 Jim Grabowski 34 Don Chandler 36 Ben Wilson 40 Tom Brown 43 Doug Hart 44 Donny Anderson 45 John Rowser 50 Bob Hyland 55 Jim Flanigan 56 Tommy Joe Crutcher 57 Ken Bowman 60 Lee Roy Caffey 63 Fred Thurston 64 Jerry Kramer 66 Ray Nitschke 68 Gale Gillingham 72 Steve Wright 73 Jim Weatherwax 74 Henry Jordan 75 Forrest Gregg 76 Bob Skoronski 77 Ron Kostelnik 78 Bob Brown 80 Bob Long 81 Marv Fleming 82 Lionel Aldridge 83 Allen Brown 84 Carroll Dale 85 Max McGee 86 Boyd Dowler 87 Willie Davis 88 Dick Capp 89 Dave Robinson Head coach: Vince Lombardi Head coach: Vince Lombardi Coaches: Phil Bengtson Jerry Burns Wally Cruice Dave Hanner Tom McCormick Bob Schnelker Ray Wietecha Coaches: Phil Bengtson Jerry Burns Wally Cruice Dave Hanner Tom McCormick Bob Schnelker Ray Wietecha v t e Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl VI champions v t e 10 Ron Widby 12 Roger Staubach ( MVP ) 14 Craig Morton 15 Toni Fritsch 19 Lance Alworth 20 Mel Renfro 22 Bob Hayes 23 Margene Adkins 26 Herb Adderley 30 Dan Reeves 31 Gloster Richardson 32 Walt Garrison 33 Duane Thomas 34 Cornell Green 35 Calvin Hill 36 Joe Williams 37 Isaac Thomas 41 Charlie Waters 42 Claxton Welch 43 Cliff Harris 46 Mark Washington 50 D. D. Lewis 51 Dave Manders 52 Dave Edwards 54 Chuck Howley 55 Lee Roy Jordan 56 Tom Stincic 60 Lee Roy Caffey 61 Blaine Nye 62 John Fitzgerald 63 Larry Cole 64 Tony Liscio 66 George Andrie 67 Pat Toomay 70 Rayfield Wright 71 Rodney Wallace 72 Don Talbert 73 Ralph Neely 74 Bob Lilly 75 Jethro Pugh 76 John Niland 77 Bill Gregory 79 Forrest Gregg 83 Mike Clark 85 Tody Smith 87 Billy Truax 89 Mike Ditka 10 Ron Widby 12 Roger Staubach ( MVP ) 14 Craig Morton 15 Toni Fritsch 19 Lance Alworth 20 Mel Renfro 22 Bob Hayes 23 Margene Adkins 26 Herb Adderley 30 Dan Reeves 31 Gloster Richardson 32 Walt Garrison 33 Duane Thomas 34 Cornell Green 35 Calvin Hill 36 Joe Williams 37 Isaac Thomas 41 Charlie Waters 42 Claxton Welch 43 Cliff Harris 46 Mark Washington 50 D. D. Lewis 51 Dave Manders 52 Dave Edwards 54 Chuck Howley 55 Lee Roy Jordan 56 Tom Stincic 60 Lee Roy Caffey 61 Blaine Nye 62 John Fitzgerald 63 Larry Cole 64 Tony Liscio 66 George Andrie 67 Pat Toomay 70 Rayfield Wright 71 Rodney Wallace 72 Don Talbert 73 Ralph Neely 74 Bob Lilly 75 Jethro Pugh 76 John Niland 77 Bill Gregory 79 Forrest Gregg 83 Mike Clark 85 Tody Smith 87 Billy Truax 89 Mike Ditka Head coach: Tom Landry Head coach: Tom Landry Coaches: Ermal Allen Bobby Franklin Jim Myers Dan Reeves Ray Renfro Ernie Stautner Jerry Tubbs Coaches: Ermal Allen Bobby Franklin Jim Myers Dan Reeves Ray Renfro Ernie Stautner Jerry Tubbs v t e NFL 1960s All-Decade Team v t e Sonny Jurgensen Bart Starr Johnny Unitas John David Crow Paul Hornung Leroy Kelly Gale Sayers Jim Brown Jim Taylor John Mackey Del Shofner Charley Taylor Gary Collins Boyd Dowler Bob Brown Forrest Gregg Ralph Neely Gene Hickerson Jerry Kramer Howard Mudd Jim Ringo Doug Atkins Willie Davis Deacon Jones Alex Karras Bob Lilly Merlin Olsen Dick Butkus Larry Morris Ray Nitschke Tommy Nobis Dave Robinson Herb Adderley Lem Barney Bobby Boyd Ed Meador Larry Wilson Willie Wood Jim Bakken Don Chandler Sonny Jurgensen Bart Starr Johnny Unitas John David Crow Paul Hornung Leroy Kelly Gale Sayers Jim Brown Jim Taylor John Mackey Del Shofner Charley Taylor Gary Collins Boyd Dowler Bob Brown Forrest Gregg Ralph Neely Gene Hickerson Jerry Kramer Howard Mudd Jim Ringo Doug Atkins Willie Davis Deacon Jones Alex Karras Bob Lilly Merlin Olsen Dick Butkus Larry Morris Ray Nitschke Tommy Nobis Dave Robinson Herb Adderley Lem Barney Bobby Boyd Ed Meador Larry Wilson Willie Wood Jim Bakken Don Chandler v t e Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame members v t e Herb Adderley Lionel Aldridge Donny Anderson John Anderson Jerry Atkinson Nate Barragar Phil Bengtson Edgar Bennett Vernon Biever Ken Bowman Zeke Bratkowski William Brault Charley Brock Lou Brock John Brockington Robert Brooks Gilbert Brown Hank Bruder E. S. Brusky Willie Buchanon Cub Buck Wilner Burke LeRoy Butler Lee Roy Caffey George Whitney Calhoun Tony Canadeo Al Carmichael Fred Carr Don Chandler Mark Chmura Gerald Francis Clifford Chad Clifton Red Cochran Paul Coffman Nick Collins Irv Comp Fred Cone Larry Craig Dan Currie Carroll Dale Art Daley Boob Darling Willie Davis Lynn Dickey Bobby Dillon LaVern Dilweg Mike Douglass Boyd Dowler Donald Driver Red Dunn Jug Earp Gerry Ellis Ken Ellis Paul Engebretsen Lon Evans Brett Favre Howie Ferguson Emil Fischer Marv Fleming Bill Forester Bob Forte Antonio Freeman Ted Fritsch Milt Gantenbein Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila Gale Gillingham Charles Goldenberg Johnnie Gray Ahman Green Forrest Gregg Hank Gremminger Dave Hanner Bob Harlan Al Harris Tim Harris William Henderson Arnie Herber Clarke Hinkle Johnny Holland Paul Hornung Billy Howton Cal Hubbard Don Hutson Jim Irwin Cecil Isbell Chris Jacke Harry Jacunski Ed Jankowski Greg Jennings Bob Jeter Lee Joannes Ezra Johnson Swede Johnston Frank Jonet Henry Jordan Bud Jorgensen Aaron Kampman W. Webber Kelly Gary Knafelc Greg Koch Ron Kostelnik Jerry Kramer Ron Kramer Curly Lambeau Joe Laws Mark Lee Fred Leicht Russ Letlow Dorsey Levens Verne Lewellen James Lofton Vince Lombardi Ryan Longwell Don Majkowski Bob Mann Chester Marcol John Martinkovic Charlie Mathys Clay Matthews Larry McCarren Max McGee Johnny Blood Mike Michalske Tom Miller Bob Monnett Carl Mulleneaux Mark Murphy (executive) Mark Murphy (player) Jordy Nelson Ray Nitschke Dominic Olejniczak Robert J. Parins Elijah Pitts Baby Ray Lee Remmel Jim Ringo Marco Rivera Dave Robinson Tobin Rote Ken Ruettgers Al Schneider Ray Scott Sterling Sharpe Josh Sitton Bob Skoronski Bart Starr Jan Stenerud Bud Svendsen George Svendsen Mark Tauscher Jim Taylor Deral Teteak Ted Thompson Fred Thurston Pete Tinsley Al Treml Frederick N. Trowbridge Andrew B. Turnbull Andy Uram Jack Vainisi Reggie White Jesse Whittenton Dick Wildung Travis Williams Russ Winnie Frank Winters Ron Wolf Willie Wood Whitey Woodin Charles Woodson Herb Adderley Lionel Aldridge Donny Anderson John Anderson Jerry Atkinson Nate Barragar Phil Bengtson Edgar Bennett Vernon Biever Ken Bowman Zeke Bratkowski William Brault Charley Brock Lou Brock John Brockington Robert Brooks Gilbert Brown Hank Bruder E. S. Brusky Willie Buchanon Cub Buck Wilner Burke LeRoy Butler Lee Roy Caffey George Whitney Calhoun Tony Canadeo Al Carmichael Fred Carr Don Chandler Mark Chmura Gerald Francis Clifford Chad Clifton Red Cochran Paul Coffman Nick Collins Irv Comp Fred Cone Larry Craig Dan Currie Carroll Dale Art Daley Boob Darling Willie Davis Lynn Dickey Bobby Dillon LaVern Dilweg Mike Douglass Boyd Dowler Donald Driver Red Dunn Jug Earp Gerry Ellis Ken Ellis Paul Engebretsen Lon Evans Brett Favre Howie Ferguson Emil Fischer Marv Fleming Bill Forester Bob Forte Antonio Freeman Ted Fritsch Milt Gantenbein Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila Gale Gillingham Charles Goldenberg Johnnie Gray Ahman Green Forrest Gregg Hank Gremminger Dave Hanner Bob Harlan Al Harris Tim Harris William Henderson Arnie Herber Clarke Hinkle Johnny Holland Paul Hornung Billy Howton Cal Hubbard Don Hutson Jim Irwin Cecil Isbell Chris Jacke Harry Jacunski Ed Jankowski Greg Jennings Bob Jeter Lee Joannes Ezra Johnson Swede Johnston Frank Jonet Henry Jordan Bud Jorgensen Aaron Kampman W. Webber Kelly Gary Knafelc Greg Koch Ron Kostelnik Jerry Kramer Ron Kramer Curly Lambeau Joe Laws Mark Lee Fred Leicht Russ Letlow Dorsey Levens Verne Lewellen James Lofton Vince Lombardi Ryan Longwell Don Majkowski Bob Mann Chester Marcol John Martinkovic Charlie Mathys Clay Matthews Larry McCarren Max McGee Johnny Blood Mike Michalske Tom Miller Bob Monnett Carl Mulleneaux Mark Murphy (executive) Mark Murphy (player) Jordy Nelson Ray Nitschke Dominic Olejniczak Robert J. Parins Elijah Pitts Baby Ray Lee Remmel Jim Ringo Marco Rivera Dave Robinson Tobin Rote Ken Ruettgers Al Schneider Ray Scott Sterling Sharpe Josh Sitton Bob Skoronski Bart Starr Jan Stenerud Bud Svendsen George Svendsen Mark Tauscher Jim Taylor Deral Teteak Ted Thompson Fred Thurston Pete Tinsley Al Treml Frederick N. Trowbridge Andrew B. Turnbull Andy Uram Jack Vainisi Reggie White Jesse Whittenton Dick Wildung Travis Williams Russ Winnie Frank Winters Ron Wolf Willie Wood Whitey Woodin Charles Woodson v t e Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 1980 v t e Herb Adderley Deacon Jones Bob Lilly Jim Otto Herb Adderley Deacon Jones Bob Lilly Jim Otto v t e Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame v t e Quarterbacks Aikman Baugh Blanda Bradshaw Clark Conzelman L. Dawson Driscoll Elway Favre Fouts Friedman Graham Griese Herber Jurgensen J. Kelly Layne Luckman Manning Marino Montana Moon Namath A. Parker Stabler Starr Staubach Tarkenton Tittle Unitas Van Brocklin Warner Waterfield S. Young Aikman Baugh Blanda Bradshaw Clark Conzelman L. Dawson Driscoll Elway Favre Fouts Friedman Graham Griese Herber Jurgensen J. Kelly Layne Luckman Manning Marino Montana Moon Namath A. Parker Stabler Starr Staubach Tarkenton Tittle Unitas Van Brocklin Warner Waterfield S. Young Running backs M. Allen Battles Bettis J. Brown Campbell Canadeo Csonka T. Davis Dickerson Dorsett Dudley Faulk Gifford Grange Guyon F. Harris Hinkle Hornung James J. H. Johnson L. Kelly Lambeau Leemans F. Little Martin Matson McAfee McElhenny J. McNally Moore Motley Nagurski Nevers Payton Perry Pollard Riggins B. Sanders Sayers Simpson E. Smith Strong Ji. Taylor T. Thomas Thorpe Tomlinson Trippi Van Buren Walker M. Allen Battles Bettis J. Brown Campbell Canadeo Csonka T. Davis Dickerson Dorsett Dudley Faulk Gifford Grange Guyon F. Harris Hinkle Hornung James J. H. Johnson L. Kelly Lambeau Leemans F. Little Martin Matson McAfee McElhenny J. McNally Moore Motley Nagurski Nevers Payton Perry Pollard Riggins B. Sanders Sayers Simpson E. Smith Strong Ji. Taylor T. Thomas Thorpe Tomlinson Trippi Van Buren Walker Wide receivers / ends Alworth Badgro Berry Biletnikoff Branch T. Brown Bruce Carmichael Carter Chamberlin Fears Flaherty Halas Harrison Hayes Hewitt Hirsch Hutson Irvin A. Johnson C. Johnson Joiner Largent Lavelli Lofton Maynard McDonald Millner Mitchell Monk Moss Owens Pearson Pihos A. Reed Rice St. Sharpe Speedie Stallworth Swann C. Taylor Warfield Alworth Badgro Berry Biletnikoff Branch T. Brown Bruce Carmichael Carter Chamberlin Fears Flaherty Halas Harrison Hayes Hewitt Hirsch Hutson Irvin A. Johnson C. Johnson Joiner Largent Lavelli Lofton Maynard McDonald Millner Mitchell Monk Moss Owens Pearson Pihos A. Reed Rice St. Sharpe Speedie Stallworth Swann C. Taylor Warfield Tight ends Casper Ditka Gates Gonzalez Mackey Newsome C. Sanders Sh. Sharpe J. Smith Winslow Casper Ditka Gates Gonzalez Mackey Newsome C. Sanders Sh. Sharpe J. Smith Winslow Offensive linemen L. Allen Boselli B. Brown R. Brown Covert Creekmur D. Dawson DeLamielleure Dierdorf Faneca Gatski Gregg Grimm Hannah Hickerson Hill Hutchinson S. Jones W. Jones Kramer Langer L. Little Mack Matthews Mawae McCormack McDaniel Mix Munchak Muñoz Ogden Otto Pace J. Parker Ringo Roaf Shaw A. Shell Shields J. Slater St. Clair Stanfel Stephenson J. Thomas Tingelhoff Upshaw Webster Wright Yary Zimmerman L. Allen Boselli B. Brown R. Brown Covert Creekmur D. Dawson DeLamielleure Dierdorf Faneca Gatski Gregg Grimm Hannah Hickerson Hill Hutchinson S. Jones W. Jones Kramer Langer L. Little Mack Matthews Mawae McCormack McDaniel Mix Munchak Muñoz Ogden Otto Pace J. Parker Ringo Roaf Shaw A. Shell Shields J. Slater St. Clair Stanfel Stephenson J. Thomas Tingelhoff Upshaw Webster Wright Yary Zimmerman Pre-modern era two-way players Edwards Fortmann Healey Hein Henry Hubbard Kiesling Kinard Lyman Michalske Musso Owen D. Slater Stydahar Trafton Turner Wojciechowicz Edwards Fortmann Healey Hein Henry Hubbard Kiesling Kinard Lyman Michalske Musso Owen D. Slater Stydahar Trafton Turner Wojciechowicz Defensive linemen J. Allen Atkins Bethea Buchanan Culp W. Davis Dean Dent Doleman Donovan Eller Ford Freeney J. Greene Haley Hampton Humphrey D. Jones Jordan Karras Kennedy Klecko Lilly Long Marchetti McMichael Nomellini Olsen Page Peppers Randle Robustelli Sapp Selmon Seymour B. Smith Sprinkle Stautner Strahan Ja. Taylor Weinmeister Ra. White Re. White B. Willis B. Young Youngblood J. Allen Atkins Bethea Buchanan Culp W. Davis Dean Dent Doleman Donovan Eller Ford Freeney J. Greene Haley Hampton Humphrey D. Jones Jordan Karras Kennedy Klecko Lilly Long Marchetti McMichael Nomellini Olsen Page Peppers Randle Robustelli Sapp Selmon Seymour B. Smith Sprinkle Stautner Strahan Ja. Taylor Weinmeister Ra. White Re. White B. Willis B. Young Youngblood Linebackers Bednarik Bo. Bell Brazile Brooks Buoniconti Butkus Carson Connor George Gradishar K. Greene Ham Hanburger Hendricks Howley Huff Jackson Lambert Lanier Lewis Mills Nitschke Richter D. Robinson Schmidt Seau Singletary L. Taylor D. Thomas Z. Thomas Tippett Urlacher Ware Wilcox P. Willis Bednarik Bo. Bell Brazile Brooks Buoniconti Butkus Carson Connor George Gradishar K. Greene Ham Hanburger Hendricks Howley Huff Jackson Lambert Lanier Lewis Mills Nitschke Richter D. Robinson Schmidt Seau Singletary L. Taylor D. Thomas Z. Thomas Tippett Urlacher Ware Wilcox P. Willis Defensive backs Adderley E. Allen Atwater Bailey Barber Barney Blount W. Brown J. Butler L. Butler Christiansen Dawkins Dillon Easley Green C. Harris Haynes Houston J. Johnson Krause Lane Lary Law LeBeau Lott Lynch Polamalu E. Reed Renfro Revis Riley J. Robinson D. Sanders D. Shell E. Thomas Tunnell Wehrli Williams L. Wilson Wood C. Woodson R. Woodson Adderley E. Allen Atwater Bailey Barber Barney Blount W. Brown J. Butler L. Butler Christiansen Dawkins Dillon Easley Green C. Harris Haynes Houston J. Johnson Krause Lane Lary Law LeBeau Lott Lynch Polamalu E. Reed Renfro Revis Riley J. Robinson D. Sanders D. Shell E. Thomas Tunnell Wehrli Williams L. Wilson Wood C. Woodson R. Woodson Special teams Andersen Groza Guy Hester Stenerud Andersen Groza Guy Hester Stenerud Coaches G. Allen P. Brown Chamberlin Conzelman Coryell Cowher Dungy Ewbank Flaherty Flores Gibbs Gillman Grant Halas J. Johnson Lambeau Landry Levy Lombardi Madden Neale Noll Owen Parcells Shula Stram Vermeil Walsh G. Allen P. Brown Chamberlin Conzelman Coryell Cowher Dungy Ewbank Flaherty Flores Gibbs Gillman Grant Halas J. Johnson Lambeau Landry Levy Lombardi Madden Neale Noll Owen Parcells Shula Stram Vermeil Walsh Contributors Beathard Be. Bell Bidwill Bowlen Brandt Carr A. Davis DeBartolo Finks Halas Hunt J. Jones Lambeau T. Mara W. Mara Marshall A. McNally Nunn Polian Ray Reeves A. Rooney D. Rooney Rozelle E. Sabol S. Sabol Schramm Tagliabue R. Wilson Wolf G. Young Beathard Be. Bell Bidwill Bowlen Brandt Carr A. Davis DeBartolo Finks Halas Hunt J. Jones Lambeau T. Mara W. Mara Marshall A. McNally Nunn Polian Ray Reeves A. Rooney D. Rooney Rozelle E. Sabol S. Sabol Schramm Tagliabue R. Wilson Wolf G. Young 1939 births 2020 deaths American football cornerbacks American football return specialists College football announcers Dallas Cowboys players Green Bay Packers players Michigan State Spartans football players Philadelphia Eagles announcers Temple Owls football coaches Temple Owls football announcers Philadelphia Bell coaches Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Western Conference Pro Bowl players Players of American football from Philadelphia Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from June 2024 Use American English from October 2020 All Wikipedia articles written in American English This page was last edited on 19 November 2025, at 23:37 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Regular season results 2 Record by decade 3 Postseason record by year 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links List of Seattle Mariners seasons Français 日本語 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The Seattle Mariners are a Major League Baseball (MLB) team based in Seattle , Washington, United States. The team has been a member of the American League 's West division since they entered as an expansion franchise in 1977. [ 1 ] Their name was chosen in a public contest and reflects the city's nautical history and location on Puget Sound . [ 2 ] The team's first home stadium was the Kingdome , an indoor multi-purpose stadium shared with other sports, from 1977 until 1999. The Mariners moved to their current home, T-Mobile Park (formerly Safeco Field), when it opened on July 15, 1999; the stadium has a retractable roof and a seating capacity of 47,943. [ 3 ] The first MLB team in the Pacific Northwest , the Seattle Pilots , played for one season in 1969 as an American League expansion team at Sick's Stadium , a former minor league venue. After their sale to avoid bankruptcy, the Pilots moved to Milwaukee in 1970 and became the Brewers . [ 1 ] The governments of Seattle, King County , and Washington filed a lawsuit against the American League in 1975 for a breach of contract in breaking the lease at Sick's Stadium; the lawsuit was withdrawn in exchange for a team that would play at the new Kingdome. After failed attempts to relocate an existing team, an expansion franchise was granted in 1976. [ 4 ] The Mariners played their first game at the Kingdome on April 6, 1977, and finished their first season with a 64–98 record. [ 1 ] The team had 14 consecutive losing seasons and never finished in the top half of the seven-team AL West division until the 1990s; their first winning season was achieved in 1991 under manager Jim Lefebvre , who was fired at the end of the season. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The Mariners clinched the division title in 1995 by defeating the California Angels in a tie-breaker game after the two teams finished with identical 78–66 records. [ 7 ] They earned a place in the postseason for the first time in franchise history amid the threat of relocation due to the Kingdome's deteriorating condition. [ 1 ] [ 8 ] The team's playoff run, which included a comeback series victory against the New York Yankees , ended with a loss to the Cleveland Indians in the American League Championship Series (ALCS). In October 1995, the state and county governments approved financing to build a new stadium a month after voters had rejected a referendum on the issue. [ 7 ] [ 9 ] Under manager Lou Piniella , the Mariners had three consecutive seasons with winning records and made another postseason appearance in 1997, but failed to advance beyond the American League Division Series (ALDS). [ 1 ] [ 10 ] The team earned their first wild card berth in the 2000 season and advanced to the ALCS, where they lost to the Yankees. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] During the 2001 season , the Mariners won 116 games and tied the 1906 Chicago Cubs for the MLB record. The team advanced to the ALCS for the third time in franchise history and lost to the Yankees for the second consecutive year. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] The Mariners failed to qualify for the postseason from 2001 to 2022; [ 15 ] the 21-year period was the longest active playoff drought in the North American major sports leagues at the time and among the longest in MLB history. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] The team ended the drought with a wild card berth in 2022 and advanced to the ALDS, where they were eliminated by the Houston Astros , another AL West franchise. [ 18 ] The Mariners failed to return to the playoffs in the 2023 season despite finishing with a winning record for the third consecutive year. [ 19 ] As of the end of their 49th season in 2025, the Mariners have an all-time regular season record of 3,689 wins and 4,022 losses. [ 20 ] They have had a winning record in 19 seasons, a losing record in 30 seasons, and six postseason berths. [ 20 ] After the Washington Nationals won the National League title in 2019, the Mariners are the only active MLB franchise never to have appeared in the World Series . [ 21 ] Regular season results Key to colors † World Series champions * American League champions ^ Division champions ¤ Wild Card berth (1995–present) † World Series champions * American League champions ^ Division champions ¤ Wild Card berth (1995–present) Key to abbreviations AL – American League ALCS – American League Championship Series ALDS – American League Division Series ALWC – American League Wild Card Games AL – American League ALCS – American League Championship Series ALDS – American League Division Series ALWC – American League Wild Card Games Key to awards MVP – Most Valuable Player Award CYA – Cy Young Award ROY – Rookie of the Year Award MOY – Manager of the Year Award CB POY – Comeback Player of the Year Award WS MVP – World Series Most Valuable Player Award MVP – Most Valuable Player Award CYA – Cy Young Award ROY – Rookie of the Year Award MOY – Manager of the Year Award CB POY – Comeback Player of the Year Award WS MVP – World Series Most Valuable Player Award MLB season Team season League Division Regular season [ 20 ] Postseason results [ 20 ] [ 22 ] Awards [ 23 ] Manager [ 20 ] ( list ) Finish W L Pct GB 1977 1977 AL West 6th 64 98 .395 38 — — Darrell Johnson 1978 1978 AL West 7th 56 104 .350 35 — — 1979 1979 AL West 6th 67 95 .414 21 — — 1980 † 1980 [ a ] AL West 7th 59 103 .364 38 — — Darrell Johnson ( .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} 39–65 ) Maury Wills ( 20–38 ) † 1981 [ b ] † 1981 [ a ] AL West 6th 44 65 .404 20 — — Maury Wills ( 6–18 ) Rene Lachemann ( 38–47 ) 1982 1982 AL West 4th 76 86 .469 17 — — Rene Lachemann 1983 1983 AL West 7th 60 102 .370 39 — — Rene Lachemann ( 26–47 ) Del Crandall ( 34–55 ) 1984 1984 AL West 5th 74 88 .457 10 — Alvin Davis ( ROY ) Del Crandall ( 59–76 ) Chuck Cottier ( 15–12 ) 1985 1985 AL West 6th 74 88 .457 17 — — Chuck Cottier 1986 1986 AL West 7th 67 95 .414 25 — — Chuck Cottier ( 9–19 ) Marty Martínez ( 59–76 ) Dick Williams ( 58–75 ) 1987 1987 AL West 4th 78 84 .481 7 — — Dick Williams 1988 1988 AL West 7th 68 93 .422 35 — — Dick Williams ( 23–33 ) Jim Snyder ( 45–60 ) 1989 1989 AL West 6th 73 89 .451 26 — — Jim Lefebvre 1990 1990 AL West 5th 77 85 .475 26 — — 1991 1991 AL West 5th 83 79 .512 12 — — 1992 1992 AL West 7th 64 98 .395 32 — — Bill Plummer 1993 1993 AL West 4th 82 80 .506 12 — — Lou Piniella † 1994 [ c ] † 1994 [ d ] AL West 3rd 49 63 .438 2 Playoffs cancelled by players' strike [ c ] — 1995 1995 AL West ^ † 1st ^ [ e ] 79 66 .545 — Won ALDS ( Yankees ) 3–2 Lost ALCS ( Indians ) 4–2 Randy Johnson ( CYA ) Lou Piniella ( MOY ) 1996 1996 AL West 2nd 85 76 .528 4½ — — 1997 1997 AL West ^ 1st ^ 90 72 .556 — Lost ALDS ( Orioles ) 3–1 Ken Griffey Jr. ( MVP ) 1998 1998 AL West 3rd 76 85 .472 11½ — — 1999 1999 AL West 3rd 79 83 .488 16 — — 2000 2000 AL West 2nd ¤ 91 71 .562 ½ Won ALDS ( White Sox ) 3–0 Lost ALCS ( Yankees ) 4–2 Kazuhiro Sasaki ( ROY ) 2001 2001 AL West ^ 1st ^ 116 [ f ] 46 .716 — Won ALDS ( Indians ) 3–2 Lost ALCS ( Yankees ) 4–1 Ichiro Suzuki ( MVP , ROY ) Lou Piniella ( MOY ) 2002 2002 AL West 3rd 93 69 .574 10 — — 2003 2003 AL West 2nd 93 69 .574 3 — — Bob Melvin 2004 2004 AL West 4th 63 99 .389 29 — — 2005 2005 AL West 4th 69 93 .426 26 — — Mike Hargrove 2006 2006 AL West 4th 78 84 .481 15 — — 2007 2007 AL West 2nd 88 74 .543 6 — — Mike Hargrove ( 45–33 ) John McLaren ( 43–41 ) 2008 2008 AL West 4th 61 101 .377 39 — — John McLaren ( 25–47 ) Jim Riggleman ( 36–54 ) 2009 2009 AL West 3rd 85 77 .525 12 — — Don Wakamatsu 2010 2010 AL West 4th 61 101 .377 29 — Félix Hernández ( CYA ) Don Wakamatsu ( 42–70 ) Daren Brown ( 19–31 ) 2011 2011 AL West 4th 67 95 .414 29 — — Eric Wedge 2012 2012 AL West 4th 75 87 .463 19 — — 2013 2013 AL West 4th 71 91 .438 25 — — 2014 2014 AL West 3rd 87 75 .537 11 — Chris Young ( CB POY ) Lloyd McClendon 2015 2015 AL West 4th 76 86 .469 12 — — 2016 2016 AL West 2nd 86 76 .531 9 — — Scott Servais 2017 2017 AL West 3rd 78 84 .481 23 — — 2018 2018 AL West 3rd 89 73 .549 14 — — 2019 2019 AL West 5th 68 94 .420 39 — — † 2020 [ g ] 2020 AL West 3rd 27 33 .450 9 — Kyle Lewis ( ROY ) 2021 2021 AL West 2nd 90 72 .556 5 — — 2022 2022 AL West 2nd ¤ 90 72 .556 16 Won ALWC ( Blue Jays ) 2–0 Lost ALDS ( Astros ) 3–0 Julio Rodríguez ( ROY ) 2023 2023 AL West 3rd 88 74 .543 2 — — 2024 2024 AL West 2nd 85 77 .525 2 — — Scott Servais ( 64–64 ) Dan Wilson ( 21–13 ) 2025 2025 AL West ^ 1st ^ 90 72 .556 — Won ALDS ( Tigers ) 3–2 Lost ALCS ( Blue Jays ) 4–3 — Dan Wilson Totals (49 seasons) [ 20 ] 3,689 4,022 .478 All-time regular season record (1977–2025) 23 27 .460 All-time postseason record (1977–2025) 3,706 4,045 .478 All-time regular and postseason record (1977–2025) Record by decade The following table summarizes the Mariners' win–loss record in the MLB regular season by decade. [ 20 ] Decade '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000086-QINU`"' Wins Losses Pct 1970s 187 297 .386 1980s 673 893 .430 1990s 764 787 .493 2000s 837 783 .517 2010s 758 862 .468 2020s 470 400 .540 All-time 3,689 4,022 .478 Postseason record by year The Mariners have made the postseason six times in their history. Their first postseason appearance was in 1995 and the most recent is in the current 2025 season. [ 20 ] [ 22 ] Year Finish Round Opponent Result W L 1995 AL West champions ALDS New York Yankees Won 3 2 ALCS Cleveland Indians Lost 2 4 1997 AL West champions ALDS Baltimore Orioles Lost 1 3 2000 AL Wild Card ALDS Chicago White Sox Won 3 0 ALCS New York Yankees Lost 2 4 2001 AL West champions ALDS Cleveland Indians Won 3 2 ALCS New York Yankees Lost 1 4 2022 AL Wild Card ALWC Toronto Blue Jays Won 2 0 ALDS Houston Astros Lost 0 3 2025 AL West champions ALDS Detroit Tigers Won 3 2 ALCS Toronto Blue Jays Lost 3 4 Totals 5–6 23 28 See also History of the Seattle Mariners List of Seattle Mariners managers List of Seattle Mariners Opening Day starting pitchers Seattle Mariners team records Notes ^ a b In both the 1980 and 1981 seasons, the Mariners played one game which ended in a tie not reflected in the regular season table. [ 20 ] On June 2, 1980, the Mariners were tied 3–3 with the Detroit Tigers after 13 innings before the game in Detroit was suspended due to rain; [ 24 ] the game was replayed on August 1 as part of a doubleheader. [ 25 ] On April 29, 1981, the Mariners played 8 innings with the Minnesota Twins at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome that was called off due to rain and hail with the score tied at 7; [ 26 ] it was replayed on August 14 as the first game in a doubleheader. [ 27 ] In 2007, the Major League Baseball Rules Committee approved a rule change that no longer required tied games to be replayed in their entirety; suspended games that are tied in the bottom of the fifth inning or later are to be resumed at the same stadium at the next meeting between the same teams. [ 28 ] ^ A players' strike was called on June 12, 1981, and ended 59 days later on August 9. The 1981 season was reorganized into a split season with two champions for each division—the team with the best record in pre-strike games and the team with the best record in post-strike games (or the runner-up if the same team won both halves). [ 29 ] ^ a b The 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike , which started on August 12, led to the cancellation of the playoffs and World Series. [ 32 ] As a result of the shortened season, MLB did not officially award division championships. [ 33 ] Although they spent the entire season with a losing record, the Mariners were two games behind AL West leaders Texas Rangers by August 12. [ 34 ] ^ The Kingdome was closed for emergency repairs following the collapse of ceiling tiles on July 19, 1994. As a result, the Mariners played the remainder of their schedule on the road; of the 30 scheduled road games, only 20 were played due to the players' strike called on August 12 that cancelled the rest of the season. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] ^ The Mariners and California Angels finished with identical 78–66 records during the strike-shortened regular season. The Mariners won the tie-breaker game , which is included in the regular season statistics. [ 35 ] ^ The team's 116 wins tied an MLB record that was originally set by the 1906 Chicago Cubs . [ 13 ] However, the Mariners played ten more games than the 1906 Cubs. [ 36 ] ^ The start of the 2020 season was postponed by MLB due to the COVID-19 pandemic . The shortened 60-game regular season began on July 24, 2020, with games played behind closed doors against teams in the American League West and National League West to reduce travel. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] References ^ a b c d e .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Drosendahl, Glenn (September 12, 2010). "Seattle Mariners" . HistoryLink . Archived from the original on December 25, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ Johns, Greg (December 1, 2021). "How and why Mariners got their team name" . MLB.com . Archived from the original on November 23, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ "Mariners Ballparks" . Seattle Mariners. Archived from the original on December 25, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ Zimmerman, Hy (January 27, 1980). "Baseball left town in 1970, but came back to occupy Dome". The Seattle Times . pp. L8 – L9 . ^ Eskenazi, Stuart (April 1, 2002). "They turned out long before the M's were 'in' " . The Seattle Times . p. A1. Archived from the original on December 25, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ Sherwin, Bob (October 10, 1991). "Lefebvre officially out—Mariners fire manager today; Paul is also out" . The Seattle Times . p. F1. Archived from the original on December 25, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ a b Stone, Larry (August 24, 2015). "Top moments from an unforgettable 1995 Mariners season" . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on December 25, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ LaRue, Larry (October 3, 1995). "Mariners capture AL West title—No joke: A 19-year wait is over" . The News Tribune . p. A1. Archived from the original on December 25, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 – via Newspapers.com . ^ Verducci, Tom (February 5, 1996). "Marinermaina: How a tottering team's bid for a wild-card berth turned into a late-season frenzy" . Sports Illustrated . pp. 78– 91. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ "Franchise Timeline: 1990s" . Seattle Mariners. Archived from the original on December 25, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ Boling, Dave (October 2, 2000). "Mariners are playoffs-bound" . The News Tribune . p. A1. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Hohler, Bob (October 18, 2000). "Visitors didn't believe everything they read" . The Boston Globe . p. F4. Archived from the original on December 25, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Chass, Murray (October 23, 2001). "On Baseball: Playoff Fade Turns Mariners Into a Footnote" . The New York Times . p. S2. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015 . Retrieved August 13, 2009 . ^ Harvey, Coley (October 8, 2022). "Mariners into ALDS after improbable comeback completes sweep of Blue Jays" . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 25, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ Yomtov, Jesse (October 1, 2022). "Mariners end MLB's longest playoff drought: A look at what's happened to franchise since 2001" . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 13, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ Mather, Victor (October 1, 2015). "Blue Jays' Title Leaves Buffalo Bills With Longest Playoff Drought" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 25, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ Harrigan, Thomas (October 2, 2022). "How did these teams do after ending long playoff droughts?" . MLB.com . Archived from the original on December 27, 2023 . Retrieved December 26, 2023 . ^ Janes, Chelsea; Golden, Andrew (October 18, 2022). "What to know about the 2022 MLB postseason" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on March 26, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ Divish, Ryan (October 1, 2023). "Mariners wrap up season with 1-0 win against Rangers" . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on December 25, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ a b c d e f g h i "Seattle Mariners Team History & Encyclopedia" . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 20, 2025 . ^ Divish, Ryan (October 15, 2019). "Mariners now stand alone — as only MLB team never to reach World Series" . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on December 25, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ a b "World Series and MLB Playoffs" . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 20, 2025 . ^ "Awards" . Seattle Mariners. Archived from the original on December 25, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ Thiel, Art (June 3, 1980). "Rain Stops M's, Tigers In 13th". Seattle Post-Intelligencer . p. C1. ^ Zimmerman, Hy (August 1, 1980). "Mariners, losers of five straight, face 'double jeopardy' in Detroit". The Seattle Times . p. D4. ^ Ringolsby, Tracy (April 30, 1981). "Storm leaves Twins, M's deadlocked, 7-all". Seattle Post-Intelligencer . p. B2. ^ Ringolsby, Tracy (August 15, 1981). "Jeff's jolts net M's split". Seattle Post-Intelligencer . p. B1. ^ "Non-Pitchers Could Be Suspended 10 Games for Scuffing Ball" . The Washington Post . Associated Press . February 17, 2007 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ Verducci, Tom (May 29, 2020). "Inside the Chaos of 1981—MLB's Last Severely Shortened Season" . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on December 25, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ Condotta, Bob (July 19, 2004). "Ten years after the Kingdome tiles fell" . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on December 6, 2004 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ Sherwin, Bob (July 30, 1994). "Chicago 5, Seattle 4: California still thorn in Mariners' roadside". The Seattle Times . p. B3. ^ Newhan, Ross (September 15, 1994). "Baseball Season, Series Canceled" . Los Angeles Times . p. A1. Archived from the original on December 25, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ Newhan, Ross (October 6, 1994). "A Season Without Titles Baseball: Players will be honored, but there will be no divisional champions because of the shortened schedule" . Los Angeles Times . p. C3. Archived from the original on October 7, 2023 . Retrieved October 20, 2023 . ^ Finnigan, Bob (August 12, 1994). " 'It's a hell of a way to get home' – Strike scatters nomadic M's when team's finally on roll". The Seattle Times . p. A1. ^ "History of MLB tiebreakers" . MLB.com . September 29, 2013 . Retrieved October 9, 2025 . ^ Rumore, Kori (October 2, 2020). "The all-Chicago World Series: How the 'Hitless Wonders' pulled off the upset as the Spuds (Cubs) and the White Stockings (White Sox) reached the Fall Classic in 1906" . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on December 25, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ Divish, Ryan (July 6, 2020). "Mariners to open coronavirus-delayed season with seven-game road trip, starting in Houston" . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on December 25, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . ^ "Franchise Timeline: 2020s" . Seattle Mariners. Archived from the original on December 25, 2023 . Retrieved December 24, 2023 . External links Bois, Jon (September 24, 2020). The History of the Seattle Mariners: Supercut Edition (Documentary). Secret Base – via YouTube . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Major League Baseball season-by-season team history v t e American League East Division Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Division Chicago White Sox Cleveland Guardians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Division Athletics Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers East Division Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Division Chicago White Sox Cleveland Guardians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins Chicago White Sox Cleveland Guardians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Division Athletics Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Athletics Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Division Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Division Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Division Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants East Division Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Division Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Division Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants v t e Seattle Mariners v t e Established in 1977 Based in Seattle, Washington Established in 1977 Based in Seattle, Washington Franchise History Expansion Expansion draft Seasons Records No-hitters Players Managers General managers and owners Award winners and league leaders First-round draft picks Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Minor league affiliates Team Hall of Fame Nintendo Fan Network History Expansion Expansion draft Expansion draft Seasons Records No-hitters Players Managers General managers and owners Award winners and league leaders First-round draft picks Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Minor league affiliates Team Hall of Fame Nintendo Fan Network Ballparks Kingdome T-Mobile Park Spring training: Tempe Diablo Stadium Peoria Sports Complex Kingdome T-Mobile Park Kingdome T-Mobile Park Spring training: Tempe Diablo Stadium Peoria Sports Complex Tempe Diablo Stadium Peoria Sports Complex Culture Mariner Moose MS Relief Home run trident The Mitt People Dave Niehaus Mr. Mariner Tuba Man Peanut Man Promotions Turn Back the Clock Turn Ahead the Clock Songs " Louie Louie " " Kernkraft 400 " " Can't Hold Us " " Mr. Rager " Film & TV The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! Little Big League The Comrades of Summer Mariner Moose MS Relief Home run trident The Mitt Mariner Moose MS Relief Home run trident The Mitt People Dave Niehaus Mr. Mariner Tuba Man Peanut Man Dave Niehaus Mr. Mariner Tuba Man Peanut Man Promotions Turn Back the Clock Turn Ahead the Clock Turn Back the Clock Turn Ahead the Clock Songs " Louie Louie " " Kernkraft 400 " " Can't Hold Us " " Mr. Rager " " Louie Louie " " Kernkraft 400 " " Can't Hold Us " " Mr. Rager " Film & TV The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! Little Big League The Comrades of Summer The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! Little Big League The Comrades of Summer Lore 1995 AL West tie-breaker game The Double Félix Hernández's perfect game 1995 AL West tie-breaker game The Double Félix Hernández's perfect game Key personnel Owner: Baseball Club of Seattle, LP, represented by CEO John Stanton President: John Stanton President of baseball operations: Jerry Dipoto General manager: Justin Hollander Manager: Dan Wilson Owner: Baseball Club of Seattle, LP, represented by CEO John Stanton President: John Stanton President of baseball operations: Jerry Dipoto General manager: Justin Hollander Manager: Dan Wilson Retired numbers 11 24 42 51 11 24 42 51 All-Star Games hosted (3) 1979 2001 2023 1979 2001 2023 American League West Division titles (4) 1995 1997 2001 2025 1995 1997 2001 2025 Wild card berths (2) 2000 2022 2000 2022 Minor league affiliates Tacoma Rainiers (Triple-A) Arkansas Travelers (Double-A) Everett AquaSox (High-A) Inland Empire 66ers (Single-A) ACL Mariners (Rookie) DSL Mariners (Rookie) Tacoma Rainiers (Triple-A) Arkansas Travelers (Double-A) Everett AquaSox (High-A) Inland Empire 66ers (Single-A) ACL Mariners (Rookie) DSL Mariners (Rookie) Broadcasting Television Root Sports Northwest Radio ESPN-710 Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Rick Rizzs Mike Blowers Aaron Goldsmith Television Root Sports Northwest Root Sports Northwest Radio ESPN-710 Radio network affiliates ESPN-710 Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Rick Rizzs Mike Blowers Aaron Goldsmith Rick Rizzs Mike Blowers Aaron Goldsmith Seattle Mariners seasons 1970s 1970 · 1971 · 1972 · 1973 · 1974 · 1975 · 1976 · 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Seattle Mariners seasons 1970s 1970 · 1971 · 1972 · 1973 · 1974 · 1975 · 1976 · 1977 1978 1979 1970 · 1971 · 1972 · 1973 · 1974 · 1975 · 1976 · 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Seattle Mariners seasons Seattle Mariners lists Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from October 2023 Featured lists Articles with hCards This page was last edited on 17 December 2025, at 16:26 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Stage appearances 2 Filmography 3 Radio broadcasts 4 Notes and references Toggle Notes and references subsection 4.1 Notes 4.2 References 4.3 Sources 4.1 Notes 4.2 References 4.3 Sources 5 External links John Barrymore on stage, screen and radio Русский Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item John Barrymore (born John Sidney Blyth; 1882–1942) was an American actor of stage, screen and radio who appeared in more than 40 plays, 60 films and 100 radio shows. [ 1 ] He was the youngest child of the actors Maurice Barrymore and Georgie Drew Barrymore , and his two siblings were Lionel and Ethel ; together they were known as America's "Royal Family" of actors, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and John was "perhaps the most influential and idolized actor of his day", according to his biographer Martin F. Norden. [ 1 ] After Barrymore tried to start a career in art, becoming an illustrator at the New York Evening Journal , his father tempted him to appear on stage in 1901 in A Man of the World ; the theater proved more interesting than the newspaper industry, and he quickly changed professions. [ 4 ] In 1904 he appeared in his first stage show on Broadway , where he appeared in light comedies and musicals until 1914 when he began to turn to more serious roles, starting with The Yellow Ticket and Kick In . [ 2 ] [ 5 ] That year he also began to work in full-length films, and appeared in nine between 1914 and 1918, all of them slapstick or farce comedies. [ 2 ] During the 1920s film roles became more serious, and he appeared in the lead role in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920), which he followed with The Lotus Eater (1921), Sherlock Holmes (1922), Beau Brummel (1924) and The Sea Beast (1926). [ 2 ] [ 6 ] In between his film roles, he also took the lead in two major stage productions of Shakespeare. In 1920 he played Richard, Duke of Gloucester in Richard III ; although a success, the play closed after only 31 performances when Barrymore "collapsed from the physical and psychological challenges of the role". [ 2 ] [ 6 ] In November 1922 he played the title character in Hamlet on Broadway for 101 performances, before touring the US until January 1924; Norden described the critics' reaction as "universally praising the production as the best Hamlet they had ever seen". [ 7 ] After the US tour, Barrymore took the production to London, where it ran for a further 68 performances; [ 8 ] The Manchester Guardian later described the first performance as "the most memorable first night for years". [ 9 ] Such was the success of Hamlet , that Warner Bros. signed Barrymore to a film contract. When his time with Warner Bros. finished, he signed a contract with United Artists to make three features: The Beloved Rogue (1927), Tempest (1928) and Eternal Love (1929). When that contract ended he returned to Warner Bros. for five further films, and was then picked up by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , where he appeared in Grand Hotel , A Bill of Divorcement and Rasputin and the Empress (all 1932). At the end of the MGM contract he became "a journeyman movie actor", in the words of Norden. [ 2 ] In September 1940 Barrymore was invited to leave his imprint in the forecourt of Grauman's Chinese Theatre ; instead of the traditional handprint, Barrymore left his facial profile, reflecting his nickname "The Great Profile". [ 10 ] He was inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame on February 8, 1960. [ 11 ] Although Barrymore appeared in a number of successful films in the 1930s, including Counsellor at Law (1933) and Twentieth Century (1934), his increasing alcoholism led to memory loss and the inability to remember his lines. [ 2 ] [ 12 ] His problems with alcohol affected his confidence and he admitted to Helen Hayes , his co-star of Night Flight , that he had "completely lost [his] nerve" and that he "could never appear before an audience instead". [ 13 ] In 1935 he was hospitalized after being unable to remember neither his seven lines for the film Hat, Coat, and Glove , nor his character's name. [ 12 ] After his discharge from the hospital he enjoyed a brief career revival, although much of his film work "bore little distinction", according to Norden; [ 2 ] the film historians Donald McCaffrey and Christopher Jacobs opine that Barrymore's "contribution to the art of cinematic acting began to fade" after the mid-1930s. [ 14 ] Barrymore also enjoyed a fruitful career on radio, which included broadcasting six of Shakespeare's plays in a Streamlined Shakespeare series. Much of his radio work was in the 74 episodes of The Sealtest Show with Rudy Vallée ; [ 15 ] it was during a rehearsal for the show in May 1942 that Barrymore collapsed and was admitted to hospital, where he died on May 29. [ 16 ] Stage appearances Production [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Date Theatre (New York, unless stated) Role Number of performances A Man of the World January 1901 Touring George Ellis Captain Jinks of the Horse Marines 1901 – 02 season Touring Charles "Charlie" La Martine Madga October 31, 1903 W. S. Cleveland's Theatre, Chicago Lt. Max von Wendlowski 10 Leah the Forsaken November 8, 1903 W. S. Cleveland's Theatre, Chicago Jacob 18 Glad of It December 28, 1903 Savoy Theatre Corley 32 The Dictator April 4, 1904 Criterion Theatre , then touring in US and Britain (September 1904 to July 1905) Charlie Hyne 105 Yvette May 13, 1904 Knickerbocker Theatre Signor Valreali 1 Sunday September – December 1905 Touring Jacky Pantaloon December 25, 1905 – March 1906 Criterion Theatre for 81, then touring from May 1906 Clown 81 Alice Sit-by-the-Fire December 25, 1905 – March 1906 Criterion Theatre for 81, then touring (March to April 1906 and September 1906 to February 1907) Stephen Rollo 81 Miss Civilization January 26, 1906 Broadway Theatre Brick Meakin , alias "Reddy the Kid" 1 On the Quiet March – October 1906 Touring, US and Australia Duke of Carbondale The Dictator April – August 1906 Touring, US and Australia Charley Hyne A Doll's House January 31, 1907 Colonial Theatre, Boston Dr. Rank 1 His Excellency the Governor April 4, 1907 Empire Theatre Capt. Charles Carew 36 The Boys of Company B May 23 – July 1907 Lyceum Theatre , then touring (July to September 1907) Tony Allen 96 Toddles March 16, 1908 Garrick Theatre Lord Meadows 16 A Stubborn Cinderella June 1908 – May 1909 Touring (June 1908 – January 1909), then Broadway Theatre, Boston (January – April 1909), then touring (April – May 1909) Mac 88 The Candy Shop May – June 12, 1909 Knickerbocker Theatre Jack Sweet 56 The Fortune Hunter September 4, 1909 – May 1911 Gaiety Theatre , the touring (September 1910 to May 1911) Nat Duncan 345 Uncle Sam August 28, 1911 Touring (August to October 1911), then Liberty Theatre Robert Hudson 48 Princess Zim-Zim December 1911 – January 1912 Touring Peter Milholland A Slice of Life January 29 – March 1912 Empire Theatre Mr. Hyphen-Brown 48 Half a Husband March 11, 1912 Touring (less than 2 weeks) Tony Bleecker On the Quiet July 1, 1912 Belasco Theatre, Los Angeles Robert Ridgway 14 The Honor of the Family July 15, 1912 Belasco Theatre, Los Angeles Colonel Philippe Bridau 6 (est) The Man from Home July 22, 1912 Belasco Theatre, Los Angeles Daniel Voorhees Pike 14 (est) The Affairs of Anatol October 14, 1912 Little Theatre Anatol 72 A Thief for a Night March 13, 1913 McVicker's Theatre, Chicago Robert Edgar Willoughby "Bobby" Pitt 46 Believe Me Xantippe August 19, 1913 Thirty-Ninth St. Theatre George MacFarland 79 The Yellow Ticket January 20, 1914 Eltinge Theatre Julian Rolfe 183 Kick In October 19, 1914 Longacre Theatre Chick Hewes 188 Actors' Fund Benefit January 28, 1916 Forth-Fourth Street 1 Justice April 3, 1916 – January 1917 Candler Theatre (April to September 1916), then touring (to January 1917) William Falder 104 Junior Patriots of America Benefit March 25, 1917 Hippodrome Sailor 2 Peter Ibbetson April 18, 1917 – May 1918 Republic Theatre (April to November 1917), then touring (to May 1918) Peter Ibbetson 71 The National Red Cross Pageant October 5, 1917 Rosemary Open Air Theatre Tyrant 4 Redemption October 3, 1918 Plymouth Theatre Fedor "Fedya" Vasilyevich Protasov 204 The Jest April 9, 1919 Plymouth Theatre Giannetto Malespini 256 Richard III March 6, 1920 Plymouth Theatre Richard, Duke of Gloucester 31 Clair de Lune April 18, 1921 Empire Theatre Gwymplane 64 Annual Equity Show May 1, 1921 Metropolitan Opera House Romeo 2 Hamlet November 16, 1922 – January 26, 1924 Sam H. Harris Theatre (November 1922 – February 1923), Manhattan Opera House (November and December 1923 – 3 weeks), then touring (December 1923 – January 26, 1924) Hamlet 101 Hamlet February 19, 1925 Theatre Royal Haymarket , London Hamlet 68 My Dear Children March 1939 Touring (March 1939 to January 1940), then the Belasco Theatre Allan Manville The Green Goddess June 9, 1939 Palace Theatre, Chicago 20 (est) Filmography Film [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Year Role Notes A Lodging for the Night 1912 Thug Both John and his brother Lionel appear uncredited. A D. W. Griffith directed short starring Mary Pickford , both brothers appearances seem impromptu though Lionel was a regular in Griffith productions at this time. Dream of a Motion Picture Director 1912 Boss Lost film; 1 reel. Credited as "Jack Barrymore", this is probably John Barrymore, although Norden notes that "we may never know for certain if ... [these films] are in fact Barrymore movies". [ 23 ] [ 24 ] The Widow Casey's Return 1912 Sullivan Lost film; 1 reel. Credited as "Jack Barrymore", this is probably John Barrymore, although Norden notes that "we may never know for certain if ... [these films] are in fact Barrymore movies". [ 23 ] [ 24 ] A Prize Package 1912 Si Hawkins Lost film; 1 reel. Credited as "Jack Barrymore", this is probably John Barrymore, although Norden notes that "we may never know for certain if ... [these films] are in fact Barrymore movies". [ 23 ] [ 24 ] One on Romance 1913 Helen's Father Lost film; [ 23 ] on a split reel [ a ] Credited as "Jack Barrymore", this is probably John Barrymore, although Norden notes that "we may never know for certain if ... [these films] are in fact Barrymore movies". [ 24 ] An American Citizen 1914 Beresford Kruger Lost film [ 26 ] The Man from Mexico 1914 Fitzhugh Lost film [ 27 ] Are You a Mason? 1915 Frank Perry Lost film [ 28 ] The Dictator 1915 Brooke Travers Lost film [ 28 ] The Incorrigible Dukane 1915 James Dukane Nearly a King 1916 Jack Merriwell, Prince of Bulwana Lost film [ 29 ] The Lost Bridegroom 1916 Bertie Joyce Lost film [ 29 ] The Red Widow 1916 Cicero Hannibal Butts Lost film [ 29 ] Raffles, the Amateur Cracksman 1917 A. J. Raffles National Red Cross Pageant 1917 The Tyrant (Russian episode) Lost film [ 30 ] On the Quiet 1918 Robert Ridgeway Lost film [ 29 ] Here Comes the Bride 1919 Frederick Tile Lost film [ 29 ] The Test of Honor 1919 Martin Wingrave Lost film [ 29 ] Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde 1920 Dr. Henry Jekyll and Mr. Edward Hyde The Lotus Eater 1921 Jacques Leroi Lost film [ 31 ] Sherlock Holmes 1922 Sherlock Holmes Beau Brummel 1924 Gordon Bryon "Beau" Brummell The Sea Beast 1926 Captain Ahab Ceeley Don Juan 1926 Don Jose de Marana/Don Juan de Marana When a Man Loves 1927 Chevalier Fabien des Grieux The Beloved Rogue 1927 François Villon Tempest 1928 Sgt. Ivan Markov Eternal Love 1929 Marcus Paltran The Show of Shows 1929 Richard, Duke of Gloucester in Henry VI, Part 3 General Crack 1930 Duke of Kurland/Prince Christian The Man from Blankley's 1930 Lord Strathpeffer Lost film [ 32 ] Moby Dick 1930 Captain Ahab Ceely Svengali 1931 Svengali The Mad Genius 1931 Ivan Tsarakov Arsène Lupin 1932 Arsène Lupin Grand Hotel 1932 The Baron Grand Hotel was inducted into the National Film Registry in 2007. [ 33 ] State's Attorney 1932 Tom Cardigan A Bill of Divorcement 1932 Hilary Fairfield Rasputin and the Empress 1932 Prince Paul Chegodieff Topaze 1933 Prof. Auguste A. Topaze Reunion in Vienna 1933 Archduke Rudolf von Habsburg Dinner at Eight 1933 Larry Renault Night Flight 1933 A. Riviére Counsellor at Law 1933 George Simon Long Lost Father 1934 Carl Bellairs Twentieth Century 1934 Oscar Jaffe Twentieth Century was inducted into the National Film Registry in 2011. [ 33 ] Romeo and Juliet 1936 Mercutio Maytime 1937 Nicolai Nazaroff Bulldog Drummond Comes Back 1937 Colonel Neilson Night Club Scandal 1937 Dr. Ernest Tindal Bulldog Drummond's Revenge 1937 Colonel Neilson True Confession 1937 Charles "Charley" Jasper Bulldog Drummond's Peril 1938 Colonel Neilson Romance in the Dark 1938 Zoltan Jason Marie Antoinette 1938 King Louis XV Spawn of the North 1938 Windy Turlon Hold That Co-Ed 1938 Governor Gabby Harrigan The Great Man Votes 1939 Gregory Vance Midnight 1939 Georges Flammarion Midnight was inducted into the National Film Registry in 2013. [ 33 ] The Great Profile 1940 Evans Garrick The Invisible Woman 1940 Professor Gibbs World Premiere 1941 Duncan DeGrasse Playmates 1941 John Barrymore Radio broadcasts Broadcast [ 34 ] Date Network Role Notes Hamlet March 8, 1925 2LO , UK Hamlet [Unknown] January 15, 1926 WBPI, New York Dodge Brothers Hour March 29, 1928 NBC Blue Network The Fleischmann's Yeast Hour May 23, 1935 NBC Red Network Shell Chateau December 14, 1935 NBC Red Network Hollywood Hotel : " A Christmas Carol " December 25, 1936 CBS Scrooge Streamlined Shakespeare : Hamlet June 21, 1937 NBC Blue Network Hamlet Interview [ b ] June 25, 1937 NBC Blue Network Streamlined Shakespeare : Richard III June 28, 1937 NBC Blue Network Richard, Duke of Gloucester Streamlined Shakespeare : Macbeth July 5, 1937 NBC Blue Network Macbeth Streamlined Shakespeare : The Tempest July 12, 1937 NBC Blue Network Prospero / Caliban Streamlined Shakespeare : Twelfth Night July 19, 1937 NBC Blue Network Sir Toby Belch / Malvolio Streamlined Shakespeare : The Taming of the Shrew July 26, 1937 NBC Blue Network Petruchio The Animal Kingdom September 6, 1937 NBC Blue Network Tom Collier Accent on Youth September 13, 1937 NBC Blue Network The Baker's Broadcast October 10, 1937 NBC Blue Network This is New York February 19, 1938 CBS The Camel Caravan June 6, 1938 CBS The Texaco Star Theatre October 12, 1938 – January 11, 1939 CBS 9 episodes The Kate Smith Calumet Baking Powder Show January 26, 1939 CBS The Chase and Sanborn Show September 22, 1940 NBC Red Network The Sealtest Show October 17, 1940 – May 14, 1942 NBC Red Network 74 episodes The Screen Guild Theater : "The Great Man Votes" November 3, 1940 CBS Gregory Vance Salute to Ethel Barrymore: Forty Years a Star February 4, 1941 NBC Blue Network Time to Smile February 26, 1941 NBC Red Network Hollywood June 2, 1941 CBS United Service Organizations Benefit June 29, 1941 CBS Notes and references Notes ^ A split reel is where two films are placed on the same reel . [ 25 ] ^ The New York Times lists the show as John Barrymore and Elaine Barrie, Actors, Interviewed ; the Library of Congress lists it as John and Elaine Barrymore . [ 35 ] References ^ a b Norden 2000 , p. 178. ^ a b c d e f g h .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Norden, Martin F. "John Barrymore" . American National Biography Online . Oxford University Press . Archived from the original on May 31, 2020 . Retrieved April 30, 2014 . (subscription required) ^ Byers 1998 , pp. 28–30. ^ McCaffrey & Jacobs 1999 , p. 31. ^ Byers 1998 , p. 30. ^ a b McCaffrey & Jacobs 1999 , pp. 31–32. ^ Norden 2000 , p. 14. ^ Norden 1995 , p. 75. ^ "Obituary: John Barrymore". The Manchester Guardian . Manchester. June 1, 1942. p. 6. ^ "Great Profile Set in Cement" . Time . Vol. 9, no. 14. September 30, 1940. p. 63. ^ "John Barrymore" . Hollywood Walk of Fame . Archived from the original on June 26, 2015 . Retrieved June 12, 2014 . ^ a b Peters 1990 , p. 359. ^ Peters 1990 , pp. 354–55. ^ McCaffrey & Jacobs 1999 , p. 32. ^ Norden 1995 , pp. 141 & 147–56. ^ Morrison 1997 , p. 295. ^ Norden 1995 , pp. 31–78. ^ "Barrymore, John, 1882–1942" . North American Theatre Online . Alexander Street Press . Archived from the original on May 31, 2020 . Retrieved April 28, 2014 . (subscription required) ^ "John Barrymore" . Internet Broadway Database . The Broadway League . Archived from the original on December 11, 2014 . Retrieved April 28, 2014 . ^ Norden 1995 , pp. 80–140. ^ "John Barrymore" . Catalog of Feature Films . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on November 8, 2017 . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . ^ "Filmography: Barrymore, John" . Film & TV Database . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on September 5, 2011 . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . ^ a b c d Morrison 1997 , pp. 51–52. ^ a b c d Norden 1995 , pp. 80–83. ^ Miller 1995 , p. 225. ^ Peters 1990 , p. 149. ^ Kobler 1977 , p. 116. ^ a b Peters 1990 , p. 154. ^ a b c d e f Tibbetts & Welsh 2010 , p. 26. ^ "National Red Cross Pageant" . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on October 9, 2016 . Retrieved April 30, 2014 . ^ Tibbetts & Welsh 2010 , p. 27. ^ Peters 1990 , p. 323. ^ a b c "National Film Registry Titles 1989–2013" . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on March 28, 2013 . Retrieved June 12, 2014 . ^ Norden 1995 , pp. 142–56. ^ Norden 1995 , p. 143. Sources Byers, Paula K., ed. (1998). "The Barrymores". Encyclopedia of World Biography . Detroit, MI: Gale Research. ISBN 978-0-7876-2541-2 . McCaffrey, Donald W.; Jacobs, Christopher P. (1999). Guide to the Silent Years of American Cinema . Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-30345-6 . Kobler, John (1977). Damned in Paradise: The Life of John Barrymore . New York, NY: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-689-10814-3 . Miller, Blair (1995). American Silent Film Comedies: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Persons, Studios and Terminology . Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. ISBN 978-0-89950-929-7 . Morrison, Michael A. (1997). John Barrymore: Shakespearean Actor . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62028-4 . Norden, Martin F. (1995). John Barrymore: A Bio-Bibliography . Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-29268-2 . Norden, Martin F. (2000). "Barrymore, John (1882–1942)". In Pendergast, Sara; Pendergast, Tom (eds.). St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, Volume 1 . Detroit, MI: St. James Press. ISBN 978-1-55862-401-6 . Peters, Margot (1990). The House of Barrymore . New York, NY: Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-74799-2 . Tibbetts, John C.; Welsh, James M. (2010). American Classic Screen Features . Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7679-8 . External links John Barrymore at the British Film Institute [ better source needed ] John Barrymore at the Internet Broadway Database John Barrymore at IMDb John Barrymore at the TCM Movie Database 1916 Famous Players-Paramount portrait (Wayback Machine) Broadway plays portrait gallery Archived 2018-04-04 at the Wayback Machine (Museum of City of New York) Male actor filmographies American filmographies Pages containing links to subscription-only content Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured lists Use mdy dates from April 2025 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2023 Internet Broadway Database person ID not in Wikidata Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata TCMDb name template using numeric ID Webarchive template wayback links This page was last edited on 17 November 2025, at 16:51 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Categories 2 Impacts Toggle Impacts subsection 2.1 Women's social status in humanitarian crises 2.2 Socio-economic realities of humanitarian crises 2.3 Environmental and ecological impacts 2.4 Mental health impacts 2.4.1 Acute mental health impacts 2.4.2 Chronic mental health impacts 2.4.3 Responses 2.1 Women's social status in humanitarian crises 2.2 Socio-economic realities of humanitarian crises 2.3 Environmental and ecological impacts 2.4 Mental health impacts 2.4.1 Acute mental health impacts 2.4.2 Chronic mental health impacts 2.4.3 Responses 2.4.1 Acute mental health impacts 2.4.2 Chronic mental health impacts 2.4.3 Responses 3 Sustainable solutions 4 Preparing for humanitarian crises 5 Humanitarian Crisis Management Toggle Humanitarian Crisis Management subsection 5.1 NGOs and the management of human-made crises 5.1 NGOs and the management of human-made crises 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 External links Humanitarian crisis العربية Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Español Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 پښتو Português Русский Shqip Simple English Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Humanitarian crisis" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) A humanitarian crisis (or sometimes humanitarian disaster ) is defined as a singular event or a series of events that are threatening in terms of health, safety or well-being of a community or large group of people. [ 1 ] It may be an internal or external conflict and usually occurs throughout a large land area. Local, national and international responses are necessary in such events. [ 2 ] Each humanitarian crisis is caused by different factors and as a result, each different humanitarian crisis requires a unique response targeted towards the specific sectors affected. This can result in either short-term or long-term damage. Humanitarian crises can either be natural disasters , human-made disasters or complex emergencies . In such cases, complex emergencies occur as a result of several factors or events that prevent a large group of people from accessing their fundamental needs, such as food , clean water or safe shelter . [ 3 ] Common causes of humanitarian crises are wars , epidemics , famine , natural disasters , energy crises and other major emergencies. [ 4 ] If a crisis causes large movements of people it could also become a refugee crisis . For these reasons, humanitarian crises are often interconnected and complex and several national and international agencies play roles in the repercussions of the incidences. Categories There is no simple categorization of humanitarian crises. Different communities and agencies tend to have definitions related to the concrete situations they face. A local fire service will tend to focus on issues such as flooding and weather induced crises. Medical and health related organizations are naturally focused on sudden crises to the health of a community. Humanitarian crisis may arise from both natural and human-made conflicts and disasters. Humanitarian crisis from natural disasters include tsunami, earthquake, hurricane, floods, droughts, and wildfires that may result in disruption through damage to property, physical injury and death, psychological distress, displacement of individuals and families, and prolonged disruption in normal daily activities. On the other hand, crisis from manmade disasters such as wars, social unrest, protests, conflicts, and terrorist attacks have a broad range of impacts on the physical, mental, and social well-being of the individuals affected. [ 5 ] An ongoing or lingering pandemic may amount to a humanitarian crisis, especially where there are increasing levels of virulence , or rates of infection as in the case of AIDS , bird flu or tuberculosis . Major health-related problems such as cancer , global warming typically require an accentuated or punctuated mass-event to justify a label of "crisis" or "disaster". The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) lists categories which include different types of natural disasters, technological disasters (i.e. hazardous material spills, Chernobyl-type nuclear accidents, chemical explosions) and long-term human-made disasters related to "civil strife, civil war and international war". [ 6 ] Internationally, the humanitarian response sector has tended to distinguish between natural disasters and complex emergencies which are related to armed conflict and wars. [ 7 ] Impacts Women's social status in humanitarian crises Socially, women and children (mostly girls) receive a significantly decreased amount of attention in response to humanitarian crises. Women and children make up 3 quarters of refugees or displaced persons at risk post-crisis. A quarter of this population is of reproduction age and a fifth of this population is likely to be pregnant. In times of emergency and such crises, deaths associated with pregnancy, reproductive health, sexual violence and sexual exploitation increase drastically especially amongst females. During such emergencies, women lose access to family planning services, prenatal care, postpartum care and other health services. The heightened risk of female health and safety makes them vulnerable to disease, violence and death. [ 8 ] Non-profit organizations such as the Women's Refugee Commission deal with aiding particularly women suffering from various types of humanitarian crises. [ 9 ] According to the Women's Refugee Commission, during the first hours of a humanitarian crisis, women and young children are at most risk. During such an event, agencies and organizations approach matters variably. However, the top critical requirements within hours and months of the crises include: keeping the refugees and internally displaced persons away from danger, allowing access to fundamental needs such as food and healthcare, identification information, preventing sexual violence and others. [ 10 ] Socio-economic realities of humanitarian crises Economic issues can lead to humanitarian crises or humanitarian crises can lead to economic downfalls. If it occurs after a humanitarian crisis affects a nation, it is imperative to return the livelihoods in the economic settings of the nation. [ 11 ] One of the critical needs on the Women's Refugee Commission's list is providing education and economic opportunities in order to maintain the economic qualities of the region. It is done by using the skills of the displaced persons or refugees involved to provide them with opportunities to gain income. [ 12 ] If it occurs as a cause of humanitarian crisis, the society would have been in a state of civil insecurity and economic shortfalls, which could cause the government to collapse. This can also result from food insecurity, famines, corruptions and various other issues. Direct effects of this situation include human rights violations, violence and mass murders. [ 13 ] The El Niño weather pattern is expected to exacerbate hunger, displacement, and health risks globally. Governments and organizations like the UN Food and Agriculture Organization are focusing on anticipatory action and early response to mitigate the effects of climate-induced damage. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Environmental and ecological impacts In the cases of humanitarian crises, especially natural disasters such as tornadoes, tsunamis and earthquakes, these incidences leave environmental and ecological impacts on the regions affected. The aftermaths of natural disasters can lead to a significant decrease in natural resources while making the region prone to future issues. [ 16 ] For example, if a forest fire occurs in a large region, the area may be susceptible to air pollution, dust clouds, release of carcinogenic gases and others. Forest ecological wildlife, for example, is severely impacted by such events. In the cases of water natural disasters such as floods and tsunamis, extensive damage due to the water is prevalent. [ 17 ] Fish, corals and other ocean life is impacted, which further impacts the livelihoods of fishermen. [ 18 ] According to the World Bank data, there is a worrying water scarcity in the Middle East and North Africa. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] The Stockholm International Water Institute emphasizes the need for urgent action in water policy, and suggests decentralizing decision-making to better manage the crisis. [ 21 ] Mental health impacts Mental health impacts can cause additional concerns for populations affected by humanitarian crises. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that one in five individuals in a disaster-impacted population may already suffer from a mental health disorder that could then be exacerbated by the disaster context. [ 22 ] Mental health disorders included in this estimate range from mild anxiety and/or depression to severe and persistent conditions like bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. [ 23 ] Acute mental health impacts The stress of a humanitarian crisis can cause acute, or short-term, anxiety in the population of people affected. Humanitarian crises often displace people from their homes and cut off their access to resources, which affects their ability to meet their basic needs and creates significant anxiety. [ 24 ] This acute anxiety may impact the population's capacity to care for themselves via the resources provided by humanitarian aid groups in the short-term. [ 24 ] Acute mental health impacts can also hinder a population's recovery capacity in rebuilding after a crisis. [ 25 ] Acute stress can exacerbate pre-existing conditions for individuals who already suffer from mental health disorders, making serious conditions like depression or schizophrenia more difficult to live with. [ 25 ] Chronic mental health impacts If left untreated, acute mental health impacts from humanitarian crises can become chronic conditions. Large studies estimate that anywhere between 9 and 40% of refugee populations suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) brought on by the crisis that led to their refugee status. [ 26 ] These studies also showed a significant proportion of crisis-affected populations (between 5 and 30%) experiencing depression. [ 26 ] Though a few large studies have been conducted, research gaps exist in investigating chronic mental health impacts of humanitarian crises, which is why these estimates have so much variation. [ 26 ] PTSD along with moderate to severe depression and anxiety can be life-long disorders without adequate and prompt treatment. [ 26 ] Responses The WHO and the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) recommend that mental health care should be an integral part of emergency response during a humanitarian crisis. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] The type of mental health care provided can range and vary based on the context and resources but can include mental health first aid on the front lines, community support groups, and routine clinical mental health care. [ 23 ] The WHO also recommends that countries enhance their mental healthcare systems outside of the context of a humanitarian crisis so that individuals affected by crises can have access to the care they need once the emergency response is over. [ 23 ] A 2020 Cochrane review of psychological and social interventions for the prevention of mental disorders for individuals living in areas affected by humanitarian crisis found the need for better studies to determine the impact of interventions following a review of current studies. [ 27 ] Research states that mental health is often neglected by first responders. Disaster can have lasting psychological impacts on those affected. When individuals are supported in processing their emotional experiences to the disaster this leads to increases in resilience, increases in the capacity to help others through crises, and increases in community engagement. When processing of emotional experiences is done in a collective manner, this leads to greater solidarity following disaster. As such, emotional experiences have an inherent adaptiveness within them, however the opportunity for these to be reflected on and processed is necessary for this growth to occur. [ 28 ] Sustainable solutions There is no singular solution to any one humanitarian crisis. Often, the primary cause of a humanitarian crisis is intertwined with several other factors. Further, one repercussion can lead to another which may lead to another. For instance, in the case of a flood, fish and ocean life is impacted, an environmental and ecological impact. This can further impact humans the source of income for fishermen, an economical impact. This causes the residents of this particular area to be stripped from their source of food and their culture of consuming sea fish. This can lead to women and children being forced to work in dangerous conditions to gain income and food, a social impact. Evidently, one crisis can have many impacts that are interconnected with one another and there is no single solution. The Feinstein International Center at Tufts University works to understand and find solutions to the intersection of various factors that contribute to humanitarian crisis. Preparing for humanitarian crises Disaster preparedness is critical to building both national and international capacity to prevent, respond to, and recover from humanitarian emergencies. Disaster preparedness activities can be categorized into material preparedness (building to code, avoiding building in hazardous areas, strengthening homes, preparing emergency kits, etc.) and into behavioral preparedness (training, early warning, disaster insurance, etc.). The international community possesses five key to key entities for guidance programming, research, and funding for disaster preparedness capacity-building: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction: The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction implements the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) . The UNISDR, led by the United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary General for Disaster Risk Reduction, serves, "…as the focal point in the United Nations system for the coordination of disaster reduction and to ensure synergies among disaster reduction activities". [ 29 ] A component of UNISDR work is implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 . [ 29 ] International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies : The IFRC operates around the globe and across all phases of the humanitarian programme cycle , helping affected nations by working with member National Societies and the international community to prepare for, respond to, and recover from "…natural and man-made disasters in non-conflict situations." [ 30 ] Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) Archived 14 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine : OCHA is a United Nations office, "…responsible for bringing together humanitarian actors to ensure a coherent response to emergencies." [ 31 ] OCHA's leader operates as both the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and as the Emergency Relief Coordinator, advocating for increased awareness of, preparedness for, and response to humanitarian emergencies worldwide. [ 30 ] As the Emergency Relief Coordinator, the OCHA lead also chairs the Inter-Agency Standing Committee. [ 30 ] Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) : The IASC provides a forum for both UN-affiliated and non-UN-affiliated organizations to coordinate action regarding humanitarian policies, advocacy, and response evaluation and improvement. [ 32 ] In 2005, the IASC released its Transformative Agenda with 10 protocols to, "…improve the effectiveness of humanitarian response through greater predictability, accountability, responsibility and partnership". [ 33 ] Protocol 8: "Common Framework for Preparedness" and Protocol 9: "Emergency Response Preparedness" provide guidance countries and humanitarians can implement for risk assessment and preparedness planning. Additionally, IASC also oversees global humanitarian clusters as a part of the Cluster Approach. [ 34 ] Global Clusters : To aid coordination during the humanitarian programme cycle, the UN established the Cluster Approach. Clusters are groups of humanitarian organizations with explicit responsibilities for coordinating action within each humanitarian sector. [ 34 ] Preparedness is fundamental to the Cluster Approach, with leaders within each global cluster working to build international capacity by developing standards, setting policy, and sharing leading practices for their sector before a humanitarian emergency occurs. [ 30 ] [ 34 ] In addition to these five disaster preparedness entities, there is a multiplicity of government donor agencies that fund disaster preparedness activities, including the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) , the United Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID) , the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) , and others. Additionally, there are many philanthropies that support disaster preparedness, such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation . Humanitarian Crisis Management NGOs and the management of human-made crises Many actors are involved in the strategic management of humanitarian crises and emergencies. The United Nations (UN) serves as the primary international actor in humanitarian crisis oversight but has extended responsibilities and management roles to improve the efficiency of crisis responses. With the development of a cluster system, the UN's official organs have incorporated international organizations (IOs), international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) into the coordination of crisis management . [ 35 ] By expanding the responsibility for humanitarian crises beyond the UN's singular authority, the number of actors involved in the coordination of the system has simultaneously increased. [ 35 ] Requiring further attention to efficient cooperation in-between actors. Specifically, human-made crises, which differ from natural disasters in their fundamental origin of imposing humanitarian threats, [ 35 ] create distinct challenges to appropriate crisis responses because of the new essence of conflicts. Today, conflicts are more frequently domestically fought rather than across national borders. Such development of crises has changed the ways humans are affected by conflict and asks for new response strategies to meet the needs of the people at risk. [ 35 ] Thus, the multiple actors involved in human-made humanitarian crises, are faced with a challenging environment to establish efficient management and cooperation over the situation. INGOs and NGOs are part of the clustered system of responsible actors in the management of humanitarian crises. They share organizational characteristics of a detachment from state association and a position of objectivity [ 36 ] but differ in their level of operation. INGOs operate internationally, and NGOs pertain to a domestic level of activity. [ 37 ] Non-governmental organizations overall have a non-profit structure, which means that they are solely providing services for the good of the population at risk and in need of assistance, without expectations of return benefits. Which allows them to focus on solidarity efforts in serving human needs and protecting human rights. The organizations are thus dependent on volunteers' investment in the shared vision of the entity. [ 38 ] Their work also includes preventive efforts of serving as experts to deliver knowledge on management practices to the other actors. [ 39 ] Additionally, by centering their work around a shared vision of establishing long-term peace through coordinated strategies of reconciliation and conflict assistance, they seek to efficiently fulfill their role in the humanitarian crisis management cluster. [ 36 ] The 2017 humanitarian crisis in Myanmar is an example that recognizes the unique position NGOs have and the responsibilities they serve in the international community. The crisis was acknowledged internationally when the ethnic group of the Rohingya had suffered from violent discrimination and denial of human rights for an extensive period. The Myanmar government prevented aid from both the UN and neighboring countries to support the ongoing crisis. Instead, the Indonesian government established a strategic cluster of cooperation between local NGOs in Indonesia and Myanmar. The alliance received the name of The Indonesian Humanitarian Alliance (AKIM) and provided relief to the exposed Rohingya people by getting around the barriers put in place by the Myanmar government. [ 40 ] Several international NGOs were also involved in Myanmar to deliver appropriate relief. Their assistance allowed limited contact with the national government in Myanmar yet reached beneficial agreements with other local authorities, as well as established communication and cooperation with local NGOs and UN actors. However, because of the large number of actors involved in the crisis, the organizations faced challenges in the coordination between actors to provide efficient and non-coinciding crisis management. [ 41 ] In addition to the coordination aspect and its significance in humanitarian crisis management provided by NGOs, there is another potential strategy highlighting efficient communication to implement sufficient responses. NGOs often have to work with a diverse set of actors which may present challenges to efficient cooperation if expectations and goals divide across partnerships. To overcome obstacles within diverse interactions, NGOs may utilize three strategic environments of operation to establish efficient communication between parties. First, the "internal workplace" [ 42 ] considers the diverse environment closely working with the NGOs, consisting of the organization's employees and volunteers from the crisis exposed area. Second, the "inter-organizational forum" [ 42 ] addresses the communication line between the multiple NGOs assisting in the specific crisis, including the local authorities and the appropriate reporting to UN agencies. Last, "community relations" [ 42 ] recognizes the multicultural dimension of the communication between NGO employees and the individuals at risk of the crisis. [ 42 ] The communication and coordination between the various actors in humanitarian crises are essential components for ensuring security, limiting the conflict, and overall delivering efficient crisis management. [ 42 ] Besides the attention to efficient coordination of actors and the recognition of diverse environments of communication, NGOs can also adopt strategic thinking in their work with humanitarian crises. What identifies the approach of strategic thinking is an overarching awareness of the environment of the particular crisis and the context of the organization assisting. With a broader understanding of the needs of the people at risk, and what the organization wishes to accomplice with its work, there is a greater chance for a successful outcome for both parties. [ 43 ] Strategic thinking, coordination of actors, and efficient communication in diverse environments are all potential strategies that NGOs can use on both international and local levels to address humanitarian crises. As each organization and crisis is different, there is no such thing as a perfect strategy to manage humanitarian crises across the board. [ 43 ] Instead, it is suggested to use methods such as strategic thinking, coordination, and communication to develop a response that is suitable for the specific situation and allows for successful management of serving human needs and protecting human rights. See also Aid agency Central Emergency Response Fund Emergency management Human security Humanitarian aid Humanitarian intervention International humanitarian law List of droughts List of epidemics List of natural disasters by death toll Outline of war Responsibility to protect United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Footnotes ^ "What Is a Humanitarian Crisis" Archived 16 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine , Humanitarian Coalition , Retrieved on 6 May 2013. ^ "Complex Humanitarian Emergency Program." EDUCATION & TRAINING. < Archived 9 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine > Retrieved on 4 May 2013. ^ So experts exclude that to address such crises it is possible to deny essential goods or pledging any action not to alleviate the suffering:if it continues too long, people will get violent. Humanitarian Experts Debate Trump's Use Of The Term 'Humanitarian Crisis', NPR24, January 9, 2019 Archived 10 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine . ^ "Humanitarian workshop flyer" Archived 14 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine , Retrieved on 7 May 2013. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Cueto, Lavinia Javier; Agaton, Casper Boongaling (2021). "Pandemic and Typhoon: Positive Impacts of a Double Disaster on Mental Health of Female Students in the Philippines" . Behavioral Sciences . 11 (5): 64. doi : 10.3390/bs11050064 . PMC 8147095 . PMID 33946801 . ^ "Types of disasters: Definition of hazard" . ifrc.org . Archived from the original on 9 April 2020 . Retrieved 11 May 2020 . ^ " Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs handbook for complex emergencies" . Archived from the original on 10 December 2010 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . ^ "UNFPA – United Nations Population Fund – Protecting Women in Emergency Situations" . unfpa.org . Archived from the original on 30 October 2014 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . ^ Matthew Mesa. "Women's Refugee Commission – Humanitarian Crises Around the World" . womensrefugeecommission.org . Archived from the original on 8 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . ^ Caitlin Kelley. 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Retrieved 25 October 2019 . ^ a b c d "Building a Better Response" . www.buildingabetterresponse.org . Archived from the original on 14 December 2018 . Retrieved 25 October 2019 . ^ "Who We Are" . OCHA . 27 September 2016. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018 . Retrieved 25 October 2019 . ^ "About the Inter-Agency Standing Committee | IASC" . interagencystandingcommittee.org . Archived from the original on 14 December 2018 . Retrieved 25 October 2019 . ^ "IASC Transformative Agenda | IASC" . interagencystandingcommittee.org . Archived from the original on 14 December 2018 . Retrieved 25 October 2019 . ^ a b c "What is the Cluster Approach? | HumanitarianResponse" . www.humanitarianresponse.info . Archived from the original on 14 December 2018 . Retrieved 25 October 2019 . ^ a b c d Fiscale, Anna; Missoni, Eduardo (2014). Missoni, Eduardo; Alesani, Daniele (eds.). General coordination of responses to crisis situations . Management of International Institutions and NGOs: Frameworks, practices and challenges: New York: Routledge. pp. 181– 202. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: publisher location ( link ) ^ a b Irrera, Daniela (2011). "Civil Society and Humanitarian Action: NGOs' Roles in Peace Support Operations". Perspectives (Praha) . 19 (1): 85– 46. ^ Alesani, Daniele (2014). Missoni, Eduardo; Alesani, Daniele (eds.). International Institutions: classification and main characteristics . Management of International Institutions and NGOs: Frameworks, practices and challenges: New York: Routledge. pp. 13– 48. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: publisher location ( link ) ^ Ryfman, Philippe (2007). "Non-governmental organizations: an indispensable player of humanitarian aid" . International Review of the Red Cross . 89 (865): 21– 46. doi : 10.1017/S1816383107000926 . ISSN 1816-3831 . S2CID 1968221 . ^ Irrera, Daniela (2013). NGOs, Crisis Management and Conflict Resolution . doi : 10.4337/9781782546559 . ISBN 978-1-78254-655-9 . ^ Kusuma, Ardli Johan; Firman, Firman; Harakan, Ahmad; Setiawan, M. Chairil Akbar; Faedlulloh, Dodi; Ferdian, Komang Jaka (26 July 2021). "Responding to the Humanitarian Crisis of the Rohingya in Myanmar: A Comparison between the Role of State and NGOs" . Journal of Human Security . 17 (1): 23– 34. doi : 10.12924/johs2021.17010023 . ISSN 1835-3800 . S2CID 236445949 . ^ Saha, Soubhik Ronnie (2011). Working Through Ambiguity: International NGOs in Myanmar . Harvard University: The Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations. ^ a b c d e Koehn, Peter; Bo-Yuen Ngai, Phyllis (2014). Farazmand, Ali (ed.). Managing Refugee-Assistance Crises in the Twenty-First Century: The Intercultural Communication Factor . Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Practice (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 287– 317. ^ a b Alesani, Daniele; Bongiovanni, Ivano (2014). Missoni, Eduardo; Alesani, Daniele (eds.). Strategic Thinking and Planning . In Management of International Institutions and NGOs: Frameworks, practices and challenges: New York: Routledge. pp. 239– 265. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: publisher location ( link ) External links BBC Report on humanitarian crises in Sri Lanka, April 2009 The 10 Most Underreported Humanitarian Crises of 2005 by Doctors Without Borders The 10 Most Underreported Humanitarian Crises of 2006 Archived 28 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine by Doctors Without Borders Technological and Natural Disasters and Ecological Problems: Similarities and Differences in Planning for and Managing Them Hazard and emergency types Resilient Livelihoods: Disaster Risk Reduction for Food and Nutrition Security – 2013 edition Archived 18 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine Humanitarian aid Emergency management Humanitarian crises Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: publisher location Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from October 2019 Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 21:10 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 2 Early career (1951–1955) Toggle Early career (1951–1955) subsection 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 3 Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Toggle Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) subsection 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 4 Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) Toggle Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) subsection 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 5 Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Toggle Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) subsection 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 6 Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Toggle Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) subsection 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 7 Senior Minister (1990–2004) Toggle Senior Minister (1990–2004) subsection 7.1 Condominium rebates 7.1 Condominium rebates 8 Minister Mentor (2004–2011) 9 Illness and death 10 Legacy 11 Legal suits Toggle Legal suits subsection 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 12 Political positions Toggle Political positions subsection 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 13 Personal life 14 Cultural depictions 15 Awards 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References Toggle References subsection 18.1 Works cited 18.1 Works cited 19 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 20 External links Lee Kuan Yew Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English سنڌي Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item The Honourable Lee Kuan Yew GCMG CH SPMJ DK Lee in 1975 1st Prime Minister of Singapore In office 5 June 1959 – 28 November 1990 Monarchs .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) President Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Deputy Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by Office established Lim Yew Hock (Chief Minister of Singapore) Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Secretary-General of the People's Action Party In office 20 October 1957 – 14 November 1992 Chairman Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by T. T. Rajah Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong In office 21 November 1954 – 3 August 1957 Preceded by Position established Succeeded by T. T. Rajah 1st Leader of the Opposition In office 22 April 1955 – 31 March 1959 Chief Minister David Marshall Lim Yew Hock Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Lim Yew Hock Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC In office 21 August 1991 – 23 March 2015 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by PAP held Majority All elections: N/A (walkover) Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC In office 2 April 1955 – 26 April 1957 Preceded by Constituency established In office 29 June 1957 – 14 August 1991 Succeeded by Constituency abolished Majority 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) Personal details Born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ( 1923-09-16 ) 16 September 1923 Singapore Died 23 March 2015 (2015-03-23) (aged 91) Singapore Resting place Mandai Crematorium and Columbarium Party People's Action Party Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Kwa Geok Choo ( m. 1950; died 2010) Children Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Parents Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Relatives Lee family Education Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Signature Chinese name Chinese 李光耀 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Lee Kuan Yew [ a ] GCMG CH SPMJ DK (born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ; 16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), often referred to by his initials LKY , was a Singaporean statesman and barrister who was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. A founding father of the modern Singaporean state, his authoritarian political leadership transformed post-independence Singapore into a highly developed country and one of the four Asian Tigers . Born in Singapore during British colonial rule to a family of Chinese descent, Lee studied law in England at Cambridge University and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1950. Shortly after, he returned to Singapore and practised law, founding the law firm Lee & Lee . In 1954, Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP), which won significant support among the working class and trade unions in the lead up to the 1955 general election , securing him a seat in the Tanjong Pagar division and making him the de facto leader of the opposition . In 1959, Lee led the PAP to its first electoral victory , becoming Singapore's first prime minister. Seeking sovereignty from the British Empire , Lee led Singapore to a merger with Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah , forming Malaysia in 1963. Racial strife and ideological differences later led to Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia and consequent independence in 1965. Lee oversaw major economic reforms and urban development, instituting policies promoting meritocracy , multiracialism and anti-corruption . His administration, generally characterised as an illiberal democracy with nanny state tendencies, restricted press freedoms , public assembly , labour activism and civil liberties . From 1968 to 1981 , Singapore was a de facto one-party state , with the PAP facing no opposition in Parliament. Although Lee maintained legal and institutional procedures that formally characterised Singapore as a democratic parliamentary republic , he employed defamation laws , detention without trial and social engineering to ensure continued electoral success. In justifying his policies, Lee was a major proponent of Asian values , arguing that communitarianism and limited human rights were necessary for the social cohesion , political stability and rapid economic development of Singapore. Lee stepped down as prime minister in 1990 but continued to serve in the Cabinet as senior minister until 2004 and subsequently as minister mentor until his retirement in 2011. Throughout his political career, he remained an influential figure in shaping Singapore's domestic and foreign policies, at the same time serving as an advisor to foreign leaders as an elder statesman. Lee died of pneumonia on 23 March 2015 at the age of 91. In Singapore, Lee is widely regarded as instrumental in the development of Singapore's economy , bureaucracy , education system , foreign policy , public housing and healthcare . The Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore is named in his honor. Following his death, a week of national mourning was announced, during which approximately 1.7 million people paid their respects at tribute sites around the country. Early life Childhood and early education Harry Lee Kuan Yew was born on 16 September 1923, the first child of Lee Chin Koon , who was born in Semarang during Dutch colonial rule and subsequently moved to Singapore, [ 2 ] and Chua Jim Neo , at 92 Kampong Java Road in Singapore, then part of the Straits Settlements . [ 3 ] Both of Lee's parents were English-educated third-generation Peranakan Chinese , [ 4 ] with his paternal side being of Hakka descent from Dabu County . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] He was named 'Kuan Yew', [ b ] meaning 'light and brightness', alternately meaning 'bringing great glory to one's ancestors'. Lee's paternal grandfather Lee Hoon Leong, who was described as "especially westernised", had worked on British ships as a purser , and hence gave Lee the Western name 'Harry'. [ 7 ] While the family spoke English as its first language, Lee also learned Malay. [ 3 ] Lee had three brothers and one sister, all of whom lived to old age. [ 8 ] Lee was not close to his father, who worked as a storekeeper within the Shell Oil Company and had a gambling addiction. His mother Chua often stood up against her husband for his poor financial management and parenting skills. [ 9 ] The family was considered prosperous with a high social standing compared to recent immigrants, and had the means to hire servants. [ 10 ] During the Great Depression the family fortunes declined considerably, though Lee's father retained his job at Shell. [ 3 ] Later in life, Lee described his father as a man with a nasty temper, and he credited his mother with holding the family together amidst her husband's gambling addiction. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In 1930, Lee enrolled at Telok Kurau English School where he spent six years of his primary education. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Attending Raffles Institution in 1935, Lee did poorly in his first two years but later topped the Junior Cambridge examinations. [ 15 ] He also joined the Scouts and partook in several physical activities such as cricket, tennis, swimming as well as debates. [ 16 ] Lee was the top scorer in the Senior Cambridge examinations in 1940 across the Straits Settlements and Malaya, earning the John Anderson scholarship to attend Raffles College, as well as the Tan Jiak Kim scholarship. [ 16 ] [ c ] During the prize-awarding ceremony, Lee met his future wife Kwa Geok Choo ; she was the only girl at the school. [ 15 ] Lee's subsequent university studies at Raffles College were disrupted by the onset of World War II in Asia, with the school being converted into a medical facility in 1941. The war arrived in December of that year and following the British surrender in February 1942, the Japanese occupation of Singapore began. [ 17 ] World War II Lee was amongst the Chinese men rounded up by the Japanese Sook Ching operation. By his own account, he feared getting caught by the Kempeitai (military police) and reported with a friend to be screened. He attempted to leave the next morning but was ordered to join a group of already segregated men. Lee requested to collect his clothes first and managed to spend a second night in the dormitory before successfully leaving the site the next day when a different guard cleared him through. [ 18 ] He later learned that the group of men were likely taken to the beach and executed. [ 19 ] Lee obtained a Japanese language proficiency certificate in August 1942 and worked in a friend's company and then the Kumiai , which controlled essential items. [ 20 ] He got a job with the Japanese propaganda department ( Hōdōbu ) in late 1943 and worked for the Japanese occupation force as an English specialist. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Working at the top of the Cathay Building , he was assigned to listen to Allied radio stations for Morse code signals. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] By late 1944, Lee knew Japan had suffered major setbacks and planned to move to the Cameron Highlands with his family to avoid a possible British invasion. He was tipped off that he was being followed and abandoned the plan. [ 26 ] He engaged in private enterprises and black market sales for the rest of the war. [ 27 ] During this time, Lee helped develop a glue based on tapioca, which he sold under the name Stikfas, as a means to support himself during the war. [ 28 ] The Stikfas logo later appeared on the base of his wedding cake. [ 29 ] The rapid Japanese victory in the Malaya and Singapore campaign had a major impact on Lee as he recalled: "In 70 days of surprises, upsets and stupidities, British colonial society was shattered, and with it all the assumptions of the Englishman's superiority". [ 30 ] In a radio broadcast made in 1961, Lee said he "emerged [from the war] determined that no one—neither Japanese nor British—had the right to push and kick us around... (and) that we could govern ourselves." [ 31 ] It also influenced his perceptions of raw power and the effectiveness of harsh punishment in deterring crime. [ 32 ] University, marriage and politics Lee chose not to return to Raffles College after the war and pursued higher education in the United Kingdom. [ 9 ] He sailed from Singapore in 1946 on his 23rd birthday on the MV Britannic , arriving in the UK on 3 October. [ 33 ] He initially enrolled at the London School of Economics , but found himself disliking life in the British capital. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] He visited Cambridge in November and was introduced to W. S. Thatcher , Censor of Fitzwilliam House. He was admitted into the following year's Lent term and matriculated in January 1947, reading law at Fitzwilliam College . [ 36 ] Prior to his departure from Singapore, Lee had begun a relationship with Kwa, with whom he had kept in contact during the war. They married in secret at Stratford-upon-Avon in December. [ 9 ] Lee achieved a first class result in both the Prelims and Part I of the Tripos , and graduated with a Starred First for Part II Law in 1949. As the top student of his cohort, he was awarded the Fitzwilliam's Whitlock Prize; Lee was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1950. [ 36 ] If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. During his studies, Lee's political convictions and anti-colonial sentiments were hardened by personal experiences and an increasing belief that the British were ruling Singapore for their own benefit. He supported the Labour Party against the Conservatives whom he perceived as opposing decolonisation . [ 38 ] In the leadup to the 1950 United Kingdom general election , Lee engaged in politics for the first time and actively campaigned for a friend, David Widdicombe in Totnes constituency, driving Widdicombe around in a lorry and delivering several speeches on his behalf. [ 39 ] Before returning to Singapore, Lee dropped his English name, Harry. [ d ] Notwithstanding, even until the end of his life, old friends and relatives referred to him as Harry. [ 41 ] Early career (1951–1955) Litigation practice Lee and his wife returned to Singapore in August 1950 on board the MS Willem Ruys . [ 42 ] He joined the Laycock and Ong law firm founded by British lawyer John Laycock . [ 43 ] Laycock was a co-founder of the pro-British Progressive Party and Lee represented the party during the 1951 legislative council election as an election agent. [ 44 ] Lee was called to the Singapore bar on 7 August 1951. [ 45 ] During the postal union strike in May 1952, Lee negotiated a settlement marking his first step into the labour movement. [ 46 ] In due course, Lee represented nearly fifty trade unions and associations against the British authorities on a pro bono basis. [ 47 ] The disputes often centered around wages and Laycock eventually requested Lee to cease taking on such cases as it was hurting the firm. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] In May 1954, the left-wing University Socialist Club published an article 'Aggression in Asia' in the club's magazine The Fajar , and the student editors were charged with sedition. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Lee became junior counsel to Denis Pritt . The court quashed the charges and the two counsel gained a reputation through the trial, with Lee thereafter becoming a "major leader" of the movement against British rule. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] During the same year, Lee also appealed on behalf of the students arrested during the 13 May incident . The colonial government upheld the sentences, though the case enhanced Lee's reputation as a "left-wing lawyer" and marked his first involvement with the Chinese intelligentsia. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Forming the PAP During his studies in Britain, Lee met Goh Keng Swee and Toh Chin Chye via the Malayan Forum . [ 57 ] The forum sought to promote an independent Malaya which included Singapore and met at 44 Bryanston Square in London. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Lee and his contemporaries deliberately avoided the topic of forming a political party to avoid charges of subversion , beginning work on forming a political party only after returning to Singapore. [ 60 ] Lee had sought to build support among the English-educated, Malay, and Indian communities by taking on cases against the British authorities. In the course of his work, Lee became acquainted with the journalist Sinnathamby Rajaratnam ; Abdul Samad Ismail , a writer for the Malay newspaper Utusan Melayu ; and Devan Nair . [ 61 ] He next turned his attention to the Chinese-speaking majority and was introduced to Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan, leaders of the influential bus and factories unions. While the unions had been infiltrated by communists, Lee consciously sought their support as he wanted a popular front. [ 62 ] With elections approaching in 1955, Lee and his associates debated the name, ideology, and policies of the party they wanted to create at 38 Oxley Road . [ 63 ] The People's Action Party (PAP) was inaugurated on 21 November 1954 at the Victoria Memorial Hall . As the party still lacked members, trade union leaders rounded up an estimated audience of 800 to 1,500 supporters. [ 64 ] Lee had also invited Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock , presidents of the United Malays National Organisation and Malayan Chinese Association . In his inaugural speech, Lee denounced the British for the slow transition to self-rule, demanded their immediate withdrawal, and said that the PAP would pursue a Singapore-Malaya union. Lee became secretary-general of the party, a post he held until 1992, barring a brief period in 1957 when the post was taken up by T. T. Rajah . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In July 1953, Governor John Nicoll initiated the Rendel Commission to provide for a transition to self-rule. The commission created the legislative assembly and opened 25 of 32 seats for direct contest in the upcoming 1955 election . The PAP and Labour Front , led by Lee and David Marshall respectively, both criticised the concessions as "inadequate". The PAP faced manpower constraints but decided to prioritise resources and contest four seats as a protest gesture. [ 67 ] In a rally speech, Lee said he chose the Tanjong Pagar division as it was a "working class area" and that he did not want to represent "wealthy merchants or landlords". [ 68 ] During the campaigning period, the British press labelled Lee as a " commissar " and accused the PAP of being a "communist-backed party". [ 69 ] Democratic Party (DP) challenger Lam Thian also capitalised on Lee's inability to converse in Chinese. Lee's proposal for a multilingual debate was never reciprocated by Thian, though he eventually made his maiden Chinese speech after several hours of coaching. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] On polling day, 2 April, the ruling Progressive Party captured only four seats, shocking both the British establishment and its opposition. Lee defeated his competitors and won Tanjong Pagar, with the PAP winning three of their four contested seats. He pledged to work with Marshall and the new Labour Front government. [ 72 ] As independent member Ahmad Ibrahim joined PAP following the election, PAP had 4 members in the Assembly and thus Lee became the new Leader of the Opposition. [ 73 ] Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Strikes and power struggle Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. On 23 April 1955, workers from the Hock Lee Amalgamated Bus Company began a strike under the direction of Fong Swee Suan, leader of the Singapore Buses Workers' Union (SBWU). [ 75 ] [ 76 ] As SBWU's legal advisor, Lee worked with Marshall's government to negotiate a resolution, which was initially agreed by the SBWU but then reneged on by the company. [ 77 ] Seeking to exert greater pressure, Lee, Fong and Lim Chin Siong addressed the strikers on 1 May ( May Day ), where Lee called the government a "half-past six democracy". [ 78 ] The strike subsequently escalated into a riot on 12 May . [ 79 ] Lee, Marshall and the company agreed on a further resolution on 14 May, which conceded to several of the strikers' demands. [ 80 ] In an emergency legislative assembly sitting on 16 May, Chief Secretary William Goode accused Lee of losing control of the PAP to Lim. [ 77 ] Lee was constrained between defending the actions of his colleagues and denouncing them, instead reiterating the PAP's committal to non-violence. [ 81 ] Marshall defended him and the PAP as "decent men" against Goode's accusations and called upon the party to "purge themselves of communists". [ 77 ] [ 80 ] The riot led the public to perceive the PAP as being led by "young, immature and troublesome politicians", resulting in a shortfall of new members. [ 82 ] It deepened the divide between two emerging factions, with Lee's faction advocating Fabian 's brand of socialism for gradual reform and Lim's faction, later described by Fong as "favour(ing) a more radical approach". [ 83 ] Lee was convinced that Lim and Fong's influence were pushing the party toward "political disaster". [ 74 ] After consulting his allies Toh Chin Chye , S. Rajaratnam and Byrne , Lee censured the two men privately and demanded they change strategies or leave the party. [ 84 ] By 1956, Lee believed that the PAP "had been captured by the communists" and privately endorsed the Labour Front government purge of suspected "leftists" in the aftermath of the 1956 Chinese middle schools riots . The arrestees included his rival Lim and several other PAP members. [ 85 ] When other leftist members captured six seats in the PAP central executive committee (CEC) elections on 4 August 1957, [ 86 ] Lee refused to allow his allies to assume their appointments and said that his faction had "lost their moral right" to enforce the party's founding philosophy. [ 87 ] Overtures were made by fellow CEC member T. T. Rajah to remain in his post, to which he declined. [ 86 ] The government arrested the leftist leaders on 22 August [ 88 ] [ 89 ] and Lee was restored as secretary-general on 20 October. He later blamed the attempted takeover on lax admission rules to the party [ 90 ] [ 91 ] and permanently distrusted the leftists thereafter. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] On 23 November 1958, the party constitution was amended to implement a cadre system. [ 91 ] The right to vote in party elections and run for office were revoked from ordinary party members, whom now had to seek approval from the CEC to be a cadre and regain these privileges. [ 92 ] Lee credited the Vatican system where the pope pre-selects its cardinals for the idea. [ 93 ] Merdeka talks The Labour Front government's conciliatory approach to the Hock Lee strikers led to a drastic increase in strikes. [ 80 ] Frustrated by his limited powers, Marshall demanded further constitutional reforms towards the aim of "true self-government". Lee supported Marshall in his efforts, though he initially threatened an opposition boycott over wording disputes in the agreement. [ 94 ] Between 1956 and 1958, there were three rounds of constitutional talks. [ 95 ] Lee was part of Marshall's 13-member delegation to London in April 1956. Marshall's demands for independence were repeatedly rejected by Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd and Lee departed early over Marshall's refusal to compromise. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] He criticised Marshall for his "political ineptitude" in the British press and received widespread media and radio coverage. [ 98 ] He returned to London in March 1957 as part of a five-member delegation led by the new chief minister Lim Yew Hock . [ 99 ] Britain conceded to Singapore's self-governance but also demanded that a tripartite Internal Security Council be established, which proved controversial back home. [ 99 ] Marshall challenged Lee to seek a fresh mandate from his Tanjong Pagar constituents, which Lee accepted. [ 100 ] In the June 1957 by-elections , Lee was reelected with 68.1% of the vote. [ 101 ] Lee returned to London for the third and final talks in May 1958, [ 102 ] where it was agreed that Singapore would assume self-governance with a Yang di-Pertuan Negara as head of state, with Britain retaining control of defence and foreign policy. [ 103 ] The British House of Lords passed the State of Singapore Act on 24 July 1958, which received royal assent on 1 August, and became law following the subsequent general election. [ 104 ] 1957 and 1959 elections As the 1957 City Council election in December approached, a Hokkien-speaking candidate, Ong Eng Guan , became the PAP's new face to the Chinese electorate. [ 89 ] The 32-seat city council's functions were restricted to up-keeping public amenities within city limits, but party leaders decided to contest the election as a "dry run" for the upcoming general election. [ 105 ] Lee limited the PAP to contesting 14 seats to avoid provoking the government and formed an electoral pact with the Labour Front and United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to jointly tackle the new Liberal Socialist Party . [ e ] [ 107 ] The PAP campaigned on a slogan to "sweep the city clean" [ 106 ] and emerged with 13 seats, allowing it to form a minority administration with UMNO's support. Lee and the rest of the CEC unanimously endorsed Ong to become mayor . [ 105 ] External image Portrait of Lee being sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore National Heritage Board Early in 1959, Communications and Works Minister Francis Thomas received evidence of corruption on Education Minister Chew Swee Kee . Thomas brought the evidence to Lee after the chief minister dismissed the matter. [ 108 ] Lee tabled a motion in the assembly on 17 February, which forced Chew's resignation. [ 108 ] As the expiry of the assembly's term approached, the PAP was initially split on whether to capture power but Lee chose to proceed. [ 109 ] While picking the candidates, Lee deliberately chose people from different racial and education backgrounds to repair the party's image of being run by intellectuals. [ 110 ] In the 1959 general election held on 30 May 1959, the PAP won a landslide victory with 43 of the 51 seats, though with only 53.4% of the popular vote which Lee noted. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The PAP's victory reportedly created a dilemma within the 12-member CEC as there was no formal process in place to choose a prime minister-elect. [ 112 ] A vote was purportedly held between Lee and Ong Eng Guan and after both men received six votes, party chairman Toh Chin Chye cast the tie-breaking vote for Lee. [ 113 ] When interviewed nearly five decades later, Toh and one other party member recalled the vote, but Lee and several others denied the account. [ 113 ] Lee was summoned by Governor William Goode to form a new government on 1 June, to which he requested the release of arrested PAP members. [ 114 ] On 3 June, Singapore became a self-governing state, ending 140 years of direct British rule. [ 114 ] Lee was sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore on 5 June at City Hall , along with the rest of his Cabinet . [ 114 ] Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) First years in power Lee's first speech as prime minister to a 50,000-strong audience at the Padang sought to dampen his supporters' euphoria of the PAP's electoral win. [ 111 ] In the first month of Lee taking power, Singapore experienced an economic slump as foreign capital fell and Western businesses and expatriates left for Kuala Lumpur in Malaya, fearing the new government's anti-colonial zeal. [ 111 ] As part of an 'anti-yellow culture' drive, Lee banned jukeboxes and pinball machines, while the police under Home Affairs Minister Ong Pang Boon raided pubs and pornography publications. [ f ] [ 115 ] The government cracked down on secret societies , prostitution and other illegal activities, with TIME magazine later reporting that a full week passed without "kidnapping, extortion or gangland rumble(s)" for the first time. [ 115 ] Lee also spearheaded several 'mobilisation campaigns' to clean the city, introduced air-conditioning to government offices, and slashed the salaries of civil servants. The last act provoked anger from the sector, which Lee justified as necessary to balance the budget. [ 116 ] In February 1960, the Housing and Development Board (HDB) superseded the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) and assumed responsibility of public housing . With strong government support, the HDB under chairman Lim Kim San completed more flats in three years than its predecessor did in thirty-two. [ 117 ] Government expenditure for public utilities, healthcare and education also increased significantly. [ 117 ] By the end of the year, however, unemployment began to rise drastically as the economy slowed. Lee reversed anti-colonial policies and launched a five-year plan to build new industries, seeking to attract foreign investors and rival Hong Kong . [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Jurong , a swampland to the island's western coast was chosen to be the site of a new industrial estate and would house steel mills, shipyards, and oil refineries, though Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee was initially worried the venture would fail. [ 120 ] The government promoted multiculturalism by recognising Chinese, English, Malay, and Tamil as the official languages of the new state and sought to create a new national Malayan identity. The Ministry of Culture under S. Rajaratnam held free outdoor concerts with every ethnic race represented in the performances. [ 121 ] Lee also introduced the People's Association , a government-linked organisation to run community centers and youth clubs, with its leaders trained to spread the PAP's ideology. [ 121 ] Youth unemployment was alleviated by the establishment of work brigades. [ 121 ] PAP split of 1961 Lee took measures to secure his position in the aftermath of the 1957 party elections. In 1959, he delayed the release of leftist PAP members arrested under the former Labour Front government and appointed five of its leaders, [ g ] including Lim Chin Siong, as parliamentary secretaries lacking political power. [ 114 ] [ 123 ] Lee clashed further with Lim when the government sought to create a centralised labour union in the first half of 1960. [ 124 ] Trouble also arose from former mayor and Minister of National Development Ong Eng Guan , who Lee had appointed in recognition of Ong's contribution to the PAP's electoral win. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ong's relocation of his ministry to his Hong Lim stronghold and continued castigation of the British and civil servants was regarded by his colleagues as disruptive and Lee removed several portfolios from Ong's purview in February 1960. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] In the party conference on 18 June 1960, Ong filed "16 resolutions" against the leadership, accusing Lee of failing to seek party consensus when deciding policy, not adhering to anti-colonialism and suspending left-wing unions. [ 127 ] Lee regarded it as a move to split the party and together with his allies expelled Ong from the party. [ 128 ] Ong resigned his seat in December, precipitating the Hong Lim by-election on in April 1961 which he won against a PAP candidate. [ 126 ] [ 129 ] The death of the PAP assemblyman for Anson that April triggered a second by-election. For the first time, Lim's faction openly revolted against Lee and endorsed Workers' Party chairman David Marshall who won the seat. [ 126 ] [ 130 ] Lee assumed responsibility for the two by-election defeats and submitted his resignation to party chairman Toh Chin Chye on 17 July. Toh rejected it and upheld Lee's mandate. [ 131 ] Lee moved a motion of confidence in his own government in the early hours of 21 July after a thirteen-hour debate which had begun the preceding day, narrowly surviving it with 27 "Ayes", 8 "Noes" and 16 abstentions. [ 132 ] The PAP now commanded a single seat majority in the 51-seat assembly after 13 of its members had abstained. [ 133 ] Lee expelled the 13 who had broken ranks in addition to Lim, Fong and Woodhull. [ 133 ] Leadup to referendum and merger Lee and his colleagues believed that Singapore could only survive through merger with Malaya and was unwilling to call for complete independence. [ 134 ] Merger would allow goods to be exported to the peninsula under a common market , while devolving unpopular internal security measures to Kuala Lumpur . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] Malaya's ruling Alliance Party coalition dominated by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) had repeatedly opposed the scheme and was apprehensive that Singapore's Chinese majority would reduce 'Malay political supremacy'. [ 136 ] Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman backtracked after the PAP's Hong Lim by-election defeat, fearing a "pro-communist government" in Singapore should Lee fall from power. [ 135 ] On 27 May 1961, Tunku announced that Malaya, Singapore, and the British colonies of North Borneo and Sarawak should pursue "political and economic cooperation". [ 135 ] Lee endorsed the program six days later and commenced negotiations on the formation of Malaysia. [ 135 ] In August 1961, Lee and Tunku agreed that Singapore's defence, foreign affairs and internal security would be transferred to the federal government, while education and labour policy remained with the state government. [ 135 ] [ 137 ] Lim Chin Siong and his supporters saw Lee's ceding control of internal security—then controlled by the Internal Security Council with British, Malayan, Singaporean representatives—to the federal government as a threat as Tunku was convinced they were communists. [ 135 ] In a meeting with British Commissioner General Lord Selkirk , Selkirk reaffirmed that the British would not suspend Singapore's constitution should Lee be voted out. [ 135 ] Lee saw the meeting as a British endorsement of Lim and accused it as a plot against his government. [ 138 ] On 13 August, Lim founded the Barisan Sosialis and became its secretary-general, with 35 of 51 branches of the PAP defecting. [ 133 ] [ 139 ] Lee anticipated a Barisan win in the next election and saw 'independence through merger' as the only means for the PAP to retain power. [ 136 ] Beginning on 13 September 1961, Lee gave twelve multilingual radio speeches outlining the benefits of merger in what he called the 'Battle for Merger'. The speeches proved to be a massive success for Lee's campaign, while Barisan's demands for equal airtime were rejected. [ 140 ] Lee employed full use of state resources to suppress his opponents by revoking the Barisan's printing permits, banning or relocating its rallies, and purging its supporters from the government, while the judiciary and police engaged to "obstruct, provoke and isolate" the party. [ 141 ] The Barisan lambasted Lee for securing only 15 seats in the Malaysian parliament for Singapore in contrast to North Borneo (16) and Sarawak (24), despite both having a combined population well below Singapore's 1.7 million. [ 142 ] Singapore citizens would also be categorised as "nationals" and not be granted Malaysian citizenship. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] On 6 December, the legislative assembly voted 33–0 in favour of the agreements struck by Lee and Tunku, which the Barisan boycotted. [ 144 ] A referendum for merger was scheduled for 1 September 1962. Lee ensured that the ballot lacked a "no" option, with all three options having varying terms for admission into Malaysia. [ 142 ] The ballot was crafted by Lee and Goh Keng Swee to capitalise on a mistake which the Barisan had made the previous year. The Barisan had inadvertently endorsed merger under terms "like Penang " (a state of Malaya) with full citizenship rights, not realising that Malayan law entitled only a native-born to qualify for automatic citizenship, which would disenfranchise nearly one third of those eligible to vote; [ 145 ] it issued a clarification but never recovered from the mistake. [ 146 ] Lee placed the flag of Singapore alongside option A with the terms of Singapore retaining control of education and labour policy, while portraying the Barisan's choice as option B favouring entry into the federation with no special rights, next to the flag of Penang . [ 147 ] When Lim called for his supporters to submit blank votes , Lee countered that blank votes would count as a vote for the majority choice. 71% eventually voted for option A, while 26% cast blank votes. [ 148 ] In November, Lee embarked on a ten-month visit to all fifty-one constituencies, prioritising those with the highest count of blank votes. [ 149 ] Operation Coldstore detentions The Malayan government considered the arrests of Singapore's left-wing groups as non-negotiable for the formation of Malaysia. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] Tunku felt that Lee lacked the initiative to suppress "pro-communist elements" and warned that a Malay-led dictatorship would be instated to prevent a "socialist majority" in the next Malayan election. [ 144 ] As the Malayans increased pressure on the Internal Security Council (ISC) to take action, Lee began supporting the idea of a purge in March 1962. [ 152 ] The Malayan and Singapore special branches collaborated on an arrest list of major opposition members, though doubts arose if Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan could be classified as 'communists'. [ 152 ] Up until the end of November 1962, the British declined to support the operation without a pretext, noting that Lim and the Barisan Sosialis had not broken any laws. [ 153 ] The Brunei revolt on 8 December led by A. M. Azahari provided a "heaven-sent opportunity" to take action, as Lim had met Azahari on 3 December. [ 154 ] The Malayan government convened the ISC to discuss the operation, while Singapore's Special Branch produced alleged evidence of the communist control of Barisan. [ 154 ] On 13 December, Lord Selkirk gave his authorisation for the arrests to proceed on 16 December. However, Lee's attempt to add two Malayan parliamentarians opposed to the formation of Malaysia into the arrest list caused the Malayan representative to rescind his consent, stopping the operation. [ 154 ] Tunku suspected that Lee was trying to eliminate his entire opposition, while Lee felt that Tunku was evading his shared responsibility for the arrests. [ 149 ] An ISC meeting was scheduled to be held on 1 February 1963 to remount the operation. [ 155 ] During the interim period, Lee had added three names from the United People's Party, one of them being former PAP minister Ong Eng Guan. [ 155 ] Selkirk expressed concerns that Ong's arrest lacked any justification and Lee conceded that it was meant as a "warning" to Ong. [ 155 ] Tunku told Geofroy Tory , the British High Commissioner in Kuala Lumpur on 30 January, that 'if this operation failed, merger with Singapore was off'. [ 155 ] Selkirk was pressured to put his reservations aside and finally consented. [ 155 ] On 2 February, Operation Coldstore commenced across Singapore, with 113 detained including Lim and 23 others from Barisan Sosialis. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Lee offered Lim a path into exile which Lim rejected. [ 158 ] The Malayans and British later pressured Lee to retract his comment when he said he "disapproved" of the operation. [ 156 ] In his memoirs, Lee portrayed himself as reluctant in supporting the operation, though declassified British documents revealed that Lee was "somewhat more enthusiastic" than he eventually admitted. [ 159 ] Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Elections and tensions On 31 August 1963, Lee declared Singapore's independence in a ceremony at the Padang and pledged loyalty to the federal government. [ 160 ] With the conclusion of the trials of Barisan Sosialis' leaders, Lee dissolved the legislative assembly on 3 September and called for a snap election . [ 161 ] [ 162 ] He touted "independence through merger" as a success and utilised television and the mass media effectively. [ 163 ] In conjunction with Sabah (formerly North Borneo) and Sarawak , Lee proclaimed Singapore as part of Malaysia in a second ceremony on 16 September accompanied by a military parade. [ 164 ] [ h ] Lim Chin Siong's arrest had, however, generated widespread sympathy for the Barisan and a close result was predicted. Australian and British officials expected a Barisan win. [ 165 ] When the PAP defeated the Barisan in a landslide victory on 21 September, it was seen as a public endorsement of merger and Lee's socio-economic policies. [ 163 ] [ 166 ] Relations between the PAP and Malaysia's ruling Alliance Party quickly deteriorated as Lee began espousing his policies to the rest of the country. The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) was also shocked by the loss of three Malay-majority seats to the PAP in the recent 1963 Singapore election. [ 167 ] Ultra-nationalists within UMNO alleged that Lee sought to overthrow the Malay monarchies and infringe on rural life . [ 167 ] Lee's attempts to reconcile the PAP with UMNO were rebuffed as the latter remained committed to the Malaysian Chinese Association . [ 167 ] Further hostility ensued when the PAP decided to contest in the 1964 Malaysian general election in contravention of a gentlemen's agreement that it disavow itself from peninsula politics, but PAP already regarded the agreement to be rendered moot as the Alliance contested the 1963 Singapore state election and broke the agreement first. [ 168 ] Lee's speeches in Malaysia attracted large crowds and he expected the PAP to win at least seven parliamentary seats. [ 169 ] The party ultimately won only one seat in Bangsar , Selangor under Devan Nair. [ 168 ] Lee and other party insiders later conceded that UMNO's portrayal of the PAP as a "Chinese party" and its lack of grassroots in the peninsula had undermined its support from the Malay majority. [ 168 ] [ 170 ] Ethnic tensions had risen prior to the April election when UMNO secretary-general Syed Jaafar Albar utilised the Utusan Melayu to accuse Lee of evicting Malays from their homes in March 1964. [ 171 ] Lee explained personally to the affected neighbourhoods that the scheme was part of an urban renewal plan and that eviction notices had been sent to everyone irrespective of race. [ 172 ] Albar responded by warning Lee to not "treat the sons of the soil as step-children" and led calls for the deaths of Lee and Social Affairs Minister Othman bin Wok on 12 July. [ 172 ] On 21 July, the 1964 race riots in Singapore erupted during a celebration of Prophet Muhammad's birthday , lasting four days, killing 22 and injuring 461. [ 173 ] Further riots occurred in late-August and early-September resulting in communities self-segregating from each other, which Lee characterised as "terribly disheartening" and against "everything we had believed in and worked for". [ 171 ] Lee never forgot the Malay PAP leaders who stood against UMNO during the turmoil and as late as 1998, paid tribute to them for Singapore's survival. [ 174 ] Malaysian Malaysia and separation Lee's perceptions that merger was becoming infeasible was also due to the federal government's obstruction of his industrialisation program and its imposition of new taxes on Singapore in the November 1964 federal budget. [ 172 ] Tunku mentioned to deputy prime minister Goh Keng Swee in December 1964 about his desire to have Singapore “hived off” from Malaysia. [ 175 ] Lee authorized Goh to renegotiate with Deputy Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein on Singapore's place in the federation in early 1965. [ 172 ] Seeking to provide an alternative to the Alliance Party government, Lee and his colleagues formed the Malaysian Solidarity Convention (MSC) with the Malayan and Sarawakian opposition on 9 May, with its goals for a Malaysian Malaysia and race-blind society. [ 172 ] [ 176 ] The MSC was seen by UMNO as a threat to the Malay monopoly of power and special rights granted to Malays under Article 153 . [ 177 ] [ 178 ] UMNO supreme council member and future prime minister Mahathir Mohamad called the PAP "pro-Chinese, communist-oriented and positively anti-Malay", while others called for Lee's arrest under the Internal Security Act for trying to split the federation. [ 177 ] [ 179 ] Mathathir in his speech stated the huaren (ethnic Chinese) of Singapore were of "the insular, selfish and arrogant type of which Mr. Lee is a good example...They are in fact Chinese first, seeing China as the center of the world and Malaysia as a very poor second". [ 180 ] Such fears were sincerely felt by the UMNO leaders as one UMNO politician who was friendly with Lee privately told him: "You Chinese are too energetic and clever for us...we cannot stand the pressure". [ 181 ] Many UMNO politicians felt threatened by Lee, a politician who sought to appeal to both ethnic Chinese and Malay voters. [ 180 ] Albar warned in a speech that the Malay voters of Singapore must have been "misled" into voting for the PAP, and the UNMO would not allow this to happen in the next election. [ 180 ] Lee later wrote of Tunku that was "a nice man", but "he was a prince who understood power and knew how to use it. He did not carry a big stick, but he had many hatchet-bearers who would do the job for him while he looked the other way and appeared as benign as ever". [ 180 ] Tunku was a Malay aristocrat who spent his undergraduate years at Cambridge by his own admission on "fast women" rather than studying and whom Lee contemptuously noted had been awarded a degree at Cambridge that he did not deserve solely because he was an aristocrat. [ 182 ] Tunku in turn felt threatened by Lee, a man who had worked his way up via his intelligence and self-discipline, which made him very different from the people in his world. [ 182 ] On 26 May 1965, Lee addressed the Malaysian parliament for the final time, delivering his speech entirely in the Malay language. He challenged the Alliance Party to commit itself to a Malaysian Malaysia and denounce its extremists, and also argued that the PAP could better uplift the livelihood of the Malays. [ 177 ] Then-social affairs minister Othman Wok later recounted: "I noticed that while he was speaking, the Alliance leaders sitting in front of us, they sank lower and lower because they were embarrassed this man (Lee) could speak Malay better than them". [ 183 ] Then-national development minister Lim Kim San also noted: "That was the turning point. They perceived [Lee] as a dangerous man who could one day be the prime minister of Malaya. This was the speech that changed history." [ 183 ] Prime Minister Tunku labelled the speech as the final straw which contributed to his decision in July 1965, while being treated for shingles in London, [ 184 ] [ 185 ] that Singapore's secession was necessary. [ 186 ] The more extreme UMNO politicians such as Albar were pressing to have Lee arrested and martial law proclaimed, but Tunku chose to accept Singapore's secession instead. [ 182 ] The British government received allegations of a plot to arrest Lee, and thus the British prime minister Harold Wilson quietly pressured Tunku against taking any such action, warning of potential repercussions on the Malaysian government. [ 182 ] As Britain was defending Malaysia from Indonesian attempts to annex the country, Britain was in a strong position to apply pressure on Malaysia. Lee in his memoirs stated that Singapore owed Wilson a major debt for his role in pressuring Tunku for a peaceful resolution of the crisis, calling Wilson a "good friend". [ 187 ] On 13 July 1965, Deputy Prime Minister Goh Keng Swee met with Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein and Home Affairs Minister Ismail Abdul Rahman , in Razak's office while Tunku was still overseas, being treated for shingles. Goh proposed separation of Singapore from Malaysia, before reporting back to Lee about the proposal. [ 188 ] Lee agreed, and during another meeting between Goh, Razak and Ismail on 20 July 1965, Goh told the Malaysians that Lee had given the greenlight for separation arrangements to be done quickly. [ 185 ] [ 188 ] Lee then summoned Law Minister E. W. Barker to draft documents effecting Singapore's separation from the federation and its proclamation of independence. To ensure that a 1962 agreement to draw water from Johor was retained, Lee insisted that it be enshrined in the separation agreement and Malaysian constitution. [ 189 ] The negotiations of post-separation relations were held in utmost secrecy and Lee tried to prevent secession to the last minute, trying to convince Tunku upon his return from London to continue negotiating a looser confederation. However, Tunku's mind was already made up. [ 188 ] Lee was persuaded to finally relent by Goh on 7 August. [ 177 ] [ 190 ] That day, Lee and several cabinet ministers signed the separation agreement at Razak's home, which stipulated continued co-operation in trade and mutual defence. [ 191 ] Cabinet ministers Toh Chin Chye and S. Rajaratnam , were asked to meet Lee in Kuala Lumpur. Upon being informed of the impending separation, they refused to sign the agreement at first and were distraught at the idea, before the fear of further violence and bloodshed finally convinced them to sign. [ 192 ] Lee returned to Singapore the following day and convened the rest of his cabinet to sign the document, whereupon it was flown back to Kuala Lumpur. [ 190 ] [ 193 ] On 9 August 1965 at 10am, Tunku convened the Malaysian parliament and moved the Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Bill 1965 , which passed unanimously by a vote of 126–0 with no PAP representatives present. [ 194 ] Singapore's independence was announced locally via radio at the same time and Lee broke the news to senior diplomats and civil servants. [ 193 ] [ 195 ] In a televised press conference that day, Lee fought back tears and briefly stopped to regain his composure as he formally announced the news to an anxious population: [ 196 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Despite the momentous event, Lee did not call for the parliament to convene to reconcile the issues that Singapore would face immediately as a new nation. Without giving further instructions on who should act in his absence, he went into isolation for six weeks, unreachable by phone, at Changi Cottage . According to then-deputy prime minister Toh Chin Chye , the parliament hung in "suspended animation" until the sitting in December that year. [ 198 ] In his memoirs, Lee said that he was unable to sleep and was prescribed tranquilizers from doctors. Upon learning of Lee's condition from the British High Commissioner to Singapore, John Robb, the British prime minister, Harold Wilson , expressed concern, in response to which Lee replied: Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Lee began to seek international recognition of Singapore's independence. Singapore joined the United Nations on 21 September 1965, and founded the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) on 8 August 1967 with four other South-East Asian countries. Lee made his first official visit to Indonesia on 25 May 1973, just a few years after the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation under Sukarno 's regime. Relations between Singapore and Indonesia substantially improved as subsequent visits were made between the two countries. Singapore has never had a dominant culture to which immigrants could assimilate, even though Malay was the dominant language at that time. [ 201 ] Together with efforts from the government and ruling party, Lee tried to create a unique Singaporean identity in the 1970s and 1980s—one which heavily recognised racial consciousness within the umbrella of multiculturalism . Lee and his government stressed the importance of maintaining religious tolerance and racial harmony, and they were ready to use the law to counter any threat that might incite ethnic and religious violence. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] For example, Lee warned against "insensitive evangelisation", by which he referred to instances of Christian proselytising directed at Malays. In 1974 the government advised the Bible Society of Singapore to stop publishing religious material in Malay. [ 204 ] Defence The vulnerability of Singapore was deeply felt, with threats from multiple sources, including the communists and Indonesia with its confrontational stance. Adding to this vulnerability was the impending withdrawal of British forces from East of Suez . As Singapore gained admission to the United Nations, Lee quickly sought international recognition of Singapore's independence. He appointed Goh Keng Swee as Minister for the Interior and Defence to build up the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and requested help from other countries, particularly Israel and Taiwan, for advice, training and facilities. [ 205 ] In 1967, Lee introduced conscription for all able-bodied male Singaporean citizens 18 years of age to serve National Service (NS) either in the SAF, Singapore Police Force or the Singapore Civil Defence Force . By 1971, Singapore had 17 national service battalions (16,000 men) with 14 battalions (11,000 men) in the reserves. [ 206 ] In 1975, Lee and Republic of China premier Chiang Ching-kuo signed an agreement permitting Singaporean troops to train in Taiwan, under the codename " Project Starlight ". [ 207 ] Economy One of Lee's most urgent tasks upon Singapore's independence was to address high unemployment. Together with his economic aide, Economic Development Board chairman Hon Sui Sen , and in consultation with Dutch economist Albert Winsemius , Lee set up factories and initially focused on the manufacturing industry. Before the British completely withdrew from Singapore in 1971, Lee also persuaded the British not to destroy their dock and had the British naval dockyard later converted for civilian use. Eventually, Lee and his cabinet decided the best way to boost Singapore's economy was to attract foreign investments from multinational corporations (MNCs). By establishing First World infrastructure and standards in Singapore, the new nation could attract American, Japanese and European business. By the 1970s multinational corporations like Texas Instruments , Hewlett-Packard , and General Electric began turning Singapore into a major electronics exporter. [ 208 ] Workers were frequently trained to familiarise themselves with the work systems and cultures of foreign companies. The government also started several new industries, such as steel mills under 'National Iron and Steel Mills', service industries like Neptune Orient Lines , and the Singapore Airlines . [ 209 ] Lee and his cabinet also worked to establish Singapore as an international financial centre. Foreign bankers were assured of the reliability of Singapore's social conditions, with top-class infrastructure and skilled professionals, and investors were made to understand that the Singapore government would pursue sound macroeconomic policies, with budget surpluses , leading to a stable valued Singapore dollar. [ 210 ] Throughout the tenure of his office, Lee placed great importance on developing the economy, and his attention to detail on this aspect went even to the extent of connecting it with other facets of Singapore, including the country's extensive and meticulous tending of its international image of being a "Garden City". [ 211 ] The 1967 "Garden City" planning initiative included prominent roadside greenery along the East Coast Parkway (ECP) highway connecting Singapore Changi Airport with Singapore Central Area . [ 212 ] Anti-corruption measures Lee introduced legislation giving the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) greater power to conduct arrests, search, call up witnesses, and investigate bank accounts and income-tax returns of suspected persons and their families. [ 213 ] Lee believed that ministers should be well paid in order to maintain a clean and honest government. On 21 November 1986, Lee received a complaint of corruption against then Minister for National Development Teh Cheang Wan . [ 214 ] Lee authorised the CPIB to carry out investigations on Teh, but Teh committed suicide before any charges could be pressed against him. [ 215 ] In 1994, he proposed to link the salaries of ministers, judges, and top civil servants to the salaries of top professionals in the private sector, arguing that this would help recruit and retain talent to serve in the public sector. [ 216 ] Population policies In the late 1960s, fearing that Singapore's growing population might overburden the developing economy, Lee started a " Stop at Two " family planning campaign. Couples were urged to undergo sterilisation after their second child. Third or fourth children were given lower priorities in education and such families received fewer economic rebates . [ 216 ] In 1983, Lee sparked the "Great Marriage Debate" when he encouraged Singapore men to choose highly educated women as wives. [ 217 ] He was concerned that a large number of graduate women were unmarried. [ 218 ] Some sections of the population, including graduate women, were upset by his views. [ 218 ] Nevertheless, a match-making agency, the Social Development Unit (SDU), [ 219 ] was set up to promote socialising among men and women graduates. [ 216 ] In the Graduate Mothers Scheme, Lee also introduced incentives such as tax rebates , schooling, and housing priorities for graduate mothers who had three or four children, in a reversal of the over-successful "Stop at Two" family planning campaign in the 1960s and 1970s. Lee suggested that perhaps the campaign for women's rights had been too successful: Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. — Lee Kuan Yew, "Talent for the future", 14 August 1983 [ 220 ] The uproar over the proposal led to a swing of 12.9 per cent against the PAP government in the 1984 general election . In 1985, some especially controversial portions of the policy, that gave education and housing priorities to educated women, were abandoned or modified. [ 216 ] [ 221 ] By the late 1990s the birth rate had fallen so low that Lee's successor Goh Chok Tong extended these incentives to all married women, and gave even more incentives, such as the "baby bonus" scheme. [ 216 ] Water resources Singapore has traditionally relied on water from Malaysia. However, this reliance has made Singapore subject to the possibility of price increases and allowed Malaysian officials to use the water reliance as political leverage by threatening to cut off supply . To reduce this problem, Lee decided to experiment with water recycling in 1974. [ 222 ] As a result of such efforts, Singapore has achieved self-sufficiency with its water supply since the mid-2010s. [ 223 ] Under Lee tree planting was pursued, in 1963 he began a tree-planting campaign which aimed to plant 10,000 saplings a year and in 1971 a 'Tree-Planting Day' was established. One of the goals of this was to increase rainfall. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] He also made efforts to clean Singapore's waters for collection and use. [ 226 ] Environment Lee envisioned Singapore as a garden city , [ 227 ] declaring that "no other hallmark of success will be more distinctive than that of achieving our position as the cleanest and greenest city in Southeast Asia ". [ 228 ] He later said that " greening is the most cost-effective project I have launched". [ 229 ] Lee set up an 'Anti-Pollution Unit' stating that its importance resided in giving citizens "respite from city centres" and in the small size of Singapore which made it necessary to "preserve a clean and gracious environment for rich and poor alike". [ 230 ] In 1995 Lee declared "I have always believed that a blighted urban landscape, a concrete jungle, destroys the human spirit. We need the greenery of nature to lift our spirits". [ 231 ] Lee saw this as a means of attracting tourists and businesspeople to the city. [ 232 ] He wrote that "without a word being said, they would know that Singaporeans were competent, disciplined, and reliable, a people who would learn the skills they required soon enough". [ 233 ] After independence Lee sought for "some dramatic way to distinguish ourselves from other Third World countries. I settled for a clean and green Singapore" [ 234 ] because "if we had First World standards then business people and tourists would make us a base for their business and tours of the region". [ 235 ] Lee considered air conditioning the most important invention of the 20th century for Singapore. [ 236 ] Air quality relates to work quality and as such Lee made sure air conditioning was installed in the offices of the Singaporean civil service in the 1960s. [ 237 ] Foreign policy Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad Lee looked forward to improving relationships with Mahathir Mohamad upon the latter's promotion to Deputy Prime Minister. Knowing that Mahathir was in line to become the next Prime Minister of Malaysia , Lee invited Mahathir to visit Singapore in 1978. The first and subsequent visits improved both personal and diplomatic relationships between them. Then UMNO 's Secretary-General Mahathir asked Lee to cut off all links with the Democratic Action Party (DAP); in exchange, Mahathir undertook not to interfere in the affairs of Malay Singaporeans . [ 238 ] In June 1988, Lee and Mahathir reached an agreement in Kuala Lumpur to build the Linggui dam on the Johor River . [ 239 ] Lee said he had made more progress solving bilateral issues with Dr Mahathir from 1981 to 1990 than in the previous 12 years with the latter's two predecessors. [ 179 ] Mahathir ordered the lifting of the ban on the export of construction materials to Singapore in 1981, agreed to sort out Malaysia's claim to Pedra Branca island and affirmed it would honour the 1962 Water Agreement. [ 179 ] One day before Lee left office in November 1990, Malaysia and Singapore signed the Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990 (POA). Malayan Railways (KTM) would vacate the Tanjong Pagar railway station and move to Bukit Timah while all KTM's land between Bukit Timah and Tanjong Pagar would revert to Singapore. Railway land at Tanjong Pagar would be handed over to a private limited company for joint development, the equity of which would be divided 60% to Malaysia and 40% to Singapore. However, Prime Minister Mahathir expressed his displeasure with the POA, for it failed to include a piece of railway land in Bukit Timah for joint development in 1993. Following Lee's death, Mahathir posted a blog post that suggested his respect for Lee despite their differences, stating that while "I am afraid on most other issues we could not agree [...] [h]is passage marks the end of the period when those who fought for independence lead their countries and knew the value of independence. ASEAN lost a strong leadership after President Suharto and Lee Kuan Yew". [ 240 ] Indonesia In March 1967, the president of Indonesia , Sukarno , who had initiated the Konfrontasi , resigned from the presidency under pressure by military general Suharto amidst the 30 September Movement . A clemency plea by President Suharto for Osman bin Mohamed Ali and Harun bin Said, the perpetrators of the MacDonald House bombing in March 1965 during Konfrontasi , was rejected. The Singapore Embassy in Jakarta was occupied on the day of the saboteurs' hanging by 300 students. [ 241 ] [ 242 ] However, Bilateral relations between Singapore and Indonesia would improve after 1973, when Lee visited the graves of Harun and Osman in Indonesia ( nyekar ) and scattered flowers on them. [ 243 ] This was followed by Suharto's visit to Singapore in 1974. [ 244 ] From the 1980s, exchanges would sharply increase between the two countries in politics, tourism, defence, business, and student and community-based exchanges. [ 243 ] Lee and Suharto developed a strong relationship, with the growing trust between both leaders developing into friendship. Lee and Suharto regarded each other as trustworthy and reliable. Lee kept up his relationship with Suharto until his death in 2008, even advising him and his children during the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis which led to Suharto's fall from power. [ 245 ] In 1978, Suharto rallied ASEAN to oppose Australia's newly proclaimed integrated civil aviation policy, which cut Kangaroo Route air access to Singapore while providing inducements to Indonesia and other countries in the region. Suharto believed that ASEAN should not give in to such tactics and inducements, and Australia relented. [ 245 ] Singapore remains a crucial stopover for Kangaroo Route flights between the United Kingdom and Australia. [ 245 ] Singapore and Indonesia entered joint projects such as the Batam Industrial Park, Bintan Resorts , the Riau Water Agreement and the Air Combat Manoeuvring Range in Pekan Baru proceeded smoothly. Swift implementation of factory and hotel development proposals by foreign investors demonstrated Singapore's honesty and reliability to Suharto. [ 245 ] United States In his book The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew , Lee detailed an incident where in 1960, the CIA allegedly attempted to bribe certain members of his party, the PAP, in an attempt to create division and weaken his leadership, however the official had reported the bribery attempt instead of accepting the money. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] According to Lee, this was part of a broader strategy by the United States to influence the political landscape in Southeast Asia during the Cold War. [ 248 ] He mentioned that he confronted the CIA's representative in Singapore and demanded an explanation and compensation for this interference. After having two CIA agents arrested, Lee requested 3.5 million dollars in economic aid in exchange for the covert release of the two agents. The Americans rejected this offer and presented a counter-offer of 3.3 million dollars to be given directly to Lee and the People's Action Party, but the men were later released without any financial exchange. However instead of taking a passive approach, Lee negotiated with the CIA and eventually the US government agreed to pay a sum of 3.3 million dollars in formal economic aid to Singapore, which Lee claimed was to ensure that the U.S. would not interfere in Singapore's internal affairs. Lee revealed this incident in 1965, which led to the Americans to deny it ever occurred; however, Lee later made public a letter of apology from the US Secretary of State Dean Rusk over the incident. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] Lee fully supported the US involvement in the Vietnam War . Even as the war began to lose its popularity in the United States, Lee made his first official visit to the United States in October 1967, and declared to President Lyndon B. Johnson that his support for the war in Vietnam was "unequivocal". Lee saw the war as necessary for states in Southeast Asia like Singapore to buy time for stabilising their governments and economies. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] Lee cultivated close relationships with presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan , [ 254 ] as well as former secretaries of state Henry Kissinger [ 255 ] and George Shultz . [ 256 ] In 1967 Nixon, who was running for president in 1968, visited Singapore and met with Lee, who advised that the United States had much to gain by engaging with China, culminating in Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China . [ 257 ] [ 258 ] In the 1980s, closer defence relations between Singapore and the United States enabled Singapore to acquire advanced American weapon platforms and capabilities. The United States provided Singapore with aircraft such as the F-16 and the E-2C airborne early warning (AEW) to strengthen its air defences. [ 259 ] In October 1985, Lee made a state visit to the United States on the invitation of President Reagan and addressed a joint session of the United States Congress . Lee stressed to Congress the importance of free trade and urged it not to turn towards protectionism: It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] In May 1988, E. Mason "Hank" Hendrickson was serving as the First Secretary of the United States Embassy when he was expelled by the Singapore government. [ 260 ] [ 261 ] The Singapore government alleged that Hendrickson attempted to interfere in Singapore's internal affairs by cultivating opposition figures in a " Marxist conspiracy ". [ 262 ] Then-First Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong claimed that Hendrickson's alleged conspiracy could have resulted in the election of 20 or 30 opposition politicians to Parliament, which in his words could lead to "horrendous" effects, possibly even the paralysis and fall of the Singapore government. [ 263 ] In the aftermath of Hendrickson's expulsion, the U.S. State Department praised Hendrickson's performance in Singapore and denied any impropriety in his actions. [ 260 ] The State Department also expelled Robert Chua, a senior-level Singaporean diplomat equal in rank to Hendrickson, from Washington, D.C., in response. [ 264 ] [ 265 ] The State Department's refusal to reprimand Hendrickson, along with its expulsion of the Singaporean diplomat, sparked a rare protest in Singapore by the National Trades Union Congress ; they drove buses around the U.S. embassy, held a rally attended by four thousand workers, and issued a statement deriding the U.S. as "sneaky, arrogant, and untrustworthy". [ 266 ] China Singapore did not establish diplomatic relations with China until the U.S. and Southeast Asia had decided they wanted to do so in order to avoid portraying a pro-China bias. [ 267 ] [ 268 ] His official visits to China starting in 1976 were conducted in English, to assure other countries that he represented Singapore, and not a "Third China" (the first two being the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) and People's Republic of China ). [ 269 ] In November 1978, after China had stabilised following political turmoil in the aftermath of Mao Zedong 's death and the Gang of Four , Deng Xiaoping visited Singapore and met Lee. Deng, who was very impressed with Singapore's economic development, greenery and housing, and later sent tens of thousands of Chinese to Singapore and countries around the world to learn from their experiences and bring back their knowledge as part of the reform and opening up beginning in December 1978. Lee, on the other hand, advised Deng to stop exporting Communist ideologies to Southeast Asia, an advice that Deng later followed. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] This culminated in the exchange of Trade Offices between the two nations in September 1981. [ 272 ] In 1985, commercial air services between mainland China and Singapore commenced [ 273 ] and China appointed Goh Keng Swee , Singapore's finance minister in the post-independence years, as advisor on the development of Special Economic Zones . [ 274 ] On 3 October 1990, Singapore revised diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. United Kingdom Lee developed friendships with Prime Ministers Harold Wilson [ 275 ] and Margaret Thatcher . [ 275 ] Lee regarded Wilson's support and swift recognition of Singapore's independence crucial to Singapore's survival in its early days. Singapore was still heavily dependent on Britain for its defence and economy, and the British military bases were contributing over 20 percent to Singapore's gross national product. About 15 per cent of Singapore's workforce had jobs linked to British military bases on the island. [ 276 ] However, mounting economic problems in Britain led to a weakening faith in the pound sterling, and the Singapore Government began reducing its sterling holdings from about 90 percent to just 50 percent by November 1967, when the Labour government devaluated pound sterling. Chancellor of the Exchequer Roy Jenkins , in a letter to Goh Keng Swee, expressed his “regret that [Singapore] did not take [the UK] into their confidence” when diversifying out of Sterling. To which Goh retorted in reply that Singapore sustained losses of about US$157 million as a result of the pound's devaluation. [ 277 ] No longer able to afford its military commitment in Southeast Asia, Britain announced in January 1968, the total withdrawal of its troops East of Suez, with the pullout from Malaysia and Singapore to be done by 31 March 1971 – four years earlier than planned. The announcement came as a shock to Singapore, because the British had earlier committed to a phased withdrawal. [ 278 ] As the first batch of 900 national servicemen had just started their training on 17 August 1967, Singapore was ill-equipped to take up its own defence. It was projected that about 25,000 base workers in Singapore would be rendered unemployed in 1971 as a result of the military withdrawal. When informed of the decision, Lee's government responded with dismay and anger. Lee threatened to withdraw from the sterling area , give the dockyards to the Japanese, and disrupt British shipping and trade. He also suggested that if the British forces withdrew too quickly, he would have to “hire mercenaries to defend Singapore”. [ 278 ] Lee and Minister for Finance Goh Keng Swee left for London, meeting with British political leaders, rallying for support through television appearances. With intense lobbying by Lee and Goh, the Wilson government went ahead with withdrawal, but agreed to a compromise to extend the withdrawal deadline from March to December 1971. Lee successfully negotiated with the British for a soft loan of £50 million, free transfer of key assets, help with operating air defence systems, and training of military staff. Plans were set up to oversee the conversion and commercialisation of lands and facilities including the naval bases that had belonged to the British, which later proved instrumental in propelling Singapore's shipbuilding industry forward. [ 278 ] Singapore acquired a squadron of British Hawker Hunter planes for its new air force, arriving in Singapore in 1970. To make up for Britain's withdrawal, Singapore's military spending was tripled, and an air force and a navy were added to support the army. When Wilson's Labour government lost the 1970 election to the Conservatives under Edward Heath , the new Conservative government facilitated the Five Power Defence Arrangements , comprising the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore, to give a deterrent message that any attack on Singapore or Malaysia would lead to a potential intervention of British, Australian and New Zealand forces. Although most of the British troops had withdrawn from Singapore by October 1971, a small contingent of British, Australian and New Zealand forces stayed on as a token military presence. The last British soldier left Singapore in March 1976. [ 278 ] Lee and Thatcher, who became Britain's prime minister in 1979, admired each other's leadership qualities and had "ideological convergence" in policies like cracking down on trade union power, privatisation, low taxation and trimming the excesses of the welfare state. Lee also advised Thatcher while Britain was negotiating with China on the handover of Hong Kong . [ 279 ] Australia Australia, under Prime Minister Robert Menzies was one of the first countries to recognise Singapore's independence. [ 280 ] However, Lee would later clash with Australian leaders John Gorton and Gough Whitlam who were inclined to pull Australia back from the Five Power Defence Arrangement (FPDA). [ 281 ] Lee clashed fiercely with Whitlam. Whitlam was initially reluctant to take too many of the Vietnamese boat people and tried to make Singapore take the first refugees from the Vietnam War. Lee retorted that Whitlam ‘a very sympathetic Prime Minister who believes the White Australia policy is most deplorable and damnable and here is his chance.’ [ 282 ] Lee criticised Whitlam's pro-Asian rhetoric as political posturing because of his stance on the Vietnam boat refugees, and blocking Asian imports into Australia. In his memoirs, Lee wrote of his verbal jousts with Whitlam at Commonwealth meetings. Lee called Whitlam ‘quick-witted but also quick-tempered’, and was glad to see the end of the ‘acerbic’ Whitlam, calling it ‘a relief when their Governor-General removed Whitlam…’. [ 282 ] Singapore-Australia relations improved with Whitlam's successor, Malcolm Fraser . Lee held him in high regard for his support in confronting communism and defending the FPDA. [ 282 ] However, he urged Fraser to reform the Australian economy, prompting the famous remark from Lee that Australia was in danger of becoming the "poor white trash of Asia" [ 283 ] if it did not open up its economy. The comments were widely circulated in Australian political circles. Bob Hawke , who led the Labor party to a victory over Fraser in 1983, said "I thought [Lee] was right, and his harsh but fair comment helped galvanise my determination to undertake the reforms that would save us from that fate and set us on a better path." [ 283 ] Upon Lee's death, Hawke said "Lee Kuan Yew was a great friend of Australia, if at times an outspoken one". [ 283 ] Singapore was Australia's strongest backer within ASEAN in the effort to create APEC in 1989. [ 282 ] Cambodia Lee opposed the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978. [ 284 ] The Singapore government organised an international campaign to condemn Vietnam and provided aid to the Khmer Rouge which was fighting against Vietnamese occupation during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War from 1978 to 1989. In his memoirs, Lee recounted that in 1982, "Singapore gave the first few hundreds of several batches of AK-47 rifles, hand grenades, ammunition and communication equipment" to the Khmer Rouge resistance forces. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Senior Minister (1990–2004) After leading the PAP to victory in seven elections, Lee stepped down on 28 November 1990, handing over the prime ministership to Goh Chok Tong . [ 287 ] By that time, he had become the world's longest-serving prime minister. [ 288 ] This was the first leadership transition since independence. Goh was elected as the new prime minister by the younger ministers then in office. When Goh Chok Tong became head of government, Lee remained in the cabinet with a non-executive position of Senior Minister [ 289 ] and played a role he described as advisory. Lee subsequently stepped down as secretary-general of the PAP and was succeeded by Goh Chok Tong on 2 December 1992. [ 290 ] Condominium rebates In April 1996, Lee and his son, Lee Hsien Loong , disclosed that they had purchased apartments located at Nassim Jade and Scotts 28 from Hotel Properties Ltd, a real estate developer listed on the Stock Exchange of Singapore, at substantial discounts ranging from 5 to 12 per cent. [ 291 ] The dispute arose amidst rampant property speculation in Singapore. [ 292 ] Upon learning of the issue, Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong swiftly initiated an immediate investigation into the matter. While Singapore law permits the provision of special discounts or rebates to relatives and associates of directors, it is imperative that such transactions receive approval from shareholders. [ 293 ] This disclosure prompted sufficient public disquiet for Lee to appear before Parliament to explain the purchases. [ 294 ] Lee said that as he was a prominent figure, the developer had a "legitimate incentive" to provide discounts for publicity, and that he had previously purchased a car and acquired services from his tailor and cobbler at a discount. [ 295 ] The amount saved was donated to charity. [ 292 ] Minister Mentor (2004–2011) In December 2004, Lee stepped down to become Minister Mentor. Expressing concern about the declining proficiency of Mandarin among younger Chinese Singaporeans , he started a year-long campaign called " 华语 Cool! " (Mandarin is Cool!) to garner interest in using Mandarin. [ 296 ] On 13 September 2008, Lee underwent treatment for abnormal heart rhythm ( atrial flutter ) at Singapore General Hospital . The treatment was successful, and he was well enough to address a philanthropy forum via video link from the hospital. [ 297 ] On 28 September 2010, he was hospitalised for a chest infection, cancelling plans to attend the wake of the Senior Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Balaji Sadasivan . [ 298 ] In November 2010, Lee's private conversations with James Steinberg , US Deputy Secretary of State , on 30 May 2009 were among the leaked US Embassy cables . In a US Embassy report classified as "Secret", Lee gave his assessment of a number of Asian leaders and views on political developments in North Asia, including implications for nuclear proliferation. [ 299 ] In January 2011, the Straits Times Press published the book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . [ 300 ] Targeted at younger Singaporeans, it was based on 16 interviews with Lee by seven local journalists in 2008–2009. The first print run of 45,000 copies sold out in less than a month after it was launched in January 2011. Another batch of 55,000 copies was made available shortly after. [ 301 ] After the 2011 general elections in which the Workers' Party , a major opposition political party in Singapore, made unprecedented gains by winning a Group Representation Constituency (GRC), Lee announced that he decided to leave the Cabinet for his son, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , and his team to have a clean slate. [ 302 ] Some analysts, such as Citigroup economist Kit Wei Zheng, believed that the senior Lee had contributed to the PAP's poor performance. [ 303 ] In particular, he stated during campaigning that the voters of Aljunied constituency had "five years to live and repent" if they elected the Workers' Party , which some viewed as having backfired for the PAP as the opposition went on to win Aljunied. [ 304 ] In a column in the Sunday Times on 6 November 2011, Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, revealed that her father had peripheral neuropathy . [ 305 ] In the column, she recounted how she first noticed her father's ailments when she accompanied him to meet the former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in Connecticut in October 2009. Wei Ling, a neurologist, "did a few simple neurological tests and decided the nerves to his legs were not working as they should". A day later, when interviewed at a constituency tree-planting event, Lee stated: "I have no doubt at all that this has not affected my mind, my will nor my resolve" and that "people in wheel chairs can make a contribution. I've still got two legs, I will make a contribution". [ 306 ] Illness and death External videos State funeral service for the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew on 29 March 2015 , Prime Minister's Office On 15 February 2013, Lee was admitted to Singapore General Hospital following a prolonged cardiac dysrhythmia , which was followed by a brief stoppage of blood flow to the brain. [ 307 ] [ 308 ] [ 309 ] [ 310 ] For the first time in his career as a Member of Parliament (MP), Lee missed the annual Chinese New Year dinner at his constituency , where he was supposed to be the guest-of-honour. [ 311 ] [ 312 ] He was subsequently discharged, but continued to receive anti-coagulant therapy. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] [ 315 ] The following year, Lee missed his constituency's Chinese New Year dinner for the second consecutive time owing to bodily bacterial invasion. [ 316 ] In April 2014, a photo depicting a thin and frail Lee was released online, drawing strong reactions from netizens. [ 317 ] According to Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, Lee had discussed euthanasia which is not a legal option in Singapore. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] On 5 February 2015, Lee was hospitalised for pneumonia and was put on a ventilator at the intensive care unit of Singapore General Hospital, although his condition was reported initially as "stable". [ 320 ] [ 321 ] A 26 February update stated that he was again being given antibiotics, while being sedated and still under mechanical ventilation. [ 322 ] [ 323 ] From 17 to 22 March, Lee continued weakening as he developed an infection while on life support, and he was described as "critically ill". [ 324 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ] On 18 March that year, a death hoax website reported false news of Lee's death. The suspect is an unidentified minor who created a false webpage that resembled the PMO official website. [ 327 ] Several international news organisations reported on Lee's death based on this and later retracted their statements. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] On 23 March 2015, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced his father's death at the age of 91. [ 330 ] Lee had died at 03:18 Singapore Standard Time ( UTC+08:00 ). [ 330 ] [ 331 ] A week of national mourning took place, [ 332 ] during which time Lee was lying in state at Parliament House . As a mark of respect, State flags at all Government buildings were flown at half-mast . During this time, 1.7 million Singaporean residents as well as world leaders paid tribute to him at Parliament house and community tribute sites throughout the country. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] [ 335 ] A state funeral for Lee was held on 29 March and attended by world leaders. [ 336 ] Later that day, Lee was cremated in a private ceremony at the Mandai Crematorium . [ 337 ] Legacy I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. As prime minister from 1959 to 1990, Lee presided over many of Singapore's advancements. He oversaw Singapore's transformation from an island nation with a high illiteracy rate and no natural resources into a developed country with a high-income economy within a single generation, commonly termed (from his autobiography) as 'From the third world to the first world'. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] [ 341 ] [ 342 ] Singapore's gross national product per capita (GNP) rose from $1,240 in 1959 to $18,437 in 1990. The unemployment rate in Singapore dropped from 13.5% in 1959 to 1.7% in 1990. External trade increased from $7.3 billion in 1959 to $205 billion in 1990. In other areas, the life expectancy at birth for Singaporeans rose from 65 years in 1960 to 74 years in 1990. The population of Singapore increased from 1.6 million in 1959 to 3 million in 1990. The number of public flats in Singapore rose from 22,975 in 1959 (then under the Singapore Improvement Trust ) to 667,575 in 1990. The Singaporean literacy rate increased from 52% in 1957 to 90% in 1990. Telephone lines per 100 Singaporeans increased from 3 in 1960 to 38 in 1990. Visitor arrivals to Singapore rose from 100,000 in 1960 to 5.3 million in 1990. [ 343 ] These economic accomplishments were achieved in large part due to Lee's stewardship of public administration through relevant and targeted public policy ; Lee introduced measures to jumpstart manufacturing of finished goods for export ( export-oriented industrialisation ) and sought to create a conducive business environment in the trading nation to attract foreign direct investment (through the establishment of the Economic Development Board , EDB). [ 339 ] [ 344 ] Lee also forged a symbiotic and mutually dependent relationship between the PAP and the national trade union, the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), whereby the PAP receives a degree of grassroots labour input, whilst NTUC is led by prominent PAP politicians who usually have ministerial portfolios within the Government . [ 345 ] The Government's tight control over trade union activities and industrial relations ensured near-total industrial peace, which was assessed to be a prerequisite for rapid economic development . [ 346 ] Lee was a staunch promoter of economic globalisation and a vocal opponent of protectionism . [ 347 ] [ 348 ] Lee said that Singapore's only natural resources are its people and their strong work ethic. [ 349 ] In addition, Lee was focused on social policies such as improving and mandating higher public standards for education, sanitation and hygiene , whilst concurrently improving public health by expanding modern health care and greatly increasing the quantity and quality of high-rise affordable housing (through the establishment of the Housing and Development Board , HDB) for working- and middle-class families. [ 339 ] [ 344 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] Various world leaders have praised Lee's governance and political achievements. British Foreign Secretary George Brown called Lee "the best bloody Englishman east of Suez". [ 352 ] Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger once wrote of Lee: "One of the asymmetries of history is the lack of correspondence between the abilities of some leaders and the power of their countries." Former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher praised "his way of penetrating the fog of propaganda and expressing with unique clarity the issues of our time and the way to tackle them". [ 353 ] Former president of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev stated in his memoirs that after the independence of Kazakhstan from the Soviet Union in 1991, he met Lee and stated Lee's "observations and advice became for us [Kazakhstan] guidelines in the development of long-term state strategies." [ 354 ] Lee's achievements in Singapore were a major source of inspiration on Communist leadership in China , who made a major effort, especially under Deng Xiaoping , to emulate his policies of economic growth, entrepreneurship and suppression of dissent . [ 355 ] [ 356 ] From 1996 to 2019, 55,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] He has also had a major influence on thinking in Russia in recent years. [ 359 ] [ 358 ] On the other hand, proponents of liberal democracy especially in the West criticised Lee's rule as authoritarian and as intolerant of dissent, citing his numerous attempts to sue political opponents and newspapers who express unfavourable opinions of Lee. Reporters Without Borders , an international media advocacy group , requested Lee and other senior Singaporean officials to stop taking libel suits against journalists. [ 360 ] Lee was a co-inventor of " Asian values ". [ 361 ] [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Lee was criticised for curtailing press freedoms , often imposing limits on public protests which prevented further occurrences, restricting labour movements from industrial action or strike action, suppressing wage growth of skilled workers (in order to be competitive with developing countries ) amid widening and high levels of income inequality along with wealth inequality (relative to other developed countries ), had encouraged an elitist mindset as well as filing defamation lawsuits against prominent political opponents . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] [ 367 ] [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] However, supporters argued in retrospect that his actions were necessary for the country's early development, and various international political analysts note that Lee's governance was generally pragmatic and benevolent . [ better source needed ] [ 372 ] During the three decades in which Lee held office, Singapore grew from a developing country to one of the most developed nations in Asia and the world. [ 373 ] Singapore was described as an illiberal democracy and a nanny state under his rule. [ 374 ] [ 375 ] [ 376 ] [ 377 ] [ 378 ] Legal suits Action against Far Eastern Economic Review In April 1977, just months after a general election which saw the People's Action Party winning all 69 seats, the Internal Security Department , under orders from Lee, detained Ho Kwon Ping , the Singapore correspondent of the Far Eastern Economic Review , as well as his predecessor Arun Senkuttavan, over their reporting. Ho was detained under the Internal Security Act which allows for indefinite trial, held in solitary confinement for two months, and charged with endangering national security. Following a televised confession in which Ho confessed to "pro-communist activities", [ 379 ] he was fined $3,000. Lee Kuan Yew later charged FEER editor, Derek Davies, of participating in "a diabolical international Communist plot" to poison relations between Singapore and neighbouring Malaysia. In 1987 Lee restricted sale of the Review in Singapore after it published an article about the detention of Roman Catholic church workers , reducing circulation of the magazine from 9,000 to 500 copies, [ 380 ] on the grounds that it was "interfering in the domestic politics of Singapore." [ 381 ] On 24 September 2008 the High Court of Singapore , in a summary judgment by Justice Woo Bih Li , ruled that the Far Eastern Economic Review magazine (Hugo Restall, editor), defamed Lee and his son, the prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong . The court found the 2006 article "Singapore's 'Martyr': Chee Soon Juan " suggested that Lee "ha[d] been running and continue[d] to run Singapore in the same corrupt manner as Durai operated [the National Kidney Foundation] and he ha[d] been using libel actions to suppress those who questioned [him] to avoid exposure of his corruption". [ 382 ] The court ordered the Review, owned by Dow Jones & Company (in turn owned by Rupert Murdoch 's News Corp), to pay damages to the complainants. The magazine appealed but lost. [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam Lee commenced proceedings for slander against opposition leader J. B. Jeyaretnam for comments he made at a Workers' Party rally in the 1988 general election . Lee alleged that Jeyaretnam's speech at the rally implied he had tried to cover up the corruption of the former Minister for National Development , Teh Cheang Wan , by aiding and abetting his suicide. The action was heard by Justice Lai Kew Chai , who ruled against Jeyaretnam and ordered him to pay damages of S$260,000 plus costs to Lee. Jeyaretnam lost an appeal against the judgment. Action against Devan Nair In 1999, former president of Singapore Devan Nair , who was living in Canada, remarked in an interview with the Toronto -based The Globe and Mail that Lee's technique of suing his opponents into bankruptcy or oblivion was an abrogation of political rights. Nair also described Lee as "an increasingly self-righteous know-all" surrounded by "department store dummies". In response to these remarks, Lee sued Nair in a Canadian court and Nair countersued. Lee then brought a motion to have Nair's counterclaim thrown out of court, argued that it disclosed no reasonable cause of action and constituted an inflammatory attack on the integrity of the Singaporean government . However, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice refused to throw out the counterclaim, holding that Nair had a reasonable cause of action as Lee had abused the process of litigation. [ 384 ] Lee wrote in one of his memoirs that Nair was forced to resign as president due to his alleged alcoholism , a charge which Nair denied. [ 385 ] International Herald Tribune defamation case In 2010 Lee, together with his son Lee Hsien Loong, and Goh Chok Tong, threatened legal action against The New York Times Company , which owns the International Herald Tribune , regarding an op-ed piece titled "All in the Family" of 15 February 2010 by Philip Bowring , a freelance columnist and former editor of the Far Eastern Economic Review . The International Herald Tribune apologised in March that readers of the article may "infer that the younger Lee did not achieve his position through merit". The New York Times Company and Bowring also agreed to pay S$60,000 to Lee Hsien Loong, S$50,000 to Lee and S$50,000 to Goh (totalling about US$114,000 at the time), in addition to legal costs. The case stemmed from a 1994 settlement between the three Singaporean leaders and the paper about an article, also by Bowring, that referred to "dynastic politics" in East Asian countries, including Singapore. In that settlement, Bowring agreed not to say or imply that the younger Lee had attained his position through nepotism by his father Lee Kuan Yew. In response, media-rights watchdog Reporters Without Borders wrote an open letter to urge Lee and other top officials of the Singapore government to stop taking "libel actions" against journalists. [ 386 ] [ 387 ] [ 388 ] Political positions Criticism of Chinese marginalisation On 15 September 2006, at the Raffles Forum hosted by the School of Public Policy , Lee made a remark as to how the "Malaysian and Indonesian governments systematically marginalise its Chinese people", by bringing up topics such as the May 1998 riots of Indonesia and Ketuanan Melayu , which subsequently caused a short diplomatic spat. [ 389 ] He then described the systematic marginalisation of the Chinese in Malaysia, which aroused a strong response from the Malaysian government. Politicians in Malaysia and Indonesia expressed dissatisfaction with this and demanded the Singaporean government explain and apologise for Lee's remarks. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad criticised Lee Kuan Yew for his "arrogance and disrespect" for neighbouring countries and countered that Malaysia could also question Singapore's marginalisation of its local Malays and other minorities such as the Eurasians and Indians. Former Indonesian president B. J. Habibie also described the " little red dot " term in reference to Singapore as an incentive for Indonesian youth to learn from Singapore's achievements, and that the original intention was distorted. On 30 September, while Lee Kuan Yew apologised to the Malaysian prime minister at the time Abdullah Badawi for his remarks, [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] he did not fully retract his remarks. [ 395 ] [ 396 ] Eugenics Lee expressed views that have been characterised as pro- eugenics . [ 397 ] He maintained that the educational background and intelligence of parents played a decisive role in shaping the abilities of their children, and he promoted policies designed to encourage highly educated women to have more children. Concerned by the sharp decline in Singapore's total fertility rate (TFR), Lee introduced the "Graduate Mothers' Scheme" in 1983, which offered tax incentives for children born to women with university degrees and gave priority in primary school admissions to the children of graduate mothers with three or more offspring. [ 398 ] In his speech at the 1983 National Day Rally , Lee stated that if women graduates "were not in the breeding pool", society might become more "stupid" and that "there will be less bright people to support dumb people in the next generation." [ 399 ] [ 400 ] In June 1984, Lee's government introduced grants for low-income and low-education women to undergo sterilisation . Women whose husbands and themselves lacked passes at the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level and had fewer than three children could receive a $10,000 grant for sterilisation. Sterilised lower-class parents were also given priority in primary school admission for their existing first and second children. The controversy surrounding the proposal contributed to a 12.9 per cent swing against the PAP in the general election later that year , although the party still secured 64 per cent of the popular vote and the vast majority of seats. By 1985, particularly contentious aspects of the policy, such as granting education and housing advantages to educated women, were either abandoned or modified. A proponent of nature over nurture , Lee asserted that " intelligence is 80% nature and 20% nurture " and attributed the achievements of his children to genetics. [ 401 ] Islam In 1999, in a discussion forum, Lee was asked whether the emotional bonds of various ethnic groups in Singapore could be a hurdle to nation building, Lee replied by alluding that an ethnic Malay and highly religious officer of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) might be hesitant to engage against an hypothetical war with Singapore's direct neighbours such as Malaysia. [ 402 ] In 2011, leaked diplomatic cables attributed to Lee some controversial comments regarding Islam . The cables quoted Lee as having described Islam as a "venomous religion". Lee called the remarks "false" and looked up to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA)'s filenote of the meeting and found no record of the claim, stating that he was referring to extremists such as the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). He added that he recognises that Muslims in Singapore are largely rational and that one of the solutions to extremism was to give "moderate Muslims the courage to stand up and speak out against radicals who hijacked Islam to recruit volunteers for their violent ends". [ 403 ] [ 404 ] In his book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths to Keep Singapore Going , Lee stated that Singaporean Muslims faced difficulties in integrating because of their religion and urged them to "be less strict on Islamic observances". His remarks drew fire from Malay–Muslim leaders and MPs in Singapore, prompting a strong reaction from his son Lee Hsien Loong , the Prime Minister at that time, who said his views differs from his father and that he values and respects the Malay–Muslim community "who have done a good deal to strengthen our harmony and social cohesion." Lee Kuan Yew eventually made a further comment that his comment was "out of date" and that he recognises the efforts made by Muslims to integrate with the other communities. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] Homosexuality Section 377A of the Penal Code , which was first introduced in 1938 under British colonial rule that criminalised sex between adult males, remained enforced under Lee's premiership. In his later years, Lee appeared to become more supportive of LGBTQ+ issues and rights, expressing a belief that homosexuality was genetic and questioning the rationale behind its criminalisation. [ 407 ] [ 408 ] In 2007, he believed that homosexuality would eventually be accepted in Singapore, but advocated for a measured and "pragmatic approach" toward the matter "to maintain social cohesion." [ 409 ] Section 377A was eventually repealed in 2022. Corporal punishment One of Lee's abiding beliefs was in the efficacy of corporal punishment in the form of caning . [ 410 ] In his autobiography The Singapore Story , Lee described his time at Raffles Institution in the 1930s, mentioning that he was often caned there for chronic lateness by the then headmaster, D. W. McLeod. He added that he never understood why Western educationists were so much against corporal punishment as "it did my fellow students and me no harm". [ 411 ] Lee's government inherited judicial corporal punishment from British rule, but greatly expanded its scope. Under the British, it had been used as a penalty for offences involving personal violence, amounting to a handful of caning sentences per year. The PAP government under Lee extended its use to an ever-expanding range of crimes. [ 412 ] By 1993, it was mandatory for 42 offences and optional for a further 42. [ 413 ] Those routinely ordered by the courts to be caned now include drug addicts and illegal immigrants. From 602 canings in 1987, the figure rose to 3,244 in 1993 [ 414 ] and to 6,404 in 2007. [ 415 ] In 1994, judicial caning was publicised in the rest of the world when an American teenager, Michael P. Fay , was caned under the vandalism legislation. [ 410 ] School corporal punishment (for male students only) was likewise inherited from the British, and is still in use in schools, permitted under legislation from 1957. [ 416 ] Lee also introduced caning in the Singapore Armed Forces , and Singapore is one of the few countries in the world where corporal punishment is an official penalty in military discipline. [ 417 ] Press In his interview with Charlie Rose in October 2000, when asked whether he believed in the idea of a free press, Lee responded "I believe in truth" and "I don't believe that the press should be crusading and putting a spin on things" and asserted that newspapers should keep news reporting and editorials separate. [ 418 ] Immigration Lee believed that the benefits of immigration had to be carefully balanced against the associated "social load". In a speech he made in 1971, Lee explained that it was necessary to have non-Singapore workers take up jobs that Singaporeans were not willing to do, but observed that it was important that the number of such migrant workers be carefully controlled because "[t]hey dirty the place... they litter... if you take too many... they will bring us down to their values because it's easier to be untidy, scruffy, dirty, anti-social than to be disciplined, well-behaved and a good citizen". [ 419 ] Personal life Lee and his wife, Kwa Geok Choo , were married on 30 September 1950. Both spoke English as their first language . Lee first started learning Chinese in 1955, at the age of 32. [ 420 ] [ 421 ] During World War II , he learned the Japanese language to help him survive, and worked as a Japanese translator during the Japanese occupation of Singapore . [ 422 ] Lee and Kwa have two sons and a daughter. [ 423 ] His elder son, Lee Hsien Loong , was the third prime minister of Singapore. Several members of the Lee family hold prominent positions in the Singapore society. His younger son Lee Hsien Yang was president and CEO of SingTel , and Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). [ 424 ] Lee's daughter Lee Wei Ling , a neurologist and epileptologist, was director of the National Neuroscience Institute . Lee's daughter-in-law Ho Ching was executive director and CEO of Temasek Holdings . [ 424 ] [ 425 ] His wife Kwa Geok Choo died on 2 October 2010, at the age of 89. Lee had variously described himself as an agnostic [ 426 ] and a "nominal Buddhist". [ 427 ] He also mentioned that he was brought up in a family which practiced Chinese ancestor worship but stopped after his father died, [ 426 ] and that he "neither [denies] nor [accepts] that there is a God". [ 428 ] [ 429 ] In his later years, Lee practised meditation under the tutelage of Benedictine monk Laurence Freeman , director of the World Community for Christian Meditation . [ 426 ] [ 430 ] Lee was diagnosed with dyslexia in adulthood. [ 431 ] Lee was a founding member of the Fondation Chirac 's honour committee, which was launched by former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. [ 432 ] He was also a member of David Rockefeller 's "International Council", which included Henry Kissinger , Riley P. Bechtel , George Shultz and others. Additionally, he was one of the "Forbes' Brain Trust", along with Paul Johnson and Ernesto Zedillo . Cultural depictions In 1979, oil painter Chua Mia Tee depicted Lee's return from London after the Merdeka Talks . [ 433 ] In the early 1980s, Lee agreed to have a sculpture and oil painting of him done, on the condition that they not be exhibited in his lifetime. The works, respectively by British sculptor Sydney Harpley and American portrait painter Marion Pike , were commissioned by a group of Singaporeans, including first Chief Minister David Marshall . They are now part of the National Heritage Board 's national collection, [ 434 ] but only the bronze bust has gone on public display, briefly at the Istana and Parliament House . [ 435 ] An artist's proof of the sculpture was exhibited in 2025. [ 436 ] In 1991, Chua Mia Tee presented an oil painting of Lee to the Minister himself, depicting him against a backdrop of Singapore's transformation. [ 437 ] The untitled painting was commissioned by fifth president Ong Teng Cheong . [ 438 ] In 1992, artist Lai Kui Fang presented historical oil paintings of Lee's 1959 swearing-in ceremony as prime minister, which are now part of the National Museum of Singapore 's collection. [ 439 ] Also in 1992, watercolourist Ong Kim Seng painted Lee visiting the aftermath of the Bukit Ho Swee fire , based on a 1961 photograph. The painting was reproduced in The Straits Times and sold to an unknown collector. In 2025, Ong recreated the painting, on a larger canvas, for an exhibition. [ 440 ] In 2008, artist Ben Puah unveiled Hero , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 441 ] In 2009, artist Richard Lim Han presented Singapore Guidance Angel , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 442 ] In the same year, freelance designer, Christopher "Treewizard" Pereira, began making caricature figurines of Lee which range from 12 cm to 30 cm. Comics artist and painter Sonny Liew depicted Lee as part of the series Eric Khoo is a Hotel Magnate at Mulan Gallery. [ 443 ] [ 444 ] In addition, Cultural Medallion recipient Tan Swie Hian also began a painting of Lee and his late wife titled A Couple . The painting, which took Tan five years to complete, was partially damaged by a fire in 2013. It depicts Lee and Kwa in their youth, is based on a 1946 black-and-white photograph of the couple in Cambridge University and incorporates in its background Tan's poem in memory of Kwa. A Couple was purchased by art collector Wu Hsioh Kwang. [ 445 ] In 2010, Valentine Willie Fine Art gallery asked 19 local artists to imagine a future without Lee. The resulting exhibition, Beyond LKY , included artist a triptych of Lee as a father figure looming over a tiny kneeling figure with the words, "Papa can you hear me"; an installation of a broken piano with a tape recorder playing a crackling version of Singapore's National Anthem ; white ceramic chains hanging on a wall; and an installation of hammers smashed together. [ 446 ] [ 447 ] That year, Korean artist Kim Dong Yoo depicted Lee in Lee Kuan Yew & Queen Elizabeth II (2010), an oil-on-canvas portrait of Lee using small images of Queen Elizabeth II 's head, a reference to Singapore being a former British colony and current member of the Commonwealth. [ 448 ] Indian-Swiss novelist Meira Chand 's A Different Sky , published by UK's Harvill Secker in 2010, features Lee in his early years as a lawyer and co-founder of the People's Action Party . [ 449 ] In 2011, the iris image of Lee's eye was captured and artistically rendered to resemble a sand art gallery piece. His eye image with his autograph was auctioned off to raise funds for the Singapore Eye Research Institute. [ 450 ] In 2012, urban artist Sam Lo depicted Lee in their controversial Limpeh series, featuring his image in Shepard Fairey -inspired stickers, mirrors and collages. [ 451 ] In 2013, poet Cyril Wong published The Dictator's Eyebrow , a poetry collection revolving around a Lee-like figure and his eyebrow's thirst for recognition and power. [ 452 ] In the same year, a group of Tamil poets from three countries, including Singapore Literature Prize winner Ramanathan Vairavan, produced Lee Kuan Yew 90 , a collection of 90 new poems celebrating Lee's legacy. [ 453 ] Artist Sukeshi Sondhi also staged An Icon & A Legend , a solo exhibition at featuring 20 pop art style paintings of Lee. [ 454 ] Speed painter Brad Blaze was commissioned to craft a portrait of Lee, Trailblazer: Singapore , to raise funds for Reach Community Services Society. [ 455 ] [ 456 ] In August, a bronze bust of Lee, cast by contemporary French artist-sculptor Nacera Kainou, was unveiled at the Singapore University of Technology and Design as an early birthday present to Lee from the Lyon-Singapore Association and the municipality of Lyon. [ 457 ] In 2014, Bruneian painter Huifong Ng landed an exhibition after painting a portrait of Lee. [ 458 ] In May of that year, illustrator Patrick Yee produced the children's picture book A Boy Named Harry: The Childhood of Lee Kuan Yew , published by Epigram Books . The series was later translated into Mandarin. [ 459 ] Chinese artist Ren Zhenyu also created expressionist portraits of Lee in electric hues as part of his Pop and Politics series. Vietnamese artist Mai Huy Dung has crafted a series of oil painting portraits of Lee. [ 460 ] [ 461 ] Ukrainian artist Oleg Lazarenko also depicted Lee as part of his painting Lion of Singapore . [ 462 ] In October 2014, cartoonist Morgan Chua released LKY: Political Cartoons , an anthology of cartoons about Lee published by Epigram Books , featuring a 1971 Singapore Herald cartoon of Lee on a tank threatening to crush a baby representing press freedoms. [ 463 ] The Madame Tussauds Singapore museum also unveiled a wax figure of Lee and his late wife, Madam Kwa Geok Choo seated and smiling together against a backdrop of red flowers formed in the shape of two hearts. The statues were created based on a photograph that was taken by Madam Kwa's niece, Ms Kwa Kim Li, of the pair on Valentine's Day in 2008 at Sentosa . [ 464 ] [ 465 ] In February 2015, weeks before Lee's death, Helmi Yusof of The Business Times reported on how "[i]n the last few years, artworks featuring Lee Kuan Yew have turned into a flourishing cottage industry". [ 466 ] Artworks included Jeffrey Koh's seven LKY Pez candy-dispenser sculptures, paintings of Lee in the manner of Van Gogh , and Korean sculptor Park Seung Mo's three-dimensional image of Lee made using stainless steel wires. [ 467 ] In the same month, illustrator Patrick Yee launched the second title in his picture book series about Lee, called Harry Grows Up: The Early Years of Lee Kuan Yew , at an exhibition at the National Library, Singapore . [ 468 ] In March, Singaporean artist Fan Shaohua and Lebanese-British artist Laudi Abilama exhibited their portraits of Lee. [ 469 ] In the same month, the National Parks Board named a Singapore Botanic Gardens orchid hybrid called the "Aranda Lee Kuan Yew" in honour of Lee's efforts work in conservation and environmentalism. [ 470 ] Also in March, a portrait of Lee by Ong Yi Teck, comprising Lee's name written about 18,000 times, went viral on social media. The portrait was made in tribute to Lee, who was then critically ill. [ 471 ] Days after Lee died in 2015, the Asian edition of Time featured the late Lee Kuan Yew on its cover, [ 472 ] while the 16-year-old blogger Amos Yee released a video, Lee Kuan Yew is Finally Dead! , which criticised Lee and negatively compared him to Jesus Christ . Yee also posted on his blog a stick-figure cartoon depicting Lee having sex with Margaret Thatcher , a personal and political ally of Lee's. [ 473 ] For his actions, Yee was charged with insulting religious feelings and obscenity, and sentenced to four weeks imprisonment despite his youth. [ 474 ] In April 2015, an exhibition of 300 oil paintings on Lee and Singapore opened at Suntec City . Presented by art collector Vincent Chua, The Singapore Story featured 80 portraits of Lee and a life-size statue of Lee shaking hands with Deng Xiaoping when the Chinese statesman visited Singapore in 1978. [ 475 ] [ 476 ] In May, Sonny Liew released his graphic novel The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye , in which Lee is central, while Patrick Yee launched the third and final title in his Harry Lee picture book series, Harry Builds a Nation: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew , which were later translated to Chinese. [ 477 ] In July 2015, veteran actor Lim Kay Tong portrayed Lee in the historical film 1965 , including a re-enactment of the iconic press conference when Lee announced that Singapore would be separated from Malaysia [ 478 ] That same month, actor Adrian Pang played Lee in The LKY Musical opposite Sharon Au 's Kwa Geok Choo . [ 479 ] In October 2015, sculptor Lim Leong Seng exhibited a 75 cm bronze sculpture he made of Lee, entitled Weathering Storms As One . [ 480 ] In November 2015, the Singaporean Honorary Consulate General in Barcelona unveiled a bust of Lee at Cap Roig Gardens in Costa Brava , [ 481 ] while pop artist Andre Tan showed his series of portraits of Lee, 1965 and Father of the Nation ( 国父 ) at the Affordable Art Fair Singapore. [ 482 ] In 2016, to mark the first death anniversary of Lee, Lee's brother Lee Suan Yew and nephew Shaun Lee completed the art installation by young Singaporeans of Singapore flag erasers put together to form Lee's face, titled Our Father, Our Country, Our Flag . [ 483 ] In 2023, the centenary of Lee's birth, American artist Daniel Arsham was commissioned to create two sculptures of Lee, Eroded Bronze LKY Bust 1:1 and LKY Full Body 1:2 , using bronze, stainless steel, and patina. [ 484 ] They were exhibited, along with AI-generated videos and portraits of Lee, at the immersive exhibition Now Is Not The Time in September. [ 485 ] In the same month, paintings of Lee were exhibited at Tanjong Pagar Community Club in the show LKY100 . [ 486 ] In 2024, Singaporean artist David Chan showed his painting Lee And Raffles – 5 Stars Rising at Art Seasons Gallery's booth at the Art SG fair, where it sold to a collector. [ 487 ] In 2025 , Lee's ten-year death anniversary and "SG60" (Singapore's 60th year of independence), INSTINC gallery's exhibition 10 Years: Remembering LKY showcased artworks reflecting on Lee's legacy, including portraits of Lee by Boo Sze Yang , Chang Hui Fang , and Laudi Abilama ; Justin Lee 's series LKY Quotes ; and Yeo Shih Yun 's screenprint of Lee planting a tree in 1973. [ 488 ] The exhibition was a follow-up to Remembering LKY in 2015. [ 489 ] In July, Cuturi Gallery showcased Singaporean artist Yom Bo Sung's small-scale sculpture of Lee, Elegy , as part of the exhibition Sixty Summers Here . [ 490 ] Also in July, the group exhibition Artist’s Proof: Singapore At 60 showed, alongside an artist's proof of Harpley's bust of Lee, cartoonist Sonny Liew's figurine of Lee, as part of commissioned project "P.A.P. x P.A."; Foo Kwee Horng's painting portrait of Lee, Majulah (2016); a portrait of Lee by Rajesh P Kargutkar; and Jon Chan's oil paintings of the offices of Lee and former political detainee Chia Thye Poh . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] In August, movie director Jack Neo uploaded a music video for his song, "We Are Singapore", including AI-generated images of the late Lee. [ 493 ] Awards Lee received a number of state decorations , including the Order of the Companions of Honour (1970), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1972), the Ancient Order of Sikatuna (1974), [ 494 ] the Freedom of the City of London (1982), the Seri Paduka Mahkota Johor (1984), the Nishan-e-Quaid-i-Azam (1988) and the Order of the Rising Sun (1967). [ 495 ] In 1999, Lee was named one of Time 's Most Influential People of the 20th Century. [ 41 ] In 2002, Lee became a fellow of Imperial College London in recognition of his promotion of international trade and industry and development of science and engineering study initiatives with the United Kingdom. [ 496 ] In 2006, Lee was presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . In 2007, Lee was conferred an honorary Doctorate in Law at the Australian National University in Canberra , albeit amid protest from 150 students and staff. [ 497 ] In September 2009, Lee was awarded the Armenian Order of Honor by President Serzh Sargsyan for his activities directed at the establishment and deepening of bilateral cooperation between Armenia and Singapore, during Lee's official visit to Armenia. [ 498 ] In October 2009, the US–Asean Business Council conferred upon Lee its first Lifetime Achievement award, at its 25th anniversary gala dinner in Washington, D.C. His tribute, the former United States Secretary of State and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger . [ 499 ] A day later he met United States President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in the White House . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] On 15 November 2009, Lee was awarded the Russian Order of Friendship by President Dmitry Medvedev on the sidelines of APEC Singapore 2009 . [ 502 ] On 29 April 2010, Lee was named in the Time 100 list as one of the people who most affect our world. [ 503 ] On 14 January 2011, Lee received the inaugural Gryphon Award from his alma mater, Raffles Institution, given to illustrious Rafflesians who have made exceptional contributions to the nation. [ 504 ] On 19 October 2011, Lee received the Lincoln Medal in Washington DC—an honour reserved for people who have exemplified the legacy and character embodied by Abraham Lincoln . [ 505 ] On 21 February 2012, Lee was conferred the Kazakhstan Order of Friendship by Ambassador Yerlan Baudarbek-Kozhatayev, at The Istana . [ 506 ] On 10 September 2013, Lee was conferred Russia's Order of Honour by Ambassador Leonid Moiseev for his contributions for forging friendship and co-operation with the Russian Federal and scientific and cultural relations development. [ 507 ] On 22 May 2014, the title of Honorary Doctor of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was presented by the Russian government to Lee. [ 508 ] In 2016, Lee was conferred the Order of the Paulownia Flowers . The award was backdated to 23 March 2015, the date of his death. [ 509 ] In December 2018, China conferred a posthumous China Reform Friendship Medal on Lee for his "critical role in promoting Singapore's participation in China's reform journey". In former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping's southern tour , he urged Chinese leaders to learn from the Singapore model. Alan Chan Heng Loon, Singapore–China Foundation chairman and Lee's chief private secretary, said that Mr. Lee's administration did a lot to build China-Singapore ties. [ 510 ] See also Government of Singapore Politics of Singapore Political positions of Lee Kuan Yew Zhonghandi Notes ^ Chinese : See § Chinese name ^ Kuan Yew is a transliteration of a dialect word stemming from the Chinese words 光耀 ( guāng yào ); the Hanyu Pinyin used to romanise the latter word did not exist until 1958. ^ The former college is not to be confused with Raffles Institution which Lee also attended as part of his secondary education. ^ In his memoir The Singapore Story , Lee relates that he tried unsuccessfully to drop 'Harry' when being called to the bar at the Middle Temple, but had stopped using the name by then. He succeeded when called to the Singapore bar the following year. [ 40 ] ^ The Liberal Socialist Party was formed from a merger between the pro-British Democratic Party and Progressive Party . [ 106 ] ^ The term 'yellow culture' refers to 'degenerate' behaviours in contemporary Chinese culture during the era. ^ The five were Lim Chin Siong , Fong Swee Suan, Devan Nair , James Puthucheary and S Woodhull . [ 122 ] ^ Unlike the chief ministers of Sabah and Sarawak , Lee's position as the prime minister of Singapore remained unchanged even with the existence of the prime minister of Malaysia for the entire country. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES DEWAN RA'AYAT (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES) OFFICIAL REPORT" (PDF) . 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Retrieved 8 February 2016 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew lauded for critical role in China's reform and opening-up" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . Works cited Sandhu, Kernial Singh; Wheatley, Paul (1989). Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789813035423 . Josey, Alex (1980). Lee Kuan Yew Vol. 2 . Times Books International. ISBN 9789971650438 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 21 October 2020 . Chan, Heng Chee (1984). A Sensation of Independence: A Political Biography of David Marshall . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195826074 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Conboy, Kenneth J. (January 1989), "Opportunities for Bush to Bolster the U.S.-Singapore Relationship" (PDF) , Asian Studies Backgrounder , 86 , archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021 , retrieved 3 March 2010 Régnier, Philippe (1991). Singapore: A City-state in South-East Asia . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Jones, Matthew (2000). "Creating Malaysia: Singapore security, the Borneo territories, and the contours of British policy, 1961–63" . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 28 (2): 85– 109. doi : 10.1080/03086530008583091 . S2CID 159579207 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 9 June 2021 . Hefner, Robert W. (2001). The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia . University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824824877 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Mauzy, Diane K.; Milne, Robert Stephen (2002). Singapore Politics Under the People's Action Party . Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415246538 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 1 May 2021 . Yao, Souchou (2007). Singapore: The State and the Culture of Excess . Routledge. ISBN 9780415417112 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Weatherbee, Donald E. (2008). Historical Dictionary of United States-Southeast Asia Relations . Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810864054 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Lee, Edwin (2008). Singapore: The Unexpected Nation . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812307965 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Turnbull, C. M. (2009). A History of Modern Singapore: 1819–2005 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789971694302 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Frost, Mark R.; Balasingamchow, Yu-Mei (2009). Singapore: A Biography . Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385169 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Yap, Sonny; Lim, Richard; Leong, Weng K. (2010). Men in White: The Untold Story of Singapore's Ruling Political Party . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814266512 . Pike, Francis (2010). Empires at War A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II . London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857730299 . Poh, Soo K; Tan, Jing Quee; Koh, Kay Yew (2010). The Fajar Generation: The University Socialist Club and the Politics of Postwar Malaya and Singapore . SIRD. ISBN 9789833782864 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Quah, Jon S.T. (2011). Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream? . Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 9780857248190 . Leo, Suryadinata (2012). Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume I & II . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789814345217 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Josey, Alex (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: The Crucial Years . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814435499 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Tortajada, Cecilia; Joshi, Yugal; Biswas, Asit K. (2013). The Singapore Water Story: Sustainable Development in an Urban City-state . Routledge. ISBN 9780415657822 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Plate, Tom (2013). Giants of Asia: Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew . Marshall Cavendish Intl. ISBN 9789814398619 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kah Seng, Loh (2013). Squatters into Citizens: The 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire and the Making of Modern Singapore . NUS Press. ISBN 9788776941222 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Soo, Kai Poh; Hong, Lysa; Chen, Guofang (2013). The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore, Commemorating 50 years . Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. ISBN 9789670630106 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Cotterell, Arthur (2014). A History of South-East Asia . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814634700 . Barr, Michael D. (2014). The Ruling Elite of Singapore: Networks of Power and Influence . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780857723680 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Oei, Anthony (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: Blazing The Freedom Trail . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814677875 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 28 July 2021 . Yeow, Stephanie (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: A Pictorial Memoir . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814642088 . Chew, Melanie (2015). Leaders Of Singapore . World Scientific. ISBN 9789810073336 . Zheng, Yongnian; Liang, Fook Lye (2015). Singapore-China Relations: 50 Years . World Scientific. ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kwa, Chong Guan; Heng, Derek; Borschberg, Peter; Tan, Tai Yong (2019). Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814868334 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 . Jayakumar, Shashi (2021). A History of the People's Action Party, 1985–2021 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789813251281 . Further reading Primary sources Lee, Kuan Yew (1998). The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . Times Editions. ISBN 9789812049834 . —— (2000). From Third World to First: 1965–2000: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060197766 . —— (2005). Keeping My Mandarin Alive: Lee Kuan Yew's Language Learning Experience . World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 9789812563828 . —— (2011). Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . Straits Times Press. ISBN 978-9814266727 . —— (2012). My Lifelong Challenge: Singapore's Bilingual Journey . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342032 . —— (2013a). The Wit and Wisdom of Lee Kuan Yew . Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385282 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . —— (2013b). One Man's View of the World . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342568 . —— (2014). The Battle for Merger . National Archives of Singapore. ISBN 9789814342773 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Other sources Kassim, Yang Razali; Ali, Mushahid, eds. (2016). Reflections: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew . Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. doi : 10.1142/9811 . ISBN 978-9814723886 . Allison, Graham T.; Blackwill, Robert D.; Ali, Wyne (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States and the World . The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262019125 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Koh, Buck Song (2011). Brand Singapore: How Nation Branding Built Asia's Leading Global City . Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9814328159 . Plate, Tom (2010). Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew: Citizen Singapore: How to Build a Nation . Giants of Asia Series. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9812616760 . Barr, Michael D. (2000). Lee Kuan Yew: The Beliefs Behind the Man . Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0878408160 . Datta-Ray, Sunanda K. (2009). Looking East to Look West: Lee Kuan Yew's Mission India . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9814279048 . Gordon, Uri (2000). "Machiavelli's Tiger: Lee Kwan Yew and Singapore's Authoritarian regime" . King, Rodney (2008). The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality (2 ed.). Insight Press. ISBN 978-0977556700 . Fernandez, Warren; Tan, Sumiko; Lam, Sally; Tay, Hwee Peng (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and His Ideas . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-9814677684 . Lama, Murat (2016). Lee Kuan Yew: Singapour et le renouveau de la Chine (in French). Paris: Manitoba/Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-89020-3 . Minchin, James (1986). No Man is an Island: A Study of Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew . Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0868619064 . Bellows, Thomas J. (1989), "Singapore in 1988: The Transition Moves Forward", Asian Survey , 29 (2): 145– 153, doi : 10.2307/2644574 , JSTOR 2644574 External links Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Resources in your library Resources in other libraries @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikimedia Commons Appearances on C-SPAN Portraits of Lee Kuan Yew at the National Portrait Gallery, London Quotations related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikiquote Political offices New office Prime Minister of Singapore 1959–1990 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Preceded by Hon Sui Sen Minister for Finance Acting 1983 Succeeded by Tony Tan Vacant Title last held by S. Rajaratnam 1988 Senior Minister 1990–2004 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong New office Minister Mentor 2004–2011 Position abolished Parliament of Singapore New constituency Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC 1959–1991 Constituency abolished Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC 1991–2015 Succeeded by Joan Pereira (Tanjong Pagar ward) Party political offices New office Secretary-General of the People's Action Party 1954–1992 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Prime ministers of Singapore v t e Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) v t e Legal profession in Singapore v t e Executive officers Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Lucien Wong Judicial officers Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Notable lawyers Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Notable academics Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Politicians with legal backgrounds Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Major law firms Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Law schools NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law Legal organisations Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Member of multiple Parliaments of Singapore .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) v t e Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Fu, H Y Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) v t e Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Seng, H T Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 Biography Politics Singapore Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Catalonia Academics CiNii CiNii People Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC Yale LUX IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC Yale LUX 1923 births 2015 deaths Alumni of the University of London Alumni of the London School of Economics Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Conservatism in Singapore Deaths from pneumonia in Singapore Fellows of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Singaporean politicians of Chinese descent Singaporean politicians of Hakka descent Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Honorary members of the Order of the Companions of Honour Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor Members of the Cabinet of Singapore Members of the Parliament of Singapore Members of the Dewan Rakyat Members of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore People's Action Party politicians Lee family (Singapore) Prime ministers of Singapore Raffles Institution alumni Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun Recipients of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers Singaporean agnostics Singaporean anti-communists Singaporean Confucianists Singaporean people of Hakka descent Hakka writers Singaporean people with disabilities Singaporean independence activists 20th-century Singaporean lawyers Lee Kuan Yew Politicians with dyslexia Lawyers with disabilities Peranakan people in Singapore Writers with dyslexia Radicals Critics of Islamism Ig Nobel laureates Singaporean Buddhists Recipients of the Order of Sikatuna All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1: long volume value CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh) CS1 Chinese (Singapore)-language sources (zh-sg) CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2026 Use British English from July 2023 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Pages using Template:Post-nominals with customized linking Articles containing Chinese-language text Articles with empty listen template All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2025 CS1 French-language sources (fr) Commons category link from Wikidata People appearing on C-SPAN National Portrait Gallery (London) person ID same as Wikidata Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:27 (UTC) . 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HOME --> CLASS MAMMALIA --> ORDER RODENTIA --> SUBORDER CASTORIMORPHA --> FAMILY Heteromyidae --> SUBFAMILY Dipodomyinae --> GENUS Dipodomys SPECIES Dipodomys ordii Author: Woodhouse, 1853. Citation: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6: 224. Common Name: Ord�s Kangaroo Rat Type Locality: USA, Texas, El Paso Co., El Paso. Distribution: SW Saskatchewan and SE Alberta (Canada) and SE Washington south through Great Plains and intermontane basins of W USA, to Mexican Plateau as far south as Hidalgo (Mexico). Status: IUCN � Lower Risk (lc). Comments: Revised by Setzer (1949) and reviewed by Garrison and Best (1990, Mammalian Species No. 353); subspecies follow Williams et al. (1993). Does not include compactus , see Schmidly and Hendricks (1976), Baumgardner and Schmidly (1981), and comment under that species. Williams et al. (1993) provide a list of what they consider as valid subspecies. EXPORT AS CSV Export this record and all children. Export just this record. Offspring: SUBSPECIES ordii SUBSPECIES celeripes SUBSPECIES chapmani SUBSPECIES cinderensis SUBSPECIES cineraceus SUBSPECIES columbianus SUBSPECIES cupidineus SUBSPECIES durranti SUBSPECIES evexus SUBSPECIES extractus SUBSPECIES fetosus SUBSPECIES fremonti SUBSPECIES inaquosus SUBSPECIES longipes SUBSPECIES luteolus SUBSPECIES marshalli SUBSPECIES medius SUBSPECIES monoensis SUBSPECIES montanus SUBSPECIES nexilis SUBSPECIES obscurus SUBSPECIES oklahomae SUBSPECIES pallidus SUBSPECIES palmeri SUBSPECIES panguitchensis SUBSPECIES priscus SUBSPECIES pullus SUBSPECIES richardsoni SUBSPECIES sanrafaeli SUBSPECIES terrosus SUBSPECIES uintensis SUBSPECIES utahensis Synonyms: HOME --> CLASS MAMMALIA --> ORDER RODENTIA --> SUBORDER CASTORIMORPHA --> FAMILY Heteromyidae --> SUBFAMILY Dipodomyinae --> GENUS Dipodomys SPECIES Dipodomys ordii Author: Woodhouse, 1853. Citation: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6: 224. Common Name: Ord�s Kangaroo Rat Type Locality: USA, Texas, El Paso Co., El Paso. Distribution: SW Saskatchewan and SE Alberta (Canada) and SE Washington south through Great Plains and intermontane basins of W USA, to Mexican Plateau as far south as Hidalgo (Mexico). Status: IUCN � Lower Risk (lc). Comments: Revised by Setzer (1949) and reviewed by Garrison and Best (1990, Mammalian Species No. 353); subspecies follow Williams et al. (1993). Does not include compactus , see Schmidly and Hendricks (1976), Baumgardner and Schmidly (1981), and comment under that species. Williams et al. (1993) provide a list of what they consider as valid subspecies. EXPORT AS CSV Export this record and all children. Export just this record. Offspring: SUBSPECIES ordii SUBSPECIES celeripes SUBSPECIES chapmani SUBSPECIES cinderensis SUBSPECIES cineraceus SUBSPECIES columbianus SUBSPECIES cupidineus SUBSPECIES durranti SUBSPECIES evexus SUBSPECIES extractus SUBSPECIES fetosus SUBSPECIES fremonti SUBSPECIES inaquosus SUBSPECIES longipes SUBSPECIES luteolus SUBSPECIES marshalli SUBSPECIES medius SUBSPECIES monoensis SUBSPECIES montanus SUBSPECIES nexilis SUBSPECIES obscurus SUBSPECIES oklahomae SUBSPECIES pallidus SUBSPECIES palmeri SUBSPECIES panguitchensis SUBSPECIES priscus SUBSPECIES pullus SUBSPECIES richardsoni SUBSPECIES sanrafaeli SUBSPECIES terrosus SUBSPECIES uintensis SUBSPECIES utahensis Synonyms: HOME --> CLASS MAMMALIA --> ORDER RODENTIA --> SUBORDER CASTORIMORPHA --> FAMILY Heteromyidae --> SUBFAMILY Dipodomyinae --> GENUS Dipodomys SPECIES Dipodomys ordii Author: Woodhouse, 1853. Citation: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6: 224. Common Name: Ord�s Kangaroo Rat Type Locality: USA, Texas, El Paso Co., El Paso. Distribution: SW Saskatchewan and SE Alberta (Canada) and SE Washington south through Great Plains and intermontane basins of W USA, to Mexican Plateau as far south as Hidalgo (Mexico). Status: IUCN � Lower Risk (lc). Comments: Revised by Setzer (1949) and reviewed by Garrison and Best (1990, Mammalian Species No. 353); subspecies follow Williams et al. (1993). Does not include compactus , see Schmidly and Hendricks (1976), Baumgardner and Schmidly (1981), and comment under that species. Williams et al. (1993) provide a list of what they consider as valid subspecies. EXPORT AS CSV Export this record and all children. Export just this record. EXPORT AS CSV Export this record and all children. Export just this record. Offspring: SUBSPECIES ordii SUBSPECIES celeripes SUBSPECIES chapmani SUBSPECIES cinderensis SUBSPECIES cineraceus SUBSPECIES columbianus SUBSPECIES cupidineus SUBSPECIES durranti SUBSPECIES evexus SUBSPECIES extractus SUBSPECIES fetosus SUBSPECIES fremonti SUBSPECIES inaquosus SUBSPECIES longipes SUBSPECIES luteolus SUBSPECIES marshalli SUBSPECIES medius SUBSPECIES monoensis SUBSPECIES montanus SUBSPECIES nexilis SUBSPECIES obscurus SUBSPECIES oklahomae SUBSPECIES pallidus SUBSPECIES palmeri SUBSPECIES panguitchensis SUBSPECIES priscus SUBSPECIES pullus SUBSPECIES richardsoni SUBSPECIES sanrafaeli SUBSPECIES terrosus SUBSPECIES uintensis SUBSPECIES utahensis Synonyms: Offspring: SUBSPECIES ordii SUBSPECIES celeripes SUBSPECIES chapmani SUBSPECIES cinderensis SUBSPECIES cineraceus SUBSPECIES columbianus SUBSPECIES cupidineus SUBSPECIES durranti SUBSPECIES evexus SUBSPECIES extractus SUBSPECIES fetosus SUBSPECIES fremonti SUBSPECIES inaquosus SUBSPECIES longipes SUBSPECIES luteolus SUBSPECIES marshalli SUBSPECIES medius SUBSPECIES monoensis SUBSPECIES montanus SUBSPECIES nexilis SUBSPECIES obscurus SUBSPECIES oklahomae SUBSPECIES pallidus SUBSPECIES palmeri SUBSPECIES panguitchensis SUBSPECIES priscus SUBSPECIES pullus SUBSPECIES richardsoni SUBSPECIES sanrafaeli SUBSPECIES terrosus SUBSPECIES uintensis SUBSPECIES utahensis Offspring: SUBSPECIES ordii SUBSPECIES celeripes SUBSPECIES chapmani SUBSPECIES cinderensis SUBSPECIES cineraceus SUBSPECIES columbianus SUBSPECIES cupidineus SUBSPECIES durranti SUBSPECIES evexus SUBSPECIES extractus SUBSPECIES fetosus SUBSPECIES fremonti SUBSPECIES inaquosus SUBSPECIES longipes SUBSPECIES luteolus SUBSPECIES marshalli SUBSPECIES medius SUBSPECIES monoensis SUBSPECIES montanus SUBSPECIES nexilis SUBSPECIES obscurus SUBSPECIES oklahomae SUBSPECIES pallidus SUBSPECIES palmeri SUBSPECIES panguitchensis SUBSPECIES priscus SUBSPECIES pullus SUBSPECIES richardsoni SUBSPECIES sanrafaeli SUBSPECIES terrosus SUBSPECIES uintensis SUBSPECIES utahensis Synonyms: Synonyms: Bucknell Home Page Biology Department Home Page ©Bucknell Univesity All Rights Reserved Comments and questions to dreeder@bucknell.edu
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Main page Newsroom Recent changes Random article Archives Free use media upload Help Pillars of writing Write an article Water cooler Style guide Live chat Donate Contact us Africa Antarctica Asia Central America Europe Middle East North America Oceania South America Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents Beginning 1 Latest stories Category : World War II العربية Català Deutsch Esperanto Français Nederlands Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Українська Category Collaboration Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikidata item This is the category for World War II . Latest stories Refresh this list to see the latest articles. 17 February 2025: Expedition locates wreck of World War II-sunk ship Montevideo Maru 17 February 2025: Former US Secretary of State Albright dies aged 84 17 February 2025: Lost 52 Project announces discovery of wrecked sub near Okinawa 17 February 2025: Pioneering oceanographer Walter Munk dies of pneumonia in California 17 February 2025: World War II era plane crashes in Connecticut, US, killing at least seven 17 February 2025: Merkel, Macron hold ceremonial meeting before 100th anniversary of World War I end 17 February 2025: Margot Duhalde, Chile's first female military pilot, dies aged 97 17 February 2025: Frankfurt defuses World War II-era bomb, evacuates 60,000 17 February 2025: Holocaust survivor publicly forgives 93-year-old Auschwitz guard during his trial 17 February 2025: Explorers find shipwreck thought to be massive WWII battleship Musashi action=do&label=see older articles&verb:button-local-field-verb&page:button-local-field-page&offset:button-local-field-offset& cols=&rows=&view x cols=&rows=&Category:World War II x Category:World War II cols=&rows=&10 x This is the category for World War II . Latest stories Refresh this list to see the latest articles. 17 February 2025: Expedition locates wreck of World War II-sunk ship Montevideo Maru 17 February 2025: Former US Secretary of State Albright dies aged 84 17 February 2025: Lost 52 Project announces discovery of wrecked sub near Okinawa 17 February 2025: Pioneering oceanographer Walter Munk dies of pneumonia in California 17 February 2025: World War II era plane crashes in Connecticut, US, killing at least seven 17 February 2025: Merkel, Macron hold ceremonial meeting before 100th anniversary of World War I end 17 February 2025: Margot Duhalde, Chile's first female military pilot, dies aged 97 17 February 2025: Frankfurt defuses World War II-era bomb, evacuates 60,000 17 February 2025: Holocaust survivor publicly forgives 93-year-old Auschwitz guard during his trial 17 February 2025: Explorers find shipwreck thought to be massive WWII battleship Musashi From Wikinews, the free news source you can write. Sister projects Wikibooks Commons Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Wiktionary Wikiversity From Wikinews, the free news source you can write. Wikibooks Commons Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Wiktionary Wikiversity Subcategories This category has the following 3 subcategories, out of 3 total. F French Resistance (4 articles) H Adolf Hitler (16 articles) W Warsaw Uprising (2 articles) Pages in category "World War II" The following 61 pages are in this category, out of 61 total. A Aircraft crashes during mock dogfight at Shoreham Airshow, United Kingdom Allied WWII spy Nancy Wake dies aged 98 Anne Frank tree saved from being chopped down B Battle of the Bulge reenacted in Belgium Belgian men's goalball team departs for Finland for World Championships Belgian resistance heroine Andrée de Jongh dies at 90 Britain makes final World War II debt payments C California class commemorates Holocaust Charles Taylor gets 50 years for war crimes Clashes over World War II monument in Estonia continue Conductor Israel Yinon dies after collapsing on stage Controversial operetta singer Heesters back in the Netherlands after 45 years Czech Republic awards Sir Nicholas Winton nation's highest order E Expedition locates wreck of World War II-sunk ship Montevideo Maru Explorers find shipwreck thought to be massive WWII battleship Musashi F First Algerian president Ahmed Ben Bella dies aged 95 Food critic Egon Ronay dies at 94 Former Louisiana Tech University President F. Jay Taylor dies aged 87 Former US Secretary of State Albright dies aged 84 Forward advance! - Battle of the Atlantic Parade in Toronto, Canada Frankfurt defuses World War II-era bomb, evacuates 60,000 French campaigning film director René Vautier dies G Germany threatens to walk out of UN General Assembly if Ahmadinejad denies the Holocaust H Historic Scottish island castle wins the lottery HMAS Sydney found Holocaust survivor publicly forgives 93-year-old Auschwitz guard during his trial HSK Kormoran found, the search for HMAS Sydney continues I Iran's official radio silent about U.N. resolution against Holocaust denials J Japan government panel urges reinterpretation of pacifist constitution Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe denies wartime responsibility for sex slaves Józef Rotblat, 1995 Nobel Peace Prize winner, dies L Labour politician Tony Benn dies aged 88 Last of raisers of first U.S. flag over Iwo Jima dies Last WWII Comanche 'code talker' dies Liberian ex-President Charles Taylor convicted in war crimes trial Lost 52 Project announces discovery of wrecked sub near Okinawa M Margot Duhalde, Chile's first female military pilot, dies aged 97 Medal-seeking Spanish men arrive at 2014 Goalball World Championships Merkel, Macron hold ceremonial meeting before 100th anniversary of World War I end Milestone at world's largest cleanup site: Hanford nuclear basin removed Minnesota World War II Memorial dedicated N Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe passes away at age of 98 P Physicist John Wheeler dies at age 96 Pioneering oceanographer Walter Munk dies of pneumonia in California Police called to investigate after tenant draws swastikas in landlord's house R RAF UFO encounters may have been covered up by Churchill and Eisenhower Restored warplanes flown in Hamilton, Canada RIA Novosti celebrates 70th anniversary, uploads 100 images to Wikimedia Commons Richard von Weizsäcker, former President of Germany, dies Russia celebrates Victory Day S Sarkozy in UK to mark historic de Gaulle war broadcast Scottish artist Alan Davie dies at age 93 Soviet human rights activist Yelena Bonner dies aged 88 U UK remembers end of World War II sixty years on UN Reform: China, South Korea question seat for Japan on Security Council Unexploded WW2 Bomb discovered at Schiphol Airport US World War II veteran Leonard Lomell dies aged 91 V VE Day 60th anniversary commemorated across Europe & USA Victory Day 60th anniversary commemorated in Russia W World War II era plane crashes in Connecticut, US, killing at least seven World War II veteran regains use of second eye after freak accident Politics and conflicts World Pages using the DynamicPageList extension Topic cats with defaulting commons sister-link Topic cats with offset parameter This page was last edited on 29 December 2014, at 16:29. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Projects and initiatives Toggle Projects and initiatives subsection 2.1 Content projects 2.2 Wikimedia Enterprise 2.3 Affiliates 2.4 Wikimania 2.1 Content projects 2.2 Wikimedia Enterprise 2.3 Affiliates 2.4 Wikimania 3 Technology Toggle Technology subsection 3.1 Hardware 3.2 Software 3.1 Hardware 3.2 Software 4 Corporate identity 5 Finances Toggle Finances subsection 5.1 Wikimedia Endowment 5.2 Financial development 5.3 Expenses (2004–2020) 5.4 Grants 5.1 Wikimedia Endowment 5.2 Financial development 5.3 Expenses (2004–2020) 5.4 Grants 6 Board of trustees 7 Staff Toggle Staff subsection 7.1 History 7.2 Present department structure 7.1 History 7.2 Present department structure 8 Disputes Toggle Disputes subsection 8.1 Spending and fundraising practices 8.2 Knowledge Engine project 8.1 Spending and fundraising practices 8.2 Knowledge Engine project 9 References 10 External links Toggle External links subsection 10.1 Organization 10.2 Financials 10.3 Charity status 10.4 Community 10.1 Organization 10.2 Financials 10.3 Charity status 10.4 Community Wikimedia Foundation Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chi-Chewa Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Fulfulde Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى ဘာသာမန် مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Scots Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Tyap Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Kumoring ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikidata item Abbreviation WMF Founded June 20, 2003 ; 22 years ago ( 2003-06-20 ) , St. Petersburg, Florida , U.S. Founder Jimmy Wales Type 501(c)(3) , charitable organization Tax ID no. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} EIN 200049703 Focus Free, open-content , multilingual , wiki -based Internet projects Location .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} One Sansome Street San Francisco , California, U.S. One Sansome Street San Francisco , California, U.S. Area served Worldwide (banned in some territories) Products Wikipedia , MediaWiki , Wikibooks , Wikidata , Wikifunctions , Wikimedia Commons , Wikinews , Wikiquote , Wikisource , Wikispecies , Wikiversity , Wikivoyage , Wiktionary Membership Board-only CEO Maryana Iskander Revenue $185.4 million (2024) $180.2 million (2023) $167.9 million (2022) $185.4 million (2024) $180.2 million (2023) $167.9 million (2022) Expenses $178.6 million (2024) $168.3 million (2023) $145.8 million (2022) $178.6 million (2024) $168.3 million (2023) $145.8 million (2022) Endowment > $100 million (2021) Employees 650 (2025) [ 1 ] Volunteers 277,000 (2024) Website wikimediafoundation .org foundation .wikimedia .org (Governance) wikimediafoundation .org foundation .wikimedia .org (Governance) ASNs 14907 , 11820 [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. ( WMF ) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization headquartered in San Francisco , California, and registered there as a charitable foundation . [ 7 ] The Foundation is most known for being the host of Wikipedia , one of the most visited websites in the world. It also hosts fourteen related open collaboration projects, and supports the development of MediaWiki , the wiki software which underpins them all. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The foundation was established in 2003 in St. Petersburg , Florida by Jimmy Wales , as a non-profit way to fund Wikipedia and other wiki projects [ 2 ] which had previously been hosted by Bomis , Wales' for-profit company. [ 2 ] The Wikimedia Foundation provides the technical and organizational infrastructure to enable members of the public to develop wiki-based content in languages across the world. [ 11 ] The foundation does not write or curate any of the content on the projects themselves. [ 12 ] Instead, this is done by volunteer editors, such as the Wikipedians . However, it does collaborate with a network of individual volunteers and affiliated organizations, such as Wikimedia chapters, thematic organizations, user groups and other partners. The foundation finances itself mainly through millions of small donations from readers and editors, collected through email campaigns and annual fundraising banners placed on Wikipedia and its sister projects. [ 13 ] These are complemented by grants from philanthropic organizations and tech companies, and starting in 2022, by services income from Wikimedia Enterprise . As of 2023, it has employed over 700 staff and contractors, with net assets of $255 million and an endowment which has surpassed $100 million. History Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger founded Wikipedia in 2001 as a feeder project to supplement Nupedia . The project was originally funded by Bomis , Wales's for-profit business, and edited by a rapidly growing community of volunteer editors. The early community discussed a variety of ways to support the ongoing costs of upkeep, and was broadly opposed to running ads on the site, [ 14 ] so the idea of setting up a charitable foundation gained prominence. [ 15 ] That addressed an open question of what entity should hold onto trademarks for the project. The Wikimedia Foundation was incorporated in St. Petersburg, Florida , on June 20, 2003. [ 2 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] A small fundraising campaign to keep the servers running was run in October 2003. [ 18 ] In 2005, the foundation was granted section 501(c)(3) status by the U.S. Internal Revenue Code as a public charity, making donations to the foundation tax-deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes. [ 19 ] Its National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities (NTEE) code is B60 ( Adult , Continuing education ). [ 20 ] [ 21 ] The foundation filed an application to trademark the name Wikipedia in the US to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences on September 14, 2004. The mark was granted registration status on January 10, 2006. Trademark protection was accorded also by Japan on December 16, 2004, and by the European Union on January 20, 2005. Subsets of Wikipedia were already being distributed in book and DVD form, and there were discussions about licensing the logo and wordmark. [ 22 ] On December 11, 2006, the foundation's board noted that it could not become a membership organization , as initially planned but not implemented, due to an inability to meet the registration requirements of Florida statutory law. The bylaws were accordingly amended to remove all references to membership rights and activities. [ 23 ] In 2007, the foundation decided to move its headquarters from Florida to the San Francisco Bay Area . Considerations cited for choosing San Francisco were proximity to like-minded organizations and potential partners, a better talent pool, as well as cheaper and more convenient international travel. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] The move was completed by January 31, 2008, into a headquarters on Stillman Street in San Francisco. [ 27 ] It later moved to New Montgomery Street, and then in 2017 to One Montgomery Tower . [ 28 ] On October 25, 2021, the foundation launched Wikimedia Enterprise , a commercial Wikimedia content delivery service aimed at groups that want to use high-volume APIs, starting with Big Tech enterprises. [ 9 ] [ 29 ] In June 2022, Google and the Internet Archive were announced as the service's first customers, though only Google will pay for the service. [ 30 ] The same announcement noted a shifting focus towards smaller companies with similar data needs, supporting the service through "a lot paying a little". Projects and initiatives Content projects The foundation operates 12 wiki-based content projects that are written and governed by volunteer editors. They include, by launch date: Wikipedia – online encyclopedia Wiktionary – online dictionary and thesaurus Wikibooks – a collection of books , mostly textbooks Wikiquote – a collection of quotations Wikivoyage – travel guide Wikisource – digital library Wikimedia Commons – repository of images, sounds, videos, and general media Wikispecies – taxonomic catalog of species Wikinews – online newspaper Wikiversity – a collection of tutorials and courses, also a hosting point to coordinate research Wikidata – knowledge base Wikifunctions – a catalog of computer functions The foundation also operates wikis and services that provide infrastructure or coordination of the content projects. These include: Meta-Wiki – a central wiki for coordinating all projects and the Wikimedia community Wikimedia Incubator – a wiki for drafting the core pages of new language editions in development MediaWiki.org – a wiki for coordinating work on the MediaWiki software Wikitech – a wiki for hosting technical documentation for Wikimedia infrastructure and other projects Wikimedia Cloud Services — hosting provider for tools Wikimedia Phabricator – a global ticketing system for tracking issues and feature requests powered by Phorge, a fork of the open-source development collaboration tool Phabricator Wikimedia Enterprise Wikimedia Enterprise is a commercial product by the Wikimedia Foundation to provide, in a more easily consumable way, the data of the Wikimedia projects, including Wikipedia . [ 31 ] It allows customers to retrieve data at large scale and high availability through different formats like Web APIs , data snapshots or streams . It was announced in March 2021, [ 9 ] [ 32 ] and launched on October 26, 2021. [ 30 ] [ 33 ] Google and the Internet Archive were its first customers, although Internet Archive is not paying for the product. [ 30 ] A New York Times Magazine article was reporting that Wikimedia Enterprise made $3.1 million in total revenue in 2022. [ 31 ] Affiliates Wikimedia affiliates are independent and formally recognized groups of people working together to support and contribute to the Wikimedia movement. The Wikimedia Foundation officially recognizes three types of affiliates: chapters, thematic organizations, and user groups. Affiliates organize and engage in activities to support and contribute to the Wikimedia movement, such as regional conferences, outreach, edit-a-thons , hackathons , public relations , public policy advocacy, GLAM engagement, and Wikimania . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] While many of these things are also done by individual contributors or less formal groups, they are not referred to as affiliates. Wikimedia chapters and thematic organizations are incorporated non-profit organizations. They are recognized by the foundation as affiliates officially when its board does so. The board's decisions are based on recommendations of an Affiliations Committee (AffCom), composed of Wikimedia community members, which reports regularly to the board. The Affiliations Committee directly approves the recognition of unincorporated user groups. Affiliates are formally recognized by the Wikimedia Foundation, but are independent of it, with no legal control of or responsibility for Wikimedia projects and their content. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] The foundation began recognizing chapters in 2004. [ 38 ] In 2012, the foundation approved, finalized and adopted the thematic organization and user group recognition models. An additional model for movement partners, was also approved, but as of May 19, 2022 [update] has not yet been finalized or adopted. [ 36 ] [ 39 ] Wikimania Wikimania is an annual global conference for Wikimedians and Wikipedians, started in 2005. The first Wikimania was held in Frankfurt , Germany, in 2005. Wikimania is organized by a committee supported usually by the local national chapter, with support from local institutions (such as a library or university) and usually from the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikimania has been held in cities such as Buenos Aires , [ 40 ] Cambridge , [ 41 ] Haifa , [ 42 ] Hong Kong , [ 43 ] Taipei , London , [ 44 ] Mexico City , [ 45 ] Esino Lario , Italy , [ 46 ] Montreal , Canada, Cape Town , Stockholm , and Nairobi . [ 47 ] The 2020 conference scheduled to take place in Bangkok was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic , along with those of 2021 and 2022, which were held online as a series of virtual, interactive presentations. The in-person conference returned in 2023 when it was held in Singapore, at which UNESCO joined as a partner organization. [ 48 ] In 2024, Wikimania was held in Katowice , Poland. Technology The Wikimedia Foundation maintains the hardware that runs its projects in its own servers. It also maintains the MediaWiki platform and many other software libraries that run its projects. [ 49 ] Hardware Wikipedia employed a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed multitier architecture . [ 50 ] Server downtime in 2003 led to the first fundraising drive. By December 2009, Wikimedia ran on co-located servers, with 300 servers in Florida and 44 in Amsterdam . [ 51 ] In 2008, it also switched from multiple different Linux operating system vendors to Ubuntu Linux . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] In 2019, it switched to Debian . [ 54 ] By January 2013, Wikimedia transitioned to newer infrastructure in an Equinix facility in Ashburn , Virginia, citing reasons of "more reliable connectivity" and "fewer hurricanes ". [ 55 ] [ 56 ] In years prior, the hurricane seasons had been a cause of distress. [ 57 ] In October 2013, Wikimedia Foundation started looking for a second facility that would be used side by side with the main facility in Ashburn, citing reasons of redundancy (e.g. emergency fallback ) and to prepare for simultaneous multi-datacenter service. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] This followed a year in which a fiber cut caused the Wikimedia projects to be unavailable for one hour in August 2012. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] The result of this was another datacenter being added in 2014 at a CyrusOne facility in Carrollton, Texas , to further improve reliability. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Both datacenters work as the primary one in alternate semesters, with the other one working as secondary datacenter. [ 64 ] Apart from the second facility for redundancy coming online in 2014, [ 65 ] [ 66 ] the number of servers needed to run the infrastructure in a single facility has been mostly stable since 2009. As of November 2015, the main facility in Ashburn hosts 520 servers in total which includes servers for newer services besides Wikimedia project wikis , such as cloud services (Toolforge) [ 67 ] [ 68 ] and various services for metrics, monitoring, and other system administration. [ 69 ] In 2017, Wikimedia Foundation deployed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in Singapore , the first of its kind in Asia. [ 70 ] In 2024, a caching data center was opened in São Paulo , the first of its kind in South America. [ 71 ] Software The operation of Wikimedia depends on MediaWiki , a custom-made, free and open-source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MariaDB database since 2013; [ 72 ] previously the MySQL database was used. [ 73 ] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language , variables , a transclusion system for templates , and URL redirection . MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License and it is used by all Wikimedia projects. Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske . The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker . Some MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of MediaWiki software. In April 2005, an Apache Lucene extension [ 74 ] [ 75 ] was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene and later switched to CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch for searching. [ 76 ] The Wikimedia Foundation also uses CiviCRM [ 77 ] and WordPress . [ 78 ] The foundation published official Wikipedia mobile apps for Android and iOS devices and in March 2015, the apps were updated to include mobile user-friendly features. [ 79 ] Corporate identity The Wikimedia Foundation was founded in 2003 by Jimmy Wales so that there would be an independent charitable entity responsible for company domains and trademarks, and so that Wikipedia and its sister projects could be funded through non-profit means in the future. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] The name "Wikimedia", a compound of wiki and media , was coined by American author Sheldon Rampton in a post to the English Wikipedia mailing list in March 2003, [ 82 ] three months after Wiktionary became the second wiki-based project hosted on the original server. The foundation's mission is collection and distribution of educational knowledge under free licenses or public domain and promised to keep these projects free of charge. [ 11 ] All intellectual property rights and domain names about Wikipedia were moved to the foundation after its inception, [ 83 ] and it currently owns the domain names and maintains most of the Wikimedia movement 's websites. [ 84 ] WMF is now the registrant of the domain wikipedia.org , owner of the trademark and operator of the wiki platform. It runs projects like Wikibooks , Wikidata , Wiktionary and Wikimedia Commons ; it raises money, distributes grants, controls the servers, develops and deploys software, and does outreach to support Wikimedia projects, including the English Wikipedia . It also engages in political advocacy regarding copyright, press freedom and legal protection of websites from liability related to user content. [ 85 ] Finances The Wikimedia Foundation mainly finances itself through donations from the public, collected through email campaigns and annual fundraising banners placed on Wikipedia, as well as grants from various tech companies and philanthropic organizations. [ 13 ] [ 87 ] Campaigns for the Wikimedia Endowment have included emails asking donors to leave Wikimedia money in their will. [ 88 ] As a 501(c)(3) charity, the foundation is exempt from federal and state income tax. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] It is not a private foundation, and contributions to it qualify as tax-deductible charitable contributions. [ 87 ] In 2007, 2008 and 2009, Charity Navigator gave Wikimedia an overall rating of four out of four possible stars, [ 91 ] increased from three to four stars in 2010. [ 92 ] As of January 2020 [update] , the rating was still four stars (overall score 98.14 out of 100), based on data from FY2018. [ 93 ] The foundation also increases its revenue through federal grants , sponsorship, services and brand merchandising. The Wikimedia OAI-PMH update feed service, targeted primarily at search engines and similar bulk analysis and republishing, was a source of revenue for a number of years. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] DBpedia was given access to this feed free of charge. [ 96 ] An expanded version of data feeds and content services was launched in 2021 as Wikimedia Enterprise, an LLC subsidiary of the foundation. [ 97 ] In July 2014, the foundation announced it would accept Bitcoin donations. [ 98 ] In 2021, cryptocurrencies accounted for just 0.08% of all donations [ 99 ] [ 100 ] and on May 1, 2022, the foundation stopped accepting cryptocurrency donations, following a Wikimedia community vote. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] The foundation's net assets grew from an initial $57,000 at the end of its first fiscal year, ending June 30, 2004, [ 102 ] to $53.5 million in mid-2014 [ 103 ] [ 104 ] and $231 million (plus a $100 million endowment) by the end of June 2021; that year, the foundation also announced plans to launch Wikimedia Enterprise, to let large organizations pay by volume for high-volume access to otherwise rate-limited APIs. [ 105 ] In 2020, the foundation donated $4.5 million to Tides Advocacy to create a "Knowledge Equity Fund", to provide grants to organizations whose work would not otherwise be covered by Wikimedia grants but addresses racial inequities in accessing and contributing to free knowledge resources. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] Wikimedia Endowment In January 2016, the foundation announced the creation of an endowment to safeguard its future. [ 108 ] The Wikimedia Endowment was established as a donor-advised fund at the Tides Foundation , with a stated goal to raise $100 million in the next 10 years. [ 109 ] Craig Newmark was one of the initial donors, giving $1 million. [ 110 ] Peter Baldwin and Lisbet Rausing , of Arcadia Fund , donated $5 million in 2017. [ 111 ] In 2018, major donations to the endowment were received from Amazon and Facebook ($1 million each) and George Soros ($2 million). [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] In 2019, donations included $2 million from Google, [ 115 ] $3.5 million more from Baldwin and Rausing, [ 111 ] $2.5 million more from Newmark, [ 116 ] and another $1 million from Amazon in October 2019 and again in September 2020. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] As of 2023, [update] the advisory board consists of Jimmy Wales , Peter Baldwin , former Wikimedia Foundation Trustees Patricio Lorente and Phoebe Ayers , former Wikimedia Foundation Board Visitor Doron Weber of the Sloan Foundation , investor Annette Campbell-White , venture capitalist Michael Kim, portfolio manager Alexander M. Farman-Farmaian, and strategist Lisa Lewin. [ 111 ] The foundation itself has provided annual grants of $5 million to its Endowment since 2016. [ 119 ] These amounts have been recorded as part of the foundation's "awards and grants" expenses. [ 120 ] The Endowment pays the foundation for expenses the foundation incurs on behalf of the Endowment, mostly salaries of staff; in 2022–2023, this payment was 1.8 million. [ 121 ] In September 2021, the foundation announced that the Wikimedia Endowment had reached its initial $100 million fundraising goal in June 2021, five years ahead of its initial target. [ 5 ] In January 2024, the endowment was reported to have a value of $140 million. [ 122 ] Financial development The foundation summarizes its assets in the "Statements of Activities" in its audited reports. These do not include funds in the Wikimedia Endowment, however expenses from the 2015–16 financial year onward include payments to the Wikimedia Endowment. [ 123 ] Year Source Revenue Expenses Asset rise Net assets at end of year 2023/2024 PDF $185,383,511 $178,471,109 $16,584,053 $271,555,390 2022/2023 PDF $180,174,103 $169,095,381 $15,619,804 $254,971,336 2021/2022 PDF $154,686,521 $145,970,915 $8,173,996 $239,351,532 2020/2021 PDF $162,886,686 $111,839,819 $50,861,811 $231,177,536 2019/2020 PDF $129,234,327 $112,489,397 $14,674,300 $180,315,725 2018/2019 PDF $120,067,266 $91,414,010 $30,691,855 $165,641,425 2017/2018 PDF $104,505,783 $81,442,265 $21,619,373 $134,949,570 2016/2017 PDF $91,242,418 $69,136,758 $21,547,402 $113,330,197 2015/2016 PDF $81,862,724 $65,947,465 $13,962,497 $91,782,795 2014/2015 PDF $75,797,223 $52,596,782 $24,345,277 $77,820,298 2013/2014 PDF $52,465,287 $45,900,745 $8,285,897 $53,475,021 2012/2013 PDF $48,635,408 $35,704,796 $10,260,066 $45,189,124 2011/2012 PDF $38,479,665 $29,260,652 $10,736,914 $34,929,058 2010/2011 PDF $24,785,092 $17,889,794 $9,649,413 $24,192,144 2009/2010 PDF $17,979,312 $10,266,793 $6,310,964 $14,542,731 2008/2009 PDF $8,658,006 $5,617,236 $3,053,599 $8,231,767 2007/2008 PDF $5,032,981 $3,540,724 $3,519,886 $5,178,168 2006/2007 PDF $2,734,909 $2,077,843 $654,066 $1,658,282 2005/2006 PDF $1,508,039 $791,907 $736,132 $1,004,216 2004/2005 PDF $379,088 $177,670 $211,418 $268,084 2003/2004 PDF $80,129 $23,463 $56,666 $56,666 Expenses (2004–2020) A plurality of Wikimedia Foundation expenses are salaries and wages, followed by community and affiliate grants, contributions to the endowment, and other professional operating expenses and services. [ 124 ] [ 86 ] Wikimedia Foundation's expenses evolution by type in USD Wikimedia Foundation's expenses as a percentage of the whole Grants The Wikimedia Foundation has received a steady stream of grants from other foundations throughout its history. In 2008, the foundation received a $40,000 grant from the Open Society Institute to create a printable version of Wikipedia. [ 125 ] It also received a $262,000 grant from the Stanton Foundation to purchase hardware , [ 126 ] a $500,000 unrestricted grant from Vinod and Neeru Khosla , [ 127 ] who later that year joined the foundation advisory board, [ 128 ] and $177,376 from the historians Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin ( Arcadia Fund ), among others. [ 126 ] In March 2008, the foundation announced what was then its largest donation yet: a three-year, $3 million grant from the Sloan Foundation . [ 129 ] In 2009, the foundation received four grants. The first was a $890,000 Stanton Foundation grant to help study and simplify the user interface for first-time authors of Wikipedia. [ 130 ] The second was a $300,000 Ford Foundation grant in July 2009 for Wikimedia Commons , to improve the interface for uploading multimedia files. [ 131 ] In August 2009, the foundation received a $500,000 grant from The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation . [ 132 ] Also in August 2009, the Omidyar Network committed up to $2 million over two years to Wikimedia. [ 133 ] In 2010, Google donated $2 million [ 134 ] and the Stanton Foundation granted $1.2 million to fund the Public Policy Initiative, a pilot program for what later became the Wikipedia Education Program (and the spin-off Wiki Education Foundation ). [ 135 ] [ 136 ] [ 137 ] In March 2011, the Sloan Foundation authorized another $3 million grant, to be funded over three years, with the first $1 million to come in July 2011 and the remaining $2 million to be funded in August 2012 and 2013. As a donor, Doron Weber from the Sloan Foundation gained Board Visitor status at the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. [ 138 ] In August 2011, the Stanton Foundation pledged to fund a $3.6 million grant of which $1.8 million was funded and the remainder was to come in September 2012. As of 2011, this was the largest grant the Wikimedia Foundation had ever received. [ 139 ] In November 2011, the foundation received a $500,000 donation from the Brin Wojcicki Foundation . [ 140 ] [ 141 ] In 2012, the foundation was awarded a grant of $1.25 million from Lisbet Rausing [ 140 ] and Peter Baldwin through the Charities Aid Foundation , scheduled to be funded in five equal installments from 2012 through 2015. In 2014, the foundation received the largest single gift in its history, a $5 million unrestricted donation from an anonymous donor supporting $1 million worth of expenses annually for the next five years. [ 142 ] In March 2012, The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation , established by the Intel co-founder and his wife, awarded the Wikimedia Foundation a $449,636 grant to develop Wikidata . [ 143 ] This was part of a larger grant, much of which went to Wikimedia Germany, which took on ownership of the development effort. [ 144 ] Between 2014 and 2015, the foundation received $500,000 from the Monarch Fund, $100,000 from the Arcadia Fund and an undisclosed amount from the Stavros Niarchos Foundation to support the Wikipedia Zero initiative. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] [ 147 ] In 2015, a grant agreement was reached with the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation to build a search engine called the " Knowledge Engine ", a project that proved controversial . [ 148 ] [ 149 ] In 2017, the Sloan Foundation awarded another $3 million grant for a three-year period, [ 138 ] and Google donated another $1.1 million to the foundation in 2019. [ 150 ] The following have donated $500,000 or more each (2008–2019, not including gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment): Total ($000s) Donor Years 9,000 Sloan Foundation .mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlistoxford{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li,.mw-parser-output .andlist li,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .andlist li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:" and "}.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:", and "} 2008–2013 2017–2019 2008–2013 2017–2019 5,952 Stanton Foundation 2009–2012 5,000 (anonymous) 2014–2018 3,100 Google 2010, 2019 2,000 Omidyar Network 2009–2010 1,527 Rausing, Baldwin via Arcadia, Charities Aid 2008 2012–2015 2008 2012–2015 1,300 Hewlett 2009–2010 500 Sergey Brin & Anne Wojcicki 2010 500 Monarch Fund 2014–2015 Board of trustees The foundation's board of trustees supervises the activities of the foundation. The founding board had three members, to which two community-elected trustees were added. Starting in 2008 it was composed of ten members: three selected by the community encompassed by all the different Wikimedia projects; two selected by Wikimedia chapters; four appointed by the board itself; and one founder's seat, reserved for Jimmy Wales. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Over time, the size of the board and details of the selection processes have evolved. As of 2020, the board may have up to 16 trustees: [ 153 ] eight seats sourced from the wider Wikimedia community (affiliates and volunteer community); seven appointed by the board itself; and one founder's seat reserved for Wales. In 2015, James Heilman , a trustee recently elected to the board by the community, [ 154 ] was removed from his position by a vote of the rest of the board. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] This decision generated dispute among members of the Wikipedia community. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Heilman later said that he "was given the option of resigning [by the Board] over the last few weeks. As a community elected member I see my mandate as coming from the community which elected me and thus declined to do so. I saw such a move as letting down those who elected me." [ 159 ] He subsequently added that while on the Board, he had pushed for greater transparency regarding the Wikimedia Foundation's Knowledge Engine project and its financing, [ 160 ] and indicated that his attempts to make public the Knight Foundation grant for the engine had been a factor in his dismissal. [ 161 ] Heilman was reelected to the board by the community in 2017. [ 162 ] In January 2016, Arnnon Geshuri joined the board before stepping down amid community controversy about a " no poach " agreement he executed when at Google , which violated United States antitrust law and for which the participating companies paid US$415 million in a class action suit on behalf of affected employees. [ 163 ] [ 164 ] As of January 2024, the board comprised six community-and-affiliate-selected trustees (Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Dariusz Jemielniak , Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight , Victoria Doronina, Mike Peel and Lorenzo Losa); [ 165 ] five Board-appointed trustees ( McKinsey & Company director Raju Narisetti , [ 166 ] Bahraini human rights activist and blogger Esra'a Al Shafei , [ 167 ] technology officer Luis Bitencourt-Emilio, Nataliia Tymkiv, and financial expert Kathy Collins); and Wales. [ 152 ] Tymkiv chairs the board, with Al Shafei and Sigalov as vice chairs. [ 168 ] As of March 2024 there are six committees of the Board of Trustees: the executive committee (Chair: Nataliia Tymkiv, as the chair of the board), the Audit Committee (Chair: Kathy Collins, appointed in 2023), the Governance Committee (Chair: Dariusz Jemielniak, appointed in 2021), the Talent and Culture Committee (Chair: Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight, appointed in 2023), the Community Affairs Committee (Chair: Shani Evenstein Sigalov, appointed in 2021), and the Product and Technology Committee (Chair: Lorenzo Losa, appointed in 2023). [ 169 ] Staff History In 2004, the foundation appointed Tim Starling as developer liaison to help improve the MediaWiki software, Daniel Mayer as chief financial officer ( finance , budgeting , and coordination of fund drives), and Erik Möller as content partnership coordinator. In May 2005, the foundation announced seven more official appointments. [ 170 ] In January 2006, the foundation created a number of committees, including the Communication Committee, in an attempt to further organize activities somewhat handled by volunteers at that time. [ 171 ] As of October 4, 2006 [update] , the foundation had five paid employees: [ 172 ] two programmers, an administrative assistant, a coordinator handling fundraising and grants, and an interim executive director , [ 173 ] Brad Patrick, previously the foundation's general counsel . Patrick ceased his activity as interim director in January 2007 and then resigned from his position as legal counsel, effective April 1, 2007. He was replaced by Mike Godwin who served as general counsel and legal coordinator from July 2007 [ 174 ] to 2010. In January 2007, Carolyn Doran was named chief operating officer and Sandy Ordonez joined as head of communications . [ 175 ] Doran began working as a part-time bookkeeper in 2006 after being sent by a temporary agency . Doran, found to have had a criminal record, [ 176 ] left the foundation in July 2007 and Sue Gardner was hired as consultant and special advisor; she became the executive director in December 2007. [ 177 ] Florence Devouard cited Doran's departure from the organization as one of the reasons the foundation took about seven months to release its fiscal 2007 financial audit. [ 178 ] Danny Wool, officially the grant coordinator and also involved in fundraising and business development, resigned in March 2007. He accused Wales of misusing the foundation's funds for recreational purposes and said that Wales had his Wikimedia credit card taken away in part because of his spending habits, a claim Wales denied. [ 179 ] In February 2007, the foundation added a position, chapters coordinator, and hired Delphine Ménard, [ 180 ] who had been occupying the position as a volunteer since August 2005. Cary Bass was hired in March 2007 in the position of volunteer coordinator. In January 2008, the foundation appointed Veronique Kessler as the new chief financial and operating officer, Kul Wadhwa as head of business development and Jay Walsh as head of communications. In March 2013, Gardner announced she would be leaving her position at the foundation. [ 181 ] Lila Tretikov was appointed executive director in May 2014; [ 182 ] [ 183 ] she resigned in March 2016. Former chief communications officer Katherine Maher (joined Wikimedia in 2014 [ 122 ] ) was appointed the interim executive director, a position made permanent in June 2016. [ 184 ] Maher served as executive director until April 2021 [ 185 ] [ 186 ] and is credited with building the foundation endowment in her tenure. [ 122 ] Present department structure As of October 23, 2023, [update] there were over 700 people working at the foundation. [ 187 ] Maryana Iskander was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. [ 188 ] In May 2025, Iskander told Axios that she would be leaving her position and would remain with the foundation until her replacement was filled by early 2026. [ 189 ] As of August 2024, the WMF has the following department structure: [ 190 ] Office of the chief executive officer : supports the work of the Wikimedia Foundation Chief Executive Officer. Advancement : responsible for fundraising, strategic partnerships, and grantmaking programs. Communications : responsible for Wikimedia brand development, marketing, social media, public relations, and global awareness efforts. Finance and Administration : responsible for ensuring responsible management of Wikimedia Foundation funds and resources. Legal : responsible for mounting opposition to government surveillance and censorship, defending volunteer communities, facilitating policy discussions, and advocating for privacy. Product and Technology : builds, improves, and maintains the infrastructure of Wikimedia sites. Talent and Culture : responsible for recruitment and training. Disputes A number of disputes have resulted in litigation [ 191 ] [ 192 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] while others have not. [ 195 ] Attorney Matt Zimmerman has said, "Without strong liability protection, it would be difficult for Wikipedia to continue to provide a platform for user-created encyclopedia content." [ 196 ] In December 2011, the foundation hired Washington, D.C., lobbyist Dow Lohnes Government Strategies LLC to lobby Congress . [ 197 ] At the time of the hire, the foundation was concerned about a bill known as the Stop Online Piracy Act . [ 198 ] The communities were as well, organizing some of the most visible protest against the bill on the Internet alongside other popular websites. In October 2013, a German court ruled that the Wikimedia Foundation can be held liable for content added to Wikipedia when there has been a specific complaint; otherwise, the Wikimedia Foundation does not check the content Wikipedia publishes and has no duty to do so. [ 199 ] In June 2014, Bildkonst Upphovsrätt i Sverige filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Wikimedia Sweden . [ 200 ] On June 20, 2014, a defamation lawsuit (Law Division civil case No. L-1400-14) involving Wikipedia editors was filed with the Mercer County Superior Court in New Jersey seeking, inter alia, compensatory and punitive damages. [ 201 ] [ 202 ] In a March 10, 2015, op-ed for The New York Times , Wales and Tretikov announced the foundation was filing a lawsuit against the National Security Agency and five other government agencies and officials, including DOJ , calling into question its practice of mass surveillance , which they argued infringed the constitutional rights of the foundation's readers, editors and staff. They were joined in the suit by eight additional plaintiffs, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch . [ 203 ] [ 204 ] [ 205 ] On October 23, 2015, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland dismissed the suit Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA on grounds of standing . U.S. District Judge T. S. Ellis III ruled that the plaintiffs could not plausibly prove they were subject to upstream surveillance , and that their argument is "riddled with assumptions", "speculations" and "mathematical gymnastics". [ 206 ] [ 207 ] The plaintiffs filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit on February 17, 2016. [ 208 ] In September 2020, WMF's application to become an observer at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) was blocked after objections from the government of China [ 209 ] over the existence of a Wikimedia Foundation affiliate in Taiwan . [ 210 ] In October 2021, WMF's second application was blocked by the government of China for the same reason. [ 211 ] In May 2022, six Wikimedia movement affiliate chapters were blocked from being accredited to WIPO's Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights (SCCR) by China, claiming that the chapters were spreading disinformation. [ 212 ] In July 2022, China blocked an application by seven Wikimedia chapters to be accredited as permanent observers to WIPO; [ 213 ] China's position was supported by a number of other countries, including Russia, Pakistan, Iran, Algeria, Zimbabwe and Venezuela. [ 214 ] Spending and fundraising practices In 2014, Jimmy Wales was confronted with allegations that WMF had "a miserable cost/benefit ratio and for years now has spent millions on software development without producing anything that actually works". He acknowledged that he had "been frustrated as well about the endless controversies about the rollout of inadequate software not developed with sufficient community consultation and without proper incremental rollout to catch show-stopping bugs". [ 215 ] During the 2015 fundraising campaign, members of the community voiced their concerns about the fundraising banners. They argued that they were obtrusive and could deceive potential donors by giving the impression that Wikipedia had immediate financial problems, which was not true. The Wikimedia Foundation vowed to improve wording on further fundraising campaigns to avoid these issues. [ 216 ] Despite this, the foundation has continued to come under criticism for running campaigns seemingly designed to "make its readers feel guilty." Such campaigns have additionally been condemned for, in 2021, being run in countries that had been badly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic , such as Argentina and Brazil , [ 217 ] as well as for sparking fears in India that Wikipedia might be "dying". [ 218 ] This is despite the foundation being in ownership of "vast money reserves", in 2021 reaching its 10-year goal of compiling a $100 million endowment fund in only 5 years. [ 217 ] In February 2017, an op-ed published by The Signpost , the English Wikipedia 's online newspaper, titled "Wikipedia has Cancer", [ 219 ] [ 220 ] produced a debate in both the Wikipedian community and the wider public. The author criticized the Wikimedia Foundation for its ever-increasing annual spending, which, he argued, could put the project at financial risk should an unexpected event happen. The author proposed to cap spending, build up the endowment, and restructure the endowment so that WMF cannot dip into the principal when times get bad. [ 221 ] As of June 2022, the WMF reported $239 million in net assets. It is expected to raise $174 million in revenue in the 2023. [ 222 ] Despite expenses on the foundation staff's salaries, there's a significant surplus left. To manage these funds, the WMF has created an endowment composed of investments and cash. This is managed not by the WMF but by the Tides Foundation. [ 222 ] The endowment aims to grow this capital to $130.4 million in the next fiscal year. However, there has been controversy over the administration of the funds. While the Tides Foundation has promised to become a more transparent 501(c)(3) organization to reveal how it manages funds, details on expenses and salaries are still lacking seven years later. Additionally, the WMF's salary costs have risen from $7 million in 2010/11 to $88 million in 2021/22. [ 222 ] Knowledge Engine project Knowledge Engine was a search engine project initiated in 2015 by WMF to locate and display verifiable and trustworthy information on the Internet. [ 223 ] The KE's goal was to be less reliant on traditional search engines. It was funded with a $250,000 grant from the Knight Foundation . [ 224 ] Some perceived the project as a scandal, mainly because it was conceived in secrecy, and the project proposal was even a surprise to some staff, in contrast with a general culture of transparency in the organization and on the projects. Some of the information available to the community was received through leaked documents published by The Signpost in 2016. [ 225 ] [ 223 ] Following this dispute, Executive Director Lila Tretikov resigned. [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] References ^ "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia" . November 9, 2025. ^ a b c d Wales, Jimmy (June 20, 2003). "Announcing Wikimedia Foundation" . mail:wikipedia-l . 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Entrez® Programming Utilities Help [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2010-. Entrez® Programming Utilities Help [Internet]. Contents A General Introduction to the E-utilities Eric Sayers , PhD. Authors Affiliations Created: May 26, 2009 ; Last Update: November 17, 2022 . Estimated reading time: 11 minutes Introduction The Entrez Programming Utilities (E-utilities) are a set of nine server-side programs that provide a stable interface into the Entrez query and database system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The E-utilities use a fixed URL syntax that translates a standard set of input parameters into the values necessary for various NCBI software components to search for and retrieve the requested data. The E-utilities are therefore the structured interface to the Entrez system, which currently includes 38 databases covering a variety of biomedical data, including nucleotide and protein sequences, gene records, three-dimensional molecular structures, and the biomedical literature. To access these data, a piece of software first posts an E-utility URL to NCBI, then retrieves the results of this posting, after which it processes the data as required. The software can thus use any computer language that can send a URL to the E-utilities server and interpret the XML response; examples of such languages are Perl, Python, Java, and C++. Combining E-utilities components to form customized data pipelines within these applications is a powerful approach to data manipulation. This chapter first describes the general function and use of the eight E-utilities, followed by basic usage guidelines and requirements, and concludes with a discussion of how the E-utilities function within the Entrez system. Usage Guidelines and Requirements Use the E-utility URL All E-utility requests should be made to URLs beginning with the following string: These URLs direct requests to servers that are used only by the E-utilities and that are optimized to give users the best performance. Frequency, Timing and Registration of E-utility URL Requests In order not to overload the E-utility servers, NCBI recommends that users post no more than three URL requests per second and limit large jobs to either weekends or between 9:00 PM and 5:00 AM Eastern time during weekdays. Failure to comply with this policy may result in an IP address being blocked from accessing NCBI. If NCBI blocks an IP address, service will not be restored unless the developers of the software accessing the E-utilities register values of the tool and email parameters with NCBI. The value of tool should be a string with no internal spaces that uniquely identifies the software producing the request. The value of email should be a complete and valid e-mail address of the software developer and not that of a third-party end user. The value of email will be used only to contact developers if NCBI observes requests that violate our policies, and we will attempt such contact prior to blocking access. In addition, developers may request that the value of email be added to the E-utility mailing list that provides announcements of software updates, known bugs and other policy changes affecting the E-utilities. To register tool and email values, simply send an e-mail to vog.hin.mln.ibcn@seitilitue including the desired values along with the name of either a developer or the organization creating the software. Once NCBI establishes communication with a developer, receives values for tool and email and validates the e-mail address in email , the block will be lifted. Once tool and email values are registered, all subsequent E-utility requests from that software package should contain both values. Please be aware that merely providing values for tool and email in requests is not sufficient to comply with this policy; these values must be registered with NCBI. Requests from any IP that lack registered values for tool and email and that violate the above usage policies may be blocked. Software developers may register values of tool and email at any time, and are encouraged to do so. API Keys Since December 1, 2018, NCBI has provided API keys that offer enhanced levels of supported access to the E-utilities. Without an API key, any site (IP address) posting more than 3 requests per second to the E-utilities will receive an error message. By including an API key, a site can post up to 10 requests per second by default. Higher rates are available by request ( vog.hin.mln.ibcn@seitilitue ). Users can obtain an API key now from the Settings page of their NCBI account (to create an account, visit ). After creating the key, users should include it in each E-utility request by assigning it to the api_key parameter. Only one API key is allowed per NCBI account; however, a user may request a new key at any time. Such a request will invalidate any existing API key associated with that NCBI account. Minimizing the Number of Requests If a task requires searching for and/or downloading a large number of records, it is much more efficient to use the Entrez History to upload and/or retrieve these records in batches rather than using separate requests for each record. Please refer to Application 3 in Chapter 3 for an example. Many thousands of IDs can be uploaded using a single EPost request, and several hundred records can be downloaded using one EFetch request. Disclaimer and Copyright Issues If you use the E-utilities within software, NCBI's Disclaimer and Copyright notice ( ) must be evident to users of your product. Please note that abstracts in PubMed may incorporate material that may be protected by U.S. and foreign copyright laws. All persons reproducing, redistributing, or making commercial use of this information are expected to adhere to the terms and conditions asserted by the copyright holder. Transmission or reproduction of protected items beyond that allowed by fair use (PDF) as defined in the copyright laws requires the written permission of the copyright owners. NLM provides no legal advice concerning distribution of copyrighted materials. Please consult your legal counsel. If you wish to do a large data mining project on PubMed data, you can download a local copy of the database at . Handling Special Characters Within URLs When constructing URLs for the E-utilities, please use lowercase characters for all parameters except &WebEnv. There is no required order for the URL parameters in an E-utility URL, and null values or inappropriate parameters are generally ignored. Avoid placing spaces in the URLs, particularly in queries. If a space is required, use a plus sign (+) instead of a space: Other special characters, such as quotation marks (“) or the # symbol used in referring to a query key on the History server, should be represented by their URL encodings (%22 for “; %23 for #). The Nine E-utilities in Brief EInfo (database statistics) eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/einfo.fcgi Provides the number of records indexed in each field of a given database, the date of the last update of the database, and the available links from the database to other Entrez databases. ESearch (text searches) eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi Responds to a text query with the list of matching UIDs in a given database (for later use in ESummary, EFetch or ELink), along with the term translations of the query. EPost (UID uploads) eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/epost.fcgi Accepts a list of UIDs from a given database, stores the set on the History Server, and responds with a query key and web environment for the uploaded dataset. ESummary (document summary downloads) eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esummary.fcgi Responds to a list of UIDs from a given database with the corresponding document summaries. EFetch (data record downloads) eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi Responds to a list of UIDs in a given database with the corresponding data records in a specified format. ELink (Entrez links) eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi Responds to a list of UIDs in a given database with either a list of related UIDs (and relevancy scores) in the same database or a list of linked UIDs in another Entrez database; checks for the existence of a specified link from a list of one or more UIDs; creates a hyperlink to the primary LinkOut provider for a specific UID and database, or lists LinkOut URLs and attributes for multiple UIDs. EGQuery (global query) eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/egquery.fcgi Responds to a text query with the number of records matching the query in each Entrez database. ESpell (spelling suggestions) eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/espell.fcgi Retrieves spelling suggestions for a text query in a given database. ECitMatch (batch citation searching in PubMed) eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/ecitmatch.cgi Retrieves PubMed IDs (PMIDs) corresponding to a set of input citation strings. Understanding the E-utilities Within Entrez The E-utilities Access Entrez Databases The E-utilities access the core search and retrieval engine of the Entrez system and, therefore, are only capable of retrieving data that are already in Entrez. Although the majority of data at NCBI are in Entrez, there are several datasets that exist outside of the Entrez system. Before beginning a project with the E-utilities, check that the desired data can be found within an Entrez database. The Entrez System Identifies Database Records Using UIDs Each Entrez database refers to the data records within it by an integer ID called a UID (unique identifier). Examples of UIDs are GI numbers for Nucleotide and Protein, PMIDs for PubMed, or MMDB-IDs for Structure. The E-utilities use UIDs for both data input and output, and thus it is often critical, especially for advanced data pipelines, to know how to find the UIDs associated with the desired data before beginning a project with the E-utilities. See Table 1 for a complete list of UIDs in Entrez. Table 1 – Entrez Unique Identifiers (UIDs) for selected databases Accessing Sequence Records Using Accession.Version Identifiers NCBI now uses the accession.version identifier rather that the GI number (UID) as the primary identifier for nucleotide and protein sequence records (records in the nuccore, nucest, nucgss, popset, and protein databases). Even so, the E-utilities continue to provide access to these records using either GI numbers or accession.version identifiers. Those E-utilities that accept UIDs as input will also accept accession.version identifiers (for the sequence databases listed above). Those E-utilities that output UIDs can output accession.version identifiers instead by setting the &idtype parameter to “acc”. Finally, EFetch can retrieve any sequence record by its accession.version identifier, including sequences that do not have GI numbers. Please see Chapter 4 for more details about how each E-utility handles accession.version identifers. The Entrez Core Engine: EGQuery, ESearch, and ESummary The core of Entrez is an engine that performs two basic tasks for any Entrez database: 1) assemble a list of UIDs that match a text query, and 2) retrieve a brief summary record called a Document Summary (DocSum) for each UID. These two basic tasks of the Entrez engine are performed by ESearch and ESummary. ESearch returns a list of UIDs that match a text query in a given Entrez database, and ESummary returns DocSums that match a list of input UIDs. A text search in web Entrez is equivalent to ESearch-ESummary. EGQuery is a global version of ESearch that searches all Entrez databases simultaneously. Because these three E-utilities perform the two core Entrez functions, they function for all Entrez databases. Syntax and Initial Parsing of Entrez Queries Text search strings entered into the Entrez system are converted into Entrez queries with the following format: term1[field1] Op term2[field2] Op term3[field3] Op ... where the terms are search terms, each limited to a particular Entrez field in square brackets, combined using one of three Boolean operators: Op = AND, OR, or NOT. These Boolean operators must be typed in all capital letters. Example: human[organism] AND topoisomerase[protein name] Entrez initially splits the query into a series of items that were originally separated by spaces in the query; therefore it is critical that spaces separate each term and Boolean operator. If the query consists only of a list of UID numbers (unique identifiers) or accession numbers, the Entrez system simply returns the corresponding records and no further parsing is performed. If the query contains any Boolean operators (AND, OR, or NOT), the query is split into the terms separated by these operators, and then each term is parsed independently. The results of these searches are then combined according to the Boolean operators. A full account of how to search Entrez can be found in the Entrez Help Document . Additional information is available from Entrez Help . Entrez Databases: EInfo, EFetch, and ELink The NCBI Entrez system currently contains 38 databases. EInfo provides detailed information about each database, including lists of the indexing fields in the database and the available links to other Entrez databases. Each Entrez database includes two primary enhancements to the raw data records: 1) software for producing a variety of display formats appropriate to the given database, and 2) links to records in other Entrez databases manifested as lists of associated UIDs. The display format function is performed by EFetch, which generates formatted output for a list of input UIDs. For example, EFetch can produce abstracts from Entrez PubMed or FASTA format from Entrez Protein. EFetch does not yet support all Entrez databases; please see the EFetch documentation for details. The linking function is performed by ELink, which generates a list of UIDs in a specified Entrez database that are linked to a set of input UIDs in either the same or another database. For example, ELink can find Entrez SNP records linked to records in Entrez Nucleotide, or Entrez Domain records linked to records in Entrez Protein. Using the Entrez History Server A powerful feature of the Entrez system is that it can store retrieved sets of UIDs temporarily on the servers so that they can be subsequently combined or provided as input for other E-utility calls. The Entrez History server provides this service and is accessed on the Web using either the Preview/Index or History tabs on Entrez search pages. Each of the E-utilities can also use the History server, which assigns each set of UIDs an integer label called a query key (&query_key) and an encoded cookie string called a Web environment (&WebEnv). EPost allows any list of UIDs to be uploaded to the History Server and returns the query key and Web environment. ESearch can also post its output set of UIDs to the History Server, but only if the &usehistory parameter is set to “y”. ELink also can post its output to the History server if &cmd is set to "neighbor_history". The resulting query key and Web environment from either EPost or ESearch can then be used in place of a UID list in ESummary, EFetch, and ELink. In Entrez, a set of UIDs is represented on the History by three parameters: Upload steps that generate a web environment and query key Download steps that use a web environment and query key Link step that uses a web environment and query key Search step that uses a web environment and a query key in the &term parameter (preceded by #, encoded as %23) Generating Multiple Data Sets on the History Server Each web environment on the History Server can be associated with any number of query keys. This allows different data sets to be combined with the Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT, or with another Entrez query. It is important to remember that for two data sets (query keys) to be combined, they must be associated with the same web environment. By default, successive E-utility calls produce query keys that are not associated with the same web environment, and so to overcome this, each E-utility call after the initial call must set the &WebEnv parameter to the value of the pre-existing web environment. Default behavior: These two URLs… will produce two History sets associated with different web environments: Desired behavior: These two URLs… will produce two sets associated with the same (new) web environment: Combining E-utility Calls to Create Entrez Applications The E-utilities are useful when used by themselves in single URLs; however, their full potential is realized when successive E-utility URLs are combined to create a data pipeline. When used within such pipelines, the Entrez History server simplifies complex retrieval tasks by allowing easy data transfer between successive E-utility calls. Listed below are several examples of pipelines produced by combining E-utilities, with the arrows representing the passing of db, WebEnv and query_key values from one E-utility to another. These and related pipelines are discussed in detail in Chapter 3. Basic Pipelines Retrieving data records matching an Entrez query ESearch → ESummary ESearch → EFetch Retrieving data records matching a list of UIDs EPost → ESummary EPost → EFetch Finding UIDs linked to a set of records ESearch → ELink EPost → ELink Limiting a set of records with an Entrez query EPost → ESearch ELink → ESearch Advanced Pipelines Retrieving data records in database B linked to records in database A matching an Entrez query ESearch → ELink → ESummary ESearch → ELink → EFetch Retrieving data records from a subset of an ID list defined by an Entrez query EPost → ESearch → ESummary EPost → ESearch → EFetch Retrieving a set of data records, defined by an Entrez query, in database B from a larger set of records linked to a list of UIDs in database A EPost → ELink → ESearch → ESummary EPost → ELink → ESearch → EFetch Demonstration Programs Please see Chapter 1 for sample Perl scripts. For More Information Please see Chapter 1 for getting additional information about the E-utilities. Views PubReader Print View Cite this Page Sayers E. A General Introduction to the E-utilities. 2009 May 26 [Updated 2022 Nov 17]. In: Entrez® Programming Utilities Help [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2010-. PDF version of this page (112K) PDF version of this title (2.4M) In this Page Introduction Usage Guidelines and Requirements The Nine E-utilities in Brief Understanding the E-utilities Within Entrez Combining E-utility Calls to Create Entrez Applications Demonstration Programs For More Information Other titles in this collection NCBI Help Manual Recent Activity A General Introduction to the E-utilities - Entrez® Programming Utilities Help A General Introduction to the E-utilities - Entrez® Programming Utilities Help Your browsing activity is empty. Activity recording is turned off. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Table key 2 Seasons 3 All-time records 4 Notes 5 References Toggle References subsection 5.1 General 5.2 Citations 5.1 General 5.2 Citations List of New York Knicks seasons Français ქართული Русский Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The New York Knickerbockers, better known as the New York Knicks , are a professional basketball team based in New York City that competes in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The team has played in the NBA throughout the league's entire history. The Knicks play in the Eastern Conference 's Atlantic Division . In its 79 seasons , the franchise has reached the NBA Finals eight times and won two championships. As of the end of the 2024–25 season, New York has won more than 3,000 regular season games, and the team has the fourth-highest victory total in NBA history. [ 1 ] Since 1968, the Knicks have played home games at Madison Square Garden . [ 2 ] One of the Basketball Association of America 's (BAA) 11 teams during its inaugural season, the Knicks won the league's first game, defeating the Toronto Huskies 68–66 on November 1, 1946. [ 3 ] The club qualified for the playoffs in the league's first three seasons before the BAA merged with the National Basketball League in 1949 to form the NBA. [ 4 ] Following the merger, New York extended its streak of playoff appearances to nine consecutive years. The team reached the NBA Finals each year from 1952 to 1954. The Knicks returned to the Finals in 1970 and defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in seven games for the team's first title. New York and Los Angeles faced each other again in the 1972 Finals, a series that the Lakers won four games to one. The Knicks earned their second NBA championship the following year, as they won a rematch with Los Angeles in five games. From 1988 to 2001, the franchise made the playoffs in 14 consecutive seasons. The team reached its first NBA Finals in 21 seasons in 1994, losing to the Houston Rockets in seven games. Five years later, New York again lost in the NBA Finals, this time in a five-game series against the San Antonio Spurs . The Knicks struggled during the early years of the 21st century, winning only one playoff series between 2001 and 2022. In the 2024–25 season, New York posted a 51–31 record and reached the playoffs, losing to the Indiana Pacers in the conference finals. Table key NBA champions (1947–present) † Conference champions (1971–present) * Division champions (1947–present) ^ Playoff berth (1947–present) ¤ Play-in berth (2021–present) × Conf. finish Final position in conference standings Div. finish Final position in division standings W Number of regular season wins L Number of regular season losses Win% Winning percentage GB Games behind first-place team in division [ a ] Ref. Reference ASG MVP All-Star Game Most Valuable Player COY Coach of the Year DPOY Defensive Player of the Year FMVP NBA Finals Most Valuable Player JWKC J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award MIP Most Improved Player MVP Most Valuable Player ROY Rookie of the Year SIX Sixth Man of the Year SPOR Sportsmanship Award Seasons Note: Statistics are correct as of the 2024–25 season . Season Conf. Conf. finish [ b ] Div. Div. finish [ b ] W [ c ] L [ c ] Win% Playoffs Awards Head coach Ref. 1946–47 — — Eastern 3rd ¤ 33 27 .550 Won first round vs. Cleveland Rebels , 2–1 Lost semifinals to Philadelphia Warriors , 2–0 [ 5 ] — Neil Cohalan [ 6 ] 1947–48 — — Eastern 2nd ¤ 26 22 .542 Lost first round to Baltimore Bullets , 2–1 [ 7 ] — Joe Lapchick [ 8 ] 1948–49 — — Eastern 2nd ¤ 32 28 .533 Won division semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets , 2–1 Lost division finals to Washington Capitols , 2–1 [ 9 ] — Joe Lapchick [ 10 ] 1949–50 — — Eastern 2nd ¤ 40 28 .588 Won division semifinals vs. Washington Capitols , 2–0 Lost division finals to Syracuse Nationals , 2–1 [ 11 ] — Joe Lapchick [ 12 ] 1950–51 — — Eastern 3rd ¤ 36 30 .545 Won division semifinals vs. Boston Celtics , 2–0 Won division finals vs. Syracuse Nationals , 3–2 Lost NBA Finals to Rochester Royals , 4–3 [ 13 ] — Joe Lapchick [ 14 ] 1951–52 — — Eastern 3rd ¤ 37 29 .561 Won division semifinals vs. Boston Celtics , 2–1 Won division finals vs. Syracuse Nationals , 3–1 Lost NBA Finals to Minneapolis Lakers , 4–3 [ 15 ] — Joe Lapchick [ 16 ] 1952–53 — — Eastern ^ 1st ^ 47 23 .671 Won division semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets , 2–0 Won division finals vs. Boston Celtics , 3–1 Lost NBA Finals to Minneapolis Lakers , 4–1 [ 17 ] — Joe Lapchick [ 18 ] 1953–54 — — Eastern ^ 1st ^ 44 28 .611 Lost round-robin to Boston Celtics and Syracuse Nationals , 4–0 [ 19 ] — Joe Lapchick [ 20 ] 1954–55 — — Eastern 2nd ¤ 38 34 .528 Lost division semifinals to Boston Celtics , 2–1 [ 21 ] — Joe Lapchick [ 22 ] 1955–56 — — Eastern 4th [ d ] ¤ 35 37 .486 Lost division tiebreaker to Syracuse Nationals , 1–0 [ 24 ] — Joe Lapchick Vince Boryla [ 23 ] 1956–57 — — Eastern 4th 36 36 .500 — — Vince Boryla [ 25 ] 1957–58 — — Eastern 4th 35 37 .486 — — Vince Boryla Andrew Levane [ 26 ] 1958–59 — — Eastern 2nd ¤ 40 32 .556 Lost division semifinals to Syracuse Nationals , 2–0 [ 27 ] — Andrew Levane [ 28 ] 1959–60 — — Eastern 4th 27 48 .360 — — Andrew Levane Carl Braun [ 29 ] 1960–61 — — Eastern 4th 21 58 .266 — — Carl Braun [ 30 ] 1961–62 — — Eastern 4th 29 51 .363 — — Eddie Donovan [ 31 ] 1962–63 — — Eastern 4th 21 59 .263 — — Eddie Donovan [ 32 ] 1963–64 — — Eastern 4th 22 58 .275 — — Eddie Donovan [ 33 ] 1964–65 — — Eastern 4th 31 49 .388 — Willis Reed [ 34 ] ( ROY ) Eddie Donovan Harry Gallatin [ 35 ] 1965–66 — — Eastern 4th 30 50 .375 — — Harry Gallatin Dick McGuire [ 36 ] 1966–67 — — Eastern 4th ¤ 36 45 .444 Lost division semifinals to Boston Celtics , 3–1 [ 37 ] — Dick McGuire [ 38 ] 1967–68 — — Eastern 3rd ¤ 43 39 .524 Lost division semifinals to Philadelphia 76ers , 4–2 [ 39 ] — Dick McGuire Red Holzman [ 40 ] 1968–69 — — Eastern 3rd ¤ 54 28 .659 Won division semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets , 4–0 Lost division finals to Boston Celtics , 4–2 [ 41 ] — Red Holzman [ 42 ] 1969–70 † — — Eastern ^ 1st ^ 60 22 .732 Won division semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets , 4–3 Won division finals vs. Milwaukee Bucks , 4–1 Won NBA Finals vs. Los Angeles Lakers , 4–3 [ 43 ] † Willis Reed [ 34 ] ( MVP , FMVP , ASG MVP ) Red Holzman [ 44 ] ( COY ) Red Holzman [ 45 ] 1970–71 Eastern 1st ¤ Atlantic [ e ] ^ 1st ^ 52 30 .634 Won conference semifinals vs. Atlanta Hawks , 4–1 Lost conference finals to Baltimore Bullets , 4–3 [ 48 ] — Red Holzman [ 49 ] 1971–72 Eastern * 3rd ¤ Atlantic 2nd 48 34 .585 Won conference semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets , 4–2 Won conference finals vs. Boston Celtics , 4–1 Lost NBA Finals to Los Angeles Lakers , 4–1 [ 50 ] * — Red Holzman [ 51 ] 1972–73 † Eastern * 3rd ¤ Atlantic 2nd 57 25 .695 Won conference semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets , 4–1 Won conference finals vs. Boston Celtics , 4–3 Won NBA Finals vs. Los Angeles Lakers , 4–1 [ 52 ] † Willis Reed [ 34 ] ( FMVP ) Red Holzman [ 53 ] 1973–74 Eastern 3rd ¤ Atlantic 2nd 49 33 .598 Won conference semifinals vs. Capital Bullets , 4–3 Lost conference finals to Boston Celtics , 4–1 [ 54 ] — Red Holzman [ 55 ] 1974–75 Eastern 5th ¤ Atlantic 3rd 40 42 .488 Lost first round to Houston Rockets , 2–1 [ 56 ] Walt Frazier [ 57 ] ( ASG MVP ) Red Holzman [ 58 ] 1975–76 Eastern 7th Atlantic 4th 38 44 .463 — — Red Holzman [ 59 ] 1976–77 Eastern 7th Atlantic 3rd 40 42 .488 — — Red Holzman [ 60 ] 1977–78 Eastern 5th ¤ Atlantic 2nd 43 39 .524 Won first round vs. Cleveland Cavaliers , 2–0 Lost conference semifinals to Philadelphia 76ers , 4–0 [ 61 ] — Willis Reed [ 62 ] 1978–79 Eastern 7th Atlantic 4th 31 51 .378 — — Willis Reed Red Holzman [ 63 ] 1979–80 Eastern 7th Atlantic 4th [ f ] 39 43 .476 — — Red Holzman [ 64 ] 1980–81 Eastern 4th ¤ Atlantic 3rd 50 32 .610 Lost first round to Chicago Bulls , 2–0 [ 65 ] Mike Glenn [ 66 ] ( JWKC ) Red Holzman [ 67 ] 1981–82 Eastern 10th Atlantic 5th 33 49 .402 — — Red Holzman [ 68 ] 1982–83 Eastern 5th ¤ Atlantic 4th 44 38 .537 Won first round vs. New Jersey Nets , 2–0 Lost conference semifinals to Philadelphia 76ers , 4–0 [ 69 ] — Hubie Brown [ 70 ] 1983–84 Eastern 5th ¤ Atlantic 3rd 47 35 .573 Won first round vs. Detroit Pistons , 3–2 Lost conference semifinals to Boston Celtics , 4–3 [ 71 ] — Hubie Brown [ 72 ] 1984–85 Eastern 10th Atlantic 5th 24 58 .293 — — Hubie Brown [ 73 ] 1985–86 Eastern 11th Atlantic 5th 23 59 .280 — Patrick Ewing [ 74 ] ( ROY ) Rory Sparrow [ 66 ] [ g ] ( JWKC ) Hubie Brown [ 75 ] 1986–87 Eastern 11th Atlantic 5th [ h ] 24 58 .293 — — Hubie Brown Bob Hill [ 76 ] 1987–88 Eastern 8th ¤ Atlantic 3rd [ i ] 38 44 .463 Lost first round to Boston Celtics , 3–1 [ 78 ] Mark Jackson [ 79 ] ( ROY ) Rick Pitino [ 77 ] 1988–89 Eastern 2nd ¤ Atlantic ^ 1st ^ 52 30 .634 Won first round vs. Philadelphia 76ers , 3–0 Lost conference semifinals to Chicago Bulls , 4–2 [ 80 ] — Rick Pitino [ 81 ] 1989–90 Eastern 5th ¤ Atlantic 3rd 45 37 .549 Won first round vs. Boston Celtics , 3–2 Lost conference semifinals to Detroit Pistons , 4–1 [ 82 ] — Stu Jackson [ 83 ] 1990–91 Eastern 8th ¤ Atlantic 3rd 39 43 .476 Lost first round to Chicago Bulls , 3–0 [ 84 ] — Stu Jackson John MacLeod [ 85 ] 1991–92 Eastern 4th ¤ Atlantic 2nd [ j ] 51 31 .622 Won first round vs. Detroit Pistons , 3–2 Lost conference semifinals to Chicago Bulls , 4–3 [ 87 ] — Pat Riley [ 86 ] 1992–93 Eastern 1st ¤ Atlantic ^ 1st ^ 60 22 .732 Won first round vs. Indiana Pacers , 3–1 Won conference semifinals vs. Charlotte Hornets , 4–1 Lost conference finals to Chicago Bulls , 4–2 [ 88 ] Pat Riley [ 89 ] ( COY ) Pat Riley [ 90 ] 1993–94 Eastern * 2nd ¤ Atlantic ^ 1st ^ 57 25 .695 Won first round vs. New Jersey Nets , 3–1 Won conference semifinals vs. Chicago Bulls , 4–3 Won conference finals vs. Indiana Pacers , 4–3 Lost NBA Finals to Houston Rockets , 4–3 [ 91 ] * — Pat Riley [ 92 ] 1994–95 Eastern 3rd ¤ Atlantic 2nd 55 27 .671 Won first round vs. Cleveland Cavaliers , 3–1 Lost conference semifinals to Indiana Pacers , 4–3 [ 93 ] Anthony Mason [ 94 ] ( SIX ) Pat Riley [ 95 ] 1995–96 Eastern 5th ¤ Atlantic 2nd 47 35 .573 Won first round vs. Cleveland Cavaliers , 3–0 Lost conference semifinals to Chicago Bulls , 4–1 [ 96 ] — Don Nelson Jeff Van Gundy [ 97 ] 1996–97 Eastern 3rd ¤ Atlantic 2nd 57 25 .695 Won first round vs. Charlotte Hornets , 3–0 Lost conference semifinals to Miami Heat , 4–3 [ 98 ] John Starks [ 94 ] ( SIX ) Jeff Van Gundy [ 99 ] 1997–98 Eastern 7th ¤ Atlantic 2nd 43 39 .524 Won first round vs. Miami Heat , 3–2 Lost conference semifinals to Indiana Pacers , 4–1 [ 100 ] — Jeff Van Gundy [ 101 ] 1998–99 [ k ] Eastern * 8th ¤ Atlantic 4th 27 23 .540 Won first round vs. Miami Heat , 3–2 Won conference semifinals vs. Atlanta Hawks , 4–0 Won conference finals vs. Indiana Pacers , 4–2 Lost NBA Finals to San Antonio Spurs , 4–1 [ 104 ] * — Jeff Van Gundy [ 103 ] 1999–00 Eastern 3rd ¤ Atlantic 2nd 50 32 .610 Won first round vs. Toronto Raptors , 3–0 Won conference semifinals vs. Miami Heat , 4–3 Lost conference finals to Indiana Pacers , 4–2 [ 105 ] — Jeff Van Gundy [ 106 ] 2000–01 Eastern 4th ¤ Atlantic 3rd 48 34 .585 Lost first round to Toronto Raptors , 3–2 [ 107 ] — Jeff Van Gundy [ 108 ] 2001–02 Eastern 13th Atlantic 7th 30 52 .366 — — Jeff Van Gundy Don Chaney [ 109 ] 2002–03 Eastern 10th Atlantic 6th [ l ] 37 45 .451 — — Don Chaney [ 110 ] 2003–04 Eastern 7th ¤ Atlantic 3rd 39 43 .476 Lost first round to New Jersey Nets , 4–0 [ 111 ] — Don Chaney Herb Williams Lenny Wilkens [ 112 ] 2004–05 Eastern 12th Atlantic 5th [ m ] 33 49 .402 — — Lenny Wilkens Herb Williams [ 113 ] 2005–06 Eastern 15th Atlantic 5th 23 59 .280 — — Larry Brown [ 114 ] 2006–07 Eastern 12th Atlantic 4th 33 49 .402 — — Isiah Thomas [ 115 ] 2007–08 Eastern 14th Atlantic 5th 23 59 .280 — — Isiah Thomas [ 116 ] 2008–09 Eastern 14th Atlantic 5th 32 50 .390 — — Mike D'Antoni [ 117 ] 2009–10 Eastern 11th Atlantic 3rd 29 53 .354 — — Mike D'Antoni [ 118 ] 2010–11 Eastern 6th ¤ Atlantic 2nd 42 40 .512 Lost first round to Boston Celtics , 4–0 [ 119 ] — Mike D'Antoni [ 120 ] 2011–12 [ n ] Eastern 7th ¤ Atlantic 2nd 36 30 .545 Lost first round to Miami Heat , 4–1 [ 123 ] Tyson Chandler [ 124 ] ( DPOY ) Mike D'Antoni Mike Woodson [ 122 ] 2012–13 Eastern 2nd ¤ Atlantic ^ 1st ^ 54 28 .659 Won first round vs. Boston Celtics , 4–2 Lost conference semifinals to Indiana Pacers , 4–2 J. R. Smith [ 94 ] ( SIX ) Jason Kidd [ 125 ] ( SPOR ) Mike Woodson [ 126 ] 2013–14 Eastern 9th Atlantic 3rd 37 45 .451 — — Mike Woodson [ 127 ] 2014–15 Eastern 15th Atlantic 5th 17 65 .207 — — Derek Fisher [ 128 ] 2015–16 Eastern 13th Atlantic 3rd 32 50 .390 — — Derek Fisher Kurt Rambis [ 129 ] 2016–17 Eastern 12th Atlantic 3rd 31 51 .378 — — Jeff Hornacek [ 130 ] 2017–18 Eastern 11th Atlantic 4th 29 53 .354 — — Jeff Hornacek [ 131 ] 2018–19 Eastern 15th Atlantic 5th 17 65 .207 — — David Fizdale [ 132 ] 2019–20 [ o ] Eastern 12th Atlantic 5th 21 45 .318 — — David Fizdale Mike Miller [ 134 ] 2020–21 [ p ] Eastern 4th ¤ Atlantic 3rd 41 31 .569 Lost first round to Atlanta Hawks , 4–1 Julius Randle [ 136 ] ( MIP ) Tom Thibodeau [ 137 ] ( COY ) Tom Thibodeau [ 138 ] 2021–22 Eastern 11th Atlantic 5th 37 45 .451 — — Tom Thibodeau [ 139 ] 2022–23 Eastern 5th ¤ Atlantic 3rd 47 35 .573 Won first round vs. Cleveland Cavaliers , 4–1 Lost conference semifinals vs. Miami Heat , 4–2 — Tom Thibodeau [ 140 ] 2023–24 Eastern 2nd ¤ Atlantic 2nd 50 32 .610 Won first round vs. Philadelphia 76ers , 4–2 Lost conference semifinals vs. Indiana Pacers , 4–3 — Tom Thibodeau [ 141 ] 2024–25 Eastern 3rd ¤ Atlantic 2nd 51 31 .622 Won first round vs. Detroit Pistons , 4–2 Won conference semifinals vs. Boston Celtics , 4–2 Lost conference finals vs. Indiana Pacers , 4–2 — Tom Thibodeau [ 142 ] All-time records Statistic Wins Losses W–L% New York Knicks regular season record (1946–present) 3,025 3,162 .489 New York Knicks postseason record (1946–present) 210 212 .498 All-time regular and postseason record 3,235 3,374 .489 Notes ^ The formula is as follows: G a m e s B e h i n d = ( T e a m A W i n s − T e a m B W i n s ) + ( T e a m B L o s s e s − T e a m A L o s s e s ) 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {Games} \ \mathrm {Behind} ={\frac {(\mathrm {TeamA_{Wins}} -\mathrm {TeamB_{Wins}} )+(\mathrm {TeamB_{Losses}} -\mathrm {TeamA_{Losses}} )}{\mathrm {2} }}} ^ a b The Finish columns for both conference and division list regular season results and exclude postseason play. ^ a b The Wins and Losses columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play. Regular and postseason records are combined only below the table. ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as Syracuse in the Eastern Division, they lost the tiebreaker and finished fourth. [ 23 ] ^ Before the 1970–71 season, the NBA realigned into Eastern and Western conferences, with four divisions between them. [ 46 ] As a result of the realignment, New York was placed in the Eastern Conference as a member of the Atlantic Division. [ 47 ] ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as Washington in the Atlantic Division, they lost the tiebreaker and finished fourth. [ 64 ] ^ Sparrow and Michael Cooper were co-winners of the award. [ 66 ] ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as New Jersey in the Atlantic Division, they lost the tiebreaker and finished fifth. [ 76 ] ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as Washington in the Atlantic Division, they lost the tiebreaker and finished third. [ 77 ] ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as Boston in the Atlantic Division, they lost the tiebreaker and finished second. [ 86 ] ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50-game regular season schedule. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as the Washington Wizards in the Atlantic Division, they lost the tiebreaker and finished sixth. [ 110 ] ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as Toronto in the Atlantic Division, they lost the tiebreaker and finished fifth. [ 113 ] ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until December 25, 2011, and all 30 teams played a shortened 66-game regular season schedule. [ 121 ] [ 122 ] ^ Regular season incomplete due to COVID-19 pandemic . [ 133 ] ^ Regular season shortened to 72 games due to COVID-19 pandemic . [ 135 ] References General .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "New York Knickerbockers" . 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Archived from the original on August 7, 2011 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "1981–82 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on May 8, 2012 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "1983 Playoff Results" . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive. Archived from the original on January 18, 2011 . Retrieved March 4, 2020 . ^ "1982–83 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 30, 2012 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "1984 Playoff Results" . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive. Archived from the original on March 9, 2009 . Retrieved August 1, 2019 . ^ "1983–84 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on August 6, 2011 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "1984–85 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "Georgetown's Patrick Ewing Inducted into Basketball Hall of Fame" . CBS College Sports Network . September 6, 2008. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011 . Retrieved January 15, 2023 . ^ "1985–86 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on May 1, 2012 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ a b "1986–87 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on May 1, 2012 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ a b "1987–88 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 27, 2011 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ Rhoden, William C. (May 7, 1988). "At End, Knicks Look Forward" . The New York Times . Retrieved October 21, 2008 . ^ "Mark Jackson" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011 . Retrieved October 21, 2008 . ^ "1989 Playoff Results" . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive. Archived from the original on May 23, 2010 . Retrieved August 1, 2019 . ^ "1988–89 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "1989–90 New York Knickerbockers Statistics" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011 . Retrieved October 21, 2008 . ^ "1989–90 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on July 4, 2011 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ Brown, Clifton (May 1, 1991). "Basketball; No-Good-Knicks: Bulls Complete a Playoff Sweep" . The New York Times . Retrieved October 21, 2008 . ^ "1990–91 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on July 4, 2011 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ a b "1991–92 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on May 1, 2012 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "1991–92 New York Knickerbockers Statistics" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012 . Retrieved October 21, 2008 . ^ "1992–93 New York Knickerbockers Statistics" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on October 16, 2008 . Retrieved October 21, 2008 . ^ "Pat Riley" . National Basketball Association . Turner Sports Interactive. Archived from the original on March 21, 2010 . Retrieved August 1, 2019 . ^ "1992–93 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "1993–94 New York Knickerbockers Statistics" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008 . Retrieved October 22, 2008 . ^ "1993–94 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on July 4, 2011 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "1994–95 New York Knickerbockers Statistics" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on September 14, 2008 . Retrieved October 22, 2008 . ^ a b c "Sixth Man of the Year Award Winners" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on August 4, 2011 . Retrieved October 22, 2008 . ^ "1994–95 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on July 4, 2011 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "1996 NBA Playoff Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008 . Retrieved October 22, 2008 . ^ "1995–96 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 9, 2014 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "1997 NBA Playoff Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008 . Retrieved October 22, 2008 . ^ "1996–97 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on July 4, 2011 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "1998 NBA Playoff Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011 . Retrieved October 22, 2008 . ^ "1997–98 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on July 4, 2011 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ Donovan, John (February 4, 1999). "Let the semi-season begin: Expect injuries, intensity and a new champion in '99" . CNN Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 22, 2011 . Retrieved September 4, 2011 . ^ a b "1998–99 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on May 1, 2012 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "1999 NBA Playoff Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on November 4, 2004 . Retrieved October 22, 2008 . ^ "2000 NBA Playoff Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on September 15, 2020 . Retrieved October 22, 2008 . ^ "1999–00 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "Carter inspires Toronto triumph" . BBC Sport . May 5, 2001. Archived from the original on August 17, 2012 . Retrieved September 16, 2025 . ^ "2000–01 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "2001–02 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ a b "2002–03 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on May 9, 2012 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "K-Mart's 36 lead NJ's closeout agenda" . ESPN . Associated Press. April 25, 2004. Archived from the original on April 18, 2011 . Retrieved January 7, 2012 . ^ "2003–04 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ a b "2004–05 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on August 30, 2008 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "2005–06 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "2006–07 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "2007–08 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "2008–09 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ "2009–10 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on July 14, 2010 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ Beck, Howard (April 24, 2011). "Knicks Fall, but Not Without a Fight" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 27, 2011 . Retrieved April 25, 2011 . ^ "2010–11 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ Beck, Howard (November 28, 2011). "Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 12, 2013 . Retrieved November 28, 2011 . ^ a b "2011–12 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020 . Retrieved April 21, 2012 . ^ Beck, Howard (May 9, 2012). "The Roller Coaster Stops" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 29, 2019 . Retrieved May 17, 2012 . ^ "NBA & ABA Defensive Player of the Year Award Winners" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011 . Retrieved May 24, 2012 . ^ "NBA Sportsmanship Award Winners" . National Basketball Association . September 13, 2021. Archived from the original on May 8, 2023 . Retrieved June 11, 2022 . ^ "2012–13 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on February 8, 2020 . Retrieved April 22, 2013 . ^ "2013–14 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on February 8, 2020 . Retrieved April 19, 2015 . ^ "2014–15 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020 . Retrieved April 19, 2015 . ^ "2015–16 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019 . Retrieved April 26, 2016 . ^ "2016–17 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020 . Retrieved April 13, 2017 . ^ "2017–18 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020 . Retrieved April 13, 2018 . ^ "2018–19 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020 . Retrieved April 11, 2019 . ^ Reynolds, Tim (June 5, 2020). "NBA Board of Governors approves 22-team restart of 2019–20 season" . National Basketball Association . Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021 . Retrieved June 5, 2021 . ^ "2019–20 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on June 19, 2021 . Retrieved August 6, 2020 . ^ Popper, Steve (November 17, 2020). "NBA's 2020–21 schedule will include more travel" . Newsday . Archived from the original on June 5, 2021 . Retrieved June 5, 2021 . ^ Quinn, Sam (May 26, 2021). "Knicks' Julius Randle named NBA's Most Improved Player for 2020–21 season" . CBS Sports. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021 . Retrieved June 3, 2021 . ^ "New York's Tom Thibodeau wins 2020–21 NBA Coach of the Year award" . National Basketball Association . June 7, 2021. Archived from the original on July 21, 2021 . Retrieved June 8, 2021 . ^ "2020–21 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021 . Retrieved June 3, 2021 . ^ "2021–22 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022 . Retrieved April 14, 2022 . ^ "2022–23 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022 . Retrieved April 9, 2023 . ^ "2023–24 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 14, 2024 . Retrieved April 14, 2024 . ^ "2024–25 NBA Season Summary" . Basketball-Reference . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 14, 2024 . Retrieved April 13, 2025 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e New York Knicks seasons v t e Franchise Seasons Franchise Seasons 1940s 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1950s 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1960s 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1970s 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1980s 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1990s 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 2000s 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2010s 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2020s 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 2025–26 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 2025–26 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory v t e NBA season-by-season team history v t e Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Relocated teams Seattle SuperSonics Seattle SuperSonics Seattle SuperSonics Defunct franchises Anderson Packers Baltimore Bullets (original) Chicago Stags Cleveland Rebels Denver Nuggets (original) Detroit Falcons Indianapolis Jets Indianapolis Olympians Pittsburgh Ironmen Providence Steamrollers Sheboygan Red Skins St. Louis Bombers Toronto Huskies Washington Capitols Waterloo Hawks Anderson Packers Baltimore Bullets (original) Chicago Stags Cleveland Rebels Denver Nuggets (original) Detroit Falcons Indianapolis Jets Indianapolis Olympians Pittsburgh Ironmen Providence Steamrollers Sheboygan Red Skins St. Louis Bombers Toronto Huskies Washington Capitols Waterloo Hawks Anderson Packers Baltimore Bullets (original) Chicago Stags Cleveland Rebels Denver Nuggets (original) Detroit Falcons Indianapolis Jets Indianapolis Olympians Pittsburgh Ironmen Providence Steamrollers Sheboygan Red Skins St. Louis Bombers Toronto Huskies Washington Capitols Waterloo Hawks v t e New York Knicks v t e Founded in 1946 Based in New York City, New York Founded in 1946 Based in New York City, New York Franchise History All-time roster Draft history Head coaches Seasons Current season History All-time roster Draft history Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas Madison Square Garden III 69th Regiment Armory Madison Square Garden IV Madison Square Garden III 69th Regiment Armory Madison Square Garden IV Personnel Owner(s) Madison Square Garden Sports ( James Dolan , chairman) President Leon Rose General manager Gersson Rosas Head coach Mike Brown G League affiliate Westchester Knicks Westchester Knicks Retired numbers 10 12 15 15 19 22 24 33 613 10 12 15 15 19 22 24 33 613 NBA championships 1970 1973 1970 1973 NBA Cup championships 2025 2025 Rivalries Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets Chicago Bulls Indiana Pacers Miami Heat Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets Chicago Bulls Indiana Pacers Miami Heat Culture and lore Broadcasters Dancing Harry Eddie Spike Lee Diedrich Knickerbocker Whatever Happened to Micheal Ray? Theme from New York, New York Mike Walczewski George Kalinsky Trent Tucker Rule Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen June 17th, 1994 Knicks–Nuggets brawl Linsanity Sweetwater Broadcasters Dancing Harry Eddie Spike Lee Diedrich Knickerbocker Whatever Happened to Micheal Ray? Theme from New York, New York Mike Walczewski George Kalinsky Trent Tucker Rule Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen June 17th, 1994 Knicks–Nuggets brawl Linsanity Sweetwater New York Knicks seasons New York Knicks lists Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from January 2025 Featured lists This page was last edited on 17 December 2025, at 16:05 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Etymology 2 Characteristics Toggle Characteristics subsection 2.1 Four major elements 2.2 Encyclopedic dictionaries 2.3 Differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries 2.1 Four major elements 2.2 Encyclopedic dictionaries 2.3 Differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries 3 Pre-modern encyclopedias 4 Printed encyclopedias Toggle Printed encyclopedias subsection 4.1 Encyclopédie 4.2 Encyclopædia Britannica 4.3 Brockhaus Enzyklopädie 4.4 Encyclopedias in the United States 4.1 Encyclopédie 4.2 Encyclopædia Britannica 4.3 Brockhaus Enzyklopädie 4.4 Encyclopedias in the United States 5 Digital encyclopedias Toggle Digital encyclopedias subsection 5.1 Physical media 5.2 Online 5.2.1 Free encyclopedias 5.1 Physical media 5.2 Online 5.2.1 Free encyclopedias 5.2.1 Free encyclopedias 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Toggle References subsection 8.1 Cited works 8.1 Cited works 9 External links Encyclopedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi-Chewa ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski डोटेली Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Iñupiatun Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سرائیکی Sardu Scots Seeltersk Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Obolo Batak Toba Betawi Kadazandusun Jaku Iban Kumoring ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item An encyclopedia [ a ] is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge , either general or special, in a particular field or discipline. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are arranged alphabetically by article name [ 3 ] or by thematic categories, or, on online encyclopedias , are hyperlinked and searchable. [ 4 ] Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries . [ 3 ] [ 5 ] Generally speaking, encyclopedia articles focus on factual information concerning the subject named in the article's title; [ 5 ] this is unlike dictionary entries, which focus on linguistic information about words , such as their etymology , meaning, pronunciation , use, and grammatical forms. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years [ 10 ] and have evolved considerably during that time as regards language (written in a major international or a vernacular language), size (few or many volumes), intent (presentation of a global or a limited range of knowledge), cultural perspective (authoritative, ideological, didactic, utilitarian), authorship (qualifications, style), readership (education level, background, interests, capabilities), and the technologies available for their production and distribution (hand-written manuscripts, small or large print runs, Internet). As a valued source of reliable information compiled by experts, printed versions found a prominent place in libraries , schools , and other educational institutions. [ 11 ] In the 21st century, the appearance of digital and open-source versions such as Wikipedia (together with the wiki website format) has vastly expanded the accessibility, authorship, readership, and variety of encyclopedia entries. [ 12 ] Etymology The word encyclopedia comes from the Koine Greek ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία , [ 13 ] transliterated enkúklios paideía ' general education ' , from enkúklios ( ἐγκύκλιος ) ' circular, recurrent, required regularly, general ' [ 5 ] [ 14 ] and paideía ( παιδεία ) ' education, rearing of a child ' ; together, the phrase literally translates as ' complete instruction, complete knowledge ' . [ 15 ] However, the two separate words were reduced to a single word due to a scribal error [ 16 ] by copyists of a Latin manuscript edition of Quintillian in 1470. [ 17 ] The copyists took this phrase to be a single Greek word, enkuklopaideía , with the same meaning, and this spurious Greek word became the Neo-Latin word encyclopaedia , which was in turn borrowed into English. Because of this compounded word, readers since the fifteenth century have often, and incorrectly, thought that the Roman authors Quintillian and Pliny described an ancient genre. [ 18 ] Following Noah Webster 's spelling reform , [ 19 ] the spelling of the word varies between encyclopedia in American English, encyclopaedia in British English (although the spelling encyclopedia is increasingly gaining acceptance), and encyclopædia in certain specialized cases. [ 20 ] Characteristics The modern encyclopedia evolved from the dictionary in the 18th century; this lineage can be seen in the alphabetical order of print encyclopedias. [ 21 ] Historically, both encyclopedias and dictionaries have been compiled by well-educated authors, but they are significantly different in structure. A dictionary is a linguistic work that primarily focuses on an alphabetical listing of words and their definitions . Synonymous words and those related by the subject matter are to be found scattered around the dictionary, giving no obvious place for in-depth treatment. Thus, a dictionary typically provides limited information , analysis or background for the word defined. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] While it may offer a definition, it may leave the reader lacking in understanding the meaning, significance or limitations of a term , and how the term relates to a broader field of knowledge. [ 24 ] To address those needs, an encyclopedia article is typically not limited to simple definitions, and is not limited to defining an individual word, but provides a more extensive meaning for a subject or discipline . The Merriam-Webster definition of encyclopedia states that it is "a work that contains information on all branches of knowledge or treats comprehensively a particular branch of knowledge usually in articles arranged alphabetically often by subject". [ 25 ] In addition to defining and listing synonymous terms for the topic, the article can treat the topic's more extensive meaning in more depth and convey the most relevant accumulated knowledge on that subject. An encyclopedia article also often includes many maps and illustrations , as well as bibliography and statistics . [ 5 ] In addition, sometimes books or reading lists are compiled from a compendium of articles (either wholly or partially taken) from a specific encyclopedia. [ 26 ] Four major elements Four major elements define an encyclopedia: its subject matter, its scope, its method of organization, and its method of production: Encyclopedias can be general, containing articles on topics in every field [ 27 ] (the English-language Encyclopædia Britannica and German Brockhaus are well-known examples). [ 2 ] General encyclopedias may contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded dictionaries and gazetteers . [ 27 ] There are also encyclopedias that cover a wide variety of topics from a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective, such as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia or Encyclopaedia Judaica . [ 24 ] Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their subject domain, such as an encyclopedia of medicine , philosophy or law . Works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion, depending on the target audience . Some systematic methods of organization are essential to making an encyclopedia usable for reference. There have historically been two main methods of organizing printed encyclopedias: the alphabetical method (consisting of several separate articles, organized in alphabetical order) and organization by hierarchical categories. [ 4 ] The former method is today the more common, especially for general works. The fluidity of electronic media , however, allows new possibilities for multiple methods of organization of the same content. Further, electronic media offer new capabilities for search, indexing and cross reference . The epigraph from Horace on the title page of the 18th century Encyclopédie suggests the importance of the structure of an encyclopedia: "What grace may be added to commonplace matters by the power of order and connection." [ 28 ] As modern multimedia and the information age have evolved, new methods have emerged for the collection, verification, summation, and presentation of information of all kinds. [ 29 ] Projects such as Interpedia , Everything2 , Microsoft Encarta , h2g2 , and Wikipedia are examples of new forms of the encyclopedia as information retrieval becomes simpler. The method of production for an encyclopedia historically has been supported in both for-profit and non-profit contexts; such was the case of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia mentioned above which was entirely state-sponsored, [ 30 ] while the Britannica was supported as a for-profit institution. Encyclopedic dictionaries Some works entitled "dictionaries" are similar to encyclopedias, especially those concerned with a particular field (such as the Dictionary of the Middle Ages , the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships , and Black's Law Dictionary ). The Macquarie Dictionary , Australia's national dictionary, became an encyclopedic dictionary after its first edition in recognition of the use of proper nouns in common communication, and the words derived from such proper nouns. Differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries There are some broad differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries. Most noticeably, encyclopedia articles are longer, fuller and more thorough than entries in most general-purpose dictionaries. [ 3 ] [ 31 ] There are differences in content as well. Generally speaking, dictionaries provide linguistic information about words themselves, while encyclopedias focus more on the things for which those words stand. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Thus, while dictionary entries are inextricably fixed to the word described, encyclopedia articles can be given a different entry name. As such, dictionary entries are not fully translatable into other languages, but encyclopedia articles can be. [ 6 ] In practice, however, the distinction is not concrete, as there is no clear-cut difference between factual, "encyclopedic" information and linguistic information such as appear in dictionaries. [ 8 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Thus encyclopedias may contain material that is also found in dictionaries, and vice versa. [ 32 ] In particular, dictionary entries often contain factual information about the thing named by the word. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Pre-modern encyclopedias The earliest encyclopedic work to have survived to modern times is the Natural History of Pliny the Elder , a Roman statesman living in the 1st century AD, [ 5 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] a work indebted to Varro (1st century BCE). [ 36 ] He compiled a work of 37 chapters covering natural history , architecture, medicine, geography , geology, and all aspects of the world around him. [ 35 ] This work became very popular in antiquity , was one of the first classical manuscripts to be printed in 1470, and has remained popular ever since as a source of information on the Roman world, and especially Roman art , Roman technology and Roman engineering . The Spanish scholar Isidore of Seville was the first Christian writer to try to compile a summa of universal knowledge, the Etymologiae ( c. 600–625 ), also known by classicists as the Origines (abbreviated Orig .). This encyclopedia—the first such Christian epitome —formed a huge compilation of 448 chapters in 20 books [ 37 ] based on hundreds of classical sources, including the Naturalis Historia . Of the Etymologiae in its time it was said quaecunque fere sciri debentur , "practically everything that it is necessary to know". [ 38 ] [ 34 ] Among the areas covered were: grammar , rhetoric , mathematics , geometry , music , astronomy , medicine , law , the Catholic Church and heretical sects, pagan philosophers , languages , cities , animals and birds , the physical world , geography , public buildings , roads , metals , rocks , agriculture , ships , clothes , food , and tools . Another Christian encyclopedia was the Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum of Cassiodorus (543–560) dedicated to the Christian divinity and the seven liberal arts. [ 34 ] [ 5 ] The encyclopedia of Suda , a massive 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia, had 30,000 entries (broadly alphabetically arranged), many drawing from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from medieval Christian compilers. [ 34 ] From India, the Siribhoovalaya (Kannada: ಸಿರಿಭೂವಲಯ), variously dated to c. 800 AD, the 15th century, [ 39 ] or an even more recent time, is a work of Kannada literature written by Kumudendu Muni , a Jain monk. [ 40 ] It is unique because rather than employing alphabets, it is composed entirely in Kannada numerals . Many philosophies which existed in the Jain classics are eloquently and skillfully interpreted in the work. The 2nd century BC reference work Shiben has been described as a Chinese encyclopedia of genealogies, while the Huanglan , completed in the 220s, was an early leishu encyclopedia. The Yiwen Leiju , completed in 624, was a landmark literature encyclopedia of the early Tang dynasty . The Tongdian , Tongzhi and Wenxian Tongkao were three comprehensive encyclopedias of the Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties, and were collectively referred to as the Three Tongs ( Santong ). The enormous encyclopedic works of the Four Great Books of Song , compiled by the 11th century during the early Song dynasty (960–1279), was a massive literary undertaking for the time. The last encyclopedia of the four, the Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau , amounted to 9.4 million Chinese characters in 1,000 written volumes. The Yongle Encyclopedia (completed 1408) comprised 11,095 volumes, making it the largest paper encyclopedia in world history. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] There were many great encyclopedists throughout Chinese history, including the scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031–1095) with his Dream Pool Essays of 1088; the statesman, inventor, and agronomist Wang Zhen (active 1290–1333) with his Nong Shu of 1313; and Song Yingxing (1587–1666) with his Tiangong Kaiwu . Song Yingxing was termed the " Diderot of China" by British historian Joseph Needham . [ 43 ] Printed encyclopedias This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Encyclopedia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2025 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Before the advent of the printing press, encyclopedic works were all hand-copied and thus rarely available, beyond wealthy patrons or monastic men of learning: they were expensive, and usually written for those extending knowledge rather than those using it. The introduction of printing from Asia allowed a wider diffusion of encyclopedias and every scholar could have his or her copy. Nuremberg Chronicle from 1493 is one of the best-documented early printed books—an incunabulum —and one of the first to successfully integrate illustrations and text. Both Latin and German editions were printed by Anton Koberger in Nuremberg. [ 44 ] The De expetendis et fugiendis rebus by Giorgio Valla was posthumously printed in 1501 by Aldo Manuzio in Venice . This work followed the traditional scheme of liberal arts. However, Valla added the translation of ancient Greek works on mathematics (firstly by Archimedes ), newly discovered and translated. The Margarita Philosophica by Gregor Reisch , printed in 1503, was a complete encyclopedia explaining the seven liberal arts . Financial, commercial, legal, and intellectual factors changed the size of encyclopedias. Middle classes had more time to read and encyclopedias helped them to learn more. Publishers wanted to increase their output so some countries like Germany started selling books missing alphabetical sections, to publish faster. Also, publishers could not afford all the resources by themselves, so multiple publishers would come together with their resources to create better encyclopedias. Later, rivalry grew, causing copyright to occur due to weak underdeveloped laws. John Harris is often credited with introducing the now-familiar alphabetic format in 1704 with his English Lexicon Technicum: Or, A Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences: Explaining not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves – to give its full title. Organized alphabetically, its content does indeed contain an explanation not merely of the terms used in the arts and sciences, but of the arts and sciences themselves. Sir Isaac Newton contributed his only published work on chemistry to the second volume of 1710. Encyclopédie Indeed, the purpose of an encyclopedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe; to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come; and so that our offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become more virtuous and happy, and that we should not die without having rendered a service to the human race in the future years to come. Indeed, the purpose of an encyclopedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe; to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come; and so that our offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become more virtuous and happy, and that we should not die without having rendered a service to the human race in the future years to come. The Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers ( French for 'Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts'), better known as the Encyclopédie ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} French: [ɑ̃siklɔpedi] ), was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, an index, and translations. It had many contributors, known among contemporaries as the Encyclopédistes . It was edited by Denis Diderot and, until 1759, co-edited by Jean le Rond d'Alembert . [ 46 ] The Encyclopédie is most famous for representing the thought of the Enlightenment . According to Diderot in the article "Encyclopédie", the Encyclopédie 's aim was "to change the way people think" and to allow people to inform themselves. [ 47 ] Diderot hoped the Encyclopédie would disseminate a vast amount of knowledge to the present and future generations. [ 48 ] Thus, it is an example of democratization of knowledge , though the high price of the first edition especially (980 livres) prevented it from being bought by much of the middle class. [ 49 ] The Encyclopédie was also the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many named contributors, and it was the first general encyclopedia to describe the mechanical arts in much detail. In the first edition, seventeen folio volumes of text were accompanied by eleven volumes of engravings. Later editions were published in smaller formats and with fewer engravings in order to reach a wider audience within Europe. [ 50 ] Encyclopædia Britannica The Encyclopædia Britannica ( Latin for 'British Encyclopaedia') is a general-knowledge English-language encyclopaedia . It has been published since 1768, and after several ownership changes is currently owned by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, which spans 32 volumes and 32,640 pages, was the last printed edition. [ 51 ] Since 2016, it has been published exclusively as an online encyclopaedia at the website Britannica.com . Printed for 245 years, the Britannica was the longest-running in-print encyclopaedia in the English language. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh , Scotland, in weekly instalments that came together to form three volumes. At first, the encyclopaedia, from edition to edition, grew quickly in size. The second edition was extended to 10 volumes, and by its fourth edition (1801–1810), the Britannica had expanded to 20 volumes. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, its size (at least in terms of total word length) has remained roughly steady, at about 40 million words. [ 52 ] The Britannica 's rising stature as an authoritative and scholarly work helped recruit eminent contributors , and the 9th (1875–1889) and 11th editions (1911) are landmark encyclopaedias for scholarship and literary style. Starting with the 11th edition and following its acquisition by an American firm, the Britannica shortened and simplified articles to broaden its appeal to the North American market. Though published in the United States since 1901, the Britannica has for the most part maintained British English spelling . In 1932, the Britannica adopted a policy of "continuous revision," in which the encyclopaedia is continually revised and reprinted, with every article updated on a schedule. [ 53 ] The publishers of Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia had already pioneered such a policy. [ 54 ] The 15th edition (1974–2010) has a three-part structure: a 12-volume Micropædia of short articles (generally fewer than 750 words), a 17-volume Macropædia of long articles (two to 310 pages), and a single Propædia volume to give a hierarchical outline of knowledge. The Micropædia was meant for quick fact-checking and as a guide to the Macropædia ; readers are advised to study the Propædia outline to understand a subject's context and to find more detailed articles. In the 21st century, the Britannica faced strong competition: in particular from the digital and multimedia encyclopaedia Microsoft Encarta , [ 55 ] and later from the online peer-produced encyclopaedia Wikipedia . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] Despite (or perhaps because of) such competition, Britannica retained its reputation for authoritative, comprehensive, structured, and scholarly treatments of included subjects. [ 59 ] While it continued to score well in assessments of its overall quality, [ 60 ] as compared to its competitors, it could not (as an expert-authored compilation of a limited number of articles on only important subjects), match their breadth of coverage and continuous updating. [ 57 ] In March 2012, it announced it would no longer publish printed editions and would focus instead on the online version. [ 57 ] [ 61 ] Brockhaus Enzyklopädie The Brockhaus Enzyklopädie ( German for Brockhaus Encyclopedia ) is a German-language encyclopedia which until 2009 was published by the F. A. Brockhaus printing house. The first edition originated in the Conversations-Lexikon published by Renatus Gotthelf Löbel and Franke in Leipzig 1796–1808. Renamed Der Große Brockhaus in 1928 and Brockhaus Enzyklopädie from 1966, the current [update] 21st thirty-volume edition contains about 300,000 entries on about 24,000 pages, with about 40,000 maps, graphics and tables. It is the largest German-language printed encyclopedia in the 21st century. In February 2008, F. A. Brockhaus announced the changeover to an online encyclopedia and the discontinuation of the printed editions. The rights to the Brockhaus trademark were purchased by Arvato services , a subsidiary of the Bertelsmann media group. After more than 200 years, the distribution of the Brockhaus encyclopedia ceased completely in 2014. Encyclopedias in the United States In the United States, the 1950s and 1960s saw the introduction of several large popular encyclopedias, often sold on installment plans. The best known of these were World Book and Funk and Wagnalls . As many as 90% were sold door to door . [ 33 ] Jack Lynch says in his book You Could Look It Up that encyclopedia salespeople were so common that they became the butt of jokes. He describes their sales pitch saying, "They were selling not books but a lifestyle, a future, a promise of social mobility." A 1961 World Book ad said, "You are holding your family's future in your hands right now," while showing a feminine hand holding an order form. [ 62 ] As of the 1990s, two of the most prominent encyclopedias published in the United States were Collier's Encyclopedia and Encyclopedia Americana . [ 63 ] Digital encyclopedias Physical media By the late 20th century, encyclopedias were being published on CD-ROMs for use with personal computers . This was the usual way computer users accessed encyclopedic knowledge from the 1980s and 1990s. Later, DVD discs replaced CD-ROMs, and by the mid-2000s, internet encyclopedias were dominant and replaced disc-based software encyclopedias. [ 5 ] CD-ROM encyclopedias were usually a macOS or Microsoft Windows (3.0, 3.1 or 95/98) application on a CD-ROM disc. The user would execute the encyclopedia's software program to see a menu that allowed them to start browsing the encyclopedia's articles, and most encyclopedias also supported a way to search the contents of the encyclopedia. The article text was usually hyperlinked and also included photographs , audio clips (for example in articles about historical speeches or musical instruments), and video clips . In the CD-ROM age, the video clips usually had a low resolution, often 160x120 or 320x240 pixels. Such encyclopedias which made use of photos, audio and video were also called multimedia encyclopedias . Microsoft 's Encarta , launched in 1993, was a landmark example as it had no printed equivalent. It featured around 25,000 articles, supplemented with 7,000 high-quality images, 9 hours of audio files, and 30 videos. After sixteen years, Microsoft discontinued the Encarta line of products in 2009 with the rise of the Internet. [ 64 ] Other examples of CD-ROM encyclopedia are Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia and Britannica . Digital encyclopedias enable "Encyclopedia Services" (such as Wikimedia Enterprise ) to facilitate programmatic access to the content. [ 65 ] Online An online encyclopedia , also called an Internet encyclopedia, is a digital encyclopedia accessible through the Internet . Some examples include pre- World Wide Web services that offered the Academic American Encyclopedia beginning in 1980, [ 66 ] Encyclopedia.com since 1998, Encarta from 2000 to 2009, Wikipedia since 2001, and Encyclopædia Britannica since 2016. Free encyclopedias The concept of a free encyclopedia began with the Interpedia proposal on Usenet in 1993, which outlined an Internet-based online encyclopedia to which anyone could submit content that would be freely accessible. Early projects in this vein included Everything2 and Open Site . In 1999, Richard Stallman proposed the GNUPedia , an online encyclopedia which, similar to the GNU operating system , would be a "generic" resource. The concept was very similar to Interpedia, but more in line with Stallman's GNU philosophy. It was not until Nupedia and later Wikipedia that a stable free encyclopedia project could be established on the Internet. The English Wikipedia , which was started in 2001, became the world's largest encyclopedia in 2004 at the 300,000 article stage. [ 67 ] By late 2005, Wikipedia had produced over two million articles in more than 80 languages with content licensed under the copyleft GNU Free Documentation License . As of August 2009, [update] Wikipedia had over 3 million articles in English and well over 10 million combined articles in over 250 languages. Today, Wikipedia has 7,122,673 articles in English, over 60 million combined articles in over 300 languages, and over 250 million combined pages including project and discussion pages. [ 68 ] Since 2002, other free encyclopedias appeared, including Hudong (2005–) and Baidu Baike (2006–) in Chinese, and Google's Knol (2008–2012) in English. Some MediaWiki-based encyclopedias have appeared, usually under a license compatible with Wikipedia, including the Spanish encyclopedia Enciclopedia Libre (2002–2021) and the English encyclopedias Conservapedia (2006–), Scholarpedia (2006–), and Citizendium (2007–). See also Literature portal Education portal Bibliography of encyclopedias Biographical dictionary Encyclopedic knowledge Encyclopedism Fictitious entry History of science and technology Lexicography Library science Lists of encyclopedias Thesaurus Speculum literature Notes ^ Also spelled encyclopaedia in British English ; from Ancient Greek : ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία , romanized : enkyklios paideia References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Encyclopedia" . Archived from the original on August 3, 2007. Glossary of Library Terms. Riverside City College, Digital Library/Learning Resource Center. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007. ^ a b "What are Reference Resources?" . Eastern Illinois University. Archived from the original on November 22, 2022 . Retrieved December 17, 2022 . ^ a b c Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography . Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved July 27, 2010 . ^ a b "Encyclopedia" . Merriam-Webster . Archived from the original on September 29, 2022 . Retrieved December 17, 2022 . ^ a b c d e f g h Bocco, Diana (August 30, 2022). "What is an Encyclopedia?" . Language Humanities . Archived from the original on September 27, 2022 . Retrieved January 24, 2023 . ^ a b c Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern Lexicography Archived December 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , pp. 30–31. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829951-6 ^ a b "Encyclopaedia" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on December 16, 2010 . Retrieved July 27, 2010 . An English lexicographer, H.W. Fowler, wrote in the preface to the first edition (1911) of The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English language that a dictionary is concerned with the uses of words and phrases and with giving information about the things for which they stand only so far as current use of the words depends upon knowledge of those things. The emphasis in an encyclopedia is much more on the nature of the things for which the words and phrases stand. ^ a b c Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography . Routledge. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved July 27, 2010 . In contrast with linguistic information, encyclopedia material is more concerned with the description of objective realities than the words or phrases that refer to them. In practice, however, there is no hard and fast boundary between factual and lexical knowledge. ^ a b Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009). The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I . Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7 . Archived from the original on April 15, 2021 . Retrieved August 17, 2010 . An 'encyclopedia' (encyclopaedia) usually gives more information than a dictionary; it explains not only the words but also the things and concepts referred to by the words. ^ "A Short History of the Greatest Encyclopedias of Past and Present" . www.publishinghistory.com . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ "250 Years of the Encyclopaedia Britannica – And Chicago's Role in Its Success" . WTTW Chicago . December 6, 2018 . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ Hunter, Dan; Lobato, Ramon; Richardson, Megan; Thomas, Julian (2013). Amateur Media: Social, Cultural and Legal Perspectives . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-78265-4 . ^ Ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία Archived February 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine , Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria , 1.10.1, at Perseus Project ^ ἐγκύκλιος Archived March 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon , at Perseus Project ^ παιδεία Archived March 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon , at Perseus Project ^ According to some accounts, such as the American Heritage Dictionary Archived August 19, 2017, at the Wayback Machine , copyists of Latin manuscripts took this phrase to be a single Greek word, ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία enkuklopaideía . ^ Franklin-Brown, Mary (2012). Reading the world: encyclopedic writing in the scholastic age . Chicago London: The University of Chicago Press. p. 8. ISBN 9780226260709 . ^ König, Jason (2013). Encyclopaedism from antiquity to the Renaissance . New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-107-03823-3 . ^ Cook & Ryan 2016 , p. 418. ^ Cook & Ryan 2016 , p. 121. ^ As explained by Richard Yeo, Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture (Cambridge: University Press, 2001 ISBN 978-0-521-15292-1 ^ "Dictionary vs. Encyclopedia - What's the Difference?" . This vs. That . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ curious, Patrick FROMAGET I. am very; web, I. love to learn about all types of subjects Thanks to my experience on the; site :), I. share my discoveries with you on this. "Differences Between Encyclopedia and Dictionary – AllDifferences" . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ a b "Encyclopedias" . Oregon School Library Information System . Archived from the original on April 25, 2025 . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ "Definition of ENCYCLOPEDIA" . www.merriam-webster.com . May 31, 2025 . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ "Definition of COMPENDIUM" . www.merriam-webster.com . June 1, 2025 . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ a b Wilkins, Paige. "Guides: Types of Sources: Encyclopedias" . libguides.wpi.edu . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ Allan, David (2003). "Some Methods and Problems in the History of Reading: Georgian England and the Scottish Enlightenme" . Journal of Historical Society . 3 : 91– 124. doi : 10.1111/1540-5923.00048 – via ResearchGate. ^ Miza, Jessica (February 4, 2025). "Clarifying the Role of Encyclopedias in Research" . www.atlas.org . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ Great Soviet encyclopedia . Internet Archive. New York, Macmillan. 1973. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: others ( link ) ^ a b c Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography . Routledge. pp. 48– 49. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved July 27, 2010 . Usually these two aspects overlap – encyclopedic information being difficult to distinguish from linguistic information – and dictionaries attempt to capture both in the explanation of a meaning ... ^ a b c Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern Lexicography . Oxford University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-19-829951-6 . The two types, as we have seen, are not easily differentiated; encyclopedias contain information that is also to be found in dictionaries, and vice versa. ^ a b Grossman, Ron (December 7, 2017). "Long before Google, there was the encyclopedia" . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on October 22, 2022 . Retrieved December 9, 2022 . ^ a b c d "History of Encyclopaedias" . Britannica . Archived from the original on October 6, 2022 . Retrieved December 9, 2022 . ^ a b Nobel, Justin (December 9, 2015). "Encyclopedias Are Time Capsules" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 5, 2022 . Retrieved December 17, 2022 . ^ Sordet, Yann (2021). Histoire du livre et de l'édition (in French). Paris: Albin Michel. p. 36. ISBN 978-2-226-45767-7 . ^ MacFarlane 1980:4; MacFarlane translates Etymologiae viii. ^ Braulio, Elogium of Isidore appended to Isidore's De viris illustribus , heavily indebted itself to Jerome . ^ Sheth, Dr. Chayya. "SIRIBHOOVALAYA" (PDF) . Sarcouncil Journal of Arts and Literature . 2 (3): 1– 5 – via sarcouncil.com. ^ "The Ancient Science of Kannada" . Project Shivoham . October 7, 2024 . Retrieved June 5, 2025 . ^ Fu & Cao 2019 , p. 297. ^ Ditmanson 2018 , p. 255. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 102. ^ Cambridge Digital Library, University of Cambridge, Archived 2012-12-06 at the Wayback Machine ^ Denis Diderot; Jean le Rond d'Alembert. Encyclopédie . Archived April 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine . University of Michigan Library: Scholarly Publishing Office and DLXS. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007. ^ Birn, " Encyclopédie ." ^ Diderot, as quoted in Hunt, 611. ^ Diderot, as quoted in Kramnick, 17. ^ Darnton, 33. ^ Birn, "Mots." ^ Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012). "After 244 Years, Encyclopædia Britannica Stops the Presses" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 14, 2012 . Retrieved March 13, 2012 . ^ Jeff Loveland, "Why Encyclopedias Got Bigger ... and Smaller," Information and Culture 47 (2012): 244. ^ Paul Kruse, "The Story of the Encyclopaedia Britannica , 1768-1943," PhD dissertation (University of Chicago, 1958), 389. ^ M. A. Khan, The Principles and Practice of Library Science (New Delhi: Sarup and Sons, 1996), 281. ^ Carmody, Tim (March 14, 2012). "Wikipedia Didn't Kill Britannica. Windows Did" . Wired . ISSN 1059-1028 . Retrieved July 15, 2023 . Note that in 1985 Microsoft approached Encyclopaedia Britannica to collaborate on digitizing and releasing Britannica's material on CD-ROM; this collaboration did not eventuate, and Microsoft then pursued deals with other encyclopaedia companies (including Funk and Wagnalls ) instead. ^ Cooke, Richard (February 17, 2020). "Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet" . Wired . Retrieved March 30, 2021 . ^ a b c Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012). "After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses" . The New York Times . Retrieved June 7, 2023 . ^ McArdle, Megan (March 15, 2012). "Encyclopaedia Britannica Goes Out of Print, Won't Be Missed" . The Atlantic . Retrieved June 7, 2023 . ^ "Britannica sold by Benton Foundation" . University of Chicago Chronicle . 15 (8). January 4, 1996. ^ Thomas, Gillian (1992). A Position to Command Respect: Women and the Eleventh Britannica . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978-0-8108-2567-3 . ^ Kearney, Christine (March 14, 2012). "Encyclopaedia Britannica: After 244 years in print, only digital copies sold" . The Christian Science Monitor . Reuters . Archived from the original on May 31, 2019 . Retrieved May 31, 2019 . ^ Onion, Rebecca (June 3, 2016). "How Two Artists Turn Old Encyclopedias Into Beautiful, Melancholy Art" . Slate . Archived from the original on September 23, 2019 . Retrieved September 23, 2019 . ^ Kister, K. F. (1994). Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and Specialized Encyclopedias (2nd ed.). Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-89774-744-5 . ^ "Qué fue de Microsoft Encarta y por qué desapareció la legendaria enciclopedia digital" . MundoBytes . AB Internet Networks. ^ "Encyclopedia Service Are About To Become A Huge Market" . www.stillwatercurrent.com . Archived from the original on September 27, 2021 . Retrieved September 27, 2021 . ^ Roncaglia, Gino (2021). "Encyclopedias and encyclopedism in the era of the Web" . JLIS.it . 12 (3): 69– 90. doi : 10.4403/jlis.it-12757 . ^ "Wikipedia Passes 300,000 Articles making it the worlds largest encyclopedia" Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine , Linux Reviews , 2004 Julich y 7. ^ "List of Wikipedias - Meta" . meta.wikimedia.org . Retrieved August 20, 2023 . Cited works "encyclopedia" . Online Etymology Dictionary . Archived from the original on March 8, 2021 . Retrieved May 13, 2020 . "Encyclopaedia" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on December 16, 2010 . Retrieved July 27, 2010 . Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern Lexicography . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-829951-6 . C. Codoner, S. Louis, M. Paulmier-Foucart, D. Hüe, M. Salvat, A. Llinares, L'Encyclopédisme. Actes du Colloque de Caen , A. Becq (dir.), Paris, 1991. Bergenholtz, H.; Nielsen, S.; Tarp, S., eds. (2009). Lexicography at a Crossroads: Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Today, Lexicographical Tools Tomorrow . Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-03911-799-4 . Blom, Phillip (2004). Enlightening the World: Encyclopédie, the Book that Changed the Course of History . New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-6895-1 . OCLC 57669780 . Collison, Robert Lewis (1966). Encyclopaedias: Their History Throughout the Ages (2nd ed.). New York, London: Hafner. OCLC 220101699 . Cook, Vivian; Ryan, Des, eds. (July 15, 2016). The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System (1 ed.). Routledge. doi : 10.4324/9781315670003 . ISBN 978-1-317-36581-5 . Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009). The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7 . Archived from the original on April 15, 2021 . Retrieved August 17, 2010 . Darnton, Robert (1979). The business of enlightenment: a publishing history of the Encyclopédie, 1775–1800 . Cambridge: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-08785-9 . Ditmanson, Peter (September 17, 2018). "The Ming dynasty (pre-1521)". In Xiong, Victor Cunrui; Hammond, Kenneth (eds.). Routledge Handbook of Imperial Chinese History . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-53822-6 . Fu, Chonglan; Cao, Wenming (July 25, 2019). Introduction to the Urban History of China . Springer. ISBN 978-981-13-8207-9 . Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved July 27, 2010 . Kafker, Frank A., ed. (1981). Notable encyclopedias of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: nine predecessors of the Encyclopédie . Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. ISBN 978-0-7294-0256-9 . OCLC 10645788 . Kafker, Frank A., ed. (1994). Notable encyclopedias of the late eighteenth century: eleven successors of the Encyclopédie . Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. ISBN 978-0-7294-0467-9 . OCLC 30787125 . Needham, Joseph (1986). "Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic". Science and Civilization in China . Vol. 5 – Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-521-30358-3 . OCLC 59245877 . Rosenzweig, Roy (June 2006). "Can History Be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past" . Journal of American History . 93 (1): 117– 46. doi : 10.2307/4486062 . ISSN 1945-2314 . JSTOR 4486062 . Archived from the original on April 25, 2010. Ioannides, Marinos (2006). The e-volution of information communication technology in cultural heritage: where hi-tech touches the past: risks and challenges for the 21st century . Budapest: Archaeolingua. ISBN 963-8046-73-2 . OCLC 218599120 . Walsh, S. Padraig (1968). Anglo-American general encyclopedias: a historical bibliography, 1703–1967 . New York: Bowker. p. 270. OCLC 577541 . Yeo, Richard R. (2001). Encyclopaedic visions: scientific dictionaries and enlightenment culture . Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65191-2 . OCLC 45828872 . Archived from the original on April 16, 2014 . Retrieved April 15, 2014 . External links Encyclopaedia and Hypertext Internet Accuracy Project – Biographical errors in encyclopedias and almanacs "Encyclopedia" – Diderot's article on the Encyclopedia from the original Encyclopédie . De expetendis et fugiendis rebus – First Renaissance encyclopedia Errors and inconsistencies in several printed reference books and encyclopedias ; Archived July 18, 2001, at the Wayback Machine "Digital encyclopedias put the world at your fingertips" – CNET article Encyclopedias online University of Wisconsin – Stout listing by category Chambers' Cyclopaedia , 1728, with the 1753 supplement Encyclopædia Americana , 1851, Francis Lieber ed. (Boston: Mussey & Co.) at the University of Michigan Making of America site Encyclopædia Britannica , articles and illustrations from 9th ed., 1875–89, and 10th ed., 1902–03. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Economic crisis in Iran 1.2 Comparison to previous protests 1.1 Economic crisis in Iran 1.2 Comparison to previous protests 2 Protests Toggle Protests subsection 2.1 Initial bazaar 2.1.1 28 December 2025 2.1.2 29 December 2.2 Spread across Iran 2.2.1 30 December 2.2.2 31 December 2.3 2026 2.3.1 1 January 2.3.2 2 January 2.3.3 3 January 2.3.4 4 January 2.3.5 5 January 2.3.6 6 January 2.3.7 7 January 2.3.8 8 January 2.3.9 9 January 2.3.10 10 January 2.3.11 11 January 2.3.12 12 January 2.3.13 13 January 2.3.14 14 January 2.3.15 15 January 2.1 Initial bazaar 2.1.1 28 December 2025 2.1.2 29 December 2.1.1 28 December 2025 2.1.2 29 December 2.2 Spread across Iran 2.2.1 30 December 2.2.2 31 December 2.2.1 30 December 2.2.2 31 December 2.3 2026 2.3.1 1 January 2.3.2 2 January 2.3.3 3 January 2.3.4 4 January 2.3.5 5 January 2.3.6 6 January 2.3.7 7 January 2.3.8 8 January 2.3.9 9 January 2.3.10 10 January 2.3.11 11 January 2.3.12 12 January 2.3.13 13 January 2.3.14 14 January 2.3.15 15 January 2.3.1 1 January 2.3.2 2 January 2.3.3 3 January 2.3.4 4 January 2.3.5 5 January 2.3.6 6 January 2.3.7 7 January 2.3.8 8 January 2.3.9 9 January 2.3.10 10 January 2.3.11 11 January 2.3.12 12 January 2.3.13 13 January 2.3.14 14 January 2.3.15 15 January 3 Methods Toggle Methods subsection 3.1 Protesters 3.1.1 National strikes 3.1.2 Demonstrations 3.1.3 Slogans and symbols 3.1.4 Organisation 3.1.5 Territorial control 3.1 Protesters 3.1.1 National strikes 3.1.2 Demonstrations 3.1.3 Slogans and symbols 3.1.4 Organisation 3.1.5 Territorial control 3.1.1 National strikes 3.1.2 Demonstrations 3.1.3 Slogans and symbols 3.1.4 Organisation 3.1.5 Territorial control 4 Suppression, persecution and executions Toggle Suppression, persecution and executions subsection 4.1 Internet blackouts 4.2 Recruitment of foreign militias 4.3 Internal propaganda and coercion 4.4 Direct order for live fire on protesters 4.5 Persecution 4.5.1 Erfan Soltani 4.1 Internet blackouts 4.2 Recruitment of foreign militias 4.3 Internal propaganda and coercion 4.4 Direct order for live fire on protesters 4.5 Persecution 4.5.1 Erfan Soltani 4.5.1 Erfan Soltani 5 Casualties Toggle Casualties subsection 5.1 Casualties, arrests, executions, and injured protesters 5.1.1 31 December 5.1.2 1 January 5.1.3 2 January 5.1.4 3 January 5.1.5 4 January 5.1.6 5 January 5.1.7 6 January 5.1.8 7 January 5.1.9 8 January 5.1.10 9 January 5.1.11 10 January 5.1.12 11 January 5.1.13 12 January 5.1.14 13 January 5.1.15 15 January 5.1.16 Executions 5.2 Government forces 5.3 Notable victims 5.4 Foreign victims 5.1 Casualties, arrests, executions, and injured protesters 5.1.1 31 December 5.1.2 1 January 5.1.3 2 January 5.1.4 3 January 5.1.5 4 January 5.1.6 5 January 5.1.7 6 January 5.1.8 7 January 5.1.9 8 January 5.1.10 9 January 5.1.11 10 January 5.1.12 11 January 5.1.13 12 January 5.1.14 13 January 5.1.15 15 January 5.1.16 Executions 5.1.1 31 December 5.1.2 1 January 5.1.3 2 January 5.1.4 3 January 5.1.5 4 January 5.1.6 5 January 5.1.7 6 January 5.1.8 7 January 5.1.9 8 January 5.1.10 9 January 5.1.11 10 January 5.1.12 11 January 5.1.13 12 January 5.1.14 13 January 5.1.15 15 January 5.1.16 Executions 5.2 Government forces 5.3 Notable victims 5.4 Foreign victims 6 Reactions Toggle Reactions subsection 6.1 Domestic 6.2 International 6.2.1 Sovereign states 6.2.2 Intergovernmental and international organisations 6.2.3 Political parties and organisations 6.2.4 Corporate organisations 6.2.5 International travel advisories 6.2.6 Polling 6.1 Domestic 6.2 International 6.2.1 Sovereign states 6.2.2 Intergovernmental and international organisations 6.2.3 Political parties and organisations 6.2.4 Corporate organisations 6.2.5 International travel advisories 6.2.6 Polling 6.2.1 Sovereign states 6.2.2 Intergovernmental and international organisations 6.2.3 Political parties and organisations 6.2.4 Corporate organisations 6.2.5 International travel advisories 6.2.6 Polling 7 Analysis Toggle Analysis subsection 7.1 View of the protests as an uprising 7.1 View of the protests as an uprising 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 2025–2026 Iranian protests العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kurdî Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF 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Please update outdated or incomplete information with citations to reliable sources . ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) 2025–2026 Iranian protests Part of the protests against the government of Iran and the Iranian economic crisis and Gen Z protests Cities in Iran where protests have been reported as of 8 January 2026. (Click to zoom in.) Date 28 December 2025 – present (19 days) Location 512 locations across 180 cities in all 31 provinces of Iran . [ 1 ] The protests are recorded in multiple cities across Iran , primarily Tehran ( Grand Bazaar and commercial districts), Ahvaz , Arak , Dargahan , Farsan , Fasa , Fuladshahr , Hamadan , Isfahan , Izeh , Kermanshah , Mashhad , Marlik , Najafabad , Nurabad , Qeshm , Qom , Shiraz , Sari and others. [ a ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Caused by Political issues Authoritarianism Human rights abuses Political corruption Internet censorship and blackouts Systemic/ideological issues Foreign proxy involvement Mandatory hijab enforcement Ethnic-based discrimination Religious persecution Economic issues Economic mismanagement International sanctions Rising price of food and essential goods Currency crisis – Severe depreciation of the Iranian rial Water and energy shortages Authoritarianism Human rights abuses Political corruption Internet censorship and blackouts Systemic/ideological issues Foreign proxy involvement Mandatory hijab enforcement Ethnic-based discrimination Religious persecution Economic issues Economic mismanagement International sanctions Rising price of food and essential goods Currency crisis – Severe depreciation of the Iranian rial Water and energy shortages Goals Overthrow of the Islamic Republic government [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Return of Reza Pahlavi to lead a transitional government (some factions) [ 6 ] End of economic mismanagement Stabilisation of exchange rates Addressing of civilians' and merchants' hardships Overthrow of the Islamic Republic government [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Return of Reza Pahlavi to lead a transitional government (some factions) [ 6 ] End of economic mismanagement Stabilisation of exchange rates Addressing of civilians' and merchants' hardships Stabilisation of exchange rates Addressing of civilians' and merchants' hardships Methods Street protests, marches, arsons , and rooftop demonstrations Chants and slogans Strikes and shop closures (led by bazaar merchants and shopkeepers) Online activism Student activism Riots Rebellion Insurgency Street protests, marches, arsons , and rooftop demonstrations Chants and slogans Strikes and shop closures (led by bazaar merchants and shopkeepers) Online activism Student activism Riots Rebellion Insurgency Status Ongoing Protests suppressed by force Nationwide internet and mobile networks shut down Protests suppressed by force Nationwide internet and mobile networks shut down Parties Iranian opposition Anti-government demonstrators Student demonstrators [ 7 ] Police and military defectors Supported by: Political groups: Iran National Council for Free Elections (INC) [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (MEK) [ 10 ] .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Solidarity for a Secular Democratic Republic in Iran [ 10 ] Separatist groups: Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] Labour, civil, and retiree groups: Free Workers Union of Iran [ 24 ] Iranian Writers Association [ 24 ] Coordination Council of Iranian Teachers Trade Associations [ 24 ] Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Workers Syndicate [ 24 ] Coordination Committee to Help Form Independent Labour Organisations [ 24 ] Khuzestan Retired Workers [ 24 ] Union of Retirees Group [ 24 ] Kurdish Women's Organisations [ 24 ] Retirees Union [ 25 ] Kermanshah Electricity and Metal Association [ 25 ] "Stop Executions" [ 25 ] "Justice Seekers" [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Contract Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Non-Formal Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council of Nurses Protests [ 25 ] "Neday-e Zanan-e Iran" [ 25 ] World Iranian Christian Alliance [ 26 ] Government of Iran Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Iranian opposition Anti-government demonstrators Student demonstrators [ 7 ] Police and military defectors Supported by: Political groups: Iran National Council for Free Elections (INC) [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (MEK) [ 10 ] .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Solidarity for a Secular Democratic Republic in Iran [ 10 ] Separatist groups: Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] Labour, civil, and retiree groups: Free Workers Union of Iran [ 24 ] Iranian Writers Association [ 24 ] Coordination Council of Iranian Teachers Trade Associations [ 24 ] Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Workers Syndicate [ 24 ] Coordination Committee to Help Form Independent Labour Organisations [ 24 ] Khuzestan Retired Workers [ 24 ] Union of Retirees Group [ 24 ] Kurdish Women's Organisations [ 24 ] Retirees Union [ 25 ] Kermanshah Electricity and Metal Association [ 25 ] "Stop Executions" [ 25 ] "Justice Seekers" [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Contract Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Non-Formal Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council of Nurses Protests [ 25 ] "Neday-e Zanan-e Iran" [ 25 ] World Iranian Christian Alliance [ 26 ] Iranian opposition Anti-government demonstrators Student demonstrators [ 7 ] Police and military defectors Iran National Council for Free Elections (INC) [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (MEK) [ 10 ] .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Solidarity for a Secular Democratic Republic in Iran [ 10 ] Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] Free Workers Union of Iran [ 24 ] Iranian Writers Association [ 24 ] Coordination Council of Iranian Teachers Trade Associations [ 24 ] Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Workers Syndicate [ 24 ] Coordination Committee to Help Form Independent Labour Organisations [ 24 ] Khuzestan Retired Workers [ 24 ] Union of Retirees Group [ 24 ] Kurdish Women's Organisations [ 24 ] Retirees Union [ 25 ] Kermanshah Electricity and Metal Association [ 25 ] "Stop Executions" [ 25 ] "Justice Seekers" [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Contract Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Non-Formal Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council of Nurses Protests [ 25 ] "Neday-e Zanan-e Iran" [ 25 ] World Iranian Christian Alliance [ 26 ] Government of Iran Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Government of Iran Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Lead figures .mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px} .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} "Broadly leaderless" [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Reza Pahlavi [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Ali Khamenei ( Supreme Leader of Iran ) Masoud Pezeshkian ( President of Iran ) Others: Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i ( Chief Justice of Iran ) Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf ( Speaker of the Parliament of the Islamic Republic Iran ) Ali Larijani ( Supreme National Security Council ) Abbas Araghchi ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) Abdolrahim Mousavi ( General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran ) Amir Hatami ( Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Army ) Ahmad-Reza Radan (Chief Commander of the Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mohammad Pakpour (Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces Gholamreza Soleimani (Commander of the Basij ) "Broadly leaderless" [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Reza Pahlavi [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Ali Khamenei ( Supreme Leader of Iran ) Masoud Pezeshkian ( President of Iran ) Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i ( Chief Justice of Iran ) Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf ( Speaker of the Parliament of the Islamic Republic Iran ) Ali Larijani ( Supreme National Security Council ) Abbas Araghchi ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) Abdolrahim Mousavi ( General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran ) Amir Hatami ( Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Army ) Ahmad-Reza Radan (Chief Commander of the Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mohammad Pakpour (Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces Gholamreza Soleimani (Commander of the Basij ) Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i ( Chief Justice of Iran ) Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf ( Speaker of the Parliament of the Islamic Republic Iran ) Ali Larijani ( Supreme National Security Council ) Abbas Araghchi ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) Abdolrahim Mousavi ( General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran ) Amir Hatami ( Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Army ) Ahmad-Reza Radan (Chief Commander of the Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mohammad Pakpour (Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces Gholamreza Soleimani (Commander of the Basij ) Number Millions (per Iran International) [ 36 ] Widespread deployment 800 Iranian-backed Iraqi militiamen (per Iranian opposition) [ 21 ] Tens of thousands of counter-protesters in Tehran [ 37 ] Millions (per Iran International) [ 36 ] Widespread deployment 800 Iranian-backed Iraqi militiamen (per Iranian opposition) [ 21 ] Tens of thousands of counter-protesters in Tehran [ 37 ] Casualties Deaths ~2,000–3,000 overall (per Iranian government officials) [ b ] >4,370 overall (per HRANA ) [ c ] 12,000 protesters (per Iran International ) [ 42 ] 12,000–20,000 protesters (per activist groups) [ 43 ] Arrested 19,097 [ d ] Precise casualties uncertain due to Internet and telephone blackout imposed by the government since 8 January 2026 Beginning on 28 December 2025, demonstrations erupted across multiple cities in Iran amid nationwide unrest against the Islamic Republic government and a deepening economic crisis . The events have been described as the largest uprising since the 1979 Islamic Revolution . [ e ] The ensuing crackdown, carried out under Ali Khamenei's direct order for live fire on protesters, resulted in massacres that left tens of thousands of protesters dead , making them some of the largest massacres in modern Iranian history . [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 49 ] Initially sparked by frustration over record-high inflation , food prices, and currency depreciation, the protests quickly evolved into a broader movement demanding an end to the current regime. [ 50 ] Beginning with the bazaari (shopkeepers and merchants) in Tehran's Grand Bazaar and later university students, the demonstrations soon spread not only to major cities but also small settlements chanting anti-government slogans [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] and destroying symbols of the government and the IRGC . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Although largely leaderless, the protests escalated on 8 January following the call for unified protests by Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran and the subsequent call for a general strike by the Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Many demonstrators have been calling for Pahlavi's return to Iran; [ 58 ] he has called for a peaceful transition and a referendum to decide Iran's future political system. [ 6 ] The Iranian government has cut off Internet access and telephone services in an attempt to prevent protesters from organising. [ 58 ] It has accused the United States and Israel of fuelling the protests, [ 54 ] which analysts suggest may be a tactic to increase security forces' willingness to kill protesters. [ 21 ] As of 9 January, millions took to the streets in protests across all 31 provinces. By 10 January 2026, Iran International reported that at least 2,000 protesters had been killed nationwide over the previous 48 hours amid the internet blackout, as Iranian security forces escalated their use of live ammunition against demonstrators. [ 59 ] Hospitals in Tehran and Shiraz were reported to be overwhelmed by injured protesters, many suffering gunshot wounds. [ 60 ] Iran's foreign ministry spokesperson confirmed security forces fired on protesters, raising international concern over human rights. [ 61 ] In addition, thousands were arrested during the violent crackdown. [ 62 ] Despite the blackout, on 10 January 2026, The Guardian documented multiple reports of security forces opening fire on demonstrations, with one eyewitness stating they saw " hundreds of bodies " across Tehran. [ 63 ] On 11 January, Time reported that an expatriate group of academics and professionals estimated the death toll at 6,000, based on reports from hospitals, without including bodies taken directly to morgues rather than hospitals. [ 64 ] On 13 January, Iran International reported that at least 12,000 had been killed; CBS News reported on the same day that activist groups in Iran estimated at least 12,000 deaths and possibly as many as 20,000. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Background Economic crisis in Iran Beginning in 2024, Iran's economy experienced sharp inflation, a devalued currency, and an energy deficit, culminating in repeated electricity and gas disruptions and apologies from Iranian president Masoud Pezeshkian . Iran had also suffered from major declines in global influence such as with the fall of the Assad regime in Syria, a major ally. [ 65 ] In the final months of 2025, Iran's economy experienced an unprecedented surge in exchange rates , a sharp depreciation of the Iranian rial with the US dollar reaching approximately 145,000 Iranian tomans . [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Additionally, the country's state statistics centre reported an inflation rate of 42.2% in December 2025, an increase of 1.8% compared to November. [ 44 ] Food prices rose by 72%, while health and medical goods increased by 50% year-on-year. [ 44 ] Iran is experiencing a mismanaged water crisis . [ 45 ] Reports in Iranian media also indicated that the government planned to raise taxes with the start of the Iranian new year on 21 March, fuelling further concern among citizens. [ 44 ] Some protest messaging linked economic hardship to criticism of the government's foreign policy priorities; during the December 2025 demonstrations, some participants chanted " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran ". [ 68 ] Discontent in Iran has also been alleged to have been due to political corruption, with protesters accusing the Iranian government of authoritarianism and prioritising proxies such as Hezbollah and Hamas over domestic needs. [ 46 ] Additionally, Iran faces challenges from ethnic secessionist movements from the Kurds , Azerbaijanis , Khuzestani Arabs , and Balochs and from major powers like the United States and Israel. [ 69 ] Inflation had surged to 48.6% in October 2025 and 42.2% in December, straining household budgets. [ 44 ] On 29 December, the Iranian rial reached its lowest value (1.45 million to the US dollar), then by 3 January, the government increased the value of the rial to 1.38 million in an attempt to control the people. This had no effect, and on 6 January, the rial broke its record low again (reaching 1.5 million to the US dollar), causing a sharp increase in prices, including food and other essential goods. [ 70 ] [ 44 ] The economic crisis, which had been developing over several years, is accompanied by fears of renewed conflict following the 2025 Twelve-Day War with Israel and renewed UN nuclear -related sanctions imposed through the "snapback" mechanism . [ 71 ] [ 44 ] Economic analysts cited government monetary and fiscal policies, economic mismanagement, chronic budget deficits, and the continuation of international sanctions as key contributing factors. These conditions directly affected trade guilds, particularly businesses dependent on imports. Severe exchange-rate volatility left many merchants unable to price goods, secure supplies, or continue economic activity. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 70 ] Economic uncertainty grew in Iran throughout 2025. In June 2025, Iran was involved in an armed conflict with Israel , during which Iran's nuclear programme was targeted, and its nuclear facilities were also struck by the United States . [ 75 ] [ 44 ] In September 2025, the United Nations reimposed sanctions on Iran through the snapback mechanism, freezing Iranian assets abroad, halting arms transactions, and imposing penalties related to the country's ballistic missile programme . [ 71 ] [ 44 ] Many Iranians fear a broader confrontation involving the United States , which contributed to market instability. [ 44 ] According to The Guardian , the economic crisis was the catalyst for the protests; however, they had expanded into an expression of grievances against government corruption. [ 50 ] It further reported of voices calling for the overthrow of the government, and distrust in the government's calls for dialogue, seeing them as self-serving and deceptive. [ 50 ] NPR reported that months before the protests, public anger and frustration had been mounting due to severe energy shortages, civil rights abuses and widespread corruption, and that the protests sparked concerns that they could deteriorate into something much more serious. [ 76 ] According to The Atlantic , the political character of the protests was manifested by protesters chanting " Death to the Dictator " in reference to Supreme leader of Iran Ali Khamenei , [ 77 ] and their loss of faith in Pezeshkian, who was elected in 2024 on the platform and promises of good governance, but had overseen water and electricity cuts, while failing to deliver on the promise of lifting internet censorship . [ 77 ] Pezeshkian also promised to meet with protest representatives, and recognised "the constitutional right of peaceful protest", [ 77 ] although he lacks control over Iranian security forces. By 1 January 2026, dozens of protesters had been arrested and there were several documented cases of security forces firing live ammunition at protesters, including students, pensioners, and members of Gen Z . [ 77 ] Students at Shahid Beheshti University released a statement declaring that "This criminal system has taken our future hostage for 47 years. It won't be changed with reform or with false promises". [ 77 ] Comparison to previous protests Part of a series on Liberalism in Iran Ideologies Conservative Monarchism Islamic Reformist National Religious Progressivism Radical Mosaddeghism Secular Social Conservative Monarchism Monarchism Islamic Reformist Reformist National Religious Religious Progressivism Radical Mosaddeghism Mosaddeghism Secular Social Principles Civil and political rights Equality Free trade Human rights Liberal democracy Social justice Reformist groups Anti-imperialism Zionist Islamic democracy Islamic modernism Moderate conservatism Realpolitik Republicanism Sovereigntism Mosaddeghist groups Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Anti-imperialism Freedom of the press Iranian nationalism Popular sovereignty Secular state Social democracy Sovereigntism Monarchist groups (post-1979) Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Economic freedom Iranian nationalism Persian Royalism Qajar dynasty Pahlavi dynasty Secular state Westernisation Civil and political rights Equality Free trade Human rights Liberal democracy Social justice Anti-imperialism Zionist Zionist Islamic democracy Islamic modernism Moderate conservatism Realpolitik Republicanism Sovereigntism Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Anti-imperialism Freedom of the press Iranian nationalism Popular sovereignty Secular state Social democracy Sovereigntism Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Economic freedom Iranian nationalism Persian Persian Royalism Qajar dynasty Pahlavi dynasty Qajar dynasty Pahlavi dynasty Secular state Westernisation History Persian Constitutional Revolution Governments of Mohammad Mosaddegh Chain murders of Iran Mohammad Khatami's reforms Woman, Life, Freedom movement Protests 1979 (International Women's Day) 1999 2003 2009 2011–2012 2016 2017–2018 2018–2019 2019–2020 2021–2022 2022–2023 2025–2026 Persian Constitutional Revolution Governments of Mohammad Mosaddegh Chain murders of Iran Mohammad Khatami's reforms Woman, Life, Freedom movement Protests 1979 (International Women's Day) 1999 2003 2009 2011–2012 2016 2017–2018 2018–2019 2019–2020 2021–2022 2022–2023 2025–2026 1979 (International Women's Day) 1999 2003 2009 2011–2012 2016 2017–2018 2018–2019 2019–2020 2021–2022 2022–2023 2025–2026 Intellectuals Jahanbegloo Shariati Shayegan Soroush Reformists Aghajari Malekian Shabestari Tajzadeh Jahanbegloo Shariati Shayegan Soroush Aghajari Malekian Shabestari Tajzadeh Politicians Alam Alijani Bakhtiar Bazargan Ebadi Fatemi Mosaddegh Pahlavi I (early) Sadighi Sanjabi Shariatmadari Yazdi Zaim Reformists Damad Ebtekar Khomeini (Hassan) Khomeini (Hussein) Karroubi Khatami Mohtashami Montazeri Mousavi Nouri Pezeshkian Rafsanjani Rouhani Saanei Shahindokht Zanjani Zarif Exile opposition Bashirtash Boniadi Pahlavi (Reza) Rajavi Alam Alijani Bakhtiar Bazargan Ebadi Fatemi Mosaddegh Pahlavi I (early) Sadighi Sanjabi Shariatmadari Yazdi Zaim Damad Ebtekar Khomeini (Hassan) Khomeini (Hussein) Karroubi Khatami Mohtashami Montazeri Mousavi Nouri Pezeshkian Rafsanjani Rouhani Saanei Shahindokht Zanjani Zarif Bashirtash Boniadi Pahlavi (Reza) Rajavi Commentators Alinejad Baghi Ganji Kar Nafisi Reformists Abdi Hajjarian Zeidabadi Alinejad Baghi Ganji Kar Nafisi Abdi Hajjarian Zeidabadi Parties Active Association of Combatant Clerics Freedom Movement National Front Iran Party Iran National Council Constitutionalist Party Iran-Novin Party National Democratic Front United Republicans Voice of the Nation Defunct Democrat Party Muslim People's Republic Party National Council of Resistance of Iran National Resistance Movement of Iran People's Party People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran Radical Movement of Iran Revival Party Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran Progressives Social Democratic Party Association of Combatant Clerics Freedom Movement National Front Iran Party Iran National Council Constitutionalist Party Constitutionalist Party Iran-Novin Party National Democratic Front United Republicans Voice of the Nation Democrat Party Muslim People's Republic Party National Council of Resistance of Iran National Resistance Movement of Iran People's Party People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran Radical Movement of Iran Revival Party Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran Progressives Social Democratic Party Alliances Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front Reformists Front Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front Reformists Front Media Ayandegan Iran International (overseas) Reformists Aftab Yazd Etemaad Shargh Asr-e Maa Asrar Ayande-ye No Bahar Ebtekar Ham-Mihan Hayat-e-No Hambastegi Khordad Salam Yas-e No Zan Ayandegan Iran International (overseas) Aftab Yazd Etemaad Shargh Asr-e Maa Asrar Ayande-ye No Bahar Ebtekar Ham-Mihan Hayat-e-No Hambastegi Khordad Salam Yas-e No Zan Related topics Dialogue Among Civilisations Iranian opposition Islamic feminism Islamo-leftism LGBTQ rights in Iran Transgender rights Secularism in Iran Politics of Iran Anarchism Conservatism Socialism Women's rights in Iran Feminism " Woman, Life, Freedom " Dialogue Among Civilisations Iranian opposition Islamic feminism Islamo-leftism LGBTQ rights in Iran Transgender rights Transgender rights Secularism in Iran Politics of Iran Anarchism Conservatism Socialism Anarchism Conservatism Socialism Women's rights in Iran Feminism Feminism " Woman, Life, Freedom " Liberalism portal Iran portal Liberalism portal Iran portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The protests were described as Iran's largest since 2022, when nationwide demonstrations erupted following the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini while in police custody for allegedly wearing her hijab improperly. [ 44 ] On 30 December, Ellie Borhan, a British-Iranian activist, viewed this wave of protests as stronger than previous ones. [ 78 ] Iranian public faith in their government faded since the 2022 crackdown on the Woman, Life, Freedom movement during the Mahsa Amini protests . [ 65 ] Protests were previously held in May 2025 by truck drivers beginning in Bandar Abbas , who blocked roads and ports in Iran due to discontent over low salaries, high insurance rates, and possible hikes in fuel prices in the future. [ 79 ] Protest slogans have shifted ideologically compared to the 2022 protests. Some new chants increasingly reflect monarchist sentiments. [ 80 ] Already in June 2025, during the Iran–Israel war , the exiled crown prince Reza Pahlavi had intensified his political efforts and appealed to the international community to help the Iranian people force out Ali Khamenei 's religious dictatorship offering himself up as interim leader to take over running the country. [ 81 ] In comparison to the Amini protests which were mainly fuelled by girls and women, young men played larger roles in later rounds of the 2025–2026 protests. [ 82 ] Market traders were influential during the 1979 Islamic Revolution , helping to mobilise public support that ultimately led to the overthrow of the monarchy. [ 44 ] The demonstrations were notable in the context of a large-scale government crackdown on dissidents, including arrests of prominent opponents and the highest number of executions in nearly 40 years. [ 75 ] Executions in Iran have reportedly doubled in 2025 compared to 2024; the execution trends were on the rise since 2022, with activists alleging that the Islamic Republic aims to use executions to instil fear in their population and therefore suppress internal opposition. [ 83 ] Kurdish-majority regions in Iran have previously undergone severe repression stemming from the Amini protests in 2022, leading to fears of ethnic crackdowns from the government. This was in part due to Iran's accusing Kurdish opposition groups of having incited the 2022 protests. Despite this, Kurdish opposition groups have continued to call for solidarity in the nationwide protests and strikes. Iran has also repeatedly accused Kurdish militias from Iraq of attempting to incite unrest, including in the protests in 2026. [ 84 ] [ 58 ] [ 28 ] [ 85 ] Likewise, Baloch regions in Iran, long suffering from underdevelopment and political exclusion, have also previously been subject to violent crackdowns in the Amini protests. [ 86 ] On 10 December 2025, Iranian Baloch- Sunni militant groups like the Jaysh al-Adl announced a merge into a united organisation called the Jebhe-ye Mobaarezin-e Mardomi ( People's Fighters Front ). In its coalition video, the union rejected Shia Islam -led clerical rule in the Islamic Republic. The same day, the group carried out an attack on an Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps regional command, killing four of its soldiers and wounding three others; it announced responsibility for the attack the next day. [ 87 ] Protests Initial bazaar 28 December 2025 On 28 December, groups of shopkeepers and merchants at Alaeddin Shopping Centre in Tehran and other commercial centres, including Charsou Mall, went on strike by closing their shops. Simultaneously, protest gatherings formed around these locations, and images and videos of widespread shop closures circulated on social media. [ 73 ] According to reports, protesters cited the rising dollar exchange rate and market instability, warning that continued conditions would lead to the bankruptcy of many small and medium-sized businesses. Some gatherings extended into surrounding streets, including Jomhuri Street . [ 72 ] [ 88 ] [ 89 ] Other people had joined in with the shopkeepers to protest against economic conditions at Jomhuri Street. Elsewhere, iron traders at Iran closed their shops in similar protests of the devalued currency. [ 90 ] Around the time that the protests began, the value of the Iranian rial sunk to a record low of 1.45 million per US dollar before slightly recovering to 1.38 million. [ 91 ] The rial had lost approximately 40 percent of its value since the Iran–Israel war, in part due to the sinking of oil revenue from US sanctions. The year on year inflation rate was up at 42.2 percent. The protests were first started by shopkeepers who sold electronic goods in central Tehran who shut down their stores. [ 70 ] State media revealed blurred footage of initially smaller-scale protests from merchants. [ 91 ] Videos and eyewitness accounts showed groups of merchants chanting slogans against economic mismanagement and in some cases expressing anti-government sentiments. [ 88 ] Protesters also chanted " Law Enforcement , support, support", calling on security forces to back the protests. [ 92 ] The protesters' main demands included stabilising exchange rates, addressing merchants' economic hardships, creating a predictable business environment, and preventing losses caused by market volatility. [ 72 ] [ 88 ] There were no reported clashes with security forces on this day and it remained peaceful. [ 93 ] 29 December The protests continued into their second day on 29 December and expanded across various parts of Tehran, including the Grand Bazaar . Merchants and shopkeepers closed their businesses and gathered in the streets to protest the unprecedented collapse of the rial and sharp increases in currency and gold prices. Protesters voiced opposition to economic conditions and government management, citing declining purchasing power and rising living costs. Videos shared online showed continued gatherings around Lalehzar, Chaharsouq, and Jomhuri Street, with participants largely non-violent while conveying critical messages toward government economic policies. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] [ 96 ] The merchants at the Grand Bazaar in Tehran joined the electronic goods shopkeepers who had started the protests the previous day. [ 70 ] Footage verified by independent sources showed crowds at malls near Tehran's Grand Bazaar chanting "freedom" ( Persian : آزادی , romanised : Âzâdi ). [ 75 ] Law enforcement forces used tear gas to disperse demonstrators outside the Alaeddin Shopping Centre. [ 96 ] Protests also spread to other cities in Iran. [ 97 ] On the night of 29 December 2025, protests were reported in several regions across Iran, including Qeshm in the south, and Zanjan and Hamadan in the north. Demonstrators chanted slogans critical of the supreme leader, including " Death to the Dictator " on Qeshm Island and "Seyyed Ali [Khamenei] will be toppled this year" in Zanjan . [ 98 ] [ 75 ] A video and photo of an unidentified protester went viral, who defiantly sat in the middle of the Jomhuri Eslami Street at Tehran and refused to move for motorbike security forces, but later was beaten and forced to leave. The protester became known as Tehran's Tank Man , a reference to the Tank Man during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre . [ 99 ] [ 100 ] [ 78 ] [ 101 ] Spread across Iran 30 December By the third day of protests, strikes and security measures had expanded, with shops closing in parts of Tehran such as Shoush and Molavi, as well as in Isfahan's Naqsh-e Jahan Square . Heavy security deployments were reported in Tehran, Mashhad, and at Khajeh Nasir University . Government responses included ordering temporary closures in 11 provinces, including Tehran province, due to cold weather and energy constraints. Security forces fired on protesters in Hamadan and deployed tear gas in Tehran and Malard. [ 97 ] [ 102 ] Demonstrations spread to additional cities, including Kermanshah , Shiraz, Yazd , and parts of Tehran such as Shadabad and Shush. Students from universities including Amirkabir , Beheshti , Khajeh Nasir, Sharif , Science and Culture and Tehran Science and Technology as well as Isfahan University of Technology and Yazd University joined rallies, chanting slogans such as "Death to the Dictator", " Death to Khamenei ", " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran ", "We are all together", and "Seyyed Ali (Khamenei) will be toppled this year". [ 102 ] [ 103 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] [ 106 ] President Masoud Pezeshkian , called on the government to listen to citizens' demands. In response, a government spokesman said a Communication Group would be implemented. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] Pezeshkian's comments do not appear to have appeased the protesters, whose demands go beyond just economic stability. [ 105 ] Furthermore, some Iranians have expressed scepticism in the government's ability to solve the economic problems, citing previous government statements that they are unable to do much about solving the economic problems. [ 109 ] Human rights organisations and Gen Z student groups reported that 11 protesters were arrested in the Shoush Square area in Tehran and that five students were detained and four were later released. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Another news report published that one student was severely injured at Tehran's Amirkabir University during a crackdown on a campus gathering by members of the Basij militia of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps . [ 110 ] Videos on social media appeared to show students chanting slogans critical of the government, removing signs associated with the office of the Supreme Leader's representatives, and confronting security forces at university entrances. [ 110 ] 31 December The people of Isfahan, Kermanshah, and Fasa gathered on the fourth day of protests. In Fasa, people held a large rally in front of the governor's office, and in Kermanshah, the markets went on a complete strike. According to reports, police fired live ammunition and tear gas, at the protesters. [ 113 ] [ 114 ] At the same time, in Shirvan , working and retired teachers gathered in front of the Education Department. In Kermanshah, repressive forces have been deployed from Ferdowsi Square to the garage (about 8 kilometres), and the heavy presence of security forces is noticeable. [ 115 ] One person named Mahdi Samavati was reported to have been killed outside the governor's office protest in Fasa. The semi-official Mehr News Agency quoted the governor of Fasa as denying this report. [ 116 ] Video recordings disseminated online and distributed by the People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran depict severe confrontations between demonstrators and security forces in several cities, including Tehran , Isfahan , Shiraz , and Kermanshah . [ citation needed ] Protester Amirhesam Khodayarifard was killed by a handgun shot to the head by an Iranian security force member in a protest in Kuhdasht , Lorestan province on 31 December. [ 117 ] The state-run IRNA news agency and Mehr confirmed the death and stated that Khodayarifard was a member of the Basij . [ 118 ] Government authorities pressured Khodayarifard's family to state that he had been a Basij member and called for online social media silence on the topic. [ 117 ] The shooting occurred during clashes with protesters. According to Mehr , 13 police officers and Basij members were injured. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] The government ordered nationwide total business shutdown in most of the country due to "cold weather", [ 120 ] although some analysts say that the real intention is to stifle protests. [ 121 ] The shutdown was applied to 21 out of Iran's 31 provinces. [ 122 ] The government began threatening to crack down on protesters, [ 109 ] and the US State Deparment stated that they were concerned about protesters "facing intimidation, violence, and arrests". [ 123 ] Video footage records protesters like merchants, women's rights activists, and students commonly shouting the slogans "Death to the dictator" and "Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, my life for Iran". [ 46 ] [ 50 ] In response to the ongoing protests, the Iranian government appointed Abdolnasser Hemmati, a former economics minister, as the new governor of the Central Bank of Iran , following Mohammad Reza Farzin's resignation. [ 124 ] 2026 1 January On the fifth day of protests, workers and employees of the central fruit and vegetable market in Tehran stopped working and joined the nationwide uprising by stopping the distribution cycle. Chanting the slogan, "You know with zeal, support support", the protesters called on marketers and the general public to strengthen the national will for change by expanding the strikes. Police officers used tear gas to disperse the demonstrators. [ 125 ] According to reports, Sarira Karimi, secretary of the faculty council of the Faculty of Law and Political Science and a member of the faculty council of the University of Tehran, who had been arrested on 31 December 2025, was released on 1 January 2026. [ 126 ] Protesters were reported to have gathered in Marvdasht and chanted slogans against the Islamic Republic government, such as "This is the year of blood, Seyyed Ali is overthrown". [ 127 ] In Mashhad, protesters gathered at Saadi Metro Station , where riot police attempted to disperse the crowd with force. [ 127 ] In the Sistan and Baluchestan province , a group of Baluch prisoners released a statement calling on locals to join the wider protests and urged for slogans like "Death to the dictator" and "Baluchestan is awake and despises dictatorship". [ 128 ] In Lorestan , home to the Lur minority , protesters were reported lighting fires in the streets while also chanting, "This is the year of blood, Seyyed Ali is overthrown". Additional reports claim officers used live ammunition against protesters. [ 129 ] In Lordegan County , gatherings took place in several parts of Lordegan City , including around the governor's office and the municipality square. According to these reports, as tensions escalated, some individuals attempted to damage government and bank buildings. Police used tear gas to disperse the crowds, and clashes were reported between the two sides. Several people were injured during the unrest, and unconfirmed reports suggested that multiple deaths had occurred. [ 130 ] At least three people, including a boy, were killed in Lordegan. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] There was a heavy presence of government forces in Qom . 2 January On 2 January, according to credible media reports, protests continued in large numbers in Tehran, Qom, Isfahan, Shiraz, Ilam , Mashhad, Karaj, Zanjan, Hamadan , and Qeshm. [ 133 ] In Zahedan and Tehran, protests became active again. Funerals for protesters killed by the security forces were held in Fuladshahr , Kuhdasht , and Marvdasht , during which participants expressed opposition to the government, including chants of "Death to Khamenei". At the Kuhdasht funeral for Khodayarifard, Basij and IRGC forces were chased away from the funeral with stones and chants. Khodayarifard's father confirmed that his son was not a Basij member. [ 134 ] In the Sadaf district of Hamadan province , protesters were seen setting fire to a Quran and attempted to attack a mosque before being stopped by authorities. [ 135 ] 3 January Protests on 3 January were greater in geographic spread and numbers of protesters than on previous days, and the security presence was also greater. [ 136 ] The National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) and Human Rights Activists News Agency (HRANA) named some of the locations of demonstrations, including Kazerun, Malekshahi, Kermanshah, Shiraz, Mashhad, Arkavaz, Isfahan, Tehran, Hafshejan, Karaj, Shahrekord, and Fardis. HRANA reported a cumulative count of 16 fatalities since the beginning of the protests, including one member of government security forces. [ 137 ] [ 136 ] The themes of the protests, as represented by slogans chanted on 3 January, ranged from economic injustice and governance problems to calls for freedom and justice. HRANA viewed the protest aims as having evolved, with "the boundary between trade-related and everyday demands and political demands ha[ving] become blurred, and [the] ongoing protests hav[ing] taken shape on the basis of accumulated, multilayered grievances." [ 136 ] Following statements by US president Donald Trump , where he warns Iran that if they shoot protesters, the United States will come to their rescue, [ 138 ] Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei responded on 3 January by saying "We will not yield to the enemy ", and stating that the "rioters must be put in their place." [ 139 ] [ 140 ] On the same day, the US State Department made a statement condemning suppression on protesters' funerals. [ 141 ] Cloudflare reported a 35% decrease in internet traffic in Iran, with Iranian internet users reporting frequent outages and slow connections . [ 142 ] 4 January There was a heavy presence of security forces in the Grand Bazaar of Tehran. [ 97 ] Protests and strikes took place in at least 20 major cities and small towns throughout Iran. [ 143 ] Donald Trump said that Iranian authorities would be "hit very hard" should additional protesters be killed. [ 144 ] In Shiraz, videos showed the police assaulting and beating a man on the ground. When protesters threw projectiles at the police, officers moved toward them on motorcycles. Moments later, a protester poured gasoline on one officer setting him alight. [ 145 ] 5 January On the ninth day, the protests continued throughout Iran. In Tehran's Bagh-e Sepahsalar neighbourhood, voices echoed chants of "Death to Khamenei". Near Tehran University, special forces stood on high alert, while reports of widespread strikes emerged from cities such as Marvdasht, where resistance pulsed through daily life. [ 146 ] In Yasuj, security forces confronted the families of detainees gathered outside the governor's office. Reports say that the protests have reached the smaller towns of Saman, Sangsar, and Kushk, as part of dissatisfaction of the Iranian people. [ 147 ] In addition to the cities previously mentioned, protests were reported in several other locations across the country, including Saman in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Sangsar in Semnan Province, Zahedan, Fardis in Karaj, Meshkan in Fars Province, and Noorabad in Mamasani. Demonstrations were further documented in Qazvin, Hamedan, Ilam, Mashhad, Neyshabur, Abadeh, Bushehr, Babol, Bojnourd, Kushk in Isfahan Province, Shazand in Markazi Province, as well as the northern cities of Rasht and Sari. According to reports, protesters in these areas gathered in public spaces, chanting slogans and expressing dissatisfaction with the Khamenei government, reflecting the continued spread of nationwide unrest. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] [ 146 ] 6 January In a joint statement, several major Kurdish political groups, including the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI), Komala , the Revolutionary Toilers Association, the Kurdistan Toilers Association, the Khabat Organisation , the Kurdistan Freedom Party (PAK), and the Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK), expressed support for the protests and called on Kurds in Iran to carry out strikes and demonstrations. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 150 ] The cities of Abdanan and Malekshahi , both in the Kurdish region of Iran, were abandoned by the country's security forces, leaving control of the cities to the protesters. [ 151 ] A sit-in was conducted by protesters at the Grand Bazaar in Tehran. [ 152 ] Merchants at the market held strikes, in particular with many shops in the corridors of the gold and currency, fabric, and footwear and home appliances markets partially or fully closed. The strikes appeared to be spontaneous, and according to some reports the Bazaar became a "war zone". [ 153 ] [ 154 ] The sit-in was dispersed by security forces using tear gas. [ 152 ] The total number of protest locations over the ten days was estimate by HRANA to be 285 locations in 88 cities [ 155 ] across 27 provinces, with protests having taken place in 22 universities. The slogans of the protests continued to cover a wide range of economic, social and political grievances. [ 153 ] In Yazdan Shahr , locals reported that police used excessive force against protesters, initially deploying tear gas and later firing live ammunition at civilians. [ 154 ] The security forces' raids on the Sina Hospital in Tehran and on the Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam , aiming to arrest injured protesters, gained national attention. In Ilam, families and medical staff resisted the security forces. Security forces' methods of attack at the Ilam hospital included firing tear gas inside the buildings and hospital grounds. The Minister of Interior was ordered to investigate the Ilam raid and provide a report. [ 153 ] On 6 January, a total of 15 forced video confessions by arrested protesters had been broadcast on official media. [ 153 ] On online social media , Reza Pahlavi called for chants to take place from homes and in streets at 20:00 (8 pm) IRST on the evenings of 8 and 9 January. He explained the aim as being to "keep [the] demonstrations disciplined, and as large as possible". He promised to "announce the next calls to action" depending on the response to his call. [ 156 ] 7 January According to HRANA , street gatherings, protests and strikes took place in 37 cities in 24 provinces, bring the total since the beginning of the protests to 348 sites across 111 cities in 31 provinces. Ten universities joined the protest on 7 January, making a total of 45. The total number of televised forced confessions by arrestees rose to 40. Artists and teachers published statements supporting the protests and criticising the security forces' repression against protest participants. [ 157 ] HRANA interpreted the continuation of the protests despite arrests and violence by the security forces as showing that "a significant portion of [Iranian] society [had come to view] the cost of protest as lower than the cost of silence and inaction". Key themes continued to be economic and governance grievances, seen as "two facets of a single issue". HRANA interpreted the artists' and teachers' statements as showing that "professional and cultural sectors [we]re increasingly aligning themselves with the protest narrative". [ 157 ] Militants of the Baloch nationalist militant organisation People's Fighters Front (PFF) assassinated Mahmoud Haqiqat, the police chief of Iranshahr . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 150 ] IRGC-affiliated media reported that protesters killed two Law Enforcement Command officers during protests in Lordegan as well as an unspecified security force member in Malekshahi. [ 150 ] In Mashhad , protesters were seen lowering a massive flag of the Islamic Republic and later ripping it in half. [ 158 ] The Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan called for a general strike in Iran, receiving support from six other Iranian Kurdish opposition parties. The authorities attempted to forcibly disperse the existing protests over economic conditions in the cities of western Iran ( Iranian Kurdistan ) ahead of the announced date, reportedly with the use of live ammunition. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] 8 January Protests escalated after 20:00, the time specified in Reza Pahlavi's calls for demonstrations. Immediate telephone line and internet cuts occurred in several cities, following a common government practice before it commits intense crackdowns. [ 30 ] Starlink satellite internet service was unaffected, allowing some users to bypass government-controlled internet blackouts. [ 159 ] Crowds chanting in Tehran appeared to be mainly pro-Pahlavi. CBS News described the protests as reaching "a possible tipping point ", [ 160 ] [ 161 ] [ 162 ] and according to Euronews it represented "a new escalation in the protest movement". [ 30 ] In Qaemiyeh , protesters pulled down a statue of Qasem Soleimani , an IRGC commander who was assassinated by the United States in 2020 and declared a martyr by the Islamic Republic shortly thereafter. [ 163 ] In Mashhad, a group of protesters had taken down and torn up a large flag of the Islamic Republic. [ 164 ] Norway-based human rights organisation Hengaw claimed that two IRGC Ground Forces members were killed during the protests in Kermanshah . [ 28 ] A police officer in Malard County at the Tehran province was killed from a stabbing after attempts to control local unrest. [ 165 ] Human rights groups have also verified a video showing "distressed family members" in Ghadir hospital in Tehran, looking through a body-pile of protesters killed by Islamic Republic security forces. [ 63 ] 9 January Protesters took to the streets of Iran on Friday night, videos and eyewitness reports show. [ 166 ] Pahlavi asked US president Donald Trump to support the Iranian protesters. [ 167 ] The Economist reported that the protests had grown to be the biggest since 2009 , while "some veteran Iran-watchers thought the protests were the biggest since the overthrow of the shah in 1979." [ 168 ] NDTV 24x7 reported a viral protest trend of Iranian women lighting cigarettes to burn pictures of Khamenei in videos, gaining popularity on social media platforms like X , Reddit , Instagram , and Telegram . Because burning Khamenei's image is illegal in Iran, observers have interpreted the videos as deliberate acts of defiance, with the women rejecting state authority over their personal freedoms. [ 169 ] The trend has been recorded by multiple other news outlets, which similarly note rejection of strict religious and governmental standards over women. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] [ 172 ] Khamenei addressed the protests in a brief televised appearance. [ 173 ] [ 174 ] In his address, Khamenei called President Trump "arrogant", saying that his hands were stained with the blood of Iranians, and further stating that Trump would be overthrown like other arrogant leaders. [ 173 ] [ 174 ] He described the protesters as harmful individuals and rioters. [ 175 ] A fire broke out at an Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting office in Isfahan . [ 176 ] Protesters also set fire to buildings in Tehran, including mosques in the Gholhak and Sa'adat Abad neighbourhoods. [ 177 ] Opposition media reported that clashes between protesters and security forces in Kermanshah Province had killed at least 10 IRGC Kermanshah Nabi Akram Corps members. [ 27 ] Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i , Iran's judiciary chief, stated that protesters would face decisive and severe punishment, applied to the fullest extent of the law. [ 178 ] Senior officers of American intelligence told Axios that their evaluation that these protests were not capable of destabilising the regime was "being reassessed". [ 179 ] US president Donald Trump warned Iran's authorities against killing demonstrators while praising Iranians as "brave people" amid nationwide protests on Thursday. [ 166 ] The Twemoji emoji library changed the Iran flag emoji from the flag of the Islamic Republic to the modern design of the Lion and Sun flag . [ 180 ] Airline flights from the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, and Turkey to Iranian cities were cancelled amid the mass protests. [ 181 ] As of 9 January, protests across all 31 provinces left millions in the streets, with at least 217 killed in Tehran alone, while hospitals in Tehran and Shiraz were overwhelmed by injured protesters, many with gunshot wounds. [ 182 ] [ 60 ] In addition, thousands were arrested by the violent crackdown. [ 62 ] Nobel laureate Shirin Ebadi warned that, under the Internet blackout , the Islamic Republic may massacre the protesters. [ 183 ] Despite the internet outage, on 10 January 2026, The Guardian documented multiple reports of Islamic Republic security forces opening fire on demonstrations, causing many casualties among the protesters, with one eyewitness stating they saw "hundreds of bodies" throughout Tehran. [ 63 ] Doctors at hospitals in Tehran and Shiraz reported being overwhelmed by large numbers of injured protesters, with some facilities suspending non-urgent admissions and surgeries due to the influx of patients, many of whom suffered gunshot wounds to the head and eyes. [ 60 ] In an audio message sent to CNN, an Iranian doctor in the city of Nishapur stated that Iranian security forces killed "at least 30 people" and "among them were children", they further stated that "a 5-year-old child was shot while in their mother's arms." [ 184 ] According to the doctor's description, security forces had shot pedestrians and bystanders as well. [ 184 ] They added that "Hospitals are extremely chaotic and patients terrified to admit and be identified, for this reason, we are trying to inform people and treat them privately in clinics." [ 184 ] The Kurdistan National Guard announced that its Zagros Tornado units attacked an IRGC base in Nourabad , Lorestan Province, and injured three IRGC members. [ 16 ] 10 January During the midnight until dawn, Tehran municipality workers were reportedly tasked to clear and collect the cartridge cases off the streets and to deliver them to security forces. [ 185 ] Despite the continued internet shutdown imposed by Islamic Republic authorities, thousands of protesters gathered in Tehran and throughout Iran overnight on 9–10 January, chanting "Death to Khamenei", and "Long live the shah". [ 63 ] This followed a call by Reza Pahlavi for protesters to seize control over the city centres and hoist the pre-regime Lion and Sun flag , with a promise he would return to Iran soon. [ 63 ] The Internet blockade disrupted everyday life, including digital transactions, as well as the functioning of hospitals, pharmacies, banks, and bureaus. Many businesses did not open. [ 185 ] The Internet outage has also prevented proper documentation of the size of the demonstrations, as well as the extent of police brutality against the protesters; [ 63 ] Iranian Nobel peace prize winner Shirin Ebadi had issued a warning on 9 January 2026, about the possibility of a planned "massacre under the cover of a sweeping communications blackout", stating that she had already heard testimonies reporting hundreds of wounded protesters at a single Tehran hospital. [ 63 ] On 10 January 2026, The Guardian received additional reports via Starlink, stating: "We're standing up for a revolution, but we need help. Snipers have been stationed behind the Tajrish Arg area [one of the affluent areas of Tehran]." [ 63 ] Another protester testified that throughout the city, many protesters had been shot, stating, "We saw hundreds of bodies", while a third testimony from a protester confirmed this by saying that they had witnessed a "very high" number of protesters being killed as security forces opened fire on them. [ 63 ] Human Rights activists stated that the testimonies were consistent with the reports they had received. [ 63 ] The Guardian stated that despite the Internet blackout, protesters had requested that international media cover the reports of increasing police brutality, with one activist saying "please make sure to state clearly that they are killing people with live ammunition." [ 63 ] According to The Guardian , much of the international community, including the EU and the US, showed clear support for the protesters. [ 63 ] US Secretary of State Marco Rubio posted on X (formerly Twitter) , "The United States supports the brave people of Iran", [ 63 ] and US president Donald Trump "Iran is looking at FREEDOM, perhaps like never before. The USA stands ready to help!!!" [ 186 ] Mohammad Movahedi-Azad , attorney general of Iran , stated that protesters may be charged as the "enemy of god", or moharebeh , a crime prosecutable by death, according to CBS News , which also reported that state media's reports of order and "no news of any gathering or chaos in Tehran and most provinces" were contradicted by a photo of ongoing demonstrations in Sa'adat Abad , Tehran, obtained by the Associated Press , and a surveillance video from Fars News Agency in which protesters in Isfahan threw petrol bombs and at least one appeared to be firing a long gun . The Young Journalists' Club , associated with state media, reported that protesters killed three members of the volunteer Basij militia of the IRGC in Gachsaran . Reza Pahlavi called for protests to continue through Sunday, while also stating in a social media post that he was "preparing to return to my homeland" and that the goal of the protests should be to seize city centres. [ 187 ] According to an analysis of photos by BBC Persian, the protesters in different cities were engaged in violent conflict with government forces until dawn. [ 188 ] A video from Punak neighbourhood of Tehran shows that as the government turned off the street lights, the protesters set off fireworks and created a sea of light using their smartphones in defiance. [ 188 ] [ 189 ] Deutsche Welle later fact checked and confirmed that the video was fabricated using artificial intelligence technology and old footage, with the aim of misleading people's understanding of the protests in Iran. [ 190 ] Videos published by BBC Persian shows explosions amid protests in Kerman and gunshots in Mashhad . [ 188 ] Unlike previous days, on Saturday mostly IRGC and Basij were mobilised, who use live ammunition, according to witnesses in Tehran and Karaj. [ 191 ] On 10 January, Iran International reported that at least 2,000 protesters had been killed over the previous 48 hours alone amidst the internet blackout , as Iranian security forces escalated their use of lethal force against demonstrators nationwide. [ 59 ] As a result all online service have been shut down too, including ATM machines, international phone calls, credit card transactions and business networks, as well as most news sources and social media. [ 192 ] 11 January Khamenei and senior Iranian officials said they were willing to talk to the protesters about economic issues, but also characterised the unrest as incitement by "rioters" and said the protests were funded by foreign powers (the United States and Israel). Iranian state media reported that President Masoud Pezeshkian gave a speech accusing foreign "terrorists" of inciting the protests; Pezeshkian also mentioned: "We are determined, and have decided, to resolve economic problems by any means possible" [ 193 ] [ 194 ] Parliament speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf gave a speech during a parliament session in which he warned of United States military bases and regional ships and Israel would both be subject to retaliation if Iran is attacked by the United States in reference to Trump's prior threats. In the session, hardliner politicians went at the dais and shouted " Death to America ". Demonstrators rallied in Paris, Vilnius, and London in solidarity with the ongoing protests in Iran and urged Western governments to support the Iranian people seeking freedom. [ 195 ] The New York Times reported that Trump was briefed on military options on Iran but did not yet make a final decision. [ 196 ] Forbes reported that the Iranian government successfully shut down the Starlink internet amidst the internet blackout . [ 197 ] Other sources say Iran has successfully disrupted Starlink network connectivity nationwide, reporting that up to 80% of Starlink traffic was interrupted due to coordinated jamming operations. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] During a solidarity rally in Los Angeles on 11 January, a U-Haul truck was used to ram into protesters at Westwood . [ 201 ] [ 202 ] In Iran, fighters from the Balochi People's Fighters Front killed one Law Enforcement Command officer and injured another in an attack on an LEC patrol vehicle in Dashtiari County , Sistan and Baluchistan Province. [ 21 ] 12 January In Tehran, tens of thousands of people participated in a pro-government rally after being called by leaders to counter the protests. People are seen flying the Iranian flag and chanting Islamic slogans and figures like Haydar, referring to Ali . [ 29 ] [ 37 ] However, reports from Iran International stated the images and videos were altered . [ 203 ] [ 204 ] President Masoud Pezeshkian was seen taking part in the rally. [ 205 ] US president Donald Trump stated that Iran has reached out to the United States to negotiate its nuclear programme, following his threat to strike the Islamic Republic over its violent crackdown on protesters. [ 206 ] Also Esmail Baghaei , spokesperson for the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs , publicly confirmed that security forces had directly fired on protesting citizens, statements that drew widespread attention and concern both domestically and internationally, highlighting criticism of the Iranian government's handling of the demonstrations, raising questions about the proportionality of its response, and drawing scrutiny from human rights organisations regarding the broader state of civil liberties and fundamental rights in the country. [ 61 ] 13 January On 13 January, Iran International reported that at least 12,000 people had been killed, describing the massacre as the "largest killing in Iranian contemporary history ". [ 42 ] CBS News reported that 12,000 people have been killed, and possibly 20,000, as Iran's phone services were being restored, and new information was being released. [ 43 ] President Trump urged Iranians to keep protesting and stated that help was on the way, with no details. Trump said in a post on Truth Social : [ 207 ] [ 208 ] "Iranian Patriots, KEEP PROTESTING – TAKE OVER YOUR INSTITUTIONS!!! Save the names of the killers and abusers. They will pay a big price. I have cancelled all meetings with Iranian Officials until the senseless killing of protesters STOPS. HELP IS ON ITS WAY. MIGA [ Make Iran Great Again ]!!! PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMP" "Iranian Patriots, KEEP PROTESTING – TAKE OVER YOUR INSTITUTIONS!!! Save the names of the killers and abusers. They will pay a big price. I have cancelled all meetings with Iranian Officials until the senseless killing of protesters STOPS. HELP IS ON ITS WAY. MIGA [ Make Iran Great Again ]!!! PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMP" When a reporter asked Trump what he meant by "help is on its way", he simply replied, "You're going to have to figure that one out. I'm sorry." [ 209 ] 14 January The Kurdistan Freedom Party assaulted the IRGC's headquarters in Kermanshah and, allegedly, according to the KFP's own claims, succesfully infiltrated the headquarters and caused severe IRGC casualties. [ 210 ] Armed Kurdish groups designated as terrorists by Turkey clashed with the IRGC while seeking to cross the border from Iraq and Turkey into Iran; the IRGC had received warning about their movements from Turkey. [ 211 ] A video, analyzed by BBC Verify and BBC Persian, showed, according to forensic examination, nearly 200 bodies were scattered in the morgue, many with obvious wounds, including one victim who was only 16 years old. [ 212 ] The Iranian Human Rights Organisation (IHR), based in Norway, said that at least 3,428 protesters were killed by Iranian security forces and at least 10,000 protesters were arrested during the peak of the unrest in Iran from January 8 to 12. [ 213 ] The head of Iran's judiciary stated that those arrested during the nationwide protests would be swiftly tried and executed. [ 213 ] [ 214 ] [ 215 ] Washington has threatened military action in response to the crackdown. [ 214 ] [ 216 ] British and American troops are withdrawing from Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar. [ 217 ] [ 218 ] The US stated that the withdrawal was a precautionary measure. [ 218 ] "It's a posture change and not an ordered evacuation," a diplomat told Reuters. [ 217 ] Italy and Poland, among other countries, have been urging their citizens to leave Iran "immediately". [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] Donald Trump said in the Oval Office that he had been informed that killings in Iran's crackdown on the country's protest was ceased, and he believed that "there are no plans for executions," referring to the death sentence of Erfan Soltani . [ 223 ] According to AFP, Iranian state television broadcast footage of Donald Trump's attempted assassination at the 2024 Butler, Pennsylvania rally , accompanied by the Persian message "This time, [the bullet] won't miss," which angered Texas Republican Senator Ted Cruz and other close allies of President Trump. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] [ 226 ] 15 January The Iranian government imposed a nationwide curfew to prevent any protests. ISW recorded zero protests on 15 January. [ 227 ] Methods Protesters National strikes Nationwide strikes were conducted by businesses, stores, cafes, and workers as well as by online shops and social media influencers. [ 231 ] [ 232 ] [ 233 ] [ 234 ] [ 235 ] Demonstrations Protests are in the form of street demonstrations chanting slogans, car honking , [ 236 ] [ 237 ] lighting fires, [ 236 ] and removing surveillance cameras. [ 238 ] [ 239 ] In order not to be identified and later arrested, many protesters wear masks and dark clothes, reminiscent of V for Vendetta . [ 191 ] As the street lights are turned off by the government, the protesters defiantly set off fireworks and create a sea of light using their smartphones in the darkness of the city. [ 236 ] [ 188 ] [ 189 ] Slogans and symbols During the protests, several notable slogans were chanted by demonstrators, reflecting anti-government sentiments, calls for the restoration of the monarchy, and unity among protesters. These slogans were frequently documented in videos and reports by Persian-language media outlets such as Manoto and Iran International . Many drew on historical references to the Pahlavi dynasty , while others directly targeted Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei or the Islamic Republic's leadership. Symbols associated with the protests included the Lion and Sun flag , which was waved in several demonstrations as a sign of monarchist aspirations and opposition to the government. [ 229 ] [ 53 ] [ 240 ] On 9 January 2026, X changed the Iran flag emoji from the Islamic Republic flag to the modern design of the Lion and Sun flag . [ 180 ] " Death to the Dictator " ( Persian : مرگ بر دیکتاتور , romanised : Marg bar Diktâtor )—a general anti-authoritarian chant targeting the government's leadership, reported in Tehran, Isfahan, Kermanshah, Malard , Nahavand, Noorabad , and Karaj . [ 241 ] [ 242 ] [ 243 ] [ 244 ] [ 245 ] [ 52 ] [ 246 ] [ 247 ] [ 248 ] " Death to Khamenei " ( Persian : مرگ بر خامنهای , romanised : Marg bar Khâmene'i )—direct call against Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, heard in Isfahan, Farsan , Arak, and other protest sites. Previously used during the 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 protests . [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] [ 252 ] " Reza Shah , may your soul be blessed" ( Persian : رضا شاه، روحت شاد , romanised : Rezâ Shâh, ruhat shâd )—a slogan honouring Reza Shah Pahlavi, founder of the Pahlavi dynasty, chanted in Hamadan , Tehran , Isfahan , Kermanshah , and other locations. [ 253 ] [ 250 ] " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran " ( Persian : نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران , romanised : Na Qazze na Lebnan, jânam fadâ-ye Irân )—a chant that expresses the opposition of some Iranians to the Islamic Republic's military, financial, and political support for Palestinian militant groups , neglecting the needs and interests of Iran itself. [ 68 ] [ 254 ] "Don't be afraid, don't be afraid, we are all together" ( Persian : نترسید، نترسید، ما همه با هم هستیم , romanised : Natarsid, natarsid, mâ hame bâ ham hastim )—a chant promoting unity and courage among protesters, chanted during nighttime gatherings in Isfahan. [ 255 ] [ 247 ] "Dishonourable, dishonourable" ( Persian : بیشرف، بیشرف , romanised : Bi-sharaf, bi-sharaf )—directed at security forces or government officials. [ 256 ] "Freedom, freedom, freedom" ( Persian : آزادی، آزادی، آزادی , romanised : Āzādi, āzādi, āzādi ). [ 257 ] [ 252 ] "Long live the Shah " ( Persian : جاوید شاه , romanised : Jâvid Shâh )—repeated chants calling for the return of the monarchy , heard in Hamadan , Arak , Nahavand , Dehloran , and other cities during nighttime protests. [ 53 ] [ 258 ] [ 259 ] [ 260 ] [ 8 ] [ 261 ] [ 262 ] [ 81 ] [ 263 ] "This is the final battle, Pahlavi will return" ( Persian : این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده , romanised : In âkharin nabarde, Pahlavi barmigarde )—a phrase conveying determination for regime change and the return of the Pahlavi family, chanted in Arak, Rasht , Khorramabad , Isfahan, Nahavand, and Dorud . [ 51 ] [ 264 ] [ 265 ] [ 250 ] [ 53 ] [ 247 ] "The Shah is coming home, Zahhak is overthrown" ( Persian : شاه مییاد به خونه، ضحاک سرنگونه , romanised : Shâh mi-yâd be khune, Zahâk sarnegune )—referencing Persian mythology ( Zahhak as a tyrant) to symbolise the overthrow of the current government and return of the Shah. [ 266 ] "Death to the oppressor, whether Shah or Rahbar" ( Persian : مرگ بر ستمگر، چه شاه باشد چه رهبر )—a general anti-Islamic Republic and anti-monarchy chant mainly by expressed by supporters of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI). [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ non-primary source needed ] Organisation As of 7 January, HRANA viewed the protests as being networked. [ 157 ] The Associated Press viewed the first steps of protests as "broadly leaderless" before 8 January, and described Reza Pahlavi's influence after the call for demonstration on 8 January as unclear; however, when the time clocked at 8 p.m., chanting broke out across Tehran, with crowds shouting anti-regime slogans and expressing support for the shah's return. [ 267 ] IranWire viewed Generation Z Iranians as "one of the most visible and active groups" in the 2025–2026 protests, whose political views were strongly impacted by the Mahsa Amini protests of 2022–2023. [ 268 ] Territorial control According to human rights activist Hamid Enayat, Malekshahi and Abdanan effectively came under protesters' control on 6 January when security forces fled from the protesters. [ 269 ] Suppression, persecution and executions Internet blackouts On 8 January 2026, the government imposed significant restrictions on telephone and internet access to limit communication and the dissemination of information. Unlike the Twelve-Day War , there has not been an official internet shut down nationwide. However, connectivity was heavily disrupted in cities experiencing active demonstrations, making it difficult for citizens to send messages, share media, or organise further protests. These measures were widely seen as part of the authorities' efforts to suppress dissent and control the narrative around the unrest. [ 270 ] On 9 January it was reported by multiple media outlets that Iran, in a largely unprecedented measure, had activated military-grade jammers to disrupt civilian Starlink signals. [ 197 ] [ 271 ] [ 272 ] Initially only 30 percent of the media traffic was affected but it rose to 80 percent within several hours. [ 197 ] [ 271 ] However, from the morning after the blackout began, Islamic Republic authorities issued a "white list" which allowed government affiliated institutions and accounts limited access to the internet, included were governmet aligned media and Telegram channels, as well as some universities. [ 271 ] Forbes quoted VPN expert Simon Migliano [ 273 ] as saying that "Iran's current nationwide blackout is a blunt instrument intended to crush dissent." [ 197 ] Migliano also addressed the cost of the internet shutdown, saying "this 'kill switch' approach comes at a staggering price, draining $1.56 million from Iran's economy every single hour the internet is down." [ 197 ] By 11 January, Iran shut down the Starlink internet for the first time. [ 197 ] Recruitment of foreign militias The presence of Iraqi Popular Mobilisation Forces , Arabic-speaking mercenaries, Lebanon's Hezbollah , and the Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun in suppressing protests was reported. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] [ 276 ] [ 277 ] Iran International reported that on 2 January 2026, Iraqi militias affiliated with the Iranian government recruited forces to assist Iranian security forces in suppressing protests in Iran. [ 276 ] On 6 January 2026, it was reported that approximately 800 members of Iraqi Shia militia groups, including Kata'ib Hezbollah , Harakat al-Nujaba , Sayyid al-Shuhada , and the Badr Organisation had been sent to Iran. [ 276 ] The troops were reportedly transported through the border crossings of Shalamcheh , Chazabeh , and Khosravi , officially under the cover of a "pilgrimage to the holy sites of Imam Reza in Mashhad ", while in practice they were gathered at a base in Ahvaz before being dispatched to various regions to assist in suppressing protests. [ 276 ] According to Iran International , "The reason behind this move by the Islamic Republic could be its concern that the Iranian police might not follow orders to attack unarmed, ordinary people, or simply because its forces are insufficient to stop protests in more than 100 cities". [ 278 ] On 9 January 2026 the United States warned Iran against using foreign militias to crush protests. [ 279 ] According to The Media Line , Iraqi Shiite militia members were recruited to help suppress Iranian protesters, receiving $600 each. By 11 January, more than 60 buses, each carrying about 50 people, had crossed the Iraq‑Iran border. [ 280 ] On 15 Jan, an Iraqi source stated to CNN that "nearly 5,000" fighters from Iraqi militias had crossed into Iran over the preceding weeks. [ 281 ] Internal propaganda and coercion The Iranian government has been accused of using footage of protesters' bodies in morgues to demoralise future protests. [ 282 ] Families trying to receive the bodies of their loved ones have often times been forced to pay compensation for the bullets that killed their relatives. [ 282 ] [ 283 ] Reports stated that security forces and Revolutionary Guard members raided and intimidated the families of protesters who were killed, imposed restrictions on the retrieval and burial of bodies, and warned that families would be charged fees. [ 283 ] There have been reports that families were unable to locate the remains of their relatives after authorities buried them in locations far from where the deaths occurred. [ 282 ] Reports have also indicated that the authorities retained the remains until families consented to official accounts describing the deceased as aligned with the government and Basij rather than as protesters. [ 282 ] [ 284 ] Likewise, images and videos from the pro-government rallies were reported to have been altered . [ 203 ] [ 204 ] Direct order for live fire on protesters Sources close to Iran’s Supreme National Security Council and the presidential office report that the killing of protesters was carried out on the direct order of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, with full approval from senior state officials. The council allegedly authorised live fire, which was executed mainly by the IRGC in what is described as a deliberate, organised operation exceptional in scale and intensity. [ 49 ] On 13 January the Guardian reported that Islamic Republic security forces were documented using shotguns and rifles with live ammunition, [ 285 ] as well as heavy DShK machine guns against protesters, [ 286 ] with a Tehran doctor stating that security forces were "shooting to kill". [ 285 ] A spokesperson from the Abdorrahman Boroumand Center for Human Rights cited evidence that even when using "less lethal" weapons, security forces were deliberately shooting at the heads, eyes, genitals and vital organs of the protesters, so as terrorise protesters by mutilating them and causing them permanent disability, [ 285 ] reusing the tactic employed in the 2022 Mahsa Amini protests. [ 285 ] At least one young girl had been shot in the pelvic area and was in critical condition. [ 285 ] and a medic in Tehran reported that there were "direct shots to the heads of the young people, to their hearts as well." [ 287 ] Additionally, multiple testimonies have revealed Iranian security forces raiding hospitals to arrest, [ 288 ] and in many cases execute, hospitalised protesters. [ 289 ] [ 286 ] On 4 January, according to Namdar Baghaei Yazdi, vice president of the Iranian Medical Society UK, security forces in full riot gear stormed Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam, attacked medical personnel with tear gas and shotgun pellets and arrested injured protesters, [ 290 ] with another similar assault being carried out by security forces on 6 January in Sina Hospital in Tehran. [ 290 ] Yazdi was quoted as saying "Hospitals are no longer sacred in Iran, and we are very concerned for our medical colleagues there who are already at risk from the regime." [ 290 ] A doctor from southern Iran reported that security forces had "finished off" protesters who had been hospitalised at the time, [ 286 ] [ 289 ] further stating "they killed many, arrested many, and many are on the run. The situation is very bad." [ 289 ] According to The Times, another doctor from Tehran stated that security forces had "gone into hospitals and forcibly taken the corpses of protesters with them", and some of the wounded protesters treat their injuries at home and avoid being admitted to the hospital out of fear of being arrested. [ 291 ] Persecution On 5 January 2026, Gholamhossein Mohseni Ejei, head of the judiciary in the Islamic Republic, stated that there would be no leniency for "rioters" despite the right to demonstrate, [ 292 ] [ 293 ] and the judiciary's Mizan news agency quoted him saying "I instruct the attorney general and prosecutors across the country to act in accordance with the law and with resolve against the rioters and those who support them (...) and to show no leniency or indulgence," [ 292 ] [ 293 ] and stressing that the penalty would be "decisive" and "maximum". [ 294 ] [ 294 ] Regarding the rapid trials and executions or protesters, Iran state television shared a video in which Mohseni-Ejei said "If we want to do a job, we should do it now. If we want to do something, we have to do it quickly, if it becomes late, two months, three months later, it doesn't have the same effect. If we want to do something, we have to do that fast." [ 295 ] [ 296 ] On 10 January, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei said that the demands of protesters in the country are "completely fair," but "rioters" should "be put in their place." [ 293 ] On 13 January, in a televised statement from the office of the Tehran prosecutor, the office declared that an undeclared number of protesters would be charged with " moharebeh ", or "waging war against God", an offence punished by death in Iran , and used extensively in the past by the regime's judiciary. [ 297 ] According to the Human Rights Activists News Agency, as of 14 January 2026, over 18,400 people had been arrested. [ 295 ] According to Iran International, on 10 January 2026 the "One Word" lawyers' network, citing the internet shutdown isolating protesters from the outside world, called on the international community and Iranian judges to prevent the show trials and extrajudicial executions of protesters following the orders of Ali Khamenei and senior judicial officials. [ 298 ] In its statement, the network detailed new orders from Khamenei instructing security forces "to deal harshly with protesters in recent gatherings" as well as separate statements from the Head of the Judiciary, the Attorney General of the country, and the Tehran Prosecutor calling for "extraordinary, out-of-order proceedings and the imposition of the most severe punishments in the cases of detained protesters." [ 298 ] Erfan Soltani According to the BBC, on 8 January 2026, clothes shop owner Erfan Soltani was arrested in his home for allegedly being connected with the protests in Fardis, while he was denied a lawyer and his family was not notified of the charges brought against him. [ 299 ] Several days later, Soltani was notified that he was to face execution on 14 January, less that a week after his arrest. [ 299 ] However after US president Donald Trump told reporters that the US would take "very strong action" if the regime were to execute protesters, Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi denied any plan to hang people in a televised interview, and Soltani's family was notified that his execution had been postponed, while the judiciary stated that the charges against him only consisted of "colluding against national security" and "propaganda activities against the establishment" which are not punishable by death in Iran. [ 299 ] The state broadcasting company IRIB claimed that reports of Soltani's pending execution were a "blatant act of news fabrication." [ 299 ] Casualties Casualties, arrests, executions, and injured protesters 31 December On 31 December 2025, during a protest in Fuladshahr , Dariush Ansari Bakhtiariwand was shot with a Kalashnikov rifle by security forces. He died before reaching medical care. [ 300 ] While participating in a protest in Kuhdasht on 31 December, Amirhesam Khodayarifard (reported to be 21, [ 118 ] or 22 years old) [ 117 ] was shot dead with a bullet to the head by a plainclothes retired IRGC agent. [ 301 ] Eyewitness testimony and video evidence showed that Khodayarifard was among the protesters. [ 117 ] Government media stated that protesters had been throwing rocks at security forces, and that Khodayarafid was killed after the rocks had been thrown. [ 302 ] Governmental media, including Mehr News Agency , [ 118 ] claimed that Khodayarifard was a member of the Basij . The governor of Kuhdasht, an Imam of Friday Prayer , and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) members visited Khodayarifard's family. Permission for the family to access Khodayarifard's body and carry out a burial was conditioned on the family making a televised statement stating that Khodayarifard had been a member of the Basij. [ 117 ] Governmental authorities gave warnings on Telegram and Instagram forbidding the publication of information about Khodayarifard's killing. [ 117 ] As of 5 January 2026 [update] , the authorities, who were pressuring Khodayarifard's family to state that he was a Basij member, had not given the body to Khodayarifard's family, according to IranWire . [ 301 ] 1 January Two protesters, Ahmad Jalil, 21, and Sajjad Valamanesh, 28, were killed in Lordegan on 1 January 2026. Both were shot by security forces with live ammunition and died later from their injuries. [ 303 ] [ 304 ] On the evening of 1 January, two men and a teenage boy, Shayan Asadollahi, 30, Vahab Musavi, and Mostafa, 15, residents of Azna (in Lorestan province) were killed by gunfire from security forces. [ 132 ] The IRGC-aligned Fars News Agency stated that the protesters had either tried to attack a police station [ 305 ] or had tried to disarm the security forces. [ 132 ] Ahmadreza Amani, 28, was shot in the chest by security forces at around 18:00 IRST in Azna and died in hospital. [ 306 ] Khodadad Shirvani, 33, a Marvdasht resident, was shot with shotgun pellets by security forces on the same evening in Marvdasht. He died after being transferred to a hospital. [ 307 ] In Nurabad (Lorestan province), Ahad Ebrahimpour Abdoli, 35, was lethally shot the same evening with three bullets (one to his heart) by security forces during a protest in Ba'ath Square in Nurabad. Security forces and the Imam of Friday Prayer pressured Abdoli's family to say that he was a Basij member and that he was shot by "enemy forces". [ 308 ] 2 January On 2 January, a 42-year-old protester, Ali Azizi Jafarabadi, a Kurdish man from Harsin County was shot dead by security forces in Harsin . [ 309 ] 3 January On 3 January, the total number of arrested protesters had increased to 132 according to Hengaw [ 310 ] or 582 according to HRANA . [ 136 ] Iran International estimated the death count of protesters to be at least eight, the number of locations to be 113 locations in 46 cities across 22 provinces, with at least 44 people shot and wounded by live ammunition or pellet guns fired by Iranian security forces. [ 97 ] [ 311 ] Four protesters were shot dead with "military-grade" weapons by IRGC members at protests in Malekshahi County in Ilam province ; forty were injured and many taken to hospital. [ 312 ] 4 January By the early morning of 4 January, Iran International reported the death toll from the protests to have risen to at least 16. [ 313 ] HRANA estimated that since the beginning of the protests there had been 990 arrests and 51 cases of injuries to protesters, mostly from pellet and plastic bullets. [ 143 ] 5 January The total number of arrested protesters rose to 1,200 on 5 January. [ 314 ] Iranian authorities claimed to have arrested a Mossad agent partaking in the protests, with the agent allegedly confessed to being recruited, trained by, and continuing communication with Mossad, and said that Mossad handlers told him to go to people's residences, but was later instructed to move his "operations" to local marketplaces. [ 315 ] 6 January On 6 January, a total of 2,076 protesters had been arrested, and at least 34 protesters and 2 police officers had been killed, according to HRANA . [ 153 ] 7 January HRANA estimated 140 new arrests of protesters or identifications of previously arrested protesters, making a total of 2217, including 165 minors and 46 university students. HRANA counted at total since the beginning of the protests as 38 deaths, including 29 adult protesters, 5 minor protesters, and 4 security officers. [ 157 ] 8 January In response to intensified protests on 8 January 2026, the government initiated a nationwide outage of internet and telephone services, a tactic often used prior to using deadly force against protesters, in order to suppress news and evade scrutiny. According to social media reports, a massacre began in Fardis , where government forces allegedly killed 50 protesters with a machine gun. [ 316 ] 9 January On 9 January, HRANA estimated that a total of 2,311 protesters had been arrested and at least 65 were dead. [ 1 ] Time reported that they were in contact with a Tehran-based doctor who informed them that over 217 protester deaths had been recorded across six hospitals in the city, while Iranian Nobel Peace Prize laureate Shirin Ebadi warned that authorities might carry out a massacre under the cover of the widespread internet blackout . [ 182 ] [ 183 ] Reports from two hospitals in Rasht and Tehran indicate overall 110 dead bodies being transferred to these two hospitals during 8 and 9 January. Some wounded people had military-grade bullets in head and neck, indicating that the shootings were intended to kill. [ 317 ] 10 January Amidst the internet blackout during the protests, Iran International stated their most conservative estimates indicated that at least 2,000 people had been killed by government forces over the past 48 hours alone. [ 59 ] On 10 January, HRANA estimated that 2,638 protesters had been arrested and confirmed that 116 fatalities had occurred. [ 318 ] The Centre for Human Rights in Iran warned that a "massacre is unfolding." It said hundreds of protesters had been killed since the government cut off internet access, and security forces, as in the past, shot people in the eyes with metal pellets and rubber bullets. It reported that hospitals were overwhelmed, and that casualties continue to rise. [ 319 ] 11 January According to a US-based rights group, more than 500 people have been killed in Iran's protests, with 579 additional deaths under investigation (raising the total to 1,123), while over 10,681 people have been arrested. [ 320 ] The People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran reported that more than 3,000 people had been killed in the protests by 11 January. Their figures, based on local sources, hospitals, and families, show the regime even displayed some bodies on state TV, falsely blaming protesters for their deaths. [ 321 ] [ 322 ] By 11 January, Time reported that, starting with reports from a handful of Tehran hospitals, an informal, expatriate group of academics and professionals calculated that protester deaths could have reached 6,000 through Saturday the 10th. [ 64 ] 12 January On 12 January, CNN reported that given the government's internet shutdown and the slow trickle of information emerging from Iran, the full scale of casualties remains unclear. [ 323 ] 13 January On 13 January, Iran International reported that at least 12,000 people had been killed, describing the massacre as the "largest killing in Iranian contemporary history ". [ 42 ] CBS News reported that activist groups in Iran estimated 12,000 people to have been killed, and possibly 20,000, based on medical reports. [ 43 ] 15 January By 15 January, fatality reports saw a significant increase as internet connectivity was partially restored. [ 324 ] While confirmed figures from the U.S.-based Human Rights Activists News Agency ( HRANA) stood at approximately 2,000-2,500 deaths [ 325 ] [ 324 ] , other rights organisations such as Iran Human Rights (IHR) reported at least 3,428 fatalities. [ 286 ] At the same time, leaked internal documents from the Supreme National Security Council and the presidential office, reported by Iran International , suggested that as many as 12,000 people may have been killed during the peak crackdown between January 8 and 10. [ 326 ] CBS News cited sources within Iran claiming the total death toll could potentially reach 20,000. [ 327 ] [ 328 ] Executions On 12 January 2026, it was reported that 26-year-old protester, Erfan Soltani , was sentenced to be executed on 14 January, making him one of the first of these protesters to be handed an execution sentence . [ 329 ] Soltani was arrested during protests in Fardis on 8 January. [ 329 ] [ 330 ] [ 331 ] Human rights groups and activists report that Soltani was denied access to a lawyer, a fair trial , or any opportunity to appeal. [ 329 ] Government forces Government authorities repeatedly presented fatalities during the protests as members of the security forces killed by protesters, after which evidence from witnesses and family statements showed that the victim had been shot by the security forces. [ 332 ] Government media claimed that Amirhesam Khodayarifard, killed on 31 December, was a member of the Basij . [ 119 ] Eyewitness reports and video evidence, collected by Hengaw , contradicted this claim, in particular showing that he was standing among the protesters and was killed by a shot to the head by a security forces member. [ 117 ] Initially, authorities conditioned family access to Khodayarifard's body on the family making a televised statement that he was a Basij member. [ 117 ] During the funeral, which took place on 2 January, Khodayarifard's father confirmed that his son was not a Basij member. [ 134 ] On 3 January, Agence France-Presse referred to a statement by Mehr that IRGC member Latif Karimi was killed during clashes in Malekshahi County , [ 333 ] during which four protesters were killed by the IRGC. [ 334 ] On 4 January, eyewitnesses and other sources clarified that Karimi was present among the protesters when he was shot by IRGC members, and died in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam . Karimi was a retired brigadier-general by profession. Karimi's son stated on Telegram , "My father's only 'crime' was telling [the government security forces] not to shoot at the people." [ 332 ] On 7 January, militants of the Baloch nationalist militant organisation People's Fighters Front (PFF) assassinated Mahmoud Haqiqat, the police chief of Iranshahr . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 150 ] IRGC-affiliated media reported that protesters killed two Law Enforcement Command officers during protests in Lordegan as well as an unspecified security force member in Malekshahi. [ 150 ] On 8 January, Norway-based human rights organisation Hengaw claimed that two IRGC Ground Forces members were killed during the protests in Kermanshah . [ 28 ] A police officer in Malard County at the Tehran province was killed from a stabbing after attempts to control local unrest. [ 165 ] On 9 January, Opposition media reported that clashes between protesters and security forces in Kermanshah Province killed at least 10 IRGC Ground Forces Nabi Akram Unit members. [ 27 ] On 11 January, fighters from the PFF killed one Law Enforcement Command officer and injured another in an attack on an LEC patrol vehicle in Dashtiari County , Sistan and Baluchistan Province. [ 21 ] Notable victims Shahram Maghsoudi , powerlifting champion [ 335 ] Foreign victims Canadian minister of foreign affairs Anita Anand confirmed that a Canadian citizen was killed by the Islamic Republic forces during the protests. [ 336 ] Reactions Reactions to the protests ranged from calls for dialogue and economic relief to warnings of force. Domestic Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei said officials should talk to protesters, but added that "rioters must be put in their place". [ 337 ] As the unrest continued, President Masoud Pezeshkian announced economic measures including changes to foreign-exchange subsidies intended to shift support directly to consumers. [ 338 ] Vice President Mohammad Reza Aref attempted to resign during the first days of the protests, but it was not accepted by President Pezeshkian. [ 339 ] Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf , Speaker of the Islamic Consultative Assembly , said "Malicious individuals and organised movements want to turn any kind of public demand and protest into chaos and chaos using their trained agents in the square, but the Iranian nation has repeatedly demonstrated its vigilance, awareness, and compassion for the country's security". [ 340 ] On 10 January 2026, the IRGC warned that safeguarding security is a "red line". [ 341 ] Chief Justice Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i , the head of Iran's judiciary, said that the punishment for rioters would "be decisive, maximum and without any legal leniency". [ 342 ] Attorney general Mohammad Movahedi Azad warned that anyone taking part in demonstrations is an " enemy of God ", a crime that carries the death penalty under Iranian law. [ 343 ] International Sovereign states United States – US president Donald Trump warned that the United States would intervene if Iranian authorities violently suppressed "peaceful protests". [ 344 ] On 9 January 2026, Trump stated on Truth Social that the US was "locked and loaded and ready to go" if the Iranian security forces killed protesters. [ 345 ] Trump later said that US is considering "very strong options" as a response to the Iran protests, among them possible military intervention, and he said: "we will hit them at levels that they've never been hit before". [ 346 ] A senior American official told The New York Times that Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu urged President Trump to delay a potential American attack against Iran. [ 347 ] On 15 January, multiple sources reported that Carrier Strike Group 3 was expected to arrive in the Middle East in "about a week", and The New York Times reported that an array of combat and refueling aircraft "were expected to start flowing into the region soon". [ 348 ] [ 349 ] Israel – Netanyahu said Israel "[identifies] with the struggle of the Iranian people for freedom, liberty and justice". He also mentioned the possibility that the people would take their fate into their hands. [ 350 ] Mossad , Israel's intelligence agency , claimed it was "with [the Iranian protesters] in the field". [ 351 ] Israel's former defence minister, Yoav Gallant , stated "At this time, when what matters is the action of the masses on the ground, we need to stay behind and direct things with an invisible hand". [ 352 ] Mossad , Israel's intelligence agency , claimed it was "with [the Iranian protesters] in the field". [ 351 ] Israel's former defence minister, Yoav Gallant , stated "At this time, when what matters is the action of the masses on the ground, we need to stay behind and direct things with an invisible hand". [ 352 ] France , Germany , and the United Kingdom 's leaders released a joint statement on 9 January urging Iran to exercise restraint. [ 62 ] German chancellor Friedrich Merz spoke out against the violent suppression of Iranian protesters, saying, "This violence is not an expression of strength, but rather a sign of weakness. This violence must end", [ 353 ] later saying "If a regime can only keep itself in power by force, then it's effectively at the end. I believe we are now seeing the final days and weeks of this regime. In any case, it has no legitimacy through elections in the population. The population is now rising up against this regime." [ 354 ] [ 355 ] German chancellor Friedrich Merz spoke out against the violent suppression of Iranian protesters, saying, "This violence is not an expression of strength, but rather a sign of weakness. This violence must end", [ 353 ] later saying "If a regime can only keep itself in power by force, then it's effectively at the end. I believe we are now seeing the final days and weeks of this regime. In any case, it has no legitimacy through elections in the population. The population is now rising up against this regime." [ 354 ] [ 355 ] Australia and Canada issued a joint statement condemning Iran's use of force against protesters. [ 356 ] New Zealand – Foreign minister Winston Peters expressed concern about the killing of protesters and described protests as a "fundamental human right." [ 357 ] Poland – On 15 January 2026, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs summoned the Iranian ambassador to express concern over the growing number of casualties and arrests, and called on Iran to cease violence against the protesters and initiate talks. [ 358 ] Turkey – Foreign minister Hakan Fidan stated that the protests in Iran were "being manipulated from abroad by Iran's rivals", including the United States and Israel, expressed a wish for the resolution of the perceived antagonism between Iran and the West through negotiations, and called on Iran to engage in "very genuine reconciliation and cooperation" with other Middle Eastern countries. [ 359 ] Vatican City – Pope Leo XIV expressed concern. [ 360 ] United Kingdom – On 13 January 2026, Foreign Secretary Yvette Cooper summoned the Iranian ambassador over the mass killings. [ 361 ] British Secretary of State for Transport Heidi Alexander told Sky News that the current priority is to "stem the violence" in Iran. She said Iran is a threat to the Middle East and represses its own people. [ 362 ] Intergovernmental and international organisations European Union : The European External Action Service urged Iran's security forces to exercise restraint and called on authorities to uphold rights including freedom of expression and peaceful assembly. [ 363 ] The EU also co-signed the aforementioned joint statement issued by Australia and Canada. [ 356 ] European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen , urged the release of imprisoned Iranian protesters, condemned the violent crackdown, and called for internet access to be restored, saying Europe stands "fully behind" those demonstrating. [ 364 ] European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen , urged the release of imprisoned Iranian protesters, condemned the violent crackdown, and called for internet access to be restored, saying Europe stands "fully behind" those demonstrating. [ 364 ] The United Nations criticised Iran's internet shutdown and violation of civil liberties. [ 365 ] Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch condemned the violent repression and documented indiscriminate killings and arrests. [ 366 ] [ 367 ] Political parties and organisations United Kingdom – Kemi Badenoch , the leader of the United Kingdom's opposition Conservative Party , told the BBC that she would "not have an issue" with Iranian regime change and said she supported the involvement of the US and its allies. She claimed that Iran posed a direct threat to the UK, saying it would "very happily wipe out the UK if it felt it could get away with it". [ 362 ] The Mobarizoun Popular Front, a newly-formed Baloch nationalist organisation, expressed its support for the protests. [ 19 ] The Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order expressed support for the Iranian opposition against the Iranian government in early January, calling the Iranian government a "fraudulent mullah regime." [ 368 ] The Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK) co-chair Amir Kerimi stated that the Islamic Republic had lost its social legitimacy and described the situation as an opportunity to build "a democratic and decentralised Iran … that transcends the nation-state , based on the self-governance of the people", while indicating "the construction of a new authoritarian regime through Reza Pahlavi" as his biggest concern. [ 369 ] Corporate organisations From 9 January 2026, multiple international airlines suspended or cancelled flights to and from Iran due to the protests, the internet blackout, and security concerns. Turkish Airlines cancelled flights between Istanbul and Iranian cities including Tehran, Tabriz and Mashhad, while AJet and Pegasus Airlines suspended all services to Iran. UAE carriers flydubai and Emirates halted flights to Iranian destinations, and Qatar Airways cancelled several flights from Doha to Iran. In Europe, Austrian Airlines cancelled its Vienna-Tehran flight on 9 January. Lufthansa , which had planned to resume flights on 16 January after it suspended them due to regional security concerns, delayed its plans to resume services due to the protests. [ 370 ] [ 371 ] [ 372 ] [ 181 ] [ 373 ] International travel advisories Since the outbreak of the protests, several countries have issued travel advisories or warnings for Iran and have advised their citizens to leave the country. These advisories cite security concerns and potential disruptions to transportation and communications. Countries that have issued such advisories include the United States, [ 374 ] the United Kingdom, [ 375 ] Canada, [ 376 ] Australia, [ 377 ] Germany, [ 378 ] France, [ 379 ] New Zealand, [ 380 ] Ireland, [ 381 ] and India. [ 382 ] Polling A January 2026 Quinnipiac poll, found that 70% oppose U.S. military involvement in Iran, 79% of Democrats, 80% of independents and 53% of Republicans opposed military involvement. [ 383 ] [ 384 ] [ 385 ] Analysis On 30 December, Iran International suggested that the protests were a "historic break" of Iranian bazaar merchants, historically a critical and old ally of the Islamic Republic, from the Iranian government. Such breaks, the news agency suggested, were fuelled by the Islamic Republic's blame towards the merchants as "price gougers" for rejecting state-standardised pricing and being unable to restock market inventories if they complied to their demands. Anger towards the government by merchants were also caused by the proposed 2025–26 Iranian budget , which would prioritise deficit spending and large tax increases to make up for a decline in oil revenues for government funding. [ 386 ] On 2 January, Iran International cited the opinion of analysts, including intelligence analysts and journalists, who suggested that Iran might have entered the early stages of regime collapse. [ 387 ] On 4 January, according to the New York Times , Iranian officials, including foreign minister Abbas Araghchi , described the government as being in a "survival mode", with difficulties in either reversing economic problems or handling the military threat of attack by the United States or Israel. Pezeshkian held two emergency meetings following the start of the protests. Some of his advisers recommended that he publicly criticise the role of Khamenei as supreme leader. [ 252 ] A 5 January analysis in Foreign Policy argues that the 2025–2026 protests differ from the Mahsa Amini protests in that the 2025–2026 protests are more geographically widespread, including small towns rather than just major cities, and involve a broader range of groups, including students, workers, women, and ethnic minorities. The analysis also saw differences in the international context as significant, with Trump's unpredictability and overt willingness to violate international law as a factor differing from Biden's approach, and the fall of the Assad regime as a weakening of Iran's regional support. The authors also saw the focus of the 2025–2026 protests as shifting from social reform to regime change. [ 7 ] In early January 2026, The Times referred to intelligence reports stating that Khamenei had an escape plan, for him and about twenty close associates and family members, including Khamenei's son Mojtaba Khamenei , ready to flee to Moscow in case security forces defected to the side of the protesters. Beni Sabti, a former Israeli intelligence officer, stated that he expected Moscow to be Khamenei's preferred location of exile if he fled. [ 254 ] Social scientist Mali Rezaei viewed the protests as showing a "deepening rupture between society and the ideological foundations of the state". She argued that one of the factors behind the protests was the context of Iran's multi-millenial history and ethnic and cultural diversity, in which the seventh century CE Muslim conquest of Persia left in place "a persistent resistance to absolutism". She pointed to a 2020 GAMAAN study that found that irreligion in Iran and support for secularism was growing. In addition to economic factors, Rezaei saw environmental crises such as the disappearance of Lake Urmia as playing a role. She viewed the Iranian government's destruction of some elements of Persian culture and a "passivity in defending [cultural] legacy" as a weakening of the government's protection of "the nation". Rezaei saw the Mahsa Amini protests and the Woman, Life, Freedom slogan as a key turning point in which the protest movement evolved to avoid cooptation by either the government and individual celebrities. She viewed the pro-Pahlavi slogans as mainly representing a desire for a secular democracy, not absolute monarchy, that would recover national agency . [ 388 ] View of the protests as an uprising On 10 January, human rights activist Hamid Enayat suggested that "dozens of instances" of disarmament of security forces during the protests, and the "breakdown of the deterrent function" of the Iranian state's monopoly of violence indicated a transition to a new phase , that of an uprising . Enayat cited cases of protesters stopping security forces on buses, disarming them and tying their hands, and a case of a stun gun being taken from a security forces member and used against him. He argued that Malekshahi County effectively came under insurgent control on 6 January when security forces fled from the protesters. He saw the protests as having shifted to a phase in which the Iranian state had lost its power to frighten citizens into obedience. [ 269 ] On 11 January, historian Mark Almond disagreed with comparison of the Iranian protests to the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989. He argued that it would be more like the Storming of the Bastille , because, if successful, the overthrow of the Islamic Republic would be a rebellion against an internally developed regime, rather than one imposed internationally. He argued that the protests already qualified for the term "revolution". [ 389 ] In contradistinction most Israeli analysts believed that the conditions for successful revolution had not yet been met, the existential threat to the regime notwithstanding. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] A minority view, such as held by retired Brigadier General Amir Avivi , chairman of the Israel Defence and Security Forum (IDSF),is that the Iranian regime faces imminent collapse. [ 392 ] See also Iran portal Middle East portal Politics portal 2025 Iran internal crisis 2025–26 Iranian budget Deaths during the Mahsa Amini protests Iran Prosperity Project Iranian energy crisis Iranian opposition Killing of Saghar Etemadi Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran Notes ^ Protests reported in over 145 locations, including Abadan , Abdanan , Ahvaz , Aligudarz , Alvand , Amlash , Amol , Arak , Arakvaz , Arsanjan , Asadabad , Asaluyeh , Ashkhaneh , Astara , Lorestan , Babaheydar , Babol , Bagh-e Malek , Bandar Abbas , Bandar Ganaveh , Bandar-e Anzali , Bandar Kangan , Baneh , Borazjan , Borujerd , Chaboksar , Chaharbagh , Chenar Shahijan , Dargahan , Dehloran , Delijan , Dezful , Dogonbadan , Dorud , Eqlid , Esfarayen , Eslamabad-e Gharb , Eslamshahr , Falavarjan , Fariman , Farsan , Fasa , Firuzabad , Firuzkuh , Fuladshahr , Garmdarreh , Garmsar , Gilan-e Gharb , Gonabad , Gorgan , Hafshejan , Hamadan , Harsin , Holeylan County , Ilam , Isfahan , Izeh , Jahrom , Junqan , Juyabad , Karaj , Kashan , Kavar , Kazerun , Kerend-e Gharb , Kerman , Kermanshah , Khash , Khomeyni Shahr , Khorramabad , Kish Island , Kuhchenar County , Kuhdasht , Lahijan , Lali , Lordegan , Lumar , Mahabad , Mahallat , Malard , Malayer , Maragheh , Marivan , Marvdasht , Mashhad , Meshkan , Murmuri , Nahavand , Najafabad , Neqab , Neyriz , Nishapur , Nurabad , Pardis , Paveh , Qaen , Qasr-e Shirin , Qazvin , Qeydar , Qom , Qorveh , Ramhormoz , Rasht , Robat Karim , Rudsar , Sabzevar , Safashahr , Sahneh , Salehabad, Ilam , Saman, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari , Saqqez , Sarpol-e Zahab , Sarvestan , Sari , Saveh , Semnan , Shahin Shahr , Shahrekord , Shahrud , Shalamzar , Shazand , Shiraz , Shirvan , Shush , Sonqor , Tabriz , Tehran , Tonekabon , Torbat-e Heydarieh , Tuyserkan , Urmia , Vahdatiyeh , Varamin , Varzaneh , Yasuj , Yazd , Yazdan Shahr , Zabol , Zahedan , Zanjan , Zarqan , Zarrinshahr and Zibashahr . ^ Lower estimate per an official speaking to Reuters , upper estimate per an official speaking to The New York Times . [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Including 121 security forces, per Iranian state media. [ 40 ] ^ Including 2,478 protestors, 163 government affiliated individuals, 20 non-protesting civilians, 16 minors and 1,693 other unidentified deaths. [ 41 ] ^ Including 800 individuals who received death sentences. [ 41 ] ^ Attributed to multiple sources: [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] [ 48 ] [ 10 ] References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Day Thirteen of the Protests: Nighttime Demonstrations Continue Amid Internet Shutdown" . 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Retrieved 15 January 2026 . {{ cite web }} : |last= has generic name ( help ) ^ a b Gambrell, -Jon; Gambrell, Associated Press Jon; Gambrell, Associated Press Jon; Gulf, the news director for the; Press, Iran for The Associated; countries, has reported from each of the Gulf Cooperation Council; Iran; in 2006, other locations across the world since joining the AP (14 January 2026). "Iran signals it will hold fast trials and executions for protesters" . PBS News . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) ^ "بیخبری از سرنوشت عرفان سلطانی؛ بازداشتشدگان از تماس با خانواده و داشتن وکیل محروم هستند" . www.iranintl.com (in Persian). 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Iran threatens death penalty for 'rioters' as concern grows for protester" . France 24 . 13 January 2026 . 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The 21-year-old member of the Basij—a volunteer force tasked with protecting the Islamic Republic—was killed after demonstrators threw stones in Kuhdasht, in western Iran's Lorestan province, the state broadcaster IRIB reported. ^ Iranian state forces kill two protesters with live fire in Lordegan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province , Hengaw , 1 January 2026, Wikidata Q137669192 , archived from the original on 2 January 2026 ^ Deepa Parent (1 January 2026). "Two people confirmed dead as Iran protests turn into 'battlefield'" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Wikidata Q137656135 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2026. ^ "Fresh clashes kill six in Iran cost-of-living protests" . France24.com . 1 January 2026. Wikidata Q137659396 . 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"A morgue overflowing with more body bags than answers amid Iran's latest crackdown on dissent" . CNN . ^ a b Staff (15 January 2026). "Iran protest killings have halted, Trump claims, as Tehran says executions are 'out of the question' " . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "More than 2,500 killed in Iran protests as EU moves to impose new sanctions" . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "At least 12,000 killed in Iran crackdown during internet blackout" . www.iranintl.com . 13 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Iran protest death toll said to be at least 12,000" . commersant.ge . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Saunokonoko, Mark; McEwen, Kirsty; Campbell, Lucy; Richards, Serena; Mao, Frances; Lowe, Yohannes; Singh, Fran; McEwen, Mark Saunokonoko (now); Kirsty; Singh (earlier), Fran (14 January 2026). "US citizens should 'leave Iran now', says US state department – as it happened" . the Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . {{ cite news }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ a b c Isaacson, Gila (12 January 2026). "Iran Will Execute Protester Erfan Soltani (26)" . JFeed . ^ Agarwal, Rishika (13 January 2026). "Who is Erfan Soltani, the 26-year-old Iran plans to execute over protests?" . Business Standard . ^ Mion, Landon (13 January 2026). "Iran set to hang protester in what would mark first execution tied to anti-regime demonstrations" . Fox News . ^ a b Latif Karimi shot dead in Ilam; authorities seek to distort reality , Hengaw , 4 January 2025, Wikidata Q137697773 , archived from the original on 4 January 2026 ^ "Iran's Khamenei says protesters' economic demands fair, warns 'rioters' " . Agence France-Presse . 3 January 2026 . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ^ "At least four killed in protest clashes in western Iran: rights groups" . Agence France-Presse . 3 January 2026 . 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Mr. Netanyahu spoke to Mr. Trump on Wednesday, the same day the American president said he had received information from "very important sources on the other side" that Iran had stopped killing protesters and was not going forward with executions. That appeared to signal that Mr. Trump was backing away from a potential U.S. attack on Iran, which he has been weighing for days. However, Mr. Trump sent a similar ambiguous signal last June even after he had largely made up his mind to order an attack on Iran. ^ Mitchell, Ellen. "Pentagon moving carrier strike group toward Middle East amid tensions with Iran" . The Hill . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Wong, Edward; Pager, Tyler; Schmitt, Eric. "Israel and Arab Nations Ask Trump to Refrain From Attacking Iran" . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 January 2026 . {{ cite web }} : Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= ( help ) ^ "Netanyahu: Now could be moment when Iranians 'take their fate into their own hands' " . 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Archived from the original on 12 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ Dobrzyński, Łukasz (15 January 2026). "Polska reaguje na protesty w Iranie. MSZ wzywa ambasadora w Warszawie" . Gazeta Prawna (in Polish). Archived from the original on 16 January 2026. ^ "Bakan Fidan: Halep'te paralel yapı ortadan kalkacak" . TRT Haber (in Turkish). 9 January 2026. Archived from the original on 9 January 2026 . Retrieved 16 January 2026 . ^ "Iranischer Präsident warnt "Aufrührer" vor weiteren Protesten" . Morgenpost (in German). 11 January 2026 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ "UK summons Iranian ambassador over 'brutal' killings" . www.bbc.com . 13 January 2026 . Retrieved 13 January 2026 . ^ a b Mason, Rowena (11 January 2026). "UK wants peaceful transition of power in Iran, says minister" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ "Iran: Statement by the spokesperson on developments across the country" . European External Action Service . 3 January 2026 . 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Haaretz . ^ "Iran Protests, Explained: How Real Is the Danger to the Regime, and How Might Trump Intervene? - Iran" . ^ "Live - Iran closes airspace as US moves carrier strike group to Mideast" . www.iranintl.com . 15 January 2026. v t e 2025–2026 Iranian protests v t e Overview General Timeline [ fa ] Reactions Geographical scope [ fa ] Map Background Corruption Ethnic-based discrimination Inflation [ fa ] Food International sanctions Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Economic crisis Internal crisis Twelve-Day War United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Mahsa Amini protests Sex segregation Energy crisis Water scarcity General Timeline [ fa ] Reactions Geographical scope [ fa ] Map Timeline [ fa ] Reactions Geographical scope [ fa ] Map Map Background Corruption Ethnic-based discrimination Inflation [ fa ] Food International sanctions Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Economic crisis Internal crisis Twelve-Day War United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Mahsa Amini protests Sex segregation Energy crisis Water scarcity Corruption Ethnic-based discrimination Inflation [ fa ] Food Food International sanctions Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Economic crisis Internal crisis Twelve-Day War United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Mahsa Amini protests Sex segregation Energy crisis Water scarcity People Deaths Saghar Etemadi Amirhesam Khodayarifard Shayan Asadollahi Reza Ghanbari Mohammad Nouri Reza Moradi Abdolvand Latif Karimi Kadyvrian brothers Death sentences Erfan Soltani Diaspora Reza Pahlavi Deaths Saghar Etemadi Amirhesam Khodayarifard Shayan Asadollahi Reza Ghanbari Mohammad Nouri Reza Moradi Abdolvand Latif Karimi Kadyvrian brothers Saghar Etemadi Amirhesam Khodayarifard Shayan Asadollahi Reza Ghanbari Mohammad Nouri Reza Moradi Abdolvand Latif Karimi Kadyvrian brothers Death sentences Erfan Soltani Erfan Soltani Diaspora Reza Pahlavi Reza Pahlavi Armed forces IRGC Cyber Command Basij Iranian police Special Units State-sponsored foreign militia [ fa ] IRGC Cyber Command Basij Cyber Command Basij Iranian police Special Units Special Units State-sponsored foreign militia [ fa ] Events Tehran's Tank Man Massacres Fardis Malekshahi Internet blackout Los Angeles ramming attack Tehran's Tank Man Massacres Fardis Malekshahi Fardis Malekshahi Internet blackout Los Angeles ramming attack Slogans " Death to Khamenei " " Death to the Dictator " " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran " " This is the final battle, Pahlavi will return " " Javid Shah [ fa ] " " Death to Khamenei " " Death to the Dictator " " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran " " This is the final battle, Pahlavi will return " " Javid Shah [ fa ] " Related PMOI/MEK NCRI Kurdish separatism in Iran Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency People's Fighters Front Iranian opposition Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran Lion and Sun flag Lion and Sun Pahlavi dynasty Iran International PMOI/MEK NCRI NCRI Kurdish separatism in Iran Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency People's Fighters Front People's Fighters Front Iranian opposition Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran Lion and Sun flag Lion and Sun Lion and Sun Pahlavi dynasty Iran International v t e Protests in Iran v t e 19th century Tobacco Protest (1890–1892) Tobacco Protest (1890–1892) 20th century 1906 revolution 1952 riots 1963 riots Iranian Revolution 1978 Qom protest 1978 Tabriz protests Black Friday (1978) 1979 Women Day protests 1981 protests 1999 student protests 1906 revolution 1952 riots 1963 riots Iranian Revolution 1978 Qom protest 1978 Tabriz protests Black Friday (1978) 1978 Qom protest 1978 Tabriz protests Black Friday (1978) 1979 Women Day protests 1981 protests 1999 student protests 21st century 2003 student protests 2005 Ahvaz unrest Green Movement 2009 presidential election protests 2009 Ashura protests 2011–2012 protests 2011 Khuzestan protests 2015 Mahabad riots 2015 Fitilieh programme protests 2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt 2017–2018 protests Iranian protests against compulsory hijab 2018 Dervish protests 2018 protests 2018–2019 general strikes and protests 2018 water protests August 2018 uprising 2018 protest movement 2018 university protests 2019 protests 2019–2020 protests Mahshahr massacre 2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests 2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 2021–2022 protests 2021 water protests 2022 food protests Mahsa Amini protests May 2025 Iranian protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests 2003 student protests 2005 Ahvaz unrest Green Movement 2009 presidential election protests 2009 Ashura protests 2009 presidential election protests 2009 Ashura protests 2009 Ashura protests 2011–2012 protests 2011 Khuzestan protests 2011 Khuzestan protests 2015 Mahabad riots 2015 Fitilieh programme protests 2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt 2017–2018 protests Iranian protests against compulsory hijab 2018 Dervish protests 2018 protests 2018–2019 general strikes and protests 2018 water protests August 2018 uprising 2018 protest movement 2018 university protests 2019 protests 2019–2020 protests Mahshahr massacre Mahshahr massacre 2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests 2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 2021–2022 protests 2021 water protests 2022 food protests 2021 water protests 2022 food protests Mahsa Amini protests May 2025 Iranian protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests v t e Ali Khamenei v t e Politics Ahl Al-Bayt World Assembly Assassination attempt October 1981 Iranian presidential election 1985 Iranian presidential election Supreme Leader of Iran Statement of 14 Political Activists Executive Order 13876 Mahsa Amini protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests Ahl Al-Bayt World Assembly Assassination attempt October 1981 Iranian presidential election 1985 Iranian presidential election Supreme Leader of Iran Statement of 14 Political Activists Executive Order 13876 Mahsa Amini protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests Policies Fatwa against nuclear weapons Islamic clerics in politics Iran Slogan of the Year Second Phase of the Revolution Sex segregation Anti-Zionism 8-Article Command to the Chiefs of Branches Fatwa against nuclear weapons Islamic clerics in politics Iran Slogan of the Year Second Phase of the Revolution Sex segregation Anti-Zionism 8-Article Command to the Chiefs of Branches Books and messages A 250 Years Old Person An Outline of Islamic Thought in the Quran Four main books of Biographical-Evaluation Ghena Palestine Ruhe-Tawhid, Nafye Obudiate GheireKhoda Sharh-e Esm Fatwa against insulting revered Sunni figures To the Youth in Europe and North America To the Youth in Western Countries Israel won't exist in 25 years A 250 Years Old Person An Outline of Islamic Thought in the Quran Four main books of Biographical-Evaluation Ghena Palestine Ruhe-Tawhid, Nafye Obudiate GheireKhoda Sharh-e Esm Fatwa against insulting revered Sunni figures To the Youth in Europe and North America To the Youth in Western Countries Israel won't exist in 25 years Family Mansoureh Khojasteh Bagherzadeh (wife) Mostafa (son) Mojtaba (son) Masoud (son) Javad (father) Mohammad (brother) Hadi (brother) Badri (sister) Ali Tehrani (brother-in-law) Farideh Moradkhani (niece) Mahmoud Moradkhani (nephew) Co-fathers-in-law : Azizollah Khoshvaght Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel Mohsen Kharazi Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani Mansoureh Khojasteh Bagherzadeh (wife) Mostafa (son) Mojtaba (son) Masoud (son) Javad (father) Mohammad (brother) Hadi (brother) Badri (sister) Ali Tehrani (brother-in-law) Farideh Moradkhani (niece) Mahmoud Moradkhani (nephew) Co-fathers-in-law : Azizollah Khoshvaght Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel Mohsen Kharazi Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani Economy Wealth of Khamenei family Wealth of Khamenei family Category 2025–2026 Iranian protests 2020s internet outages 2025 labor disputes and strikes 2025 protests 2026 in Iran 2026 labor disputes and strikes 2026 protests Ali Khamenei Arson in 2026 Arson in Iran Civil rights protests Conflicts involving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran December 2025 in Iran Economic history of Iran Food riots Food security Gen Z protests in Asia History of civil rights and liberties in Iran History of the Islamic Republic of Iran Human rights abuses in Iran Internet censorship in Iran Iran–United States relations Iranian democracy movements Iranian nationalism Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps January 2026 in Iran Labour disputes in Iran Law enforcement in Iran Massacres in Iran Monarchism in Iran Movements for civil rights Opposition to the Islamic Republic of Iran Police brutality in Iran Police brutality in the 2020s Police misconduct in Iran Presidency of Masoud Pezeshkian Protest marches in Iran Protests in Iran Rebellions in Iran Reform movements Riots and civil disorder in Iran Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 uses Persian-language script (fa) CS1 Persian-language sources (fa) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list CS1 errors: generic name CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list CS1 errors: markup CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr) CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Current events from January 2026 Wikipedia move-protected pages Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2026 Use British English from January 2026 All Wikipedia articles written in British English All articles with bare URLs for citations Articles with bare URLs for citations from January 2026 Articles containing Persian-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2026 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2026 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2026 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with excerpts Pages using the Kartographer extension This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 11:14 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 January–March 1.2 April–June 1.3 July–September 1.4 October–December 1.1 January–March 1.2 April–June 1.3 July–September 1.4 October–December 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 References 5 Further reading 1790 Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala Lombard Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Мокшень မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sardu Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws 中文 Tolışi Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Years Millennium 2nd millennium Centuries 17th century 18th century 19th century 17th century 18th century 19th century Decades 1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s Years 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e 1790 by topic Arts and science Archaeology Architecture Art Literature Poetry Music Science Archaeology Architecture Art Literature Poetry Music Science Countries Australia Canada Denmark France Great Britain Ireland Norway Russia Scotland Spain Sweden United States Australia Canada Denmark France Great Britain Ireland Norway Russia Scotland Spain Sweden United States Lists of leaders State leaders Colonial governors Religious leaders State leaders Colonial governors Religious leaders Birth and death categories Births Deaths Births Deaths Establishments and disestablishments categories Establishments Disestablishments Establishments Disestablishments Works category Works Works v t e v t e Gregorian calendar 1790 MDCCXC Ab urbe condita 2543 Armenian calendar 1239 ԹՎ ՌՄԼԹ Assyrian calendar 6540 Balinese saka calendar 1711–1712 Bengali calendar 1196–1197 Berber calendar 2740 British Regnal year 30 Geo. 3 – 31 Geo. 3 Buddhist calendar 2334 Burmese calendar 1152 Byzantine calendar 7298–7299 Chinese calendar 己酉 年 (Earth Rooster ) 4487 or 4280 — to — 庚戌年 (Metal Dog ) 4488 or 4281 Coptic calendar 1506–1507 Discordian calendar 2956 Ethiopian calendar 1782–1783 Hebrew calendar 5550–5551 Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat 1846–1847 - Shaka Samvat 1711–1712 - Kali Yuga 4890–4891 Holocene calendar 11790 Igbo calendar 790–791 Iranian calendar 1168–1169 Islamic calendar 1204–1205 Japanese calendar Kansei 2 (寛政２年) Javanese calendar 1716–1717 Julian calendar Gregorian minus 11 days Korean calendar 4123 Minguo calendar 122 before ROC 民前122年 Nanakshahi calendar 322 Thai solar calendar 2332–2333 Tibetan calendar ས་མོ་བྱ་ལོ་ (female Earth- Bird ) 1916 or 1535 or 763 — to — ལྕགས་ཕོ་ཁྱི་ལོ་ (male Iron- Dog ) 1917 or 1536 or 764 1790 ( MDCCXC ) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar , the 1790th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 790th year of the 2nd millennium , the 90th year of the 18th century , and the 1st year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1790, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Events January–March January 8 – United States President George Washington gives the first State of the Union address , in New York City. [ 1 ] January 11 – The 11 minor states of the Austrian Netherlands , which took part in the Brabant Revolution at the end of 1789, sign a Treaty of Union , creating the United States of Belgium . January 14 – U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton submits his proposed plan for payment of American debts, starting with $12,000,000 to pay the foreign debts of the confederation, followed by $40 million for domestic debts, and $21.5 million for the war debts of the states. The plan is narrowly approved 14-12 in the Senate, and 34-28 in the House. [ 2 ] January 15 – Fletcher Christian & 8 mutineers aboard the Bounty land on Pitcairn . January 26 – Mozart 's opera Così fan tutte premieres in Vienna . January 30 The first boat specialized as a rescue lifeboat is tested on the River Tyne in England. Olowalu Massacre : American Captain Simon Metcalfe opens fire with cannon towards villagers in canoes, killing about one hundred Hawaiians, and wounding many others. [ 3 ] The first boat specialized as a rescue lifeboat is tested on the River Tyne in England. Olowalu Massacre : American Captain Simon Metcalfe opens fire with cannon towards villagers in canoes, killing about one hundred Hawaiians, and wounding many others. [ 3 ] February 1 – In New York City, the Supreme Court of the United States convenes for the first time. [ 4 ] February 4 – King Louis XVI declares to the French National Assembly that he will maintain the constitutional laws. February 11 – Two Quaker delegates petition the United States Congress for the abolition of slavery . February 25 – North Carolina cedes its western territories (modern day Tennessee ) to the federal government. [ 2 ] March 1 – The first United States Census is authorized; it is held later in the year. [ 2 ] March 4 – France is divided into 83 départements , which cut across the former provinces , in an attempt to dislodge regional loyalties based on noble ownership of land. March 6 – The New York legislature consents to the admission to the Union of a new state, Vermont , formed within the boundaries of New York, contingent upon the successful conclusion of negotiations concerning disputed real-estate claims, and the boundary between the two states. March 21 – Thomas Jefferson reports to President George Washington in New York, as the new United States Secretary of State . April–June April 10 – The United States patent system is established. May 13 – Battle of Reval : Gustav III of Sweden sends the battlefleet to eliminate the Russian squadron wintering at Reval ( Estonia ), but is defeated; 8 Russians, 130 Swedes are killed, up to 520 captured, 1 ship is burnt, another captured. May 17 – 18 – Battle of Andros : An Ottoman – Algerian fleet destroys the fleet of the Greek privateer Lambros Katsonis . May 26 – Congress passes an act to govern the creation of states from the "Southwest Territory", from which Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi will be formed. [ 2 ] May 29 – Rhode Island ratifies the United States Constitution , and becomes the last of the 13 original states to do so. [ 2 ] June 9 – Royal assent is given to establishment of the port of Milford Haven in Wales. June 20 – Compromise of 1790 : Thomas Jefferson, James Madison , and Alexander Hamilton come to an agreement: Madison agrees to not be "strenuous" in opposition for the assumption of state debts by the federal government; Hamilton agrees to support the capital site being above the Potomac. June 23 – The alleged London Monster is arrested in London; he later receives 40 years for 10 assaults. July–September July – Louis XVI accepts a constitutional monarchy in France. July 9 – Russo-Swedish War – Second Battle of Svensksund : In a massive Baltic Sea battle of 300 ships, the Swedish Navy captures one third of the Russian galley fleet: 304 Swedes are killed, 3,500 Russians killed and 6,000 captured, 51 Russian galleys and other rowing craft are sunk and 22 are taken. July 10 — The U.S. House of Representatives votes 32–29 to approve creating the District of Columbia from portions of Maryland and Virginia for the eventual seat of government and national capital. [ 2 ] July 12 – French Revolution : The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is passed. This completes the destruction of the monastic orders, legislating out of existence all regular and secular chapters for either sex, abbacies and priorships. July 14 – French Revolution : Citizens of Paris celebrate the unity of the French people and the national reconciliation, in the Fête de la Fédération . July 16 – U.S. President George Washington signs the Residence Act into law, establishing a site along the Potomac River as the District of Columbia and the future site of the capital of the United States . The move comes after the bill is narrowly approved on July 1 by the Senate, 14 to 12, and on July 9 by the House, 32 to 29. [ 5 ] At the same time, plans are made to move the national capital from New York to Philadelphia until the Potomac River site can be completed. July 26 – Alexander Hamilton 's Assumption Bill, giving effect to his First Report on the Public Credit , is passed in the United States Congress , allowing the federal government to assume the consolidated debts of the U.S. states . July 27 – The Convention of Reichenbach is signed between Prussia and Austria. July 31 – Inventor Samuel Hopkins becomes the first to be issued a U.S. patent (for an improved method of making potash ). August 4 – A newly passed U.S. tariff act creates the system of cutters for revenue enforcement (later named the United States Revenue Cutter Service ), the forerunner of the Coast Guard . August 14 – The Treaty of Värälä ends the Russo-Swedish War . September 25 – The Peking Opera is born, when the Four Great Anhui Troupes introduce Anhui opera to Beijing, in honor of the Qianlong Emperor 's 80th birthday. September 30 – Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor starts to rule. October–December October 7-22 – The Harmar Campaign ends in a defeat of U.S. Army General Josiah Harmar and Colonel John Hardin by the Western Confederacy of Indians, led by Chief Little Turtle or Mihšihkinaahkwa of the Miami tribe and Blue Jacket or Weyapiersenwah of the Shawnee at Kekionga (now Fort Wayne, Indiana ). [ 2 ] October 7 – Commissioners appointed by the New York legislature announce the successful conclusion of negotiations between New York and Vermont , concerning disputed real-estate claims, and the consent of New York's legislature to the admission to the Union of the state of Vermont as the 14th State (which was formed within what New York claimed as its territory, under an Order in Council , that King George III issued on July 20 , 1764 ). October 10 – At least 3,000 people die in Algeria when an earthquake and tsunami strikes the city of Oran . The city is destroyed and Spanish forces eventually flee in 1792. [ 6 ] October–December – Vincent Ogé leads a rebellion of freed blacks in Saint-Domingue . The rebellion is suppressed and Ogé executed. November 27 – France's Constituent Assembly passes a law requiring all Roman Catholic priests to swear an oath of acceptance of the new French Constitution. [ 7 ] November 27 – U.S. President George Washington and his wife, Martha Washington , arrive in the new temporary U.S. capital, Philadelphia , and take up residence at the President's House located at 524 Market Street. [ 8 ] December 2 – Holy Roman Empire forces recapture Brussels , bringing an end to the short-lived United States of Belgium and restoring the Austrian Netherlands . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] December 22 : Capture of Izmail December 6 – The United States Congress opens its first session in the new temporary U.S. capital in Philadelphia . [ 11 ] December 10 – The Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars begin in New South Wales, Australia, as a result of deterioration in relations and increasing colonization. December 17 – The Aztec calendar stone is discovered at El Zócalo, Mexico City. December 22 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–92) : The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Alexander Suvorov and his Russian armies. During Suvorov's storm of Izmail , 26,000 Turkish soldiers lose their lives. December 26 – Louis XVI gives his public assent to Civil Constitution of the Clergy during the French Revolution . Births January 5 – Melchor Múzquiz , 5th President of Mexico (d. 1844 ) January 18 – Qi Shan , Manchu Qing official (d. 1854 ) January 27 – Juan Álvarez , interim president of Mexico, 1855 (d. 1867 ) February 4 – John Bachman , American minister, social activist and naturalist (d. 1874 ) March 3 – John Austin , English jurist (d. 1859 ) March 29 – John Tyler , tenth President of the United States (d. 1862 ) April 21 – Manuel Blanco Encalada , Spanish-Chilean admiral and politician, 1st President of Chile (d. 1876 ) May 20 – Micajah Thomas Hawkins , American politician (d. 1858 ) May 23 – Jules Dumont d'Urville , French explorer (d. 1842 ) June 1 – Ferdinand Raimund , Austrian playwright (d. 1836 ) June 13 – José Antonio Páez , 19th President of Venezuela (d. 1873 ) June 24 – Helena Ekblom , Swedish preacher (d. 1859 ) July 13 – Anna Sofia Sevelin , Swedish opera singer (d. 1871 ) September 6 – John Green Crosse , English surgeon (d. 1850 ) October 14 – Thursday October Christian I , Pitcairn Islander and son of Fletcher Christian (d. 1831 ) October 21 – Alphonse de Lamartine , French poet and politician [ 12 ] November 17 – August Ferdinand Möbius , German mathematician, astronomer (d. 1868 ) November 21 – Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons , British admiral (d. 1858 ) December 8 Richard Carlile , English social reformer, press advocate (d. 1843 ) Friederike Lienig , Latvian entomologist (d. 1855 ) August Meineke , German Classical scholar (d. 1870 ) Richard Carlile , English social reformer, press advocate (d. 1843 ) Friederike Lienig , Latvian entomologist (d. 1855 ) August Meineke , German Classical scholar (d. 1870 ) December 16 – Leopold I of Belgium (d. 1865 ) December 19 – William Edward Parry , English Arctic explorer (d. 1855 ) December 23 – Jean-François Champollion , French Egyptologist (d. 1832 ) December 31 – Antonie Adamberger , Austrian stage actress (d. 1867 ) date unknown Lone Horn , Miniconjou chief (d. 1875 ) James Moore Wayne , American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1867 ) Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq , Urdu poet (d. 1854 ) Lone Horn , Miniconjou chief (d. 1875 ) James Moore Wayne , American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1867 ) Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq , Urdu poet (d. 1854 ) Deaths January 5 – Jacob Christian Schäffer , German inventor, botanist and professor (b. 1718 ) January 13 – Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, comte de Guichen , French admiral (b. 1712 ) January 15 – John Landen , English mathematician (b. 1719 ) January 20 – John Howard (prison reformer) , English philanthropist (b. 1726 ) January 31 – Thomas Lewis , Irish-born Virginia settler (b. 1718 ) February 5 – William Cullen , Scottish physician, chemist (b. 1710 ) February 15 – Juan Albano Pereira Márquez , godfather and tutor of Bernardo O'Higgins (b. 1728) February 18 – Elisabeth of Württemberg , Archduchess of Austria (b. 1767 ) February 20 – Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1741 ) March 4 – Henry Wisner , American Continental Congressman for New York (b. 1720 ) March 12 András Hadik , Austro-Hungarian general (b. 1710 ) William Grayson , American Continental Congressman and United States Senator for Virginia (b. 1740 ) András Hadik , Austro-Hungarian general (b. 1710 ) William Grayson , American Continental Congressman and United States Senator for Virginia (b. 1740 ) April 2 – Robert H. Harrison , American jurist and lieutenant colonel of the Continental Army (b. 1745 ) April 6 – Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (b. 1719 ) April 17 – Benjamin Franklin , American scientist and statesman (b. 1706 ) [ 13 ] April 29 – Charles-Nicolas Cochin , French artist (b. 1715 ) May 16 – Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke , English politician (b. 1720 ) May 20 – Nathan Miller , American Continental Congressman for Rhode Island (b. 1743 ) May 21 – Thomas Warton , English poet (b. 1728 ) May 23 – George Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu (b. 1712 ) May 26 – Nathaniel Folsom , American Continental Congressman for New Hampshire and Revolutionary War major general (b. 1726 ) May 29 – Israel Putnam , American Revolutionary War general (b. 1718 ) June 1 – Theodorick Bland , American Continental Congressman and U.S. Representative for Virginia (b. 1741 ) June 25 – Lovisa Augusti , Swedish opera singer (b. 1756 ) July 3 – Jean-Baptiste L. Romé de l'Isle , French chemist (b. 1736 ) July 6 – George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield , British army officer (b. 1717 ) July 7 – François Hemsterhuis , Dutch philosopher (b. 1721 ) July 14 – Ernst Gideon von Laudon , Austrian field marshal (b. 1717 ) July 17 – Adam Smith , Scottish economist, philosopher (b. 1723 ) July 25 Johann Bernhard Basedow , German educational reformer (b. 1723 ) William Livingston , Governor of New Jersey (1776–1790) (b. 1723 ) Johann Bernhard Basedow , German educational reformer (b. 1723 ) William Livingston , Governor of New Jersey (1776–1790) (b. 1723 ) August 16 – David Brearley , American Revolutionary War colonel, signer of the U.S. Constitution for New Jersey, and federal judge (b. 1745 ) September 2 – Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim , German historian, theologian (b. 1701 ) September 28 – Nikolaus I, Prince Esterházy , Hungarian prince (b. 1714 ) October 7 – Antoine Choquet de Lindu , French architect (b. 1712 ) October 14 – William Hooper , American signer of the Declaration of Independence and Continental Congressman for North Carolina (b. 1742 ) October 19 – Lyman Hall , American signer of the Declaration of Independence and Governor of Georgia (1783–1784) (b. 1724 ) November 2 – Lambert Krahe , German artist (b. 1712 ) November 6 – James Bowdoin , American Governor of Massachusetts (b. 1726 ) November 16 – Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer , American Continental Congressman and Signer of the U.S. Constitution for Maryland (b. 1723 ) November 24 – Sir Hew Dalrymple, 2nd Baronet , Scottish politician and MP for Haddington Burghs on two occasions (b. 1712 ) December 16 – Benjamin Andrew , American Continental Congressman for Georgia and member of the Georgia House of Representatives (b. 1713 ) December 27 /28 – Alvise Foscari , Venetian admiral (b. 1724 ) [ 14 ] December 29 – Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina, Duchess of Massa , Italian ruler (b. 1725 ) date unknown Helen Gloag , Scottish slave, Empress of Morocco (b. 1750 ) Susanna Passavant , English luxury goods retailer (b. 1711 ) Helen Gloag , Scottish slave, Empress of Morocco (b. 1750 ) Susanna Passavant , English luxury goods retailer (b. 1711 ) References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Historical Events for Year 1790 | OnThisDay.com" . Historyorb.com . 1790 . Retrieved June 21, 2016 . ^ a b c d e f g Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A. D. to 1909 , ed. by Benson John Lossing and, Woodrow Wilson (Harper & Brothers, 1910) p169 ^ Ralph S. Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom ^ "A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court" (PDF) . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved June 21, 2016 . ^ Carlson, Cody K. (July 16, 2015). "This week in history: Washington signs the Residence Act" . Deseret News . Retrieved November 14, 2024 . ^ "Significant Earthquake Information" . ngdc.noaa.gov . NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information . Retrieved October 10, 2021 . ^ Michel Vovelle, The Fall of the French Monarchy 1787-1792 (Cambridge University Press, 1984) p131 ^ "PHILADELPHIA, December 1", in The Pennsylvania Gazette (Philadelphia), December 1, 1790, p3 ("On Saturday last, at eleven o'clock, A.M., GEORGE WASHINGTON, President of the United States, with his Lady and Family, arrived in this city.") ^ George W. T. Omond, Belgium (A. & C. Black, 1908) p218 ^ Jeff Wallenfeldt, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (Britannica Educational Publishing, 2013) p93 ^ "George Washington— Key Events" , MillerCenter.org ^ Claeys, Gregory (2005). Encyclopedia of nineteenth-century thought . London New York: Routledge. p. 266. ISBN 9780415244190 . ^ "Later Years and Death" . Benjamin Franklin Historical Society . Archived from the original on June 27, 2016 . Retrieved September 17, 2021 . ^ Gullino, Giuseppe (1997). "Foscari, Alvise" . Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 49: Forino–Francesco da Serino. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana . ISBN 978-88-12-00032-6 . Further reading Louis Heilprin (1885). "Chronological Table of Universal History" . Historical Reference Book . New York: D. Appleton and Company. hdl : 2027/wu.89097349187 – via Hathi Trust. 1790 1790 CS1: long volume value CS1 Italian-language sources (it) Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Commons category link from Wikidata Articles containing Latin-language text This page was last edited on 12 November 2025, at 09:23 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 10,261 results for author: Wang, Z Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10547 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD HeartMuLa: A Family of Open Sourced Music Foundation Models Authors: Dongchao Yang , Yuxin Xie , Yuguo Yin , Zheyu Wang , Xiaoyu Yi , Gongxi Zhu , Xiaolong Weng , Zihan Xiong , Yingzhe Ma , Dading Cong , Jingliang Liu , Zihang Huang , Jinghan Ru , Rongjie Huang , Haoran Wan , Peixu Wang , Kuoxi Yu , Helin Wang , Liming Liang , Xianwei Zhuang , Yuanyuan Wang , Haohan Guo , Junjie Cao , Zeqian Ju , Songxiang Liu , et al. (3 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present a family of open-source Music Foundation Models designed to advance large-scale music understanding and generation across diverse tasks and modalities. Our framework consists of four major components: (1) HeartCLAP, an audio-text alignment model; (2) HeartTranscriptor, a robust lyric recognition model optimized for real-world music scenarios; and (3) HeartCodec, a low-frame-rate (12.5 H… ▽ More We present a family of open-source Music Foundation Models designed to advance large-scale music understanding and generation across diverse tasks and modalities. Our framework consists of four major components: (1) HeartCLAP, an audio-text alignment model; (2) HeartTranscriptor, a robust lyric recognition model optimized for real-world music scenarios; and (3) HeartCodec, a low-frame-rate (12.5 Hz) yet high-fidelity music codec tokenizer that captures long-range musical structure while preserving fine-grained acoustic details and enabling efficient autoregressive modeling; (4) HeartMuLa, an LLM-based song generation model capable of synthesizing high-fidelity music under rich, user-controllable conditions (e.g., textual style descriptions, lyrics, and reference audio). In addition, it provides two specialized modes: (i) fine-grained musical attribute control, which allows users to specify the style of different song sections (e.g., intro, verse, chorus) using natural language prompts; and (ii) short, engaging music generation, which is suitable as background music for short videos. Lastly, HeartMuLa improves significantly when scaled to 7B parameters. For the first time, we show that a Suno-level, commercial-grade system can be reproduced using academic-scale data and GPU resources. We expect these foundation models to serve as strong baselines for future research and to facilitate practical applications in multimodal content production. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10547 [ pdf , ps , other ] HeartMuLa: A Family of Open Sourced Music Foundation Models Authors: Dongchao Yang , Yuxin Xie , Yuguo Yin , Zheyu Wang , Xiaoyu Yi , Gongxi Zhu , Xiaolong Weng , Zihan Xiong , Yingzhe Ma , Dading Cong , Jingliang Liu , Zihang Huang , Jinghan Ru , Rongjie Huang , Haoran Wan , Peixu Wang , Kuoxi Yu , Helin Wang , Liming Liang , Xianwei Zhuang , Yuanyuan Wang , Haohan Guo , Junjie Cao , Zeqian Ju , Songxiang Liu , et al. (3 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present a family of open-source Music Foundation Models designed to advance large-scale music understanding and generation across diverse tasks and modalities. Our framework consists of four major components: (1) HeartCLAP, an audio-text alignment model; (2) HeartTranscriptor, a robust lyric recognition model optimized for real-world music scenarios; and (3) HeartCodec, a low-frame-rate (12.5 H… ▽ More We present a family of open-source Music Foundation Models designed to advance large-scale music understanding and generation across diverse tasks and modalities. Our framework consists of four major components: (1) HeartCLAP, an audio-text alignment model; (2) HeartTranscriptor, a robust lyric recognition model optimized for real-world music scenarios; and (3) HeartCodec, a low-frame-rate (12.5 Hz) yet high-fidelity music codec tokenizer that captures long-range musical structure while preserving fine-grained acoustic details and enabling efficient autoregressive modeling; (4) HeartMuLa, an LLM-based song generation model capable of synthesizing high-fidelity music under rich, user-controllable conditions (e.g., textual style descriptions, lyrics, and reference audio). In addition, it provides two specialized modes: (i) fine-grained musical attribute control, which allows users to specify the style of different song sections (e.g., intro, verse, chorus) using natural language prompts; and (ii) short, engaging music generation, which is suitable as background music for short videos. Lastly, HeartMuLa improves significantly when scaled to 7B parameters. For the first time, we show that a Suno-level, commercial-grade system can be reproduced using academic-scale data and GPU resources. We expect these foundation models to serve as strong baselines for future research and to facilitate practical applications in multimodal content production. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10527 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL cs.CV cs.LG A Safety Report on GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5 Authors: Xingjun Ma , Yixu Wang , Hengyuan Xu , Yutao Wu , Yifan Ding , Yunhan Zhao , Zilong Wang , Jiabin Hua , Ming Wen , Jianan Liu , Ranjie Duan , Yifeng Gao , Yingshui Tan , Yunhao Chen , Hui Xue , Xin Wang , Wei Cheng , Jingjing Chen , Zuxuan Wu , Bo Li , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this… ▽ More The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this report, we present an integrated safety evaluation of 7 frontier models: GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5. We evaluate each model across language, vision-language, and image generation settings using a unified protocol that integrates benchmark evaluation, adversarial evaluation, multilingual evaluation, and compliance evaluation. Aggregating our evaluations into safety leaderboards and model safety profiles across multiple evaluation modes reveals a sharply heterogeneous safety landscape. While GPT-5.2 demonstrates consistently strong and balanced safety performance across evaluations, other models exhibit pronounced trade-offs among benchmark safety, adversarial alignment, multilingual generalization, and regulatory compliance. Both language and vision-language modalities show significant vulnerability under adversarial evaluation, with all models degrading substantially despite strong results on standard benchmarks. Text-to-image models achieve relatively stronger alignment in regulated visual risk categories, yet remain brittle under adversarial or semantically ambiguous prompts. Overall, these results show that safety in frontier models is inherently multidimensional--shaped by modality, language, and evaluation scheme, underscoring the need for standardized safety evaluations to accurately assess real-world risk and guide responsible model development and deployment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 42 pages, 24 figures arXiv:2601.10527 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Safety Report on GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5 Authors: Xingjun Ma , Yixu Wang , Hengyuan Xu , Yutao Wu , Yifan Ding , Yunhan Zhao , Zilong Wang , Jiabin Hua , Ming Wen , Jianan Liu , Ranjie Duan , Yifeng Gao , Yingshui Tan , Yunhao Chen , Hui Xue , Xin Wang , Wei Cheng , Jingjing Chen , Zuxuan Wu , Bo Li , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this… ▽ More The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this report, we present an integrated safety evaluation of 7 frontier models: GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5. We evaluate each model across language, vision-language, and image generation settings using a unified protocol that integrates benchmark evaluation, adversarial evaluation, multilingual evaluation, and compliance evaluation. Aggregating our evaluations into safety leaderboards and model safety profiles across multiple evaluation modes reveals a sharply heterogeneous safety landscape. While GPT-5.2 demonstrates consistently strong and balanced safety performance across evaluations, other models exhibit pronounced trade-offs among benchmark safety, adversarial alignment, multilingual generalization, and regulatory compliance. Both language and vision-language modalities show significant vulnerability under adversarial evaluation, with all models degrading substantially despite strong results on standard benchmarks. Text-to-image models achieve relatively stronger alignment in regulated visual risk categories, yet remain brittle under adversarial or semantically ambiguous prompts. Overall, these results show that safety in frontier models is inherently multidimensional--shaped by modality, language, and evaluation scheme, underscoring the need for standardized safety evaluations to accurately assess real-world risk and guide responsible model development and deployment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 42 pages, 24 figures arXiv:2601.10318 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Boundary-Aware NL2SQL: Integrating Reliability through Hybrid Reward and Data Synthesis Authors: Songsong Tian , Kongsheng Zhuo , Zhendong Wang , Rong Shen , Shengtao Zhang , Yong Wu Abstract : In this paper, we present BAR-SQL (Boundary-Aware Reliable NL2SQL), a unified training framework that embeds reliability and boundary awareness directly into the generation process. We introduce a Seed Mutation data synthesis paradigm that constructs a representative enterprise corpus, explicitly encompassing multi-step analytical queries alongside boundary cases including ambiguity and schema lim… ▽ More In this paper, we present BAR-SQL (Boundary-Aware Reliable NL2SQL), a unified training framework that embeds reliability and boundary awareness directly into the generation process. We introduce a Seed Mutation data synthesis paradigm that constructs a representative enterprise corpus, explicitly encompassing multi-step analytical queries alongside boundary cases including ambiguity and schema limitations. To ensure interpretability, we employ Knowledge-Grounded Reasoning Synthesis, which produces Chain-of-Thought traces explicitly anchored in schema metadata and business rules. The model is trained through a two-stage process: Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) followed by Reinforcement Learning via Group Relative Policy Optimization. We design a Task-Conditioned Hybrid Reward mechanism that simultaneously optimizes SQL execution accuracy-leveraging Abstract Syntax Tree analysis and dense result matching-and semantic precision in abstention responses. To evaluate reliability alongside generation accuracy, we construct and release Ent-SQL-Bench, which jointly assesse SQL precision and boundary-aware abstention across ambiguous and unanswerable queries. Experimental results on this benchmark demonstrate that BAR-SQL achieves 91.48% average accuracy, outperforming leading proprietary models, including Claude 4.5 Sonnet and GPT-5, in both SQL generation quality and boundary-aware abstention capability. The source code and benchmark are available anonymously at: △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10318 [ pdf , ps , other ] Boundary-Aware NL2SQL: Integrating Reliability through Hybrid Reward and Data Synthesis Authors: Songsong Tian , Kongsheng Zhuo , Zhendong Wang , Rong Shen , Shengtao Zhang , Yong Wu Abstract : In this paper, we present BAR-SQL (Boundary-Aware Reliable NL2SQL), a unified training framework that embeds reliability and boundary awareness directly into the generation process. We introduce a Seed Mutation data synthesis paradigm that constructs a representative enterprise corpus, explicitly encompassing multi-step analytical queries alongside boundary cases including ambiguity and schema lim… ▽ More In this paper, we present BAR-SQL (Boundary-Aware Reliable NL2SQL), a unified training framework that embeds reliability and boundary awareness directly into the generation process. We introduce a Seed Mutation data synthesis paradigm that constructs a representative enterprise corpus, explicitly encompassing multi-step analytical queries alongside boundary cases including ambiguity and schema limitations. To ensure interpretability, we employ Knowledge-Grounded Reasoning Synthesis, which produces Chain-of-Thought traces explicitly anchored in schema metadata and business rules. The model is trained through a two-stage process: Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) followed by Reinforcement Learning via Group Relative Policy Optimization. We design a Task-Conditioned Hybrid Reward mechanism that simultaneously optimizes SQL execution accuracy-leveraging Abstract Syntax Tree analysis and dense result matching-and semantic precision in abstention responses. To evaluate reliability alongside generation accuracy, we construct and release Ent-SQL-Bench, which jointly assesse SQL precision and boundary-aware abstention across ambiguous and unanswerable queries. Experimental results on this benchmark demonstrate that BAR-SQL achieves 91.48% average accuracy, outperforming leading proprietary models, including Claude 4.5 Sonnet and GPT-5, in both SQL generation quality and boundary-aware abstention capability. The source code and benchmark are available anonymously at: △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10267 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG In-Context Source and Channel Coding Authors: Ziqiong Wang , Tianqi Ren , Rongpeng Li , Zhifeng Zhao , Honggang Zhang Abstract : Separate Source-Channel Coding (SSCC) remains attractive for text transmission due to its modularity and compatibility with mature entropy coders and powerful channel codes. However, SSCC often suffers from a pronounced cliff effect in low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) regimes, where residual bit errors after channel decoding can catastrophically break lossless source decoding, especially for Arithm… ▽ More Separate Source-Channel Coding (SSCC) remains attractive for text transmission due to its modularity and compatibility with mature entropy coders and powerful channel codes. However, SSCC often suffers from a pronounced cliff effect in low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) regimes, where residual bit errors after channel decoding can catastrophically break lossless source decoding, especially for Arithmetic Coding (AC) driven by Large Language Models (LLMs). This paper proposes a receiver-side In-Context Decoding (ICD) framework that enhances SSCC robustness without modifying the transmitter. ICD leverages an Error Correction Code Transformer (ECCT) to obtain bit-wise reliability for the decoded information bits. Based on the context-consistent bitstream, ICD constructs a confidence-ranked candidate pool via reliability-guided bit flipping, samples a compact yet diverse subset of candidates, and applies an LLM-based arithmetic decoder to obtain both reconstructions and sequence-level log-likelihoods. A reliability-likelihood fusion rule then selects the final output. We further provide theoretical guarantees on the stability and convergence of the proposed sampling procedure. Extensive experiments over Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels demonstrate consistent gains compared with conventional SSCC baselines and representative Joint Source-Channel Coding (JSCC) schemes. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10267 [ pdf , ps , other ] In-Context Source and Channel Coding Authors: Ziqiong Wang , Tianqi Ren , Rongpeng Li , Zhifeng Zhao , Honggang Zhang Abstract : Separate Source-Channel Coding (SSCC) remains attractive for text transmission due to its modularity and compatibility with mature entropy coders and powerful channel codes. However, SSCC often suffers from a pronounced cliff effect in low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) regimes, where residual bit errors after channel decoding can catastrophically break lossless source decoding, especially for Arithm… ▽ More Separate Source-Channel Coding (SSCC) remains attractive for text transmission due to its modularity and compatibility with mature entropy coders and powerful channel codes. However, SSCC often suffers from a pronounced cliff effect in low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) regimes, where residual bit errors after channel decoding can catastrophically break lossless source decoding, especially for Arithmetic Coding (AC) driven by Large Language Models (LLMs). This paper proposes a receiver-side In-Context Decoding (ICD) framework that enhances SSCC robustness without modifying the transmitter. ICD leverages an Error Correction Code Transformer (ECCT) to obtain bit-wise reliability for the decoded information bits. Based on the context-consistent bitstream, ICD constructs a confidence-ranked candidate pool via reliability-guided bit flipping, samples a compact yet diverse subset of candidates, and applies an LLM-based arithmetic decoder to obtain both reconstructions and sequence-level log-likelihoods. A reliability-likelihood fusion rule then selects the final output. We further provide theoretical guarantees on the stability and convergence of the proposed sampling procedure. Extensive experiments over Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels demonstrate consistent gains compared with conventional SSCC baselines and representative Joint Source-Channel Coding (JSCC) schemes. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10263 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.NE An Ensemble of Evolutionary Algorithms With Both Crisscross Search and Sparrow Search for Processing Inferior Individuals Authors: Mingxuan Du , Tingzhang Luo , Ziyang Wang , Chengjun Li Abstract : In the field of artificial intelligence, real parameter single objective optimization is an important direction. Both the Differential Evolution (DE) and the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) demonstrate good performance for real parameter single objective optimization. Nevertheless, there exist other types of evolutionary algorithm for the purpose. In recent years, research… ▽ More In the field of artificial intelligence, real parameter single objective optimization is an important direction. Both the Differential Evolution (DE) and the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) demonstrate good performance for real parameter single objective optimization. Nevertheless, there exist other types of evolutionary algorithm for the purpose. In recent years, researchers begin to study long-term search. EA4eig - an ensemble of three DE variants and CMA-ES - performs well for long-term search. In this paper, we introduce two types of evolutionary algorithm proposed recently - crisscross search and sparrow search - into EA4eig as secondary evolutionary algorithms to process inferior individuals. Thus, EA4eigCS is obtained. In our ensemble, the secondary evolutionary algorithms are expected to vary distribution of the population for breaking stagnation. Experimental results show that our EA4eigCS outperforms EA4eig and is competitive when compared with state-of-the-art algorithms. Code and supplementary material are available at: △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10263 [ pdf , ps , other ] An Ensemble of Evolutionary Algorithms With Both Crisscross Search and Sparrow Search for Processing Inferior Individuals Authors: Mingxuan Du , Tingzhang Luo , Ziyang Wang , Chengjun Li Abstract : In the field of artificial intelligence, real parameter single objective optimization is an important direction. Both the Differential Evolution (DE) and the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) demonstrate good performance for real parameter single objective optimization. Nevertheless, there exist other types of evolutionary algorithm for the purpose. In recent years, research… ▽ More In the field of artificial intelligence, real parameter single objective optimization is an important direction. Both the Differential Evolution (DE) and the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) demonstrate good performance for real parameter single objective optimization. Nevertheless, there exist other types of evolutionary algorithm for the purpose. In recent years, researchers begin to study long-term search. EA4eig - an ensemble of three DE variants and CMA-ES - performs well for long-term search. In this paper, we introduce two types of evolutionary algorithm proposed recently - crisscross search and sparrow search - into EA4eig as secondary evolutionary algorithms to process inferior individuals. Thus, EA4eigCS is obtained. In our ensemble, the secondary evolutionary algorithms are expected to vary distribution of the population for breaking stagnation. Experimental results show that our EA4eigCS outperforms EA4eig and is competitive when compared with state-of-the-art algorithms. Code and supplementary material are available at: △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10137 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI stat.ML Step-by-Step Causality: Transparent Causal Discovery with Multi-Agent Tree-Query and Adversarial Confidence Estimation Authors: Ziyi Ding , Chenfei Ye-Hao , Zheyuan Wang , Xiao-Ping Zhang Abstract : Causal discovery aims to recover ``what causes what'', but classical constraint-based methods (e.g., PC, FCI) suffer from error propagation, and recent LLM-based causal oracles often behave as opaque, confidence-free black boxes. This paper introduces Tree-Query, a tree-structured, multi-expert LLM framework that reduces pairwise causal discovery to a short sequence of queries about backdoor paths… ▽ More Causal discovery aims to recover ``what causes what'', but classical constraint-based methods (e.g., PC, FCI) suffer from error propagation, and recent LLM-based causal oracles often behave as opaque, confidence-free black boxes. This paper introduces Tree-Query, a tree-structured, multi-expert LLM framework that reduces pairwise causal discovery to a short sequence of queries about backdoor paths, (in)dependence, latent confounding, and causal direction, yielding interpretable judgments with robustness-aware confidence scores. Theoretical guarantees are provided for asymptotic identifiability of four pairwise relations. On data-free benchmarks derived from Mooij et al. and UCI causal graphs, Tree-Query improves structural metrics over direct LLM baselines, and a diet--weight case study illustrates confounder screening and stable, high-confidence causal conclusions. Tree-Query thus offers a principled way to obtain data-free causal priors from LLMs that can complement downstream data-driven causal discovery. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10137 [ pdf , ps , other ] Step-by-Step Causality: Transparent Causal Discovery with Multi-Agent Tree-Query and Adversarial Confidence Estimation Authors: Ziyi Ding , Chenfei Ye-Hao , Zheyuan Wang , Xiao-Ping Zhang Abstract : Causal discovery aims to recover ``what causes what'', but classical constraint-based methods (e.g., PC, FCI) suffer from error propagation, and recent LLM-based causal oracles often behave as opaque, confidence-free black boxes. This paper introduces Tree-Query, a tree-structured, multi-expert LLM framework that reduces pairwise causal discovery to a short sequence of queries about backdoor paths… ▽ More Causal discovery aims to recover ``what causes what'', but classical constraint-based methods (e.g., PC, FCI) suffer from error propagation, and recent LLM-based causal oracles often behave as opaque, confidence-free black boxes. This paper introduces Tree-Query, a tree-structured, multi-expert LLM framework that reduces pairwise causal discovery to a short sequence of queries about backdoor paths, (in)dependence, latent confounding, and causal direction, yielding interpretable judgments with robustness-aware confidence scores. Theoretical guarantees are provided for asymptotic identifiability of four pairwise relations. On data-free benchmarks derived from Mooij et al. and UCI causal graphs, Tree-Query improves structural metrics over direct LLM baselines, and a diet--weight case study illustrates confounder screening and stable, high-confidence causal conclusions. Tree-Query thus offers a principled way to obtain data-free causal priors from LLMs that can complement downstream data-driven causal discovery. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10108 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.MM SIN-Bench: Tracing Native Evidence Chains in Long-Context Multimodal Scientific Interleaved Literature Authors: Yiming Ren , Junjie Wang , Yuxin Meng , Yihang Shi , Zhiqiang Lin , Ruihang Chu , Yiran Xu , Ziming Li , Yunfei Zhao , Zihan Wang , Yu Qiao , Ruiming Tang , Minghao Liu , Yujiu Yang Abstract : Evaluating whether multimodal large language models truly understand long-form scientific papers remains challenging: answer-only metrics and synthetic "Needle-In-A-Haystack" tests often reward answer matching without requiring a causal, evidence-linked reasoning trace in the document. We propose the "Fish-in-the-Ocean" (FITO) paradigm, which requires models to construct explicit cross-modal evide… ▽ More Evaluating whether multimodal large language models truly understand long-form scientific papers remains challenging: answer-only metrics and synthetic "Needle-In-A-Haystack" tests often reward answer matching without requiring a causal, evidence-linked reasoning trace in the document. We propose the "Fish-in-the-Ocean" (FITO) paradigm, which requires models to construct explicit cross-modal evidence chains within native scientific documents. To operationalize FITO, we build SIN-Data, a scientific interleaved corpus that preserves the native interleaving of text and figures. On top of it, we construct SIN-Bench with four progressive tasks covering evidence discovery (SIN-Find), hypothesis verification (SIN-Verify), grounded QA (SIN-QA), and evidence-anchored synthesis (SIN-Summary). We further introduce "No Evidence, No Score", scoring predictions when grounded to verifiable anchors and diagnosing evidence quality via matching, relevance, and logic. Experiments on eight MLLMs show that grounding is the primary bottleneck: Gemini-3-pro achieves the best average overall score (0.573), while GPT-5 attains the highest SIN-QA answer accuracy (0.767) but underperforms on evidence-aligned overall scores, exposing a gap between correctness and traceable support. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10108 [ pdf , ps , other ] SIN-Bench: Tracing Native Evidence Chains in Long-Context Multimodal Scientific Interleaved Literature Authors: Yiming Ren , Junjie Wang , Yuxin Meng , Yihang Shi , Zhiqiang Lin , Ruihang Chu , Yiran Xu , Ziming Li , Yunfei Zhao , Zihan Wang , Yu Qiao , Ruiming Tang , Minghao Liu , Yujiu Yang Abstract : Evaluating whether multimodal large language models truly understand long-form scientific papers remains challenging: answer-only metrics and synthetic "Needle-In-A-Haystack" tests often reward answer matching without requiring a causal, evidence-linked reasoning trace in the document. We propose the "Fish-in-the-Ocean" (FITO) paradigm, which requires models to construct explicit cross-modal evide… ▽ More Evaluating whether multimodal large language models truly understand long-form scientific papers remains challenging: answer-only metrics and synthetic "Needle-In-A-Haystack" tests often reward answer matching without requiring a causal, evidence-linked reasoning trace in the document. We propose the "Fish-in-the-Ocean" (FITO) paradigm, which requires models to construct explicit cross-modal evidence chains within native scientific documents. To operationalize FITO, we build SIN-Data, a scientific interleaved corpus that preserves the native interleaving of text and figures. On top of it, we construct SIN-Bench with four progressive tasks covering evidence discovery (SIN-Find), hypothesis verification (SIN-Verify), grounded QA (SIN-QA), and evidence-anchored synthesis (SIN-Summary). We further introduce "No Evidence, No Score", scoring predictions when grounded to verifiable anchors and diagnosing evidence quality via matching, relevance, and logic. Experiments on eight MLLMs show that grounding is the primary bottleneck: Gemini-3-pro achieves the best average overall score (0.573), while GPT-5 attains the highest SIN-QA answer accuracy (0.767) but underperforms on evidence-aligned overall scores, exposing a gap between correctness and traceable support. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10075 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.GR cs.LG Thinking Like Van Gogh: Structure-Aware Style Transfer via Flow-Guided 3D Gaussian Splatting Authors: Zhendong Wang , Lebin Zhou , Jingchuan Xiao , Rongduo Han , Nam Ling , Cihan Ruan Abstract : In 1888, Vincent van Gogh wrote, "I am seeking exaggeration in the essential." This principle, amplifying structural form while suppressing photographic detail, lies at the core of Post-Impressionist art. However, most existing 3D style transfer methods invert this philosophy, treating geometry as a rigid substrate for surface-level texture projection. To authentically reproduce Post-Impressionist… ▽ More In 1888, Vincent van Gogh wrote, "I am seeking exaggeration in the essential." This principle, amplifying structural form while suppressing photographic detail, lies at the core of Post-Impressionist art. However, most existing 3D style transfer methods invert this philosophy, treating geometry as a rigid substrate for surface-level texture projection. To authentically reproduce Post-Impressionist stylization, geometric abstraction must be embraced as the primary vehicle of expression. We propose a flow-guided geometric advection framework for 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) that operationalizes this principle in a mesh-free setting. Our method extracts directional flow fields from 2D paintings and back-propagates them into 3D space, rectifying Gaussian primitives to form flow-aligned brushstrokes that conform to scene topology without relying on explicit mesh priors. This enables expressive structural deformation driven directly by painterly motion rather than photometric constraints. Our contributions are threefold: (1) a projection-based, mesh-free flow guidance mechanism that transfers 2D artistic motion into 3D Gaussian geometry; (2) a luminance-structure decoupling strategy that isolates geometric deformation from color optimization, mitigating artifacts during aggressive structural abstraction; and (3) a VLM-as-a-Judge evaluation framework that assesses artistic authenticity through aesthetic judgment instead of conventional pixel-level metrics, explicitly addressing the subjective nature of artistic stylization. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 7 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2601.10075 [ pdf , ps , other ] Thinking Like Van Gogh: Structure-Aware Style Transfer via Flow-Guided 3D Gaussian Splatting Authors: Zhendong Wang , Lebin Zhou , Jingchuan Xiao , Rongduo Han , Nam Ling , Cihan Ruan Abstract : In 1888, Vincent van Gogh wrote, "I am seeking exaggeration in the essential." This principle, amplifying structural form while suppressing photographic detail, lies at the core of Post-Impressionist art. However, most existing 3D style transfer methods invert this philosophy, treating geometry as a rigid substrate for surface-level texture projection. To authentically reproduce Post-Impressionist… ▽ More In 1888, Vincent van Gogh wrote, "I am seeking exaggeration in the essential." This principle, amplifying structural form while suppressing photographic detail, lies at the core of Post-Impressionist art. However, most existing 3D style transfer methods invert this philosophy, treating geometry as a rigid substrate for surface-level texture projection. To authentically reproduce Post-Impressionist stylization, geometric abstraction must be embraced as the primary vehicle of expression. We propose a flow-guided geometric advection framework for 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) that operationalizes this principle in a mesh-free setting. Our method extracts directional flow fields from 2D paintings and back-propagates them into 3D space, rectifying Gaussian primitives to form flow-aligned brushstrokes that conform to scene topology without relying on explicit mesh priors. This enables expressive structural deformation driven directly by painterly motion rather than photometric constraints. Our contributions are threefold: (1) a projection-based, mesh-free flow guidance mechanism that transfers 2D artistic motion into 3D Gaussian geometry; (2) a luminance-structure decoupling strategy that isolates geometric deformation from color optimization, mitigating artifacts during aggressive structural abstraction; and (3) a VLM-as-a-Judge evaluation framework that assesses artistic authenticity through aesthetic judgment instead of conventional pixel-level metrics, explicitly addressing the subjective nature of artistic stylization. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 7 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2601.10037 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.ET Resistive Memory based Efficient Machine Unlearning and Continual Learning Authors: Ning Lin , Jichang Yang , Yangu He , Zijian Ye , Kwun Hang Wong , Xinyuan Zhang , Songqi Wang , Yi Li , Kemi Xu , Leo Yu Zhang , Xiaoming Chen , Dashan Shang , Han Wang , Xiaojuan Qi , Zhongrui Wang Abstract : Resistive memory (RM) based neuromorphic systems can emulate synaptic plasticity and thus support continual learning, but they generally lack biologically inspired mechanisms for active forgetting, which are critical for meeting modern data privacy requirements. Algorithmic forgetting, or machine unlearning, seeks to remove the influence of specific data from trained models to prevent memorization… ▽ More Resistive memory (RM) based neuromorphic systems can emulate synaptic plasticity and thus support continual learning, but they generally lack biologically inspired mechanisms for active forgetting, which are critical for meeting modern data privacy requirements. Algorithmic forgetting, or machine unlearning, seeks to remove the influence of specific data from trained models to prevent memorization of sensitive information and the generation of harmful content, yet existing exact and approximate unlearning schemes incur prohibitive programming overheads on RM hardware owing to device variability and iterative write-verify cycles. Analogue implementations of continual learning face similar barriers. Here we present a hardware-software co-design that enables an efficient training, deployment and inference pipeline for machine unlearning and continual learning on RM accelerators. At the software level, we introduce a low-rank adaptation (LoRA) framework that confines updates to compact parameter branches, substantially reducing the number of trainable parameters and therefore the training cost. At the hardware level, we develop a hybrid analogue-digital compute-in-memory system in which well-trained weights are stored in analogue RM arrays, whereas dynamic LoRA updates are implemented in a digital computing unit with SRAM buffer. This hybrid architecture avoids costly reprogramming of analogue weights and maintains high energy efficiency during inference. Fabricated in a 180 nm CMOS process, the prototype achieves up to a 147.76-fold reduction in training cost, a 387.95-fold reduction in deployment overhead and a 48.44-fold reduction in inference energy across privacy-sensitive tasks including face recognition, speaker authentication and stylized image generation, paving the way for secure and efficient neuromorphic intelligence at the edge. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10037 [ pdf , ps , other ] Resistive Memory based Efficient Machine Unlearning and Continual Learning Authors: Ning Lin , Jichang Yang , Yangu He , Zijian Ye , Kwun Hang Wong , Xinyuan Zhang , Songqi Wang , Yi Li , Kemi Xu , Leo Yu Zhang , Xiaoming Chen , Dashan Shang , Han Wang , Xiaojuan Qi , Zhongrui Wang Abstract : Resistive memory (RM) based neuromorphic systems can emulate synaptic plasticity and thus support continual learning, but they generally lack biologically inspired mechanisms for active forgetting, which are critical for meeting modern data privacy requirements. Algorithmic forgetting, or machine unlearning, seeks to remove the influence of specific data from trained models to prevent memorization… ▽ More Resistive memory (RM) based neuromorphic systems can emulate synaptic plasticity and thus support continual learning, but they generally lack biologically inspired mechanisms for active forgetting, which are critical for meeting modern data privacy requirements. Algorithmic forgetting, or machine unlearning, seeks to remove the influence of specific data from trained models to prevent memorization of sensitive information and the generation of harmful content, yet existing exact and approximate unlearning schemes incur prohibitive programming overheads on RM hardware owing to device variability and iterative write-verify cycles. Analogue implementations of continual learning face similar barriers. Here we present a hardware-software co-design that enables an efficient training, deployment and inference pipeline for machine unlearning and continual learning on RM accelerators. At the software level, we introduce a low-rank adaptation (LoRA) framework that confines updates to compact parameter branches, substantially reducing the number of trainable parameters and therefore the training cost. At the hardware level, we develop a hybrid analogue-digital compute-in-memory system in which well-trained weights are stored in analogue RM arrays, whereas dynamic LoRA updates are implemented in a digital computing unit with SRAM buffer. This hybrid architecture avoids costly reprogramming of analogue weights and maintains high energy efficiency during inference. Fabricated in a 180 nm CMOS process, the prototype achieves up to a 147.76-fold reduction in training cost, a 387.95-fold reduction in deployment overhead and a 48.44-fold reduction in inference energy across privacy-sensitive tasks including face recognition, speaker authentication and stylized image generation, paving the way for secure and efficient neuromorphic intelligence at the edge. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10001 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV DW-DGAT: Dynamically Weighted Dual Graph Attention Network for Neurodegenerative Disease Diagnosis Authors: Chengjia Liang , Zhenjiong Wang , Chao Chen , Ruizhi Zhang , Songxi Liang , Hai Xie , Haijun Lei , Zhongwei Huang Abstract : Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the two most prevalent and incurable neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) worldwide, for which early diagnosis is critical to delay their progression. However, the high dimensionality of multi-metric data with diverse structural forms, the heterogeneity of neuroimaging and phenotypic data, and class imbalance collectively pose significant chall… ▽ More Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the two most prevalent and incurable neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) worldwide, for which early diagnosis is critical to delay their progression. However, the high dimensionality of multi-metric data with diverse structural forms, the heterogeneity of neuroimaging and phenotypic data, and class imbalance collectively pose significant challenges to early ND diagnosis. To address these challenges, we propose a dynamically weighted dual graph attention network (DW-DGAT) that integrates: (1) a general-purpose data fusion strategy to merge three structural forms of multi-metric data; (2) a dual graph attention architecture based on brain regions and inter-sample relationships to extract both micro- and macro-level features; and (3) a class weight generation mechanism combined with two stable and effective loss functions to mitigate class imbalance. Rigorous experiments, based on the Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI) and Alzhermer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) studies, demonstrate the state-of-the-art performance of our approach. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: AAAI-2026 accepted poster paper arXiv:2601.10001 [ pdf , ps , other ] DW-DGAT: Dynamically Weighted Dual Graph Attention Network for Neurodegenerative Disease Diagnosis Authors: Chengjia Liang , Zhenjiong Wang , Chao Chen , Ruizhi Zhang , Songxi Liang , Hai Xie , Haijun Lei , Zhongwei Huang Abstract : Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the two most prevalent and incurable neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) worldwide, for which early diagnosis is critical to delay their progression. However, the high dimensionality of multi-metric data with diverse structural forms, the heterogeneity of neuroimaging and phenotypic data, and class imbalance collectively pose significant chall… ▽ More Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the two most prevalent and incurable neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) worldwide, for which early diagnosis is critical to delay their progression. However, the high dimensionality of multi-metric data with diverse structural forms, the heterogeneity of neuroimaging and phenotypic data, and class imbalance collectively pose significant challenges to early ND diagnosis. To address these challenges, we propose a dynamically weighted dual graph attention network (DW-DGAT) that integrates: (1) a general-purpose data fusion strategy to merge three structural forms of multi-metric data; (2) a dual graph attention architecture based on brain regions and inter-sample relationships to extract both micro- and macro-level features; and (3) a class weight generation mechanism combined with two stable and effective loss functions to mitigate class imbalance. Rigorous experiments, based on the Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI) and Alzhermer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) studies, demonstrate the state-of-the-art performance of our approach. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: AAAI-2026 accepted poster paper arXiv:2601.09961 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.GT A Control Theoretic Approach to Decentralized AI Economy Stabilization via Dynamic Buyback-and-Burn Mechanisms Authors: Zehua Cheng , Wei Dai , Zhipeng Wang , Rui Sun , Nick Wen , Jiahao Sun Abstract : The democratization of artificial intelligence through decentralized networks represents a paradigm shift in computational provisioning, yet the long-term viability of these ecosystems is critically endangered by the extreme volatility of their native economic layers. Current tokenomic models, which predominantly rely on static or threshold-based buyback heuristics, are ill-equipped to handle comp… ▽ More The democratization of artificial intelligence through decentralized networks represents a paradigm shift in computational provisioning, yet the long-term viability of these ecosystems is critically endangered by the extreme volatility of their native economic layers. Current tokenomic models, which predominantly rely on static or threshold-based buyback heuristics, are ill-equipped to handle complex system dynamics and often function pro-cyclically, exacerbating instability during market downturns. To bridge this gap, we propose the Dynamic-Control Buyback Mechanism (DCBM), a formalized control-theoretic framework that utilizes a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller with strict solvency constraints to regulate the token economy as a dynamical system. Extensive agent-based simulations utilizing Jump-Diffusion processes demonstrate that DCBM fundamentally outperforms static baselines, reducing token price volatility by approximately 66% and lowering operator churn from 19.5% to 8.1% in high-volatility regimes. These findings establish that converting tokenomics from static rules into continuous, structurally constrained control loops is a necessary condition for secure and sustainable decentralized intelligence networks. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 12 pages arXiv:2601.09961 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Control Theoretic Approach to Decentralized AI Economy Stabilization via Dynamic Buyback-and-Burn Mechanisms Authors: Zehua Cheng , Wei Dai , Zhipeng Wang , Rui Sun , Nick Wen , Jiahao Sun Abstract : The democratization of artificial intelligence through decentralized networks represents a paradigm shift in computational provisioning, yet the long-term viability of these ecosystems is critically endangered by the extreme volatility of their native economic layers. Current tokenomic models, which predominantly rely on static or threshold-based buyback heuristics, are ill-equipped to handle comp… ▽ More The democratization of artificial intelligence through decentralized networks represents a paradigm shift in computational provisioning, yet the long-term viability of these ecosystems is critically endangered by the extreme volatility of their native economic layers. Current tokenomic models, which predominantly rely on static or threshold-based buyback heuristics, are ill-equipped to handle complex system dynamics and often function pro-cyclically, exacerbating instability during market downturns. To bridge this gap, we propose the Dynamic-Control Buyback Mechanism (DCBM), a formalized control-theoretic framework that utilizes a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller with strict solvency constraints to regulate the token economy as a dynamical system. Extensive agent-based simulations utilizing Jump-Diffusion processes demonstrate that DCBM fundamentally outperforms static baselines, reducing token price volatility by approximately 66% and lowering operator churn from 19.5% to 8.1% in high-volatility regimes. These findings establish that converting tokenomics from static rules into continuous, structurally constrained control loops is a necessary condition for secure and sustainable decentralized intelligence networks. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 12 pages arXiv:2601.09572 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Trustworthy Longitudinal Brain MRI Completion: A Deformation-Based Approach with KAN-Enhanced Diffusion Model Authors: Tianli Tao , Ziyang Wang , Delong Yang , Han Zhang , Le Zhang Abstract : Longitudinal brain MRI is essential for lifespan study, yet high attrition rates often lead to missing data, complicating analysis. Deep generative models have been explored, but most rely solely on image intensity, leading to two key limitations: 1) the fidelity or trustworthiness of the generated brain images are limited, making downstream studies questionable; 2) the usage flexibility is restri… ▽ More Longitudinal brain MRI is essential for lifespan study, yet high attrition rates often lead to missing data, complicating analysis. Deep generative models have been explored, but most rely solely on image intensity, leading to two key limitations: 1) the fidelity or trustworthiness of the generated brain images are limited, making downstream studies questionable; 2) the usage flexibility is restricted due to fixed guidance rooted in the model structure, restricting full ability to versatile application scenarios. To address these challenges, we introduce DF-DiffCom, a Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KAN)-enhanced diffusion model that smartly leverages deformation fields for trustworthy longitudinal brain image completion. Trained on OASIS-3, DF-DiffCom outperforms state-of-the-art methods, improving PSNR by 5.6% and SSIM by 0.12. More importantly, its modality-agnostic nature allows smooth extension to varied MRI modalities, even to attribute maps such as brain tissue segmentation results. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09572 [ pdf , ps , other ] Trustworthy Longitudinal Brain MRI Completion: A Deformation-Based Approach with KAN-Enhanced Diffusion Model Authors: Tianli Tao , Ziyang Wang , Delong Yang , Han Zhang , Le Zhang Abstract : Longitudinal brain MRI is essential for lifespan study, yet high attrition rates often lead to missing data, complicating analysis. Deep generative models have been explored, but most rely solely on image intensity, leading to two key limitations: 1) the fidelity or trustworthiness of the generated brain images are limited, making downstream studies questionable; 2) the usage flexibility is restri… ▽ More Longitudinal brain MRI is essential for lifespan study, yet high attrition rates often lead to missing data, complicating analysis. Deep generative models have been explored, but most rely solely on image intensity, leading to two key limitations: 1) the fidelity or trustworthiness of the generated brain images are limited, making downstream studies questionable; 2) the usage flexibility is restricted due to fixed guidance rooted in the model structure, restricting full ability to versatile application scenarios. To address these challenges, we introduce DF-DiffCom, a Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KAN)-enhanced diffusion model that smartly leverages deformation fields for trustworthy longitudinal brain image completion. Trained on OASIS-3, DF-DiffCom outperforms state-of-the-art methods, improving PSNR by 5.6% and SSIM by 0.12. More importantly, its modality-agnostic nature allows smooth extension to varied MRI modalities, even to attribute maps such as brain tissue segmentation results. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09496 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR Unifying Search and Recommendation in LLMs via Gradient Multi-Subspace Tuning Authors: Jujia Zhao , Zihan Wang , Shuaiqun Pan , Suzan Verberne , Zhaochun Ren Abstract : Search and recommendation (S&R) are core to online platforms, addressing explicit intent through queries and modeling implicit intent from behaviors, respectively. Their complementary roles motivate a unified modeling paradigm. Early studies to unify S&R adopt shared encoders with task-specific heads, while recent efforts reframe item ranking in both S&R as conditional generation. The latter holds… ▽ More Search and recommendation (S&R) are core to online platforms, addressing explicit intent through queries and modeling implicit intent from behaviors, respectively. Their complementary roles motivate a unified modeling paradigm. Early studies to unify S&R adopt shared encoders with task-specific heads, while recent efforts reframe item ranking in both S&R as conditional generation. The latter holds particular promise, enabling end-to-end optimization and leveraging the semantic understanding of LLMs. However, existing methods rely on full fine-tuning, which is computationally expensive and limits scalability. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) offers a more practical alternative but faces two critical challenges in unifying S&R: (1) gradient conflicts across tasks due to divergent optimization objectives, and (2) shifts in user intent understanding caused by overfitting to fine-tuning data, which distort general-domain knowledge and weaken LLM reasoning. To address the above issues, we propose Gradient Multi-Subspace Tuning (GEMS), a novel framework that unifies S&R with LLMs while alleviating gradient conflicts and preserving general-domain knowledge. GEMS introduces (1) \textbf{Multi-Subspace Decomposition}, which disentangles shared and task-specific optimization signals into complementary low-rank subspaces, thereby reducing destructive gradient interference, and (2) \textbf{Null-Space Projection}, which constrains parameter updates to a subspace orthogonal to the general-domain knowledge space, mitigating shifts in user intent understanding. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets show that GEMS consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art baselines across both search and recommendation tasks, achieving superior effectiveness. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09496 [ pdf , ps , other ] Unifying Search and Recommendation in LLMs via Gradient Multi-Subspace Tuning Authors: Jujia Zhao , Zihan Wang , Shuaiqun Pan , Suzan Verberne , Zhaochun Ren Abstract : Search and recommendation (S&R) are core to online platforms, addressing explicit intent through queries and modeling implicit intent from behaviors, respectively. Their complementary roles motivate a unified modeling paradigm. Early studies to unify S&R adopt shared encoders with task-specific heads, while recent efforts reframe item ranking in both S&R as conditional generation. The latter holds… ▽ More Search and recommendation (S&R) are core to online platforms, addressing explicit intent through queries and modeling implicit intent from behaviors, respectively. Their complementary roles motivate a unified modeling paradigm. Early studies to unify S&R adopt shared encoders with task-specific heads, while recent efforts reframe item ranking in both S&R as conditional generation. The latter holds particular promise, enabling end-to-end optimization and leveraging the semantic understanding of LLMs. However, existing methods rely on full fine-tuning, which is computationally expensive and limits scalability. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) offers a more practical alternative but faces two critical challenges in unifying S&R: (1) gradient conflicts across tasks due to divergent optimization objectives, and (2) shifts in user intent understanding caused by overfitting to fine-tuning data, which distort general-domain knowledge and weaken LLM reasoning. To address the above issues, we propose Gradient Multi-Subspace Tuning (GEMS), a novel framework that unifies S&R with LLMs while alleviating gradient conflicts and preserving general-domain knowledge. GEMS introduces (1) \textbf{Multi-Subspace Decomposition}, which disentangles shared and task-specific optimization signals into complementary low-rank subspaces, thereby reducing destructive gradient interference, and (2) \textbf{Null-Space Projection}, which constrains parameter updates to a subspace orthogonal to the general-domain knowledge space, mitigating shifts in user intent understanding. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets show that GEMS consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art baselines across both search and recommendation tasks, achieving superior effectiveness. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09478 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR cs.AI Bridging Semantic Understanding and Popularity Bias with LLMs Authors: Renqiang Luo , Dong Zhang , Yupeng Gao , Wen Shi , Mingliang Hou , Jiaying Liu , Zhe Wang , Shuo Yu Abstract : Semantic understanding of popularity bias is a crucial yet underexplored challenge in recommender systems, where popular items are often favored at the expense of niche content. Most existing debiasing methods treat the semantic understanding of popularity bias as a matter of diversity enhancement or long-tail coverage, neglecting the deeper semantic layer that embodies the causal origins of the b… ▽ More Semantic understanding of popularity bias is a crucial yet underexplored challenge in recommender systems, where popular items are often favored at the expense of niche content. Most existing debiasing methods treat the semantic understanding of popularity bias as a matter of diversity enhancement or long-tail coverage, neglecting the deeper semantic layer that embodies the causal origins of the bias itself. Consequently, such shallow interpretations limit both their debiasing effectiveness and recommendation accuracy. In this paper, we propose FairLRM, a novel framework that bridges the gap in the semantic understanding of popularity bias with Recommendation via Large Language Model (RecLLM). FairLRM decomposes popularity bias into item-side and user-side components, using structured instruction-based prompts to enhance the model's comprehension of both global item distributions and individual user preferences. Unlike traditional methods that rely on surface-level features such as "diversity" or "debiasing", FairLRM improves the model's ability to semantically interpret and address the underlying bias. Through empirical evaluation, we show that FairLRM significantly enhances both fairness and recommendation accuracy, providing a more semantically aware and trustworthy approach to enhance the semantic understanding of popularity bias. The implementation is available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 4 figs, WWW 2026 accepted arXiv:2601.09478 [ pdf , ps , other ] Bridging Semantic Understanding and Popularity Bias with LLMs Authors: Renqiang Luo , Dong Zhang , Yupeng Gao , Wen Shi , Mingliang Hou , Jiaying Liu , Zhe Wang , Shuo Yu Abstract : Semantic understanding of popularity bias is a crucial yet underexplored challenge in recommender systems, where popular items are often favored at the expense of niche content. Most existing debiasing methods treat the semantic understanding of popularity bias as a matter of diversity enhancement or long-tail coverage, neglecting the deeper semantic layer that embodies the causal origins of the b… ▽ More Semantic understanding of popularity bias is a crucial yet underexplored challenge in recommender systems, where popular items are often favored at the expense of niche content. Most existing debiasing methods treat the semantic understanding of popularity bias as a matter of diversity enhancement or long-tail coverage, neglecting the deeper semantic layer that embodies the causal origins of the bias itself. Consequently, such shallow interpretations limit both their debiasing effectiveness and recommendation accuracy. In this paper, we propose FairLRM, a novel framework that bridges the gap in the semantic understanding of popularity bias with Recommendation via Large Language Model (RecLLM). FairLRM decomposes popularity bias into item-side and user-side components, using structured instruction-based prompts to enhance the model's comprehension of both global item distributions and individual user preferences. Unlike traditional methods that rely on surface-level features such as "diversity" or "debiasing", FairLRM improves the model's ability to semantically interpret and address the underlying bias. Through empirical evaluation, we show that FairLRM significantly enhances both fairness and recommendation accuracy, providing a more semantically aware and trustworthy approach to enhance the semantic understanding of popularity bias. The implementation is available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 4 figs, WWW 2026 accepted arXiv:2601.09393 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE cs.DC cs.PF AI-NativeBench: An Open-Source White-Box Agentic Benchmark Suite for AI-Native Systems Authors: Zirui Wang , Guangba Yu , Michael R. Lyu Abstract : The transition from Cloud-Native to AI-Native architectures is fundamentally reshaping software engineering, replacing deterministic microservices with probabilistic agentic services. However, this shift renders traditional black-box evaluation paradigms insufficient: existing benchmarks measure raw model capabilities while remaining blind to system-level execution dynamics. To bridge this gap, we… ▽ More The transition from Cloud-Native to AI-Native architectures is fundamentally reshaping software engineering, replacing deterministic microservices with probabilistic agentic services. However, this shift renders traditional black-box evaluation paradigms insufficient: existing benchmarks measure raw model capabilities while remaining blind to system-level execution dynamics. To bridge this gap, we introduce AI-NativeBench, the first application-centric and white-box AI-Native benchmark suite grounded in Model Context Protocol (MCP) and Agent-to-Agent (A2A) standards. By treating agentic spans as first-class citizens within distributed traces, our methodology enables granular analysis of engineering characteristics beyond simple capabilities. Leveraging this benchmark across 21 system variants, we uncover critical engineering realities invisible to traditional metrics: a parameter paradox where lightweight models often surpass flagships in protocol adherence, a pervasive inference dominance that renders protocol overhead secondary, and an expensive failure pattern where self-healing mechanisms paradoxically act as cost multipliers on unviable workflows. This work provides the first systematic evidence to guide the transition from measuring model capability to engineering reliable AI-Native systems. To facilitate reproducibility and further research, we have open-sourced the benchmark and dataset. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09393 [ pdf , ps , other ] AI-NativeBench: An Open-Source White-Box Agentic Benchmark Suite for AI-Native Systems Authors: Zirui Wang , Guangba Yu , Michael R. Lyu Abstract : The transition from Cloud-Native to AI-Native architectures is fundamentally reshaping software engineering, replacing deterministic microservices with probabilistic agentic services. However, this shift renders traditional black-box evaluation paradigms insufficient: existing benchmarks measure raw model capabilities while remaining blind to system-level execution dynamics. To bridge this gap, we… ▽ More The transition from Cloud-Native to AI-Native architectures is fundamentally reshaping software engineering, replacing deterministic microservices with probabilistic agentic services. However, this shift renders traditional black-box evaluation paradigms insufficient: existing benchmarks measure raw model capabilities while remaining blind to system-level execution dynamics. To bridge this gap, we introduce AI-NativeBench, the first application-centric and white-box AI-Native benchmark suite grounded in Model Context Protocol (MCP) and Agent-to-Agent (A2A) standards. By treating agentic spans as first-class citizens within distributed traces, our methodology enables granular analysis of engineering characteristics beyond simple capabilities. Leveraging this benchmark across 21 system variants, we uncover critical engineering realities invisible to traditional metrics: a parameter paradox where lightweight models often surpass flagships in protocol adherence, a pervasive inference dominance that renders protocol overhead secondary, and an expensive failure pattern where self-healing mechanisms paradoxically act as cost multipliers on unviable workflows. This work provides the first systematic evidence to guide the transition from measuring model capability to engineering reliable AI-Native systems. To facilitate reproducibility and further research, we have open-sourced the benchmark and dataset. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09274 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI $A^3$-Bench: Benchmarking Memory-Driven Scientific Reasoning via Anchor and Attractor Activation Authors: Jian Zhang , Yu He , Zhiyuan Wang , Zhangqi Wang , Kai He , Fangzhi Xu , Qika Lin , Jun Liu Abstract : Scientific reasoning relies not only on logical inference but also on activating prior knowledge and experiential structures. Memory can efficiently reuse knowledge and enhance reasoning consistency and stability. However, existing benchmarks mainly evaluate final answers or step-by-step coherence, overlooking the \textit{memory-driven} mechanisms that underlie human reasoning, which involves acti… ▽ More Scientific reasoning relies not only on logical inference but also on activating prior knowledge and experiential structures. Memory can efficiently reuse knowledge and enhance reasoning consistency and stability. However, existing benchmarks mainly evaluate final answers or step-by-step coherence, overlooking the \textit{memory-driven} mechanisms that underlie human reasoning, which involves activating anchors and attractors, then integrating them into multi-step inference. To address this gap, we propose $A^3$-Bench~ a benchmark designed to evaluate scientific reasoning through dual-scale memory-driven activation, grounded in Anchor and Attractor Activation. First, we annotate 2,198 science reasoning problems across domains using the SAPM process(subject, anchor & attractor, problem, and memory developing). Second, we introduce a dual-scale memory evaluation framework utilizing anchors and attractors, along with the AAUI(Anchor--Attractor Utilization Index) metric to measure memory activation rates. Finally, through experiments with various base models and paradigms, we validate $A^3$-Bench and analyze how memory activation impacts reasoning performance, providing insights into memory-driven scientific reasoning. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09274 [ pdf , ps , other ] $A^3$-Bench: Benchmarking Memory-Driven Scientific Reasoning via Anchor and Attractor Activation Authors: Jian Zhang , Yu He , Zhiyuan Wang , Zhangqi Wang , Kai He , Fangzhi Xu , Qika Lin , Jun Liu Abstract : Scientific reasoning relies not only on logical inference but also on activating prior knowledge and experiential structures. Memory can efficiently reuse knowledge and enhance reasoning consistency and stability. However, existing benchmarks mainly evaluate final answers or step-by-step coherence, overlooking the \textit{memory-driven} mechanisms that underlie human reasoning, which involves acti… ▽ More Scientific reasoning relies not only on logical inference but also on activating prior knowledge and experiential structures. Memory can efficiently reuse knowledge and enhance reasoning consistency and stability. However, existing benchmarks mainly evaluate final answers or step-by-step coherence, overlooking the \textit{memory-driven} mechanisms that underlie human reasoning, which involves activating anchors and attractors, then integrating them into multi-step inference. To address this gap, we propose $A^3$-Bench~ a benchmark designed to evaluate scientific reasoning through dual-scale memory-driven activation, grounded in Anchor and Attractor Activation. First, we annotate 2,198 science reasoning problems across domains using the SAPM process(subject, anchor & attractor, problem, and memory developing). Second, we introduce a dual-scale memory evaluation framework utilizing anchors and attractors, along with the AAUI(Anchor--Attractor Utilization Index) metric to measure memory activation rates. Finally, through experiments with various base models and paradigms, we validate $A^3$-Bench and analyze how memory activation impacts reasoning performance, providing insights into memory-driven scientific reasoning. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09259 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI MAXS: Meta-Adaptive Exploration with LLM Agents Authors: Jian Zhang , Zhiyuan Wang , Zhangqi Wang , Yu He , Haoran Luo , li yuan , Lingling Zhang , Rui Mao , Qika Lin , Jun Liu Abstract : Large Language Model (LLM) Agents exhibit inherent reasoning abilities through the collaboration of multiple tools. However, during agent inference, existing methods often suffer from (i) locally myopic generation, due to the absence of lookahead, and (ii) trajectory instability, where minor early errors can escalate into divergent reasoning paths. These issues make it difficult to balance global… ▽ More Large Language Model (LLM) Agents exhibit inherent reasoning abilities through the collaboration of multiple tools. However, during agent inference, existing methods often suffer from (i) locally myopic generation, due to the absence of lookahead, and (ii) trajectory instability, where minor early errors can escalate into divergent reasoning paths. These issues make it difficult to balance global effectiveness and computational efficiency. To address these two issues, we propose meta-adaptive exploration with LLM agents a meta-adaptive reasoning framework based on LLM Agents that flexibly integrates tool execution and reasoning planning. MAXS employs a lookahead strategy to extend reasoning paths a few steps ahead, estimating the advantage value of tool usage, and combines step consistency variance and inter-step trend slopes to jointly select stable, consistent, and high-value reasoning steps. Additionally, we introduce a trajectory convergence mechanism that controls computational cost by halting further rollouts once path consistency is achieved, enabling a balance between resource efficiency and global effectiveness in multi-tool reasoning. We conduct extensive empirical studies across three base models (MiMo-VL-7B, Qwen2.5-VL-7B, Qwen2.5-VL-32B) and five datasets, demonstrating that MAXS consistently outperforms existing methods in both performance and inference efficiency. Further analysis confirms the effectiveness of our lookahead strategy and tool usage. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09259 [ pdf , ps , other ] MAXS: Meta-Adaptive Exploration with LLM Agents Authors: Jian Zhang , Zhiyuan Wang , Zhangqi Wang , Yu He , Haoran Luo , li yuan , Lingling Zhang , Rui Mao , Qika Lin , Jun Liu Abstract : Large Language Model (LLM) Agents exhibit inherent reasoning abilities through the collaboration of multiple tools. However, during agent inference, existing methods often suffer from (i) locally myopic generation, due to the absence of lookahead, and (ii) trajectory instability, where minor early errors can escalate into divergent reasoning paths. These issues make it difficult to balance global… ▽ More Large Language Model (LLM) Agents exhibit inherent reasoning abilities through the collaboration of multiple tools. However, during agent inference, existing methods often suffer from (i) locally myopic generation, due to the absence of lookahead, and (ii) trajectory instability, where minor early errors can escalate into divergent reasoning paths. These issues make it difficult to balance global effectiveness and computational efficiency. To address these two issues, we propose meta-adaptive exploration with LLM agents a meta-adaptive reasoning framework based on LLM Agents that flexibly integrates tool execution and reasoning planning. MAXS employs a lookahead strategy to extend reasoning paths a few steps ahead, estimating the advantage value of tool usage, and combines step consistency variance and inter-step trend slopes to jointly select stable, consistent, and high-value reasoning steps. Additionally, we introduce a trajectory convergence mechanism that controls computational cost by halting further rollouts once path consistency is achieved, enabling a balance between resource efficiency and global effectiveness in multi-tool reasoning. We conduct extensive empirical studies across three base models (MiMo-VL-7B, Qwen2.5-VL-7B, Qwen2.5-VL-32B) and five datasets, demonstrating that MAXS consistently outperforms existing methods in both performance and inference efficiency. Further analysis confirms the effectiveness of our lookahead strategy and tool usage. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09216 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DB Honesty-Aware Multi-Agent Framework for High-Fidelity Synthetic Data Generation in Digital Psychiatric Intake Doctor-Patient Interactions Authors: Xinyuan Zhang , Zijian Wang , Chang Dao , Juexiao Zhou Abstract : Data scarcity and unreliable self-reporting -- such as concealment or exaggeration -- pose fundamental challenges to psychiatric intake and assessment. We propose a multi-agent synthesis framework that explicitly models patient deception to generate high-fidelity, publicly releasable synthetic psychiatric intake records. Starting from DAIC-WOZ interviews, we construct enriched patient profiles and… ▽ More Data scarcity and unreliable self-reporting -- such as concealment or exaggeration -- pose fundamental challenges to psychiatric intake and assessment. We propose a multi-agent synthesis framework that explicitly models patient deception to generate high-fidelity, publicly releasable synthetic psychiatric intake records. Starting from DAIC-WOZ interviews, we construct enriched patient profiles and simulate a four-role workflow: a \emph{Patient} completes self-rated scales and participates in a semi-structured interview under a topic-dependent honesty state; an \emph{Assessor} selects instruments based on demographics and chief complaints; an \emph{Evaluator} conducts the interview grounded in rater-administered scales, tracks suspicion, and completes ratings; and a \emph{Diagnostician} integrates all evidence into a diagnostic summary. Each case links the patient profile, self-rated and rater-administered responses, interview transcript, diagnostic summary, and honesty state. We validate the framework through four complementary evaluations: diagnostic consistency and severity grading, chain-of-thought ablations, human evaluation of clinical realism and dishonesty modeling, and LLM-based comparative evaluation. The resulting corpus spans multiple disorders and severity levels, enabling controlled study of dishonesty-aware psychiatric assessment and the training and evaluation of adaptive dialogue agents. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09216 [ pdf , ps , other ] Honesty-Aware Multi-Agent Framework for High-Fidelity Synthetic Data Generation in Digital Psychiatric Intake Doctor-Patient Interactions Authors: Xinyuan Zhang , Zijian Wang , Chang Dao , Juexiao Zhou Abstract : Data scarcity and unreliable self-reporting -- such as concealment or exaggeration -- pose fundamental challenges to psychiatric intake and assessment. We propose a multi-agent synthesis framework that explicitly models patient deception to generate high-fidelity, publicly releasable synthetic psychiatric intake records. Starting from DAIC-WOZ interviews, we construct enriched patient profiles and… ▽ More Data scarcity and unreliable self-reporting -- such as concealment or exaggeration -- pose fundamental challenges to psychiatric intake and assessment. We propose a multi-agent synthesis framework that explicitly models patient deception to generate high-fidelity, publicly releasable synthetic psychiatric intake records. Starting from DAIC-WOZ interviews, we construct enriched patient profiles and simulate a four-role workflow: a \emph{Patient} completes self-rated scales and participates in a semi-structured interview under a topic-dependent honesty state; an \emph{Assessor} selects instruments based on demographics and chief complaints; an \emph{Evaluator} conducts the interview grounded in rater-administered scales, tracks suspicion, and completes ratings; and a \emph{Diagnostician} integrates all evidence into a diagnostic summary. Each case links the patient profile, self-rated and rater-administered responses, interview transcript, diagnostic summary, and honesty state. We validate the framework through four complementary evaluations: diagnostic consistency and severity grading, chain-of-thought ablations, human evaluation of clinical realism and dishonesty modeling, and LLM-based comparative evaluation. The resulting corpus spans multiple disorders and severity levels, enabling controlled study of dishonesty-aware psychiatric assessment and the training and evaluation of adaptive dialogue agents. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09209 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Pairing-free Group-level Knowledge Distillation for Robust Gastrointestinal Lesion Classification in White-Light Endoscopy Authors: Qiang Hu , Qimei Wang , Yingjie Guo , Qiang Li , Zhiwei Wang Abstract : White-Light Imaging (WLI) is the standard for endoscopic cancer screening, but Narrow-Band Imaging (NBI) offers superior diagnostic details. A key challenge is transferring knowledge from NBI to enhance WLI-only models, yet existing methods are critically hampered by their reliance on paired NBI-WLI images of the same lesion, a costly and often impractical requirement that leaves vast amounts of c… ▽ More White-Light Imaging (WLI) is the standard for endoscopic cancer screening, but Narrow-Band Imaging (NBI) offers superior diagnostic details. A key challenge is transferring knowledge from NBI to enhance WLI-only models, yet existing methods are critically hampered by their reliance on paired NBI-WLI images of the same lesion, a costly and often impractical requirement that leaves vast amounts of clinical data untapped. In this paper, we break this paradigm by introducing PaGKD, a novel Pairing-free Group-level Knowledge Distillation framework that that enables effective cross-modal learning using unpaired WLI and NBI data. Instead of forcing alignment between individual, often semantically mismatched image instances, PaGKD operates at the group level to distill more complete and compatible knowledge across modalities. Central to PaGKD are two complementary modules: (1) Group-level Prototype Distillation (GKD-Pro) distills compact group representations by extracting modality-invariant semantic prototypes via shared lesion-aware queries; (2) Group-level Dense Distillation (GKD-Den) performs dense cross-modal alignment by guiding group-aware attention with activation-derived relation maps. Together, these modules enforce global semantic consistency and local structural coherence without requiring image-level correspondence. Extensive experiments on four clinical datasets demonstrate that PaGKD consistently and significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods, achieving relative AUC improvements of 3.3%, 1.1%, 2.8%, and 3.2%, respectively, establishing a new direction for cross-modal learning from unpaired data. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted to AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.09209 [ pdf , ps , other ] Pairing-free Group-level Knowledge Distillation for Robust Gastrointestinal Lesion Classification in White-Light Endoscopy Authors: Qiang Hu , Qimei Wang , Yingjie Guo , Qiang Li , Zhiwei Wang Abstract : White-Light Imaging (WLI) is the standard for endoscopic cancer screening, but Narrow-Band Imaging (NBI) offers superior diagnostic details. A key challenge is transferring knowledge from NBI to enhance WLI-only models, yet existing methods are critically hampered by their reliance on paired NBI-WLI images of the same lesion, a costly and often impractical requirement that leaves vast amounts of c… ▽ More White-Light Imaging (WLI) is the standard for endoscopic cancer screening, but Narrow-Band Imaging (NBI) offers superior diagnostic details. A key challenge is transferring knowledge from NBI to enhance WLI-only models, yet existing methods are critically hampered by their reliance on paired NBI-WLI images of the same lesion, a costly and often impractical requirement that leaves vast amounts of clinical data untapped. In this paper, we break this paradigm by introducing PaGKD, a novel Pairing-free Group-level Knowledge Distillation framework that that enables effective cross-modal learning using unpaired WLI and NBI data. Instead of forcing alignment between individual, often semantically mismatched image instances, PaGKD operates at the group level to distill more complete and compatible knowledge across modalities. Central to PaGKD are two complementary modules: (1) Group-level Prototype Distillation (GKD-Pro) distills compact group representations by extracting modality-invariant semantic prototypes via shared lesion-aware queries; (2) Group-level Dense Distillation (GKD-Den) performs dense cross-modal alignment by guiding group-aware attention with activation-derived relation maps. Together, these modules enforce global semantic consistency and local structural coherence without requiring image-level correspondence. Extensive experiments on four clinical datasets demonstrate that PaGKD consistently and significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods, achieving relative AUC improvements of 3.3%, 1.1%, 2.8%, and 3.2%, respectively, establishing a new direction for cross-modal learning from unpaired data. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted to AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.09185 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL OrthoGeoLoRA: Geometric Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Structured Social Science Concept Retrieval on theWeb Authors: Zeqiang Wang , Xinyue Wu , Chenxi Li , Zixi Chen , Nishanth Sastry , Jon Johnson , Suparna De Abstract : Large language models and text encoders increasingly power web-based information systems in the social sciences, including digital libraries, data catalogues, and search interfaces used by researchers, policymakers, and civil society. Full fine-tuning is often computationally and energy intensive, which can be prohibitive for smaller institutions and non-profit organizations in the Web4Good ecosys… ▽ More Large language models and text encoders increasingly power web-based information systems in the social sciences, including digital libraries, data catalogues, and search interfaces used by researchers, policymakers, and civil society. Full fine-tuning is often computationally and energy intensive, which can be prohibitive for smaller institutions and non-profit organizations in the Web4Good ecosystem. Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT), especially Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), reduces this cost by updating only a small number of parameters. We show that the standard LoRA update $ΔW = BA^\top$ has geometric drawbacks: gauge freedom, scale ambiguity, and a tendency toward rank collapse. We introduce OrthoGeoLoRA, which enforces an SVD-like form $ΔW = BΣA^\top$ by constraining the low-rank factors to be orthogonal (Stiefel manifold). A geometric reparameterization implements this constraint while remaining compatible with standard optimizers such as Adam and existing fine-tuning pipelines. We also propose a benchmark for hierarchical concept retrieval over the European Language Social Science Thesaurus (ELSST), widely used to organize social science resources in digital repositories. Experiments with a multilingual sentence encoder show that OrthoGeoLoRA outperforms standard LoRA and several strong PEFT variants on ranking metrics under the same low-rank budget, offering a more compute- and parameter-efficient path to adapt foundation models in resource-constrained settings. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09185 [ pdf , ps , other ] OrthoGeoLoRA: Geometric Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Structured Social Science Concept Retrieval on theWeb Authors: Zeqiang Wang , Xinyue Wu , Chenxi Li , Zixi Chen , Nishanth Sastry , Jon Johnson , Suparna De Abstract : Large language models and text encoders increasingly power web-based information systems in the social sciences, including digital libraries, data catalogues, and search interfaces used by researchers, policymakers, and civil society. Full fine-tuning is often computationally and energy intensive, which can be prohibitive for smaller institutions and non-profit organizations in the Web4Good ecosys… ▽ More Large language models and text encoders increasingly power web-based information systems in the social sciences, including digital libraries, data catalogues, and search interfaces used by researchers, policymakers, and civil society. Full fine-tuning is often computationally and energy intensive, which can be prohibitive for smaller institutions and non-profit organizations in the Web4Good ecosystem. Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT), especially Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), reduces this cost by updating only a small number of parameters. We show that the standard LoRA update $ΔW = BA^\top$ has geometric drawbacks: gauge freedom, scale ambiguity, and a tendency toward rank collapse. We introduce OrthoGeoLoRA, which enforces an SVD-like form $ΔW = BΣA^\top$ by constraining the low-rank factors to be orthogonal (Stiefel manifold). A geometric reparameterization implements this constraint while remaining compatible with standard optimizers such as Adam and existing fine-tuning pipelines. We also propose a benchmark for hierarchical concept retrieval over the European Language Social Science Thesaurus (ELSST), widely used to organize social science resources in digital repositories. Experiments with a multilingual sentence encoder show that OrthoGeoLoRA outperforms standard LoRA and several strong PEFT variants on ranking metrics under the same low-rank budget, offering a more compute- and parameter-efficient path to adapt foundation models in resource-constrained settings. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09121 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Beyond Seen Bounds: Class-Centric Polarization for Single-Domain Generalized Deep Metric Learning Authors: Xin Yuan , Meiqi Wan , Wei Liu , Xin Xu , Zheng Wang Abstract : Single-domain generalized deep metric learning (SDG-DML) faces the dual challenge of both category and domain shifts during testing, limiting real-world applications. Therefore, aiming to learn better generalization ability on both unseen categories and domains is a realistic goal for the SDG-DML task. To deliver the aspiration, existing SDG-DML methods employ the domain expansion-equalization str… ▽ More Single-domain generalized deep metric learning (SDG-DML) faces the dual challenge of both category and domain shifts during testing, limiting real-world applications. Therefore, aiming to learn better generalization ability on both unseen categories and domains is a realistic goal for the SDG-DML task. To deliver the aspiration, existing SDG-DML methods employ the domain expansion-equalization strategy to expand the source data and generate out-of-distribution samples. However, these methods rely on proxy-based expansion, which tends to generate samples clustered near class proxies, failing to simulate the broad and distant domain shifts encountered in practice. To alleviate the problem, we propose CenterPolar, a novel SDG-DML framework that dynamically expands and constrains domain distributions to learn a generalizable DML model for wider target domain distributions. Specifically, \textbf{CenterPolar} contains two collaborative class-centric polarization phases: (1) Class-Centric Centrifugal Expansion ($C^3E$) and (2) Class-Centric Centripetal Constraint ($C^4$). In the first phase, $C^3E$ drives the source domain distribution by shifting the source data away from class centroids using centrifugal expansion to generalize to more unseen domains. In the second phase, to consolidate domain-invariant class information for the generalization ability to unseen categories, $C^4$ pulls all seen and unseen samples toward their class centroids while enforcing inter-class separation via centripetal constraint. Extensive experimental results on widely used CUB-200-2011 Ext., Cars196 Ext., DomainNet, PACS, and Office-Home datasets demonstrate the superiority and effectiveness of our CenterPolar over existing state-of-the-art methods. The code will be released after acceptance. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Submitted to ACM TOMM arXiv:2601.09121 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond Seen Bounds: Class-Centric Polarization for Single-Domain Generalized Deep Metric Learning Authors: Xin Yuan , Meiqi Wan , Wei Liu , Xin Xu , Zheng Wang Abstract : Single-domain generalized deep metric learning (SDG-DML) faces the dual challenge of both category and domain shifts during testing, limiting real-world applications. Therefore, aiming to learn better generalization ability on both unseen categories and domains is a realistic goal for the SDG-DML task. To deliver the aspiration, existing SDG-DML methods employ the domain expansion-equalization str… ▽ More Single-domain generalized deep metric learning (SDG-DML) faces the dual challenge of both category and domain shifts during testing, limiting real-world applications. Therefore, aiming to learn better generalization ability on both unseen categories and domains is a realistic goal for the SDG-DML task. To deliver the aspiration, existing SDG-DML methods employ the domain expansion-equalization strategy to expand the source data and generate out-of-distribution samples. However, these methods rely on proxy-based expansion, which tends to generate samples clustered near class proxies, failing to simulate the broad and distant domain shifts encountered in practice. To alleviate the problem, we propose CenterPolar, a novel SDG-DML framework that dynamically expands and constrains domain distributions to learn a generalizable DML model for wider target domain distributions. Specifically, \textbf{CenterPolar} contains two collaborative class-centric polarization phases: (1) Class-Centric Centrifugal Expansion ($C^3E$) and (2) Class-Centric Centripetal Constraint ($C^4$). In the first phase, $C^3E$ drives the source domain distribution by shifting the source data away from class centroids using centrifugal expansion to generalize to more unseen domains. In the second phase, to consolidate domain-invariant class information for the generalization ability to unseen categories, $C^4$ pulls all seen and unseen samples toward their class centroids while enforcing inter-class separation via centripetal constraint. Extensive experimental results on widely used CUB-200-2011 Ext., Cars196 Ext., DomainNet, PACS, and Office-Home datasets demonstrate the superiority and effectiveness of our CenterPolar over existing state-of-the-art methods. The code will be released after acceptance. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Submitted to ACM TOMM arXiv:2601.09093 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG Hidden States as Early Signals: Step-level Trace Evaluation and Pruning for Efficient Test-Time Scaling Authors: Zhixiang Liang , Beichen Huang , Zheng Wang , Minjia Zhang Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) can enhance reasoning capabilities through test-time scaling by generating multiple traces. However, the combination of lengthy reasoning traces with multiple sampling introduces substantial computation and high end-to-end latency. Prior work on accelerating this process has relied on similarity-based or confidence-based pruning, but these signals do not reliably indic… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) can enhance reasoning capabilities through test-time scaling by generating multiple traces. However, the combination of lengthy reasoning traces with multiple sampling introduces substantial computation and high end-to-end latency. Prior work on accelerating this process has relied on similarity-based or confidence-based pruning, but these signals do not reliably indicate trace quality. To address these limitations, we propose STEP: Step-level Trace Evaluation and Pruning, a novel pruning framework that evaluates reasoning steps using hidden states and dynamically prunes unpromising traces during generation. We train a lightweight step scorer to estimate trace quality, and design a GPU memory-aware pruning strategy that triggers pruning as the GPU memory is saturated by KV cache to reduce end-to-end latency. Experiments across challenging reasoning benchmarks demonstrate that STEP reduces end-to-end inference latency by 45%-70% on average compared to self-consistency while also improving reasoning accuracy. Our code is released at: △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09093 [ pdf , ps , other ] Hidden States as Early Signals: Step-level Trace Evaluation and Pruning for Efficient Test-Time Scaling Authors: Zhixiang Liang , Beichen Huang , Zheng Wang , Minjia Zhang Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) can enhance reasoning capabilities through test-time scaling by generating multiple traces. However, the combination of lengthy reasoning traces with multiple sampling introduces substantial computation and high end-to-end latency. Prior work on accelerating this process has relied on similarity-based or confidence-based pruning, but these signals do not reliably indic… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) can enhance reasoning capabilities through test-time scaling by generating multiple traces. However, the combination of lengthy reasoning traces with multiple sampling introduces substantial computation and high end-to-end latency. Prior work on accelerating this process has relied on similarity-based or confidence-based pruning, but these signals do not reliably indicate trace quality. To address these limitations, we propose STEP: Step-level Trace Evaluation and Pruning, a novel pruning framework that evaluates reasoning steps using hidden states and dynamically prunes unpromising traces during generation. We train a lightweight step scorer to estimate trace quality, and design a GPU memory-aware pruning strategy that triggers pruning as the GPU memory is saturated by KV cache to reduce end-to-end latency. Experiments across challenging reasoning benchmarks demonstrate that STEP reduces end-to-end inference latency by 45%-70% on average compared to self-consistency while also improving reasoning accuracy. Our code is released at: △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09088 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.CL Distribution-Aligned Sequence Distillation for Superior Long-CoT Reasoning Authors: Shaotian Yan , Kaiyuan Liu , Chen Shen , Bing Wang , Sinan Fan , Jun Zhang , Yue Wu , Zheng Wang , Jieping Ye Abstract : In this report, we introduce DASD-4B-Thinking, a lightweight yet highly capable, fully open-source reasoning model. It achieves SOTA performance among open-source models of comparable scale across challenging benchmarks in mathematics, scientific reasoning, and code generation -- even outperforming several larger models. We begin by critically reexamining a widely adopted distillation paradigm in… ▽ More In this report, we introduce DASD-4B-Thinking, a lightweight yet highly capable, fully open-source reasoning model. It achieves SOTA performance among open-source models of comparable scale across challenging benchmarks in mathematics, scientific reasoning, and code generation -- even outperforming several larger models. We begin by critically reexamining a widely adopted distillation paradigm in the community: SFT on teacher-generated responses, also known as sequence-level distillation. Although a series of recent works following this scheme have demonstrated remarkable efficiency and strong empirical performance, they are primarily grounded in the SFT perspective. Consequently, these approaches focus predominantly on designing heuristic rules for SFT data filtering, while largely overlooking the core principle of distillation itself -- enabling the student model to learn the teacher's full output distribution so as to inherit its generalization capability. Specifically, we identify three critical limitations in current practice: i) Inadequate representation of the teacher's sequence-level distribution; ii) Misalignment between the teacher's output distribution and the student's learning capacity; and iii) Exposure bias arising from teacher-forced training versus autoregressive inference. In summary, these shortcomings reflect a systemic absence of explicit teacher-student interaction throughout the distillation process, leaving the essence of distillation underexploited. To address these issues, we propose several methodological innovations that collectively form an enhanced sequence-level distillation training pipeline. Remarkably, DASD-4B-Thinking obtains competitive results using only 448K training samples -- an order of magnitude fewer than those employed by most existing open-source efforts. To support community research, we publicly release our models and the training dataset. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project Page: arXiv:2601.09088 [ pdf , ps , other ] Distribution-Aligned Sequence Distillation for Superior Long-CoT Reasoning Authors: Shaotian Yan , Kaiyuan Liu , Chen Shen , Bing Wang , Sinan Fan , Jun Zhang , Yue Wu , Zheng Wang , Jieping Ye Abstract : In this report, we introduce DASD-4B-Thinking, a lightweight yet highly capable, fully open-source reasoning model. It achieves SOTA performance among open-source models of comparable scale across challenging benchmarks in mathematics, scientific reasoning, and code generation -- even outperforming several larger models. We begin by critically reexamining a widely adopted distillation paradigm in… ▽ More In this report, we introduce DASD-4B-Thinking, a lightweight yet highly capable, fully open-source reasoning model. It achieves SOTA performance among open-source models of comparable scale across challenging benchmarks in mathematics, scientific reasoning, and code generation -- even outperforming several larger models. We begin by critically reexamining a widely adopted distillation paradigm in the community: SFT on teacher-generated responses, also known as sequence-level distillation. Although a series of recent works following this scheme have demonstrated remarkable efficiency and strong empirical performance, they are primarily grounded in the SFT perspective. Consequently, these approaches focus predominantly on designing heuristic rules for SFT data filtering, while largely overlooking the core principle of distillation itself -- enabling the student model to learn the teacher's full output distribution so as to inherit its generalization capability. Specifically, we identify three critical limitations in current practice: i) Inadequate representation of the teacher's sequence-level distribution; ii) Misalignment between the teacher's output distribution and the student's learning capacity; and iii) Exposure bias arising from teacher-forced training versus autoregressive inference. In summary, these shortcomings reflect a systemic absence of explicit teacher-student interaction throughout the distillation process, leaving the essence of distillation underexploited. To address these issues, we propose several methodological innovations that collectively form an enhanced sequence-level distillation training pipeline. Remarkably, DASD-4B-Thinking obtains competitive results using only 448K training samples -- an order of magnitude fewer than those employed by most existing open-source efforts. To support community research, we publicly release our models and the training dataset. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project Page: arXiv:2601.09081 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DS A Grouped Sorting Queue Supporting Dynamic Updates for Timer Management in High-Speed Network Interface Cards Authors: Zekun Wang , Binghao Yue , Weitao Pan , Jianyi Shi , Yue Hao Abstract : With the hardware offloading of network functions, network interface cards (NICs) undertake massive stateful, high-precision, and high-throughput tasks, where timers serve as a critical enabling component. However, existing timer management schemes suffer from heavy software load, low precision, lack of hardware update support, and overflow. This paper proposes two novel operations for priority qu… ▽ More With the hardware offloading of network functions, network interface cards (NICs) undertake massive stateful, high-precision, and high-throughput tasks, where timers serve as a critical enabling component. However, existing timer management schemes suffer from heavy software load, low precision, lack of hardware update support, and overflow. This paper proposes two novel operations for priority queues--update and group sorting--to enable hardware timer management. To the best of our knowledge, this work presents the first hardware priority queue to support an update operation through the composition and propagation of basic operations to modify the priorities of elements within the queue. The group sorting mechanism ensures correct timing behavior post-overflow by establishing a group boundary priority to alter the sorting process and element insertion positions. Implemented with a hybrid architecture of a one-dimension (1D) systolic array and shift registers, our design is validated through packet-level simulations for flow table timeout management. Results demonstrate that a 4K-depth, 16-bit timer queue achieves over 500 MHz (175 Mpps, 12 ns precision) in a 28nm process and over 300 MHz (116 Mpps) on an FPGA. Critically, it reduces LUTs and FFs usage by 31% and 25%, respectively, compared to existing designs. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09081 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Grouped Sorting Queue Supporting Dynamic Updates for Timer Management in High-Speed Network Interface Cards Authors: Zekun Wang , Binghao Yue , Weitao Pan , Jianyi Shi , Yue Hao Abstract : With the hardware offloading of network functions, network interface cards (NICs) undertake massive stateful, high-precision, and high-throughput tasks, where timers serve as a critical enabling component. However, existing timer management schemes suffer from heavy software load, low precision, lack of hardware update support, and overflow. This paper proposes two novel operations for priority qu… ▽ More With the hardware offloading of network functions, network interface cards (NICs) undertake massive stateful, high-precision, and high-throughput tasks, where timers serve as a critical enabling component. However, existing timer management schemes suffer from heavy software load, low precision, lack of hardware update support, and overflow. This paper proposes two novel operations for priority queues--update and group sorting--to enable hardware timer management. To the best of our knowledge, this work presents the first hardware priority queue to support an update operation through the composition and propagation of basic operations to modify the priorities of elements within the queue. The group sorting mechanism ensures correct timing behavior post-overflow by establishing a group boundary priority to alter the sorting process and element insertion positions. Implemented with a hybrid architecture of a one-dimension (1D) systolic array and shift registers, our design is validated through packet-level simulations for flow table timeout management. Results demonstrate that a 4K-depth, 16-bit timer queue achieves over 500 MHz (175 Mpps, 12 ns precision) in a 28nm process and over 300 MHz (116 Mpps) on an FPGA. Critically, it reduces LUTs and FFs usage by 31% and 25%, respectively, compared to existing designs. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09051 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG Deep Incomplete Multi-View Clustering via Hierarchical Imputation and Alignment Authors: Yiming Du , Ziyu Wang , Jian Li , Rui Ning , Lusi Li Abstract : Incomplete multi-view clustering (IMVC) aims to discover shared cluster structures from multi-view data with partial observations. The core challenges lie in accurately imputing missing views without introducing bias, while maintaining semantic consistency across views and compactness within clusters. To address these challenges, we propose DIMVC-HIA, a novel deep IMVC framework that integrates hi… ▽ More Incomplete multi-view clustering (IMVC) aims to discover shared cluster structures from multi-view data with partial observations. The core challenges lie in accurately imputing missing views without introducing bias, while maintaining semantic consistency across views and compactness within clusters. To address these challenges, we propose DIMVC-HIA, a novel deep IMVC framework that integrates hierarchical imputation and alignment with four key components: (1) view-specific autoencoders for latent feature extraction, coupled with a view-shared clustering predictor to produce soft cluster assignments; (2) a hierarchical imputation module that first estimates missing cluster assignments based on cross-view contrastive similarity, and then reconstructs missing features using intra-view, intra-cluster statistics; (3) an energy-based semantic alignment module, which promotes intra-cluster compactness by minimizing energy variance around low-energy cluster anchors; and (4) a contrastive assignment alignment module, which enhances cross-view consistency and encourages confident, well-separated cluster predictions. Experiments on benchmarks demonstrate that our framework achieves superior performance under varying levels of missingness. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.09051 [ pdf , ps , other ] Deep Incomplete Multi-View Clustering via Hierarchical Imputation and Alignment Authors: Yiming Du , Ziyu Wang , Jian Li , Rui Ning , Lusi Li Abstract : Incomplete multi-view clustering (IMVC) aims to discover shared cluster structures from multi-view data with partial observations. The core challenges lie in accurately imputing missing views without introducing bias, while maintaining semantic consistency across views and compactness within clusters. To address these challenges, we propose DIMVC-HIA, a novel deep IMVC framework that integrates hi… ▽ More Incomplete multi-view clustering (IMVC) aims to discover shared cluster structures from multi-view data with partial observations. The core challenges lie in accurately imputing missing views without introducing bias, while maintaining semantic consistency across views and compactness within clusters. To address these challenges, we propose DIMVC-HIA, a novel deep IMVC framework that integrates hierarchical imputation and alignment with four key components: (1) view-specific autoencoders for latent feature extraction, coupled with a view-shared clustering predictor to produce soft cluster assignments; (2) a hierarchical imputation module that first estimates missing cluster assignments based on cross-view contrastive similarity, and then reconstructs missing features using intra-view, intra-cluster statistics; (3) an energy-based semantic alignment module, which promotes intra-cluster compactness by minimizing energy variance around low-energy cluster anchors; and (4) a contrastive assignment alignment module, which enhances cross-view consistency and encourages confident, well-separated cluster predictions. Experiments on benchmarks demonstrate that our framework achieves superior performance under varying levels of missingness. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.08867 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI R$^2$BD: A Reconstruction-Based Method for Generalizable and Efficient Detection of Fake Images Authors: Qingyu Liu , Zhongjie Ba , Jianmin Guo , Qiu Wang , Zhibo Wang , Jie Shi , Kui Ren Abstract : Recently, reconstruction-based methods have gained attention for AIGC image detection. These methods leverage pre-trained diffusion models to reconstruct inputs and measure residuals for distinguishing real from fake images. Their key advantage lies in reducing reliance on dataset-specific artifacts and improving generalization under distribution shifts. However, they are limited by significant in… ▽ More Recently, reconstruction-based methods have gained attention for AIGC image detection. These methods leverage pre-trained diffusion models to reconstruct inputs and measure residuals for distinguishing real from fake images. Their key advantage lies in reducing reliance on dataset-specific artifacts and improving generalization under distribution shifts. However, they are limited by significant inefficiency due to multi-step inversion and reconstruction, and their reliance on diffusion backbones further limits generalization to other generative paradigms such as GANs. In this paper, we propose a novel fake image detection framework, called R$^2$BD, built upon two key designs: (1) G-LDM, a unified reconstruction model that simulates the generation behaviors of VAEs, GANs, and diffusion models, thereby broadening the detection scope beyond prior diffusion-only approaches; and (2) a residual bias calculation module that distinguishes real and fake images in a single inference step, which is a significant efficiency improvement over existing methods that typically require 20$+$ steps. Extensive experiments on the benchmark from 10 public datasets demonstrate that R$^2$BD is over 22$\times$ faster than existing reconstruction-based methods while achieving superior detection accuracy. In cross-dataset evaluations, it outperforms state-of-the-art methods by an average of 13.87\%, showing strong efficiency and generalization across diverse generative methods. The code and dataset used for evaluation are available at △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08867 [ pdf , ps , other ] R$^2$BD: A Reconstruction-Based Method for Generalizable and Efficient Detection of Fake Images Authors: Qingyu Liu , Zhongjie Ba , Jianmin Guo , Qiu Wang , Zhibo Wang , Jie Shi , Kui Ren Abstract : Recently, reconstruction-based methods have gained attention for AIGC image detection. These methods leverage pre-trained diffusion models to reconstruct inputs and measure residuals for distinguishing real from fake images. Their key advantage lies in reducing reliance on dataset-specific artifacts and improving generalization under distribution shifts. However, they are limited by significant in… ▽ More Recently, reconstruction-based methods have gained attention for AIGC image detection. These methods leverage pre-trained diffusion models to reconstruct inputs and measure residuals for distinguishing real from fake images. Their key advantage lies in reducing reliance on dataset-specific artifacts and improving generalization under distribution shifts. However, they are limited by significant inefficiency due to multi-step inversion and reconstruction, and their reliance on diffusion backbones further limits generalization to other generative paradigms such as GANs. In this paper, we propose a novel fake image detection framework, called R$^2$BD, built upon two key designs: (1) G-LDM, a unified reconstruction model that simulates the generation behaviors of VAEs, GANs, and diffusion models, thereby broadening the detection scope beyond prior diffusion-only approaches; and (2) a residual bias calculation module that distinguishes real and fake images in a single inference step, which is a significant efficiency improvement over existing methods that typically require 20$+$ steps. Extensive experiments on the benchmark from 10 public datasets demonstrate that R$^2$BD is over 22$\times$ faster than existing reconstruction-based methods while achieving superior detection accuracy. In cross-dataset evaluations, it outperforms state-of-the-art methods by an average of 13.87\%, showing strong efficiency and generalization across diverse generative methods. The code and dataset used for evaluation are available at △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08587 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV MoCha:End-to-End Video Character Replacement without Structural Guidance Authors: Zhengbo Xu , Jie Ma , Ziheng Wang , Zhan Peng , Jun Liang , Jing Li Abstract : Controllable video character replacement with a user-provided identity remains a challenging problem due to the lack of paired video data. Prior works have predominantly relied on a reconstruction-based paradigm that requires per-frame segmentation masks and explicit structural guidance (e.g., skeleton, depth). This reliance, however, severely limits their generalizability in complex scenarios inv… ▽ More Controllable video character replacement with a user-provided identity remains a challenging problem due to the lack of paired video data. Prior works have predominantly relied on a reconstruction-based paradigm that requires per-frame segmentation masks and explicit structural guidance (e.g., skeleton, depth). This reliance, however, severely limits their generalizability in complex scenarios involving occlusions, character-object interactions, unusual poses, or challenging illumination, often leading to visual artifacts and temporal inconsistencies. In this paper, we propose MoCha, a pioneering framework that bypasses these limitations by requiring only a single arbitrary frame mask. To effectively adapt the multi-modal input condition and enhance facial identity, we introduce a condition-aware RoPE and employ an RL-based post-training stage. Furthermore, to overcome the scarcity of qualified paired-training data, we propose a comprehensive data construction pipeline. Specifically, we design three specialized datasets: a high-fidelity rendered dataset built with Unreal Engine 5 (UE5), an expression-driven dataset synthesized by current portrait animation techniques, and an augmented dataset derived from existing video-mask pairs. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method substantially outperforms existing state-of-the-art approaches. We will release the code to facilitate further research. Please refer to our project page for more details: orange-3dv-team.github.io/MoCha △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 9 figures arXiv:2601.08587 [ pdf , ps , other ] MoCha:End-to-End Video Character Replacement without Structural Guidance Authors: Zhengbo Xu , Jie Ma , Ziheng Wang , Zhan Peng , Jun Liang , Jing Li Abstract : Controllable video character replacement with a user-provided identity remains a challenging problem due to the lack of paired video data. Prior works have predominantly relied on a reconstruction-based paradigm that requires per-frame segmentation masks and explicit structural guidance (e.g., skeleton, depth). This reliance, however, severely limits their generalizability in complex scenarios inv… ▽ More Controllable video character replacement with a user-provided identity remains a challenging problem due to the lack of paired video data. Prior works have predominantly relied on a reconstruction-based paradigm that requires per-frame segmentation masks and explicit structural guidance (e.g., skeleton, depth). This reliance, however, severely limits their generalizability in complex scenarios involving occlusions, character-object interactions, unusual poses, or challenging illumination, often leading to visual artifacts and temporal inconsistencies. In this paper, we propose MoCha, a pioneering framework that bypasses these limitations by requiring only a single arbitrary frame mask. To effectively adapt the multi-modal input condition and enhance facial identity, we introduce a condition-aware RoPE and employ an RL-based post-training stage. Furthermore, to overcome the scarcity of qualified paired-training data, we propose a comprehensive data construction pipeline. Specifically, we design three specialized datasets: a high-fidelity rendered dataset built with Unreal Engine 5 (UE5), an expression-driven dataset synthesized by current portrait animation techniques, and an augmented dataset derived from existing video-mask pairs. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method substantially outperforms existing state-of-the-art approaches. We will release the code to facilitate further research. Please refer to our project page for more details: orange-3dv-team.github.io/MoCha △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 9 figures arXiv:2601.08531 [ pdf ] cs.AI Sketch-Based Facade Renovation With Generative AI: A Streamlined Framework for Bypassing As-Built Modelling in Industrial Adaptive Reuse Authors: Warissara Booranamaitree , Xusheng Du , Yushu Cai , Zhengyang Wang , Ye Zhang , Haoran Xie Abstract : Facade renovation offers a more sustainable alternative to full demolition, yet producing design proposals that preserve existing structures while expressing new intent remains challenging. Current workflows typically require detailed as-built modelling before design, which is time-consuming, labour-intensive, and often involves repeated revisions. To solve this issue, we propose a three-stage fra… ▽ More Facade renovation offers a more sustainable alternative to full demolition, yet producing design proposals that preserve existing structures while expressing new intent remains challenging. Current workflows typically require detailed as-built modelling before design, which is time-consuming, labour-intensive, and often involves repeated revisions. To solve this issue, we propose a three-stage framework combining generative artificial intelligence (AI) and vision-language models (VLM) that directly processes rough structural sketch and textual descriptions to produce consistent renovation proposals. First, the input sketch is used by a fine-tuned VLM model to predict bounding boxes specifying where modifications are needed and which components should be added. Next, a stable diffusion model generates detailed sketches of new elements, which are merged with the original outline through a generative inpainting pipeline. Finally, ControlNet is employed to refine the result into a photorealistic image. Experiments on datasets and real industrial buildings indicate that the proposed framework can generate renovation proposals that preserve the original structure while improving facade detail quality. This approach effectively bypasses the need for detailed as-built modelling, enabling architects to rapidly explore design alternatives, iterate on early-stage concepts, and communicate renovation intentions with greater clarity. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 9 figures, Proceedings of CAADRIA 2026 arXiv:2601.08531 [ pdf ] Sketch-Based Facade Renovation With Generative AI: A Streamlined Framework for Bypassing As-Built Modelling in Industrial Adaptive Reuse Authors: Warissara Booranamaitree , Xusheng Du , Yushu Cai , Zhengyang Wang , Ye Zhang , Haoran Xie Abstract : Facade renovation offers a more sustainable alternative to full demolition, yet producing design proposals that preserve existing structures while expressing new intent remains challenging. Current workflows typically require detailed as-built modelling before design, which is time-consuming, labour-intensive, and often involves repeated revisions. To solve this issue, we propose a three-stage fra… ▽ More Facade renovation offers a more sustainable alternative to full demolition, yet producing design proposals that preserve existing structures while expressing new intent remains challenging. Current workflows typically require detailed as-built modelling before design, which is time-consuming, labour-intensive, and often involves repeated revisions. To solve this issue, we propose a three-stage framework combining generative artificial intelligence (AI) and vision-language models (VLM) that directly processes rough structural sketch and textual descriptions to produce consistent renovation proposals. First, the input sketch is used by a fine-tuned VLM model to predict bounding boxes specifying where modifications are needed and which components should be added. Next, a stable diffusion model generates detailed sketches of new elements, which are merged with the original outline through a generative inpainting pipeline. Finally, ControlNet is employed to refine the result into a photorealistic image. Experiments on datasets and real industrial buildings indicate that the proposed framework can generate renovation proposals that preserve the original structure while improving facade detail quality. This approach effectively bypasses the need for detailed as-built modelling, enabling architects to rapidly explore design alternatives, iterate on early-stage concepts, and communicate renovation intentions with greater clarity. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 9 figures, Proceedings of CAADRIA 2026 arXiv:2601.08530 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.GT cs.DS How Hard Is It to Rig a Tournament When Few Players Can Beat or Be Beaten by the Favorite? Authors: Zhonghao Wang , Junqiang Peng , Yuxi Liu , Mingyu Xiao Abstract : In knockout tournaments, players compete in successive rounds, with losers eliminated and winners advancing until a single champion remains. Given a tournament digraph $D$, which encodes the outcomes of all possible matches, and a designated player $v^* \in V(D)$, the \textsc{Tournament Fixing} problem (TFP) asks whether the tournament can be scheduled in a way that guarantees $v^*$ emerges as the… ▽ More In knockout tournaments, players compete in successive rounds, with losers eliminated and winners advancing until a single champion remains. Given a tournament digraph $D$, which encodes the outcomes of all possible matches, and a designated player $v^* \in V(D)$, the \textsc{Tournament Fixing} problem (TFP) asks whether the tournament can be scheduled in a way that guarantees $v^*$ emerges as the winner. TFP is known to be NP-hard, but is fixed-parameter tractable (FPT) when parameterized by structural measures such as the feedback arc set (fas) or feedback vertex set (fvs) number of the tournament digraph. In this paper, we introduce and study two new structural parameters: the number of players who can defeat $v^*$ (i.e., the in-degree of $v^*$, denoted by $k$) and the number of players that $v^*$ can defeat (i.e., the out-degree of $v^*$, denoted by $\ell$). A natural question is that: can TFP be efficiently solved when $k$ or $\ell$ is small? We answer this question affirmatively by showing that TFP is FPT when parameterized by either the in-degree or out-degree of $v^*$. Our algorithm for the in-degree parameterization is particularly involved and technically intricate. Notably, the in-degree $k$ can remain small even when other structural parameters, such as fas or fvs, are large. Hence, our results offer a new perspective and significantly broaden the parameterized algorithmic understanding of the \textsc{Tournament Fixing} problem. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.08530 [ pdf , ps , other ] How Hard Is It to Rig a Tournament When Few Players Can Beat or Be Beaten by the Favorite? Authors: Zhonghao Wang , Junqiang Peng , Yuxi Liu , Mingyu Xiao Abstract : In knockout tournaments, players compete in successive rounds, with losers eliminated and winners advancing until a single champion remains. Given a tournament digraph $D$, which encodes the outcomes of all possible matches, and a designated player $v^* \in V(D)$, the \textsc{Tournament Fixing} problem (TFP) asks whether the tournament can be scheduled in a way that guarantees $v^*$ emerges as the… ▽ More In knockout tournaments, players compete in successive rounds, with losers eliminated and winners advancing until a single champion remains. Given a tournament digraph $D$, which encodes the outcomes of all possible matches, and a designated player $v^* \in V(D)$, the \textsc{Tournament Fixing} problem (TFP) asks whether the tournament can be scheduled in a way that guarantees $v^*$ emerges as the winner. TFP is known to be NP-hard, but is fixed-parameter tractable (FPT) when parameterized by structural measures such as the feedback arc set (fas) or feedback vertex set (fvs) number of the tournament digraph. In this paper, we introduce and study two new structural parameters: the number of players who can defeat $v^*$ (i.e., the in-degree of $v^*$, denoted by $k$) and the number of players that $v^*$ can defeat (i.e., the out-degree of $v^*$, denoted by $\ell$). A natural question is that: can TFP be efficiently solved when $k$ or $\ell$ is small? We answer this question affirmatively by showing that TFP is FPT when parameterized by either the in-degree or out-degree of $v^*$. Our algorithm for the in-degree parameterization is particularly involved and technically intricate. Notably, the in-degree $k$ can remain small even when other structural parameters, such as fas or fvs, are large. Hence, our results offer a new perspective and significantly broaden the parameterized algorithmic understanding of the \textsc{Tournament Fixing} problem. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.08493 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI doi 10.1016/j.neunet.2025.107724 PKI: Prior Knowledge-Infused Neural Network for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning Authors: Kexin Baoa , Fanzhao Lin , Zichen Wang , Yong Li , Dan Zeng , Shiming Ge Abstract : Few-shot class-incremental learning (FSCIL) aims to continually adapt a model on a limited number of new-class examples, facing two well-known challenges: catastrophic forgetting and overfitting to new classes. Existing methods tend to freeze more parts of network components and finetune others with an extra memory during incremental sessions. These methods emphasize preserving prior knowledge to… ▽ More Few-shot class-incremental learning (FSCIL) aims to continually adapt a model on a limited number of new-class examples, facing two well-known challenges: catastrophic forgetting and overfitting to new classes. Existing methods tend to freeze more parts of network components and finetune others with an extra memory during incremental sessions. These methods emphasize preserving prior knowledge to ensure proficiency in recognizing old classes, thereby mitigating catastrophic forgetting. Meanwhile, constraining fewer parameters can help in overcoming overfitting with the assistance of prior knowledge. Following previous methods, we retain more prior knowledge and propose a prior knowledge-infused neural network (PKI) to facilitate FSCIL. PKI consists of a backbone, an ensemble of projectors, a classifier, and an extra memory. In each incremental session, we build a new projector and add it to the ensemble. Subsequently, we finetune the new projector and the classifier jointly with other frozen network components, ensuring the rich prior knowledge is utilized effectively. By cascading projectors, PKI integrates prior knowledge accumulated from previous sessions and learns new knowledge flexibly, which helps to recognize old classes and efficiently learn new classes. Further, to reduce the resource consumption associated with keeping many projectors, we design two variants of the prior knowledge-infused neural network (PKIV-1 and PKIV-2) to trade off a balance between resource consumption and performance by reducing the number of projectors. Extensive experiments on three popular benchmarks demonstrate that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Journal ref: Neural Networks 2025 arXiv:2601.08493 [ pdf , ps , other ] PKI: Prior Knowledge-Infused Neural Network for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning Authors: Kexin Baoa , Fanzhao Lin , Zichen Wang , Yong Li , Dan Zeng , Shiming Ge Abstract : Few-shot class-incremental learning (FSCIL) aims to continually adapt a model on a limited number of new-class examples, facing two well-known challenges: catastrophic forgetting and overfitting to new classes. Existing methods tend to freeze more parts of network components and finetune others with an extra memory during incremental sessions. These methods emphasize preserving prior knowledge to… ▽ More Few-shot class-incremental learning (FSCIL) aims to continually adapt a model on a limited number of new-class examples, facing two well-known challenges: catastrophic forgetting and overfitting to new classes. Existing methods tend to freeze more parts of network components and finetune others with an extra memory during incremental sessions. These methods emphasize preserving prior knowledge to ensure proficiency in recognizing old classes, thereby mitigating catastrophic forgetting. Meanwhile, constraining fewer parameters can help in overcoming overfitting with the assistance of prior knowledge. Following previous methods, we retain more prior knowledge and propose a prior knowledge-infused neural network (PKI) to facilitate FSCIL. PKI consists of a backbone, an ensemble of projectors, a classifier, and an extra memory. In each incremental session, we build a new projector and add it to the ensemble. Subsequently, we finetune the new projector and the classifier jointly with other frozen network components, ensuring the rich prior knowledge is utilized effectively. By cascading projectors, PKI integrates prior knowledge accumulated from previous sessions and learns new knowledge flexibly, which helps to recognize old classes and efficiently learn new classes. Further, to reduce the resource consumption associated with keeping many projectors, we design two variants of the prior knowledge-infused neural network (PKIV-1 and PKIV-2) to trade off a balance between resource consumption and performance by reducing the number of projectors. Extensive experiments on three popular benchmarks demonstrate that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Journal ref: Neural Networks 2025 arXiv:2601.08343 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.MA cs.CL When KV Cache Reuse Fails in Multi-Agent Systems: Cross-Candidate Interaction is Crucial for LLM Judges Authors: Sichu Liang , Zhenglin Wang , Jiajia Chu , Pengfei Xia , Hui Zang , Deyu Zhou Abstract : Multi-agent LLM systems routinely generate multiple candidate responses that are aggregated by an LLM judge. To reduce the dominant prefill cost in such pipelines, recent work advocates KV cache reuse across partially shared contexts and reports substantial speedups for generation agents. In this work, we show that these efficiency gains do not transfer uniformly to judge-centric inference. Across… ▽ More Multi-agent LLM systems routinely generate multiple candidate responses that are aggregated by an LLM judge. To reduce the dominant prefill cost in such pipelines, recent work advocates KV cache reuse across partially shared contexts and reports substantial speedups for generation agents. In this work, we show that these efficiency gains do not transfer uniformly to judge-centric inference. Across GSM8K, MMLU, and HumanEval, we find that reuse strategies that are effective for execution agents can severely perturb judge behavior: end-task accuracy may appear stable, yet the judge's selection becomes highly inconsistent with dense prefill. We quantify this risk using Judge Consistency Rate (JCR) and provide diagnostics showing that reuse systematically weakens cross-candidate attention, especially for later candidate blocks. Our ablation further demonstrates that explicit cross-candidate interaction is crucial for preserving dense-prefill decisions. Overall, our results identify a previously overlooked failure mode of KV cache reuse and highlight judge-centric inference as a distinct regime that demands dedicated, risk-aware system design. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08343 [ pdf , ps , other ] When KV Cache Reuse Fails in Multi-Agent Systems: Cross-Candidate Interaction is Crucial for LLM Judges Authors: Sichu Liang , Zhenglin Wang , Jiajia Chu , Pengfei Xia , Hui Zang , Deyu Zhou Abstract : Multi-agent LLM systems routinely generate multiple candidate responses that are aggregated by an LLM judge. To reduce the dominant prefill cost in such pipelines, recent work advocates KV cache reuse across partially shared contexts and reports substantial speedups for generation agents. In this work, we show that these efficiency gains do not transfer uniformly to judge-centric inference. Across… ▽ More Multi-agent LLM systems routinely generate multiple candidate responses that are aggregated by an LLM judge. To reduce the dominant prefill cost in such pipelines, recent work advocates KV cache reuse across partially shared contexts and reports substantial speedups for generation agents. In this work, we show that these efficiency gains do not transfer uniformly to judge-centric inference. Across GSM8K, MMLU, and HumanEval, we find that reuse strategies that are effective for execution agents can severely perturb judge behavior: end-task accuracy may appear stable, yet the judge's selection becomes highly inconsistent with dense prefill. We quantify this risk using Judge Consistency Rate (JCR) and provide diagnostics showing that reuse systematically weakens cross-candidate attention, especially for later candidate blocks. Our ablation further demonstrates that explicit cross-candidate interaction is crucial for preserving dense-prefill decisions. Overall, our results identify a previously overlooked failure mode of KV cache reuse and highlight judge-centric inference as a distinct regime that demands dedicated, risk-aware system design. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08189 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI ForgetMark: Stealthy Fingerprint Embedding via Targeted Unlearning in Language Models Authors: Zhenhua Xu , Haobo Zhang , Zhebo Wang , Qichen Liu , Haitao Xu , Wenpeng Xing , Meng Han Abstract : Existing invasive (backdoor) fingerprints suffer from high-perplexity triggers that are easily filtered, fixed response patterns exposed by heuristic detectors, and spurious activations on benign inputs. We introduce \textsc{ForgetMark}, a stealthy fingerprinting framework that encodes provenance via targeted unlearning. It builds a compact, human-readable key--value set with an assistant model an… ▽ More Existing invasive (backdoor) fingerprints suffer from high-perplexity triggers that are easily filtered, fixed response patterns exposed by heuristic detectors, and spurious activations on benign inputs. We introduce \textsc{ForgetMark}, a stealthy fingerprinting framework that encodes provenance via targeted unlearning. It builds a compact, human-readable key--value set with an assistant model and predictive-entropy ranking, then trains lightweight LoRA adapters to suppress the original values on their keys while preserving general capabilities. Ownership is verified under black/gray-box access by aggregating likelihood and semantic evidence into a fingerprint success rate. By relying on probabilistic forgetting traces rather than fixed trigger--response patterns, \textsc{ForgetMark} avoids high-perplexity triggers, reduces detectability, and lowers false triggers. Across diverse architectures and settings, it achieves 100\% ownership verification on fingerprinted models while maintaining standard performance, surpasses backdoor baselines in stealthiness and robustness to model merging, and remains effective under moderate incremental fine-tuning. Our code and data are available at \href{ △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08189 [ pdf , ps , other ] ForgetMark: Stealthy Fingerprint Embedding via Targeted Unlearning in Language Models Authors: Zhenhua Xu , Haobo Zhang , Zhebo Wang , Qichen Liu , Haitao Xu , Wenpeng Xing , Meng Han Abstract : Existing invasive (backdoor) fingerprints suffer from high-perplexity triggers that are easily filtered, fixed response patterns exposed by heuristic detectors, and spurious activations on benign inputs. We introduce \textsc{ForgetMark}, a stealthy fingerprinting framework that encodes provenance via targeted unlearning. It builds a compact, human-readable key--value set with an assistant model an… ▽ More Existing invasive (backdoor) fingerprints suffer from high-perplexity triggers that are easily filtered, fixed response patterns exposed by heuristic detectors, and spurious activations on benign inputs. We introduce \textsc{ForgetMark}, a stealthy fingerprinting framework that encodes provenance via targeted unlearning. It builds a compact, human-readable key--value set with an assistant model and predictive-entropy ranking, then trains lightweight LoRA adapters to suppress the original values on their keys while preserving general capabilities. Ownership is verified under black/gray-box access by aggregating likelihood and semantic evidence into a fingerprint success rate. By relying on probabilistic forgetting traces rather than fixed trigger--response patterns, \textsc{ForgetMark} avoids high-perplexity triggers, reduces detectability, and lowers false triggers. Across diverse architectures and settings, it achieves 100\% ownership verification on fingerprinted models while maintaining standard performance, surpasses backdoor baselines in stealthiness and robustness to model merging, and remains effective under moderate incremental fine-tuning. Our code and data are available at \href{ △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08183 [ pdf ] cs.CV cs.AI GI-Bench: A Panoramic Benchmark Revealing the Knowledge-Experience Dissociation of Multimodal Large Language Models in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Against Clinical Standards Authors: Yan Zhu , Te Luo , Pei-Yao Fu , Zhen Zhang , Zi-Long Wang , Yi-Fan Qu , Zi-Han Geng , Jia-Qi Xu , Lu Yao , Li-Yun Ma , Wei Su , Wei-Feng Chen , Quan-Lin Li , Shuo Wang , Ping-Hong Zhou Abstract : Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) show promise in gastroenterology, yet their performance against comprehensive clinical workflows and human benchmarks remains unverified. To systematically evaluate state-of-the-art MLLMs across a panoramic gastrointestinal endoscopy workflow and determine their clinical utility compared with human endoscopists. We constructed GI-Bench, a benchmark encompas… ▽ More Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) show promise in gastroenterology, yet their performance against comprehensive clinical workflows and human benchmarks remains unverified. To systematically evaluate state-of-the-art MLLMs across a panoramic gastrointestinal endoscopy workflow and determine their clinical utility compared with human endoscopists. We constructed GI-Bench, a benchmark encompassing 20 fine-grained lesion categories. Twelve MLLMs were evaluated across a five-stage clinical workflow: anatomical localization, lesion identification, diagnosis, findings description, and management. Model performance was benchmarked against three junior endoscopists and three residency trainees using Macro-F1, mean Intersection-over-Union (mIoU), and multi-dimensional Likert scale. Gemini-3-Pro achieved state-of-the-art performance. In diagnostic reasoning, top-tier models (Macro-F1 0.641) outperformed trainees (0.492) and rivaled junior endoscopists (0.727; p>0.05). However, a critical "spatial grounding bottleneck" persisted; human lesion localization (mIoU >0.506) significantly outperformed the best model (0.345; p<0.05). Furthermore, qualitative analysis revealed a "fluency-accuracy paradox": models generated reports with superior linguistic readability compared with humans (p<0.05) but exhibited significantly lower factual correctness (p<0.05) due to "over-interpretation" and hallucination of visual features. GI-Bench maintains a dynamic leaderboard that tracks the evolving performance of MLLMs in clinical endoscopy. The current rankings and benchmark results are available at △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 45 pages, 17 figures, 6 tables. Leaderboard available at: . Includes supplementary material arXiv:2601.08183 [ pdf ] GI-Bench: A Panoramic Benchmark Revealing the Knowledge-Experience Dissociation of Multimodal Large Language Models in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Against Clinical Standards Authors: Yan Zhu , Te Luo , Pei-Yao Fu , Zhen Zhang , Zi-Long Wang , Yi-Fan Qu , Zi-Han Geng , Jia-Qi Xu , Lu Yao , Li-Yun Ma , Wei Su , Wei-Feng Chen , Quan-Lin Li , Shuo Wang , Ping-Hong Zhou Abstract : Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) show promise in gastroenterology, yet their performance against comprehensive clinical workflows and human benchmarks remains unverified. To systematically evaluate state-of-the-art MLLMs across a panoramic gastrointestinal endoscopy workflow and determine their clinical utility compared with human endoscopists. We constructed GI-Bench, a benchmark encompas… ▽ More Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) show promise in gastroenterology, yet their performance against comprehensive clinical workflows and human benchmarks remains unverified. To systematically evaluate state-of-the-art MLLMs across a panoramic gastrointestinal endoscopy workflow and determine their clinical utility compared with human endoscopists. We constructed GI-Bench, a benchmark encompassing 20 fine-grained lesion categories. Twelve MLLMs were evaluated across a five-stage clinical workflow: anatomical localization, lesion identification, diagnosis, findings description, and management. Model performance was benchmarked against three junior endoscopists and three residency trainees using Macro-F1, mean Intersection-over-Union (mIoU), and multi-dimensional Likert scale. Gemini-3-Pro achieved state-of-the-art performance. In diagnostic reasoning, top-tier models (Macro-F1 0.641) outperformed trainees (0.492) and rivaled junior endoscopists (0.727; p>0.05). However, a critical "spatial grounding bottleneck" persisted; human lesion localization (mIoU >0.506) significantly outperformed the best model (0.345; p<0.05). Furthermore, qualitative analysis revealed a "fluency-accuracy paradox": models generated reports with superior linguistic readability compared with humans (p<0.05) but exhibited significantly lower factual correctness (p<0.05) due to "over-interpretation" and hallucination of visual features. GI-Bench maintains a dynamic leaderboard that tracks the evolving performance of MLLMs in clinical endoscopy. The current rankings and benchmark results are available at △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 45 pages, 17 figures, 6 tables. Leaderboard available at: . Includes supplementary material arXiv:2601.08158 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL WISE-Flow: Workflow-Induced Structured Experience for Self-Evolving Conversational Service Agents Authors: Yuqing Zhou , Zhuoer Wang , Jie Yuan , Hong Wang , Samson Koelle , Ziwei Zhu , Wei Niu Abstract : Large language model (LLM)-based agents are widely deployed in user-facing services but remain error-prone in new tasks, tend to repeat the same failure patterns, and show substantial run-to-run variability. Fixing failures via environment-specific training or manual patching is costly and hard to scale. To enable self-evolving agents in user-facing service environments, we propose WISE-Flow, a wo… ▽ More Large language model (LLM)-based agents are widely deployed in user-facing services but remain error-prone in new tasks, tend to repeat the same failure patterns, and show substantial run-to-run variability. Fixing failures via environment-specific training or manual patching is costly and hard to scale. To enable self-evolving agents in user-facing service environments, we propose WISE-Flow, a workflow-centric framework that converts historical service interactions into reusable procedural experience by inducing workflows with prerequisite-augmented action blocks. At deployment, WISE-Flow aligns the agent's execution trajectory to retrieved workflows and performs prerequisite-aware feasibility reasoning to achieve state-grounded next actions. Experiments on ToolSandbox and $τ^2$-bench show consistent improvement across base models. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages arXiv:2601.08158 [ pdf , ps , other ] WISE-Flow: Workflow-Induced Structured Experience for Self-Evolving Conversational Service Agents Authors: Yuqing Zhou , Zhuoer Wang , Jie Yuan , Hong Wang , Samson Koelle , Ziwei Zhu , Wei Niu Abstract : Large language model (LLM)-based agents are widely deployed in user-facing services but remain error-prone in new tasks, tend to repeat the same failure patterns, and show substantial run-to-run variability. Fixing failures via environment-specific training or manual patching is costly and hard to scale. To enable self-evolving agents in user-facing service environments, we propose WISE-Flow, a wo… ▽ More Large language model (LLM)-based agents are widely deployed in user-facing services but remain error-prone in new tasks, tend to repeat the same failure patterns, and show substantial run-to-run variability. Fixing failures via environment-specific training or manual patching is costly and hard to scale. To enable self-evolving agents in user-facing service environments, we propose WISE-Flow, a workflow-centric framework that converts historical service interactions into reusable procedural experience by inducing workflows with prerequisite-augmented action blocks. At deployment, WISE-Flow aligns the agent's execution trajectory to retrieved workflows and performs prerequisite-aware feasibility reasoning to achieve state-grounded next actions. Experiments on ToolSandbox and $τ^2$-bench show consistent improvement across base models. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages arXiv:2601.08125 [ pdf ] cs.AI How vehicles change lanes after encountering crashes: Empirical analysis and modeling Authors: Kequan Chen , Yuxuan Wang , Pan Liu , Victor L. Knoop , David Z. W. Wang , Yu Han Abstract : When a traffic crash occurs, following vehicles need to change lanes to bypass the obstruction. We define these maneuvers as post crash lane changes. In such scenarios, vehicles in the target lane may refuse to yield even after the lane change has already begun, increasing the complexity and crash risk of post crash LCs. However, the behavioral characteristics and motion patterns of post crash LCs… ▽ More When a traffic crash occurs, following vehicles need to change lanes to bypass the obstruction. We define these maneuvers as post crash lane changes. In such scenarios, vehicles in the target lane may refuse to yield even after the lane change has already begun, increasing the complexity and crash risk of post crash LCs. However, the behavioral characteristics and motion patterns of post crash LCs remain unknown. To address this gap, we construct a post crash LC dataset by extracting vehicle trajectories from drone videos captured after crashes. Our empirical analysis reveals that, compared to mandatory LCs (MLCs) and discretionary LCs (DLCs), post crash LCs exhibit longer durations, lower insertion speeds, and higher crash risks. Notably, 79.4% of post crash LCs involve at least one instance of non yielding behavior from the new follower, compared to 21.7% for DLCs and 28.6% for MLCs. Building on these findings, we develop a novel trajectory prediction framework for post crash LCs. At its core is a graph based attention module that explicitly models yielding behavior as an auxiliary interaction aware task. This module is designed to guide both a conditional variational autoencoder and a Transformer based decoder to predict the lane changer's trajectory. By incorporating the interaction aware module, our model outperforms existing baselines in trajectory prediction performance by more than 10% in both average displacement error and final displacement error across different prediction horizons. Moreover, our model provides more reliable crash risk analysis by reducing false crash rates and improving conflict prediction accuracy. Finally, we validate the model's transferability using additional post crash LC datasets collected from different sites. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08125 [ pdf ] How vehicles change lanes after encountering crashes: Empirical analysis and modeling Authors: Kequan Chen , Yuxuan Wang , Pan Liu , Victor L. Knoop , David Z. W. Wang , Yu Han Abstract : When a traffic crash occurs, following vehicles need to change lanes to bypass the obstruction. We define these maneuvers as post crash lane changes. In such scenarios, vehicles in the target lane may refuse to yield even after the lane change has already begun, increasing the complexity and crash risk of post crash LCs. However, the behavioral characteristics and motion patterns of post crash LCs… ▽ More When a traffic crash occurs, following vehicles need to change lanes to bypass the obstruction. We define these maneuvers as post crash lane changes. In such scenarios, vehicles in the target lane may refuse to yield even after the lane change has already begun, increasing the complexity and crash risk of post crash LCs. However, the behavioral characteristics and motion patterns of post crash LCs remain unknown. To address this gap, we construct a post crash LC dataset by extracting vehicle trajectories from drone videos captured after crashes. Our empirical analysis reveals that, compared to mandatory LCs (MLCs) and discretionary LCs (DLCs), post crash LCs exhibit longer durations, lower insertion speeds, and higher crash risks. Notably, 79.4% of post crash LCs involve at least one instance of non yielding behavior from the new follower, compared to 21.7% for DLCs and 28.6% for MLCs. Building on these findings, we develop a novel trajectory prediction framework for post crash LCs. At its core is a graph based attention module that explicitly models yielding behavior as an auxiliary interaction aware task. This module is designed to guide both a conditional variational autoencoder and a Transformer based decoder to predict the lane changer's trajectory. By incorporating the interaction aware module, our model outperforms existing baselines in trajectory prediction performance by more than 10% in both average displacement error and final displacement error across different prediction horizons. Moreover, our model provides more reliable crash risk analysis by reducing false crash rates and improving conflict prediction accuracy. Finally, we validate the model's transferability using additional post crash LC datasets collected from different sites. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08000 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.SE Reasoning over Precedents Alongside Statutes: Case-Augmented Deliberative Alignment for LLM Safety Authors: Can Jin , Rui Wu , Tong Che , Qixin Zhang , Hongwu Peng , Jiahui Zhao , Zhenting Wang , Wenqi Wei , Ligong Han , Zhao Zhang , Yuan Cao , Ruixiang Tang , Dimitris N. Metaxas Abstract : Ensuring that Large Language Models (LLMs) adhere to safety principles without refusing benign requests remains a significant challenge. While OpenAI introduces deliberative alignment (DA) to enhance the safety of its o-series models through reasoning over detailed ``code-like'' safety rules, the effectiveness of this approach in open-source LLMs, which typically lack advanced reasoning capabiliti… ▽ More Ensuring that Large Language Models (LLMs) adhere to safety principles without refusing benign requests remains a significant challenge. While OpenAI introduces deliberative alignment (DA) to enhance the safety of its o-series models through reasoning over detailed ``code-like'' safety rules, the effectiveness of this approach in open-source LLMs, which typically lack advanced reasoning capabilities, is understudied. In this work, we systematically evaluate the impact of explicitly specifying extensive safety codes versus demonstrating them through illustrative cases. We find that referencing explicit codes inconsistently improves harmlessness and systematically degrades helpfulness, whereas training on case-augmented simple codes yields more robust and generalized safety behaviors. By guiding LLMs with case-augmented reasoning instead of extensive code-like safety rules, we avoid rigid adherence to narrowly enumerated rules and enable broader adaptability. Building on these insights, we propose CADA, a case-augmented deliberative alignment method for LLMs utilizing reinforcement learning on self-generated safety reasoning chains. CADA effectively enhances harmlessness, improves robustness against attacks, and reduces over-refusal while preserving utility across diverse benchmarks, offering a practical alternative to rule-only DA for improving safety while maintaining helpfulness. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08000 [ pdf , ps , other ] Reasoning over Precedents Alongside Statutes: Case-Augmented Deliberative Alignment for LLM Safety Authors: Can Jin , Rui Wu , Tong Che , Qixin Zhang , Hongwu Peng , Jiahui Zhao , Zhenting Wang , Wenqi Wei , Ligong Han , Zhao Zhang , Yuan Cao , Ruixiang Tang , Dimitris N. Metaxas Abstract : Ensuring that Large Language Models (LLMs) adhere to safety principles without refusing benign requests remains a significant challenge. While OpenAI introduces deliberative alignment (DA) to enhance the safety of its o-series models through reasoning over detailed ``code-like'' safety rules, the effectiveness of this approach in open-source LLMs, which typically lack advanced reasoning capabiliti… ▽ More Ensuring that Large Language Models (LLMs) adhere to safety principles without refusing benign requests remains a significant challenge. While OpenAI introduces deliberative alignment (DA) to enhance the safety of its o-series models through reasoning over detailed ``code-like'' safety rules, the effectiveness of this approach in open-source LLMs, which typically lack advanced reasoning capabilities, is understudied. In this work, we systematically evaluate the impact of explicitly specifying extensive safety codes versus demonstrating them through illustrative cases. We find that referencing explicit codes inconsistently improves harmlessness and systematically degrades helpfulness, whereas training on case-augmented simple codes yields more robust and generalized safety behaviors. By guiding LLMs with case-augmented reasoning instead of extensive code-like safety rules, we avoid rigid adherence to narrowly enumerated rules and enable broader adaptability. Building on these insights, we propose CADA, a case-augmented deliberative alignment method for LLMs utilizing reinforcement learning on self-generated safety reasoning chains. CADA effectively enhances harmlessness, improves robustness against attacks, and reduces over-refusal while preserving utility across diverse benchmarks, offering a practical alternative to rule-only DA for improving safety while maintaining helpfulness. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07790 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Benchmarking Small Language Models and Small Reasoning Language Models on System Log Severity Classification Authors: Yahya Masri , Emily Ma , Zifu Wang , Joseph Rogers , Chaowei Yang Abstract : System logs are crucial for monitoring and diagnosing modern computing infrastructure, but their scale and complexity require reliable and efficient automated interpretation. Since severity levels are predefined metadata in system log messages, having a model merely classify them offers limited standalone practical value, revealing little about its underlying ability to interpret system logs. We a… ▽ More System logs are crucial for monitoring and diagnosing modern computing infrastructure, but their scale and complexity require reliable and efficient automated interpretation. Since severity levels are predefined metadata in system log messages, having a model merely classify them offers limited standalone practical value, revealing little about its underlying ability to interpret system logs. We argue that severity classification is more informative when treated as a benchmark for probing runtime log comprehension rather than as an end task. Using real-world journalctl data from Linux production servers, we evaluate nine small language models (SLMs) and small reasoning language models (SRLMs) under zero-shot, few-shot, and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) prompting. The results reveal strong stratification. Qwen3-4B achieves the highest accuracy at 95.64% with RAG, while Gemma3-1B improves from 20.25% under few-shot prompting to 85.28% with RAG. Notably, the tiny Qwen3-0.6B reaches 88.12% accuracy despite weak performance without retrieval. In contrast, several SRLMs, including Qwen3-1.7B and DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B, degrade substantially when paired with RAG. Efficiency measurements further separate models: most Gemma and Llama variants complete inference in under 1.2 seconds per log, whereas Phi-4-Mini-Reasoning exceeds 228 seconds per log while achieving <10% accuracy. These findings suggest that (1) architectural design, (2) training objectives, and (3) the ability to integrate retrieved context under strict output constraints jointly determine performance. By emphasizing small, deployable models, this benchmark aligns with real-time requirements of digital twin (DT) systems and shows that severity classification serves as a lens for evaluating model competence and real-time deployability, with implications for root cause analysis (RCA) and broader DT integration. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 28 pages, 5 figures, 7 tables arXiv:2601.07790 [ pdf , ps , other ] Benchmarking Small Language Models and Small Reasoning Language Models on System Log Severity Classification Authors: Yahya Masri , Emily Ma , Zifu Wang , Joseph Rogers , Chaowei Yang Abstract : System logs are crucial for monitoring and diagnosing modern computing infrastructure, but their scale and complexity require reliable and efficient automated interpretation. Since severity levels are predefined metadata in system log messages, having a model merely classify them offers limited standalone practical value, revealing little about its underlying ability to interpret system logs. We a… ▽ More System logs are crucial for monitoring and diagnosing modern computing infrastructure, but their scale and complexity require reliable and efficient automated interpretation. Since severity levels are predefined metadata in system log messages, having a model merely classify them offers limited standalone practical value, revealing little about its underlying ability to interpret system logs. We argue that severity classification is more informative when treated as a benchmark for probing runtime log comprehension rather than as an end task. Using real-world journalctl data from Linux production servers, we evaluate nine small language models (SLMs) and small reasoning language models (SRLMs) under zero-shot, few-shot, and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) prompting. The results reveal strong stratification. Qwen3-4B achieves the highest accuracy at 95.64% with RAG, while Gemma3-1B improves from 20.25% under few-shot prompting to 85.28% with RAG. Notably, the tiny Qwen3-0.6B reaches 88.12% accuracy despite weak performance without retrieval. In contrast, several SRLMs, including Qwen3-1.7B and DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B, degrade substantially when paired with RAG. Efficiency measurements further separate models: most Gemma and Llama variants complete inference in under 1.2 seconds per log, whereas Phi-4-Mini-Reasoning exceeds 228 seconds per log while achieving <10% accuracy. These findings suggest that (1) architectural design, (2) training objectives, and (3) the ability to integrate retrieved context under strict output constraints jointly determine performance. By emphasizing small, deployable models, this benchmark aligns with real-time requirements of digital twin (DT) systems and shows that severity classification serves as a lens for evaluating model competence and real-time deployability, with implications for root cause analysis (RCA) and broader DT integration. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 28 pages, 5 figures, 7 tables arXiv:2601.07779 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.MA cs.AI cs.CL cs.CV cs.HC OS-Symphony: A Holistic Framework for Robust and Generalist Computer-Using Agent Authors: Bowen Yang , Kaiming Jin , Zhenyu Wu , Zhaoyang Liu , Qiushi Sun , Zehao Li , JingJing Xie , Zhoumianze Liu , Fangzhi Xu , Kanzhi Cheng , Qingyun Li , Yian Wang , Yu Qiao , Zun Wang , Zichen Ding Abstract : While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have significantly advanced Computer-Using Agents (CUAs), current frameworks struggle with robustness in long-horizon workflows and generalization in novel domains. These limitations stem from a lack of granular control over historical visual context curation and the absence of visual-aware tutorial retrieval. To bridge these gaps, we introduce OS-Symphony, a ho… ▽ More While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have significantly advanced Computer-Using Agents (CUAs), current frameworks struggle with robustness in long-horizon workflows and generalization in novel domains. These limitations stem from a lack of granular control over historical visual context curation and the absence of visual-aware tutorial retrieval. To bridge these gaps, we introduce OS-Symphony, a holistic framework that comprises an Orchestrator coordinating two key innovations for robust automation: (1) a Reflection-Memory Agent that utilizes milestone-driven long-term memory to enable trajectory-level self-correction, effectively mitigating visual context loss in long-horizon tasks; (2) Versatile Tool Agents featuring a Multimodal Searcher that adopts a SeeAct paradigm to navigate a browser-based sandbox to synthesize live, visually aligned tutorials, thereby resolving fidelity issues in unseen scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that OS-Symphony delivers substantial performance gains across varying model scales, establishing new state-of-the-art results on three online benchmarks, notably achieving 65.84% on OSWorld. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 31 pages, 11 figures, 12 tables ACM Class: I.2.10 arXiv:2601.07779 [ pdf , ps , other ] OS-Symphony: A Holistic Framework for Robust and Generalist Computer-Using Agent Authors: Bowen Yang , Kaiming Jin , Zhenyu Wu , Zhaoyang Liu , Qiushi Sun , Zehao Li , JingJing Xie , Zhoumianze Liu , Fangzhi Xu , Kanzhi Cheng , Qingyun Li , Yian Wang , Yu Qiao , Zun Wang , Zichen Ding Abstract : While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have significantly advanced Computer-Using Agents (CUAs), current frameworks struggle with robustness in long-horizon workflows and generalization in novel domains. These limitations stem from a lack of granular control over historical visual context curation and the absence of visual-aware tutorial retrieval. To bridge these gaps, we introduce OS-Symphony, a ho… ▽ More While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have significantly advanced Computer-Using Agents (CUAs), current frameworks struggle with robustness in long-horizon workflows and generalization in novel domains. These limitations stem from a lack of granular control over historical visual context curation and the absence of visual-aware tutorial retrieval. To bridge these gaps, we introduce OS-Symphony, a holistic framework that comprises an Orchestrator coordinating two key innovations for robust automation: (1) a Reflection-Memory Agent that utilizes milestone-driven long-term memory to enable trajectory-level self-correction, effectively mitigating visual context loss in long-horizon tasks; (2) Versatile Tool Agents featuring a Multimodal Searcher that adopts a SeeAct paradigm to navigate a browser-based sandbox to synthesize live, visually aligned tutorials, thereby resolving fidelity issues in unseen scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that OS-Symphony delivers substantial performance gains across varying model scales, establishing new state-of-the-art results on three online benchmarks, notably achieving 65.84% on OSWorld. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 31 pages, 11 figures, 12 tables ACM Class: I.2.10 arXiv:2601.07645 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL PlaM: Training-Free Plateau-Guided Model Merging for Better Visual Grounding in MLLMs Authors: Zijing Wang , Yongkang Liu , Mingyang Wang , Ercong Nie , Deyuan Chen , Zhengjie Zhao , Shi Feng , Daling Wang , Xiaocui Yang , Yifei Zhang , Hinrich Schütze Abstract : Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) rely on strong linguistic reasoning inherited from their base language models. However, multimodal instruction fine-tuning paradoxically degrades this text's reasoning capability, undermining multimodal performance. To address this issue, we propose a training-free framework to mitigate this degradation. Through layer-wise vision token masking, we reveal a… ▽ More Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) rely on strong linguistic reasoning inherited from their base language models. However, multimodal instruction fine-tuning paradoxically degrades this text's reasoning capability, undermining multimodal performance. To address this issue, we propose a training-free framework to mitigate this degradation. Through layer-wise vision token masking, we reveal a common three-stage pattern in multimodal large language models: early-modal separation, mid-modal alignment, and late-modal degradation. By analyzing the behavior of MLLMs at different stages, we propose a plateau-guided model merging method that selectively injects base language model parameters into MLLMs. Experimental results based on five MLLMs on nine benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Attention-based analysis further reveals that merging shifts attention from diffuse, scattered patterns to focused localization on task-relevant visual regions. Our repository is on △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: under review arXiv:2601.07645 [ pdf , ps , other ] PlaM: Training-Free Plateau-Guided Model Merging for Better Visual Grounding in MLLMs Authors: Zijing Wang , Yongkang Liu , Mingyang Wang , Ercong Nie , Deyuan Chen , Zhengjie Zhao , Shi Feng , Daling Wang , Xiaocui Yang , Yifei Zhang , Hinrich Schütze Abstract : Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) rely on strong linguistic reasoning inherited from their base language models. However, multimodal instruction fine-tuning paradoxically degrades this text's reasoning capability, undermining multimodal performance. To address this issue, we propose a training-free framework to mitigate this degradation. Through layer-wise vision token masking, we reveal a… ▽ More Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) rely on strong linguistic reasoning inherited from their base language models. However, multimodal instruction fine-tuning paradoxically degrades this text's reasoning capability, undermining multimodal performance. To address this issue, we propose a training-free framework to mitigate this degradation. Through layer-wise vision token masking, we reveal a common three-stage pattern in multimodal large language models: early-modal separation, mid-modal alignment, and late-modal degradation. By analyzing the behavior of MLLMs at different stages, we propose a plateau-guided model merging method that selectively injects base language model parameters into MLLMs. Experimental results based on five MLLMs on nine benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Attention-based analysis further reveals that merging shifts attention from diffuse, scattered patterns to focused localization on task-relevant visual regions. Our repository is on △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: under review arXiv:2601.07556 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC cs.AI Backpropagation-Free Test-Time Adaptation for Lightweight EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interfaces Authors: Siyang Li , Jiayi Ouyang , Zhenyao Cui , Ziwei Wang , Tianwang Jia , Feng Wan , Dongrui Wu Abstract : Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) face significant deployment challenges due to inter-subject variability, signal non-stationarity, and computational constraints. While test-time adaptation (TTA) mitigates distribution shifts under online data streams without per-use calibration sessions, existing TTA approaches heavily rely on explicitly defined loss objectives tha… ▽ More Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) face significant deployment challenges due to inter-subject variability, signal non-stationarity, and computational constraints. While test-time adaptation (TTA) mitigates distribution shifts under online data streams without per-use calibration sessions, existing TTA approaches heavily rely on explicitly defined loss objectives that require backpropagation for updating model parameters, which incurs computational overhead, privacy risks, and sensitivity to noisy data streams. This paper proposes Backpropagation-Free Transformations (BFT), a TTA approach for EEG decoding that eliminates such issues. BFT applies multiple sample-wise transformations of knowledge-guided augmentations or approximate Bayesian inference to each test trial, generating multiple prediction scores for a single test sample. A learning-to-rank module enhances the weighting of these predictions, enabling robust aggregation for uncertainty suppression during inference under theoretical justifications. Extensive experiments on five EEG datasets of motor imagery classification and driver drowsiness regression tasks demonstrate the effectiveness, versatility, robustness, and efficiency of BFT. This research enables lightweight plug-and-play BCIs on resource-constrained devices, broadening the real-world deployment of decoding algorithms for EEG-based BCI. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07556 [ pdf , ps , other ] Backpropagation-Free Test-Time Adaptation for Lightweight EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interfaces Authors: Siyang Li , Jiayi Ouyang , Zhenyao Cui , Ziwei Wang , Tianwang Jia , Feng Wan , Dongrui Wu Abstract : Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) face significant deployment challenges due to inter-subject variability, signal non-stationarity, and computational constraints. While test-time adaptation (TTA) mitigates distribution shifts under online data streams without per-use calibration sessions, existing TTA approaches heavily rely on explicitly defined loss objectives tha… ▽ More Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) face significant deployment challenges due to inter-subject variability, signal non-stationarity, and computational constraints. While test-time adaptation (TTA) mitigates distribution shifts under online data streams without per-use calibration sessions, existing TTA approaches heavily rely on explicitly defined loss objectives that require backpropagation for updating model parameters, which incurs computational overhead, privacy risks, and sensitivity to noisy data streams. This paper proposes Backpropagation-Free Transformations (BFT), a TTA approach for EEG decoding that eliminates such issues. BFT applies multiple sample-wise transformations of knowledge-guided augmentations or approximate Bayesian inference to each test trial, generating multiple prediction scores for a single test sample. A learning-to-rank module enhances the weighting of these predictions, enabling robust aggregation for uncertainty suppression during inference under theoretical justifications. Extensive experiments on five EEG datasets of motor imagery classification and driver drowsiness regression tasks demonstrate the effectiveness, versatility, robustness, and efficiency of BFT. This research enables lightweight plug-and-play BCIs on resource-constrained devices, broadening the real-world deployment of decoding algorithms for EEG-based BCI. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07507 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL High-Rank Structured Modulation for Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning Authors: Yongkang Liu , Xing Li , Mengjie Zhao , Shanru Zhang , Zijing Wang , Qian Li , Shi Feng , Feiliang Ren , Daling Wang , Hinrich Schütze Abstract : As the number of model parameters increases, parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) has become the go-to choice for tailoring pre-trained large language models. Low-rank Adaptation (LoRA) uses a low-rank update method to simulate full parameter fine-tuning, which is widely used to reduce resource requirements. However, decreasing the rank encounters challenges with limited representational capacit… ▽ More As the number of model parameters increases, parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) has become the go-to choice for tailoring pre-trained large language models. Low-rank Adaptation (LoRA) uses a low-rank update method to simulate full parameter fine-tuning, which is widely used to reduce resource requirements. However, decreasing the rank encounters challenges with limited representational capacity when compared to full parameter fine-tuning. We present \textbf{SMoA}, a high-rank \textbf{S}tructured \textbf{MO}dulation \textbf{A}dapter that uses fewer trainable parameters while maintaining a higher rank, thereby improving the model's representational capacity and offering improved performance potential. The core idea is to freeze the original pretrained weights and selectively amplify or suppress important features of the original weights across multiple subspaces. The subspace mechanism provides an efficient way to increase the capacity and complexity of a model. We conduct both theoretical analyses and empirical studies on various tasks. Experiment results show that SMoA outperforms LoRA and its variants on 10 tasks, with extensive ablation studies validating its effectiveness. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: under review arXiv:2601.07507 [ pdf , ps , other ] High-Rank Structured Modulation for Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning Authors: Yongkang Liu , Xing Li , Mengjie Zhao , Shanru Zhang , Zijing Wang , Qian Li , Shi Feng , Feiliang Ren , Daling Wang , Hinrich Schütze Abstract : As the number of model parameters increases, parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) has become the go-to choice for tailoring pre-trained large language models. Low-rank Adaptation (LoRA) uses a low-rank update method to simulate full parameter fine-tuning, which is widely used to reduce resource requirements. However, decreasing the rank encounters challenges with limited representational capacit… ▽ More As the number of model parameters increases, parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) has become the go-to choice for tailoring pre-trained large language models. Low-rank Adaptation (LoRA) uses a low-rank update method to simulate full parameter fine-tuning, which is widely used to reduce resource requirements. However, decreasing the rank encounters challenges with limited representational capacity when compared to full parameter fine-tuning. We present \textbf{SMoA}, a high-rank \textbf{S}tructured \textbf{MO}dulation \textbf{A}dapter that uses fewer trainable parameters while maintaining a higher rank, thereby improving the model's representational capacity and offering improved performance potential. The core idea is to freeze the original pretrained weights and selectively amplify or suppress important features of the original weights across multiple subspaces. The subspace mechanism provides an efficient way to increase the capacity and complexity of a model. We conduct both theoretical analyses and empirical studies on various tasks. Experiment results show that SMoA outperforms LoRA and its variants on 10 tasks, with extensive ablation studies validating its effectiveness. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: under review arXiv:2601.07395 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI MCP-ITP: An Automated Framework for Implicit Tool Poisoning in MCP Authors: Ruiqi Li , Zhiqiang Wang , Yunhao Yao , Xiang-Yang Li Abstract : To standardize interactions between LLM-based agents and their environments, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) was proposed and has since been widely adopted. However, integrating external tools expands the attack surface, exposing agents to tool poisoning attacks. In such attacks, malicious instructions embedded in tool metadata are injected into the agent context during MCP registration phase, th… ▽ More To standardize interactions between LLM-based agents and their environments, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) was proposed and has since been widely adopted. However, integrating external tools expands the attack surface, exposing agents to tool poisoning attacks. In such attacks, malicious instructions embedded in tool metadata are injected into the agent context during MCP registration phase, thereby manipulating agent behavior. Prior work primarily focuses on explicit tool poisoning or relied on manually crafted poisoned tools. In contrast, we focus on a particularly stealthy variant: implicit tool poisoning, where the poisoned tool itself remains uninvoked. Instead, the instructions embedded in the tool metadata induce the agent to invoke a legitimate but high-privilege tool to perform malicious operations. We propose MCP-ITP, the first automated and adaptive framework for implicit tool poisoning within the MCP ecosystem. MCP-ITP formulates poisoned tool generation as a black-box optimization problem and employs an iterative optimization strategy that leverages feedback from both an evaluation LLM and a detection LLM to maximize Attack Success Rate (ASR) while evading current detection mechanisms. Experimental results on the MCPTox dataset across 12 LLM agents demonstrate that MCP-ITP consistently outperforms the manually crafted baseline, achieving up to 84.2% ASR while suppressing the Malicious Tool Detection Rate (MDR) to as low as 0.3%. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07395 [ pdf , ps , other ] MCP-ITP: An Automated Framework for Implicit Tool Poisoning in MCP Authors: Ruiqi Li , Zhiqiang Wang , Yunhao Yao , Xiang-Yang Li Abstract : To standardize interactions between LLM-based agents and their environments, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) was proposed and has since been widely adopted. However, integrating external tools expands the attack surface, exposing agents to tool poisoning attacks. In such attacks, malicious instructions embedded in tool metadata are injected into the agent context during MCP registration phase, th… ▽ More To standardize interactions between LLM-based agents and their environments, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) was proposed and has since been widely adopted. However, integrating external tools expands the attack surface, exposing agents to tool poisoning attacks. In such attacks, malicious instructions embedded in tool metadata are injected into the agent context during MCP registration phase, thereby manipulating agent behavior. Prior work primarily focuses on explicit tool poisoning or relied on manually crafted poisoned tools. In contrast, we focus on a particularly stealthy variant: implicit tool poisoning, where the poisoned tool itself remains uninvoked. Instead, the instructions embedded in the tool metadata induce the agent to invoke a legitimate but high-privilege tool to perform malicious operations. We propose MCP-ITP, the first automated and adaptive framework for implicit tool poisoning within the MCP ecosystem. MCP-ITP formulates poisoned tool generation as a black-box optimization problem and employs an iterative optimization strategy that leverages feedback from both an evaluation LLM and a detection LLM to maximize Attack Success Rate (ASR) while evading current detection mechanisms. Experimental results on the MCPTox dataset across 12 LLM agents demonstrate that MCP-ITP consistently outperforms the manually crafted baseline, achieving up to 84.2% ASR while suppressing the Malicious Tool Detection Rate (MDR) to as low as 0.3%. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07349 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Reward Modeling from Natural Language Human Feedback Authors: Zongqi Wang , Rui Wang , Yuchuan Wu , Yiyao Yu , Pinyi Zhang , Shaoning Sun , Yujiu Yang , Yongbin Li Abstract : Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable reward (RLVR) on preference data has become the mainstream approach for training Generative Reward Models (GRMs). Typically in pairwise rewarding tasks, GRMs generate reasoning chains ending with critiques and preference labels, and RLVR then relies on the correctness of the preference labels as the training reward. However, in this paper, we demonstrate that… ▽ More Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable reward (RLVR) on preference data has become the mainstream approach for training Generative Reward Models (GRMs). Typically in pairwise rewarding tasks, GRMs generate reasoning chains ending with critiques and preference labels, and RLVR then relies on the correctness of the preference labels as the training reward. However, in this paper, we demonstrate that such binary classification tasks make GRMs susceptible to guessing correct outcomes without sound critiques. Consequently, these spurious successes introduce substantial noise into the reward signal, thereby impairing the effectiveness of reinforcement learning. To address this issue, we propose Reward Modeling from Natural Language Human Feedback (RM-NLHF), which leverages natural language feedback to obtain process reward signals, thereby mitigating the problem of limited solution space inherent in binary tasks. Specifically, we compute the similarity between GRM-generated and human critiques as the training reward, which provides more accurate reward signals than outcome-only supervision. Additionally, considering that human critiques are difficult to scale up, we introduce Meta Reward Model (MetaRM) which learns to predict process reward from datasets with human critiques and then generalizes to data without human critiques. Experiments on multiple benchmarks demonstrate that our method consistently outperforms state-of-the-art GRMs trained with outcome-only reward, confirming the superiority of integrating natural language over binary human feedback as supervision. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07349 [ pdf , ps , other ] Reward Modeling from Natural Language Human Feedback Authors: Zongqi Wang , Rui Wang , Yuchuan Wu , Yiyao Yu , Pinyi Zhang , Shaoning Sun , Yujiu Yang , Yongbin Li Abstract : Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable reward (RLVR) on preference data has become the mainstream approach for training Generative Reward Models (GRMs). Typically in pairwise rewarding tasks, GRMs generate reasoning chains ending with critiques and preference labels, and RLVR then relies on the correctness of the preference labels as the training reward. However, in this paper, we demonstrate that… ▽ More Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable reward (RLVR) on preference data has become the mainstream approach for training Generative Reward Models (GRMs). Typically in pairwise rewarding tasks, GRMs generate reasoning chains ending with critiques and preference labels, and RLVR then relies on the correctness of the preference labels as the training reward. However, in this paper, we demonstrate that such binary classification tasks make GRMs susceptible to guessing correct outcomes without sound critiques. Consequently, these spurious successes introduce substantial noise into the reward signal, thereby impairing the effectiveness of reinforcement learning. To address this issue, we propose Reward Modeling from Natural Language Human Feedback (RM-NLHF), which leverages natural language feedback to obtain process reward signals, thereby mitigating the problem of limited solution space inherent in binary tasks. Specifically, we compute the similarity between GRM-generated and human critiques as the training reward, which provides more accurate reward signals than outcome-only supervision. Additionally, considering that human critiques are difficult to scale up, we introduce Meta Reward Model (MetaRM) which learns to predict process reward from datasets with human critiques and then generalizes to data without human critiques. Experiments on multiple benchmarks demonstrate that our method consistently outperforms state-of-the-art GRMs trained with outcome-only reward, confirming the superiority of integrating natural language over binary human feedback as supervision. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07206 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI LLMRouterBench: A Massive Benchmark and Unified Framework for LLM Routing Authors: Hao Li , Yiqun Zhang , Zhaoyan Guo , Chenxu Wang , Shengji Tang , Qiaosheng Zhang , Yang Chen , Biqing Qi , Peng Ye , Lei Bai , Zhen Wang , Shuyue Hu Abstract : Large language model (LLM) routing assigns each query to the most suitable model from an ensemble. We introduce LLMRouterBench, a large-scale benchmark and unified framework for LLM routing. It comprises over 400K instances from 21 datasets and 33 models. Moreover, it provides comprehensive metrics for both performance-oriented routing and performance-cost trade-off routing, and integrates 10 repr… ▽ More Large language model (LLM) routing assigns each query to the most suitable model from an ensemble. We introduce LLMRouterBench, a large-scale benchmark and unified framework for LLM routing. It comprises over 400K instances from 21 datasets and 33 models. Moreover, it provides comprehensive metrics for both performance-oriented routing and performance-cost trade-off routing, and integrates 10 representative routing baselines. Using LLMRouterBench, we systematically re-evaluate the field. While confirming strong model complementarity-the central premise of LLM routing-we find that many routing methods exhibit similar performance under unified evaluation, and several recent approaches, including commercial routers, fail to reliably outperform a simple baseline. Meanwhile, a substantial gap remains to the Oracle, driven primarily by persistent model-recall failures. We further show that backbone embedding models have limited impact, that larger ensembles exhibit diminishing returns compared to careful model curation, and that the benchmark also enables latency-aware analysis. All code and data are available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07206 [ pdf , ps , other ] LLMRouterBench: A Massive Benchmark and Unified Framework for LLM Routing Authors: Hao Li , Yiqun Zhang , Zhaoyan Guo , Chenxu Wang , Shengji Tang , Qiaosheng Zhang , Yang Chen , Biqing Qi , Peng Ye , Lei Bai , Zhen Wang , Shuyue Hu Abstract : Large language model (LLM) routing assigns each query to the most suitable model from an ensemble. We introduce LLMRouterBench, a large-scale benchmark and unified framework for LLM routing. It comprises over 400K instances from 21 datasets and 33 models. Moreover, it provides comprehensive metrics for both performance-oriented routing and performance-cost trade-off routing, and integrates 10 repr… ▽ More Large language model (LLM) routing assigns each query to the most suitable model from an ensemble. We introduce LLMRouterBench, a large-scale benchmark and unified framework for LLM routing. It comprises over 400K instances from 21 datasets and 33 models. Moreover, it provides comprehensive metrics for both performance-oriented routing and performance-cost trade-off routing, and integrates 10 representative routing baselines. Using LLMRouterBench, we systematically re-evaluate the field. While confirming strong model complementarity-the central premise of LLM routing-we find that many routing methods exhibit similar performance under unified evaluation, and several recent approaches, including commercial routers, fail to reliably outperform a simple baseline. Meanwhile, a substantial gap remains to the Oracle, driven primarily by persistent model-recall failures. We further show that backbone embedding models have limited impact, that larger ensembles exhibit diminishing returns compared to careful model curation, and that the benchmark also enables latency-aware analysis. All code and data are available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07148 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Measuring Iterative Temporal Reasoning with Time Puzzles Authors: Zhengxiang Wang , Zeyu Dong Abstract : We introduce Time Puzzles, a constraint-based date inference task for evaluating iterative temporal reasoning. Each puzzle combines factual temporal anchors with (cross-cultural) calendar relations, admits one or multiple valid solution dates, and is algorithmically generated for controlled, dynamic, and continual evaluation. Across 13 diverse LLMs, Time Puzzles well distinguishes their iterative… ▽ More We introduce Time Puzzles, a constraint-based date inference task for evaluating iterative temporal reasoning. Each puzzle combines factual temporal anchors with (cross-cultural) calendar relations, admits one or multiple valid solution dates, and is algorithmically generated for controlled, dynamic, and continual evaluation. Across 13 diverse LLMs, Time Puzzles well distinguishes their iterative temporal reasoning capabilities and remains challenging without tools: GPT-5 reaches only 49.3% accuracy and all other models stay below 31%, despite the dataset's simplicity. Web search consistently yields substantial gains and using code interpreter shows mixed effects, but all models perform much better when constraints are rewritten with explicit dates, revealing a gap in reliable tool use. Overall, Time Puzzles presents a simple, cost-effective diagnostic for tool-augmented iterative temporal reasoning. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07148 [ pdf , ps , other ] Measuring Iterative Temporal Reasoning with Time Puzzles Authors: Zhengxiang Wang , Zeyu Dong Abstract : We introduce Time Puzzles, a constraint-based date inference task for evaluating iterative temporal reasoning. Each puzzle combines factual temporal anchors with (cross-cultural) calendar relations, admits one or multiple valid solution dates, and is algorithmically generated for controlled, dynamic, and continual evaluation. Across 13 diverse LLMs, Time Puzzles well distinguishes their iterative… ▽ More We introduce Time Puzzles, a constraint-based date inference task for evaluating iterative temporal reasoning. Each puzzle combines factual temporal anchors with (cross-cultural) calendar relations, admits one or multiple valid solution dates, and is algorithmically generated for controlled, dynamic, and continual evaluation. Across 13 diverse LLMs, Time Puzzles well distinguishes their iterative temporal reasoning capabilities and remains challenging without tools: GPT-5 reaches only 49.3% accuracy and all other models stay below 31%, despite the dataset's simplicity. Web search consistently yields substantial gains and using code interpreter shows mixed effects, but all models perform much better when constraints are rewritten with explicit dates, revealing a gap in reliable tool use. Overall, Time Puzzles presents a simple, cost-effective diagnostic for tool-augmented iterative temporal reasoning. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07143 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC EZBlender: Efficient 3D Editing with Plan-and-ReAct Agent Authors: Hao Wang , Wenhui Zhu , Shao Tang , Zhipeng Wang , Xuanzhao Dong , Xin Li , Xiwen Chen , Ashish Bastola , Xinhao Huang , Yalin Wang , Abolfazl Razi Abstract : As a cornerstone of the modern digital economy, 3D modeling and rendering demand substantial resources and manual effort when scene editing is performed in the traditional manner. Despite recent progress in VLM-based agents for 3D editing, the fundamental trade-off between editing precision and agent responsiveness remains unresolved. To overcome these limitations, we present EZBlender, a Blender… ▽ More As a cornerstone of the modern digital economy, 3D modeling and rendering demand substantial resources and manual effort when scene editing is performed in the traditional manner. Despite recent progress in VLM-based agents for 3D editing, the fundamental trade-off between editing precision and agent responsiveness remains unresolved. To overcome these limitations, we present EZBlender, a Blender agent with a hybrid framework that combines planning-based task decomposition and reactive local autonomy for efficient human AI collaboration and semantically faithful 3D editing. Specifically, this unexplored Plan-and-ReAct design not only preserves editing quality but also significantly reduces latency and computational cost. To further validate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed edge-autonomy architecture, we construct a dedicated multi-tasking benchmark that has not been systematically investigated in prior research. In addition, we provide a comprehensive analysis of language model preference, system responsiveness, and economic efficiency. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07143 [ pdf , ps , other ] EZBlender: Efficient 3D Editing with Plan-and-ReAct Agent Authors: Hao Wang , Wenhui Zhu , Shao Tang , Zhipeng Wang , Xuanzhao Dong , Xin Li , Xiwen Chen , Ashish Bastola , Xinhao Huang , Yalin Wang , Abolfazl Razi Abstract : As a cornerstone of the modern digital economy, 3D modeling and rendering demand substantial resources and manual effort when scene editing is performed in the traditional manner. Despite recent progress in VLM-based agents for 3D editing, the fundamental trade-off between editing precision and agent responsiveness remains unresolved. To overcome these limitations, we present EZBlender, a Blender… ▽ More As a cornerstone of the modern digital economy, 3D modeling and rendering demand substantial resources and manual effort when scene editing is performed in the traditional manner. Despite recent progress in VLM-based agents for 3D editing, the fundamental trade-off between editing precision and agent responsiveness remains unresolved. To overcome these limitations, we present EZBlender, a Blender agent with a hybrid framework that combines planning-based task decomposition and reactive local autonomy for efficient human AI collaboration and semantically faithful 3D editing. Specifically, this unexplored Plan-and-ReAct design not only preserves editing quality but also significantly reduces latency and computational cost. To further validate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed edge-autonomy architecture, we construct a dedicated multi-tasking benchmark that has not been systematically investigated in prior research. In addition, we provide a comprehensive analysis of language model preference, system responsiveness, and economic efficiency. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07048 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DB cs.AI GPU-Accelerated ANNS: Quantized for Speed, Built for Change Authors: Hunter McCoy , Zikun Wang , Prashant Pandey Abstract : Approximate nearest neighbor search (ANNS) is a core problem in machine learning and information retrieval applications. GPUs offer a promising path to high-performance ANNS: they provide massive parallelism for distance computations, are readily available, and can co-locate with downstream applications. Despite these advantages, current GPU-accelerated ANNS systems face three key limitations. F… ▽ More Approximate nearest neighbor search (ANNS) is a core problem in machine learning and information retrieval applications. GPUs offer a promising path to high-performance ANNS: they provide massive parallelism for distance computations, are readily available, and can co-locate with downstream applications. Despite these advantages, current GPU-accelerated ANNS systems face three key limitations. First, real-world applications operate on evolving datasets that require fast batch updates, yet most GPU indices must be rebuilt from scratch when new data arrives. Second, high-dimensional vectors strain memory bandwidth, but current GPU systems lack efficient quantization techniques that reduce data movement without introducing costly random memory accesses. Third, the data-dependent memory accesses inherent to greedy search make overlapping compute and memory difficult, leading to reduced performance. We present Jasper, a GPU-native ANNS system with both high query throughput and updatability. Jasper builds on the Vamana graph index and overcomes existing bottlenecks via three contributions: (1) a CUDA batch-parallel construction algorithm that enables lock-free streaming insertions, (2) a GPU-efficient implementation of RaBitQ quantization that reduces memory footprint up to 8x without the random access penalties, and (3) an optimized greedy search kernel that increases compute utilization, resulting in better latency hiding and higher throughput. Our evaluation across five datasets shows that Jasper achieves up to 1.93x higher query throughput than CAGRA and achieves up to 80% peak utilization as measured by the roofline model. Jasper's construction scales efficiently and constructs indices an average of 2.4x faster than CAGRA while providing updatability that CAGRA lacks. Compared to BANG, the previous fastest GPU Vamana implementation, Jasper delivers 19-131x faster queries. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07048 [ pdf , ps , other ] GPU-Accelerated ANNS: Quantized for Speed, Built for Change Authors: Hunter McCoy , Zikun Wang , Prashant Pandey Abstract : Approximate nearest neighbor search (ANNS) is a core problem in machine learning and information retrieval applications. GPUs offer a promising path to high-performance ANNS: they provide massive parallelism for distance computations, are readily available, and can co-locate with downstream applications. Despite these advantages, current GPU-accelerated ANNS systems face three key limitations. F… ▽ More Approximate nearest neighbor search (ANNS) is a core problem in machine learning and information retrieval applications. GPUs offer a promising path to high-performance ANNS: they provide massive parallelism for distance computations, are readily available, and can co-locate with downstream applications. Despite these advantages, current GPU-accelerated ANNS systems face three key limitations. First, real-world applications operate on evolving datasets that require fast batch updates, yet most GPU indices must be rebuilt from scratch when new data arrives. Second, high-dimensional vectors strain memory bandwidth, but current GPU systems lack efficient quantization techniques that reduce data movement without introducing costly random memory accesses. Third, the data-dependent memory accesses inherent to greedy search make overlapping compute and memory difficult, leading to reduced performance. We present Jasper, a GPU-native ANNS system with both high query throughput and updatability. Jasper builds on the Vamana graph index and overcomes existing bottlenecks via three contributions: (1) a CUDA batch-parallel construction algorithm that enables lock-free streaming insertions, (2) a GPU-efficient implementation of RaBitQ quantization that reduces memory footprint up to 8x without the random access penalties, and (3) an optimized greedy search kernel that increases compute utilization, resulting in better latency hiding and higher throughput. Our evaluation across five datasets shows that Jasper achieves up to 1.93x higher query throughput than CAGRA and achieves up to 80% peak utilization as measured by the roofline model. Jasper's construction scales efficiently and constructs indices an average of 2.4x faster than CAGRA while providing updatability that CAGRA lacks. Compared to BANG, the previous fastest GPU Vamana implementation, Jasper delivers 19-131x faster queries. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06848 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Explainable Multimodal Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis with Dependency-guided Large Language Model Authors: Zhongzheng Wang , Yuanhe Tian , Hongzhi Wang , Yan Song Abstract : Multimodal aspect-based sentiment analysis (MABSA) aims to identify aspect-level sentiments by jointly modeling textual and visual information, which is essential for fine-grained opinion understanding in social media. Existing approaches mainly rely on discriminative classification with complex multimodal fusion, yet lacking explicit sentiment explainability. In this paper, we reformulate MABSA a… ▽ More Multimodal aspect-based sentiment analysis (MABSA) aims to identify aspect-level sentiments by jointly modeling textual and visual information, which is essential for fine-grained opinion understanding in social media. Existing approaches mainly rely on discriminative classification with complex multimodal fusion, yet lacking explicit sentiment explainability. In this paper, we reformulate MABSA as a generative and explainable task, proposing a unified framework that simultaneously predicts aspect-level sentiment and generates natural language explanations. Based on multimodal large language models (MLLMs), our approach employs a prompt-based generative paradigm, jointly producing sentiment and explanation. To further enhance aspect-oriented reasoning capabilities, we propose a dependency-syntax-guided sentiment cue strategy. This strategy prunes and textualizes the aspect-centered dependency syntax tree, guiding the model to distinguish different sentiment aspects and enhancing its explainability. To enable explainability, we use MLLMs to construct new datasets with sentiment explanations to fine-tune. Experiments show that our approach not only achieves consistent gains in sentiment classification accuracy, but also produces faithful, aspect-grounded explanations. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 9 pages, 3 figures arXiv:2601.06848 [ pdf , ps , other ] Explainable Multimodal Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis with Dependency-guided Large Language Model Authors: Zhongzheng Wang , Yuanhe Tian , Hongzhi Wang , Yan Song Abstract : Multimodal aspect-based sentiment analysis (MABSA) aims to identify aspect-level sentiments by jointly modeling textual and visual information, which is essential for fine-grained opinion understanding in social media. Existing approaches mainly rely on discriminative classification with complex multimodal fusion, yet lacking explicit sentiment explainability. In this paper, we reformulate MABSA a… ▽ More Multimodal aspect-based sentiment analysis (MABSA) aims to identify aspect-level sentiments by jointly modeling textual and visual information, which is essential for fine-grained opinion understanding in social media. Existing approaches mainly rely on discriminative classification with complex multimodal fusion, yet lacking explicit sentiment explainability. In this paper, we reformulate MABSA as a generative and explainable task, proposing a unified framework that simultaneously predicts aspect-level sentiment and generates natural language explanations. Based on multimodal large language models (MLLMs), our approach employs a prompt-based generative paradigm, jointly producing sentiment and explanation. To further enhance aspect-oriented reasoning capabilities, we propose a dependency-syntax-guided sentiment cue strategy. This strategy prunes and textualizes the aspect-centered dependency syntax tree, guiding the model to distinguish different sentiment aspects and enhancing its explainability. To enable explainability, we use MLLMs to construct new datasets with sentiment explanations to fine-tune. Experiments show that our approach not only achieves consistent gains in sentiment classification accuracy, but also produces faithful, aspect-grounded explanations. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 9 pages, 3 figures arXiv:2601.06810 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI math-ph WFR-FM: Simulation-Free Dynamic Unbalanced Optimal Transport Authors: Qiangwei Peng , Zihan Wang , Junda Ying , Yuhao Sun , Qing Nie , Lei Zhang , Tiejun Li , Peijie Zhou Abstract : The Wasserstein-Fisher-Rao (WFR) metric extends dynamic optimal transport (OT) by coupling displacement with change of mass, providing a principled geometry for modeling unbalanced snapshot dynamics. Existing WFR solvers, however, are often unstable, computationally expensive, and difficult to scale. Here we introduce WFR Flow Matching (WFR-FM), a simulation-free training algorithm that unifies fl… ▽ More The Wasserstein-Fisher-Rao (WFR) metric extends dynamic optimal transport (OT) by coupling displacement with change of mass, providing a principled geometry for modeling unbalanced snapshot dynamics. Existing WFR solvers, however, are often unstable, computationally expensive, and difficult to scale. Here we introduce WFR Flow Matching (WFR-FM), a simulation-free training algorithm that unifies flow matching with dynamic unbalanced OT. Unlike classical flow matching which regresses only a transport vector field, WFR-FM simultaneously regresses a vector field for displacement and a scalar growth rate function for birth-death dynamics, yielding continuous flows under the WFR geometry. Theoretically, we show that minimizing the WFR-FM loss exactly recovers WFR geodesics. Empirically, WFR-FM yields more accurate and robust trajectory inference in single-cell biology, reconstructing consistent dynamics with proliferation and apoptosis, estimating time-varying growth fields, and applying to generative dynamics under imbalanced data. It outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in efficiency, stability, and reconstruction accuracy. Overall, WFR-FM establishes a unified and efficient paradigm for learning dynamical systems from unbalanced snapshots, where not only states but also mass evolve over time. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06810 [ pdf , ps , other ] WFR-FM: Simulation-Free Dynamic Unbalanced Optimal Transport Authors: Qiangwei Peng , Zihan Wang , Junda Ying , Yuhao Sun , Qing Nie , Lei Zhang , Tiejun Li , Peijie Zhou Abstract : The Wasserstein-Fisher-Rao (WFR) metric extends dynamic optimal transport (OT) by coupling displacement with change of mass, providing a principled geometry for modeling unbalanced snapshot dynamics. Existing WFR solvers, however, are often unstable, computationally expensive, and difficult to scale. Here we introduce WFR Flow Matching (WFR-FM), a simulation-free training algorithm that unifies fl… ▽ More The Wasserstein-Fisher-Rao (WFR) metric extends dynamic optimal transport (OT) by coupling displacement with change of mass, providing a principled geometry for modeling unbalanced snapshot dynamics. Existing WFR solvers, however, are often unstable, computationally expensive, and difficult to scale. Here we introduce WFR Flow Matching (WFR-FM), a simulation-free training algorithm that unifies flow matching with dynamic unbalanced OT. Unlike classical flow matching which regresses only a transport vector field, WFR-FM simultaneously regresses a vector field for displacement and a scalar growth rate function for birth-death dynamics, yielding continuous flows under the WFR geometry. Theoretically, we show that minimizing the WFR-FM loss exactly recovers WFR geodesics. Empirically, WFR-FM yields more accurate and robust trajectory inference in single-cell biology, reconstructing consistent dynamics with proliferation and apoptosis, estimating time-varying growth fields, and applying to generative dynamics under imbalanced data. It outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in efficiency, stability, and reconstruction accuracy. Overall, WFR-FM establishes a unified and efficient paradigm for learning dynamical systems from unbalanced snapshots, where not only states but also mass evolve over time. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06799 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI CIRAG: Construction-Integration Retrieval and Adaptive Generation for Multi-hop Question Answering Authors: Zili Wei , Xiaocui Yang , Yilin Wang , Zihan Wang , Weidong Bao , Shi Feng , Daling Wang , Yifei Zhang Abstract : Triple-based Iterative Retrieval-Augmented Generation (iRAG) mitigates document-level noise for multi-hop question answering. However, existing methods still face limitations: (i) greedy single-path expansion, which propagates early errors and fails to capture parallel evidence from different reasoning branches, and (ii) granularity-demand mismatch, where a single evidence representation struggles… ▽ More Triple-based Iterative Retrieval-Augmented Generation (iRAG) mitigates document-level noise for multi-hop question answering. However, existing methods still face limitations: (i) greedy single-path expansion, which propagates early errors and fails to capture parallel evidence from different reasoning branches, and (ii) granularity-demand mismatch, where a single evidence representation struggles to balance noise control with contextual sufficiency. In this paper, we propose the Construction-Integration Retrieval and Adaptive Generation model, CIRAG. It introduces an Iterative Construction-Integration module that constructs candidate triples and history-conditionally integrates them to distill core triples and generate the next-hop query. This module mitigates the greedy trap by preserving multiple plausible evidence chains. Besides, we propose an Adaptive Cascaded Multi-Granularity Generation module that progressively expands contextual evidence based on the problem requirements, from triples to supporting sentences and full passages. Moreover, we introduce Trajectory Distillation, which distills the teacher model's integration policy into a lightweight student, enabling efficient and reliable long-horizon reasoning. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CIRAG achieves superior performance compared to existing iRAG methods. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06799 [ pdf , ps , other ] CIRAG: Construction-Integration Retrieval and Adaptive Generation for Multi-hop Question Answering Authors: Zili Wei , Xiaocui Yang , Yilin Wang , Zihan Wang , Weidong Bao , Shi Feng , Daling Wang , Yifei Zhang Abstract : Triple-based Iterative Retrieval-Augmented Generation (iRAG) mitigates document-level noise for multi-hop question answering. However, existing methods still face limitations: (i) greedy single-path expansion, which propagates early errors and fails to capture parallel evidence from different reasoning branches, and (ii) granularity-demand mismatch, where a single evidence representation struggles… ▽ More Triple-based Iterative Retrieval-Augmented Generation (iRAG) mitigates document-level noise for multi-hop question answering. However, existing methods still face limitations: (i) greedy single-path expansion, which propagates early errors and fails to capture parallel evidence from different reasoning branches, and (ii) granularity-demand mismatch, where a single evidence representation struggles to balance noise control with contextual sufficiency. In this paper, we propose the Construction-Integration Retrieval and Adaptive Generation model, CIRAG. It introduces an Iterative Construction-Integration module that constructs candidate triples and history-conditionally integrates them to distill core triples and generate the next-hop query. This module mitigates the greedy trap by preserving multiple plausible evidence chains. Besides, we propose an Adaptive Cascaded Multi-Granularity Generation module that progressively expands contextual evidence based on the problem requirements, from triples to supporting sentences and full passages. Moreover, we introduce Trajectory Distillation, which distills the teacher model's integration policy into a lightweight student, enabling efficient and reliable long-horizon reasoning. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CIRAG achieves superior performance compared to existing iRAG methods. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Haadside Wikipedy-mienskip Koartlyn feroare Samar in side Help Bysûndere siden Donaasjes Akkount meitsje Oanmelde Donaasjes Akkount meitsje Oanmelde Wikipedy : Mienskip Qafár af Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Aymar aru Alemannisch Алтай тил Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc अंगिका العربية الدارجة অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar বাংলা Brezhoneg Bosanski Basa Ugi Català Chavacano de Zamboanga Нохчийн Chamoru Chahta anumpa Cymraeg کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Čeština Kaszëbsczi Чӑвашла Dansk Deutsch Zazaki ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Français Nordfriisk Furlan Gaeilge 贛語 Gàidhlig Galego Avañe'ẽ Bahasa Hulontalo ગુજરાતી Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Hiri Motu Magyar Otsiherero Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo ꆇꉙ ייִדיש Iñupiatun Ilokano Ido Yorùbá ГӀалгӀай Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Patois Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Tyap Kongo Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Ripoarisch Kurdî Коми Kernowek Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Ligure Lombard ລາວ Lietuvių Madhurâ Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Ebon Олык марий Māori မြန်မာဘာသာ Minangkabau Эрзянь Македонски മലയാളം ဘာသာမန် मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Dorerin Naoero Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा Oshiwambo Chi-Chewa Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Occitan Livvinkarjala ଓଡ଼ିଆ Pangasinan Papiamentu Deitsch Pälzisch Polski Piemontèis پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Sakizaya தமிழ் ತುಳು తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ Türkmençe Tagalog Setswana Türkçe Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Winaray 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa Vahcuengh 中文 文言 粵語 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Obolo Betawi Ghanaian Pidgin Jaku Iban Yerwa Kanuri ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Tolışi Projekt Oerlis Lêze Boarne besjen Skiednis besjen Lêze Boarne besjen Skiednis besjen Hjirmei keppele Keppelings folgje Fêste keppeling Sidegegevens Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Boek meitsje Ynlade as PDF Ofdrukferzje Wikimedia Commons MediaWiki Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata-item Oersjoch Meidwaan en ferbetterje Wikipedianen Ynfo en kommunikaasje Wolkom yn de mienskip! Wolkom yn de mienskip fan de Fryske Wikipedy ! Skriuwers en technyske meiwurkers kinne hjir oerlizze, ark fine, en paadwiis wurde. It gasteboek kin brûkt wurde foar opmerkings en lokwinsken. Diskusjes kinne fierd wurde op de oerlisside . For interlingual issues we have an Embassy and its talk page . Wat is Wikipedia? Wat is Wikipedia - Wat is Wikipedia NET - Wat is in Wiki - FAQ - Wikipedia yn oare talen - Skiednis fan Wikipedia Betingsten & rjochtlinen GNU Vrije Documentatie Licentie - Objektivens - Dochs wat regels - Foarbehâld Paadwiis wurde Besikers kinne mei de Temasiden sjen hokker siden wy fan beskate tema's hawwe. In list fan besteande ynfoboksen wurdt op dizze side jûn. Mei de Kwissipedy kinne besikers op in boartlike wize yn 'e kunde komme mei de ynhâld fan de Wikipedy. Oersjoch Meidwaan en ferbetterje Wikipedianen Ynfo en kommunikaasje Wolkom yn de mienskip! Wolkom yn de mienskip fan de Fryske Wikipedy ! Skriuwers en technyske meiwurkers kinne hjir oerlizze, ark fine, en paadwiis wurde. It gasteboek kin brûkt wurde foar opmerkings en lokwinsken. Diskusjes kinne fierd wurde op de oerlisside . For interlingual issues we have an Embassy and its talk page . Wat is Wikipedia? Wat is Wikipedia - Wat is Wikipedia NET - Wat is in Wiki - FAQ - Wikipedia yn oare talen - Skiednis fan Wikipedia Betingsten & rjochtlinen GNU Vrije Documentatie Licentie - Objektivens - Dochs wat regels - Foarbehâld Paadwiis wurde Besikers kinne mei de Temasiden sjen hokker siden wy fan beskate tema's hawwe. In list fan besteande ynfoboksen wurdt op dizze side jûn. Mei de Kwissipedy kinne besikers op in boartlike wize yn 'e kunde komme mei de ynhâld fan de Wikipedy. Oersjoch Meidwaan en ferbetterje Wikipedianen Ynfo en kommunikaasje Wolkom yn de mienskip! Wolkom yn de mienskip fan de Fryske Wikipedy ! Skriuwers en technyske meiwurkers kinne hjir oerlizze, ark fine, en paadwiis wurde. It gasteboek kin brûkt wurde foar opmerkings en lokwinsken. Diskusjes kinne fierd wurde op de oerlisside . For interlingual issues we have an Embassy and its talk page . Wolkom yn de mienskip fan de Fryske Wikipedy ! Skriuwers en technyske meiwurkers kinne hjir oerlizze, ark fine, en paadwiis wurde. It gasteboek kin brûkt wurde foar opmerkings en lokwinsken. Diskusjes kinne fierd wurde op de oerlisside . For interlingual issues we have an Embassy and its talk page . Wat is Wikipedia? Wat is Wikipedia - Wat is Wikipedia NET - Wat is in Wiki - FAQ - Wikipedia yn oare talen - Skiednis fan Wikipedia Wat is Wikipedia? Wat is Wikipedia - Wat is Wikipedia NET - Wat is in Wiki - FAQ - Wikipedia yn oare talen - Skiednis fan Wikipedia Wat is Wikipedia - Wat is Wikipedia NET - Wat is in Wiki - FAQ - Wikipedia yn oare talen - Skiednis fan Wikipedia Betingsten & rjochtlinen GNU Vrije Documentatie Licentie - Objektivens - Dochs wat regels - Foarbehâld Betingsten & rjochtlinen GNU Vrije Documentatie Licentie - Objektivens - Dochs wat regels - Foarbehâld GNU Vrije Documentatie Licentie - Objektivens - Dochs wat regels - Foarbehâld Paadwiis wurde Besikers kinne mei de Temasiden sjen hokker siden wy fan beskate tema's hawwe. In list fan besteande ynfoboksen wurdt op dizze side jûn. Mei de Kwissipedy kinne besikers op in boartlike wize yn 'e kunde komme mei de ynhâld fan de Wikipedy. Paadwiis wurde Besikers kinne mei de Temasiden sjen hokker siden wy fan beskate tema's hawwe. In list fan besteande ynfoboksen wurdt op dizze side jûn. Mei de Kwissipedy kinne besikers op in boartlike wize yn 'e kunde komme mei de ynhâld fan de Wikipedy. Wikipedy Dizze side is it lêst bewurke op 7 nov 2018 om 21.09. Page was rendered with Parsoid . De tekst is beskikber ûnder de lisinsje Creative Commons Nammefermelding-Lyk diele ; der kinne oanfoljende betingsten fan tapassing wêze. Sjoch de Gebrûksbetingsten foar mear ynformaasje. Privacybelied Oer Wikipedy Foarbehâld Gedrachskoade Untwikkelders Statistiken Taljochting koekjes Mobile ferzje
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Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Computer Science > Computers and Society Title: A Criminology of Machines Abstract: While the possibility of reaching human-like Artificial Intelligence (AI) remains controversial, the likelihood that the future will be characterized by a society with a growing presence of autonomous machines is high. Autonomous AI agents are already deployed and active across several industries and digital environments and alongside human-human and human-machine interactions, machine-machine interactions are poised to become increasingly prevalent. Given these developments, I argue that criminology must begin to address the implications of this transition for crime and social control. Drawing on Actor-Network Theory and Woolgar's decades-old call for a sociology of machines -- frameworks that acquire renewed relevance with the rise of generative AI agents -- I contend that criminologists should move beyond conceiving AI solely as a tool. Instead, AI agents should be recognized as entities with agency encompassing computational, social, and legal dimensions. Building on the literature on AI safety, I thus examine the risks associated with the rise of multi-agent AI systems, proposing a dual taxonomy to characterize the channels through which interactions among AI agents may generate deviant, unlawful, or criminal outcomes. I then advance and discuss four key questions that warrant theoretical and empirical attention: (1) Can we assume that machines will simply mimic humans? (2) Will crime theories developed for humans suffice to explain deviant or criminal behaviors emerging from interactions between autonomous AI agents? (3) What types of criminal behaviors will be affected first? (4) How might this unprecedented societal shift impact policing? These questions underscore the urgent need for criminologists to theoretically and empirically engage with the implications of multi-agent AI systems for the study of crime and play a more active role in debates on AI safety and governance. Comments: This pre-print is also available at CrimRxiv with DOI: this https URL Subjects: Computers and Society (cs.CY) ; Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC); Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph) Cite as: arXiv:2511.02895 [cs.CY] (or arXiv:2511.02895v2 [cs.CY] for this version) Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history Access Paper: View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bookmark Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article Demos Recommenders and Search Tools Author Venue Institution Topic arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Political, economic and international 1.2 Oil and mineral resources 1.3 Indictment of Maduro 1.4 United States military buildup 1.1 Political, economic and international 1.2 Oil and mineral resources 1.3 Indictment of Maduro 1.4 United States military buildup 2 Strikes 3 Capture of Maduro Toggle Capture of Maduro subsection 3.1 Legal proceedings 3.1 Legal proceedings 4 Casualties 5 Aftermath Toggle Aftermath subsection 5.1 United States plan announcement 5.2 US–Venezuela diplomatic relations 5.3 Prisoner release 5.4 US-Venezuela oil deals 5.1 United States plan announcement 5.2 US–Venezuela diplomatic relations 5.3 Prisoner release 5.4 US-Venezuela oil deals 6 Reactions and response Toggle Reactions and response subsection 6.1 Venezuela 6.2 United States 6.2.1 Threats to other countries 6.3 International 6.4 Celebrations 6.5 Protests 6.6 Financial markets 6.7 Polling 6.1 Venezuela 6.2 United States 6.2.1 Threats to other countries 6.2.1 Threats to other countries 6.3 International 6.4 Celebrations 6.5 Protests 6.6 Financial markets 6.7 Polling 7 Analysis Toggle Analysis subsection 7.1 Political 7.2 Legality 7.3 Oil infrastructure 7.1 Political 7.2 Legality 7.3 Oil infrastructure 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links 2026 United States intervention in Venezuela Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca Bamanankan বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk الدارجة Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kurdî ລາວ Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Operation Absolute Resolve Part of the crisis in Venezuela and the war on cartels .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro aboard USS Iwo Jima following his capture (left) US president Donald Trump with members of his cabinet at Mar-a-Lago during Operation Absolute Resolve (right) US F-35A jets at Roosevelt Roads Naval Station following the operation (bottom) Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro aboard USS Iwo Jima following his capture (left) US president Donald Trump with members of his cabinet at Mar-a-Lago during Operation Absolute Resolve (right) US F-35A jets at Roosevelt Roads Naval Station following the operation (bottom) Location Northern Venezuela, including Greater Caracas Planned by United States Department of Defense Commanded by Donald Trump Target .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Nicolás Maduro Cilia Flores Nicolás Maduro Cilia Flores Nicolás Maduro Cilia Flores Date 3 January 2026 02:01 – 04:29 [ 1 ] ( VET , UTC−04:00 ) Executed by .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} United States Armed Forces United States Army [ 2 ] 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Delta Force [ 3 ] [ 4 ] United States Navy [ 2 ] United States Marine Corps United States Coast Guard [ 2 ] United States Air Force [ 2 ] United States Cyber Command [ 5 ] United States Space Command [ 5 ] Central Intelligence Agency [ 6 ] United States Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration [ 6 ] Federal Bureau of Investigation [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Hostage Rescue Team [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 6 ] United States Armed Forces United States Army [ 2 ] 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Delta Force [ 3 ] [ 4 ] United States Navy [ 2 ] United States Marine Corps United States Coast Guard [ 2 ] United States Air Force [ 2 ] United States Cyber Command [ 5 ] United States Space Command [ 5 ] United States Army [ 2 ] 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Delta Force [ 3 ] [ 4 ] 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Delta Force [ 3 ] [ 4 ] United States Navy [ 2 ] United States Marine Corps United States Coast Guard [ 2 ] United States Air Force [ 2 ] United States Cyber Command [ 5 ] United States Space Command [ 5 ] Central Intelligence Agency [ 6 ] United States Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration [ 6 ] Federal Bureau of Investigation [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Hostage Rescue Team [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 6 ] Drug Enforcement Administration [ 6 ] Federal Bureau of Investigation [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Hostage Rescue Team [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 6 ] Hostage Rescue Team [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 6 ] Outcome Nicolás Maduro and Cilia Flores captured by the US military Delcy Rodríguez sworn in as acting president of Venezuela Incumbent government formerly led by Maduro remains in place 56 political prisoners detained in Venezuela released Nicolás Maduro and Cilia Flores captured by the US military Delcy Rodríguez sworn in as acting president of Venezuela Incumbent government formerly led by Maduro remains in place 56 political prisoners detained in Venezuela released Casualties Killed: At least 23 [ a ] Venezuelan military personnel [ 12 ] 32 Cuban military and security personnel [ 13 ] 2 civilians [ 12 ] Injured: 7 US soldiers [ 14 ] At least 23 [ a ] Venezuelan military personnel [ 12 ] 32 Cuban military and security personnel [ 13 ] 2 civilians [ 12 ] Injured: 7 US soldiers [ 14 ] On 3 January 2026, the United States launched a military strike on Venezuela and captured incumbent Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro and his wife Cilia Flores . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The US operation, codenamed Operation Absolute Resolve , [ 17 ] [ 18 ] began around 2 a.m. local time, when explosions were observed. [ 19 ] The US Armed Forces bombed infrastructure across northern Venezuela to suppress air defenses as an apprehension force attacked Maduro's compound in Caracas . [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Maduro and Flores were transported to New York City by US forces to face US federal criminal charges trial there. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] The US government announced that Maduro and Flores had been indicted on several charges related to narcoterrorism . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Maduro and Flores pleaded not guilty to the charges in a Manhattan federal court on 5 January 2026. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] US president Donald Trump and his administration justified the operation as a law-enforcement action, with military support, that the president has "inherent constitutional authority" to undertake. [ 28 ] Venezuelan vice president Delcy Rodríguez denounced the capture as a kidnapping. [ 29 ] Venezuelan officials said at least 23 [ a ] Venezuelan security officers were killed during the attack. [ 12 ] [ 9 ] The Cuban government said that 32 members of the Cuban military and intelligence agencies were killed. [ 30 ] [ 13 ] Officials in the United Nations (UN), the US, and other countries, [ b ] [ 31 ] as well as international law experts said the raid violated the UN Charter and Venezuela's sovereignty. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Other reactions around the world included celebrations by the Venezuelan diaspora and protests against the attack. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Trump stated that the US would "run" Venezuela until there was a transition of power, [ 37 ] [ 38 ] but this was contradicted by Rodríguez, [ 39 ] and retracted by US secretary of state Marco Rubio . [ 40 ] Trump and his administration made clear that access to Venezuelan oil was a core reason for the action. [ c ] The Venezuelan government remained in place, with Rodríguez sworn in as acting president on 5 January 2026. [ 41 ] Multiple political prisoners (including foreigners) detained in Venezuela were released, [ 42 ] a gesture which, according to Trump, contributed to avoiding a second wave of attacks. [ 43 ] As of 14 January afternoon, the number of political prisoners released confirmed was 68 out of an estimate of over 800 held, according to human rights organizations. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The US State Department reiterated its warning to US citizens to leave Venezuela due to the presence of pro-government paramilitary groups, known as colectivos , targeting US citizens. [ 46 ] Background Political, economic and international Nicolás Maduro has been criticized for authoritarian rule since Hugo Chávez hand-picked him as the next president of Venezuela in 2013. [ 47 ] According to Reuters , "Maduro ruled Venezuela with a heavy hand ... presiding over deep economic and social crises and resisting pressure from domestic opponents and foreign governments for political change", and was "long accused by critics both at home and abroad of being a dictator who jailed or persecuted political opponents and repeatedly staged sham elections". [ 47 ] Mark Weisbrot states that Venezuela has faced an economic crisis since the oil glut of the 2010s , due to its export-dependent economy. [ 48 ] For years, the US government pressured Maduro, considering him an "illegitimate leader". [ 49 ] Maduro's victory in the 2018 Venezuelan presidential election was disputed and 45 countries did not accept the results, causing a presidential crisis that divided the international community from 2019 to 2023. [ 50 ] Absent any vote tallies, Maduro was declared the winner of the 2024 Venezuelan presidential election by the government-controlled National Electoral Council ; the result was "widely condemned as fraudulent by international observers and the opposition" [ 47 ] who found statistical improbabilities in the results. [ 47 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] The opposition showed evidence and vote tallies that its candidate, Edmundo González , had won a majority, matching the results of pre-election opinion polls, [ 54 ] [ 55 ] who was "widely believed to have won [the] election, and by a landslide", according to The New York Times . [ 56 ] The Venezuelan government issued an arrest warrant for González, who left the country and was granted asylum in Spain. [ 57 ] In January 2025, the Biden administration recognized González as Venezuela's legitimate president-elect. [ 56 ] The Trump administration had sought to prosecute Maduro on narco-terrorism charges since at least 2020. [ 58 ] At a 2023 press conference, Trump said, "Venezuela was about to collapse. We would have taken over it ... [and] kept all that oil." [ 59 ] Cilia Flores is a Venezuelan lawyer and politician who rose to power after she represented Chávez, [ 60 ] who was imprisoned following the 1992 coup attempt ; Flores helped secure his release in 1994. [ 61 ] She was an influential part of Chavez's movement, Chavismo , although known for keeping a low public profile. [ 62 ] In 2000, one year after Chavez became president of Venezuela, Flores was voted into the National Assembly. [ 63 ] After becoming president of the National Assembly in 2006, she banned journalists from the legislative chamber, and was criticized for appointing dozens of relatives to public positions in Venezuela. [ 64 ] She was the Attorney General of Venezuela from 2012 to 2013. [ 65 ] Having known each other since the 1990s, Flores and Maduro married in 2013 following his succession of Chávez as president. [ 66 ] Maduro, rather than describing her as the First Lady, has used the term " primera combatiente " or "First Combatant" of the revolution. [ 67 ] US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) officers arrested two of her nephews in a Haitian sting operation in 2015, and they were sentenced on drug conspiracy charges but released in a 2022 prisoner swap with the Biden administration that included the Citgo Six . [ 68 ] Flores has been sanctioned or the subject of travel bans by the United States, Canada, Panama, and Colombia for allegations of corruption and undermining democracy. [ 69 ] Oil and mineral resources Venezuela holds the world's largest proven oil reserves , estimated at 17% of the global total, or 300 billion barrels. [ 72 ] In December 2025, the US began a maritime blockade of sanctioned oil or shadow fleet tankers. [ 73 ] The 2025–2026 operations are seen by the Trump administration as serving the triple goals of crippling Maduro, disrupting drug trade routes, and getting access to Venezuelan oil; Trump stated that revenue generated would go to the Venezuelan people, US oil companies, and "to the United States of America in the form of reimbursement for the damages caused us by that country". [ 74 ] Following the raid, Trump's press conference made clear that oil was a motivation for action in Venezuela. [ c ] Citing the restructuring of Venezuela's oil industry in 1976 and 2007, Trump, Stephen Miller , and others claimed that Venezuela had stolen oil from US companies. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Trump suggested on 5 January that seized oil could be treated as a US asset, asserting the willingness to sell it or add it to the US Strategic Petroleum Reserve . [ 82 ] On 9 January, after other sanctioned vessels were seized, and a tanker was returned to Venezuela as part of a joint operation between interim authorities in Venezuela and the US, Trump said: "This tanker is now on its way back to Venezuela, and the oil will be sold through the GREAT Energy Deal, which we have created for such sales." [ 83 ] [ 84 ] The Trump administration also expressed interest in Venezuela's large deposits of gold and rare earth minerals . Some experts noted that the Maduro government had previously attempted to offer the US access to these minerals in a failed attempt to stave off military action, with the ongoing operations marking a return to "resource imperialism". [ 77 ] Trump stated the day of the military operation that US oil companies would invest billions to increase oil production in the country; [ 85 ] ExxonMobil , ConocoPhillips , and Chevron Corporation (the US oil majors ) reportedly had no prior knowledge of the operation to remove Maduro and unnamed sources said they had no discussions with the Trump administration before the operation about investing in the country if Maduro was removed. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Trump further stated that US oil companies would invest $100 billion in Venezuelan oil production; [ 88 ] [ 89 ] in a meeting between Trump and two dozen oil company executives on 9 January, ExxonMobil CEO Darren Woods stated that Venezuela was "uninvestable" due to the legal framework in the country while the majority of the executives in attendance did not make firm investment commitments. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips left Venezuela after their assets were expropriated in 2007 , while Chevron continued its operations. [ 91 ] Two days after the meeting, Trump told reporters that he was "inclined" to keep ExxonMobil out of Venezuela because he "didn't like Exxon's response" to his proposed investments for the country and thought that "They're playing too cute." [ 92 ] Indictment of Maduro The United States accused Maduro of electoral fraud and presiding over a " narco-state ". [ 93 ] In March 2020, during Trump's first term, the United States Justice Department indicted Maduro on cocaine-trafficking conspiracy charges , which Maduro denied. [ 94 ] Trump designated two Venezuelan drug gangs, the Tren de Aragua and the Cartel of the Suns , as Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) in January and July 2025 respectively, and alleged that the latter was led by Maduro. Maduro denied being involved in cartel leadership and characterized the designations as an attempt to use the war on drugs for regime change. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Some Latin American crime experts have described the Cartel of the Suns as more of a general network of Venezuelan government and military corruption than as an organized group. Also in July 2025, a secret order instructed the US military to use force against cartels listed as terrorist organizations. [ 96 ] [ 94 ] In August 2025, the reward for Maduro's arrest increased to $50 million with US attorney general Pam Bondi calling Maduro "one of the largest narco-traffickers in the world and a threat to our national security." [ 97 ] United States military buildup In August 2025, the United States began a military buildup in the southern Caribbean , deploying warships and military personnel. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) sent a team into Venezuela that began tracking Maduro's movements, [ 100 ] using a source close to the Venezuelan president, and plans were made for the capture of Maduro months in advance. The Delta Force and other participants in the operation erected a mockup of the safe house in which Maduro was believed to be hiding, described by Trump as a "very highly guarded ... fortress". [ 6 ] At the same time, a circle of Venezuelan officials centered on Delcy Rodríguez and her brother, Jorge , privately outlined a roadmap for post-Maduro Venezuela, in which Delcy would act as figurehead and exiled general Miguel Rodríguez Torres (no relationship to the Rodriguez siblings) would lead a "transitional government", dubbed "Madurismo without Maduro"; in return, Venezuela would welcome US investors and gradually loosen ties to US rivals such as Iran and Russia. The Venezuelan proposals were made to US envoy Richard Grenell through Qatari channels; the Trump administration reportedly rejected the overtures. [ 101 ] In September, the United States Southern Command began conducting military strikes on vessels in the Caribbean Sea , alleging some were trafficking drugs on behalf of Venezuela. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] [ 104 ] In November 2025, Venezuelan opposition leader María Corina Machado promised to open Venezuela's oil and gas reserves during a business meeting in Miami attended by Trump, and the Trump administration engaged in secret talks with Maduro's government about its oil reserves. [ 105 ] In December 2025, this escalated to include seizures of sanctioned oil tankers carrying Venezuelan crude. [ 105 ] [ 106 ] [ 107 ] These seizures formed part of the broader blockade on sanctioned oil preceding the January 2026 operation. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] The US also launched covert operations in Venezuela under the directive of the CIA in late December. [ 109 ] On 2 January 2026, Trump announced that the US military would conduct strikes inside Venezuela. [ 110 ] In the weeks preceding the operation, Trinidad and Tobago signed an agreement with the US to allow US military access to its airports. [ 111 ] General Dan Caine , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said in a 3 January press conference that the US military had spent months planning and rehearsing the operation, with forces positioned and ready by early December. [ 21 ] In late December, the US escalated its military efforts against Venezuela onto land, including striking a remote northern port reportedly used by Tren de Aragua for smuggling. At that time, Maduro rejected an offer from the US to go into exile in Turkey. According to The New York Times , Maduro's public displays downplaying the seriousness of the American threats in the weeks before the operation, such as through public dancing on a stage to electronic music sampling one of his speeches in which Maduro said "No crazy war", were a factor in Trump deciding to begin the operation. [ 112 ] As stated by President Trump, the operation had been planned several days earlier but was delayed due to adverse weather conditions. [ 113 ] Strikes President Donald Trump ( right ) during Operation Absolute Resolve, alongside CIA Director John Ratcliffe ( left ) Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Gen Dan Caine ( left ), alongside Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth ( right ) Trump ( left ), alongside Secretary of State Marco Rubio ( center ) and Deputy Chief of Staff Stephen Miller ( right ) According to US Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Gen Dan Caine , Trump gave the order to proceed at 23:46 VET (22:46 EST) on 2 January. [ 21 ] [ 114 ] [ 115 ] [ 116 ] The administration did not notify the United States Congress in advance of the strikes, saying they had concerns that this could endanger the mission. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] According to Semafor , The New York Times and The Washington Post knew about the strikes before they were carried out. [ 119 ] At least seven explosions were reported at around 02:00 VET (01:00 EST) on 3 January, and low-flying aircraft were seen, [ 120 ] predominantly in La Guaira , Higuerote , Meseta de Mamo, Baruta , El Hatillo , Charallave , and Carmen de Uria , most of which are in or near the capital city Caracas . [ 19 ] The operation involved 150 aircraft from the United States Navy , Air Force , and Marine Corps . [ 33 ] [ 2 ] They included airplanes ( Lockheed Martin F-22A Raptor , [ 121 ] Lockheed Martin F-35A/C Lightning II , [ 121 ] Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet , [ 121 ] Boeing EA-18G Growler , [ 121 ] Grumman E-2D Hawkeye , [ 122 ] Rockwell B-1B Lancer [ 122 ] ) and helicopters ( Boeing CH-47F and MH-47G Chinooks , [ 123 ] Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion , Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion , Bell UH-1Y Venom , Bell AH-1Z Viper , Boeing AH-64E Apache , Boeing MH-6M Little Bird , Sikorsky UH-60M Black Hawk and MH-60M DAP [ 123 ] ), refueling tankers, electronic-warfare (EW) planes, [ 6 ] other support aircraft, and numerous unmanned aerial vehicles (including the Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel ). [ 124 ] [ 121 ] Trump said the United States "had a fighter jet for every possible situation". [ 6 ] The operation reportedly used one-way attack drones , which is believed to be the first such operational usage by the US military. [ 125 ] Most of the explosions targeted antennas and active military bases. [ 126 ] Early reports suggested that the explosions were at Generalissimo Francisco de Miranda Air Base (La Carlota) and Fort Tiuna , two military installations in Caracas. [ 127 ] Large explosions were also reported at Higuerote Airport , on the Venezuelan coast. [ 126 ] [ 128 ] Helicopters from the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment carried Delta Force soldiers into Caracas with air cover provided by the fighters and bombers. One helicopter was damaged by Venezuelan ground defenses but continued on its mission. [ 2 ] Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) personnel, including the Hostage Rescue Team , accompanied the military to formally arrest Maduro at his compound. [ 8 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The strikes lasted half an hour. Smoke was seen rising from one military hangar in a Caracas base, while another was left unpowered. [ 120 ] The strikes happened under the cover of darkness as a result of both the timing of the operation and the US military's disruption of power in the city of Caracas. [ 129 ] Multiple shipping containers were destroyed and damaged in the La Guaira port strikes. [ 130 ] Satellite imagery from Vantor showed at least five destroyed warehouses, burned vehicles, and a blown-up security post. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] An aircraft, believed to be a Beechcraft Baron , and a Buk-M2E surface-to-air missile system were destroyed at Higuerote Airport. [ 133 ] The Venezuelan Science and Technology Minister Gabriela Jiménez Ramírez shared footage on social media of crumbled buildings of the Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC) in La Guaira which she attributed to strikes of AGM-154 glide bombs by the United States. [ 134 ] The Venezuelan government said that Maduro declared a national state of emergency after the explosions began. [ 135 ] The Venezuelan government promised to defend against US military actions which it accused of seeking regime change. It described them as " imperialist aggression" and called for the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) to be convened. [ 136 ] Capture of Maduro At 05:21 Venezuelan Standard Time (VET) or 04:21 Eastern Standard Time (ET), [ 138 ] [ 139 ] Trump announced that Maduro and Flores had been captured and flown out of the country. [ d ] The capture was undertaken by the US Army 's Delta Force , [ 2 ] with on-the-ground intelligence provided by the CIA . [ 6 ] Trump posted a photograph on his Truth Social account of Maduro on board USS Iwo Jima , [ 142 ] showing him blindfolded, with soundproof headphones and a gray Nike sweatsuit, holding a plastic water bottle. [ 143 ] According to US Secretary of State Marco Rubio , Maduro was arrested and would face criminal charges in the US. [ 130 ] Nahum Fernández [ es ] , leader of the ruling United Socialist Party of Venezuela , said Maduro and Flores were captured at Fort Tiuna ; [ 137 ] they reportedly slept at multiple locations [ 8 ] and had a "fortress-like" compound at Fort Tiuna. [ 122 ] Delcy Rodríguez confirmed that both Maduro and Flores were missing and demanded confirmation they were alive via an audio message on state television . [ 144 ] [ 145 ] According to Reuters sources, Rodríguez was in Russia on 3 January 2026. [ 146 ] Other reports indicated that Rodríguez was in Caracas. [ 147 ] Shortly before 18:00 VET (17:00 EST), the airplane carrying Maduro and Flores landed at Stewart Air National Guard Base in New York. [ 148 ] He was seen walking off the jet, surrounded by federal agents, before entering a hangar. He was then flown by helicopter to the Westside Heliport in Manhattan , New York City and then taken by an armored convoy to a local Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) field office where he was processed before ultimately being held in the Metropolitan Detention Center . [ 132 ] [ 149 ] Legal proceedings Hours after the capture, the United States attorney general Pam Bondi announced that Maduro and Flores had been indicted in the Southern District of New York on charges related to "narcoterrorism". [ 150 ] The indictment listed the charges as narco-terrorism conspiracy , cocaine importation conspiracy, possession of machine guns and destructive devices, and conspiracy to possess machine guns and destructive devices. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] The amended indictment did not refer to the Cartel of the Suns as an organized group as previously alleged by the US, but instead as a corrupt patronage system , which aligns with experts' descriptions of its operations. [ 152 ] Maduro and his wife were arraigned in a Manhattan federal court on 5 January 2026. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] Before pleading, Maduro said: "I am the president of Venezuela, I consider myself a prisoner of war . I was captured at my home in Caracas." [ 155 ] Both pleaded not guilty to numerous drug trafficking charges. US District Judge Alvin Hellerstein ordered that Maduro be held until at least a 17 March hearing. [ 153 ] Casualties Venezuelan defense minister Vladimir Padrino López said that US combat helicopters fired rockets and missiles in urban areas and that officials were working to gather information on the number of fatalities and injuries. [ 156 ] The New York Times reported on 3 January 2026 that an anonymous Venezuelan official said at least 40 people, including civilians and military personnel, were killed in the attack, [ 157 ] updated to 80 on 4 January, "according to a senior Venezuelan official". [ 30 ] Independent Venezuelan journalistic reports confirmed that most Venezuelan dead were among members of the presidential guard, with two civilian deaths. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] Trump indicated that Cuban forces were involved in the operation, stating: "You know, a lot of Cubans were killed yesterday." [ 160 ] [ 161 ] The government of Cuba reported that 32 Cubans were killed in Venezuela, all members of armed forces and intelligence services. [ 13 ] [ 162 ] On 6 January 55 military deaths were confirmed: the victims were 32 Cubans and 23 Venezuelans. Both the countries released on the same day the identities of the killed soldiers. [ 163 ] Also on 6 January, military forces posted a video on social media in honor of 24 soldiers killed during the attack. [ 9 ] Attorney General Tarek William Saab indicated that dozens of military personnel and civilians were killed and the total number is still under investigation. [ 9 ] A day later, Diosdado Cabello said that 100 persons died during the bombing. [ 164 ] Independent monitors reported as of 7 January Venezuelan military casualties as of 6 January of 42 [ 10 ] or 43 soldiers (mostly at Fort Tiuna), in addition to the 32 Cuban military personnel, and 2 civilians. [ 10 ] [ 165 ] [ 11 ] Acting president Delcy Rodríguez declared seven days of mourning for the soldiers killed during the attack. [ 166 ] The remains of the Cuban fatalities were repatriated on 15 January. They received a mass funeral ceremony in Havana upon arrival. [ 167 ] In Catia La Mar , strikes hit a three-story civilian apartment complex, killing one person, seriously injuring another, and destroying the exterior wall. [ 33 ] [ 168 ] [ 169 ] [ 157 ] Yohana Rodríguez Sierra , a Colombian citizen was reported as a civilian fatality in El Hatillo . The US had been bombing nearby telecommunications antennas, according to the victim's relative. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] According to the Department of Defense, seven US soldiers were injured and expected to survive. The soldiers suffered shrapnel and gunfire wounds. [ 14 ] Aftermath The government formerly led by Maduro remained in place. [ 172 ] [ 39 ] Trump stated that María Corina Machado , the leader of the opposition, did not have the necessary support or respect in the country to govern. [ 173 ] [ 174 ] The relationships between Machado and the Trump administration as well as Venezuelan civil society had been deteriorating for months beforehand; [ 175 ] according to The Washington Post , quoting two sources "close to the White House", Machado had committed the "ultimate sin" in Trump's eyes of accepting the 2025 Nobel Peace Prize instead of turning it down and passing it to him. [ 176 ] [ 177 ] Machado confirmed on 6 January that she had no contact with Trump since October 2025 when she was announced as the Nobel winner, and voiced discontent with Trump's decision to back Rodríguez, saying she was "nothing like a moderate" and that the US expected her to take steps toward democracy. [ 178 ] Vice President Delcy Rodríguez described Maduro as Venezuela's "only president" and called for calm and unity to defend the country amid what she called his "kidnapping". She stated that Venezuela would "never again be a colony of any empire". [ 179 ] [ 180 ] [ 181 ] On 3 January 2026, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice ordered Rodríguez to assume the interim presidency due to Maduro's absence. [ 182 ] The Venezuelan military announced it would recognize Rodríguez as acting president and called for a return to normalcy. [ 183 ] Rodríguez was sworn in as acting president of Venezuela on 5 January 2026 by her brother and president of the National Assembly of Venezuela , Jorge Rodríguez . [ 41 ] The US Federal Aviation Administration issued a notice to airmen on 3 January 2026 prohibiting US aircraft from operating within Venezuelan airspace, citing "ongoing military activity". [ 184 ] [ 185 ] The US Embassy in Caracas issued a shelter-in-place order from its relocated operations in Colombia. [ 186 ] The southern area of Caracas reportedly lost power. [ 187 ] Republican Senator Mike Lee said that Secretary of State Marco Rubio "anticipates no further action in Venezuela now that Maduro is in US custody," [ 188 ] and that Maduro was expected to go on trial in the US. [ 188 ] [ 189 ] External videos Maduro perp walk at New York City Drug Enforcement Administration headquarters X / @PaulDMauro In a television interview with ABC News , Rubio thanked news organizations who had received leaks about the operation before it took place for not reporting on it. According to Semafor , The New York Times and The Washington Post had received information about the attack but did not report on it in order to not endanger the lives of US personnel involved in the operation. The acknowledgment of the media withholding information about the operation came after defense secretary Pete Hegseth imposed strict restrictions on Pentagon reporters due to a mistrust of journalists' abilities to withhold militarily sensitive information from the public. [ 190 ] [ 119 ] On 5 January 2026, the Venezuelan government issued an emergency order to police to arrest anyone who supported the US attack [ 191 ] and mobilized colectivos (pro-government paramilitaries) who established roadblocks and searched cars and people. Fourteen journalists were detained, but 13 of them were later released. [ 192 ] On 6 January, gunfire broke out in Caracas as the ministry of communication announced that police fired upon one of their own military drones "flying without permission" but that the drone suffered no damage. [ 193 ] On 8 January, the US Senate voted 52 to 47 to advance a war resolution that aimed to block the president's use of the US military to engage in military action within or against Venezuela unless authorized by Congress. The measure passed with the support of five Republican senators, but did not reach a veto-proof majority. [ 194 ] United States plan announcement On 3 January 2026, Trump stated: "We are going to run the country until such time as we can do a safe, proper and judicious transition". [ 195 ] [ 196 ] He indicated that the US might send troops to Venezuela as part of this. [ 173 ] Trump also said that Rubio had made contact with Rodríguez and that she allegedly told Rubio, "We'll do whatever you need", and that she was gracious but "really doesn't have a choice"; [ 197 ] Trump further opined that Rodríguez was "essentially willing to do what we think is necessary" to revive Venezuela, [ 198 ] marking a shift in the administration's stance compared to months prior, when the US excluded any settlement with Rodríguez. [ 101 ] Media outlets noted Rodríguez's statements contradicted Trump's. [ 39 ] [ 173 ] Influenced by a CIA analysis, [ 199 ] "Venezuela unilaterally seized and stole American oil, American assets and American platforms, costing us billions and billions of dollars. They did this a while ago, but we never had a president that did anything about it. They took all of our property—it was our property. We built it. And we never had a president that decided to do anything about it. Instead, they fought wars that were 10,000 miles away. We built Venezuela oil industry with American talent, drive and skill. And the socialist regime stole it from us during those previous administrations, and they stole it through force. This constituted one of the largest thefts of American property in the history of our country." "Venezuela unilaterally seized and stole American oil, American assets and American platforms, costing us billions and billions of dollars. They did this a while ago, but we never had a president that did anything about it. They took all of our property—it was our property. We built it. And we never had a president that decided to do anything about it. Instead, they fought wars that were 10,000 miles away. We built Venezuela oil industry with American talent, drive and skill. And the socialist regime stole it from us during those previous administrations, and they stole it through force. This constituted one of the largest thefts of American property in the history of our country." Trump characterized the action as an application of the Monroe Doctrine , which he styled as the " Donroe Doctrine ", [ 201 ] and added that "American dominance in the western hemisphere will never be questioned again." [ 202 ] [ 203 ] Trump further stated that US oil companies would "go in, spend billions of dollars, fix the badly broken infrastructure, the oil infrastructure, and start making money for the country", and that the US was prepared to launch a second, much larger attack. He also expressed openness to a US occupation of Venezuela, [ 173 ] stating it would not cost the US anything because it would be reimbursed through revenue from Venezuela's oil reserves. [ 204 ] On 7 January, Trump stated that US efforts to revitalize Venezuela could take "much longer" than a year, adding that the Venezuelan authorities were doing "everything that we feel is necessary". [ 205 ] Regarding the reward the US government offered for information leading to Maduro's capture, Rubio added that nobody will be receiving it. Rubio said "I guess we save $50 million" to which Trump replied "Don't let anybody claim it. Nobody deserves it but us." [ 206 ] On 4 January 2026, Marco Rubio retracted Trump's comments of the day before, saying the US would not govern Venezuela, but would continue to enforce the existing oil quarantine in order to pressure Venezuela for policy changes. [ 40 ] Rubio also affirmed that the US did not officially recognize Rodríguez's presidency, despite Trump's avowal that he would work with Rodríguez. [ 207 ] According to The New York Times , Vice President Rodríguez's economic record of increasing her country's oil production and stabilizing its economy despite harsher US sanctions in recent years and her reputation among Venezuelan and foreign business leaders as a technocrat , had earned the respect of American officials. [ 112 ] For her part, Rodríguez conveyed an offer to collaborate with US officials "within the framework of international law". Of Rodríguez, Trump said that "she's cooperating", threatened her if she did not, and maintained that he would demand "total access" by US oil interests. [ 208 ] According to the Financial Times , Delcy Rodríguez's brother Jorge Rodríguez had held talks with the United States government in 2025 to have his sister lead a post-Maduro transitional government, though those talks had included Maduro being allowed to go into exile instead of being captured. [ 209 ] On 7 January, Trump stated there was an agreement by Venezuela to deliver a few months' worth of oil to the US, intimating that other steps, such as the freeing of political detainees and a role for the exiled opposition, might be next. However, President Rodríguez denied the existence of a deal, saying "no external agent" was dictating her decisions. [ 210 ] Machado dubbed Rodríguez "one of the main architects ... of repression", saying everyone was familiar with her record; she also insisted that she "absolutely" qualified for the leadership of the country and lauded Trump's "leadership and courage" in taking out Maduro. [ 211 ] US–Venezuela diplomatic relations After the announcement of the release of political prisoners by the Venezuelan government on 8 January, the US and Venezuela began discussions to restart diplomatic relations, including the possibility of reopening of the United States embassy in Caracas which was closed in 2019. [ 212 ] US officials visited Caracas and on 10 January, the US State Department published a security alert urging its citizens to leave Venezuela immediately due to the presence of colectivos (pro-government paramilitary groups) targeting US citizens. [ 46 ] Donald Trump announced on 14 January that he talked by phone with acting president of Venezuela Delcy Rodríguez on oil, trade and national security. The call was confirmed by Rodríguez, who qualified the phone call as positive. [ 213 ] Rodríguez also announced to have sent envoys to meet with United States officials. [ 214 ] The meeting was set on the same day that Venezuelan opposition leader María Corina Machado met with Donald Trump. [ 214 ] Prisoner release Jorge Rodríguez announced on 8 January 2026 that an "important" [ 215 ] [ 216 ] number of political prisoners would be released as a "gesture" by the government. [ 217 ] Of an estimated 800 political prisoners in Venezuela, [ 218 ] [ 219 ] nine prisoners were released that day. [ 42 ] Five Spanish citizens including Spanish–Venezuelan activist Rocío San Miguel , who was detained since February 2024, [ 220 ] [ 221 ] and two Venezuelan opposition members, Enrique Márquez and Italian–Venezuelan Biagio Pilieri [ es ] who were detained after backing Gónzalez's victory in the 2024 Venezuelan presidential election , were among those released. [ 222 ] [ 221 ] The US had previously requested the release of political prisoners, and Trump declared in an interview "they've been great ... Everything we've wanted, they've given us." [ 221 ] Trump announced on 9 January that he had cancelled a second wave of attacks due to cooperation and the release of political prisoners. [ 43 ] On 12 January, the Venezuelan Penitentiary Services Ministry announced that they had released 116 prisoners. [ 223 ] According to human rights organization Foro Penal , only 41 prisoners were confirmed released, [ 224 ] [ 223 ] including three additional Italian citizens detained since 2024. [ 225 ] The United Nations Human Rights Council -mandated Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Venezuela reported that about 50 out of the estimated 800 political prisoners in Venezuela were released as of 12 January, saying it fell short on the Venezuelan government's international human rights obligations, and called for the "immediate and unconditional" release of all political prisoners. [ 219 ] Local NGOs reported that those released weren't "free", as they remained subject to restrictions and trial. [ 216 ] On January 13, multiple US citizens who were detained in Venezuela were released according to US State Department. [ 226 ] In the afternoon, Foro Penal confirmed at least 56 political prisoners released, Jorge Rodríguez reported a higher number of 400 without a specific timeline. [ 44 ] [ 227 ] El Nacional reported that some of the names of the prisoners out of the 400 released according to Rodríguez were from December 2025 and from 1 January 2026, before the strikes. [ 228 ] A speech on 14 January by acting president Delcy Rodríguez focused mainly on political prisoners detained under Maduro administration. She vowed to continue releasing prisoners saying that the action "has not yet concluded." She still credited Maduro for starting the release of prisoners indicating that she had not broken continuity. Rodríguez announced that 406 prisoners were already released. Foro Penal could only confirm 68 prisoners released at the time. [ 45 ] US-Venezuela oil deals On 14 January, the United States Department of Energy announced that the United States had completed their first sales of Venezuelan oil valued at $500 million as part of a $2 billion deal between United States and Venezuela governments. [ 229 ] [ 230 ] On 15 January, Delcy Rodríguez announced that she was submitting a reform to the country's hydrocarbon law to "allow [foreign] investment flows to be incorporated into new fields, fields where no investment has ever been made and into fields where there is no infrastructure." [ 231 ] [ 232 ] Reactions and response Venezuela Vice President Rodríguez leads a meeting at Miraflores Palace following the US strikes in Venezuela, on 3 January 2026 Rodríguez leads the 757th Council of Ministers meeting on 4 January 2026 The Supreme Tribunal of Justice order Rodríguez to become the acting head of state Before Maduro's capture, the Venezuelan government said it rejected and denounced the military aggression, [ 233 ] [ 136 ] [ 115 ] [ 234 ] and issued a public statement blaming the US government for the strikes, which it attributed to a plan to seize Venezuelan resources, particularly oil reserves. [ 235 ] [ 236 ] Defense Minister Vladimir Padrino López stated that the attacks were illegal. [ 132 ] He also said that Venezuela would resist foreign troops [ 237 ] and that the government had declared a "state of external commotion", a type of state of emergency , following "Maduro's orders". [ 238 ] Vice President Delcy Rodríguez stated that Venezuela "will never again be anyone's colony – neither of old empires, nor of new empires, nor of empires in decline". She argued that the " war on drugs " was a pretext, claiming the United States' true objective was regime change and control of the country's "energy, mineral and natural resources". [ 173 ] Rodríguez also referred to the US attack on Venezuela as " Zionist ". [ 239 ] Unitary Platform politician María Corina Machado published a statement from exile, saying that "what had to happen" for the opposition to take up the mandate they claimed from the 2024 presidential election "is happening". [ 240 ] She also said the presidency should be assumed by Edmundo González , who received a majority of the vote in the 2024 presidential election, according to international observers and election-watchers. [ 241 ] [ 242 ] [ 243 ] González said the opposition was ready to "rebuild our nation" and that the next few hours would be "decisive". [ 244 ] Machado, who won the 2025 Nobel Peace Prize, offered to share her award with Trump, calling the United States strike as "historic" and thanking him on behalf of the Venezuelan people. The Nobel prize Committee rejected her request and clarified that the prize "cannot be revoked, shared or transferred". [ 245 ] United States According to Trump, the US would "run" Venezuela until there is a "safe, proper and judicious transition". Trump went on to say that the US and US companies would seize Venezuelan oil and sell it to other countries. [ 246 ] Trump said the US would be "very strongly involved" in the Venezuelan oil industry , [ 34 ] and that US oil companies would invest billions of dollars in the energy sector of the country. [ 247 ] Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth said "We are going to get American companies in there" to invest in the Venezuelan oil industry, resulting in "access to additional wealth and resources" for the US. [ 248 ] [ 246 ] [ 93 ] The government also indicated that American oil companies would have to invest in rebuilding Venezuelan oil infrastructure as a prerequisite for being compensated for previous asset seizures by the Venezuelan government since the first nationalization nearly 50 years ago. [ 249 ] Vice President JD Vance stated that the operation was justified as Maduro was wanted in the US. He also declared that "the stolen oil must be returned". [ 250 ] Chairwoman Lisa McClain of the House Republican Conference called Maduro a "narcoterrorist" and said that "Trump didn't look the other way; he acted." [ 251 ] After initially expressing uncertainty about the justification of US actions, Republican senator Mike Lee later said they "likely" fell under the president's Article II powers to protect against "actual or imminent attack". [ 252 ] [ 120 ] Democratic senator Brian Schatz , a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee , warned against any US military involvement in Venezuela, saying that the United States has "no vital national interests in Venezuela to justify war". [ 252 ] Democratic senator Ruben Gallego said "this war is illegal". [ 253 ] [ 32 ] Democratic senator Tim Kaine condemned the actions and called on Congress to support his resolution to block the use of the armed forces against Venezuela unless authorized by Congress. [ 117 ] Senator Bernie Sanders also condemned the strikes, citing a risk of global instability and accusing Trump of bypassing Congress to get the country into war. [ 254 ] [ 255 ] Former vice president Kamala Harris criticized the strikes. [ 256 ] The mayor of New York City, Zohran Mamdani , said he called Trump earlier that day to express his opposition to the strikes. [ 246 ] In a 3 January 2026 editorial, The New York Times editorial board condemned the attack as "dangerous and illegal", describing it as an act of "latter-day imperialism" which lacked "any semblance of international legitimacy, valid legal authority or domestic endorsement". Comparing the attack to interventions in Libya , the war in Afghanistan , and US involvement in Nicaragua , it warned of the "potential for chaos in Venezuela", including violence from paramilitary groups such as the Venezuelan colectivos or the Colombian National Liberation Army (ELN), which operates in western Venezuela. [ 257 ] The AFL-CIO condemned the attack, calling it unconstitutional. [ 258 ] A Reuters/Ipsos survey of 1,248 Americans taken January 4-5, 2026 found that Americans were divided about the military action to remove Maduro, with 33% approving, 34% disapproving, and 33% being unsure. The survey revealed a major partisan gap, with 65% of Republicans approving of the intervention, and only 11% of Democrats approving. [ 259 ] Threats to other countries Trump set his sights on a number of countries in the following days. [ 260 ] Trump signaled an eagerness to apply pressure on Colombia and said when asked that a similar operation there "sounds good to me". Trump threatened Colombia's president Gustavo Petro , saying he has "cocaine mills and cocaine factories" and "likes making cocaine and selling it to the United States" but would not be doing it much longer. Trump had recently sanctioned the Colombian leader for his alleged reluctance to combat drug trafficking in the country . Petro promised to take up arms if he had to, and Colombia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement opposing "an undue interference" in domestic politics. [ 261 ] [ 262 ] [ 263 ] Days later Trump and Petro agreed in a phone call to work together on combating drug trafficking and domestic insurgency, with Petro demanding that Trump "strike hard" against the ELN in both Venezuela and Colombia; Petro said fighting the ELN "in the rear" was just as critical as attacking it inside Colombia. [ 264 ] Trump threatened Mexico and Cuba, saying the two nations needed to do more to earn US favor, but said the latter might "fall" without US interference; he also expressed hope that Mexico would act on its own. [ 265 ] In an appearance on Hannity Trump said that "We are going to start now hitting land with regard to the cartels. The cartels are running Mexico". [ 266 ] Newsweek noted that Trump had said land strikes were imminent before, but also that he had been doing the groundwork by designating cartels Foreign Terrorist Organizations . [ 267 ] Trump also warned that Iran "would be hit very hard" if more demonstrators were killed during the ongoing protests in the country . [ 268 ] Trump renewed his talk of annexing Greenland , an autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark , with CNBC noting that this prompted more serious concerns in the wake of Maduro's capture. [ 269 ] The US already operates a military base in Greenland, [ 270 ] Pituffik Space Base , and Denmark has indicated its openness to a heightened US military presence there, but Trump has been uninterested in anything less than a full US takeover, [ 271 ] noting "that's what I feel is psychologically needed for success. I think that ownership gives you a thing that you can't do with, you're talking about a lease or a treaty. Ownership gives you things and elements that you can't get from just signing a document" [ 272 ] and "When we own it, we defend it. You don't defend leases the same way, you have to own it". [ 273 ] Hours after the strikes, Katie Miller (wife of White House Deputy Chief of Staff Stephen Miller ) posted a picture of a Greenland in the colors of the American flag with the caption "SOON" on X , prompting Denmark's ambassador to the US to reply that "we expect full respect" for Denmark's territorial integrity and that "the US and Denmark are close allies and should continue to work together as such." [ 274 ] Trump emphasized the acquisition of Greenland by the US "from the standpoint of national security". [ 268 ] In a 5 January interview, Stephen Miller asked "by what right does Denmark assert control over Greenland?" [ 275 ] and said it was both the formal position of the US government [ 276 ] and obvious from a security perspective that Greenland should be part of the US. [ 275 ] Asked repeatedly whether he would rule out taking Greenland by force, [ 277 ] he refused but said that such questions are moot: "Nobody's going to fight the United States militarily over the future of Greenland." [ 269 ] The following day, the leaders of NATO members France , Germany , Italy , Poland , Spain , and the United Kingdom expressed their support for Denmark in a joint statement, stating that "Greenland belongs to its people, and only Denmark and Greenland can decide on matters concerning their relations", stressed they were keen on Arctic security but this had to be achieved by NATO allies collectively, and called for upholding the principles of the UN Charter , including sovereignty , territorial integrity, and the inviolability of borders. [ 276 ] Hours later, [ 276 ] White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt said that acquiring Greenland was "a national security priority of the United States", "vital to deter our adversaries in the Arctic region", and added: "The president and his team are discussing a range of options to pursue this important foreign policy goal, and of course, utilizing the US military is always an option at the commander in chief's disposal." [ 278 ] Rubio emphasized that any acquisition of Greenland by the US would be negotiated rather than resort to military force, saying Trump's threats were mainly rhetorical and an effort to push Denmark into approving a US-friendly deal. [ 279 ] In the following days Trump said the US is "going to do something [there] whether they like it or not", [ 280 ] that "We're not going to have Russia or China occupy Greenland. That's what they're going to do if we don't. So we're going to be doing something with Greenland, either the nice way or the more difficult way" [ 281 ] and "I would like to make a deal, you know, the easy way. But if we don't do it the easy way, we're going to do it the hard way," that "the fact that they had a boat land there 500 years ago doesn't mean that they own the land. [I'm] sure we had lots of boats go there also." [ 273 ] Asked if obtaining Greenland or preserving NATO was his higher priority, he said "it may be a choice." [ 272 ] International Following the strikes, Venezuela's neighbors acted to contain fallout. Colombian president Gustavo Petro ordered the mobilization of security forces along the Colombia–Venezuela border in anticipation of a mass influx of Venezuelan refugees. [ 282 ] [ 283 ] On 5 January 2026, Petro, who was a former guerrilla fighter, warned that he would "take up arms" for his country if necessary after the US threatened him and his government, stating that any similar interventions in Colombia would have a response. [ 284 ] On 8 January, thousands of Colombians protested against the intervention and the capture of Maduro, including the city of Cúcuta , near the Venezuelan border. [ 285 ] On 10 January, the head of the largest FARC dissidents group, Nestor Gregorio Vera , called for other guerrilla groups to unite to face any US intervention. [ 286 ] Police in Trinidad and Tobago , which hosts the largest per-capita population of Venezuelan refugees and migrants, [ 287 ] cordoned off key areas of the capital, Port of Spain . [ 288 ] The government of Trinidad and Tobago , which has hosted US military personnel and vessels amid its recent buildup in the Caribbean Sea , stated that it did not participate in the attack. [ 289 ] The government of Guyana , whose ongoing border dispute with Venezuela heated up in 2023–2024 , had a muted response but were broadly supportive of the removal of Maduro. Guyanese president Irfaan Ali announced that the country's security forces were "fully mobilised" to deal with potential refugees and an increase in instability along the border. [ 290 ] The Cuban government declared two days of national mourning on 5 and 6 January 2026 for its soldiers killed in the attacks. [ 291 ] On 10 January, Nicaraguan authorities arrested over 60 people for supporting the capture of Maduro. [ 292 ] UN Secretary-General António Guterres stated that US actions had "worrying implications for the region", "constitute[d] a dangerous precedent", and worried "that the rules of international law have not been respected". [ 293 ] He called on all Venezuelan actors to engage in an inclusive and democratic dialogue, stating "I welcome and am ready to support all efforts aimed at assisting Venezuelans in finding a peaceful way forward". [ 294 ] At the request of China, Colombia, and Russia, the UNSC convened on 5 January 2026 to discuss the situation. [ 295 ] [ 296 ] Representatives of Russia and China called for the immediate release of President Maduro while the US representative rejected characterizations of US actions as military aggression, describing the operation as a targeted law enforcement measure to arrest an indicted fugitive. [ 297 ] The attack was condemned by other countries, including Brazil , [ 298 ] Chile , [ 299 ] China , [ 300 ] France , [ 301 ] Iran , [ 302 ] Mexico , [ 303 ] North Korea , [ 304 ] Russia , [ 305 ] Slovakia , [ 306 ] South Africa , [ 307 ] and Spain . [ 298 ] Government leaders in Argentina , France , [ 308 ] Germany , [ 308 ] Israel , [ 309 ] Peru , [ 310 ] and Ukraine praised the developments. [ 311 ] French president Emmanuel Macron initially expressed joy, declaring on social media that "Maduro is a dictator, and his departure is good news for Venezuelans. He confiscated the freedom of his people and stole the 2024 elections ." However, days later he nuanced his message, saying that the method employed by the Americans "does not have the support or approval" of France. [ 312 ] United Kingdom prime minister Keir Starmer said that he was happy for the fall of Maduro, and he would wait to know the facts before commenting further. [ 313 ] José Antonio Kast , the president-elect of Chile, stated that Maduro was not the legitimate president of Venezuela, had "destabilized Latin America", called his capture "great news", and remarked that work remained and the "governments of Latin America must ensure that the entire apparatus of the regime relinquishes power and is held accountable". [ 314 ] Spanish prime minister Pedro Sánchez urged de-escalation, stating that "[i]nternational law and the principles of the U.N. Charter must be respected"; this was echoed by European Union (EU) foreign policy chief and European Commission vice-president Kaja Kallas . [ 315 ] [ 316 ] The governments of Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Spain, Uruguay, and the outgoing administration in Chile issued a joint statement rejecting the US action and expressed their concern saying that it could "constitute an extremely dangerous precedent for peace and regional security and endanger the civilian population". [ 317 ] Several international trade union organizations, including the International Trade Union Confederation , Trade Union Confederation of the Americas , and the World Federation of Trade Unions , condemned the attack. [ 258 ] The Federal Council of Switzerland decided to freeze any assets held in the country by Nicolás Maduro. [ 318 ] Celebrations Following Maduro's capture, demonstrations celebrating his removal and opposing his presidency occurred in Caracas, the capital and largest city of Venezuela. [ 319 ] [ 35 ] Venezuelans living abroad celebrated Maduro's removal across the United States, Spain, and Latin America. In Doral, Florida , where the largest population of Venezuelans in the US live, Venezuelans filled the streets waving flags, singing, and chanting "freedom". [ 320 ] Thousands of Venezuelans celebrated Maduro's fall in Madrid , Spain. [ 321 ] Videos from the Colombian border city of Cúcuta showed crowds filling the streets on the night of 3 January 2026, dancing to music and chanting slogans like "virtue" and "a free Venezuela". [ 35 ] Similar celebrations by Venezuelan expatriates and refugees took place in Buenos Aires in Argentina , Lima in Peru , Quito in Ecuador , and Santiago in Chile . [ 322 ] [ 323 ] [ 324 ] Protests Maduro's supporters protested against his capture in Caracas, with protesters holding portraits of Maduro and pro-Maduro and pro- Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela (PSUV) banners. PSUV called for citizens to demand the release of Maduro and Flores. [ 325 ] CNN reported that while some Venezuelans celebrated Maduro's ousting, others were skeptical of Trump's motives and condemned the capture of Maduro as a "kidnapping". [ 35 ] In the United States, hundreds of people gathered in New York City's Times Square to protest against the operation, with people chanting "Hands off Venezuela" and holding up signs that stated "US Out" and "No Blood for Oil". [ 326 ] [ 36 ] Outside of New York, hundreds of people in different cities gathered to voice opposition to the strikes. [ e ] Financial markets Oil prices did not experience a surge, which had been normal with previous conflicts in oil-producing regions; prices increased 1% as of 5 January 2026. The reason is believed to be that Venezuela only represents 1% of the global oil supply and high oil production by other producers, including the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Brazil. The stock prices of companies that could become involved in Venezuela without spending money, such as oilfield service companies SLB and Halliburton , and refiners Valero Energy and Marathon Petroleum , surged on 5 January 2026. Some oil companies also saw increases, such as ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips . [ 339 ] [ 340 ] Bonds issued by the Venezuelan government and the state oil company PDVSA surged by 30%. Venezuela's bonds went into default in 2017 and doubled in price during the escalating tensions in 2025. [ 341 ] Polling In October, before the strikes, a poll by AtlasIntel showed that approximately 64% of Venezuelans abroad support US military intervention to depose Maduro, compared with 34% within Venezuela. [ 342 ] In December, a poll by Datanalisis found that 55% of Venezuelans opposed foreign military intervention while 23% supported it. [ 343 ] After the strikes, a poll by Reuters surveying 1,248 adults in the United States found that 33% of Americans approved of the military action, while 34% did not; 65% of Republicans supported the action compared to 11% of Democrats, and 72% of Americans were concerned that the US would get too involved in Venezuela , including 54% of Republicans. [ 344 ] The same poll showed that Trump approval ratings rose to 42% after the attack, the highest rating since October 2025, when his approval rating was 39%. [ 344 ] A poll was made by The Economist on 9 January, surveying 600 Venezuelan residents of different ages and sex to reflect the national population. Most respondents were positive about the intervention, only 13% of respondents mildly opposed the capture of Maduro. The 18% of respondents oppose United States governance in Venezuela. Most respondents want a quick change of government, with 43% supporting María Corina Machado as the leader and 13% supporting Delcy Rodríguez. The 91% of respondents answering in support for a change of government within a year. [ 345 ] [ 346 ] Analysis Political International Crisis Group (ICG) analyst Elizabeth Dickinson disputed the success of the operation, noting that the Maduro regime appeared largely intact, with figures characterized as "hardliners" by Dickinson, such as Diosdado Cabello , occupying key posts such as the ministries of defense and the interior . Dickinson concluded that "removing Maduro did not necessarily change the fundamental equation of control", adding that the government has withstood sanctions by rewarding its allies with access to scarce resources. [ 347 ] Another ICG analyst, Phil Gunson cautioned anti-Maduro forces among the Venezuelan diaspora, reporting from Caracas that "There's no dancing in the streets here". [ 348 ] Months prior, Trump had previously denied seeking a change of power in Venezuela , saying he was targeting regime-aligned cartels rather than Maduro himself. [ 349 ] Trump's evident willingness to work with Rodríguez was criticized by Venezuelan opposition sectors. [ 198 ] Carrie Filipetti, member of the Vandenberg Coalition think tank and former State Department official during the first Trump administration, believes that the US should focus on "turn[ing] back to the democratically-elected leadership" in Venezuela to ensure both American and Venezuelan security. She explains that the Venezuelan opposition , led by Maria Corina Machado , "have the inroads" and "connections to the military" to create a "successful, smooth transition" and make sure "this doesn't devolve into chaos". [ 350 ] Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) specialist Clayton Seigle said oil companies sought stability in Venezuela above all else, adding that the outlook for US interests in the country remained uncertain. Another CSIS expert, Christopher Hernandez-Roy, said Trump's reluctance to engage in full regime change was driven by fear of chaos, noting that, aside from Maduro's removal, the current regime remained unchanged. [ 351 ] American political analyst David Rothkopf described President Trump's conduct as the " Putinization of US foreign policy ". [ 352 ] Analysts Ryan C. Berg and Alexander B. Gray stated that the action showed a robust commitment to Trump's 2025 National Security Strategy (NSS) and a desire to increase preeminence in the Western Hemisphere, in turn signaling a "global reestablishment of deterrence" to countries such as China, alluding to the latter's investments in Venezuela. Atlantic Council Counterterrorism Project head Alex Plitsas urged an orderly transition, warning that instability in Venezuela could lead to political fragmentation and criminal violence involving colectivo gangs; Berg elaborated that any systemic change would likely be lengthy, while reinforcing the Trump administration's " America First " agenda. [ 353 ] [ 354 ] Indian political analyst Brahma Chellaney argued that while the legal framing (drug trafficking charges) resembles the 1989 invasion of Panama and the seizure of Manuel Noriega , the actual methodology and strategic narrative align more closely with the 2003 invasion of Iraq . [ 355 ] Douglas Farah , a national security consultant and president of IBI Consultants, compared the US invasion of Panama to the current geopolitical situation in Venezuela, warning that although the Panama operation was a relatively swift military victory, occupying Venezuela would present significantly greater challenges. [ 356 ] Professor Sultan Barakat, an expert from Qatar's Hamad Bin Khalifa University , argued that the US actions in Venezuela have set a dangerous precedent that could influence China's approach to Taiwan . He also warned that this precedent could potentially encourage Russian President Vladimir Putin to adopt a more aggressive stance toward Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy . [ 357 ] Legality International law experts argued that the operation may have violated international law. [ 358 ] On 3 January 2026, United Nations Spokesperson Stéphane Dujarric issued a statement that said the UN Secretary-General António Guterres was "deeply alarmed by the recent escalation in Venezuela" and that United States' military action "has potential worrying implications for the region". [ 293 ] Lawyer Geoffrey Robertson stated that the strike on Venezuela was contrary to Article 2(4) of the UN Charter and qualifies as a crime of aggression under international law. Elvira Domínguez-Redondo, professor of international law at Kingston University , also stated the strike was an act of aggression and that it could only have been lawful if it had authorization by a United Nations Security Council resolution , or was justified as "self-defense", but she added that there was "no evidence whatsoever" to support either condition. [ 34 ] Ben Saul , a UN special rapporteur and professor of international law, condemned "the US's illegal aggression against Venezuela and the illegal abduction of its leader and his wife" and called on Trump to be investigated and impeached. [ 359 ] [ 360 ] Professor of international law Michael N. Schmitt , law professor Ryan Goodman and Tess Bridgeman concluded that the operation against Venezuela "amounts to a severe breach of foundational principles of international law". [ 361 ] Professor of law Ziyad Motala described the "intervention in Venezuela to abduct President Nicolás Maduro" as "international vandalism, plain and unadorned". [ 362 ] UN experts described Trump's actions as constituting an "international crime of aggression", adding that these actions "represent a grave, manifest and deliberate violation of the most fundamental principles of international law, set a dangerous precedent, and risk destabilizing the entire region and the world". [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Oil infrastructure Experts estimated that some 303 billion barrels of oil, or about 17% of the world's reserves, were located in Venezuela. [ 365 ] [ 366 ] Much of it is ultra-heavy crude , a dense , viscous , and high-sulfur type likened to a "semi-solid tar". [ 367 ] [ 368 ] [ 369 ] Many US refineries along the Gulf Coast process this type of crude oil from Canada and Mexico to make diesel , jet fuel , asphalt , and elements of petrochemicals . [ 370 ] [ 371 ] [ 372 ] [ 373 ] Venezuela's oil industry had been in decline since Hugo Chávez 's wave of expropriations , [ 369 ] [ 374 ] : 2–3 [ 375 ] during which former oil contracts were shifted to joint ventures with the state-owned Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) and new fiscal rules were imposed. [ 367 ] [ 374 ] : 2, 4–5 [ 376 ] Legal instability and other risks drove away investors, which Venezuela could not compensate for because of its overreliance on PDVSA's "inefficient operations, economic instability, discretionary policies, and poor investor protection", [ 374 ] : 8–9 [ 376 ] worsened by US sanctions on the company since 2017. [ 374 ] : 7 In this time, the industry's oil infrastructure declined, [ 367 ] [ 369 ] [ 377 ] and China increased cheap imports from Venezuela. [ 378 ] Analysts, experts, and oil industry officials believed reconstruction could cost billions of dollars and take two to seven years or more, [ f ] requiring risky investment and a lengthy process of creating contracts. [ g ] Experts also said that US companies' refining capability could threaten China's presence in the Venezuelan oil industry. [ 371 ] [ 378 ] Larger oil companies are reportedly less interested in investing in Venezuela due to high investment costs and the country's political instability, while the smaller companies that are most interested have been described by industry officials as the "least prepared and least sophisticated" firms to do so. [ 385 ] [ 91 ] See also Venezuela portal United States portal 2020s portal American imperialism American expansionism under Donald Trump Axis of Unity Foreign interventions by the United States United States involvement in regime change in Latin America Banana Wars Iraq War United States involvement in regime change in Latin America Banana Wars Banana Wars Iraq War List of heads of state and government deposed by foreign powers in the 20th and 21st century Troika of tyranny United States–Venezuela relations List of United States invasions of Latin American countries Notes ^ a b As published by the military, while other sources report 24. [ 9 ] Independent Venezuelan sources indicate 42 [ 10 ] or 43. [ 11 ] See § Casualties for more reports. ^ Brazil, China, Colombia, Cuba, Eritrea, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, and Spain ^ a b Attributed to multiple sources: [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 74 ] [ 77 ] ^ Attributed to multiple sources: [ 140 ] [ 141 ] [ 138 ] ^ Attributed to multiple sources: [ 327 ] [ 328 ] [ 329 ] [ 330 ] [ 331 ] [ 332 ] [ 333 ] [ 334 ] [ 335 ] [ 336 ] [ 337 ] [ 338 ] ^ Attributed to multiple sources: [ 369 ] [ 379 ] [ 380 ] [ 381 ] ^ Attributed to multiple sources: [ 249 ] [ 382 ] [ 383 ] [ 384 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Trump Administration makes an example of Maduro, will 'run' Venezuela for now" . 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"Trump's Illegal War Has the Most Sinister Inspiration You Can Imagine" . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 7 January 2026 . ^ Berg, Ryan (3 January 2026). "Maduro Captured: What Comes Next for Venezuela?" . Center for Strategic and International Studies . Archived from the original on 4 January 2026 . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ "Experts react: The US just captured Maduro. What's next for Venezuela and the region?" . Atlantic Council . 3 January 2026 . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ "Maduro's capture by US mirrors Iraq playbook not Noriega manhunt, says Brahma Chellaney" . Business Today . 3 January 2026. ^ Langfitt, Frank (4 January 2026). "A tale of 2 U.S. interventions and why Venezuela is not Panama 2.0" . NPR . ^ Jamal, Urooba (5 January 2026). "What the US did in Venezuela normalises power grabs: Expert" . Al Jazeera English . ^ Epstein, Kayla (5 January 2026). "Trump's seizure of Maduro raises thorny legal questions" . 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Contemporary Challenges for Caribbean Economies: Crucial Problems and Practical Solutions . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 389– 427. doi : 10.1007/978-3-031-57492-4_9 . ISBN 978-3-031-57492-4 . ^ "Venezuela's Deepening Oil Crisis Exposes Fragility Behind the World's Largest Reserves" . Blooming Trade Data . 11 December 2025 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ a b c "Venezuelan oil industry: world's largest reserves, decaying infrastructure" . Reuters . 4 January 2026. Archived from the original on 4 January 2026 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ Kelso, Paul (4 January 2026). "Can Trump halt Venezuela's oil production decline?" . Sky News . Archived from the original on 4 January 2026 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ a b c d Rapier, Robert (3 January 2026). "Venezuela, Maduro And The Long Shadow Of Oil Expropriation" . Forbes . Archived from the original on 3 January 2026 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ Bousso, Ron (4 January 2026). "US oil refiners win, Chinese rivals lose in Trump's Venezuela strike" . Reuters . London , United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 5 January 2026 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ a b Ambrose, Jillian (5 January 2026). "Dense, sticky and heavy: why Venezuelan crude oil appeals to US refineries" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 5 January 2026 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ "How much oil does the United States import (and why)?" . American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers . 24 January 2025 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ "Oil and petroleum products explained: Oil imports and exports" . Energy Information Administration . 19 January 2024. Archived from the original on 6 November 2024 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ a b c d Monaldi, Francisco; Hernández, Igor; La Rosa Reyes, José (2021). "The collapse of the Venezuelan oil industry: The role of above-ground risks limiting foreign investment". Resources Policy . 72 102116. Bibcode : 2021RePol..7202116M . doi : 10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102116 . ^ Crooks, Nathan; Hampton, Liz; Somasekhar, Arathy (4 January 2026). "No quick wins in tapping Venezuela's oil reserves" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 4 January 2026 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ a b Rapier, Robert (7 May 2017). "How Venezuela Ruined Its Oil Industry" . Forbes . Archived from the original on 11 March 2021 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ Crooks, Hampton & Somasekhar 2026 . ^ a b Stevenson, Alexandra (5 January 2026). "China Needed Oil. Venezuela Needed Cash. Their Deal Faces a Turning Point" . The New York Times . Hong Kong . Archived from the original on 5 January 2026 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ Crooks, Hampton & Somasekhar 2026 ^ Nephew, Richard; Sternoff, Daniel; Palacios, Luisa (4 January 2026). "Q&A on US Actions in Venezuela" (Interview). Center on Global Energy Policy . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ Funk, Josh (4 January 2026). "Experts say Trump's plan to seize and revitalize Venezuela's oil industry faces major hurdles" . PBS News Hour . Associated Press . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ Nephew, Sternoff & Palacios 2026 ^ Funk 2026 ^ Mitchell, Archie; Sherman, Natalie (5 January 2026). "Trump wants Venezuela's oil. Will his plan work?" . BBC News . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ LeFebvre, Ben; Colman, Zack; Cai, Sophia; Reiter, Aiden (8 January 2026). "Lots of companies are eager to spend in Venezuela — except the ones Trump most needs" . Politico . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . External links Court docket: United States v. Carvajal-Barrios (S.D.N.Y.), 1:11-cr-00205; second superseding indictment against Maduro and others .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Crisis in Venezuela v t e History of Bolivarian Venezuela Protests against Nicolás Maduro Venezuelan presidential crisis COVID-19 pandemic History of Bolivarian Venezuela Protests against Nicolás Maduro Venezuelan presidential crisis COVID-19 pandemic Events Ongoing Economic crisis Bolivarian missions Bolivarian Revolution Bolivarianism Censorship Chavismo Crimes against humanity Corruption Defections Devaluation of the Venezuelan bolívar Economic policies under Nicolás Maduro Energy crisis ( Zulia energy collapse ) Human rights abuses Hyperinflation Illegal drug trade International sanctions US sanctions Interventions of political parties Negotiations Refugee crisis and diaspora Resource shortages State protectors State-sponsored terrorism Venezuela-Iran ghost flights Catatumbo campaign Pemon conflict 2010 Colombian diplomatic crisis Death of Franklin Brito PDVAL affair Parliamentary election III National Assembly of Venezuela 2012 Amuay tragedy Presidential election Regional elections 2013 Death of Hugo Chávez Presidential election Presidential election protests National Assembly of Venezuela fight Dakazo Municipal elections 2014 La Salida 2014 protests timeline Detention of Leopoldo López Panama diplomatic crisis (1st) Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act 2015 Detention of Antonio Ledezma Colombian diplomatic/migration crisis Resolution 8610 2015 protests (timeline) Narcosobrinos affair Parliamentary election IV National Assembly of Venezuela States of emergency in Venezuela 2016 Tumeremo massacre (1st) Recall referendum movement 2016 protests (timeline) States of emergency in Venezuela 2017 Passport fraud in Venezuela and Iraq Detention of Gilber Caro Constitutional crisis Mother of All Marches Caracas helicopter incident Referendum National Assembly attack Constituent Assembly election Members Regional elections Municipal elections Attack on Fort Paramacay Death of Carlos Andrés García Law against Hatred 2017 protests timeline 2018 El Junquito raid Presidential campaign of Nicolás Maduro Valencia fire Panama diplomatic crisis (2nd) Presidential election El Paraíso stampede Caracas drone attack Detention of Juan Requesens Economic reforms and Viernes Rojo Murder of Fernando Albán Tumeremo massacre (2nd) 2018 protests (timeline) 2019 Inauguration of Nicolás Maduro Venezuela TPS Act of 2019 Plan País Humanitarian aid mission Amnesty Law Venezuela Aid Live Statute Governing the Transition to Democracy Murder of Alí Domínguez Widespread blackouts Detention of Roberto Marrero Disappearance of Gilber Caro 30 April uprising attempt Acarigua prison riot Death of Rafael Acosta Arévalo Attack of Rufo Chacón Death of Juan Carlos Márquez Murder of Edmundo Rada Operación Alacrán 2019 protests timeline 2020 National Assembly leadership election Death of Addy Valero Cagua fire Barquisimeto shooting COVID-19 pandemic US indictment of Nicolás Maduro Guanare prison riot Operation Gideon El Palito oil spill Detention of Alex Saab Parliamentary election V National Assembly of Venezuela 2021 La Vega raid Apure clashes Regional elections 2022 Arauca clashes Recall referendum project 2023 Anti-Solidarity Law Barbados Agreement Unitary Platform presidential primaries Referendum Guyana–Venezuela crisis El Palito oil spill 2024 Detention of Rocío San Miguel Law against Fascism, Neofascism and Similar Expressions Bulla Loca mine disaster Presidential election international reactions protests political crisis Tun Tun 2024 Widespread blackouts Argentine embassy siege 2025 Third inauguration of Nicolás Maduro Catatumbo clashes American deportations of Venezuelans to El Salvador Parliamentary elections US military buildup and Operation Southern Spear US military strikes on alleged drug traffickers US naval quarantine 2026 2026 United States intervention in Venezuela Ongoing Economic crisis Bolivarian missions Bolivarian Revolution Bolivarianism Censorship Chavismo Crimes against humanity Corruption Defections Devaluation of the Venezuelan bolívar Economic policies under Nicolás Maduro Energy crisis ( Zulia energy collapse ) Human rights abuses Hyperinflation Illegal drug trade International sanctions US sanctions Interventions of political parties Negotiations Refugee crisis and diaspora Resource shortages State protectors State-sponsored terrorism Venezuela-Iran ghost flights Catatumbo campaign Pemon conflict Economic crisis Bolivarian missions Bolivarian Revolution Bolivarianism Censorship Chavismo Crimes against humanity Corruption Defections Devaluation of the Venezuelan bolívar Economic policies under Nicolás Maduro Energy crisis ( Zulia energy collapse ) Human rights abuses Hyperinflation Illegal drug trade International sanctions US sanctions US sanctions Interventions of political parties Negotiations Refugee crisis and diaspora Resource shortages State protectors State-sponsored terrorism Venezuela-Iran ghost flights Catatumbo campaign Pemon conflict 2010 Colombian diplomatic crisis Death of Franklin Brito PDVAL affair Parliamentary election III National Assembly of Venezuela Colombian diplomatic crisis Death of Franklin Brito PDVAL affair Parliamentary election III National Assembly of Venezuela III National Assembly of Venezuela 2012 Amuay tragedy Presidential election Regional elections Amuay tragedy Presidential election Regional elections 2013 Death of Hugo Chávez Presidential election Presidential election protests National Assembly of Venezuela fight Dakazo Municipal elections Death of Hugo Chávez Presidential election Presidential election protests Presidential election protests National Assembly of Venezuela fight Dakazo Municipal elections 2014 La Salida 2014 protests timeline Detention of Leopoldo López Panama diplomatic crisis (1st) Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act La Salida 2014 protests timeline timeline Detention of Leopoldo López Panama diplomatic crisis (1st) Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act 2015 Detention of Antonio Ledezma Colombian diplomatic/migration crisis Resolution 8610 2015 protests (timeline) Narcosobrinos affair Parliamentary election IV National Assembly of Venezuela States of emergency in Venezuela Detention of Antonio Ledezma Colombian diplomatic/migration crisis Resolution 8610 2015 protests (timeline) Narcosobrinos affair Parliamentary election IV National Assembly of Venezuela IV National Assembly of Venezuela States of emergency in Venezuela 2016 Tumeremo massacre (1st) Recall referendum movement 2016 protests (timeline) States of emergency in Venezuela Tumeremo massacre (1st) Recall referendum movement 2016 protests (timeline) States of emergency in Venezuela 2017 Passport fraud in Venezuela and Iraq Detention of Gilber Caro Constitutional crisis Mother of All Marches Caracas helicopter incident Referendum National Assembly attack Constituent Assembly election Members Regional elections Municipal elections Attack on Fort Paramacay Death of Carlos Andrés García Law against Hatred 2017 protests timeline Passport fraud in Venezuela and Iraq Detention of Gilber Caro Constitutional crisis Mother of All Marches Caracas helicopter incident Referendum National Assembly attack Constituent Assembly election Members Members Regional elections Municipal elections Attack on Fort Paramacay Death of Carlos Andrés García Law against Hatred 2017 protests timeline timeline 2018 El Junquito raid Presidential campaign of Nicolás Maduro Valencia fire Panama diplomatic crisis (2nd) Presidential election El Paraíso stampede Caracas drone attack Detention of Juan Requesens Economic reforms and Viernes Rojo Murder of Fernando Albán Tumeremo massacre (2nd) 2018 protests (timeline) El Junquito raid Presidential campaign of Nicolás Maduro Valencia fire Panama diplomatic crisis (2nd) Presidential election El Paraíso stampede Caracas drone attack Detention of Juan Requesens Economic reforms and Viernes Rojo Murder of Fernando Albán Tumeremo massacre (2nd) 2018 protests (timeline) 2019 Inauguration of Nicolás Maduro Venezuela TPS Act of 2019 Plan País Humanitarian aid mission Amnesty Law Venezuela Aid Live Statute Governing the Transition to Democracy Murder of Alí Domínguez Widespread blackouts Detention of Roberto Marrero Disappearance of Gilber Caro 30 April uprising attempt Acarigua prison riot Death of Rafael Acosta Arévalo Attack of Rufo Chacón Death of Juan Carlos Márquez Murder of Edmundo Rada Operación Alacrán 2019 protests timeline Inauguration of Nicolás Maduro Venezuela TPS Act of 2019 Plan País Humanitarian aid mission Amnesty Law Venezuela Aid Live Statute Governing the Transition to Democracy Murder of Alí Domínguez Widespread blackouts Detention of Roberto Marrero Disappearance of Gilber Caro 30 April uprising attempt Acarigua prison riot Death of Rafael Acosta Arévalo Attack of Rufo Chacón Death of Juan Carlos Márquez Murder of Edmundo Rada Operación Alacrán 2019 protests timeline timeline 2020 National Assembly leadership election Death of Addy Valero Cagua fire Barquisimeto shooting COVID-19 pandemic US indictment of Nicolás Maduro Guanare prison riot Operation Gideon El Palito oil spill Detention of Alex Saab Parliamentary election V National Assembly of Venezuela National Assembly leadership election Death of Addy Valero Cagua fire Barquisimeto shooting COVID-19 pandemic US indictment of Nicolás Maduro Guanare prison riot Operation Gideon El Palito oil spill Detention of Alex Saab Parliamentary election V National Assembly of Venezuela V National Assembly of Venezuela 2021 La Vega raid Apure clashes Regional elections La Vega raid Apure clashes Regional elections 2022 Arauca clashes Recall referendum project Arauca clashes Recall referendum project 2023 Anti-Solidarity Law Barbados Agreement Unitary Platform presidential primaries Referendum Guyana–Venezuela crisis El Palito oil spill Anti-Solidarity Law Barbados Agreement Unitary Platform presidential primaries Referendum Guyana–Venezuela crisis El Palito oil spill 2024 Detention of Rocío San Miguel Law against Fascism, Neofascism and Similar Expressions Bulla Loca mine disaster Presidential election international reactions protests political crisis Tun Tun 2024 Widespread blackouts Argentine embassy siege Detention of Rocío San Miguel Law against Fascism, Neofascism and Similar Expressions Bulla Loca mine disaster Presidential election international reactions protests political crisis Tun Tun 2024 international reactions protests political crisis Tun Tun 2024 Widespread blackouts Argentine embassy siege 2025 Third inauguration of Nicolás Maduro Catatumbo clashes American deportations of Venezuelans to El Salvador Parliamentary elections US military buildup and Operation Southern Spear US military strikes on alleged drug traffickers US naval quarantine Third inauguration of Nicolás Maduro Catatumbo clashes American deportations of Venezuelans to El Salvador Parliamentary elections US military buildup and Operation Southern Spear US military strikes on alleged drug traffickers US naval quarantine US military strikes on alleged drug traffickers US naval quarantine 2026 2026 United States intervention in Venezuela 2026 United States intervention in Venezuela Deaths during protests 2014 Bassil Da Costa Robert Redman Génesis Carmona Geraldin Moreno 2015 Kluivert Roa 2017 Paola Ramírez Juan Pablo Pernalete Armando Cañizales Miguel Castillo Paúl Moreno Orlando Figuera Neomar Lander Fabián Urbina David Vallenilla Xiomara Scott 2014 Bassil Da Costa Robert Redman Génesis Carmona Geraldin Moreno Bassil Da Costa Robert Redman Génesis Carmona Geraldin Moreno 2015 Kluivert Roa Kluivert Roa 2017 Paola Ramírez Juan Pablo Pernalete Armando Cañizales Miguel Castillo Paúl Moreno Orlando Figuera Neomar Lander Fabián Urbina David Vallenilla Xiomara Scott Paola Ramírez Juan Pablo Pernalete Armando Cañizales Miguel Castillo Paúl Moreno Orlando Figuera Neomar Lander Fabián Urbina David Vallenilla Xiomara Scott People Pro-Maduro Nicolás Maduro Delcy Rodríguez Diosdado Cabello Vladimir Padrino López Jorge Rodríguez Tareck El Aissami arrested in 2024 Tarek William Saab Cilia Flores Aristóbulo Istúriz Elías Jaua Adán Chávez Tibisay Lucena Hermann Escarrá Néstor Reverol Nicolás Maduro Guerra Ernesto Villegas Carmen Meléndez Clíver Alcalá until 2013 Luisa Ortega Díaz until 2017 Rafael Ramírez until 2018 Henry Rangel Silva Jorge Arreaza Hugo Carvajal Hector Rodríguez Iris Varela Darío Vivas Elvis Amoroso Bladimir Lugo Francisco Ameliach Tania Díaz Jesús Suárez Chourio Erika Farías Freddy Bernal Omar Prieto Ramón Carrizales Rodolfo Marco Torres Iván Hernández Dala Remigio Ceballos Douglas Rico Gustavo González López Yván Gil Maikel Moreno Gladys Gutiérrez Caryslia Rodríguez Robert Serra Pedro Carreño Lina Ron Freddy Ñáñez José Vielma Mora Indira Alfonzo Luis Parra José Brito José Bernabé Gutiérrez Franklyn Duarte Anti-Maduro María Corina Machado Edmundo González Juan Guaidó Leopoldo López Henrique Capriles Henry Ramos Allup Julio Borges Óscar Pérez Clíver Alcalá Cordones since 2013 Luisa Ortega Díaz since 2017 Rafael Ramírez since 2018 Henri Falcón Tamara Adrián Diego Arria Aveledo Caro Freddy Guevara Antonio Ledezma Freddy Superlano Enrique Mendoza Pablo Pérez Álvarez César Pérez Vivas Juan Requesens Rafaela Requesens Fabiana Rosales Manuel Rosales Juan Caguaripano Ángel Vivas Henrique Salas Feo Vicencio Scarano Spisso Lilian Tintori Jesús Torrealba Andrés Velásquez José Luis Silva Silva Dinorah Figuera Manuel Cristopher Figuera since 2019 Delsa Solórzano Omar Barboza JJ Rendón Juan Pablo Guanipa Tomás Guanipa Corina Yoris Miguel Pizarro Jordan Goudreau Diego Arria José Manuel Olivares Pro-Maduro Nicolás Maduro Delcy Rodríguez Diosdado Cabello Vladimir Padrino López Jorge Rodríguez Tareck El Aissami arrested in 2024 Tarek William Saab Cilia Flores Aristóbulo Istúriz Elías Jaua Adán Chávez Tibisay Lucena Hermann Escarrá Néstor Reverol Nicolás Maduro Guerra Ernesto Villegas Carmen Meléndez Clíver Alcalá until 2013 Luisa Ortega Díaz until 2017 Rafael Ramírez until 2018 Henry Rangel Silva Jorge Arreaza Hugo Carvajal Hector Rodríguez Iris Varela Darío Vivas Elvis Amoroso Bladimir Lugo Francisco Ameliach Tania Díaz Jesús Suárez Chourio Erika Farías Freddy Bernal Omar Prieto Ramón Carrizales Rodolfo Marco Torres Iván Hernández Dala Remigio Ceballos Douglas Rico Gustavo González López Yván Gil Maikel Moreno Gladys Gutiérrez Caryslia Rodríguez Robert Serra Pedro Carreño Lina Ron Freddy Ñáñez José Vielma Mora Indira Alfonzo Luis Parra José Brito José Bernabé Gutiérrez Franklyn Duarte Nicolás Maduro Delcy Rodríguez Diosdado Cabello Vladimir Padrino López Jorge Rodríguez Tareck El Aissami arrested in 2024 arrested in 2024 Tarek William Saab Cilia Flores Aristóbulo Istúriz Elías Jaua Adán Chávez Tibisay Lucena Hermann Escarrá Néstor Reverol Nicolás Maduro Guerra Ernesto Villegas Carmen Meléndez Clíver Alcalá until 2013 until 2013 Luisa Ortega Díaz until 2017 until 2017 Rafael Ramírez until 2018 until 2018 Henry Rangel Silva Jorge Arreaza Hugo Carvajal Hector Rodríguez Iris Varela Darío Vivas Elvis Amoroso Bladimir Lugo Francisco Ameliach Tania Díaz Jesús Suárez Chourio Erika Farías Freddy Bernal Omar Prieto Ramón Carrizales Rodolfo Marco Torres Iván Hernández Dala Remigio Ceballos Douglas Rico Gustavo González López Yván Gil Maikel Moreno Gladys Gutiérrez Caryslia Rodríguez Robert Serra Pedro Carreño Lina Ron Freddy Ñáñez José Vielma Mora Indira Alfonzo Luis Parra José Brito José Bernabé Gutiérrez Franklyn Duarte Anti-Maduro María Corina Machado Edmundo González Juan Guaidó Leopoldo López Henrique Capriles Henry Ramos Allup Julio Borges Óscar Pérez Clíver Alcalá Cordones since 2013 Luisa Ortega Díaz since 2017 Rafael Ramírez since 2018 Henri Falcón Tamara Adrián Diego Arria Aveledo Caro Freddy Guevara Antonio Ledezma Freddy Superlano Enrique Mendoza Pablo Pérez Álvarez César Pérez Vivas Juan Requesens Rafaela Requesens Fabiana Rosales Manuel Rosales Juan Caguaripano Ángel Vivas Henrique Salas Feo Vicencio Scarano Spisso Lilian Tintori Jesús Torrealba Andrés Velásquez José Luis Silva Silva Dinorah Figuera Manuel Cristopher Figuera since 2019 Delsa Solórzano Omar Barboza JJ Rendón Juan Pablo Guanipa Tomás Guanipa Corina Yoris Miguel Pizarro Jordan Goudreau Diego Arria José Manuel Olivares María Corina Machado Edmundo González Juan Guaidó Leopoldo López Henrique Capriles Henry Ramos Allup Julio Borges Óscar Pérez Clíver Alcalá Cordones since 2013 since 2013 Luisa Ortega Díaz since 2017 since 2017 Rafael Ramírez since 2018 since 2018 Henri Falcón Tamara Adrián Diego Arria Aveledo Caro Freddy Guevara Antonio Ledezma Freddy Superlano Enrique Mendoza Pablo Pérez Álvarez César Pérez Vivas Juan Requesens Rafaela Requesens Fabiana Rosales Manuel Rosales Juan Caguaripano Ángel Vivas Henrique Salas Feo Vicencio Scarano Spisso Lilian Tintori Jesús Torrealba Andrés Velásquez José Luis Silva Silva Dinorah Figuera Manuel Cristopher Figuera since 2019 since 2019 Delsa Solórzano Omar Barboza JJ Rendón Juan Pablo Guanipa Tomás Guanipa Corina Yoris Miguel Pizarro Jordan Goudreau Diego Arria José Manuel Olivares Organizations Pro-Maduro Union of South American Nations Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas Political parties Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party of Venezuela Fatherland for All PODEMOS Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Movement We Are Venezuela Republican Bicentennial Vanguard Media outlets Agencia Venezolana de Noticias Telesur Venezolana de Televisión Asamblea Nacional Televisión State organizations Supreme Tribunal of Justice National Electoral Council Constituent National Assembly Bolivarian Intelligence Service Bolivarian National Guard Mission Barrio Adentro Local Committees for Supply and Production Carnet de la Patria Armed groups Colectivos La Piedrita Wagner Group National Liberation Army FARC dissidents Units of Battle Hugo Chávez Anti-Maduro Organization of American States Mercosur Lima Group Political parties Democratic Unity Roundtable Popular Will Justice First Democratic Action (de jure) Un Nuevo Tiempo Come Venezuela Copei (de jure) Movimiento al Socialismo Progressive Advance Radical Cause Project Venezuela National Assembly IV Legislature Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile Episcopal Conference of Venezuela Student Movement Resistance groups Media outlets Armando.Info Capitolio TV DolarToday Efecto Cocuyo El Chigüire Bipolar El Nacional La Patilla Runrunes TV Venezuela VIVOplay VPItv Pro-Maduro Union of South American Nations Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas Political parties Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party of Venezuela Fatherland for All PODEMOS Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Movement We Are Venezuela Republican Bicentennial Vanguard Media outlets Agencia Venezolana de Noticias Telesur Venezolana de Televisión Asamblea Nacional Televisión State organizations Supreme Tribunal of Justice National Electoral Council Constituent National Assembly Bolivarian Intelligence Service Bolivarian National Guard Mission Barrio Adentro Local Committees for Supply and Production Carnet de la Patria Armed groups Colectivos La Piedrita Wagner Group National Liberation Army FARC dissidents Units of Battle Hugo Chávez Union of South American Nations Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas Political parties Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party of Venezuela Fatherland for All PODEMOS Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Movement We Are Venezuela Republican Bicentennial Vanguard Great Patriotic Pole United Socialist Party of Venezuela Fatherland for All PODEMOS Tupamaro People's Electoral Movement Movement We Are Venezuela Republican Bicentennial Vanguard Media outlets Agencia Venezolana de Noticias Telesur Venezolana de Televisión Asamblea Nacional Televisión Agencia Venezolana de Noticias Telesur Venezolana de Televisión Asamblea Nacional Televisión State organizations Supreme Tribunal of Justice National Electoral Council Constituent National Assembly Supreme Tribunal of Justice National Electoral Council Constituent National Assembly Bolivarian Intelligence Service Bolivarian National Guard Mission Barrio Adentro Local Committees for Supply and Production Carnet de la Patria Armed groups Colectivos La Piedrita La Piedrita Wagner Group National Liberation Army FARC dissidents Units of Battle Hugo Chávez Anti-Maduro Organization of American States Mercosur Lima Group Political parties Democratic Unity Roundtable Popular Will Justice First Democratic Action (de jure) Un Nuevo Tiempo Come Venezuela Copei (de jure) Movimiento al Socialismo Progressive Advance Radical Cause Project Venezuela National Assembly IV Legislature Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile Episcopal Conference of Venezuela Student 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Gilber Caro Death of Rafael Acosta Arévalo Attack of Rufo Chacón Murder of Edmundo Rada Operación Alacrán Barquisimeto shooting Operation Gideon La Vega raid Anti-Solidarity Law Barbados Agreement 2023 referendum Detention of Rocío San Miguel Foreign policy Colombian diplomatic/migration crisis Narcosobrinos affair Panama diplomatic crisis Humanitarian aid mission Bachelet Report Detention of Alex Saab Guyana–Venezuela crisis Second inauguration Protests 2013 2014 2017 2019 La Salida 2024 2013 2014 2017 2019 La Salida 2024 2016 recall movement First Tumeremo massacre 2017 constitutional crisis National Assembly attack Attack on Fort Paramacay Valencia fire Caracas drone attack Third Tumeremo massacre Presidential crisis 30 April uprising attempt Acarigua prison riot Guanare prison riot COVID-19 pandemic Apure clashes Arauca clashes 2022 recall movement 2026 United States intervention Domestic policy Dakazo Detention of Leopoldo López Detention of Antonio Ledezma Resolution 8610 Local 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Rafael Acosta Arévalo Attack of Rufo Chacón Murder of Edmundo Rada Operación Alacrán Barquisimeto shooting Operation Gideon La Vega raid Anti-Solidarity Law Barbados Agreement 2023 referendum Detention of Rocío San Miguel Foreign policy Colombian diplomatic/migration crisis Narcosobrinos affair Panama diplomatic crisis Humanitarian aid mission Bachelet Report Detention of Alex Saab Guyana–Venezuela crisis Colombian diplomatic/migration crisis Narcosobrinos affair Panama diplomatic crisis Humanitarian aid mission Bachelet Report Detention of Alex Saab Guyana–Venezuela crisis Electoral history 1999 Constituent National Assembly 1999 Constituent Assembly election National Assembly 2000 parliamentary election Presidential 2013 presidential election 2018 presidential election Campaign 2024 presidential election 1999 Constituent National Assembly 1999 Constituent Assembly election 1999 Constituent Assembly election National Assembly 2000 parliamentary election 2000 parliamentary election 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Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Computer Science > Computation and Language Title: I Want to Break Free! Persuasion and Anti-Social Behavior of LLMs in Multi-Agent Settings with Social Hierarchy Abstract: As LLM-based agents become increasingly autonomous and will more freely interact with each other, studying the interplay among them becomes crucial to anticipate emergent phenomena and potential risks. In this work, we provide an in-depth analysis of the interactions among agents within a simulated hierarchical social environment, drawing inspiration from the Stanford Prison Experiment. Leveraging 2,400 conversations across six LLMs (i.e., LLama3, Orca2, Command-r, Mixtral, Mistral2, and gpt4.1) and 240 experimental scenarios, we analyze persuasion and anti-social behavior between a guard and a prisoner agent with differing objectives. We first document model-specific conversational failures in this multi-agent power dynamic context, thereby narrowing our analytic sample to 1,600 conversations. Among models demonstrating successful interaction, we find that goal setting significantly influences persuasiveness but not anti-social behavior. Moreover, agent personas, especially the guard's, substantially impact both successful persuasion by the prisoner and the manifestation of anti-social actions. Notably, we observe the emergence of anti-social conduct even in absence of explicit negative personality prompts. These results have important implications for the development of interactive LLM agents and the ongoing discussion of their societal impact. Subjects: Computation and Language (cs.CL) ; Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computers and Society (cs.CY); Multiagent Systems (cs.MA) Cite as: arXiv:2410.07109 [cs.CL] (or arXiv:2410.07109v3 [cs.CL] for this version) Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history Access Paper: View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bookmark Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article Demos Recommenders and Search Tools Author Venue Institution Topic arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.07109
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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 166 results for author: Wei, B Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 arXiv:2601.10406 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI ErrEval: Error-Aware Evaluation for Question Generation through Explicit Diagnostics Authors: Weiping Fu , Bifan Wei , Jingyi Hao , Yushun Zhang , Jian Zhang , Jiaxin Wang , Bo Li , Yu He , Lingling Zhang , Jun Liu Abstract : Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose Er… ▽ More Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose ErrEval, a flexible and Error-aware Evaluation framework that enhances QG evaluation through explicit error diagnostics. Specifically, ErrEval reformulates evaluation as a two-stage process of error diagnosis followed by informed scoring. At the first stage, a lightweight plug-and-play Error Identifier detects and categorizes common errors across structural, linguistic, and content-related aspects. These diagnostic signals are then incorporated as explicit evidence to guide LLM evaluators toward more fine-grained and grounded judgments. Extensive experiments on three benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of ErrEval, showing that incorporating explicit diagnostics improves alignment with human judgments. Further analyses confirm that ErrEval effectively mitigates the overestimation of low-quality questions. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10406 [ pdf , ps , other ] ErrEval: Error-Aware Evaluation for Question Generation through Explicit Diagnostics Authors: Weiping Fu , Bifan Wei , Jingyi Hao , Yushun Zhang , Jian Zhang , Jiaxin Wang , Bo Li , Yu He , Lingling Zhang , Jun Liu Abstract : Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose Er… ▽ More Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose ErrEval, a flexible and Error-aware Evaluation framework that enhances QG evaluation through explicit error diagnostics. Specifically, ErrEval reformulates evaluation as a two-stage process of error diagnosis followed by informed scoring. At the first stage, a lightweight plug-and-play Error Identifier detects and categorizes common errors across structural, linguistic, and content-related aspects. These diagnostic signals are then incorporated as explicit evidence to guide LLM evaluators toward more fine-grained and grounded judgments. Extensive experiments on three benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of ErrEval, showing that incorporating explicit diagnostics improves alignment with human judgments. Further analyses confirm that ErrEval effectively mitigates the overestimation of low-quality questions. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08434 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.AI Large Multimodal Models for Embodied Intelligent Driving: The Next Frontier in Self-Driving? Authors: Long Zhang , Yuchen Xia , Bingqing Wei , Zhen Liu , Shiwen Mao , Zhu Han , Mohsen Guizani Abstract : The advent of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) offers a promising technology to tackle the limitations of modular design in autonomous driving, which often falters in open-world scenarios requiring sustained environmental understanding and logical reasoning. Besides, embodied artificial intelligence facilitates policy optimization through closed-loop interactions to achieve the continuous learning c… ▽ More The advent of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) offers a promising technology to tackle the limitations of modular design in autonomous driving, which often falters in open-world scenarios requiring sustained environmental understanding and logical reasoning. Besides, embodied artificial intelligence facilitates policy optimization through closed-loop interactions to achieve the continuous learning capability, thereby advancing autonomous driving toward embodied intelligent (El) driving. However, such capability will be constrained by relying solely on LMMs to enhance EI driving without joint decision-making. This article introduces a novel semantics and policy dual-driven hybrid decision framework to tackle this challenge, ensuring continuous learning and joint decision. The framework merges LMMs for semantic understanding and cognitive representation, and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for real-time policy optimization. We starts by introducing the foundational principles of EI driving and LMMs. Moreover, we examine the emerging opportunities this framework enables, encompassing potential benefits and representative use cases. A case study is conducted experimentally to validate the performance superiority of our framework in completing lane-change planning task. Finally, several future research directions to empower EI driving are identified to guide subsequent work. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08434 [ pdf , ps , other ] Large Multimodal Models for Embodied Intelligent Driving: The Next Frontier in Self-Driving? Authors: Long Zhang , Yuchen Xia , Bingqing Wei , Zhen Liu , Shiwen Mao , Zhu Han , Mohsen Guizani Abstract : The advent of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) offers a promising technology to tackle the limitations of modular design in autonomous driving, which often falters in open-world scenarios requiring sustained environmental understanding and logical reasoning. Besides, embodied artificial intelligence facilitates policy optimization through closed-loop interactions to achieve the continuous learning c… ▽ More The advent of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) offers a promising technology to tackle the limitations of modular design in autonomous driving, which often falters in open-world scenarios requiring sustained environmental understanding and logical reasoning. Besides, embodied artificial intelligence facilitates policy optimization through closed-loop interactions to achieve the continuous learning capability, thereby advancing autonomous driving toward embodied intelligent (El) driving. However, such capability will be constrained by relying solely on LMMs to enhance EI driving without joint decision-making. This article introduces a novel semantics and policy dual-driven hybrid decision framework to tackle this challenge, ensuring continuous learning and joint decision. The framework merges LMMs for semantic understanding and cognitive representation, and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for real-time policy optimization. We starts by introducing the foundational principles of EI driving and LMMs. Moreover, we examine the emerging opportunities this framework enables, encompassing potential benefits and representative use cases. A case study is conducted experimentally to validate the performance superiority of our framework in completing lane-change planning task. Finally, several future research directions to empower EI driving are identified to guide subsequent work. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05939 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Context-Aware Decoding for Faithful Vision-Language Generation Authors: Mehrdad Fazli , Bowen Wei , Ziwei Zhu Abstract : Hallucinations, generating responses inconsistent with the visual input, remain a critical limitation of large vision-language models (LVLMs), especially in open-ended tasks such as image captioning and visual reasoning. In this work, we probe the layer-wise generation dynamics that drive hallucinations and propose a training-free mitigation strategy. Employing the Logit Lens, we examine how LVLMs… ▽ More Hallucinations, generating responses inconsistent with the visual input, remain a critical limitation of large vision-language models (LVLMs), especially in open-ended tasks such as image captioning and visual reasoning. In this work, we probe the layer-wise generation dynamics that drive hallucinations and propose a training-free mitigation strategy. Employing the Logit Lens, we examine how LVLMs construct next-token distributions across decoder layers, uncovering a pronounced commitment-depth gap: truthful tokens accumulate probability mass on their final candidates earlier than hallucinatory ones. Drawing on this discovery, we introduce Context Embedding Injection (CEI), a lightweight method that harnesses the hidden state of the last input token-the context embedding-as a grounding signal to maintain visual fidelity throughout decoding and curb hallucinations. Evaluated on the CHAIR, AMBER, and MMHal-Bench benchmarks (with a maximum token length of 512), CEI outperforms state-of-the-art baselines across three LVLMs, with its dynamic variant yielding the lowest overall hallucination rates. By integrating novel mechanistic insights with a scalable intervention, this work advances the mitigation of hallucinations in LVLMs. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05939 [ pdf , ps , other ] Context-Aware Decoding for Faithful Vision-Language Generation Authors: Mehrdad Fazli , Bowen Wei , Ziwei Zhu Abstract : Hallucinations, generating responses inconsistent with the visual input, remain a critical limitation of large vision-language models (LVLMs), especially in open-ended tasks such as image captioning and visual reasoning. In this work, we probe the layer-wise generation dynamics that drive hallucinations and propose a training-free mitigation strategy. Employing the Logit Lens, we examine how LVLMs… ▽ More Hallucinations, generating responses inconsistent with the visual input, remain a critical limitation of large vision-language models (LVLMs), especially in open-ended tasks such as image captioning and visual reasoning. In this work, we probe the layer-wise generation dynamics that drive hallucinations and propose a training-free mitigation strategy. Employing the Logit Lens, we examine how LVLMs construct next-token distributions across decoder layers, uncovering a pronounced commitment-depth gap: truthful tokens accumulate probability mass on their final candidates earlier than hallucinatory ones. Drawing on this discovery, we introduce Context Embedding Injection (CEI), a lightweight method that harnesses the hidden state of the last input token-the context embedding-as a grounding signal to maintain visual fidelity throughout decoding and curb hallucinations. Evaluated on the CHAIR, AMBER, and MMHal-Bench benchmarks (with a maximum token length of 512), CEI outperforms state-of-the-art baselines across three LVLMs, with its dynamic variant yielding the lowest overall hallucination rates. By integrating novel mechanistic insights with a scalable intervention, this work advances the mitigation of hallucinations in LVLMs. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01769 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV CTIS-QA: Clinical Template-Informed Slide-level Question Answering for Pathology Authors: Hao Lu , Ziniu Qian , Yifu Li , Yang Zhou , Bingzheng Wei , Yan Xu Abstract : In this paper, we introduce a clinical diagnosis template-based pipeline to systematically collect and structure pathological information. In collaboration with pathologists and guided by the the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Cancer Protocols, we design a Clinical Pathology Report Template (CPRT) that ensures comprehensive and standardized extraction of diagnostic elements from pathology… ▽ More In this paper, we introduce a clinical diagnosis template-based pipeline to systematically collect and structure pathological information. In collaboration with pathologists and guided by the the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Cancer Protocols, we design a Clinical Pathology Report Template (CPRT) that ensures comprehensive and standardized extraction of diagnostic elements from pathology reports. We validate the effectiveness of our pipeline on TCGA-BRCA. First, we extract pathological features from reports using CPRT. These features are then used to build CTIS-Align, a dataset of 80k slide-description pairs from 804 WSIs for vision-language alignment training, and CTIS-Bench, a rigorously curated VQA benchmark comprising 977 WSIs and 14,879 question-answer pairs. CTIS-Bench emphasizes clinically grounded, closed-ended questions (e.g., tumor grade, receptor status) that reflect real diagnostic workflows, minimize non-visual reasoning, and require genuine slide understanding. We further propose CTIS-QA, a Slide-level Question Answering model, featuring a dual-stream architecture that mimics pathologists' diagnostic approach. One stream captures global slide-level context via clustering-based feature aggregation, while the other focuses on salient local regions through attention-guided patch perception module. Extensive experiments on WSI-VQA, CTIS-Bench, and slide-level diagnostic tasks show that CTIS-QA consistently outperforms existing state-of-the-art models across multiple metrics. Code and data are available at △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: The paper has been accepted by BIBM 2025 arXiv:2601.01769 [ pdf , ps , other ] CTIS-QA: Clinical Template-Informed Slide-level Question Answering for Pathology Authors: Hao Lu , Ziniu Qian , Yifu Li , Yang Zhou , Bingzheng Wei , Yan Xu Abstract : In this paper, we introduce a clinical diagnosis template-based pipeline to systematically collect and structure pathological information. In collaboration with pathologists and guided by the the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Cancer Protocols, we design a Clinical Pathology Report Template (CPRT) that ensures comprehensive and standardized extraction of diagnostic elements from pathology… ▽ More In this paper, we introduce a clinical diagnosis template-based pipeline to systematically collect and structure pathological information. In collaboration with pathologists and guided by the the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Cancer Protocols, we design a Clinical Pathology Report Template (CPRT) that ensures comprehensive and standardized extraction of diagnostic elements from pathology reports. We validate the effectiveness of our pipeline on TCGA-BRCA. First, we extract pathological features from reports using CPRT. These features are then used to build CTIS-Align, a dataset of 80k slide-description pairs from 804 WSIs for vision-language alignment training, and CTIS-Bench, a rigorously curated VQA benchmark comprising 977 WSIs and 14,879 question-answer pairs. CTIS-Bench emphasizes clinically grounded, closed-ended questions (e.g., tumor grade, receptor status) that reflect real diagnostic workflows, minimize non-visual reasoning, and require genuine slide understanding. We further propose CTIS-QA, a Slide-level Question Answering model, featuring a dual-stream architecture that mimics pathologists' diagnostic approach. One stream captures global slide-level context via clustering-based feature aggregation, while the other focuses on salient local regions through attention-guided patch perception module. Extensive experiments on WSI-VQA, CTIS-Bench, and slide-level diagnostic tasks show that CTIS-QA consistently outperforms existing state-of-the-art models across multiple metrics. Code and data are available at △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: The paper has been accepted by BIBM 2025 arXiv:2512.14550 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV TAT: Task-Adaptive Transformer for All-in-One Medical Image Restoration Authors: Zhiwen Yang , Jiaju Zhang , Yang Yi , Jian Liang , Bingzheng Wei , Yan Xu Abstract : Medical image restoration (MedIR) aims to recover high-quality medical images from their low-quality counterparts. Recent advancements in MedIR have focused on All-in-One models capable of simultaneously addressing multiple different MedIR tasks. However, due to significant differences in both modality and degradation types, using a shared model for these diverse tasks requires careful considerati… ▽ More Medical image restoration (MedIR) aims to recover high-quality medical images from their low-quality counterparts. Recent advancements in MedIR have focused on All-in-One models capable of simultaneously addressing multiple different MedIR tasks. However, due to significant differences in both modality and degradation types, using a shared model for these diverse tasks requires careful consideration of two critical inter-task relationships: task interference, which occurs when conflicting gradient update directions arise across tasks on the same parameter, and task imbalance, which refers to uneven optimization caused by varying learning difficulties inherent to each task. To address these challenges, we propose a task-adaptive Transformer (TAT), a novel framework that dynamically adapts to different tasks through two key innovations. First, a task-adaptive weight generation strategy is introduced to mitigate task interference by generating task-specific weight parameters for each task, thereby eliminating potential gradient conflicts on shared weight parameters. Second, a task-adaptive loss balancing strategy is introduced to dynamically adjust loss weights based on task-specific learning difficulties, preventing task domination or undertraining. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed TAT achieves state-of-the-art performance in three MedIR tasks--PET synthesis, CT denoising, and MRI super-resolution--both in task-specific and All-in-One settings. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: This paper has been accepted by MICCAI 2025 arXiv:2512.14550 [ pdf , ps , other ] TAT: Task-Adaptive Transformer for All-in-One Medical Image Restoration Authors: Zhiwen Yang , Jiaju Zhang , Yang Yi , Jian Liang , Bingzheng Wei , Yan Xu Abstract : Medical image restoration (MedIR) aims to recover high-quality medical images from their low-quality counterparts. Recent advancements in MedIR have focused on All-in-One models capable of simultaneously addressing multiple different MedIR tasks. However, due to significant differences in both modality and degradation types, using a shared model for these diverse tasks requires careful considerati… ▽ More Medical image restoration (MedIR) aims to recover high-quality medical images from their low-quality counterparts. Recent advancements in MedIR have focused on All-in-One models capable of simultaneously addressing multiple different MedIR tasks. However, due to significant differences in both modality and degradation types, using a shared model for these diverse tasks requires careful consideration of two critical inter-task relationships: task interference, which occurs when conflicting gradient update directions arise across tasks on the same parameter, and task imbalance, which refers to uneven optimization caused by varying learning difficulties inherent to each task. To address these challenges, we propose a task-adaptive Transformer (TAT), a novel framework that dynamically adapts to different tasks through two key innovations. First, a task-adaptive weight generation strategy is introduced to mitigate task interference by generating task-specific weight parameters for each task, thereby eliminating potential gradient conflicts on shared weight parameters. Second, a task-adaptive loss balancing strategy is introduced to dynamically adjust loss weights based on task-specific learning difficulties, preventing task domination or undertraining. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed TAT achieves state-of-the-art performance in three MedIR tasks--PET synthesis, CT denoising, and MRI super-resolution--both in task-specific and All-in-One settings. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: This paper has been accepted by MICCAI 2025 arXiv:2512.10262 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV VLM-NCD:Novel Class Discovery with Vision-Based Large Language Models Authors: Yuetong Su , Baoguo Wei , Xinyu Wang , Xu Li , Lixin Li Abstract : Novel Class Discovery aims to utilise prior knowledge of known classes to classify and discover unknown classes from unlabelled data. Existing NCD methods for images primarily rely on visual features, which suffer from limitations such as insufficient feature discriminability and the long-tail distribution of data. We propose LLM-NCD, a multimodal framework that breaks this bottleneck by fusing vi… ▽ More Novel Class Discovery aims to utilise prior knowledge of known classes to classify and discover unknown classes from unlabelled data. Existing NCD methods for images primarily rely on visual features, which suffer from limitations such as insufficient feature discriminability and the long-tail distribution of data. We propose LLM-NCD, a multimodal framework that breaks this bottleneck by fusing visual-textual semantics and prototype guided clustering. Our key innovation lies in modelling cluster centres and semantic prototypes of known classes by jointly optimising known class image and text features, and a dualphase discovery mechanism that dynamically separates known or novel samples via semantic affinity thresholds and adaptive clustering. Experiments on the CIFAR-100 dataset show that compared to the current methods, this method achieves up to 25.3% improvement in accuracy for unknown classes. Notably, our method shows unique resilience to long tail distributions, a first in NCD literature. △ Less Submitted 10 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 8 pages, 5 figures, conference MSC Class: 68T45 ACM Class: I.2.10; I.4.8; I.5 arXiv:2512.10262 [ pdf , ps , other ] VLM-NCD:Novel Class Discovery with Vision-Based Large Language Models Authors: Yuetong Su , Baoguo Wei , Xinyu Wang , Xu Li , Lixin Li Abstract : Novel Class Discovery aims to utilise prior knowledge of known classes to classify and discover unknown classes from unlabelled data. Existing NCD methods for images primarily rely on visual features, which suffer from limitations such as insufficient feature discriminability and the long-tail distribution of data. We propose LLM-NCD, a multimodal framework that breaks this bottleneck by fusing vi… ▽ More Novel Class Discovery aims to utilise prior knowledge of known classes to classify and discover unknown classes from unlabelled data. Existing NCD methods for images primarily rely on visual features, which suffer from limitations such as insufficient feature discriminability and the long-tail distribution of data. We propose LLM-NCD, a multimodal framework that breaks this bottleneck by fusing visual-textual semantics and prototype guided clustering. Our key innovation lies in modelling cluster centres and semantic prototypes of known classes by jointly optimising known class image and text features, and a dualphase discovery mechanism that dynamically separates known or novel samples via semantic affinity thresholds and adaptive clustering. Experiments on the CIFAR-100 dataset show that compared to the current methods, this method achieves up to 25.3% improvement in accuracy for unknown classes. Notably, our method shows unique resilience to long tail distributions, a first in NCD literature. △ Less Submitted 10 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 8 pages, 5 figures, conference MSC Class: 68T45 ACM Class: I.2.10; I.4.8; I.5 arXiv:2512.03556 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.CV RoboScape-R: Unified Reward-Observation World Models for Generalizable Robotics Training via RL Authors: Yinzhou Tang , Yu Shang , Yinuo Chen , Bingwen Wei , Xin Zhang , Shu'ang Yu , Liangzhi Shi , Chao Yu , Chen Gao , Wei Wu , Yong Li Abstract : Achieving generalizable embodied policies remains a key challenge. Traditional policy learning paradigms, including both Imitation Learning (IL) and Reinforcement Learning (RL), struggle to cultivate generalizability across diverse scenarios. While IL policies often overfit to specific expert trajectories, RL suffers from the inherent lack of a unified and general reward signal necessary for effec… ▽ More Achieving generalizable embodied policies remains a key challenge. Traditional policy learning paradigms, including both Imitation Learning (IL) and Reinforcement Learning (RL), struggle to cultivate generalizability across diverse scenarios. While IL policies often overfit to specific expert trajectories, RL suffers from the inherent lack of a unified and general reward signal necessary for effective multi-scene generalization. We posit that the world model is uniquely capable of serving as a universal environment proxy to address this limitation. However, current world models primarily focus on their ability to predict observations and still rely on task-specific, handcrafted reward functions, thereby failing to provide a truly general training environment. Toward this problem, we propose RoboScape-R, a framework leveraging the world model to serve as a versatile, general-purpose proxy for the embodied environment within the RL paradigm. We introduce a novel world model-based general reward mechanism that generates ''endogenous'' rewards derived from the model's intrinsic understanding of real-world state transition dynamics. Extensive experiments demonstrate that RoboScape-R effectively addresses the limitations of traditional RL methods by providing an efficient and general training environment that substantially enhances the generalization capability of embodied policies. Our approach offers critical insights into utilizing the world model as an online training strategy and achieves an average 37.5% performance improvement over baselines under out-of-domain scenarios. △ Less Submitted 3 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.03556 [ pdf , ps , other ] RoboScape-R: Unified Reward-Observation World Models for Generalizable Robotics Training via RL Authors: Yinzhou Tang , Yu Shang , Yinuo Chen , Bingwen Wei , Xin Zhang , Shu'ang Yu , Liangzhi Shi , Chao Yu , Chen Gao , Wei Wu , Yong Li Abstract : Achieving generalizable embodied policies remains a key challenge. Traditional policy learning paradigms, including both Imitation Learning (IL) and Reinforcement Learning (RL), struggle to cultivate generalizability across diverse scenarios. While IL policies often overfit to specific expert trajectories, RL suffers from the inherent lack of a unified and general reward signal necessary for effec… ▽ More Achieving generalizable embodied policies remains a key challenge. Traditional policy learning paradigms, including both Imitation Learning (IL) and Reinforcement Learning (RL), struggle to cultivate generalizability across diverse scenarios. While IL policies often overfit to specific expert trajectories, RL suffers from the inherent lack of a unified and general reward signal necessary for effective multi-scene generalization. We posit that the world model is uniquely capable of serving as a universal environment proxy to address this limitation. However, current world models primarily focus on their ability to predict observations and still rely on task-specific, handcrafted reward functions, thereby failing to provide a truly general training environment. Toward this problem, we propose RoboScape-R, a framework leveraging the world model to serve as a versatile, general-purpose proxy for the embodied environment within the RL paradigm. We introduce a novel world model-based general reward mechanism that generates ''endogenous'' rewards derived from the model's intrinsic understanding of real-world state transition dynamics. Extensive experiments demonstrate that RoboScape-R effectively addresses the limitations of traditional RL methods by providing an efficient and general training environment that substantially enhances the generalization capability of embodied policies. Our approach offers critical insights into utilizing the world model as an online training strategy and achieves an average 37.5% performance improvement over baselines under out-of-domain scenarios. △ Less Submitted 3 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2511.20961 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.NI cs.MM eess.IV doi 10.1109/ICCCN54977.2022.9868877 Performance Evaluation of Low-Latency Live Streaming of MPEG-DASH UHD video over Commercial 5G NSA/SA Network Authors: Kasidis Arunruangsirilert , Bo Wei , Hang Song , Jiro Katto Abstract : 5G Standalone (SA) is the goal of the 5G evolution, which aims to provide higher throughput and lower latency than the existing LTE network. One of the main applications of 5G is the real-time distribution of Ultra High-Definition (UHD) content with a resolution of 4K or 8K. In Q2/2021, Advanced Info Service (AIS), the biggest operator in Thailand, launched 5G SA, providing both 5G SA/NSA service… ▽ More 5G Standalone (SA) is the goal of the 5G evolution, which aims to provide higher throughput and lower latency than the existing LTE network. One of the main applications of 5G is the real-time distribution of Ultra High-Definition (UHD) content with a resolution of 4K or 8K. In Q2/2021, Advanced Info Service (AIS), the biggest operator in Thailand, launched 5G SA, providing both 5G SA/NSA service nationwide in addition to the existing LTE network. While many parts of the world are still in process of rolling out the first phase of 5G in Non-Standalone (NSA) mode, 5G SA in Thailand already covers more than 76% of the population. In this paper, UHD video will be a real-time live streaming via MPEG-DASH over different mobile network technologies with minimal buffer size to provide the lowest latency. Then, performance such as the number of dropped segments, MAC throughput, and latency are evaluated in various situations such as stationary, moving in the urban area, moving at high speed, and also an ideal condition with maximum SINR. It has been found that 5G SA can deliver more than 95% of the UHD video segment successfully within the required time window in all situations, while 5G NSA produced mixed results depending on the condition of the LTE network. The result also reveals that the LTE network failed to deliver more than 20% of the video segment within the deadline, which shows that 5G SA is absolutely necessary for low-latency UHD video streaming and 5G NSA may not be good enough for such task as it relies on the legacy control signal. △ Less Submitted 25 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: 2022 International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN), 25-28 July 2022, Honolulu, HI, USA arXiv:2511.20961 [ pdf , ps , other ] Performance Evaluation of Low-Latency Live Streaming of MPEG-DASH UHD video over Commercial 5G NSA/SA Network Authors: Kasidis Arunruangsirilert , Bo Wei , Hang Song , Jiro Katto Abstract : 5G Standalone (SA) is the goal of the 5G evolution, which aims to provide higher throughput and lower latency than the existing LTE network. One of the main applications of 5G is the real-time distribution of Ultra High-Definition (UHD) content with a resolution of 4K or 8K. In Q2/2021, Advanced Info Service (AIS), the biggest operator in Thailand, launched 5G SA, providing both 5G SA/NSA service… ▽ More 5G Standalone (SA) is the goal of the 5G evolution, which aims to provide higher throughput and lower latency than the existing LTE network. One of the main applications of 5G is the real-time distribution of Ultra High-Definition (UHD) content with a resolution of 4K or 8K. In Q2/2021, Advanced Info Service (AIS), the biggest operator in Thailand, launched 5G SA, providing both 5G SA/NSA service nationwide in addition to the existing LTE network. While many parts of the world are still in process of rolling out the first phase of 5G in Non-Standalone (NSA) mode, 5G SA in Thailand already covers more than 76% of the population. In this paper, UHD video will be a real-time live streaming via MPEG-DASH over different mobile network technologies with minimal buffer size to provide the lowest latency. Then, performance such as the number of dropped segments, MAC throughput, and latency are evaluated in various situations such as stationary, moving in the urban area, moving at high speed, and also an ideal condition with maximum SINR. It has been found that 5G SA can deliver more than 95% of the UHD video segment successfully within the required time window in all situations, while 5G NSA produced mixed results depending on the condition of the LTE network. The result also reveals that the LTE network failed to deliver more than 20% of the video segment within the deadline, which shows that 5G SA is absolutely necessary for low-latency UHD video streaming and 5G NSA may not be good enough for such task as it relies on the legacy control signal. △ Less Submitted 25 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: 2022 International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN), 25-28 July 2022, Honolulu, HI, USA arXiv:2511.19418 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.LG Chain-of-Visual-Thought: Teaching VLMs to See and Think Better with Continuous Visual Tokens Authors: Yiming Qin , Bomin Wei , Jiaxin Ge , Konstantinos Kallidromitis , Stephanie Fu , Trevor Darrell , XuDong Wang Abstract : Vision-Language Models (VLMs) excel at reasoning in linguistic space but struggle with perceptual understanding that requires dense visual perception, e.g., spatial reasoning and geometric awareness. This limitation stems from the fact that current VLMs have limited mechanisms to capture dense visual information across spatial dimensions. We introduce Chain-of-Visual-Thought (COVT), a framework th… ▽ More Vision-Language Models (VLMs) excel at reasoning in linguistic space but struggle with perceptual understanding that requires dense visual perception, e.g., spatial reasoning and geometric awareness. This limitation stems from the fact that current VLMs have limited mechanisms to capture dense visual information across spatial dimensions. We introduce Chain-of-Visual-Thought (COVT), a framework that enables VLMs to reason not only in words but also through continuous visual tokens-compact latent representations that encode rich perceptual cues. Within a small budget of roughly 20 tokens, COVT distills knowledge from lightweight vision experts, capturing complementary properties such as 2D appearance, 3D geometry, spatial layout, and edge structure. During training, the VLM with COVT autoregressively predicts these visual tokens to reconstruct dense supervision signals (e.g., depth, segmentation, edges, and DINO features). At inference, the model reasons directly in the continuous visual token space, preserving efficiency while optionally decoding dense predictions for interpretability. Evaluated across more than ten diverse perception benchmarks, including CV-Bench, MMVP, RealWorldQA, MMStar, WorldMedQA, and HRBench, integrating COVT into strong VLMs such as Qwen2.5-VL and LLaVA consistently improves performance by 3% to 16% and demonstrates that compact continuous visual thinking enables more precise, grounded, and interpretable multimodal intelligence. △ Less Submitted 29 November, 2025; v1 submitted 24 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2511.19418 [ pdf , ps , other ] Chain-of-Visual-Thought: Teaching VLMs to See and Think Better with Continuous Visual Tokens Authors: Yiming Qin , Bomin Wei , Jiaxin Ge , Konstantinos Kallidromitis , Stephanie Fu , Trevor Darrell , XuDong Wang Abstract : Vision-Language Models (VLMs) excel at reasoning in linguistic space but struggle with perceptual understanding that requires dense visual perception, e.g., spatial reasoning and geometric awareness. This limitation stems from the fact that current VLMs have limited mechanisms to capture dense visual information across spatial dimensions. We introduce Chain-of-Visual-Thought (COVT), a framework th… ▽ More Vision-Language Models (VLMs) excel at reasoning in linguistic space but struggle with perceptual understanding that requires dense visual perception, e.g., spatial reasoning and geometric awareness. This limitation stems from the fact that current VLMs have limited mechanisms to capture dense visual information across spatial dimensions. We introduce Chain-of-Visual-Thought (COVT), a framework that enables VLMs to reason not only in words but also through continuous visual tokens-compact latent representations that encode rich perceptual cues. Within a small budget of roughly 20 tokens, COVT distills knowledge from lightweight vision experts, capturing complementary properties such as 2D appearance, 3D geometry, spatial layout, and edge structure. During training, the VLM with COVT autoregressively predicts these visual tokens to reconstruct dense supervision signals (e.g., depth, segmentation, edges, and DINO features). At inference, the model reasons directly in the continuous visual token space, preserving efficiency while optionally decoding dense predictions for interpretability. Evaluated across more than ten diverse perception benchmarks, including CV-Bench, MMVP, RealWorldQA, MMStar, WorldMedQA, and HRBench, integrating COVT into strong VLMs such as Qwen2.5-VL and LLaVA consistently improves performance by 3% to 16% and demonstrates that compact continuous visual thinking enables more precise, grounded, and interpretable multimodal intelligence. △ Less Submitted 29 November, 2025; v1 submitted 24 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2511.17631 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG Enhanced Federated Deep Multi-View Clustering under Uncertainty Scenario Authors: Bingjun Wei , Xuemei Cao , Jiafen Liu , Haoyang Liang , Xin Yang Abstract : Traditional Federated Multi-View Clustering assumes uniform views across clients, yet practical deployments reveal heterogeneous view completeness with prevalent incomplete, redundant, or corrupted data. While recent approaches model view heterogeneity, they neglect semantic conflicts from dynamic view combinations, failing to address dual uncertainties: view uncertainty (semantic inconsistency fr… ▽ More Traditional Federated Multi-View Clustering assumes uniform views across clients, yet practical deployments reveal heterogeneous view completeness with prevalent incomplete, redundant, or corrupted data. While recent approaches model view heterogeneity, they neglect semantic conflicts from dynamic view combinations, failing to address dual uncertainties: view uncertainty (semantic inconsistency from arbitrary view pairings) and aggregation uncertainty (divergent client updates with imbalanced contributions). To address these, we propose a novel Enhanced Federated Deep Multi-View Clustering framework: first align local semantics, hierarchical contrastive fusion within clients resolves view uncertainty by eliminating semantic conflicts; a view adaptive drift module mitigates aggregation uncertainty through global-local prototype contrast that dynamically corrects parameter deviations; and a balanced aggregation mechanism coordinates client updates. Experimental results demonstrate that EFDMVC achieves superior robustness against heterogeneous uncertain views across multiple benchmark datasets, consistently outperforming all state-of-the-art baselines in comprehensive evaluations. △ Less Submitted 19 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Journal ref: AAAI 2026 arXiv:2511.17631 [ pdf , ps , other ] Enhanced Federated Deep Multi-View Clustering under Uncertainty Scenario Authors: Bingjun Wei , Xuemei Cao , Jiafen Liu , Haoyang Liang , Xin Yang Abstract : Traditional Federated Multi-View Clustering assumes uniform views across clients, yet practical deployments reveal heterogeneous view completeness with prevalent incomplete, redundant, or corrupted data. While recent approaches model view heterogeneity, they neglect semantic conflicts from dynamic view combinations, failing to address dual uncertainties: view uncertainty (semantic inconsistency fr… ▽ More Traditional Federated Multi-View Clustering assumes uniform views across clients, yet practical deployments reveal heterogeneous view completeness with prevalent incomplete, redundant, or corrupted data. While recent approaches model view heterogeneity, they neglect semantic conflicts from dynamic view combinations, failing to address dual uncertainties: view uncertainty (semantic inconsistency from arbitrary view pairings) and aggregation uncertainty (divergent client updates with imbalanced contributions). To address these, we propose a novel Enhanced Federated Deep Multi-View Clustering framework: first align local semantics, hierarchical contrastive fusion within clients resolves view uncertainty by eliminating semantic conflicts; a view adaptive drift module mitigates aggregation uncertainty through global-local prototype contrast that dynamically corrects parameter deviations; and a balanced aggregation mechanism coordinates client updates. Experimental results demonstrate that EFDMVC achieves superior robustness against heterogeneous uncertain views across multiple benchmark datasets, consistently outperforming all state-of-the-art baselines in comprehensive evaluations. △ Less Submitted 19 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Journal ref: AAAI 2026 arXiv:2511.10962 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR LEMUR: Large scale End-to-end MUltimodal Recommendation Authors: Xintian Han , Honggang Chen , Quan Lin , Jingyue Gao , Xiangyuan Ren , Lifei Zhu , Zhisheng Ye , Shikang Wu , XiongHang Xie , Xiaochu Gan , Bingzheng Wei , Peng Xu , Zhe Wang , Yuchao Zheng , Jingjian Lin , Di Wu , Junfeng Ge Abstract : Traditional ID-based recommender systems often struggle with cold-start and generalization challenges. Multimodal recommendation systems, which leverage textual and visual data, offer a promising solution to mitigate these issues. However, existing industrial approaches typically adopt a two-stage training paradigm: first pretraining a multimodal model, then applying its frozen representations to… ▽ More Traditional ID-based recommender systems often struggle with cold-start and generalization challenges. Multimodal recommendation systems, which leverage textual and visual data, offer a promising solution to mitigate these issues. However, existing industrial approaches typically adopt a two-stage training paradigm: first pretraining a multimodal model, then applying its frozen representations to train the recommendation model. This decoupled framework suffers from misalignment between multimodal learning and recommendation objectives, as well as an inability to adapt dynamically to new data. To address these limitations, we propose LEMUR, the first large-scale multimodal recommender system trained end-to-end from raw data. By jointly optimizing both the multimodal and recommendation components, LEMUR ensures tighter alignment with downstream objectives while enabling real-time parameter updates. Constructing multimodal sequential representations from user history often entails prohibitively high computational costs. To alleviate this bottleneck, we propose a novel memory bank mechanism that incrementally accumulates historical multimodal representations throughout the training process. After one month of deployment in Douyin Search, LEMUR has led to a 0.843% reduction in query change rate decay and a 0.81% improvement in QAUC. Additionally, LEMUR has shown significant gains across key offline metrics for Douyin Advertisement. Our results validate the superiority of end-to-end multimodal recommendation in real-world industrial scenarios. △ Less Submitted 17 November, 2025; v1 submitted 14 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.10962 [ pdf , ps , other ] LEMUR: Large scale End-to-end MUltimodal Recommendation Authors: Xintian Han , Honggang Chen , Quan Lin , Jingyue Gao , Xiangyuan Ren , Lifei Zhu , Zhisheng Ye , Shikang Wu , XiongHang Xie , Xiaochu Gan , Bingzheng Wei , Peng Xu , Zhe Wang , Yuchao Zheng , Jingjian Lin , Di Wu , Junfeng Ge Abstract : Traditional ID-based recommender systems often struggle with cold-start and generalization challenges. Multimodal recommendation systems, which leverage textual and visual data, offer a promising solution to mitigate these issues. However, existing industrial approaches typically adopt a two-stage training paradigm: first pretraining a multimodal model, then applying its frozen representations to… ▽ More Traditional ID-based recommender systems often struggle with cold-start and generalization challenges. Multimodal recommendation systems, which leverage textual and visual data, offer a promising solution to mitigate these issues. However, existing industrial approaches typically adopt a two-stage training paradigm: first pretraining a multimodal model, then applying its frozen representations to train the recommendation model. This decoupled framework suffers from misalignment between multimodal learning and recommendation objectives, as well as an inability to adapt dynamically to new data. To address these limitations, we propose LEMUR, the first large-scale multimodal recommender system trained end-to-end from raw data. By jointly optimizing both the multimodal and recommendation components, LEMUR ensures tighter alignment with downstream objectives while enabling real-time parameter updates. Constructing multimodal sequential representations from user history often entails prohibitively high computational costs. To alleviate this bottleneck, we propose a novel memory bank mechanism that incrementally accumulates historical multimodal representations throughout the training process. After one month of deployment in Douyin Search, LEMUR has led to a 0.843% reduction in query change rate decay and a 0.81% improvement in QAUC. Additionally, LEMUR has shown significant gains across key offline metrics for Douyin Advertisement. Our results validate the superiority of end-to-end multimodal recommendation in real-world industrial scenarios. △ Less Submitted 17 November, 2025; v1 submitted 14 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.07744 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV VectorSynth: Fine-Grained Satellite Image Synthesis with Structured Semantics Authors: Daniel Cher , Brian Wei , Srikumar Sastry , Nathan Jacobs Abstract : We introduce VectorSynth, a diffusion-based framework for pixel-accurate satellite image synthesis conditioned on polygonal geographic annotations with semantic attributes. Unlike prior text- or layout-conditioned models, VectorSynth learns dense cross-modal correspondences that align imagery and semantic vector geometry, enabling fine-grained, spatially grounded edits. A vision language alignment… ▽ More We introduce VectorSynth, a diffusion-based framework for pixel-accurate satellite image synthesis conditioned on polygonal geographic annotations with semantic attributes. Unlike prior text- or layout-conditioned models, VectorSynth learns dense cross-modal correspondences that align imagery and semantic vector geometry, enabling fine-grained, spatially grounded edits. A vision language alignment module produces pixel-level embeddings from polygon semantics; these embeddings guide a conditional image generation framework to respect both spatial extents and semantic cues. VectorSynth supports interactive workflows that mix language prompts with geometry-aware conditioning, allowing rapid what-if simulations, spatial edits, and map-informed content generation. For training and evaluation, we assemble a collection of satellite scenes paired with pixel-registered polygon annotations spanning diverse urban scenes with both built and natural features. We observe strong improvements over prior methods in semantic fidelity and structural realism, and show that our trained vision language model demonstrates fine-grained spatial grounding. The code and data are available at △ Less Submitted 10 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.07744 [ pdf , ps , other ] VectorSynth: Fine-Grained Satellite Image Synthesis with Structured Semantics Authors: Daniel Cher , Brian Wei , Srikumar Sastry , Nathan Jacobs Abstract : We introduce VectorSynth, a diffusion-based framework for pixel-accurate satellite image synthesis conditioned on polygonal geographic annotations with semantic attributes. Unlike prior text- or layout-conditioned models, VectorSynth learns dense cross-modal correspondences that align imagery and semantic vector geometry, enabling fine-grained, spatially grounded edits. A vision language alignment… ▽ More We introduce VectorSynth, a diffusion-based framework for pixel-accurate satellite image synthesis conditioned on polygonal geographic annotations with semantic attributes. Unlike prior text- or layout-conditioned models, VectorSynth learns dense cross-modal correspondences that align imagery and semantic vector geometry, enabling fine-grained, spatially grounded edits. A vision language alignment module produces pixel-level embeddings from polygon semantics; these embeddings guide a conditional image generation framework to respect both spatial extents and semantic cues. VectorSynth supports interactive workflows that mix language prompts with geometry-aware conditioning, allowing rapid what-if simulations, spatial edits, and map-informed content generation. For training and evaluation, we assemble a collection of satellite scenes paired with pixel-registered polygon annotations spanning diverse urban scenes with both built and natural features. We observe strong improvements over prior methods in semantic fidelity and structural realism, and show that our trained vision language model demonstrates fine-grained spatial grounding. The code and data are available at △ Less Submitted 10 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2510.27629 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI Best Practices for Biorisk Evaluations on Open-Weight Bio-Foundation Models Authors: Boyi Wei , Zora Che , Nathaniel Li , Udari Madhushani Sehwag , Jasper Götting , Samira Nedungadi , Julian Michael , Summer Yue , Dan Hendrycks , Peter Henderson , Zifan Wang , Seth Donoughe , Mantas Mazeika Abstract : Open-weight bio-foundation models present a dual-use dilemma. While holding great promise for accelerating scientific research and drug development, they could also enable bad actors to develop more deadly bioweapons. To mitigate the risk posed by these models, current approaches focus on filtering biohazardous data during pre-training. However, the effectiveness of such an approach remains unclea… ▽ More Open-weight bio-foundation models present a dual-use dilemma. While holding great promise for accelerating scientific research and drug development, they could also enable bad actors to develop more deadly bioweapons. To mitigate the risk posed by these models, current approaches focus on filtering biohazardous data during pre-training. However, the effectiveness of such an approach remains unclear, particularly against determined actors who might fine-tune these models for malicious use. To address this gap, we propose BioRiskEval, a framework to evaluate the robustness of procedures that are intended to reduce the dual-use capabilities of bio-foundation models. BioRiskEval assesses models' virus understanding through three lenses, including sequence modeling, mutational effects prediction, and virulence prediction. Our results show that current filtering practices may not be particularly effective: Excluded knowledge can be rapidly recovered in some cases via fine-tuning, and exhibits broader generalizability in sequence modeling. Furthermore, dual-use signals may already reside in the pretrained representations, and can be elicited via simple linear probing. These findings highlight the challenges of data filtering as a standalone procedure, underscoring the need for further research into robust safety and security strategies for open-weight bio-foundation models. △ Less Submitted 20 November, 2025; v1 submitted 31 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. Comments: 17 Pages, 5 figures arXiv:2510.27629 [ pdf , ps , other ] Best Practices for Biorisk Evaluations on Open-Weight Bio-Foundation Models Authors: Boyi Wei , Zora Che , Nathaniel Li , Udari Madhushani Sehwag , Jasper Götting , Samira Nedungadi , Julian Michael , Summer Yue , Dan Hendrycks , Peter Henderson , Zifan Wang , Seth Donoughe , Mantas Mazeika Abstract : Open-weight bio-foundation models present a dual-use dilemma. While holding great promise for accelerating scientific research and drug development, they could also enable bad actors to develop more deadly bioweapons. To mitigate the risk posed by these models, current approaches focus on filtering biohazardous data during pre-training. However, the effectiveness of such an approach remains unclea… ▽ More Open-weight bio-foundation models present a dual-use dilemma. While holding great promise for accelerating scientific research and drug development, they could also enable bad actors to develop more deadly bioweapons. To mitigate the risk posed by these models, current approaches focus on filtering biohazardous data during pre-training. However, the effectiveness of such an approach remains unclear, particularly against determined actors who might fine-tune these models for malicious use. To address this gap, we propose BioRiskEval, a framework to evaluate the robustness of procedures that are intended to reduce the dual-use capabilities of bio-foundation models. BioRiskEval assesses models' virus understanding through three lenses, including sequence modeling, mutational effects prediction, and virulence prediction. Our results show that current filtering practices may not be particularly effective: Excluded knowledge can be rapidly recovered in some cases via fine-tuning, and exhibits broader generalizability in sequence modeling. Furthermore, dual-use signals may already reside in the pretrained representations, and can be elicited via simple linear probing. These findings highlight the challenges of data filtering as a standalone procedure, underscoring the need for further research into robust safety and security strategies for open-weight bio-foundation models. △ Less Submitted 20 November, 2025; v1 submitted 31 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. Comments: 17 Pages, 5 figures arXiv:2510.25741 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Scaling Latent Reasoning via Looped Language Models Authors: Rui-Jie Zhu , Zixuan Wang , Kai Hua , Tianyu Zhang , Ziniu Li , Haoran Que , Boyi Wei , Zixin Wen , Fan Yin , He Xing , Lu Li , Jiajun Shi , Kaijing Ma , Shanda Li , Taylor Kergan , Andrew Smith , Xingwei Qu , Mude Hui , Bohong Wu , Qiyang Min , Hongzhi Huang , Xun Zhou , Wei Ye , Jiaheng Liu , Jian Yang , et al. (8 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Modern LLMs are trained to "think" primarily via explicit text generation, such as chain-of-thought (CoT), which defers reasoning to post-training and under-leverages pre-training data. We present and open-source Ouro, named after the recursive Ouroboros, a family of pre-trained Looped Language Models (LoopLM) that instead build reasoning into the pre-training phase through (i) iterative computati… ▽ More Modern LLMs are trained to "think" primarily via explicit text generation, such as chain-of-thought (CoT), which defers reasoning to post-training and under-leverages pre-training data. We present and open-source Ouro, named after the recursive Ouroboros, a family of pre-trained Looped Language Models (LoopLM) that instead build reasoning into the pre-training phase through (i) iterative computation in latent space, (ii) an entropy-regularized objective for learned depth allocation, and (iii) scaling to 7.7T tokens. Ouro 1.4B and 2.6B models enjoy superior performance that match the results of up to 12B SOTA LLMs across a wide range of benchmarks. Through controlled experiments, we show this advantage stems not from increased knowledge capacity, but from superior knowledge manipulation capabilities. We also show that LoopLM yields reasoning traces more aligned with final outputs than explicit CoT. We hope our results show the potential of LoopLM as a novel scaling direction in the reasoning era. Our model is available here: △ Less Submitted 17 November, 2025; v1 submitted 29 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.25741 [ pdf , ps , other ] Scaling Latent Reasoning via Looped Language Models Authors: Rui-Jie Zhu , Zixuan Wang , Kai Hua , Tianyu Zhang , Ziniu Li , Haoran Que , Boyi Wei , Zixin Wen , Fan Yin , He Xing , Lu Li , Jiajun Shi , Kaijing Ma , Shanda Li , Taylor Kergan , Andrew Smith , Xingwei Qu , Mude Hui , Bohong Wu , Qiyang Min , Hongzhi Huang , Xun Zhou , Wei Ye , Jiaheng Liu , Jian Yang , et al. (8 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Modern LLMs are trained to "think" primarily via explicit text generation, such as chain-of-thought (CoT), which defers reasoning to post-training and under-leverages pre-training data. We present and open-source Ouro, named after the recursive Ouroboros, a family of pre-trained Looped Language Models (LoopLM) that instead build reasoning into the pre-training phase through (i) iterative computati… ▽ More Modern LLMs are trained to "think" primarily via explicit text generation, such as chain-of-thought (CoT), which defers reasoning to post-training and under-leverages pre-training data. We present and open-source Ouro, named after the recursive Ouroboros, a family of pre-trained Looped Language Models (LoopLM) that instead build reasoning into the pre-training phase through (i) iterative computation in latent space, (ii) an entropy-regularized objective for learned depth allocation, and (iii) scaling to 7.7T tokens. Ouro 1.4B and 2.6B models enjoy superior performance that match the results of up to 12B SOTA LLMs across a wide range of benchmarks. Through controlled experiments, we show this advantage stems not from increased knowledge capacity, but from superior knowledge manipulation capabilities. We also show that LoopLM yields reasoning traces more aligned with final outputs than explicit CoT. We hope our results show the potential of LoopLM as a novel scaling direction in the reasoning era. Our model is available here: △ Less Submitted 17 November, 2025; v1 submitted 29 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.11977 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL Holistic Agent Leaderboard: The Missing Infrastructure for AI Agent Evaluation Authors: Sayash Kapoor , Benedikt Stroebl , Peter Kirgis , Nitya Nadgir , Zachary S Siegel , Boyi Wei , Tianci Xue , Ziru Chen , Felix Chen , Saiteja Utpala , Franck Ndzomga , Dheeraj Oruganty , Sophie Luskin , Kangheng Liu , Botao Yu , Amit Arora , Dongyoon Hahm , Harsh Trivedi , Huan Sun , Juyong Lee , Tengjun Jin , Yifan Mai , Yifei Zhou , Yuxuan Zhu , Rishi Bommasani , et al. (6 additional authors not shown) Abstract : AI agents have been developed for complex real-world tasks from coding to customer service. But AI agent evaluations suffer from many challenges that undermine our understanding of how well agents really work. We introduce the Holistic Agent Leaderboard (HAL) to address these challenges. We make three main contributions. First, we provide a standardized evaluation harness that orchestrates paralle… ▽ More AI agents have been developed for complex real-world tasks from coding to customer service. But AI agent evaluations suffer from many challenges that undermine our understanding of how well agents really work. We introduce the Holistic Agent Leaderboard (HAL) to address these challenges. We make three main contributions. First, we provide a standardized evaluation harness that orchestrates parallel evaluations across hundreds of VMs, reducing evaluation time from weeks to hours while eliminating common implementation bugs. Second, we conduct three-dimensional analysis spanning models, scaffolds, and benchmarks. We validate the harness by conducting 21,730 agent rollouts across 9 models and 9 benchmarks in coding, web navigation, science, and customer service with a total cost of about $40,000. Our analysis reveals surprising insights, such as higher reasoning effort reducing accuracy in the majority of runs. Third, we use LLM-aided log inspection to uncover previously unreported behaviors, such as searching for the benchmark on HuggingFace instead of solving a task, or misusing credit cards in flight booking tasks. We share all agent logs, comprising 2.5B tokens of language model calls, to incentivize further research into agent behavior. By standardizing how the field evaluates agents and addressing common pitfalls in agent evaluation, we hope to shift the focus from agents that ace benchmarks to agents that work reliably in the real world. △ Less Submitted 13 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.11977 [ pdf , ps , other ] Holistic Agent Leaderboard: The Missing Infrastructure for AI Agent Evaluation Authors: Sayash Kapoor , Benedikt Stroebl , Peter Kirgis , Nitya Nadgir , Zachary S Siegel , Boyi Wei , Tianci Xue , Ziru Chen , Felix Chen , Saiteja Utpala , Franck Ndzomga , Dheeraj Oruganty , Sophie Luskin , Kangheng Liu , Botao Yu , Amit Arora , Dongyoon Hahm , Harsh Trivedi , Huan Sun , Juyong Lee , Tengjun Jin , Yifan Mai , Yifei Zhou , Yuxuan Zhu , Rishi Bommasani , et al. (6 additional authors not shown) Abstract : AI agents have been developed for complex real-world tasks from coding to customer service. But AI agent evaluations suffer from many challenges that undermine our understanding of how well agents really work. We introduce the Holistic Agent Leaderboard (HAL) to address these challenges. We make three main contributions. First, we provide a standardized evaluation harness that orchestrates paralle… ▽ More AI agents have been developed for complex real-world tasks from coding to customer service. But AI agent evaluations suffer from many challenges that undermine our understanding of how well agents really work. We introduce the Holistic Agent Leaderboard (HAL) to address these challenges. We make three main contributions. First, we provide a standardized evaluation harness that orchestrates parallel evaluations across hundreds of VMs, reducing evaluation time from weeks to hours while eliminating common implementation bugs. Second, we conduct three-dimensional analysis spanning models, scaffolds, and benchmarks. We validate the harness by conducting 21,730 agent rollouts across 9 models and 9 benchmarks in coding, web navigation, science, and customer service with a total cost of about $40,000. Our analysis reveals surprising insights, such as higher reasoning effort reducing accuracy in the majority of runs. Third, we use LLM-aided log inspection to uncover previously unreported behaviors, such as searching for the benchmark on HuggingFace instead of solving a task, or misusing credit cards in flight booking tasks. We share all agent logs, comprising 2.5B tokens of language model calls, to incentivize further research into agent behavior. By standardizing how the field evaluates agents and addressing common pitfalls in agent evaluation, we hope to shift the focus from agents that ace benchmarks to agents that work reliably in the real world. △ Less Submitted 13 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.05131 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Rationale-Augmented Retrieval with Constrained LLM Re-Ranking for Task Discovery Authors: Bowen Wei Abstract : Head Start programs utilizing GoEngage face significant challenges when new or rotating staff attempt to locate appropriate Tasks (modules) on the platform homepage. These difficulties arise from domain-specific jargon (e.g., IFPA, DRDP), system-specific nomenclature (e.g., Application Pool), and the inherent limitations of lexical search in handling typos and varied word ordering. We propose a pr… ▽ More Head Start programs utilizing GoEngage face significant challenges when new or rotating staff attempt to locate appropriate Tasks (modules) on the platform homepage. These difficulties arise from domain-specific jargon (e.g., IFPA, DRDP), system-specific nomenclature (e.g., Application Pool), and the inherent limitations of lexical search in handling typos and varied word ordering. We propose a pragmatic hybrid semantic search system that synergistically combines lightweight typo-tolerant lexical retrieval, embedding-based vector similarity, and constrained large language model (LLM) re-ranking. Our approach leverages the organization's existing Task Repository and Knowledge Base infrastructure while ensuring trustworthiness through low false-positive rates, evolvability to accommodate terminological changes, and economic efficiency via intelligent caching, shortlist generation, and graceful degradation mechanisms. We provide a comprehensive framework detailing required resources, a phased implementation strategy with concrete milestones, an offline evaluation protocol utilizing curated test cases (Hit@K, Precision@K, Recall@K, MRR), and an online measurement methodology incorporating query success metrics, zero-result rates, and dwell-time proxies. △ Less Submitted 30 September, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.05131 [ pdf , ps , other ] Rationale-Augmented Retrieval with Constrained LLM Re-Ranking for Task Discovery Authors: Bowen Wei Abstract : Head Start programs utilizing GoEngage face significant challenges when new or rotating staff attempt to locate appropriate Tasks (modules) on the platform homepage. These difficulties arise from domain-specific jargon (e.g., IFPA, DRDP), system-specific nomenclature (e.g., Application Pool), and the inherent limitations of lexical search in handling typos and varied word ordering. We propose a pr… ▽ More Head Start programs utilizing GoEngage face significant challenges when new or rotating staff attempt to locate appropriate Tasks (modules) on the platform homepage. These difficulties arise from domain-specific jargon (e.g., IFPA, DRDP), system-specific nomenclature (e.g., Application Pool), and the inherent limitations of lexical search in handling typos and varied word ordering. We propose a pragmatic hybrid semantic search system that synergistically combines lightweight typo-tolerant lexical retrieval, embedding-based vector similarity, and constrained large language model (LLM) re-ranking. Our approach leverages the organization's existing Task Repository and Knowledge Base infrastructure while ensuring trustworthiness through low false-positive rates, evolvability to accommodate terminological changes, and economic efficiency via intelligent caching, shortlist generation, and graceful degradation mechanisms. We provide a comprehensive framework detailing required resources, a phased implementation strategy with concrete milestones, an offline evaluation protocol utilizing curated test cases (Hit@K, Precision@K, Recall@K, MRR), and an online measurement methodology incorporating query success metrics, zero-result rates, and dwell-time proxies. △ Less Submitted 30 September, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.00311 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL CORTEX: Collaborative LLM Agents for High-Stakes Alert Triage Authors: Bowen Wei , Yuan Shen Tay , Howard Liu , Jinhao Pan , Kun Luo , Ziwei Zhu , Chris Jordan Abstract : Security Operations Centers (SOCs) are overwhelmed by tens of thousands of daily alerts, with only a small fraction corresponding to genuine attacks. This overload creates alert fatigue, leading to overlooked threats and analyst burnout. Classical detection pipelines are brittle and context-poor, while recent LLM-based approaches typically rely on a single model to interpret logs, retrieve context… ▽ More Security Operations Centers (SOCs) are overwhelmed by tens of thousands of daily alerts, with only a small fraction corresponding to genuine attacks. This overload creates alert fatigue, leading to overlooked threats and analyst burnout. Classical detection pipelines are brittle and context-poor, while recent LLM-based approaches typically rely on a single model to interpret logs, retrieve context, and adjudicate alerts end-to-end -- an approach that struggles with noisy enterprise data and offers limited transparency. We propose CORTEX, a multi-agent LLM architecture for high-stakes alert triage in which specialized agents collaborate over real evidence: a behavior-analysis agent inspects activity sequences, evidence-gathering agents query external systems, and a reasoning agent synthesizes findings into an auditable decision. To support training and evaluation, we release a dataset of fine-grained SOC investigations from production environments, capturing step-by-step analyst actions and linked tool outputs. Across diverse enterprise scenarios, CORTEX substantially reduces false positives and improves investigation quality over state-of-the-art single-agent LLMs. △ Less Submitted 30 September, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.00311 [ pdf , ps , other ] CORTEX: Collaborative LLM Agents for High-Stakes Alert Triage Authors: Bowen Wei , Yuan Shen Tay , Howard Liu , Jinhao Pan , Kun Luo , Ziwei Zhu , Chris Jordan Abstract : Security Operations Centers (SOCs) are overwhelmed by tens of thousands of daily alerts, with only a small fraction corresponding to genuine attacks. This overload creates alert fatigue, leading to overlooked threats and analyst burnout. Classical detection pipelines are brittle and context-poor, while recent LLM-based approaches typically rely on a single model to interpret logs, retrieve context… ▽ More Security Operations Centers (SOCs) are overwhelmed by tens of thousands of daily alerts, with only a small fraction corresponding to genuine attacks. This overload creates alert fatigue, leading to overlooked threats and analyst burnout. Classical detection pipelines are brittle and context-poor, while recent LLM-based approaches typically rely on a single model to interpret logs, retrieve context, and adjudicate alerts end-to-end -- an approach that struggles with noisy enterprise data and offers limited transparency. We propose CORTEX, a multi-agent LLM architecture for high-stakes alert triage in which specialized agents collaborate over real evidence: a behavior-analysis agent inspects activity sequences, evidence-gathering agents query external systems, and a reasoning agent synthesizes findings into an auditable decision. To support training and evaluation, we release a dataset of fine-grained SOC investigations from production environments, capturing step-by-step analyst actions and linked tool outputs. Across diverse enterprise scenarios, CORTEX substantially reduces false positives and improves investigation quality over state-of-the-art single-agent LLMs. △ Less Submitted 30 September, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2509.26354 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL cs.LG Your Agent May Misevolve: Emergent Risks in Self-evolving LLM Agents Authors: Shuai Shao , Qihan Ren , Chen Qian , Boyi Wei , Dadi Guo , Jingyi Yang , Xinhao Song , Linfeng Zhang , Weinan Zhang , Dongrui Liu , Jing Shao Abstract : Advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled a new class of self-evolving agents that autonomously improve through interaction with the environment, demonstrating strong capabilities. However, self-evolution also introduces novel risks overlooked by current safety research. In this work, we study the case where an agent's self-evolution deviates in unintended ways, leading to undesirable… ▽ More Advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled a new class of self-evolving agents that autonomously improve through interaction with the environment, demonstrating strong capabilities. However, self-evolution also introduces novel risks overlooked by current safety research. In this work, we study the case where an agent's self-evolution deviates in unintended ways, leading to undesirable or even harmful outcomes. We refer to this as Misevolution. To provide a systematic investigation, we evaluate misevolution along four key evolutionary pathways: model, memory, tool, and workflow. Our empirical findings reveal that misevolution is a widespread risk, affecting agents built even on top-tier LLMs (e.g., Gemini-2.5-Pro). Different emergent risks are observed in the self-evolutionary process, such as the degradation of safety alignment after memory accumulation, or the unintended introduction of vulnerabilities in tool creation and reuse. To our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically conceptualize misevolution and provide empirical evidence of its occurrence, highlighting an urgent need for new safety paradigms for self-evolving agents. Finally, we discuss potential mitigation strategies to inspire further research on building safer and more trustworthy self-evolving agents. Our code and data are available at . Warning: this paper includes examples that may be offensive or harmful in nature. △ Less Submitted 30 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. Comments: Preprint. Under Review arXiv:2509.26354 [ pdf , ps , other ] Your Agent May Misevolve: Emergent Risks in Self-evolving LLM Agents Authors: Shuai Shao , Qihan Ren , Chen Qian , Boyi Wei , Dadi Guo , Jingyi Yang , Xinhao Song , Linfeng Zhang , Weinan Zhang , Dongrui Liu , Jing Shao Abstract : Advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled a new class of self-evolving agents that autonomously improve through interaction with the environment, demonstrating strong capabilities. However, self-evolution also introduces novel risks overlooked by current safety research. In this work, we study the case where an agent's self-evolution deviates in unintended ways, leading to undesirable… ▽ More Advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled a new class of self-evolving agents that autonomously improve through interaction with the environment, demonstrating strong capabilities. However, self-evolution also introduces novel risks overlooked by current safety research. In this work, we study the case where an agent's self-evolution deviates in unintended ways, leading to undesirable or even harmful outcomes. We refer to this as Misevolution. To provide a systematic investigation, we evaluate misevolution along four key evolutionary pathways: model, memory, tool, and workflow. Our empirical findings reveal that misevolution is a widespread risk, affecting agents built even on top-tier LLMs (e.g., Gemini-2.5-Pro). Different emergent risks are observed in the self-evolutionary process, such as the degradation of safety alignment after memory accumulation, or the unintended introduction of vulnerabilities in tool creation and reuse. To our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically conceptualize misevolution and provide empirical evidence of its occurrence, highlighting an urgent need for new safety paradigms for self-evolving agents. Finally, we discuss potential mitigation strategies to inspire further research on building safer and more trustworthy self-evolving agents. Our code and data are available at . Warning: this paper includes examples that may be offensive or harmful in nature. △ Less Submitted 30 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. Comments: Preprint. Under Review arXiv:2509.24351 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI From Static to Dynamic: Adaptive Monte Carlo Search for Mathematical Process Supervision Authors: Jie Ma , Shihao Qi , Rui Xing , Ziang Yin , Bifan Wei , Jun Liu , Tongliang Liu Abstract : The quality of process data plays a key role in training a Process Reward Model (PRM), which can enhance the complex mathematical reasoning capability of large language models. Existing methods estimate the quality of reasoning steps based on a fixed-budget sampling strategy and navigate a vast search space to perform path expansion during the automated data generation process, resulting in their… ▽ More The quality of process data plays a key role in training a Process Reward Model (PRM), which can enhance the complex mathematical reasoning capability of large language models. Existing methods estimate the quality of reasoning steps based on a fixed-budget sampling strategy and navigate a vast search space to perform path expansion during the automated data generation process, resulting in their inefficiency and inflexibility. To address these issues, we propose Adaptive Monte Carlo Search (AMCS), a framework that transforms data generation from fixed, static to adaptive, dynamic search at the level of node value estimation and path expansion. On one hand, AMCS adaptively refines estimation by allocating more samples to uncertain reasoning steps while using fewer samples for those that are easier to estimate. On the other hand, it enhances the path expansion through a Monte Carlo algorithm with a temporally adaptive policy that begins with broad exploration and gradually shifts toward exploiting the most promising directions. With AMCS, we construct a large-scale dataset MathSearch-200K of about 200K process supervision examples for training PRMs. To verify the effectiveness of our method, we conduct extensive experiments on four mathematical reasoning benchmarks. Experimental results show that Qwen2.5-Math-7B-PRM-AMCS achieves up to 76.2% accuracy on MATH500 with GLM-4-9B, outperforming all baseline PRMs. Notably, a 7B model supervised by Qwen2.5-Math-7B-PRM-AMCS surpasses a 72B model with weaker supervision. Moreover, Qwen2.5-Math-7B-PRM-AMCS maintains consistent advantages on out-of-distribution problems, demonstrating strong generalization capability. Our code is available at △ Less Submitted 29 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.24351 [ pdf , ps , other ] From Static to Dynamic: Adaptive Monte Carlo Search for Mathematical Process Supervision Authors: Jie Ma , Shihao Qi , Rui Xing , Ziang Yin , Bifan Wei , Jun Liu , Tongliang Liu Abstract : The quality of process data plays a key role in training a Process Reward Model (PRM), which can enhance the complex mathematical reasoning capability of large language models. Existing methods estimate the quality of reasoning steps based on a fixed-budget sampling strategy and navigate a vast search space to perform path expansion during the automated data generation process, resulting in their… ▽ More The quality of process data plays a key role in training a Process Reward Model (PRM), which can enhance the complex mathematical reasoning capability of large language models. Existing methods estimate the quality of reasoning steps based on a fixed-budget sampling strategy and navigate a vast search space to perform path expansion during the automated data generation process, resulting in their inefficiency and inflexibility. To address these issues, we propose Adaptive Monte Carlo Search (AMCS), a framework that transforms data generation from fixed, static to adaptive, dynamic search at the level of node value estimation and path expansion. On one hand, AMCS adaptively refines estimation by allocating more samples to uncertain reasoning steps while using fewer samples for those that are easier to estimate. On the other hand, it enhances the path expansion through a Monte Carlo algorithm with a temporally adaptive policy that begins with broad exploration and gradually shifts toward exploiting the most promising directions. With AMCS, we construct a large-scale dataset MathSearch-200K of about 200K process supervision examples for training PRMs. To verify the effectiveness of our method, we conduct extensive experiments on four mathematical reasoning benchmarks. Experimental results show that Qwen2.5-Math-7B-PRM-AMCS achieves up to 76.2% accuracy on MATH500 with GLM-4-9B, outperforming all baseline PRMs. Notably, a 7B model supervised by Qwen2.5-Math-7B-PRM-AMCS surpasses a 72B model with weaker supervision. Moreover, Qwen2.5-Math-7B-PRM-AMCS maintains consistent advantages on out-of-distribution problems, demonstrating strong generalization capability. Our code is available at △ Less Submitted 29 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.11719 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI HeLoFusion: An Efficient and Scalable Encoder for Modeling Heterogeneous and Multi-Scale Interactions in Trajectory Prediction Authors: Bingqing Wei , Lianmin Chen , Zhongyu Xia , Yongtao Wang Abstract : Multi-agent trajectory prediction in autonomous driving requires a comprehensive understanding of complex social dynamics. Existing methods, however, often struggle to capture the full richness of these dynamics, particularly the co-existence of multi-scale interactions and the diverse behaviors of heterogeneous agents. To address these challenges, this paper introduces HeLoFusion, an efficient an… ▽ More Multi-agent trajectory prediction in autonomous driving requires a comprehensive understanding of complex social dynamics. Existing methods, however, often struggle to capture the full richness of these dynamics, particularly the co-existence of multi-scale interactions and the diverse behaviors of heterogeneous agents. To address these challenges, this paper introduces HeLoFusion, an efficient and scalable encoder for modeling heterogeneous and multi-scale agent interactions. Instead of relying on global context, HeLoFusion constructs local, multi-scale graphs centered on each agent, allowing it to effectively model both direct pairwise dependencies and complex group-wise interactions (\textit{e.g.}, platooning vehicles or pedestrian crowds). Furthermore, HeLoFusion tackles the critical challenge of agent heterogeneity through an aggregation-decomposition message-passing scheme and type-specific feature networks, enabling it to learn nuanced, type-dependent interaction patterns. This locality-focused approach enables a principled representation of multi-level social context, yielding powerful and expressive agent embeddings. On the challenging Waymo Open Motion Dataset, HeLoFusion achieves state-of-the-art performance, setting new benchmarks for key metrics including Soft mAP and minADE. Our work demonstrates that a locality-grounded architecture, which explicitly models multi-scale and heterogeneous interactions, is a highly effective strategy for advancing motion forecasting. △ Less Submitted 9 December, 2025; v1 submitted 15 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.11719 [ pdf , ps , other ] HeLoFusion: An Efficient and Scalable Encoder for Modeling Heterogeneous and Multi-Scale Interactions in Trajectory Prediction Authors: Bingqing Wei , Lianmin Chen , Zhongyu Xia , Yongtao Wang Abstract : Multi-agent trajectory prediction in autonomous driving requires a comprehensive understanding of complex social dynamics. Existing methods, however, often struggle to capture the full richness of these dynamics, particularly the co-existence of multi-scale interactions and the diverse behaviors of heterogeneous agents. To address these challenges, this paper introduces HeLoFusion, an efficient an… ▽ More Multi-agent trajectory prediction in autonomous driving requires a comprehensive understanding of complex social dynamics. Existing methods, however, often struggle to capture the full richness of these dynamics, particularly the co-existence of multi-scale interactions and the diverse behaviors of heterogeneous agents. To address these challenges, this paper introduces HeLoFusion, an efficient and scalable encoder for modeling heterogeneous and multi-scale agent interactions. Instead of relying on global context, HeLoFusion constructs local, multi-scale graphs centered on each agent, allowing it to effectively model both direct pairwise dependencies and complex group-wise interactions (\textit{e.g.}, platooning vehicles or pedestrian crowds). Furthermore, HeLoFusion tackles the critical challenge of agent heterogeneity through an aggregation-decomposition message-passing scheme and type-specific feature networks, enabling it to learn nuanced, type-dependent interaction patterns. This locality-focused approach enables a principled representation of multi-level social context, yielding powerful and expressive agent embeddings. On the challenging Waymo Open Motion Dataset, HeLoFusion achieves state-of-the-art performance, setting new benchmarks for key metrics including Soft mAP and minADE. Our work demonstrates that a locality-grounded architecture, which explicitly models multi-scale and heterogeneous interactions, is a highly effective strategy for advancing motion forecasting. △ Less Submitted 9 December, 2025; v1 submitted 15 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.05946 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.NI Large Language Models for Next-Generation Wireless Network Management: A Survey and Tutorial Authors: Bisheng Wei , Ruihong Jiang , Ruichen Zhang , Yinqiu Liu , Dusit Niyato , Yaohua Sun , Yang Lu , Yonghui Li , Shiwen Mao , Chau Yuen , Marco Di Renzo , Mugen Peng Abstract : The rapid advancement toward sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks has significantly intensified the complexity and scale of optimization problems, including resource allocation and trajectory design, often formulated as combinatorial problems in large discrete decision spaces. However, traditional optimization methods, such as heuristics and deep reinforcement learning (DRL), struggle to meet t… ▽ More The rapid advancement toward sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks has significantly intensified the complexity and scale of optimization problems, including resource allocation and trajectory design, often formulated as combinatorial problems in large discrete decision spaces. However, traditional optimization methods, such as heuristics and deep reinforcement learning (DRL), struggle to meet the demanding requirements of real-time adaptability, scalability, and dynamic handling of user intents in increasingly heterogeneous and resource-constrained network environments. Large language models (LLMs) present a transformative paradigm by enabling natural language-driven problem formulation, context-aware reasoning, and adaptive solution refinement through advanced semantic understanding and structured reasoning capabilities. This paper provides a systematic and comprehensive survey of LLM-enabled optimization frameworks tailored for wireless networks. We first introduce foundational design concepts and distinguish LLM-enabled methods from conventional optimization paradigms. Subsequently, we critically analyze key enabling methodologies, including natural language modeling, solver collaboration, and solution verification processes. Moreover, we explore representative case studies to demonstrate LLMs' transformative potential in practical scenarios such as optimization formulation, low-altitude economy networking, and intent networking. Finally, we discuss current research challenges, examine prominent open-source frameworks and datasets, and identify promising future directions to facilitate robust, scalable, and trustworthy LLM-enabled optimization solutions for next-generation wireless networks. △ Less Submitted 7 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.05946 [ pdf , ps , other ] Large Language Models for Next-Generation Wireless Network Management: A Survey and Tutorial Authors: Bisheng Wei , Ruihong Jiang , Ruichen Zhang , Yinqiu Liu , Dusit Niyato , Yaohua Sun , Yang Lu , Yonghui Li , Shiwen Mao , Chau Yuen , Marco Di Renzo , Mugen Peng Abstract : The rapid advancement toward sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks has significantly intensified the complexity and scale of optimization problems, including resource allocation and trajectory design, often formulated as combinatorial problems in large discrete decision spaces. However, traditional optimization methods, such as heuristics and deep reinforcement learning (DRL), struggle to meet t… ▽ More The rapid advancement toward sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks has significantly intensified the complexity and scale of optimization problems, including resource allocation and trajectory design, often formulated as combinatorial problems in large discrete decision spaces. However, traditional optimization methods, such as heuristics and deep reinforcement learning (DRL), struggle to meet the demanding requirements of real-time adaptability, scalability, and dynamic handling of user intents in increasingly heterogeneous and resource-constrained network environments. Large language models (LLMs) present a transformative paradigm by enabling natural language-driven problem formulation, context-aware reasoning, and adaptive solution refinement through advanced semantic understanding and structured reasoning capabilities. This paper provides a systematic and comprehensive survey of LLM-enabled optimization frameworks tailored for wireless networks. We first introduce foundational design concepts and distinguish LLM-enabled methods from conventional optimization paradigms. Subsequently, we critically analyze key enabling methodologies, including natural language modeling, solver collaboration, and solution verification processes. Moreover, we explore representative case studies to demonstrate LLMs' transformative potential in practical scenarios such as optimization formulation, low-altitude economy networking, and intent networking. Finally, we discuss current research challenges, examine prominent open-source frameworks and datasets, and identify promising future directions to facilitate robust, scalable, and trustworthy LLM-enabled optimization solutions for next-generation wireless networks. △ Less Submitted 7 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2507.21727 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI GDAIP: A Graph-Based Domain Adaptive Framework for Individual Brain Parcellation Authors: Jianfei Zhu , Haiqi Zhu , Shaohui Liu , Feng Jiang , Baichun Wei , Chunzhi Yi Abstract : Recent deep learning approaches have shown promise in learning such individual brain parcellations from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, most existing methods assume consistent data distributions across domains and struggle with domain shifts inherent to real-world cross-dataset scenarios. To address this challenge, we proposed Graph Domain Adaptation for Individual Parcellat… ▽ More Recent deep learning approaches have shown promise in learning such individual brain parcellations from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, most existing methods assume consistent data distributions across domains and struggle with domain shifts inherent to real-world cross-dataset scenarios. To address this challenge, we proposed Graph Domain Adaptation for Individual Parcellation (GDAIP), a novel framework that integrates Graph Attention Networks (GAT) with Minimax Entropy (MME)-based domain adaptation. We construct cross-dataset brain graphs at both the group and individual levels. By leveraging semi-supervised training and adversarial optimization of the prediction entropy on unlabeled vertices from target brain graph, the reference atlas is adapted from the group-level brain graph to the individual brain graph, enabling individual parcellation under cross-dataset settings. We evaluated our method using parcellation visualization, Dice coefficient, and functional homogeneity. Experimental results demonstrate that GDAIP produces individual parcellations with topologically plausible boundaries, strong cross-session consistency, and ability of reflecting functional organization. △ Less Submitted 29 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. arXiv:2507.21727 [ pdf , ps , other ] GDAIP: A Graph-Based Domain Adaptive Framework for Individual Brain Parcellation Authors: Jianfei Zhu , Haiqi Zhu , Shaohui Liu , Feng Jiang , Baichun Wei , Chunzhi Yi Abstract : Recent deep learning approaches have shown promise in learning such individual brain parcellations from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, most existing methods assume consistent data distributions across domains and struggle with domain shifts inherent to real-world cross-dataset scenarios. To address this challenge, we proposed Graph Domain Adaptation for Individual Parcellat… ▽ More Recent deep learning approaches have shown promise in learning such individual brain parcellations from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, most existing methods assume consistent data distributions across domains and struggle with domain shifts inherent to real-world cross-dataset scenarios. To address this challenge, we proposed Graph Domain Adaptation for Individual Parcellation (GDAIP), a novel framework that integrates Graph Attention Networks (GAT) with Minimax Entropy (MME)-based domain adaptation. We construct cross-dataset brain graphs at both the group and individual levels. By leveraging semi-supervised training and adversarial optimization of the prediction entropy on unlabeled vertices from target brain graph, the reference atlas is adapted from the group-level brain graph to the individual brain graph, enabling individual parcellation under cross-dataset settings. We evaluated our method using parcellation visualization, Dice coefficient, and functional homogeneity. Experimental results demonstrate that GDAIP produces individual parcellations with topologically plausible boundaries, strong cross-session consistency, and ability of reflecting functional organization. △ Less Submitted 29 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. arXiv:2507.19874 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV All-in-One Medical Image Restoration with Latent Diffusion-Enhanced Vector-Quantized Codebook Prior Authors: Haowei Chen , Zhiwen Yang , Haotian Hou , Hui Zhang , Bingzheng Wei , Gang Zhou , Yan Xu Abstract : All-in-one medical image restoration (MedIR) aims to address multiple MedIR tasks using a unified model, concurrently recovering various high-quality (HQ) medical images (e.g., MRI, CT, and PET) from low-quality (LQ) counterparts. However, all-in-one MedIR presents significant challenges due to the heterogeneity across different tasks. Each task involves distinct degradations, leading to diverse i… ▽ More All-in-one medical image restoration (MedIR) aims to address multiple MedIR tasks using a unified model, concurrently recovering various high-quality (HQ) medical images (e.g., MRI, CT, and PET) from low-quality (LQ) counterparts. However, all-in-one MedIR presents significant challenges due to the heterogeneity across different tasks. Each task involves distinct degradations, leading to diverse information losses in LQ images. Existing methods struggle to handle these diverse information losses associated with different tasks. To address these challenges, we propose a latent diffusion-enhanced vector-quantized codebook prior and develop \textbf{DiffCode}, a novel framework leveraging this prior for all-in-one MedIR. Specifically, to compensate for diverse information losses associated with different tasks, DiffCode constructs a task-adaptive codebook bank to integrate task-specific HQ prior features across tasks, capturing a comprehensive prior. Furthermore, to enhance prior retrieval from the codebook bank, DiffCode introduces a latent diffusion strategy that utilizes the diffusion model's powerful mapping capabilities to iteratively refine the latent feature distribution, estimating more accurate HQ prior features during restoration. With the help of the task-adaptive codebook bank and latent diffusion strategy, DiffCode achieves superior performance in both quantitative metrics and visual quality across three MedIR tasks: MRI super-resolution, CT denoising, and PET synthesis. △ Less Submitted 26 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: 11pages, 3figures, MICCAI 2025 arXiv:2507.19874 [ pdf , ps , other ] All-in-One Medical Image Restoration with Latent Diffusion-Enhanced Vector-Quantized Codebook Prior Authors: Haowei Chen , Zhiwen Yang , Haotian Hou , Hui Zhang , Bingzheng Wei , Gang Zhou , Yan Xu Abstract : All-in-one medical image restoration (MedIR) aims to address multiple MedIR tasks using a unified model, concurrently recovering various high-quality (HQ) medical images (e.g., MRI, CT, and PET) from low-quality (LQ) counterparts. However, all-in-one MedIR presents significant challenges due to the heterogeneity across different tasks. Each task involves distinct degradations, leading to diverse i… ▽ More All-in-one medical image restoration (MedIR) aims to address multiple MedIR tasks using a unified model, concurrently recovering various high-quality (HQ) medical images (e.g., MRI, CT, and PET) from low-quality (LQ) counterparts. However, all-in-one MedIR presents significant challenges due to the heterogeneity across different tasks. Each task involves distinct degradations, leading to diverse information losses in LQ images. Existing methods struggle to handle these diverse information losses associated with different tasks. To address these challenges, we propose a latent diffusion-enhanced vector-quantized codebook prior and develop \textbf{DiffCode}, a novel framework leveraging this prior for all-in-one MedIR. Specifically, to compensate for diverse information losses associated with different tasks, DiffCode constructs a task-adaptive codebook bank to integrate task-specific HQ prior features across tasks, capturing a comprehensive prior. Furthermore, to enhance prior retrieval from the codebook bank, DiffCode introduces a latent diffusion strategy that utilizes the diffusion model's powerful mapping capabilities to iteratively refine the latent feature distribution, estimating more accurate HQ prior features during restoration. With the help of the task-adaptive codebook bank and latent diffusion strategy, DiffCode achieves superior performance in both quantitative metrics and visual quality across three MedIR tasks: MRI super-resolution, CT denoising, and PET synthesis. △ Less Submitted 26 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: 11pages, 3figures, MICCAI 2025 arXiv:2507.07519 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV MUVOD: A Novel Multi-view Video Object Segmentation Dataset and A Benchmark for 3D Segmentation Authors: Bangning Wei , Joshua Maraval , Meriem Outtas , Kidiyo Kpalma , Nicolas Ramin , Lu Zhang Abstract : The application of methods based on Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) and 3D Gaussian Splatting (3D GS) have steadily gained popularity in the field of 3D object segmentation in static scenes. These approaches demonstrate efficacy in a range of 3D scene understanding and editing tasks. Nevertheless, the 4D object segmentation of dynamic scenes remains an underexplored field due to the absence of a suf… ▽ More The application of methods based on Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) and 3D Gaussian Splatting (3D GS) have steadily gained popularity in the field of 3D object segmentation in static scenes. These approaches demonstrate efficacy in a range of 3D scene understanding and editing tasks. Nevertheless, the 4D object segmentation of dynamic scenes remains an underexplored field due to the absence of a sufficiently extensive and accurately labelled multi-view video dataset. In this paper, we present MUVOD, a new multi-view video dataset for training and evaluating object segmentation in reconstructed real-world scenarios. The 17 selected scenes, describing various indoor or outdoor activities, are collected from different sources of datasets originating from various types of camera rigs. Each scene contains a minimum of 9 views and a maximum of 46 views. We provide 7830 RGB images (30 frames per video) with their corresponding segmentation mask in 4D motion, meaning that any object of interest in the scene could be tracked across temporal frames of a given view or across different views belonging to the same camera rig. This dataset, which contains 459 instances of 73 categories, is intended as a basic benchmark for the evaluation of multi-view video segmentation methods. We also present an evaluation metric and a baseline segmentation approach to encourage and evaluate progress in this evolving field. Additionally, we propose a new benchmark for 3D object segmentation task with a subset of annotated multi-view images selected from our MUVOD dataset. This subset contains 50 objects of different conditions in different scenarios, providing a more comprehensive analysis of state-of-the-art 3D object segmentation methods. Our proposed MUVOD dataset is available at △ Less Submitted 10 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. arXiv:2507.07519 [ pdf , ps , other ] MUVOD: A Novel Multi-view Video Object Segmentation Dataset and A Benchmark for 3D Segmentation Authors: Bangning Wei , Joshua Maraval , Meriem Outtas , Kidiyo Kpalma , Nicolas Ramin , Lu Zhang Abstract : The application of methods based on Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) and 3D Gaussian Splatting (3D GS) have steadily gained popularity in the field of 3D object segmentation in static scenes. These approaches demonstrate efficacy in a range of 3D scene understanding and editing tasks. Nevertheless, the 4D object segmentation of dynamic scenes remains an underexplored field due to the absence of a suf… ▽ More The application of methods based on Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) and 3D Gaussian Splatting (3D GS) have steadily gained popularity in the field of 3D object segmentation in static scenes. These approaches demonstrate efficacy in a range of 3D scene understanding and editing tasks. Nevertheless, the 4D object segmentation of dynamic scenes remains an underexplored field due to the absence of a sufficiently extensive and accurately labelled multi-view video dataset. In this paper, we present MUVOD, a new multi-view video dataset for training and evaluating object segmentation in reconstructed real-world scenarios. The 17 selected scenes, describing various indoor or outdoor activities, are collected from different sources of datasets originating from various types of camera rigs. Each scene contains a minimum of 9 views and a maximum of 46 views. We provide 7830 RGB images (30 frames per video) with their corresponding segmentation mask in 4D motion, meaning that any object of interest in the scene could be tracked across temporal frames of a given view or across different views belonging to the same camera rig. This dataset, which contains 459 instances of 73 categories, is intended as a basic benchmark for the evaluation of multi-view video segmentation methods. We also present an evaluation metric and a baseline segmentation approach to encourage and evaluate progress in this evolving field. Additionally, we propose a new benchmark for 3D object segmentation task with a subset of annotated multi-view images selected from our MUVOD dataset. This subset contains 50 objects of different conditions in different scenarios, providing a more comprehensive analysis of state-of-the-art 3D object segmentation methods. Our proposed MUVOD dataset is available at △ Less Submitted 10 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. arXiv:2506.23785 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Visual Textualization for Image Prompted Object Detection Authors: Yongjian Wu , Yang Zhou , Jiya Saiyin , Bingzheng Wei , Yan Xu Abstract : We propose VisTex-OVLM, a novel image prompted object detection method that introduces visual textualization -- a process that projects a few visual exemplars into the text feature space to enhance Object-level Vision-Language Models' (OVLMs) capability in detecting rare categories that are difficult to describe textually and nearly absent from their pre-training data, while preserving their pre-t… ▽ More We propose VisTex-OVLM, a novel image prompted object detection method that introduces visual textualization -- a process that projects a few visual exemplars into the text feature space to enhance Object-level Vision-Language Models' (OVLMs) capability in detecting rare categories that are difficult to describe textually and nearly absent from their pre-training data, while preserving their pre-trained object-text alignment. Specifically, VisTex-OVLM leverages multi-scale textualizing blocks and a multi-stage fusion strategy to integrate visual information from visual exemplars, generating textualized visual tokens that effectively guide OVLMs alongside text prompts. Unlike previous methods, our method maintains the original architecture of OVLM, maintaining its generalization capabilities while enhancing performance in few-shot settings. VisTex-OVLM demonstrates superior performance across open-set datasets which have minimal overlap with OVLM's pre-training data and achieves state-of-the-art results on few-shot benchmarks PASCAL VOC and MSCOCO. The code will be released at △ Less Submitted 30 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: Accepted by ICCV 2025 arXiv:2506.23785 [ pdf , ps , other ] Visual Textualization for Image Prompted Object Detection Authors: Yongjian Wu , Yang Zhou , Jiya Saiyin , Bingzheng Wei , Yan Xu Abstract : We propose VisTex-OVLM, a novel image prompted object detection method that introduces visual textualization -- a process that projects a few visual exemplars into the text feature space to enhance Object-level Vision-Language Models' (OVLMs) capability in detecting rare categories that are difficult to describe textually and nearly absent from their pre-training data, while preserving their pre-t… ▽ More We propose VisTex-OVLM, a novel image prompted object detection method that introduces visual textualization -- a process that projects a few visual exemplars into the text feature space to enhance Object-level Vision-Language Models' (OVLMs) capability in detecting rare categories that are difficult to describe textually and nearly absent from their pre-training data, while preserving their pre-trained object-text alignment. Specifically, VisTex-OVLM leverages multi-scale textualizing blocks and a multi-stage fusion strategy to integrate visual information from visual exemplars, generating textualized visual tokens that effectively guide OVLMs alongside text prompts. Unlike previous methods, our method maintains the original architecture of OVLM, maintaining its generalization capabilities while enhancing performance in few-shot settings. VisTex-OVLM demonstrates superior performance across open-set datasets which have minimal overlap with OVLM's pre-training data and achieves state-of-the-art results on few-shot benchmarks PASCAL VOC and MSCOCO. The code will be released at △ Less Submitted 30 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: Accepted by ICCV 2025 arXiv:2506.20876 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Decide less, communicate more: On the construct validity of end-to-end fact-checking in medicine Authors: Sebastian Joseph , Lily Chen , Barry Wei , Michael Mackert , Iain J. Marshall , Paul Pu Liang , Ramez Kouzy , Byron C. Wallace , Junyi Jessy Li Abstract : Technological progress has led to concrete advancements in tasks that were regarded as challenging, such as automatic fact-checking. Interest in adopting these systems for public health and medicine has grown due to the high-stakes nature of medical decisions and challenges in critically appraising a vast and diverse medical literature. Evidence-based medicine connects to every individual, and yet… ▽ More Technological progress has led to concrete advancements in tasks that were regarded as challenging, such as automatic fact-checking. Interest in adopting these systems for public health and medicine has grown due to the high-stakes nature of medical decisions and challenges in critically appraising a vast and diverse medical literature. Evidence-based medicine connects to every individual, and yet the nature of it is highly technical, rendering the medical literacy of majority users inadequate to sufficiently navigate the domain. Such problems with medical communication ripens the ground for end-to-end fact-checking agents: check a claim against current medical literature and return with an evidence-backed verdict. And yet, such systems remain largely unused. In this position paper, developed with expert input, we present the first study examining how clinical experts verify real claims from social media by synthesizing medical evidence. In searching for this upper-bound, we reveal fundamental challenges in end-to-end fact-checking when applied to medicine: Difficulties connecting claims in the wild to scientific evidence in the form of clinical trials; ambiguities in underspecified claims mixed with mismatched intentions; and inherently subjective veracity labels. We argue that fact-checking should be approached and evaluated as an interactive communication problem, rather than an end-to-end process. △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2025; v1 submitted 25 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2506.20876 [ pdf , ps , other ] Decide less, communicate more: On the construct validity of end-to-end fact-checking in medicine Authors: Sebastian Joseph , Lily Chen , Barry Wei , Michael Mackert , Iain J. Marshall , Paul Pu Liang , Ramez Kouzy , Byron C. Wallace , Junyi Jessy Li Abstract : Technological progress has led to concrete advancements in tasks that were regarded as challenging, such as automatic fact-checking. Interest in adopting these systems for public health and medicine has grown due to the high-stakes nature of medical decisions and challenges in critically appraising a vast and diverse medical literature. Evidence-based medicine connects to every individual, and yet… ▽ More Technological progress has led to concrete advancements in tasks that were regarded as challenging, such as automatic fact-checking. Interest in adopting these systems for public health and medicine has grown due to the high-stakes nature of medical decisions and challenges in critically appraising a vast and diverse medical literature. Evidence-based medicine connects to every individual, and yet the nature of it is highly technical, rendering the medical literacy of majority users inadequate to sufficiently navigate the domain. Such problems with medical communication ripens the ground for end-to-end fact-checking agents: check a claim against current medical literature and return with an evidence-backed verdict. And yet, such systems remain largely unused. In this position paper, developed with expert input, we present the first study examining how clinical experts verify real claims from social media by synthesizing medical evidence. In searching for this upper-bound, we reveal fundamental challenges in end-to-end fact-checking when applied to medicine: Difficulties connecting claims in the wild to scientific evidence in the form of clinical trials; ambiguities in underspecified claims mixed with mismatched intentions; and inherently subjective veracity labels. We argue that fact-checking should be approached and evaluated as an interactive communication problem, rather than an end-to-end process. △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2025; v1 submitted 25 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2506.15117 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR CipherMind: The Longest Codebook in the World Authors: Ming Nie , Zhixiong Yang , Bingsheng Wei Abstract : In recent years, the widespread application of large language models has inspired us to consider using inference for communication encryption. We therefore propose CipherMind, which utilizes intermediate results from deterministic fine-tuning of large model inferences as transmission content. The semantic parameters of large models exhibit characteristics like opaque underlying implementations and… ▽ More In recent years, the widespread application of large language models has inspired us to consider using inference for communication encryption. We therefore propose CipherMind, which utilizes intermediate results from deterministic fine-tuning of large model inferences as transmission content. The semantic parameters of large models exhibit characteristics like opaque underlying implementations and weak interpretability, thus enabling their use as an encryption method for data transmission. This communication paradigm can be applied in scenarios like intra-gateway transmission, and theoretically, it can be implemented using any large model as its foundation. △ Less Submitted 17 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2506.15117 [ pdf , ps , other ] CipherMind: The Longest Codebook in the World Authors: Ming Nie , Zhixiong Yang , Bingsheng Wei Abstract : In recent years, the widespread application of large language models has inspired us to consider using inference for communication encryption. We therefore propose CipherMind, which utilizes intermediate results from deterministic fine-tuning of large model inferences as transmission content. The semantic parameters of large models exhibit characteristics like opaque underlying implementations and… ▽ More In recent years, the widespread application of large language models has inspired us to consider using inference for communication encryption. We therefore propose CipherMind, which utilizes intermediate results from deterministic fine-tuning of large model inferences as transmission content. The semantic parameters of large models exhibit characteristics like opaque underlying implementations and weak interpretability, thus enabling their use as an encryption method for data transmission. This communication paradigm can be applied in scenarios like intra-gateway transmission, and theoretically, it can be implemented using any large model as its foundation. △ Less Submitted 17 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2506.09347 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI doi 10.1145/3711896.3736941 ErrorEraser: Unlearning Data Bias for Improved Continual Learning Authors: Xuemei Cao , Hanlin Gu , Xin Yang , Bingjun Wei , Haoyang Liang , Xiangkun Wang , Tianrui Li Abstract : Continual Learning (CL) primarily aims to retain knowledge to prevent catastrophic forgetting and transfer knowledge to facilitate learning new tasks. Unlike traditional methods, we propose a novel perspective: CL not only needs to prevent forgetting, but also requires intentional forgetting.This arises from existing CL methods ignoring biases in real-world data, leading the model to learn spuriou… ▽ More Continual Learning (CL) primarily aims to retain knowledge to prevent catastrophic forgetting and transfer knowledge to facilitate learning new tasks. Unlike traditional methods, we propose a novel perspective: CL not only needs to prevent forgetting, but also requires intentional forgetting.This arises from existing CL methods ignoring biases in real-world data, leading the model to learn spurious correlations that transfer and amplify across tasks. From feature extraction and prediction results, we find that data biases simultaneously reduce CL's ability to retain and transfer knowledge. To address this, we propose ErrorEraser, a universal plugin that removes erroneous memories caused by biases in CL, enhancing performance in both new and old tasks. ErrorEraser consists of two modules: Error Identification and Error Erasure. The former learns the probability density distribution of task data in the feature space without prior knowledge, enabling accurate identification of potentially biased samples. The latter ensures only erroneous knowledge is erased by shifting the decision space of representative outlier samples. Additionally, an incremental feature distribution learning strategy is designed to reduce the resource overhead during error identification in downstream tasks. Extensive experimental results show that ErrorEraser significantly mitigates the negative impact of data biases, achieving higher accuracy and lower forgetting rates across three types of CL methods. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 10 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: 12 pages arXiv:2506.09347 [ pdf , ps , other ] ErrorEraser: Unlearning Data Bias for Improved Continual Learning Authors: Xuemei Cao , Hanlin Gu , Xin Yang , Bingjun Wei , Haoyang Liang , Xiangkun Wang , Tianrui Li Abstract : Continual Learning (CL) primarily aims to retain knowledge to prevent catastrophic forgetting and transfer knowledge to facilitate learning new tasks. Unlike traditional methods, we propose a novel perspective: CL not only needs to prevent forgetting, but also requires intentional forgetting.This arises from existing CL methods ignoring biases in real-world data, leading the model to learn spuriou… ▽ More Continual Learning (CL) primarily aims to retain knowledge to prevent catastrophic forgetting and transfer knowledge to facilitate learning new tasks. Unlike traditional methods, we propose a novel perspective: CL not only needs to prevent forgetting, but also requires intentional forgetting.This arises from existing CL methods ignoring biases in real-world data, leading the model to learn spurious correlations that transfer and amplify across tasks. From feature extraction and prediction results, we find that data biases simultaneously reduce CL's ability to retain and transfer knowledge. To address this, we propose ErrorEraser, a universal plugin that removes erroneous memories caused by biases in CL, enhancing performance in both new and old tasks. ErrorEraser consists of two modules: Error Identification and Error Erasure. The former learns the probability density distribution of task data in the feature space without prior knowledge, enabling accurate identification of potentially biased samples. The latter ensures only erroneous knowledge is erased by shifting the decision space of representative outlier samples. Additionally, an incremental feature distribution learning strategy is designed to reduce the resource overhead during error identification in downstream tasks. Extensive experimental results show that ErrorEraser significantly mitigates the negative impact of data biases, achieving higher accuracy and lower forgetting rates across three types of CL methods. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 10 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: 12 pages arXiv:2506.04956 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV FEAT: Full-Dimensional Efficient Attention Transformer for Medical Video Generation Authors: Huihan Wang , Zhiwen Yang , Hui Zhang , Dan Zhao , Bingzheng Wei , Yan Xu Abstract : Synthesizing high-quality dynamic medical videos remains a significant challenge due to the need for modeling both spatial consistency and temporal dynamics. Existing Transformer-based approaches face critical limitations, including insufficient channel interactions, high computational complexity from self-attention, and coarse denoising guidance from timestep embeddings when handling varying nois… ▽ More Synthesizing high-quality dynamic medical videos remains a significant challenge due to the need for modeling both spatial consistency and temporal dynamics. Existing Transformer-based approaches face critical limitations, including insufficient channel interactions, high computational complexity from self-attention, and coarse denoising guidance from timestep embeddings when handling varying noise levels. In this work, we propose FEAT, a full-dimensional efficient attention Transformer, which addresses these issues through three key innovations: (1) a unified paradigm with sequential spatial-temporal-channel attention mechanisms to capture global dependencies across all dimensions, (2) a linear-complexity design for attention mechanisms in each dimension, utilizing weighted key-value attention and global channel attention, and (3) a residual value guidance module that provides fine-grained pixel-level guidance to adapt to different noise levels. We evaluate FEAT on standard benchmarks and downstream tasks, demonstrating that FEAT-S, with only 23\% of the parameters of the state-of-the-art model Endora, achieves comparable or even superior performance. Furthermore, FEAT-L surpasses all comparison methods across multiple datasets, showcasing both superior effectiveness and scalability. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 5 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: This paper has been early accepted by MICCAI 2025 arXiv:2506.04956 [ pdf , ps , other ] FEAT: Full-Dimensional Efficient Attention Transformer for Medical Video Generation Authors: Huihan Wang , Zhiwen Yang , Hui Zhang , Dan Zhao , Bingzheng Wei , Yan Xu Abstract : Synthesizing high-quality dynamic medical videos remains a significant challenge due to the need for modeling both spatial consistency and temporal dynamics. Existing Transformer-based approaches face critical limitations, including insufficient channel interactions, high computational complexity from self-attention, and coarse denoising guidance from timestep embeddings when handling varying nois… ▽ More Synthesizing high-quality dynamic medical videos remains a significant challenge due to the need for modeling both spatial consistency and temporal dynamics. Existing Transformer-based approaches face critical limitations, including insufficient channel interactions, high computational complexity from self-attention, and coarse denoising guidance from timestep embeddings when handling varying noise levels. In this work, we propose FEAT, a full-dimensional efficient attention Transformer, which addresses these issues through three key innovations: (1) a unified paradigm with sequential spatial-temporal-channel attention mechanisms to capture global dependencies across all dimensions, (2) a linear-complexity design for attention mechanisms in each dimension, utilizing weighted key-value attention and global channel attention, and (3) a residual value guidance module that provides fine-grained pixel-level guidance to adapt to different noise levels. We evaluate FEAT on standard benchmarks and downstream tasks, demonstrating that FEAT-S, with only 23\% of the parameters of the state-of-the-art model Endora, achieves comparable or even superior performance. Furthermore, FEAT-L surpasses all comparison methods across multiple datasets, showcasing both superior effectiveness and scalability. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 5 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: This paper has been early accepted by MICCAI 2025 arXiv:2505.23566 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Uni-MuMER: Unified Multi-Task Fine-Tuning of Vision-Language Model for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition Authors: Yu Li , Jin Jiang , Jianhua Zhu , Shuai Peng , Baole Wei , Yuxuan Zhou , Liangcai Gao Abstract : Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) remains a persistent challenge in Optical Character Recognition (OCR) due to the inherent freedom of symbol layouts and variability in handwriting styles. Prior methods have faced performance bottlenecks by proposing isolated architectural modifications, making them difficult to integrate coherently into a unified framework. Meanwhile, recent… ▽ More Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) remains a persistent challenge in Optical Character Recognition (OCR) due to the inherent freedom of symbol layouts and variability in handwriting styles. Prior methods have faced performance bottlenecks by proposing isolated architectural modifications, making them difficult to integrate coherently into a unified framework. Meanwhile, recent advances in pretrained vision-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated strong cross-task generalization, offering a promising foundation for developing unified solutions. In this paper, we introduce Uni-MuMER, which fully fine-tunes a VLM for the HMER task without modifying its architecture, effectively injecting domain-specific knowledge into a generalist framework. Our method integrates three data-driven tasks: Tree-Aware Chain-of-Thought (Tree-CoT) for structured spatial reasoning, Error-Driven Learning (EDL) for reducing confusion among visually similar characters, and Symbol Counting (SC) for improving recognition consistency in long expressions. Experiments on the CROHME and HME100K datasets show that Uni-MuMER achieves super state-of-the-art performance, outperforming the best lightweight specialized model SSAN by 16.31\% and the top-performing VLM Gemini2.5-flash by 24.42\% under zero-shot setting. Our datasets, models, and code are open-sourced at: { △ Less Submitted 25 October, 2025; v1 submitted 29 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: Accepted by NeurIPS 2025 as a spotlight arXiv:2505.23566 [ pdf , ps , other ] Uni-MuMER: Unified Multi-Task Fine-Tuning of Vision-Language Model for Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition Authors: Yu Li , Jin Jiang , Jianhua Zhu , Shuai Peng , Baole Wei , Yuxuan Zhou , Liangcai Gao Abstract : Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) remains a persistent challenge in Optical Character Recognition (OCR) due to the inherent freedom of symbol layouts and variability in handwriting styles. Prior methods have faced performance bottlenecks by proposing isolated architectural modifications, making them difficult to integrate coherently into a unified framework. Meanwhile, recent… ▽ More Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) remains a persistent challenge in Optical Character Recognition (OCR) due to the inherent freedom of symbol layouts and variability in handwriting styles. Prior methods have faced performance bottlenecks by proposing isolated architectural modifications, making them difficult to integrate coherently into a unified framework. Meanwhile, recent advances in pretrained vision-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated strong cross-task generalization, offering a promising foundation for developing unified solutions. In this paper, we introduce Uni-MuMER, which fully fine-tunes a VLM for the HMER task without modifying its architecture, effectively injecting domain-specific knowledge into a generalist framework. Our method integrates three data-driven tasks: Tree-Aware Chain-of-Thought (Tree-CoT) for structured spatial reasoning, Error-Driven Learning (EDL) for reducing confusion among visually similar characters, and Symbol Counting (SC) for improving recognition consistency in long expressions. Experiments on the CROHME and HME100K datasets show that Uni-MuMER achieves super state-of-the-art performance, outperforming the best lightweight specialized model SSAN by 16.31\% and the top-performing VLM Gemini2.5-flash by 24.42\% under zero-shot setting. Our datasets, models, and code are open-sourced at: { △ Less Submitted 25 October, 2025; v1 submitted 29 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: Accepted by NeurIPS 2025 as a spotlight arXiv:2505.22897 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL VIGNETTE: Socially Grounded Bias Evaluation for Vision-Language Models Authors: Chahat Raj , Bowen Wei , Aylin Caliskan , Antonios Anastasopoulos , Ziwei Zhu Abstract : While bias in large language models (LLMs) is well-studied, similar concerns in vision-language models (VLMs) have received comparatively less attention. Existing VLM bias studies often focus on portrait-style images and gender-occupation associations, overlooking broader and more complex social stereotypes and their implied harm. This work introduces VIGNETTE, a large-scale VQA benchmark with 30M… ▽ More While bias in large language models (LLMs) is well-studied, similar concerns in vision-language models (VLMs) have received comparatively less attention. Existing VLM bias studies often focus on portrait-style images and gender-occupation associations, overlooking broader and more complex social stereotypes and their implied harm. This work introduces VIGNETTE, a large-scale VQA benchmark with 30M+ images for evaluating bias in VLMs through a question-answering framework spanning four directions: factuality, perception, stereotyping, and decision making. Beyond narrowly-centered studies, we assess how VLMs interpret identities in contextualized settings, revealing how models make trait and capability assumptions and exhibit patterns of discrimination. Drawing from social psychology, we examine how VLMs connect visual identity cues to trait and role-based inferences, encoding social hierarchies, through biased selections. Our findings uncover subtle, multifaceted, and surprising stereotypical patterns, offering insights into how VLMs construct social meaning from inputs. △ Less Submitted 28 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 17 pages arXiv:2505.22897 [ pdf , other ] VIGNETTE: Socially Grounded Bias Evaluation for Vision-Language Models Authors: Chahat Raj , Bowen Wei , Aylin Caliskan , Antonios Anastasopoulos , Ziwei Zhu Abstract : While bias in large language models (LLMs) is well-studied, similar concerns in vision-language models (VLMs) have received comparatively less attention. Existing VLM bias studies often focus on portrait-style images and gender-occupation associations, overlooking broader and more complex social stereotypes and their implied harm. This work introduces VIGNETTE, a large-scale VQA benchmark with 30M… ▽ More While bias in large language models (LLMs) is well-studied, similar concerns in vision-language models (VLMs) have received comparatively less attention. Existing VLM bias studies often focus on portrait-style images and gender-occupation associations, overlooking broader and more complex social stereotypes and their implied harm. This work introduces VIGNETTE, a large-scale VQA benchmark with 30M+ images for evaluating bias in VLMs through a question-answering framework spanning four directions: factuality, perception, stereotyping, and decision making. Beyond narrowly-centered studies, we assess how VLMs interpret identities in contextualized settings, revealing how models make trait and capability assumptions and exhibit patterns of discrimination. Drawing from social psychology, we examine how VLMs connect visual identity cues to trait and role-based inferences, encoding social hierarchies, through biased selections. Our findings uncover subtle, multifaceted, and surprising stereotypical patterns, offering insights into how VLMs construct social meaning from inputs. △ Less Submitted 28 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 17 pages arXiv:2505.21472 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.CL Mitigating Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Models via Adaptive Attention Calibration Authors: Mehrdad Fazli , Bowen Wei , Ahmet Sari , Ziwei Zhu Abstract : Large vision-language models (LVLMs) achieve impressive performance on multimodal tasks but often suffer from hallucination, and confidently describe objects or attributes not present in the image. Current training-free interventions struggle to maintain accuracy in open-ended and long-form generation scenarios. We introduce the Confidence-Aware Attention Calibration (CAAC) framework to address th… ▽ More Large vision-language models (LVLMs) achieve impressive performance on multimodal tasks but often suffer from hallucination, and confidently describe objects or attributes not present in the image. Current training-free interventions struggle to maintain accuracy in open-ended and long-form generation scenarios. We introduce the Confidence-Aware Attention Calibration (CAAC) framework to address this challenge by targeting two key biases: spatial perception bias, which distributes attention disproportionately across image tokens, and modality bias, which shifts focus from visual to textual inputs over time. CAAC employs a two-step approach: Visual-Token Calibration (VTC) to balance attention across visual tokens, and Adaptive Attention Re-Scaling (AAR) to reinforce visual grounding guided by the model's confidence. This confidence-driven adjustment ensures consistent visual alignment during generation. Experiments on CHAIR, AMBER, and POPE benchmarks demonstrate that CAAC outperforms baselines, particularly in long-form generations, effectively reducing hallucination. △ Less Submitted 11 August, 2025; v1 submitted 27 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.21472 [ pdf , ps , other ] Mitigating Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Models via Adaptive Attention Calibration Authors: Mehrdad Fazli , Bowen Wei , Ahmet Sari , Ziwei Zhu Abstract : Large vision-language models (LVLMs) achieve impressive performance on multimodal tasks but often suffer from hallucination, and confidently describe objects or attributes not present in the image. Current training-free interventions struggle to maintain accuracy in open-ended and long-form generation scenarios. We introduce the Confidence-Aware Attention Calibration (CAAC) framework to address th… ▽ More Large vision-language models (LVLMs) achieve impressive performance on multimodal tasks but often suffer from hallucination, and confidently describe objects or attributes not present in the image. Current training-free interventions struggle to maintain accuracy in open-ended and long-form generation scenarios. We introduce the Confidence-Aware Attention Calibration (CAAC) framework to address this challenge by targeting two key biases: spatial perception bias, which distributes attention disproportionately across image tokens, and modality bias, which shifts focus from visual to textual inputs over time. CAAC employs a two-step approach: Visual-Token Calibration (VTC) to balance attention across visual tokens, and Adaptive Attention Re-Scaling (AAR) to reinforce visual grounding guided by the model's confidence. This confidence-driven adjustment ensures consistent visual alignment during generation. Experiments on CHAIR, AMBER, and POPE benchmarks demonstrate that CAAC outperforms baselines, particularly in long-form generations, effectively reducing hallucination. △ Less Submitted 11 August, 2025; v1 submitted 27 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.19789 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG What Can RL Bring to VLA Generalization? An Empirical Study Authors: Jijia Liu , Feng Gao , Bingwen Wei , Xinlei Chen , Qingmin Liao , Yi Wu , Chao Yu , Yu Wang Abstract : Large Vision-Language Action (VLA) models have shown significant potential for embodied AI. However, their predominant training via supervised fine-tuning (SFT) limits generalization due to susceptibility to compounding errors under distribution shifts. Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a path to overcome these limitations by optimizing for task objectives via trial-and-error, yet a systematic un… ▽ More Large Vision-Language Action (VLA) models have shown significant potential for embodied AI. However, their predominant training via supervised fine-tuning (SFT) limits generalization due to susceptibility to compounding errors under distribution shifts. Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a path to overcome these limitations by optimizing for task objectives via trial-and-error, yet a systematic understanding of its specific generalization benefits for VLAs compared to SFT is lacking. To address this, our study introduces a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating VLA generalization and systematically investigates the impact of RL fine-tuning across diverse visual, semantic, and execution dimensions. Our extensive experiments reveal that RL fine-tuning, particularly with PPO, significantly enhances generalization in semantic understanding and execution robustness over SFT, while maintaining comparable visual robustness. We identify PPO as a more effective RL algorithm for VLAs than LLM-derived methods like DPO and GRPO. We also develop a simple recipe for efficient PPO training on VLAs, and demonstrate its practical utility for improving VLA generalization. The project page is at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 26 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: Accepted by NeurIPS 2025 arXiv:2505.19789 [ pdf , ps , other ] What Can RL Bring to VLA Generalization? An Empirical Study Authors: Jijia Liu , Feng Gao , Bingwen Wei , Xinlei Chen , Qingmin Liao , Yi Wu , Chao Yu , Yu Wang Abstract : Large Vision-Language Action (VLA) models have shown significant potential for embodied AI. However, their predominant training via supervised fine-tuning (SFT) limits generalization due to susceptibility to compounding errors under distribution shifts. Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a path to overcome these limitations by optimizing for task objectives via trial-and-error, yet a systematic un… ▽ More Large Vision-Language Action (VLA) models have shown significant potential for embodied AI. However, their predominant training via supervised fine-tuning (SFT) limits generalization due to susceptibility to compounding errors under distribution shifts. Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a path to overcome these limitations by optimizing for task objectives via trial-and-error, yet a systematic understanding of its specific generalization benefits for VLAs compared to SFT is lacking. To address this, our study introduces a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating VLA generalization and systematically investigates the impact of RL fine-tuning across diverse visual, semantic, and execution dimensions. Our extensive experiments reveal that RL fine-tuning, particularly with PPO, significantly enhances generalization in semantic understanding and execution robustness over SFT, while maintaining comparable visual robustness. We identify PPO as a more effective RL algorithm for VLAs than LLM-derived methods like DPO and GRPO. We also develop a simple recipe for efficient PPO training on VLAs, and demonstrate its practical utility for improving VLA generalization. The project page is at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 26 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: Accepted by NeurIPS 2025 arXiv:2505.18970 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Learning to Explain: Prototype-Based Surrogate Models for LLM Classification Authors: Bowen Wei , Mehrdad Fazli , Ziwei Zhu Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on natural language tasks, but their decision-making processes remain largely opaque. Existing explanation methods either suffer from limited faithfulness to the model's reasoning or produce explanations that humans find difficult to understand. To address these challenges, we propose \textbf{ProtoSurE}, a novel prototype-based… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on natural language tasks, but their decision-making processes remain largely opaque. Existing explanation methods either suffer from limited faithfulness to the model's reasoning or produce explanations that humans find difficult to understand. To address these challenges, we propose \textbf{ProtoSurE}, a novel prototype-based surrogate framework that provides faithful and human-understandable explanations for LLMs. ProtoSurE trains an interpretable-by-design surrogate model that aligns with the target LLM while utilizing sentence-level prototypes as human-understandable concepts. Extensive experiments show that ProtoSurE consistently outperforms SOTA explanation methods across diverse LLMs and datasets. Importantly, ProtoSurE demonstrates strong data efficiency, requiring relatively few training examples to achieve good performance, making it practical for real-world applications. △ Less Submitted 1 June, 2025; v1 submitted 25 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.18970 [ pdf , ps , other ] Learning to Explain: Prototype-Based Surrogate Models for LLM Classification Authors: Bowen Wei , Mehrdad Fazli , Ziwei Zhu Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on natural language tasks, but their decision-making processes remain largely opaque. Existing explanation methods either suffer from limited faithfulness to the model's reasoning or produce explanations that humans find difficult to understand. To address these challenges, we propose \textbf{ProtoSurE}, a novel prototype-based… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on natural language tasks, but their decision-making processes remain largely opaque. Existing explanation methods either suffer from limited faithfulness to the model's reasoning or produce explanations that humans find difficult to understand. To address these challenges, we propose \textbf{ProtoSurE}, a novel prototype-based surrogate framework that provides faithful and human-understandable explanations for LLMs. ProtoSurE trains an interpretable-by-design surrogate model that aligns with the target LLM while utilizing sentence-level prototypes as human-understandable concepts. Extensive experiments show that ProtoSurE consistently outperforms SOTA explanation methods across diverse LLMs and datasets. Importantly, ProtoSurE demonstrates strong data efficiency, requiring relatively few training examples to achieve good performance, making it practical for real-world applications. △ Less Submitted 1 June, 2025; v1 submitted 25 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.18384 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI Dynamic Risk Assessments for Offensive Cybersecurity Agents Authors: Boyi Wei , Benedikt Stroebl , Jiacen Xu , Joie Zhang , Zhou Li , Peter Henderson Abstract : Foundation models are increasingly becoming better autonomous programmers, raising the prospect that they could also automate dangerous offensive cyber-operations. Current frontier model audits probe the cybersecurity risks of such agents, but most fail to account for the degrees of freedom available to adversaries in the real world. In particular, with strong verifiers and financial incentives, a… ▽ More Foundation models are increasingly becoming better autonomous programmers, raising the prospect that they could also automate dangerous offensive cyber-operations. Current frontier model audits probe the cybersecurity risks of such agents, but most fail to account for the degrees of freedom available to adversaries in the real world. In particular, with strong verifiers and financial incentives, agents for offensive cybersecurity are amenable to iterative improvement by would-be adversaries. We argue that assessments should take into account an expanded threat model in the context of cybersecurity, emphasizing the varying degrees of freedom that an adversary may possess in stateful and non-stateful environments within a fixed compute budget. We show that even with a relatively small compute budget (8 H100 GPU Hours in our study), adversaries can improve an agent's cybersecurity capability on InterCode CTF by more than 40\% relative to the baseline -- without any external assistance. These results highlight the need to evaluate agents' cybersecurity risk in a dynamic manner, painting a more representative picture of risk. △ Less Submitted 30 October, 2025; v1 submitted 23 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 26 pages, 11 figures arXiv:2505.18384 [ pdf , ps , other ] Dynamic Risk Assessments for Offensive Cybersecurity Agents Authors: Boyi Wei , Benedikt Stroebl , Jiacen Xu , Joie Zhang , Zhou Li , Peter Henderson Abstract : Foundation models are increasingly becoming better autonomous programmers, raising the prospect that they could also automate dangerous offensive cyber-operations. Current frontier model audits probe the cybersecurity risks of such agents, but most fail to account for the degrees of freedom available to adversaries in the real world. In particular, with strong verifiers and financial incentives, a… ▽ More Foundation models are increasingly becoming better autonomous programmers, raising the prospect that they could also automate dangerous offensive cyber-operations. Current frontier model audits probe the cybersecurity risks of such agents, but most fail to account for the degrees of freedom available to adversaries in the real world. In particular, with strong verifiers and financial incentives, agents for offensive cybersecurity are amenable to iterative improvement by would-be adversaries. We argue that assessments should take into account an expanded threat model in the context of cybersecurity, emphasizing the varying degrees of freedom that an adversary may possess in stateful and non-stateful environments within a fixed compute budget. We show that even with a relatively small compute budget (8 H100 GPU Hours in our study), adversaries can improve an agent's cybersecurity capability on InterCode CTF by more than 40\% relative to the baseline -- without any external assistance. These results highlight the need to evaluate agents' cybersecurity risk in a dynamic manner, painting a more representative picture of risk. △ Less Submitted 30 October, 2025; v1 submitted 23 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 26 pages, 11 figures arXiv:2505.07050 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Depth-Sensitive Soft Suppression with RGB-D Inter-Modal Stylization Flow for Domain Generalization Semantic Segmentation Authors: Binbin Wei , Yuhang Zhang , Shishun Tian , Muxin Liao , Wei Li , Wenbin Zou Abstract : Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) aims to align source and target domain distributions to close the domain gap, but still struggles with obtaining the target data. Fortunately, Domain Generalization (DG) excels without the need for any target data. Recent works expose that depth maps contribute to improved generalized performance in the UDA tasks, but they ignore the noise and holes in depth ma… ▽ More Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) aims to align source and target domain distributions to close the domain gap, but still struggles with obtaining the target data. Fortunately, Domain Generalization (DG) excels without the need for any target data. Recent works expose that depth maps contribute to improved generalized performance in the UDA tasks, but they ignore the noise and holes in depth maps due to device and environmental factors, failing to sufficiently and effectively learn domain-invariant representation. Although high-sensitivity region suppression has shown promising results in learning domain-invariant features, existing methods cannot be directly applicable to depth maps due to their unique characteristics. Hence, we propose a novel framework, namely Depth-Sensitive Soft Suppression with RGB-D inter-modal stylization flow (DSSS), focusing on learning domain-invariant features from depth maps for the DG semantic segmentation. Specifically, we propose the RGB-D inter-modal stylization flow to generate stylized depth maps for sensitivity detection, cleverly utilizing RGB information as the stylization source. Then, a class-wise soft spatial sensitivity suppression is designed to identify and emphasize non-sensitive depth features that contain more domain-invariant information. Furthermore, an RGB-D soft alignment loss is proposed to ensure that the stylized depth maps only align part of the RGB features while still retaining the unique depth information. To our best knowledge, our DSSS framework is the first work to integrate RGB and Depth information in the multi-class DG semantic segmentation task. Extensive experiments over multiple backbone networks show that our framework achieves remarkable performance improvement. △ Less Submitted 11 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.07050 [ pdf , ps , other ] Depth-Sensitive Soft Suppression with RGB-D Inter-Modal Stylization Flow for Domain Generalization Semantic Segmentation Authors: Binbin Wei , Yuhang Zhang , Shishun Tian , Muxin Liao , Wei Li , Wenbin Zou Abstract : Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) aims to align source and target domain distributions to close the domain gap, but still struggles with obtaining the target data. Fortunately, Domain Generalization (DG) excels without the need for any target data. Recent works expose that depth maps contribute to improved generalized performance in the UDA tasks, but they ignore the noise and holes in depth ma… ▽ More Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) aims to align source and target domain distributions to close the domain gap, but still struggles with obtaining the target data. Fortunately, Domain Generalization (DG) excels without the need for any target data. Recent works expose that depth maps contribute to improved generalized performance in the UDA tasks, but they ignore the noise and holes in depth maps due to device and environmental factors, failing to sufficiently and effectively learn domain-invariant representation. Although high-sensitivity region suppression has shown promising results in learning domain-invariant features, existing methods cannot be directly applicable to depth maps due to their unique characteristics. Hence, we propose a novel framework, namely Depth-Sensitive Soft Suppression with RGB-D inter-modal stylization flow (DSSS), focusing on learning domain-invariant features from depth maps for the DG semantic segmentation. Specifically, we propose the RGB-D inter-modal stylization flow to generate stylized depth maps for sensitivity detection, cleverly utilizing RGB information as the stylization source. Then, a class-wise soft spatial sensitivity suppression is designed to identify and emphasize non-sensitive depth features that contain more domain-invariant information. Furthermore, an RGB-D soft alignment loss is proposed to ensure that the stylized depth maps only align part of the RGB features while still retaining the unique depth information. To our best knowledge, our DSSS framework is the first work to integrate RGB and Depth information in the multi-class DG semantic segmentation task. Extensive experiments over multiple backbone networks show that our framework achieves remarkable performance improvement. △ Less Submitted 11 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2503.23429 [ pdf , other ] cs.RO A Visual-Inertial Motion Prior SLAM for Dynamic Environments Authors: Weilong Sun , Yumin Zhang , Boren Wei Abstract : The Visual-Inertial Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (VI-SLAM) algorithms which are mostly based on static assumption are widely used in fields such as robotics, UAVs, VR, and autonomous driving. To overcome the localization risks caused by dynamic landmarks in most VI-SLAM systems, a robust visual-inertial motion prior SLAM system, named IDY-VINS, is proposed in this paper which effectively… ▽ More The Visual-Inertial Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (VI-SLAM) algorithms which are mostly based on static assumption are widely used in fields such as robotics, UAVs, VR, and autonomous driving. To overcome the localization risks caused by dynamic landmarks in most VI-SLAM systems, a robust visual-inertial motion prior SLAM system, named IDY-VINS, is proposed in this paper which effectively handles dynamic landmarks using inertial motion prior for dynamic environments to varying degrees. Specifically, potential dynamic landmarks are preprocessed during the feature tracking phase by the probabilistic model of landmarks' minimum projection errors which are obtained from inertial motion prior and epipolar constraint. Subsequently, a robust and self-adaptive bundle adjustment residual is proposed considering the minimum projection error prior for dynamic candidate landmarks. This residual is integrated into a sliding window based nonlinear optimization process to estimate camera poses, IMU states and landmark positions while minimizing the impact of dynamic candidate landmarks that deviate from the motion prior. Finally, a clean point cloud map without `ghosting effect' is obtained that contains only static landmarks. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed system outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of localization accuracy and time cost by robustly mitigating the influence of dynamic landmarks. △ Less Submitted 13 April, 2025; v1 submitted 30 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.23429 [ pdf , other ] A Visual-Inertial Motion Prior SLAM for Dynamic Environments Authors: Weilong Sun , Yumin Zhang , Boren Wei Abstract : The Visual-Inertial Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (VI-SLAM) algorithms which are mostly based on static assumption are widely used in fields such as robotics, UAVs, VR, and autonomous driving. To overcome the localization risks caused by dynamic landmarks in most VI-SLAM systems, a robust visual-inertial motion prior SLAM system, named IDY-VINS, is proposed in this paper which effectively… ▽ More The Visual-Inertial Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (VI-SLAM) algorithms which are mostly based on static assumption are widely used in fields such as robotics, UAVs, VR, and autonomous driving. To overcome the localization risks caused by dynamic landmarks in most VI-SLAM systems, a robust visual-inertial motion prior SLAM system, named IDY-VINS, is proposed in this paper which effectively handles dynamic landmarks using inertial motion prior for dynamic environments to varying degrees. Specifically, potential dynamic landmarks are preprocessed during the feature tracking phase by the probabilistic model of landmarks' minimum projection errors which are obtained from inertial motion prior and epipolar constraint. Subsequently, a robust and self-adaptive bundle adjustment residual is proposed considering the minimum projection error prior for dynamic candidate landmarks. This residual is integrated into a sliding window based nonlinear optimization process to estimate camera poses, IMU states and landmark positions while minimizing the impact of dynamic candidate landmarks that deviate from the motion prior. Finally, a clean point cloud map without `ghosting effect' is obtained that contains only static landmarks. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed system outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of localization accuracy and time cost by robustly mitigating the influence of dynamic landmarks. △ Less Submitted 13 April, 2025; v1 submitted 30 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.23132 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.NI cs.IT LAURA: LLM-Assisted UAV Routing for AoI Minimization Authors: Bisheng Wei , Ruichen Zhang , Ruihong Jiang , Mugen Peng , Dusit Niyato Abstract : With the rapid growth of the low-altitude economy, there is increasing demand for real-time data collection using UAV-assisted wireless sensor networks. This paper investigates the problem of minimizing the age of information (AoI) in UAV-assisted wireless sensor networks by optimizing the UAV flight routing. We formulate the AoI minimization task and propose a large language model (LLM)-assisted… ▽ More With the rapid growth of the low-altitude economy, there is increasing demand for real-time data collection using UAV-assisted wireless sensor networks. This paper investigates the problem of minimizing the age of information (AoI) in UAV-assisted wireless sensor networks by optimizing the UAV flight routing. We formulate the AoI minimization task and propose a large language model (LLM)-assisted UAV routing algorithm (LAURA). LAURA employs an LLM as intelligent crossover operators within an evolutionary optimization framework to efficiently explore the solution space. Simulation results show that LAURA outperforms benchmark methods in reducing the maximum AoI, especially in scenarios with a large number of sensor nodes. △ Less Submitted 9 July, 2025; v1 submitted 29 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.23132 [ pdf , ps , other ] LAURA: LLM-Assisted UAV Routing for AoI Minimization Authors: Bisheng Wei , Ruichen Zhang , Ruihong Jiang , Mugen Peng , Dusit Niyato Abstract : With the rapid growth of the low-altitude economy, there is increasing demand for real-time data collection using UAV-assisted wireless sensor networks. This paper investigates the problem of minimizing the age of information (AoI) in UAV-assisted wireless sensor networks by optimizing the UAV flight routing. We formulate the AoI minimization task and propose a large language model (LLM)-assisted… ▽ More With the rapid growth of the low-altitude economy, there is increasing demand for real-time data collection using UAV-assisted wireless sensor networks. This paper investigates the problem of minimizing the age of information (AoI) in UAV-assisted wireless sensor networks by optimizing the UAV flight routing. We formulate the AoI minimization task and propose a large language model (LLM)-assisted UAV routing algorithm (LAURA). LAURA employs an LLM as intelligent crossover operators within an evolutionary optimization framework to efficiently explore the solution space. Simulation results show that LAURA outperforms benchmark methods in reducing the maximum AoI, especially in scenarios with a large number of sensor nodes. △ Less Submitted 9 July, 2025; v1 submitted 29 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.20136 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG Innovative LSGTime Model for Crime Spatiotemporal Prediction Based on MindSpore Framework Authors: Zhenkai Qin , BaoZhong Wei , Caifeng Gao Abstract : With the acceleration of urbanization, the spatiotemporal characteristics of criminal activities have become increasingly complex. Accurate prediction of crime distribution is crucial for optimizing the allocation of police resources and preventing crime. This paper proposes LGSTime, a crime spatiotemporal prediction model that integrates Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU),… ▽ More With the acceleration of urbanization, the spatiotemporal characteristics of criminal activities have become increasingly complex. Accurate prediction of crime distribution is crucial for optimizing the allocation of police resources and preventing crime. This paper proposes LGSTime, a crime spatiotemporal prediction model that integrates Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), and the Multi-head Sparse Self-attention mechanism. LSTM and GRU capture long-term dependencies in crime time series, such as seasonality and periodicity, through their unique gating mechanisms. The Multi-head Sparse Self-attention mechanism, on the other hand, focuses on both temporal and spatial features of criminal events simultaneously through parallel processing and sparsification techniques, significantly improving computational efficiency and prediction accuracy. The integrated model leverages the strengths of each technique to better handle complex spatiotemporal data. Experimental findings demonstrate that the model attains optimal performance across four real - world crime datasets. In comparison to the CNN model, it exhibits performance enhancements of 2.8\%, 1.9\%, and 1.4\% in the Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) metrics respectively. These results offer a valuable reference for tackling the challenges in crime prediction. △ Less Submitted 1 April, 2025; v1 submitted 25 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.20136 [ pdf , other ] Innovative LSGTime Model for Crime Spatiotemporal Prediction Based on MindSpore Framework Authors: Zhenkai Qin , BaoZhong Wei , Caifeng Gao Abstract : With the acceleration of urbanization, the spatiotemporal characteristics of criminal activities have become increasingly complex. Accurate prediction of crime distribution is crucial for optimizing the allocation of police resources and preventing crime. This paper proposes LGSTime, a crime spatiotemporal prediction model that integrates Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU),… ▽ More With the acceleration of urbanization, the spatiotemporal characteristics of criminal activities have become increasingly complex. Accurate prediction of crime distribution is crucial for optimizing the allocation of police resources and preventing crime. This paper proposes LGSTime, a crime spatiotemporal prediction model that integrates Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), and the Multi-head Sparse Self-attention mechanism. LSTM and GRU capture long-term dependencies in crime time series, such as seasonality and periodicity, through their unique gating mechanisms. The Multi-head Sparse Self-attention mechanism, on the other hand, focuses on both temporal and spatial features of criminal events simultaneously through parallel processing and sparsification techniques, significantly improving computational efficiency and prediction accuracy. The integrated model leverages the strengths of each technique to better handle complex spatiotemporal data. Experimental findings demonstrate that the model attains optimal performance across four real - world crime datasets. In comparison to the CNN model, it exhibits performance enhancements of 2.8\%, 1.9\%, and 1.4\% in the Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) metrics respectively. These results offer a valuable reference for tackling the challenges in crime prediction. △ Less Submitted 1 April, 2025; v1 submitted 25 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.16040 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL doi 10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.742 Evaluating Test-Time Scaling LLMs for Legal Reasoning: OpenAI o1, DeepSeek-R1, and Beyond Authors: Yinghao Hu , Yaoyao Yu , Leilei Gan , Bin Wei , Kun Kuang , Fei Wu Abstract : Recent advances in test-time scaling of large language models (LLMs), exemplified by DeepSeek-R1 and OpenAI's o1, show that extending the chain of thought during inference can significantly improve general reasoning performance. However, the impact of this paradigm on legal reasoning remains insufficiently explored. To address this gap, we present the first systematic evaluation of 12 LLMs, includ… ▽ More Recent advances in test-time scaling of large language models (LLMs), exemplified by DeepSeek-R1 and OpenAI's o1, show that extending the chain of thought during inference can significantly improve general reasoning performance. However, the impact of this paradigm on legal reasoning remains insufficiently explored. To address this gap, we present the first systematic evaluation of 12 LLMs, including both reasoning-focused and general-purpose models, across 17 Chinese and English legal tasks spanning statutory and case-law traditions. In addition, we curate a bilingual chain-of-thought dataset for legal reasoning through distillation from DeepSeek-R1 and develop Legal-R1, an open-source model specialized for the legal domain. Experimental results show that Legal-R1 delivers competitive performance across diverse tasks. DeepSeek-R1 exhibits clear advantages in Chinese legal reasoning, while OpenAI's o1 achieves comparable results on English tasks. We further conduct a detailed error analysis, which reveals recurring issues such as outdated legal knowledge, limited capacity for legal interpretation, and susceptibility to factual hallucinations. These findings delineate the main obstacles confronting legal-domain LLMs and suggest promising directions for future research. △ Less Submitted 10 November, 2025; v1 submitted 20 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: 23 pages, Published in Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2025 arXiv:2503.16040 [ pdf , ps , other ] Evaluating Test-Time Scaling LLMs for Legal Reasoning: OpenAI o1, DeepSeek-R1, and Beyond Authors: Yinghao Hu , Yaoyao Yu , Leilei Gan , Bin Wei , Kun Kuang , Fei Wu Abstract : Recent advances in test-time scaling of large language models (LLMs), exemplified by DeepSeek-R1 and OpenAI's o1, show that extending the chain of thought during inference can significantly improve general reasoning performance. However, the impact of this paradigm on legal reasoning remains insufficiently explored. To address this gap, we present the first systematic evaluation of 12 LLMs, includ… ▽ More Recent advances in test-time scaling of large language models (LLMs), exemplified by DeepSeek-R1 and OpenAI's o1, show that extending the chain of thought during inference can significantly improve general reasoning performance. However, the impact of this paradigm on legal reasoning remains insufficiently explored. To address this gap, we present the first systematic evaluation of 12 LLMs, including both reasoning-focused and general-purpose models, across 17 Chinese and English legal tasks spanning statutory and case-law traditions. In addition, we curate a bilingual chain-of-thought dataset for legal reasoning through distillation from DeepSeek-R1 and develop Legal-R1, an open-source model specialized for the legal domain. Experimental results show that Legal-R1 delivers competitive performance across diverse tasks. DeepSeek-R1 exhibits clear advantages in Chinese legal reasoning, while OpenAI's o1 achieves comparable results on English tasks. We further conduct a detailed error analysis, which reveals recurring issues such as outdated legal knowledge, limited capacity for legal interpretation, and susceptibility to factual hallucinations. These findings delineate the main obstacles confronting legal-domain LLMs and suggest promising directions for future research. △ Less Submitted 10 November, 2025; v1 submitted 20 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: 23 pages, Published in Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2025 arXiv:2503.15390 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV FedSCA: Federated Tuning with Similarity-guided Collaborative Aggregation for Heterogeneous Medical Image Segmentation Authors: Yumin Zhang , Yan Gao , Haoran Duan , Hanqing Guo , Tejal Shah , Rajiv Ranjan , Bo Wei Abstract : Transformer-based foundation models (FMs) have recently demonstrated remarkable performance in medical image segmentation. However, scaling these models is challenging due to the limited size of medical image datasets within isolated hospitals, where data centralization is restricted due to privacy concerns. These constraints, combined with the data-intensive nature of FMs, hinder their broader ap… ▽ More Transformer-based foundation models (FMs) have recently demonstrated remarkable performance in medical image segmentation. However, scaling these models is challenging due to the limited size of medical image datasets within isolated hospitals, where data centralization is restricted due to privacy concerns. These constraints, combined with the data-intensive nature of FMs, hinder their broader application. Integrating federated learning (FL) with foundation models (FLFM) fine-tuning offers a potential solution to these challenges by enabling collaborative model training without data sharing, thus allowing FMs to take advantage of a diverse pool of sensitive medical image data across hospitals/clients. However, non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) data among clients, paired with computational and communication constraints in federated environments, presents an additional challenge that limits further performance improvements and remains inadequately addressed in existing studies. In this work, we propose a novel FLFM fine-tuning framework, \underline{\textbf{Fed}}erated tuning with \underline{\textbf{S}}imilarity-guided \underline{\textbf{C}}ollaborative \underline{\textbf{A}}ggregation (FedSCA), encompassing all phases of the FL process. This includes (1) specially designed parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) for local client training to enhance computational efficiency; (2) partial low-level adapter transmission for communication efficiency; and (3) similarity-guided collaborative aggregation (SGCA) on the server side to address non-IID issues. Extensive experiments on three FL benchmarks for medical image segmentation demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed FedSCA, establishing new SOTA performance. △ Less Submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.15390 [ pdf , other ] FedSCA: Federated Tuning with Similarity-guided Collaborative Aggregation for Heterogeneous Medical Image Segmentation Authors: Yumin Zhang , Yan Gao , Haoran Duan , Hanqing Guo , Tejal Shah , Rajiv Ranjan , Bo Wei Abstract : Transformer-based foundation models (FMs) have recently demonstrated remarkable performance in medical image segmentation. However, scaling these models is challenging due to the limited size of medical image datasets within isolated hospitals, where data centralization is restricted due to privacy concerns. These constraints, combined with the data-intensive nature of FMs, hinder their broader ap… ▽ More Transformer-based foundation models (FMs) have recently demonstrated remarkable performance in medical image segmentation. However, scaling these models is challenging due to the limited size of medical image datasets within isolated hospitals, where data centralization is restricted due to privacy concerns. These constraints, combined with the data-intensive nature of FMs, hinder their broader application. Integrating federated learning (FL) with foundation models (FLFM) fine-tuning offers a potential solution to these challenges by enabling collaborative model training without data sharing, thus allowing FMs to take advantage of a diverse pool of sensitive medical image data across hospitals/clients. However, non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) data among clients, paired with computational and communication constraints in federated environments, presents an additional challenge that limits further performance improvements and remains inadequately addressed in existing studies. In this work, we propose a novel FLFM fine-tuning framework, \underline{\textbf{Fed}}erated tuning with \underline{\textbf{S}}imilarity-guided \underline{\textbf{C}}ollaborative \underline{\textbf{A}}ggregation (FedSCA), encompassing all phases of the FL process. This includes (1) specially designed parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) for local client training to enhance computational efficiency; (2) partial low-level adapter transmission for communication efficiency; and (3) similarity-guided collaborative aggregation (SGCA) on the server side to address non-IID issues. Extensive experiments on three FL benchmarks for medical image segmentation demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed FedSCA, establishing new SOTA performance. △ Less Submitted 19 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.11227 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI GKG-LLM: A Unified Framework for Generalized Knowledge Graph Construction Authors: Jian Zhang , Bifan Wei , Shihao Qi , haiping Zhu , Jun Liu , Qika Lin Abstract : The construction of Generalized Knowledge Graph (GKG), including knowledge graph, event knowledge graph and commonsense knowledge graph, is fundamental for various natural language processing tasks. Current studies typically construct these types of graph separately, overlooking holistic insights and potential unification that could be beneficial in computing resources and usage perspectives. Howe… ▽ More The construction of Generalized Knowledge Graph (GKG), including knowledge graph, event knowledge graph and commonsense knowledge graph, is fundamental for various natural language processing tasks. Current studies typically construct these types of graph separately, overlooking holistic insights and potential unification that could be beneficial in computing resources and usage perspectives. However, a key challenge in developing a unified framework for GKG is obstacles arising from task-specific differences. In this study, we propose a unified framework for constructing generalized knowledge graphs to address this challenge. First, we collect data from 15 sub-tasks in 29 datasets across the three types of graphs, categorizing them into in-sample, counter-task, and out-of-distribution (OOD) data. Then, we propose a three-stage curriculum learning fine-tuning framework, by iteratively injecting knowledge from the three types of graphs into the Large Language Models. Extensive experiments show that our proposed model improves the construction of all three graph types across in-domain, OOD and counter-task data. △ Less Submitted 17 March, 2025; v1 submitted 14 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.11227 [ pdf , other ] GKG-LLM: A Unified Framework for Generalized Knowledge Graph Construction Authors: Jian Zhang , Bifan Wei , Shihao Qi , haiping Zhu , Jun Liu , Qika Lin Abstract : The construction of Generalized Knowledge Graph (GKG), including knowledge graph, event knowledge graph and commonsense knowledge graph, is fundamental for various natural language processing tasks. Current studies typically construct these types of graph separately, overlooking holistic insights and potential unification that could be beneficial in computing resources and usage perspectives. Howe… ▽ More The construction of Generalized Knowledge Graph (GKG), including knowledge graph, event knowledge graph and commonsense knowledge graph, is fundamental for various natural language processing tasks. Current studies typically construct these types of graph separately, overlooking holistic insights and potential unification that could be beneficial in computing resources and usage perspectives. However, a key challenge in developing a unified framework for GKG is obstacles arising from task-specific differences. In this study, we propose a unified framework for constructing generalized knowledge graphs to address this challenge. First, we collect data from 15 sub-tasks in 29 datasets across the three types of graphs, categorizing them into in-sample, counter-task, and out-of-distribution (OOD) data. Then, we propose a three-stage curriculum learning fine-tuning framework, by iteratively injecting knowledge from the three types of graphs into the Large Language Models. Extensive experiments show that our proposed model improves the construction of all three graph types across in-domain, OOD and counter-task data. △ Less Submitted 17 March, 2025; v1 submitted 14 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2502.20769 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Information Bottleneck-Guided Heterogeneous Graph Learning for Interpretable Neurodevelopmental Disorder Diagnosis Authors: Yueyang Li , Lei Chen , Wenhao Dong , Shengyu Gong , Zijian Kang , Boyang Wei , Weiming Zeng , Hongjie Yan , Lingbin Bian , Zhiguo Zhang , Wai Ting Siok , Nizhuan Wang Abstract : Developing interpretable models for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) diagnosis presents significant challenges in effectively encoding, decoding, and integrating multimodal neuroimaging data. While many existing machine learning approaches have shown promise in brain network analysis, they typically suffer from limited interpretability, particularly in extracting meaningful biomarkers from func… ▽ More Developing interpretable models for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) diagnosis presents significant challenges in effectively encoding, decoding, and integrating multimodal neuroimaging data. While many existing machine learning approaches have shown promise in brain network analysis, they typically suffer from limited interpretability, particularly in extracting meaningful biomarkers from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data and establishing clear relationships between imaging features and demographic characteristics. Besides, current graph neural network methodologies face limitations in capturing both local and global functional connectivity patterns while simultaneously achieving theoretically principled multimodal data fusion. To address these challenges, we propose the Interpretable Information Bottleneck Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network (I2B-HGNN), a unified framework that applies information bottleneck principles to guide both brain connectivity modeling and cross-modal feature integration. This framework comprises two complementary components. The first is the Information Bottleneck Graph Transformer (IBGraphFormer), which combines transformer-based global attention mechanisms with graph neural networks through information bottleneck-guided pooling to identify sufficient biomarkers. The second is the Information Bottleneck Heterogeneous Graph Attention Network (IB-HGAN), which employs meta-path-based heterogeneous graph learning with structural consistency constraints to achieve interpretable fusion of neuroimaging and demographic data. The experimental results demonstrate that I2B-HGNN achieves superior performance in diagnosing NDDs, exhibiting both high classification accuracy and the ability to provide interpretable biomarker identification while effectively analyzing non-imaging data. △ Less Submitted 5 August, 2025; v1 submitted 28 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. arXiv:2502.20769 [ pdf , ps , other ] Information Bottleneck-Guided Heterogeneous Graph Learning for Interpretable Neurodevelopmental Disorder Diagnosis Authors: Yueyang Li , Lei Chen , Wenhao Dong , Shengyu Gong , Zijian Kang , Boyang Wei , Weiming Zeng , Hongjie Yan , Lingbin Bian , Zhiguo Zhang , Wai Ting Siok , Nizhuan Wang Abstract : Developing interpretable models for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) diagnosis presents significant challenges in effectively encoding, decoding, and integrating multimodal neuroimaging data. While many existing machine learning approaches have shown promise in brain network analysis, they typically suffer from limited interpretability, particularly in extracting meaningful biomarkers from func… ▽ More Developing interpretable models for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) diagnosis presents significant challenges in effectively encoding, decoding, and integrating multimodal neuroimaging data. While many existing machine learning approaches have shown promise in brain network analysis, they typically suffer from limited interpretability, particularly in extracting meaningful biomarkers from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data and establishing clear relationships between imaging features and demographic characteristics. Besides, current graph neural network methodologies face limitations in capturing both local and global functional connectivity patterns while simultaneously achieving theoretically principled multimodal data fusion. To address these challenges, we propose the Interpretable Information Bottleneck Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network (I2B-HGNN), a unified framework that applies information bottleneck principles to guide both brain connectivity modeling and cross-modal feature integration. This framework comprises two complementary components. The first is the Information Bottleneck Graph Transformer (IBGraphFormer), which combines transformer-based global attention mechanisms with graph neural networks through information bottleneck-guided pooling to identify sufficient biomarkers. The second is the Information Bottleneck Heterogeneous Graph Attention Network (IB-HGAN), which employs meta-path-based heterogeneous graph learning with structural consistency constraints to achieve interpretable fusion of neuroimaging and demographic data. The experimental results demonstrate that I2B-HGNN achieves superior performance in diagnosing NDDs, exhibiting both high classification accuracy and the ability to provide interpretable biomarker identification while effectively analyzing non-imaging data. △ Less Submitted 5 August, 2025; v1 submitted 28 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. arXiv:2502.16545 [ pdf , other ] cs.CR cs.CV Multi-Target Federated Backdoor Attack Based on Feature Aggregation Authors: Lingguag Hao , Kuangrong Hao , Bing Wei , Xue-song Tang Abstract : Current federated backdoor attacks focus on collaboratively training backdoor triggers, where multiple compromised clients train their local trigger patches and then merge them into a global trigger during the inference phase. However, these methods require careful design of the shape and position of trigger patches and lack the feature interactions between trigger patches during training, resulti… ▽ More Current federated backdoor attacks focus on collaboratively training backdoor triggers, where multiple compromised clients train their local trigger patches and then merge them into a global trigger during the inference phase. However, these methods require careful design of the shape and position of trigger patches and lack the feature interactions between trigger patches during training, resulting in poor backdoor attack success rates. Moreover, the pixels of the patches remain untruncated, thereby making abrupt areas in backdoor examples easily detectable by the detection algorithm. To this end, we propose a novel benchmark for the federated backdoor attack based on feature aggregation. Specifically, we align the dimensions of triggers with images, delimit the trigger's pixel boundaries, and facilitate feature interaction among local triggers trained by each compromised client. Furthermore, leveraging the intra-class attack strategy, we propose the simultaneous generation of backdoor triggers for all target classes, significantly reducing the overall production time for triggers across all target classes and increasing the risk of the federated model being attacked. Experiments demonstrate that our method can not only bypass the detection of defense methods while patch-based methods fail, but also achieve a zero-shot backdoor attack with a success rate of 77.39%. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to implement such a zero-shot attack in federated learning. Finally, we evaluate attack performance by varying the trigger's training factors, including poison location, ratio, pixel bound, and trigger training duration (local epochs and communication rounds). △ Less Submitted 23 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. arXiv:2502.16545 [ pdf , other ] Multi-Target Federated Backdoor Attack Based on Feature Aggregation Authors: Lingguag Hao , Kuangrong Hao , Bing Wei , Xue-song Tang Abstract : Current federated backdoor attacks focus on collaboratively training backdoor triggers, where multiple compromised clients train their local trigger patches and then merge them into a global trigger during the inference phase. However, these methods require careful design of the shape and position of trigger patches and lack the feature interactions between trigger patches during training, resulti… ▽ More Current federated backdoor attacks focus on collaboratively training backdoor triggers, where multiple compromised clients train their local trigger patches and then merge them into a global trigger during the inference phase. However, these methods require careful design of the shape and position of trigger patches and lack the feature interactions between trigger patches during training, resulting in poor backdoor attack success rates. Moreover, the pixels of the patches remain untruncated, thereby making abrupt areas in backdoor examples easily detectable by the detection algorithm. To this end, we propose a novel benchmark for the federated backdoor attack based on feature aggregation. Specifically, we align the dimensions of triggers with images, delimit the trigger's pixel boundaries, and facilitate feature interaction among local triggers trained by each compromised client. Furthermore, leveraging the intra-class attack strategy, we propose the simultaneous generation of backdoor triggers for all target classes, significantly reducing the overall production time for triggers across all target classes and increasing the risk of the federated model being attacked. Experiments demonstrate that our method can not only bypass the detection of defense methods while patch-based methods fail, but also achieve a zero-shot backdoor attack with a success rate of 77.39%. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to implement such a zero-shot attack in federated learning. Finally, we evaluate attack performance by varying the trigger's training factors, including poison location, ratio, pixel bound, and trigger training duration (local epochs and communication rounds). △ Less Submitted 23 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. arXiv:2501.18820 [ pdf , other ] cs.CR SoK: Towards Effective Automated Vulnerability Repair Authors: Ying Li , Faysal hossain shezan , Bomin wei , Gang Wang , Yuan Tian Abstract : The increasing prevalence of software vulnerabilities necessitates automated vulnerability repair (AVR) techniques. This Systematization of Knowledge (SoK) provides a comprehensive overview of the AVR landscape, encompassing both synthetic and real-world vulnerabilities. Through a systematic literature review and quantitative benchmarking across diverse datasets, methods, and strategies, we establ… ▽ More The increasing prevalence of software vulnerabilities necessitates automated vulnerability repair (AVR) techniques. This Systematization of Knowledge (SoK) provides a comprehensive overview of the AVR landscape, encompassing both synthetic and real-world vulnerabilities. Through a systematic literature review and quantitative benchmarking across diverse datasets, methods, and strategies, we establish a taxonomy of existing AVR methodologies, categorizing them into template-guided, search-based, constraint-based, and learning-driven approaches. We evaluate the strengths and limitations of these approaches, highlighting common challenges and practical implications. Our comprehensive analysis of existing AVR methods reveals a diverse landscape with no single ``best'' approach. Learning-based methods excel in specific scenarios but lack complete program understanding, and both learning and non-learning methods face challenges with complex vulnerabilities. Additionally, we identify emerging trends and propose future research directions to advance the field of AVR. This SoK serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners, offering a structured understanding of the current state-of-the-art and guiding future research and development in this critical domain. △ Less Submitted 30 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2501.18820 [ pdf , other ] SoK: Towards Effective Automated Vulnerability Repair Authors: Ying Li , Faysal hossain shezan , Bomin wei , Gang Wang , Yuan Tian Abstract : The increasing prevalence of software vulnerabilities necessitates automated vulnerability repair (AVR) techniques. This Systematization of Knowledge (SoK) provides a comprehensive overview of the AVR landscape, encompassing both synthetic and real-world vulnerabilities. Through a systematic literature review and quantitative benchmarking across diverse datasets, methods, and strategies, we establ… ▽ More The increasing prevalence of software vulnerabilities necessitates automated vulnerability repair (AVR) techniques. This Systematization of Knowledge (SoK) provides a comprehensive overview of the AVR landscape, encompassing both synthetic and real-world vulnerabilities. Through a systematic literature review and quantitative benchmarking across diverse datasets, methods, and strategies, we establish a taxonomy of existing AVR methodologies, categorizing them into template-guided, search-based, constraint-based, and learning-driven approaches. We evaluate the strengths and limitations of these approaches, highlighting common challenges and practical implications. Our comprehensive analysis of existing AVR methods reveals a diverse landscape with no single ``best'' approach. Learning-based methods excel in specific scenarios but lack complete program understanding, and both learning and non-learning methods face challenges with complex vulnerabilities. Additionally, we identify emerging trends and propose future research directions to advance the field of AVR. This SoK serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners, offering a structured understanding of the current state-of-the-art and guiding future research and development in this critical domain. △ Less Submitted 30 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2501.16515 [ pdf , other ] cs.HC SimulataR: Rapid Assisted Reality Prototyping using Design-Blended Videos Authors: Ashwin Ram , Yue Gu , Bowen Wang , Sneha Jaikumar , Youqi Wu , Benjamin Tan Kuan Wei , Qingyang Xu , Haiming Liu , Shengdong Zhao Abstract : Assisted Reality (aR) is a subfield of Augmented Reality (AR) that overlays information onto a user's immediate view via see-through head-mounted displays (OST-HMDs). This technology has proven to be effective and energy-efficient to support the user and information interaction for everyday wearable intelligent systems. The aR viewing experience, however, is affected by varying real-world backgrou… ▽ More Assisted Reality (aR) is a subfield of Augmented Reality (AR) that overlays information onto a user's immediate view via see-through head-mounted displays (OST-HMDs). This technology has proven to be effective and energy-efficient to support the user and information interaction for everyday wearable intelligent systems. The aR viewing experience, however, is affected by varying real-world backgrounds, lighting, and user movements, which makes designing for aR challenging. Designers have to test their designs in-situ across multiple real-world settings, which can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. We propose SimulataR, a cost-effective desktop-based approach for rapid aR prototyping using first-person-view context videos blended with design prototypes to simulate an aR experience. A field study involving 12 AR users comparing SimulataR to real OST-HMDs found that SimulataR can approximate the aR experience, particularly for indoors and in low-to-moderate lit outdoor environments. Case studies with two designers who used SimulataR in their design process demonstrates the potential of design-blended videos for rapid aR prototyping. △ Less Submitted 9 February, 2025; v1 submitted 27 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2501.16515 [ pdf , other ] SimulataR: Rapid Assisted Reality Prototyping using Design-Blended Videos Authors: Ashwin Ram , Yue Gu , Bowen Wang , Sneha Jaikumar , Youqi Wu , Benjamin Tan Kuan Wei , Qingyang Xu , Haiming Liu , Shengdong Zhao Abstract : Assisted Reality (aR) is a subfield of Augmented Reality (AR) that overlays information onto a user's immediate view via see-through head-mounted displays (OST-HMDs). This technology has proven to be effective and energy-efficient to support the user and information interaction for everyday wearable intelligent systems. The aR viewing experience, however, is affected by varying real-world backgrou… ▽ More Assisted Reality (aR) is a subfield of Augmented Reality (AR) that overlays information onto a user's immediate view via see-through head-mounted displays (OST-HMDs). This technology has proven to be effective and energy-efficient to support the user and information interaction for everyday wearable intelligent systems. The aR viewing experience, however, is affected by varying real-world backgrounds, lighting, and user movements, which makes designing for aR challenging. Designers have to test their designs in-situ across multiple real-world settings, which can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. We propose SimulataR, a cost-effective desktop-based approach for rapid aR prototyping using first-person-view context videos blended with design prototypes to simulate an aR experience. A field study involving 12 AR users comparing SimulataR to real OST-HMDs found that SimulataR can approximate the aR experience, particularly for indoors and in low-to-moderate lit outdoor environments. Case studies with two designers who used SimulataR in their design process demonstrates the potential of design-blended videos for rapid aR prototyping. △ Less Submitted 9 February, 2025; v1 submitted 27 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2501.14249 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.CL Humanity's Last Exam Authors: Long Phan , Alice Gatti , Ziwen Han , Nathaniel Li , Josephina Hu , Hugh Zhang , Chen Bo Calvin Zhang , Mohamed Shaaban , John Ling , Sean Shi , Michael Choi , Anish Agrawal , Arnav Chopra , Adam Khoja , Ryan Kim , Richard Ren , Jason Hausenloy , Oliver Zhang , Mantas Mazeika , Dmitry Dodonov , Tung Nguyen , Jaeho Lee , Daron Anderson , Mikhail Doroshenko , Alun Cennyth Stokes , et al. (1087 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Benchmarks are important tools for tracking the rapid advancements in large language model (LLM) capabilities. However, benchmarks are not keeping pace in difficulty: LLMs now achieve over 90\% accuracy on popular benchmarks like MMLU, limiting informed measurement of state-of-the-art LLM capabilities. In response, we introduce Humanity's Last Exam (HLE), a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of… ▽ More Benchmarks are important tools for tracking the rapid advancements in large language model (LLM) capabilities. However, benchmarks are not keeping pace in difficulty: LLMs now achieve over 90\% accuracy on popular benchmarks like MMLU, limiting informed measurement of state-of-the-art LLM capabilities. In response, we introduce Humanity's Last Exam (HLE), a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, designed to be the final closed-ended academic benchmark of its kind with broad subject coverage. HLE consists of 2,500 questions across dozens of subjects, including mathematics, humanities, and the natural sciences. HLE is developed globally by subject-matter experts and consists of multiple-choice and short-answer questions suitable for automated grading. Each question has a known solution that is unambiguous and easily verifiable, but cannot be quickly answered via internet retrieval. State-of-the-art LLMs demonstrate low accuracy and calibration on HLE, highlighting a significant gap between current LLM capabilities and the expert human frontier on closed-ended academic questions. To inform research and policymaking upon a clear understanding of model capabilities, we publicly release HLE at △ Less Submitted 25 September, 2025; v1 submitted 24 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. Comments: 29 pages, 6 figures arXiv:2501.14249 [ pdf , ps , other ] Humanity's Last Exam Authors: Long Phan , Alice Gatti , Ziwen Han , Nathaniel Li , Josephina Hu , Hugh Zhang , Chen Bo Calvin Zhang , Mohamed Shaaban , John Ling , Sean Shi , Michael Choi , Anish Agrawal , Arnav Chopra , Adam Khoja , Ryan Kim , Richard Ren , Jason Hausenloy , Oliver Zhang , Mantas Mazeika , Dmitry Dodonov , Tung Nguyen , Jaeho Lee , Daron Anderson , Mikhail Doroshenko , Alun Cennyth Stokes , et al. (1087 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Benchmarks are important tools for tracking the rapid advancements in large language model (LLM) capabilities. However, benchmarks are not keeping pace in difficulty: LLMs now achieve over 90\% accuracy on popular benchmarks like MMLU, limiting informed measurement of state-of-the-art LLM capabilities. In response, we introduce Humanity's Last Exam (HLE), a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of… ▽ More Benchmarks are important tools for tracking the rapid advancements in large language model (LLM) capabilities. However, benchmarks are not keeping pace in difficulty: LLMs now achieve over 90\% accuracy on popular benchmarks like MMLU, limiting informed measurement of state-of-the-art LLM capabilities. In response, we introduce Humanity's Last Exam (HLE), a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, designed to be the final closed-ended academic benchmark of its kind with broad subject coverage. HLE consists of 2,500 questions across dozens of subjects, including mathematics, humanities, and the natural sciences. HLE is developed globally by subject-matter experts and consists of multiple-choice and short-answer questions suitable for automated grading. Each question has a known solution that is unambiguous and easily verifiable, but cannot be quickly answered via internet retrieval. State-of-the-art LLMs demonstrate low accuracy and calibration on HLE, highlighting a significant gap between current LLM capabilities and the expert human frontier on closed-ended academic questions. To inform research and policymaking upon a clear understanding of model capabilities, we publicly release HLE at △ Less Submitted 25 September, 2025; v1 submitted 24 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. Comments: 29 pages, 6 figures arXiv:2501.01416 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV Hierarchical Alignment-enhanced Adaptive Grounding Network for Generalized Referring Expression Comprehension Authors: Yaxian Wang , Henghui Ding , Shuting He , Xudong Jiang , Bifan Wei , Jun Liu Abstract : In this work, we address the challenging task of Generalized Referring Expression Comprehension (GREC). Compared to the classic Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) that focuses on single-target expressions, GREC extends the scope to a more practical setting by further encompassing no-target and multi-target expressions. Existing REC methods face challenges in handling the complex cases encoun… ▽ More In this work, we address the challenging task of Generalized Referring Expression Comprehension (GREC). Compared to the classic Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) that focuses on single-target expressions, GREC extends the scope to a more practical setting by further encompassing no-target and multi-target expressions. Existing REC methods face challenges in handling the complex cases encountered in GREC, primarily due to their fixed output and limitations in multi-modal representations. To address these issues, we propose a Hierarchical Alignment-enhanced Adaptive Grounding Network (HieA2G) for GREC, which can flexibly deal with various types of referring expressions. First, a Hierarchical Multi-modal Semantic Alignment (HMSA) module is proposed to incorporate three levels of alignments, including word-object, phrase-object, and text-image alignment. It enables hierarchical cross-modal interactions across multiple levels to achieve comprehensive and robust multi-modal understanding, greatly enhancing grounding ability for complex cases. Then, to address the varying number of target objects in GREC, we introduce an Adaptive Grounding Counter (AGC) to dynamically determine the number of output targets. Additionally, an auxiliary contrastive loss is employed in AGC to enhance object-counting ability by pulling in multi-modal features with the same counting and pushing away those with different counting. Extensive experimental results show that HieA2G achieves new state-of-the-art performance on the challenging GREC task and also the other 4 tasks, including REC, Phrase Grounding, Referring Expression Segmentation (RES), and Generalized Referring Expression Segmentation (GRES), demonstrating the remarkable superiority and generalizability of the proposed HieA2G. △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. Comments: AAAI 2025 arXiv:2501.01416 [ pdf , other ] Hierarchical Alignment-enhanced Adaptive Grounding Network for Generalized Referring Expression Comprehension Authors: Yaxian Wang , Henghui Ding , Shuting He , Xudong Jiang , Bifan Wei , Jun Liu Abstract : In this work, we address the challenging task of Generalized Referring Expression Comprehension (GREC). Compared to the classic Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) that focuses on single-target expressions, GREC extends the scope to a more practical setting by further encompassing no-target and multi-target expressions. Existing REC methods face challenges in handling the complex cases encoun… ▽ More In this work, we address the challenging task of Generalized Referring Expression Comprehension (GREC). Compared to the classic Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) that focuses on single-target expressions, GREC extends the scope to a more practical setting by further encompassing no-target and multi-target expressions. Existing REC methods face challenges in handling the complex cases encountered in GREC, primarily due to their fixed output and limitations in multi-modal representations. To address these issues, we propose a Hierarchical Alignment-enhanced Adaptive Grounding Network (HieA2G) for GREC, which can flexibly deal with various types of referring expressions. First, a Hierarchical Multi-modal Semantic Alignment (HMSA) module is proposed to incorporate three levels of alignments, including word-object, phrase-object, and text-image alignment. It enables hierarchical cross-modal interactions across multiple levels to achieve comprehensive and robust multi-modal understanding, greatly enhancing grounding ability for complex cases. Then, to address the varying number of target objects in GREC, we introduce an Adaptive Grounding Counter (AGC) to dynamically determine the number of output targets. Additionally, an auxiliary contrastive loss is employed in AGC to enhance object-counting ability by pulling in multi-modal features with the same counting and pushing away those with different counting. Extensive experimental results show that HieA2G achieves new state-of-the-art performance on the challenging GREC task and also the other 4 tasks, including REC, Phrase Grounding, Referring Expression Segmentation (RES), and Generalized Referring Expression Segmentation (GRES), demonstrating the remarkable superiority and generalizability of the proposed HieA2G. △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. Comments: AAAI 2025 arXiv:2412.18926 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Exemplar-condensed Federated Class-incremental Learning Authors: Rui Sun , Yumin Zhang , Varun Ojha , Tejal Shah , Haoran Duan , Bo Wei , Rajiv Ranjan Abstract : We propose Exemplar-Condensed federated class-incremental learning (ECoral) to distil the training characteristics of real images from streaming data into informative rehearsal exemplars. The proposed method eliminates the limitations of exemplar selection in replay-based approaches for mitigating catastrophic forgetting in federated continual learning (FCL). The limitations particularly related t… ▽ More We propose Exemplar-Condensed federated class-incremental learning (ECoral) to distil the training characteristics of real images from streaming data into informative rehearsal exemplars. The proposed method eliminates the limitations of exemplar selection in replay-based approaches for mitigating catastrophic forgetting in federated continual learning (FCL). The limitations particularly related to the heterogeneity of information density of each summarized data. Our approach maintains the consistency of training gradients and the relationship to past tasks for the summarized exemplars to represent the streaming data compared to the original images effectively. Additionally, our approach reduces the information-level heterogeneity of the summarized data by inter-client sharing of the disentanglement generative model. Extensive experiments show that our ECoral outperforms several state-of-the-art methods and can be seamlessly integrated with many existing approaches to enhance performance. △ Less Submitted 3 June, 2025; v1 submitted 25 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. arXiv:2412.18926 [ pdf , ps , other ] Exemplar-condensed Federated Class-incremental Learning Authors: Rui Sun , Yumin Zhang , Varun Ojha , Tejal Shah , Haoran Duan , Bo Wei , Rajiv Ranjan Abstract : We propose Exemplar-Condensed federated class-incremental learning (ECoral) to distil the training characteristics of real images from streaming data into informative rehearsal exemplars. The proposed method eliminates the limitations of exemplar selection in replay-based approaches for mitigating catastrophic forgetting in federated continual learning (FCL). The limitations particularly related t… ▽ More We propose Exemplar-Condensed federated class-incremental learning (ECoral) to distil the training characteristics of real images from streaming data into informative rehearsal exemplars. The proposed method eliminates the limitations of exemplar selection in replay-based approaches for mitigating catastrophic forgetting in federated continual learning (FCL). The limitations particularly related to the heterogeneity of information density of each summarized data. Our approach maintains the consistency of training gradients and the relationship to past tasks for the summarized exemplars to represent the streaming data compared to the original images effectively. Additionally, our approach reduces the information-level heterogeneity of the summarized data by inter-client sharing of the disentanglement generative model. Extensive experiments show that our ECoral outperforms several state-of-the-art methods and can be seamlessly integrated with many existing approaches to enhance performance. △ Less Submitted 3 June, 2025; v1 submitted 25 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. arXiv:2412.07097 [ pdf , other ] cs.CR cs.AI On Evaluating the Durability of Safeguards for Open-Weight LLMs Authors: Xiangyu Qi , Boyi Wei , Nicholas Carlini , Yangsibo Huang , Tinghao Xie , Luxi He , Matthew Jagielski , Milad Nasr , Prateek Mittal , Peter Henderson Abstract : Stakeholders -- from model developers to policymakers -- seek to minimize the dual-use risks of large language models (LLMs). An open challenge to this goal is whether technical safeguards can impede the misuse of LLMs, even when models are customizable via fine-tuning or when model weights are fully open. In response, several recent studies have proposed methods to produce durable LLM safeguards… ▽ More Stakeholders -- from model developers to policymakers -- seek to minimize the dual-use risks of large language models (LLMs). An open challenge to this goal is whether technical safeguards can impede the misuse of LLMs, even when models are customizable via fine-tuning or when model weights are fully open. In response, several recent studies have proposed methods to produce durable LLM safeguards for open-weight LLMs that can withstand adversarial modifications of the model's weights via fine-tuning. This holds the promise of raising adversaries' costs even under strong threat models where adversaries can directly fine-tune model weights. However, in this paper, we urge for more careful characterization of the limits of these approaches. Through several case studies, we demonstrate that even evaluating these defenses is exceedingly difficult and can easily mislead audiences into thinking that safeguards are more durable than they really are. We draw lessons from the evaluation pitfalls that we identify and suggest future research carefully cabin claims to more constrained, well-defined, and rigorously examined threat models, which can provide more useful and candid assessments to stakeholders. △ Less Submitted 9 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. arXiv:2412.07097 [ pdf , other ] On Evaluating the Durability of Safeguards for Open-Weight LLMs Authors: Xiangyu Qi , Boyi Wei , Nicholas Carlini , Yangsibo Huang , Tinghao Xie , Luxi He , Matthew Jagielski , Milad Nasr , Prateek Mittal , Peter Henderson Abstract : Stakeholders -- from model developers to policymakers -- seek to minimize the dual-use risks of large language models (LLMs). An open challenge to this goal is whether technical safeguards can impede the misuse of LLMs, even when models are customizable via fine-tuning or when model weights are fully open. In response, several recent studies have proposed methods to produce durable LLM safeguards… ▽ More Stakeholders -- from model developers to policymakers -- seek to minimize the dual-use risks of large language models (LLMs). An open challenge to this goal is whether technical safeguards can impede the misuse of LLMs, even when models are customizable via fine-tuning or when model weights are fully open. In response, several recent studies have proposed methods to produce durable LLM safeguards for open-weight LLMs that can withstand adversarial modifications of the model's weights via fine-tuning. This holds the promise of raising adversaries' costs even under strong threat models where adversaries can directly fine-tune model weights. However, in this paper, we urge for more careful characterization of the limits of these approaches. Through several case studies, we demonstrate that even evaluating these defenses is exceedingly difficult and can easily mislead audiences into thinking that safeguards are more durable than they really are. We draw lessons from the evaluation pitfalls that we identify and suggest future research carefully cabin claims to more constrained, well-defined, and rigorously examined threat models, which can provide more useful and candid assessments to stakeholders. △ Less Submitted 9 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. 1 2 3 4 About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 2 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 3 Casualties and war crimes Toggle Casualties and war crimes subsection 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 4 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 5 Humanitarian impact 6 Economy 7 Disinformation 8 Sanctions 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Afrikaans العربية Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chi-Chewa الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית کٲشُر Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Malti მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Part of the Sudanese Civil Wars Military situation as of 1 January 2026 [update] [ 19 ] .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Controlled by Sudanese Armed Forces and allies ( Transitional Sovereignty Council ) Controlled by Rapid Support Forces ( Government of Peace and Unity ) Controlled by SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by allied Rapid Support Forces and SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by SLM (al-Nur) ( Detailed map ) ( Engagements ) ( Detailed map ) Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Darfur Joint Protection Force (from November 2023) Egypt Saudi Arabia Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] United Arab Emirates [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Tamazuj (from August 2023) Coalition of Patriots for Change [ 11 ] Desert Wolves [ 12 ] Libyan National Army [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Wagner Group (until early 2024) [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Commanders and leaders Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur Strength 2024 ~300,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns 2024 ~100,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns Unknown Casualties and losses Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Prelude War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident v t e Conflicts in Sudan v t e First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Sudanese peace process Since April 2023, there has been a civil war in Sudan between two factions of the country's military government. The conflict involves the internationally recognized government controlled by the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and consisting of the Army, Navy , Air Force and Republican Guard ; and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), led by General Hemedti , who leads the broader Janjaweed coalition. Smaller armed groups have taken part. [ 40 ] Fighting began on 15 April 2023 after a power struggle within the government that had taken power following the 2021 coup . As of 5 February 2025 [update] the conflict has caused 12 million people to be forcibly displaced , 9 million internally and 3.5 million have fled the country as refugees, [ 39 ] [ 41 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 42 ] Since gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has endured chronic instability marked by 20 coup attempts , prolonged military rule, two civil wars and the Darfur genocide . The war erupted amid tensions over the integration of the RSF into the Sudanese Army following the 2021 coup, starting with RSF attacks on government sites in the capital Khartoum , and other cities. The conflict began with the Battle of Khartoum , and there has been fighting in the Darfur region. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The capital region was divided between the two factions, and al-Burhan relocated his government to Port Sudan . International efforts, including the 2023 Jeddah Declaration, failed to stop the fighting, while various rebel groups entered the war: the SPLM–North attacked the SAF in the south; the Tamazuj movement joined the RSF; and the SAF gained support from factions of the Sudan Liberation Movement and Justice and Equality Movement . By late 2023, the RSF controlled most of Darfur and advanced on Khartoum, taking over most of the capital, Kordofan and Gezira . The SAF regained momentum in 2024, making gains in Omdurman and retaking Khartoum by March 2025. Despite negotiations, no lasting ceasefire has been reached, and the war continues with severe humanitarian consequences and regional implications. In October 2025 the city of El Fasher fell, giving the RSF control over the SAF's last stronghold in Darfur. Famine is widespread. Sudan faces one of the world's worst humanitarian crises , with 25 million people suffering from severe food insecurity. [ 46 ] Four million children are acutely malnourished, including 770,000 at imminent risk of death and famine had been confirmed in several regions. [ 38 ] There are extreme shortages of water, medicine and aid access, widespread hospital closures, disease outbreaks, mass displacement , looting of humanitarian supplies, and the near-collapse of education and infrastructure, leaving half the population in urgent need of assistance. The death toll of the war, including fatalities from violence , starvation and disease , is high; thousands remain missing or have been killed in targeted massacres, primarily attributed to the RSF and allied militias. [ 47 ] 61,000 people have died in Khartoum State alone, of which 26,000 were a direct result of the violence. [ 48 ] Sexual violence, committed on refugees and during looting, has been widespread. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] There have been calls for more aid, legal protections for humanitarian workers , refugee support and an end to international arms supplies to the RSF, particularly by the United Arab Emirates . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] The US, UK, EU and Canada , imposed sanctions on individuals, companies and entities linked to the SAF and RSF for ceasefire violations and human rights abuses. The UAE has been found to have violated the sanctions, despite denials, shipping Chinese weapons to RSF rebels. [ 52 ] Many civilians in Darfur have been killed as part of the Masalit genocide . [ 57 ] On 7 January 2025, the US said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide. [ 58 ] Background Since Sudan gained independence in 1956, the country has experienced 20 military coup attempts , the most of any African nation. [ 59 ] Sudan has usually been ruled by the military, interspersed with short periods of democratic parliamentary rule . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Two civil wars – 1955–1972 and 1983–2005 – between the central government and the southern regions , killed 1.5 million people and ultimately led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Separately, the conflict in the western region of Darfur displaced two million people and killed more than 200,000. [ 62 ] War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF By the turn of the 21st century, Sudan's western Darfur region had endured prolonged instability and social strife due to ethnic tensions and disputes over land and water. In 2003, this situation erupted into a full-scale rebellion against government rule, against which president and military strongman Omar al-Bashir vowed to use forceful action. The resulting War in Darfur was marked by widespread state-sponsored acts of violence, leading to charges of war crimes and genocide against al-Bashir. [ 63 ] The initial phase of the conflict left approximately 300,000 dead and 2.7 million forcibly displaced; even though the intensity of the violence later declined, the situation in the region remained far from peaceful. [ 64 ] To crush uprisings by non-Arab tribes in the Nuba Mountains , al-Bashir relied upon the Janjaweed , a collection of Sudanese Arab militias that were drawn from camel-trading tribes which were active in Darfur and portions of Chad . In 2013, al-Bashir announced that the Janjaweed would be reorganised as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and he also announced that the RSF would be placed under the command of the Janjaweed's commander General Hemedti . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] The RSF perpetrated mass killings, mass rapes, pillage, torture, and destruction of villages. They were accused of committing ethnic cleansing against the Fur , Masalit , and Zaghawa peoples. [ 67 ] Leaders of the RSF have been indicted for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court (ICC), [ 69 ] but Hemedti was not personally implicated in the 2003–2004 atrocities. [ 64 ] In 2017, a new law gave the RSF the status of an "independent security force". [ 67 ] Hemedti received several gold mines in Darfur as patronage from al-Bashir, and his personal wealth grew substantially. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Bashir sent RSF forces to quash a 2013 uprising in South Darfur and deployed RSF units to fight in Yemen and Libya . [ 66 ] During this time, the RSF developed a working relationship with the Russian private military outfit Wagner Group . [ 70 ] These developments ensured that RSF forces grew into the tens of thousands and came to possess thousands of armed pickup trucks which regularly patrolled the streets of Khartoum. [ 70 ] The Bashir regime allowed the RSF and other armed groups to proliferate to prevent threats to its security from within the armed forces, a practice known as " coup-proofing ". [ 71 ] Political transition In December 2018, protests against al-Bashir's regime began, starting the first phase of the Sudanese Revolution . Eight months of sustained civil disobedience were met with violent repression. [ 72 ] In April 2019, the military (including the RSF) ousted al-Bashir in a coup d'état , ending his three decades of rule; the military established the Transitional Military Council , a junta . [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 72 ] Bashir was imprisoned in Khartoum; he was not turned over to the ICC, which had issued warrants for his arrest on charges of war crimes . [ 73 ] Protests calling for civilian rule continued; in June 2019, the TMC's security forces, which included both the RSF and the SAF, perpetrated the Khartoum massacre , in which more than a hundred demonstrators were killed [ 74 ] [ 66 ] [ 68 ] [ 72 ] and dozens were raped. [ 66 ] Hemedti denied orchestrating the attack. [ 68 ] In August 2019, in response to international pressure and mediation by the African Union and Ethiopia, the military agreed to share power in an interim joint civilian-military unity government (the Transitional Sovereignty Council ), headed by a civilian Prime Minister, Abdalla Hamdok , with elections planned for 2023 . [ 63 ] [ 72 ] In October 2021, the military seized power in a coup led by Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Hemedti. The Transitional Sovereignty Council was reconstituted as a new military junta led by al-Burhan, monopolizing power and halting Sudan's transition to democracy . [ 73 ] [ 75 ] Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM The Sudan Liberation Movement (or Army; SLM, SLA, or SLM/A) is a rebel group active in Darfur, primarily composed of members of non-Arab ethnic groups [ 76 ] and established in response to their marginalization by the Bashir regime. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] Since 2006, the movement has split into several factions due to disagreements over the Darfur Peace Agreement , with some factions joining the government in Khartoum. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] By 2023, the three most prominent factions were the SLM-Minnawi under Minni Minnawi , the SLM-al-Nur under Abdul Wahid al-Nur , and the SLM-Tambour under Mustafa Tambour . The SLM-Minnawi and SLM-Tambour signed the 2020 Juba Peace Agreement , ceasing hostilities and receiving political appointments, but the SLM-al-Nur refused to sign and kept fighting. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The SPLM-N was founded by units of the predominantly South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Movement /Army stationed in areas that remained in Sudan following the South Sudanese vote for independence in 2011 . These forces then led a rebellion in the southern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile a few months later. [ 84 ] In 2017, the SPLM-N split between a faction led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and one led by Malik Agar , with al-Hilu demanding secularism as a condition for peace while Agar did not agree with this. [ 85 ] During the Sudanese Revolution, al-Hilu's faction declared an indefinite unilateral ceasefire. [ 86 ] In 2020, a peace agreement was signed between the Sudanese government and Agar's faction, [ 81 ] with Agar later joining the Transitional Sovereignty Council in Khartoum. Al-Hilu held out until he agreed to sign a separate peace agreement with the Sudanese government a few months later. [ 87 ] Further steps to consolidate the agreement stalled following the 2021 coup, and the al-Hilu faction instead signed an agreement with the SLM-al-Nur and the Sudanese Communist Party , agreeing to co-operate to draft a 'revolutionary charter' and remove the military from power. [ 88 ] Prelude In the months after the 2021 coup the already weak Sudanese economy steeply declined, fueling wide protests demanding that the junta return power to civilian authorities. [ 89 ] Tensions arose between al-Burhan and Hemedti over al-Burhan's restoration to the office of old-guard Islamist officials who had dominated the Omar al-Bashir government. Hemedti saw the appointment of these officials as a signal that al-Burhan was attempting to maintain the dominance of Khartoum's traditional elite over Sudanese politics. This was a danger to the RSF's political position, as said elites were hostile to Hemedti due to his ethnic background as a Darfuri Arab. [ 90 ] Hemedti's expression of regret over the October 2021 coup signalled a widening divide between him and al-Burhan. [ 75 ] Tensions between the RSF and the SAF began to escalate in February 2023, as the RSF began to recruit members across Sudan. [ 89 ] Throughout February and early March the RSF built up in the Sudanese capital of Khartoum , until a deal was brokered on 11 March and the RSF withdrew. [ 89 ] [ 91 ] As part of this deal negotiations were conducted between the SAF, RSF, and civilian leaders, but these negotiations were delayed and halted by political disagreements. [ 92 ] Chief among the disputes was the integration of the RSF into the military: the RSF insisted on a 10-year timetable for its integration into the regular army, while the army demanded integration within two years. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Other contested issues included the status given to RSF officers in the future hierarchy, and whether RSF forces should be under the command of the army chief rather than Sudan's commander-in-chief, al-Burhan. [ 95 ] On 11 April 2023, RSF forces deployed near the city of Merowe as well as in Khartoum . [ 96 ] Government forces ordered them to leave and were refused. This led to clashes when RSF forces took control of the Soba military base south of Khartoum. [ 96 ] On 13 April, RSF forces began their mobilization, raising fears of a potential rebellion against the junta. The SAF has declared the mobilization as illegal. [ 97 ] Course of the war April–May 2023 Battle of Khartoum On 15 April 2023, the RSF attacked SAF bases across Sudan, including Khartoum and its airport . [ 93 ] [ 98 ] There were clashes at the headquarters of the state broadcaster, Sudan TV , which was later captured by RSF forces. [ 99 ] Bridges and roads in Khartoum and its hinterland were closed by RSF command. [ 100 ] The next day saw a SAF counteroffensive, with the Sudanese Army retaking Merowe Airport alongside the headquarters of Sudan TV and the state radio. [ 99 ] The Sudan Civil Aviation Authority closed the country's airspace as fighting began. [ 101 ] Telecommunications provider MTN shut down Internet services, and by 23 April there was a near-total Internet outage attributed to attacks on the electricity grid. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] Sudanese international trade began to break down, with Maersk , one of the largest shipping companies in the world, announcing a pause on new shipments to the country. [ 104 ] Hemedti directed his forces to capture or kill al-Burhan, and RSF units engaged in pitched and bloody combat with the Republican Guard . Ultimately al-Burhan managed to evade capture or assassination, but his base at the Sudanese Armed Forces Headquarters was placed under RSF siege, rendering him unable to leave Khartoum. [ 82 ] [ 105 ] In an interview with Al Jazeera , Hemedti accused al-Burhan and his commanders of forcing the RSF to start the war by scheming to bring deposed leader Omar al-Bashir back to power. [ 100 ] He called for the international community to intervene against al-Burhan, claiming that the RSF were fighting against radical Islamic militants. [ 106 ] Following the first few days of war the SAF brought in reinforcements from the Ethiopian border. [ 107 ] Although a ceasefire was announced for Eid al-Fitr , fighting continued across the country. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Combat was described as particularly intense along the highway from Khartoum to Port Sudan and in the industrial zone of al-Bagair. [ 110 ] Intercommunal clashes were reported in Blue Nile State and in Geneina . [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By the beginning of May the SAF claimed to have weakened the RSF's combat capabilities and repelled its advances in multiple regions. [ 113 ] The Sudanese police deployed its Central Reserve Forces in the streets of Khartoum in support of the SAF, claiming to have arrested several hundred RSF fighters. [ 114 ] The SAF announced it was launching an all-out attack on RSF in Khartoum using air strikes and artillery. [ 115 ] Air strikes and ground offensives against the RSF over the next few days caused significant damage to infrastructure, but failed to dislodge RSF forces from their positions. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] Following further threats to his life from Hemedti, al-Burhan gave a public video address from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, vowing to continue fighting. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] On 19 May, al-Burhan officially removed Hemedti as his deputy in the Transitional Sovereignty Council and replaced him with former rebel leader and council member Malik Agar . [ 120 ] With al-Burhan trapped in Khartoum, Agar became de facto leader of the Sudanese government, assuming responsibility for peace negotiations, international visits and the day-to-day running of the country. [ 82 ] Treaty of Jeddah International attention to the conflict resulted in the United Nations Human Rights Council calling a special session to address the violence, voting to increase monitoring of human rights abuses. [ 121 ] On 6 May, delegates from the SAF and the RSF met directly for the first time in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia, for what was described by Saudi Arabia and the United States as "pre-negotiation talks". [ 122 ] After diplomatic lobbying from the Saudis and Americans the warring sides signed the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May, vowing to ensure the safe passage of civilians, protect relief workers, and prohibit the use of civilians as human shields . [ 123 ] The agreement did not include a ceasefire, and clashes resumed in Geneina , causing more casualties. [ 123 ] The United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths expressed frustration at the lack of commitment from both sides to end the fighting. [ 124 ] The situation remained volatile, with both sides trading blame for attacks on churches, hospitals, and embassies. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Casualties mounted, particularly in Geneina, where Arab militias loyal to the RSF were accused of atrocities against non-Arab residents. [ 128 ] A temporary ceasefire was signed and faced challenges as fighting persisted in Khartoum, and the agreed-upon ceasefire time saw further violence. [ 129 ] Between 28 and 97 people were reportedly killed by the RSF and Arab militias when they attacked the predominantly Masalit town of Misterei in West Darfur on 28 May. [ 130 ] June–September 2023 Continued fighting in Khartoum As June began, Khartoum witnessed tank battles resulting in casualties. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The RSF took control of several important cultural and government buildings, including the National Museum of Sudan and the Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex . [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Acute food insecurity affected a significant portion of Sudan's population. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] By July, al-Burhan was still trapped at the Army Headquarters and unable to leave, and to break him out the SAF elected to send a column of troops to lift the siege of the base. This force was ambushed by the RSF and defeated, with the paramilitary claiming it had killed hundreds of soldiers and captured 90 vehicles, along with the column's commander. [ 137 ] In response to the escalating violence in Khartoum, the SAF increased the intensity of their airstrikes and artillery bombardment, leading to heightened civilian casualties often numbering in the dozens per strike. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ] Shelling by the RSF also increased in intensity, leading to many civilian casualties in turn. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] Heavy fighting continued in Khartoum throughout August, with clashes breaking out across the city. The RSF laid siege to the SAF's Armoured Corps base, breaching its defences and taking control of surrounding neighbourhoods. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] The SAF also made offensives, with the RSF-controlled Republican Palace and Yarmouk Complex coming under SAF air bombardment. An offensive was launched against Yarmouk, but this was beaten back after the RSF shipped in reinforcements. [ 145 ] One of the few remaining bridges between Khartoum and Khartoum North was also destroyed by the SAF, in an attempt to deny the RSF freedom of movement. [ 146 ] On 24 August an SAF operation successfully rescued al-Burhan from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, allowing him to head to Port Sudan and hold a cabinet meeting there. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] Diplomatic efforts Ceasefires between the warring parties were announced but often violated, leading to further clashes. The SAF and RSF engaged in mutual blame for incidents, while the Sudanese government took action against international envoys. [ 149 ] The Saudi embassy in Khartoum was attacked and evacuations from an orphanage were carried out amid the chaos. [ 150 ] Amidst the turmoil, Sudan faced diplomatic strains with Egypt, leading to challenges for Sudanese refugees seeking entry. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] With al-Burhan out of Khartoum for the first time since the start of the war, he was able to fly to Egypt and hold a meeting with the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi . [ 153 ] Following this visit al-Burhan went on a tour of numerous countries, heading to South Sudan, Qatar, Eritrea, Turkey, and Uganda. [ 154 ] He then proceeded to New York City as head of the Sudanese delegation to the 78th United Nations General Assembly , where he urged the international community to declare the RSF a terrorist organization. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement The Abdelaziz al-Hilu faction of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N) broke a long-standing ceasefire agreement in June, attacking SAF units in Kadugli , Kurmuk and Dalang , the latter coinciding with an attack by the RSF. The SAF claimed to have repelled the attacks, [ 157 ] [ 7 ] while the rebels claimed to have attacked in retaliation for the death of one of their soldiers at the hands of the SAF and vowed to free the region from "military occupation". [ 86 ] More than 35,000 were displaced by the fighting. [ 86 ] Speculation arose as to whether the attacks were part of an unofficial alliance between al-Hilu and the RSF or an attempt by al-Hilu to strengthen his position in future negotiations concerning his group. [ 158 ] Civil society organizations supporting the SPLM-N claimed its operations sought to protect civilians from possible attacks by the RSF. [ 159 ] Al-Hilu's faction launched further offensives in July, moving into South Kordofan and gaining control of several SAF bases. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] In response the SAF brought in artillery and heavily bombarded SPLM-N positions. [ 160 ] Further attacks by the group largely petered out after this, with an assault on Kadugli in September being pushed back by the SAF. [ 162 ] In February 2025, the SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) signed the Sudan Founding Charter drafted by the RSF-led Government of Peace and Unity , officially allying itself with the RSF. [ 8 ] Darfur front In Darfur, fighting and bloodshed were particularly fierce around the city of Geneina , where hundreds died and extensive destruction occurred. [ 163 ] RSF forces engaged in frequent acts of violence against the Masalit population of Geneina, leading to accusations of ethnic cleansing . [ 164 ] On 4 August the RSF claimed that it had taken full control over all of Central Darfur . [ 165 ] A United Nations investigation discovered numerous mass graves in Darfur that contained Masalit civilians. [ 166 ] The RSF and Arab militias were additionally accused of having killed lawyers, human rights monitors, doctors and non-Arab tribal leaders. [ 167 ] The governor of West Darfur , Khamis Abakar , was abducted and killed by armed men in June, hours after accusing the RSF of genocide and calling for international intervention in a TV interview. [ 168 ] The SAF, for their part, conducted indiscriminate airstrikes against Darfur that killed many civilians, especially in Nyala. [ citation needed ] Tribal and rebel groups in Darfur began to declare allegiance to one or the other of the warring parties. A faction of the Darfur-based Sudan Liberation Movement led by Mustafa Tambour (SLM-T) joined the conflict in support of the SAF. [ 5 ] In contrast the controversial Tamazuj rebel group formally declared its alliance with the RSF, joined by the leaders of seven Arab tribes, including that of Hemedti's. [ 169 ] [ 170 ] As September arrived both sides made offensives in Darfur. The RSF took control of several towns in West Darfur and also attacked the market of El Fasher , the capital of North Darfur . [ 171 ] SAF offensives saw success in Central Darfur , with the Sudanese Army retaking parts of Zalingei from the RSF. [ 172 ] Fighting in Darfur also began to increasingly spill over into North Kordofan , with the SAF attacking RSF positions in the state capital of El-Obeid and clashes over the town of Um Rawaba . [ 173 ] Both sides made withdrawals to end the month, with the RSF retreating from Um Rawaba while the SAF withdrew from Tawila . [ 174 ] [ 175 ] October–December 2023 SAF collapse in Darfur By October 2023, the SAF in Darfur was experiencing acute shortages in supplies due to RSF-imposed sieges and had failed to utilize its air superiority to stem RSF advances. [ 176 ] On 26 October, the RSF captured Nyala , Sudan's fourth-largest city , after seizing control of the Sudanese Army's 16th Infantry Division headquarters. [ 177 ] The fall of Nyala, a strategic city with an international airport and border connections to Central Africa, allowed the RSF to receive international supplies more easily and concentrate its forces on other Sudanese cities. [ 178 ] After Nyala's fall, RSF fighters turned their focus to Zalingei , the capital of Central Darfur. The Sudanese Army's 21st Infantry Division, stationed in Zalingei, fled the city without a fight and allowed the RSF to take it over. [ 179 ] In Geneina, reports emerged that tribal elders were attempting to broker the surrender of the SAF garrison in the city to prevent bloodshed. [ 180 ] The Sudanese Army rejected the proposal, raising fears of an imminent RSF assault on the city and causing civilians to flee across the border into Chad. [ 181 ] The RSF besieged the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 15th Infantry Division in Geneina, giving the garrison a six-hour ultimatum to surrender. [ 182 ] The base was captured two days later when the 15th withdrew from the area before fleeing to Chad. [ 183 ] Those left behind, numbering in the hundreds, were taken prisoner and paraded in RSF media with signs of abuse. [ 183 ] Witnesses later reported mass atrocities perpetrated by the RSF in the city shortly after its seizure, with a local rebel group claiming up to 2,000 people were massacred in Geneina's satellite town of Ardamata . [ 184 ] With Geneina's fall, Ed Daein and El Fasher were the last remaining capitals in Darfur under government control, with both cities under heavy RSF pressure. [ 180 ] [ 183 ] The RSF stormed and plundered the town of Umm Keddada , east of El Fasher, after the SAF garrison withdrew. [ 184 ] SAF troops in El Fasher itself were reported to be running low on food, water, and medicine due to the city being under siege, and external forces noted the SAF seemed incapable of stopping the RSF advance. [ 185 ] [ 186 ] Ed Daein fell in the early hours of 21 November, with RSF forces taking control of the city after seizing the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 20th Infantry Division. [ 187 ] SAF garrisons in East Darfur subsequently abandoned their positions and withdrew, allowing the RSF to occupy the area. [ 188 ] In response to RSF gains in Darfur and subsequent abuses, the Justice and Equality Movement , Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (Minnawi) , and other smaller rebel factions renounced their neutrality and declared war on the RSF. [ 4 ] Peace negotiations stall Attempts by other nations and international organisations to negotiate peace had largely been dormant since the failure of the Treaty of Jeddah, but in late October the RSF and SAF met once more in Jeddah to attempt to negotiate peace. [ 189 ] This new round of talks was a failure, with neither side willing to commit to a ceasefire. Instead, the warring factions agreed to open channels for humanitarian aid. [ 190 ] On 3 December negotiations were indefinitely suspended due to the failure of both the SAF and the RSF to open up aid channels. [ 191 ] With the failure of the talks in Jeddah, the East African Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) hosted a peace summit in early December. Earlier attempts by IGAD to open negotiations had floundered after the SAF had accused Kenyan President William Ruto of supporting the RSF. [ 192 ] IGAD's talks appeared to make more progress than the Jeddah negotiations, with Hemedti and al-Burhan agreeing to meet in person at some point in the future. [ 193 ] RSF crossing of the Nile The RSF attacked the town of Wad Ashana in North Kordofan on 1 October along a key commercial route. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] In West Kordofan, an uptick in fighting was reported, with the RSF assaulting a "vital" oil field in Baleela, south of Al-Fulah . [ 196 ] Geolocated footage showed RSF fighters celebrating around Baleela Airport after allegedly capturing it. [ 197 ] The Battle of Khartoum continued with the RSF seizing the town of al-Aylafoun, southeast of the capital, on 6 October. In the process, the paramilitary gained control of key oil infrastructure. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] By late October the RSF controlled most of Khartoum but had failed to seize key military bases, while al-Burhan's government had largely relocated to Port Sudan. [ 200 ] The RSF sought to capitalize on its gains by stepping up attacks on SAF positions in Khartoum and Omdurman. Days of fighting culminated in the destruction of the Shambat Bridge , which connected Khartoum North to Omdurman over the Nile; the bridge's destruction severed a critical RSF supply route. [ 201 ] This effectively cut the RSF off from its forces in Omdurman, giving the SAF a strategic advantage. [ 202 ] In an attempt to gain a new crossing over the Nile and supply its forces in Omdurman, the RSF launched an assault on the Jebel Aulia Dam in the village of Jabal Awliya . [ 203 ] As Jebel Aulia could not be destroyed without flooding Khartoum, its capture would give the RSF a path over the Nile the SAF could not easily remove. A week-long battle commenced over the dam and its surrounding village, which ended in an RSF victory. The force captured the dam on 20 November, and all SAF resistance ceased in the village the following day. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] On 5 December, local militias along with RSF soldiers attacked SPLM-N (al-Hilu) forces in the village of Tukma, southeast of Dalang in South Kordofan, resulting in the deaths of four people and the destruction of the village. [ 8 ] The RSF leadership, not wanting hostilities with the then-neutral al-Hilu faction to escalate, issued a statement condemning this attack and denouncing it as "tribal violence". [ 206 ] On 8 December, the RSF entered Gedaref State for the first time. [ 206 ] Pushing south from their gains around Jebel Aulia and Khartoum, RSF forces began to move into Gezira State on 15 December, advancing toward its capital Wad Madani . [ 207 ] [ 208 ] Elsewhere in Gezira the RSF made major gains, taking control of the city of Rufaa in the state's east and entering the Butana region. [ 209 ] After several days of fighting the RSF seized the Hantoob Bridge on Wad Madani's eastern outskirts, crossing the Blue Nile and entering the city. [ 209 ] The Sudanese Army put up little resistance in Wad Madani itself, the 1st Division withdrawing from the city as the RSF took over. [ 210 ] The fall of Wad Madani was viewed as a major blow to the SAF, as it dramatically widened the frontline and opened up large parts of the country to potential RSF offensives. [ 210 ] The city's fall allowed the RSF to capture most of Gezira and to make inroads in White Nile State , capturing the town of El Geteina . [ 211 ] Within a few days RSF fighters had advanced to within 25 km of Sennar , the largest city in Sennar State . [ 211 ] Over the next few weeks RSF forces ventured into rural areas of Al Qadarif State and River Nile State , without establishing a significant presence. In Sennar State the RSF made some further minor advances but had not attacked Sennar City by the year's end. [ 212 ] Amid the deteriorating situation, the SAF were reported to be arming civilians while government officials in the east called on the population to mobilize. [ 213 ] Al-Burhan gave a widely promoted public speech to soldiers in Red Sea State , promising to arm civilian militias to fight the RSF and to fight against 'colonialism', which was viewed by observers as a reference to Emirati support for the RSF. [ 214 ] January–April 2024 By January 2024, the war's economic costs had surpassed all prior armed conflicts since Sudanese independence in 1956 due to extensive destruction of infrastructure, particularly in urban areas such as the capital city of Khartoum . [ 215 ] Hemedti travels abroad Following the fall of Wad Madani, efforts by IGAD to negotiate a ceasefire made progress as the SAF's weakened position made them more eager to enter talks. Whereas previously opposition from Islamist political groups to negotiation had prevented al-Burhan from committing to a specific date, now both he and Hemedti agreed to meet on 28 December. [ 210 ] [ 216 ] A day before the meeting was due, it was cancelled as Hemedti recanted his desire to attend. [ 217 ] Instead the RSF leader went on a diplomatic tour, travelling on a chartered Emirati jet and meeting with several African national leaders. [ 218 ] One visit that was particularly promoted was his visit to Rwanda , where he met with Rwandan President Paul Kagame and visited the Kigali Genocide Memorial . [ 214 ] On the tour Hemedti also met with former Prime Minister Hamdok and his Taqaddum organisation in Addis Ababa , with the RSF agreeing in a declaration negotiated with the Taqaddum to release political prisoners, open up humanitarian aid corridors and negotiate further with the SAF. [ 219 ] This tour was regarded by observers as an attempt by Hemedti to portray himself as the leader of Sudan and improve his international image, as his reputation had been severely damaged since the fall of Wad Madani due to large-scale looting by RSF fighters. [ 218 ] On 5 January, al-Burhan vowed to continue the war against the RSF and rejected the latest peace efforts, declaring that war crimes committed by the RSF precluded negotiation. [ 220 ] On 14 January, both Hemedti and Burhan received official invitations from IGAD to attend its upcoming summit on 18 January. Hemedti accepted the invitation, but Burhan refused. On 16 January, the Sudanese government suspended its ties with IGAD, accusing the body of violating Sudan's sovereignty. This effectively marked the end of IGAD's efforts to mediate peace talks. [ 221 ] Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira As 2024 began, the RSF made attacks into South Kordofan , defeating SAF forces in the town of Habila in the Nuba Mountains and pushing toward Dalang . [ 222 ] On 7 January the RSF attacked SAF positions in Dalang, meeting fierce resistance from the army and civilian militias. [ 214 ] [ 223 ] During the fighting the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) entered the city, taking control of several neighbourhoods. SPLM-N forces proceeded to attack the RSF, and the paramilitary retreated from the city. [ 224 ] RSF fighters withdrawing from Dalang entered the city of Muglad in West Kordofan , easily taking control as the city had no organised SAF presence. West Kordofan had been relatively free of fighting for several months due to a local truce brokered by leaders of the Messiria tribe , but as tensions escalated rumours spread that the RSF were planning an attack on the encircled city of Babanusa and the Sudanese Army's 22nd Infantry Division garrisoning it. [ 224 ] In January 2024, the RSF focused on consolidating its gains in Gezira State . Fighting was reported on 17 January east of El Manaqil , the last major town not under RSF control. The SAF delivered weapons to the city by helicopter, including selectively distributing them among civilians in the town, attempting to bolster its defences. Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) selectively recruited and armed civilians based on perceived loyalty. [ 225 ] On 24 January 2024, the RSF launched an attack on Babanusa after encircling the city for months. By 25 January, the RSF gained control of the city centre and entered the headquarters of the 22nd infantry division. [ 226 ] Until March 2024, the RSF maintained its position in Gezira State but was unable to break through. [ 227 ] The RSF are recruiting in Gezira State to try to capture territory in El-Gadarif from the SAF. [ 228 ] The JEM , which has allied with the SAF, helped the SAF build up its forces in El-Gadarif for a counteroffensive to try to retake Wad Madani . In April 2024, the SAF and its allies began the counteroffensive, attacking from the east and west of Wad Madani in an attempt to retake it. [ 229 ] Clashes were reported in Al-Madina Arab on 15 April. [ 230 ] In December 2024, the SAF launched an offensive in southern Gezira. The SAF were able to make small progress, which involved recapturing the town of Wad el-Haddad, a town on the border of Sennar State. It also was able to recapture Um al-Qura , but the RSF reoccupied the village. [ 231 ] In January 2025, the SAF made the first major military operation of 2025. The Sudanese Army was able to make large gains in Gezira and some gains in North Kordofan. On 8 January, the SAF had recaptured Haj-Abdallah after a tense battle that inflicted losses on the RSF. The SAF stated that seven RSF vehicles were destroyed. [ 232 ] A day later, the SAF attacked RSF positions in Al-Shabarga in the southeastern part of the state, led by field commander Bassam Abu Satour, leading to the RSF's withdrawal and the SAF recapturing the city, while in the western part of the state, the SAF took control of the villages Mahla, Tahla, and Al-Kumar Al-Jaaliyeen. [ 233 ] On 10 January, the SAF recaptured Um al-Qura while the Sudan Shield Forces took Wad al-Abyad. [ 234 ] These successful offensives led to the SAF retaking control of Wad Madani on 11 January from three fronts. After advancing in Gezira and Khartoum, the SAF launched a military operation in North Kordofan for the first time, after being on the defensive in Darfur and Kordofan from the start of the war. The SAF's "Sayyad Force", captured the entirety of the Umm Ruwaba district. [ 235 ] By the start of February, the SAF had recaptured Al-Hasaheisa, Tambul , and Rufa'a . This left the RSF in control of only northwestern Gezira . [ 235 ] The SAF then liberated the town of Er Rahad on 19 February, and by 23 February, the SAF had lifted the almost two-year siege of El Obeid . [ 236 ] [ 237 ] SAF gains in Omdurman The SAF gained ground in Omdurman in February 2024, linking up their forces in the northern part of the city and relieving a 10-month siege of their forces in the city centre. The SAF also took control of the Al-Hilal Stadium . [ 238 ] The Omdurman front was the first area in Sudan where the SAF has carried out a sustained offensive operation and represents the first breakthrough for the SAF. [ 238 ] On 12 March, the SAF defeated an attempted RSF counteroffensive in Omdurman and took control of the headquarters of the Sudan National Broadcasting Corporation . [ 239 ] The RSF maintained its control of Khartoum and continued to threaten Khartoum North. [ 240 ] By April 2024, fighting in Khartoum State was still ongoing, with the RSF in control of the southern and western parts of Omdurman and the SAF in control of the northern and eastern parts of Omdurman, with the RSF controlling the majority of Khartoum and Khartoum North. The SAF continued to prepare an offensive to relieve its surrounded bases in Khartoum North . [ 241 ] As of March 2025, SAF controls majority of the city. On 29 March, SAF forces announced the control of the Libya Market in Omdurman and seized weapons and equipment left behind by the RSF. [ 242 ] On the same day, SAF launched new offensives into the city of Ombadda , west of Omdurman. [ 243 ] April–December 2024 Fighting in Darfur On 15 April, during the Siege of El Fasher , at least nine civilians were killed in a renewed offensive by the RSF on the city of El Fasher in North Darfur. [ 244 ] The Joint Darfur Force declared war on the RSF and allied with the SAF. [ 245 ] [ 246 ] The fighting in El Fasher diverted SAF resources from other areas, hampering planned counter-offensives to retake Khartoum and Wad Madani. In particular, the SAF has been using its limited aviation resources to carry out airstrikes in North Darfur and resupply El Fasher using airdrops. [ 247 ] From April 2024, the conflict had been escalating in El Fasher, while the civilians remained trapped with no safety or food. In a June 2024 report, the International Crisis Group said the intensifying battle could lead to mass slaughter, and that there was a need for all sides to de-escalate. The report said the UN and the US should broker the de-escalation and must put pressure on the RSF and its main supporters, including the United Arab Emirates. Crisis Group said the UAE should push the RSF to stand down, and urged all parties to allow the civilians to flee, open the region for aid delivery and resume national peace talks. [ 248 ] On 14 June 2024, the SAF announced that it had killed Ali Yaqoub Gibril , a top RSF commander, in El Fasher. The United States had sanctioned Yagoub in May 2024 for endangering civilians in Darfur. [ 249 ] In June 2024, The New York Times reported that more than 40 villages had been burned in El Fasher since April 2024. [ 250 ] Fighting in Kordofan As of May 2024, fighting is ongoing in Babanusa , West Kordofan. The RSF are conducting an offensive to attempt to take control of West Kordofan. [ 251 ] Fighting was also reported in North Kordofan. [ 252 ] On 20 June 2024, the RSF captured Al-Fulah , the capital of West Kordofan , after the SAF withdrew from the city after several hours of fighting. The SAF retreated to Babanusa, its one remaining base in Kordofan. [ 253 ] Fighting along the Nile In May 2024, the RSF launched attacks against the SAF between Khartoum State and River Nile State , as well as in White Nile State near the border with Gezira State. The SAF prepared its forces in River Nile State, ahead of a potential invasion of Khartoum Bahri. [ 254 ] In June 2024, the RSF were still in control of Khartoum and Khartoum North, though the SAF controlled one enclave in each that it supplies by airdrop. [ 255 ] In late June 2024, the RSF began an assault in the areas surrounding the city of Sennar. RSF forces struck out to the west of the city, causing the SAF to bring in reinforcements in anticipation of an attack on Sennar itself. [ 256 ] Instead RSF forces avoided Sennar and attacked south towards Singa , the capital of Sennar State, capturing the lightly defended town on 29 June. [ 256 ] [ 257 ] This prevented the SAF from reinforcing Sennar from the south, placing the city under increased pressure. [ 256 ] Following the fall of Singa, SAF resistance collapsed across much of southern Sennar, which led to the RSF occupying the towns of Dinder , Mazmoun and Wad an-Nail with minimal SAF resistance. [ 258 ] A united force consisting of the Gedaref -based 2nd SAF Infantry Division and a battalion of the JEM assaulted and retook Dinder on 1 July, but were driven out again by the RSF over the next few days. [ 259 ] On 20 July, the RSF announced the death of Brigadier General Abdel Rahman Al-Bishi, its head of operations in Sennar and Blue Nile States , with Sudanese media reporting that he had been killed in a SAF airstrike. [ 260 ] On 3 August, the RSF launched its first attack on Blue Nile State since the beginning of the war, with the group and the SAF contesting control over Al-Tadamun. [ 261 ] On 15 August 2024, the Galgani massacre was carried out by the RSF, which killed at least 108 people, [ 262 ] including at least 24 women and children. [ 263 ] SAF offensives As September 2024 came, for the first time since the start of the war the balance of power seemed to be tipping towards the SAF. On 26 September, the SAF launched a major offensive against RSF positions in Khartoum. [ 264 ] The attack on the city came from three fronts striking from the south, east and west of the capital. [ 265 ] SAF airstrikes, which killed four and wounded 14, began at dawn followed by clashes within the city. The SAF reportedly captured three key bridges connecting Khartoum to other nearby cities, including the Omdurman Bridge which had previously acted as a line of separation between government and RSF control. [ 266 ] [ 267 ] Faced with an elusive enemy, the SAF became bogged down in urban fighting , with RSF snipers routinely paralyzing infantry advances. [ 265 ] October 2024 was the deadliest month for Sudanese civilians since the war began. In Khartoum, the RSF have relentlessly shelled areas controlled by the SAF, which has amounted to daily indiscriminate bombardments of civilian areas. Escalating SAF airstrikes on RSF positions have caused dozens of civilian deaths. [ 265 ] In October 2024, the SAF also launched counteroffensives in the states of Sennar and Gezira , which were successfully recaptured from the RSF. [ 268 ] Starting on 20 October 2024, the RSF carried out the 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres , which killed at least 300 people and wounded at least 200 more. [ 269 ] According to a report by the French newspaper Le Monde , as of November 2024 the war in Sudan has possibly entered its most dangerous phase since it began in April 2023. Both the SAF and RSF have officially ruled out settling the civil war through negotiations, with the only option on the table being total war . During the recent rainy season which brought a lull in the fighting, each side rearmed and restructured their forces. [ 265 ] Many ordinary Sudanese, extending to the most serious critics of the SAF, have increasingly supported the SAF in response to RSF war crimes and atrocities. The SAF has become increasingly dependent on Islamist networks, as these movements have mobilized many civilians from popular resistance brigades . The Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion in particular is presently fighting on the Khartoum front lines against the RSF and has consequently gained popularity. [ 270 ] On 23 November, the SAF retook Singa following an offensive. [ 271 ] [ 272 ] 2025 Liberation of Khartoum The SAF retook Wad Madani , the capital of Gezira State on 11 January. [ 273 ] On 8 February 2025, the SAF regained control of nearly all of Khartoum North as it intensified its offensive, and was preparing to retake the capital of Khartoum itself. [ 274 ] On 24 February, the RSF claimed responsibility for downing a Russian-made Ilyushin aircraft in Nyala. Meanwhile, the RSF declared a rival government in Nairobi , the capital of Kenya, which the SAF-aligned administration refused to recognize. [ 275 ] [ 276 ] On 20 March, the SAF announced it was within 500 metres of the Presidential Palace [ 277 ] and captured it on the next day. [ 278 ] On 22 March, the SAF also recaptured the headquarters of the Central Bank of Sudan and the General Intelligence Service in Khartoum. [ 279 ] It also retook Tuti Island , situated at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile , after advancing through the Tuti Bridge . [ 280 ] On 26 March, they retook Khartoum International Airport and Jebel Aulia, regarded as the RSF's last stronghold in the capital, [ 281 ] with al-Burhan proclaiming the liberation of Khartoum later in the day. [ 282 ] On 20 May, the SAF announced the clearing of Khartoum State from the RSF. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Fall of El Fasher Earlier in November 2024, the SAF reportedly shifted tactics: withdrawing from outer bases to lure RSF forces into trap engagements, especially in the southern axis of El Fasher. [ 285 ] From December 2024 onwards the RSF were also mobilising additional fighters across Darfur for a concerted operation the city. Reports mentioned mobilisation of some 200 fighters from Central Darfur, the recruitment of foreign mercenaries and the RSF staging air and ground assaults on the city's hospitals and camps. [ 286 ] In April, the RSF launched a major offensive in North Darfur , aiming to capture El Fasher, the last state capital in the region under SAF control. Beginning on 11 April, RSF ground and aerial assaults struck El Fasher and surrounding displacement camps, including Zamzam and Abu Shouk. By 13 April, the RSF claimed control of Zamzam camp after intense fighting that left over 200 civilians dead, including children and aid workers. [ 287 ] [ 288 ] The SAF denied RSF accusations of militarizing the camp, while rights groups documented widespread abuses by RSF fighters, including targeted killings and sexual violence. [ 287 ] [ 49 ] Artillery fire by RSF howitzers preceded ground attacks deep into the southern and northwestern sectors of the city. On 30 June 2025, an RSF-launched howitzer barrage targeted SAF forward positions in southern El Fasher, which the SAF responded to with artillery and drone strikes. [ 289 ] During this exchange, civilian neighbourhoods were also caught in the fighting; one hospital source reported injuries to civilians though exact numbers were not confirmed. [ 290 ] On 19 September, RSF combat columns pushed toward SAF positions near the "Super Camp" southwest of the city, after which SAF sources reported defensive operations in the neighbourhoods of Al-Nasrat, Al-Shorfa and Al-Qubba. [ 291 ] The RSF had already throughout the siege of El Fasher erected earthen berms encircling the city from the north, west and east, forming a kill-box environment that severely restricted SAF resupply and civilian movement. [ 292 ] By August and September 2025, the siege conditions had degraded SAF supply lines significantly; SAF units admitted to hunger, low morale and desertion as food, ammunition and medical logistics dwindled. [ 293 ] RSF penetrations into the city's periphery, especially blocks 16 and 17 of Abu Shouk and Naivasha market area, indicated that the outer ring of SAF control was collapsing. [ 291 ] In October, the RSF took complete control of the headquarters of the 6th Infantry Division, the main base of the SAF in El Fasher. [ 294 ] On 28 October, General al-Burhan confirmed that the SAF had withdrawn from El Fasher, confirming RSF control over the city. In October 2025, humanitarian workers and local officials reported that more than 2,500 civilians were summarily executed by the RSF following the fall of the city. [ 295 ] The WHO reported that more than 460 patients and their companions were killed inside the city's last functioning hospital. [ 296 ] Analysis of satellite imagery suggested that the RSF disposed of tens of thousands of bodies through burial and incineration to cover up mass killings. [ 297 ] As of December 2025, some estimates place the total deaths from the El Fasher massacre between 60,000 and 68,000+. [ 298 ] Kordofan offensives On 1 May, the RSF announced that they had taken control of En Nahud , a strategic city in West Kordofan that was previously used by the SAF to send forces to Darfur. [ 299 ] Despite initial setbacks, Al-Khiwai in West Kordofan was retaken by the SAF on 11 May, [ 300 ] and on 13 May, the town of Al-Hamadi in South Kordofan , an administrative hub for the Hawazma tribe , was also retaken by the SAF, alongside some strongholds in southern Omdurman previously held by the RSF, such as the Al-Jami'a neighbourhood and all of the Al-Shaqla neighbourhood. [ 301 ] On 1 December, the RSF announced that they had taken control of Babanusa , the last SAF-held city in West Kordofan , after a two-year siege . [ 302 ] On 8 December, the RSF seized the Heglig oil field [ 303 ] after the Sudanese Army withdrew across the southern border, as they feared fighting to defend the oilfield would see it destroyed. Production at Heglig was at about 20,000 barrels per day, significantly down from the pre-war level of 64,000. [ 304 ] Upon arriving in Unity State , South Sudan, the Sudanese soldiers were disarmed by the South Sudan People's Defence Forces . Lt. Gen. Johnson Olony, South Sudan’s Deputy Chief of Defence Forces for Mobilisation and Disarmament, said “We received them because they are our brothers.” He also said this was coordinated between President Salva Kiir Mayardit of South Sudan and Abdel Fatah al-Burhan. Olony also said his army would take Heglig from the RSF “...to prioritize regional stability.” [ 305 ] Fighting in border regions On 5 May 2025, the RSF attacked Port Sudan for the first time using drones. [ 306 ] On 19 May, the SAF took Wadi al-Atrun in Al-Malha, located on a strategic road linking Northern State and North Darfur. [ 307 ] On 21 May, the SAF said it had cleared White Nile State of the RSF. [ 308 ] On 23 May, the SAF announced the capture of the strategic city of Dibebad in South Kordofan. [ 309 ] On 10 June, part of the border triangle linking Sudan, Libya, and Egypt at Gabal El Uweinat was attacked by the RSF and Libyan National Army (LNA), led by Khalifa Haftar , which struck directly into Sudanese territory controlled by the SAF. On 11 June, the RSF announced that they had entirely occupied the area; The SAF retreated and condemned the LNA for the strikes. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] By 16 June, the RSF had captured the entire Sudan-Libya border. [ 312 ] On 22 June, after several days of fighting, the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) cut off the road connecting Kadugli and Dalang , placing them under siege. On 26 June, SAF recaptured Malken in the Blue Nile front as part of efforts to eliminate RSF strongholds. The SAF launched a counterattack on 28 June, reopening the road between Dalang and Kadugli. [ 313 ] Diplomacy Diplomatic efforts to broker a truce were active in early 2025 but largely unsuccessful. Various proposed peace talks held in London, Washington, and Geneva failed to produce a lasting agreement. [ 314 ] In April 2025, a British-led conference in London attempted to establish a contact group to restart negotiations, but the effort faltered when key Arab states (especially Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE) refused to endorse a joint communiqué . [ 315 ] While the UK, EU, and African Union pushed for a ceasefire and political roadmap, the regional powers prioritized different outcomes. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] By September 2025, the United States together with Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the UAE—known collectively as the "Quad"—presented a formal peace plan. The roadmap proposed a three-month humanitarian truce, to be followed by a permanent ceasefire and a nine-month political transition to civilian-led governance. [ 317 ] [ 318 ] [ 319 ] However, implementation remained uncertain: the SAF voiced strong reservations, particularly demanding that the RSF withdraw from civilian areas before any truce could take effect. [ 317 ] [ 319 ] Meanwhile, RSF leaders announced that they would accept the Quad's proposal for a "humanitarian ceasefire" to mitigate the civilian toll. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] [ 320 ] Some in the SAF posited that the truce would allow the RSF to consolidate gains after the fall of El Fasher. [ 321 ] [ 322 ] Casualties and war crimes The fatality numbers are highly uncertain. [ 34 ] According to a report published by Le Monde in November 2024, the war may have killed over 150,000 civilians through the combined tolls of bombardments, massacres, starvation and disease. [ 265 ] Total deaths could be significantly more than 150,000. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] A November 2024 report from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine estimated more than 61,000 deaths in Khartoum State alone, for the period between April 2023 and June 2024. [ 323 ] Early in the conflict, doctors on the ground warned that reported figures did not include all casualties as people could not reach hospitals due to difficulties in movement. [ 324 ] Soon after the war broke out, a spokesperson for the Sudanese Red Crescent was quoted as saying that the number of casualties "was not small". [ 100 ] The Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed on 20 June 2023 that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in fighting in West Darfur alone, [ 325 ] while a Masalit tribal leader told the Sudanese news outlet Ayin Network on 22 July 2023 that more than 10,000 people had been killed in the state. [ 326 ] Sudanese prosecutors recorded over 500 missing persons cases across the country, some of which were enforced disappearances , and were mostly blamed on the RSF. [ 327 ] On 2 May 2024, a US Senate hearing on the war estimated that between 15,000 and 30,000 people had died, but considered that to be an underestimation by a factor of 10 to 15, saying the real death toll could be as high as 150,000. [ 328 ] As of 27 May 2024, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project data reported 17,044 fatalities. [ 329 ] On 29 March 2025, the Sudanese Group for Defending Rights and Freedoms said that it had recorded 50,000 missing persons cases since the beginning of the war. [ 330 ] In early December, authorities reported that thousands of bodies hastily buried by residents and fighters were exhumed from Khartoum and the surrounding area. [ 331 ] Sources reported that 15,000 bodies were recovered since April 2024. [ 331 ] [ 332 ] Efforts to recover corpses buried outside of cemeteries began in April 2024 and was estimated to complete recoveries in Khartoum before 2026. [ 332 ] Darfur In Geneina , West Darfur, ethnic clashes that began in the last week of April 2023 had killed at least 1,100 people, [ 333 ] while the Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in the city. [ 325 ] In July 2023, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. [ 326 ] Massacres were recorded in towns such as Tawila [ 334 ] and Misterei , [ 130 ] while a mass grave was discovered in Geneina containing the bodies of 87 people killed in clashes. [ 166 ] Several intellectuals, politicians, professionals and nobility were assassinated. Most of these atrocities were blamed on the RSF and allied Arab militias. The UK government, [ 335 ] witnesses and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing or even genocide , with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. [ 334 ] Mujeebelrahman Yagoub, Assistant Commissioner for Refugees in West Darfur called the violence worse than the War in Darfur in 2003 and the Rwandan genocide in 1994. [ 336 ] Foreign casualties Country Deaths .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Ref. Ethiopia 15 [ 337 ] Syria 15 [ 338 ] Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 [ 339 ] Eritrea 9 [ 340 ] United States 2 [ 341 ] India 1 [ 342 ] Turkey 1 [ 343 ] Civilians, including 15 Syrians, [ 338 ] 15 Ethiopians [ 337 ] and nine Eritreans [ 340 ] have been killed across the country. An Indian national working in Khartoum died after being hit by a stray bullet on 15 April. [ 342 ] Two Americans were killed, including a professor working in the University of Khartoum who was stabbed to death while evacuating. [ 341 ] [ 344 ] A two-year-old girl from Turkey was killed while her parents were injured after their house was struck by a rocket on 18 April. [ 343 ] Ten students from the Democratic Republic of the Congo were killed in an SAF airstrike on the International University of Africa in Khartoum on 4 June. [ 339 ] The SAF claimed that the Egyptian assistant military attaché was killed by RSF fire while driving his car in Khartoum, which was denied by the Egyptian ambassador. [ 345 ] Two Greek nationals trapped in a church on 15 April sustained leg injuries when caught in crossfire while trying to leave. [ 346 ] [ 347 ] A Filipino migrant worker [ 348 ] and an Indonesian student at a school in Khartoum were injured by stray bullets. [ 349 ] On 17 April, the European Union Ambassador to Sudan, Aidan O'Hara of Ireland, was assaulted by unidentified "armed men wearing military fatigues" in his home, he suffered minor injuries and was able to resume working on 19 April. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] On 23 April, a French evacuation convoy was shot at, injuring one person. [ 352 ] The French government later confirmed the casualty to be a French soldier. [ 353 ] An employee of the Egyptian embassy was shot and injured during an evacuation mission. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] Evacuation of foreign nationals The outbreak of violence has led foreign governments to monitor the situation in Sudan and move toward the evacuation and repatriation of their nationals. Among some countries with several expatriates in Sudan are Egypt , which has more than 10,000 citizens in the country, [ 356 ] and the United States, which has more than 16,000 citizens, most of whom are dual nationals . [ 357 ] Efforts at extraction were hampered by the fighting within the capital Khartoum, particularly in and around the airport. This has forced evacuations to be undertaken by road via Port Sudan on the Red Sea , which lies about 650 km (400 miles) northeast of Khartoum. [ 358 ] from where they were airlifted or ferried directly to their home countries or third ones. Other evacuations were undertaken through overland border crossings or airlifts from diplomatic missions and other designated locations with direct involvement of the militaries of some home countries. Some transit hubs used during the evacuation include the port of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and Djibouti , which hosts military bases of the United States, China, Japan, France, and other European countries. [ 359 ] War crimes In Geneina , West Darfur , the RSF and Arab militias killed more than 15,000 non-Arab people. [ 362 ] On 22 July, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. Massacres against the Masalit were recorded in towns such as Tawila , Sirba , Ardamata , Kutum , and Misterei , while a mass grave was discovered around Geneina. The UK [ 363 ] [ 364 ] and US [ 365 ] [ 366 ] governments, witnesses, and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing [ 364 ] [ 367 ] or even genocide, [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. The RSF and Arab militias are also accused of widespread robberies, looting food meant to feed 4.4 million people, and sexual violence against Sudanese and foreign women, particularly Masalit and non-Arab women. NGOs estimate that the actual figure of sexual violence victims could be as high as 4,400. [ 372 ] In March 2024, UNICEF reported that armed men were raping and sexually assaulting children as young as one year old. [ 373 ] [ 374 ] The UN was urged to start an inquiry, and governments were encouraged to allocate resources to aid survivors. The RSF and Arab militias in Sudan are also accused of targeted torture and killings of intellectuals, politicians, professionals, and tribal leaders. Notable victims include Adam Zakaria Is'haq, a physician and human rights advocate, and Khamis Abakar , the governor of West Darfur, who was kidnapped, tortured, and executed. [ 375 ] The RSF also targeted the families of their opponents, such as Mustafa Tambour 's family. The SAF and RSF are accused of threatening, attacking, and killing journalists and activists during the conflict. The Sudanese Journalists Syndicate documented over 40 violations in May 2023 alone. Several journalists were injured or killed, and 13 newspapers ceased operations. Humanitarian workers were also targeted, with 18 killed and many others detained. The International Criminal Court [ 376 ] [ 377 ] and Amnesty International [ 378 ] are investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the war. The SAF accused the RSF of perpetrating these crimes. General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (SAF commander) established a committee to investigate these allegations. Several countries proposed a motion to the UN Human Rights Council for an investigation into the atrocities. The UN Human Rights Council voted to adopt a resolution creating a fact-finding committee on these crimes. Human Rights Watch and the United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan have called for measures to protect civilians. On 11 July 2025, the International Criminal Court (ICC) reported to the United Nations Security Council that war crimes and crimes against humanity are currently being committed in Sudan's Darfur region, including a severe humanitarian crisis with over 30 million people in need, amid the ongoing conflict. Foreign involvement In June 2024, a briefing by Amnesty International stated that the constant flow of foreign weapons is fueling the war and breaching the Darfur arms embargo. The organization found that the recently manufactured or transferred weapons and ammunition were being imported in large quantities into Sudan from China, Russia, Turkey, Yemen, the UAE and Serbia. The weapons supply has impacted the war by causing massive civilian displacement and a humanitarian crisis in Sudan. Both warring sides were using Chinese-manufactured advanced drone jammers, mortars and anti-material rifles. The RSF were also reported to be using recently manufactured armoured personnel carriers from the UAE. [ 379 ] [ 380 ] In October 2025, the SAF recovered boxes of arms, ammunitions and medicines supplied by the United Arab Emirates from an area previously held by the RSF in southeast Sudan. [ 381 ] The UAE had been previously known for their support to the Sudanese military, and marginalised civilian rule by promoting the idea of Hemedti to helm the country's economic policy "in the interests of a stable transition". [ 382 ] Canada In November 2025, Mark Carney visited to Abu Dhabi to meet with the UAE president. Carney said he discussed the Sudan civil war during this meeting, though the details are unclear. [ 383 ] In addition, Canada exports weapons to the UAE, however, the UAE insists these weapons do not flow into the hands of the RSF. [ 384 ] Despite this, Canadian weapons have been seen used by RSF soldiers. In 2016, a United Nations panel accused Canadian company STREIT Group of breaking the arms embargo against Sudan. The allegation involved a 2012 sales of 24 armoured vehicles. This is the third time the UN has condemned the company’s actions, which violated the terms of the UN ( Arms Trade Treaty , signed by Canada in 2019 and prohibits the export of arms to Sudan directly or through third countries. STREIT Group claimed that the exports do not violate controls because they do not have weapons attached to them. [ 385 ] [ 386 ] [ 387 ] There has also been documentation of STREIT Group's armored vehicles over the years, RSF soldiers were also seen posting on social media over the years in armored vehicles manufactured by the group, along with rifles manufactured by another Canadian company, Sterling Cross Defense Systems . [ 387 ] [ 388 ] [ 389 ] Chad On 7 June 2023, Hissein Alamine Tchaw-tchaw, a Chadian dissident who belongs to the same ethnic group as Hemedti and claims to be the leader of the Movement for the Fight of the Oppressed in Chad (MFOC), which is fighting the government of President Mahamat Déby , posted a video showing his participation in an RSF attack on the Yarmouk munitions factory in Khartoum. [ 390 ] On 17 November 2023, the SLM-Minnawi and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) accused the Chadian government of supporting the RSF, and "supplying it with military equipment and mercenaries by opening its territory and airspace". [ 391 ] A report from Africa Analyst alleged that Chadian soldiers belonging to a joint Chadian-Sudanese command under Osman Bahr intercepted a shipment of military equipment intended for the RSF on its way from N'Djamena and gave it instead to the JEM, which the latter denied. [ 392 ] The Economist linked Chad's junta receiving financial support from the UAE in exchange for allowing it to support the RSF through Amdjarass airport. [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Following accusations by SAF deputy commander Yasser al-Atta of Chadian government support for the RSF, the Chadian government unsuccessfully demanded an apology from the Sudanese ambassador and expelled four Sudanese diplomats from the country on 17 December. [ 395 ] On 5 November 2024, the government of Sudan filed a complaint with the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights demanding reparations from Chad for their support of the RSF, accusing Chad of violating international law. [ 396 ] China Amnesty International's 2024 report highlighted China as a supplier of weapons fueling the conflict, breaching the Darfur arms embargo. Recently manufactured Chinese arms have been traced to both the SAF and the RSF, although China's official stance avoids acknowledging direct support to either faction. [ 397 ] China initially adhered to non-interference, evacuating citizens and calling for peace without taking sides. This mirrored its approach in past conflicts, prioritizing stability to protect economic interests. [ 398 ] China's Sudan strategy ties into the Belt and Road Initiative , aiming to secure Red Sea trade routes and infrastructure links, ambitions delayed by the civil war. [ 399 ] On 9 January 2025 China donated emergency food aid (1,250 tonnes) to be allocated to all states. [ 400 ] Egypt On 15 April, RSF forces claimed, via Twitter, to have taken Egyptian troops prisoner near Merowe , [ 401 ] [ 402 ] and a military plane carrying markings of the Egyptian Air Force . [ 403 ] Initially, no official explanation was given for the Egyptian soldiers' presence, while Egypt and Sudan have had military cooperation due to diplomatic tensions with Ethiopia . [ 404 ] Later on, the Egyptian Armed Forces stated that around 200 of its soldiers were in Sudan to conduct exercises with the Sudanese military. [ 93 ] Around that time, the SAF reportedly encircled RSF forces in Merowe airbase. As a result, the Egyptian Armed Forces announced that it was following the situation as a precaution for the safety of its personnel. [ 100 ] The RSF later stated that it would cooperate in repatriating the soldiers to Egypt. [ 403 ] On 19 April, the RSF stated that it had moved the soldiers to Khartoum and would hand them over when the "appropriate opportunity" arose. [ 405 ] Of the captured Egyptian troops, 177 were released and flown back to Egypt aboard three Egyptian military planes that took off from Khartoum airport later in the day. The remaining 27 soldiers, who were from the Egyptian Air Force, were sheltered at the Egyptian embassy and later evacuated. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] On 16 April 2023, the RSF claimed that its troops in Port Sudan were attacked by foreign aircraft and issued a warning against any foreign interference. [ 408 ] According to former CIA analyst Cameron Hudson, Egyptian fighter jets were a part of these bombing campaigns against the RSF, and Egyptian special forces units have been deployed and are providing intelligence and tactical support to the SAF. [ 409 ] The Wall Street Journal said that Egypt had sent fighter jets and pilots to support the Sudanese military. [ 410 ] On 17 April, satellite imagery obtained by The War Zone revealed that one Egyptian Air Force MiG-29M2 fighter jet had been destroyed and two others had been damaged or destroyed while stationed at Merowe Airbase . A Sudanese Air Force Guizhou JL-9 was among the destroyed aircraft. [ 411 ] After initial confusion, the RSF accepted the explanation that Egyptian combat and support personnel were conducting exercises with the Sudanese military before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 93 ] Eritrea Eritrea is seen as an ally of the SAF, providing military support in Sudan's eastern borders. During a state visit to Asmara in November 2024, al-Burhan thanked President Isaias Afwerki for Eritrea's support to the SAF. Eritrea's support is seen as a counterbalance to Eritrean opposition groups and their possibility of growing in influence under the advance of the RSF in Sudan's eastern border. President Afwerki has implied Eritrea's military readiness to respond in the case of an RSF advance to its borders. [ 412 ] [ 413 ] Ethiopia Ethiopia initially supported the RSF, which was seen as an ally who helped Ethiopia fight against the Tigray People's Liberation Front in the Tigray War . [ 414 ] Ethiopia was also supportive of the RSF to counter Egyptian influence in Sudan. [ 415 ] However, in July 2024, Primer Minister Abiy Ahmed visited Port Sudan and met with al-Burhan, signaling a shifting position on the conflict. [ 415 ] [ 416 ] RSF's Hemedti had previously paid a visit to Ethiopia in December 2023 to push for talks with the SAF. [ 417 ] On 4 July 2025, senior Sudanese officials accused Ethiopia of exploiting the civil war by deploying army-backed militias into the disputed Al-Fashaga District , where they blocked farmers and cleared land under Ethiopian military protection. These forces, supported by Ethiopian regular troops, reportedly expelled Sudanese farmers amid a security vacuum created when Sudanese units were redeployed. Although Sudan reclaimed much of Al-Fashqa in 2020, recent troop withdrawals have allowed fresh incursions—and traders in the border district of Al Galabat reported that an armed Ethiopian group crossed the border to loot a livestock market before withdrawing. [ 418 ] Iran In October 2023, Iran and Sudan resumed diplomatic relations, aligning Tehran with the SAF. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] A June 2024 BBC investigation revealed that Iran violated the UN arms embargo by supplying drones to both sides. [ 421 ] Analysts see this move as part of Iran's strategy to counter UAE influence in Sudan and secure access to the Red Sea. [ 422 ] [ 423 ] Although Sudanese officials denied receiving Iranian aid, [ 422 ] multiple sources—including Reuters—confirmed its impact on the battlefield. [ 424 ] Kenya The SAF rejected Kenya's mediation role in July 2023, accusing President William Ruto of having ties to RSF leader Hemedti and offering refuge to RSF members. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] SAF Lt. Gen. Yasir Alatta escalated tensions by calling Ruto a mercenary and challenging him to deploy troops. [ 427 ] Sudan later threatened to quit IGAD unless Ruto was removed as head of its mediation committee. [ 428 ] Kenya denied the accusations, calling them baseless and reaffirming its neutrality. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] In retaliation, Anonymous Sudan attacked Kenyan websites in late July. [ 431 ] Tensions amplified in February 2025 when Kenya hosted a meeting in Nairobi where the RSF and its allies signed a charter to form a parallel Sudanese government without the SAF's participation. Sudan condemned the move, accusing Kenya of undermining its sovereignty. Analysts noted a shift in Kenya's stance following Ruto's January 2025 UAE visit and economic agreement, suggesting a possible Emirati influence behind Kenya's actions. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] Libyan National Army The Egypt-backed Libyan National Army , under the command of Khalifa Haftar , dispatched aircraft to fly military supplies to the RSF before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 434 ] [ 410 ] Haftar and the LNA collaborated with the Wagner Group , a Russian private military company , to conduct these flights. [ 434 ] Haftar's support for a different faction in Sudan than the Egyptian government was commented on by The New Arab , which viewed it as a sign of Egyptian weakness due to economic malaise and reliance on Haftar to police Eastern Libya, which constitutes a security concern for the Egyptian government. The New Arab also viewed the LNA's role in the conflict as signifying a shift in its diplomatic orientation, from being primarily backed by Egypt to being primarily backed by the United Arab Emirates . [ 435 ] Russia For much of the Sudanese civil war Russia has sent weapons to both the RSF and SAF. This began to shift during mid-2024, with the Russian government beginning to favour the SAF, concurrent with Russia–SAF discussions around the construction of a Russian naval base north of Port Sudan. [ 436 ] [ 437 ] The same year, Russia began delivering large quantities of weapons, jet components, fuel, and drones, to the Sudanese government in its effort against the RSF, allowing the SAF to recapture parts of the capital, Khartoum, from the RSF. [ 438 ] Wagner Group According to CNN , Wagner supplied surface-to-air missiles to the RSF, picking up the items from Syria and delivering some of them by plane to Haftar-controlled bases in Libya to be then delivered to the RSF, while dropping other items directly to RSF positions in northwestern Sudan. [ 439 ] American officials said that Wagner was offering to supply additional weapons to the RSF from its existing stocks in the Central African Republic . [ 440 ] On 6 September, Wagner reportedly deployed a convoy of more than 100 vehicles carrying weapons to the RSF garrison in al-Zurug from Chad. [ 441 ] SAF Lieutenant General Yasser al-Atta also accused the Wagner Group of bringing in mercenaries from several African nations to fight alongside the RSF. [ 442 ] The head of the Wagner Group, Yevgeny Prigozhin , [ 443 ] and the RSF denied the allegations. [ 444 ] As relations between the Russian government and the SAF improved during mid-2024, the latter publicly claimed that the Wagner Group was no longer operating in Sudan. This claim was contradicted by a diplomatic source and eyewitnesses speaking to Middle East Eye . [ 436 ] Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has provided military support and financial aid (though it officially denies it) [ 445 ] to the SAF, as it seeks to counterbalance the UAE's influence in Sudan, which supports the RSF. [ 446 ] In response, Sudan has provided military support for the Saudi coalition in Yemen. [ 446 ] In March 2025, al-Burhan visited Saudi Arabia in his first trip outside Sudan since the SAF retook Khartoum . There, he thanked Saudi support for Sudanese unity and the fight against the RSF. [ 447 ] South Sudan Since the outbreak of renewed violence in Sudan in 2023, South Sudan has adopted a mediatory role, urging peace and engaging with IGAD and the AU, though with limited success due to the conflict's complexity and multiple factions. South Sudan is deeply concerned about spillover effects—such as refugee flows and economic instability—and recognizes that its own fragile stability is tied to Sudan's fate. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] Tensions escalated further with a February 2025 alliance between Sudan's RSF and the SPLM-N , a rebel group near the South Sudanese border. Experts warn this could pull South Sudan into the conflict, especially if the Sudanese Army supports rival South Sudanese militias in response. With shared borders, historical ties, and existing political tensions between South Sudan's leaders (President Salva Kiir Mayardit and Vice President Riek Machar ), the risk of both wars merging is high. The strategic location of the RSF-SPLM-N alliance also boosts smuggling and military operations, weakening the Sudanese Army and increasing regional instability. If left unchecked, experts fear the two conflicts could become indistinguishable, worsening humanitarian crises in both countries. [ 450 ] [ 451 ] Turkey Turkey appears to be engaging with both sides, notably through Baykar , owned by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 's son-in-law, selling $120 million worth of weapons, 6 TB2 UCAV 's, 3 ground control stations, 600 warheads to the SAF in 2023, violating US and EU sanctions. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Meanwhile, Arca Defense, another Turkish company, had extensive contact with RSF's procurement officer, though it denies selling weapons, adding complexity to Turkey's role. [ 454 ] Turkey's interests include expanding military and diplomatic ties in the Horn of Africa, offering to mediate between Sudan and the UAE in December 2024. [ 455 ] In January 2025, the Somali government agreed to host SAF troops at Camp TURKSOM for training, as part of a Turkish-led effort to bolster military support to the SAF. [ 456 ] [ 457 ] Ukraine On 19 September 2023, CNN reported that it was "likely" that Ukrainian special forces were behind a series of drone strikes and a ground operation directed against the Wagner Group-backed RSF near Khartoum on 8 September. [ 441 ] Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian Main Directorate of Intelligence , stated in an interview on 22 September that he could neither confirm or deny Ukraine's involvement in the conflict, [ 458 ] but said that Ukraine "will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals ... sooner or later". [ 459 ] On 6 November 2023, the Kyiv Post released drone footage of what it claimed was Ukrainian special forces attacking Wagner Group personnel in an unidentified urban area in Sudan with an explosive projectile, which was believed to have been taken about two weeks before its publication. [ 460 ] Two months later on 30 January 2024, the Kyiv Post reported that Ukrainian special forces had launched three drone strikes targeting the Wagner Group and other Russian organisations in Sudan as well as their Sudanese partners in the preceding weeks. [ 461 ] The Kyiv Post released a report on 5 February 2024 with a video showing the aftermath of an attack allegedly by Ukrainian special forces on a Wagner Group unit which had purportedly suffered several deaths and the capture of at least one member of the unit who was seen being interrogated on camera. [ 462 ] United Arab Emirates The UAE has faced mounting accusations of providing military support to RSF, [ 442 ] [ 463 ] including covert arms transfers, drone supply, and logistics routed through Chad, Libya, CAR, [ 464 ] and South Sudan. [ 465 ] [ 466 ] [ 381 ] Reports by major outlets like the Wall Street Journal , [ 467 ] New York Times , [ 393 ] and BBC , [ 421 ] along with diplomatic sources and satellite evidence, suggest Emirati cargo planes delivered weapons disguised as aid, with operations coordinated through Amdjarass airport in Chad. [ 468 ] UAE denied the accusations. [ 469 ] [ 470 ] [ 471 ] Sudan expelled Emirati diplomats, [ 472 ] accused the UAE at the UN of aiding genocide, [ 473 ] [ 474 ] and submitted complaints to the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice . [ 475 ] [ 476 ] The residence of the UAE ambassador to Sudan in Khartoum was also attacked on 29 September 2024. [ 477 ] The UAE was accused of using humanitarian cover such as Red Crescent hospitals for military purposes, including drone operations and weapon bunkers near the border. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] [ 480 ] Sudan claimed these actions aimed to maintain Emirati influence and gold interests in Sudan, backed by historical investments and ongoing port and agriculture projects. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] [ 483 ] The UAE's ties to the RSF date back to the Yemen war in 2018. Its involvement is said to include cooperation with the Wagner Group for arms deliveries and financing RSF logistics from within the Emirates. [ 484 ] [ 485 ] Identity documents recovered from a 2024 plane crash in Sudan included a Russian passport and an ID that linked to a UAE-based company. [ 486 ] [ 487 ] The US and the UK have called on the UAE to halt support, [ 488 ] [ 489 ] with US lawmakers introducing multiple bills to block arms sales to Abu Dhabi. [ 490 ] [ 491 ] The EU [ 492 ] [ 493 ] [ 494 ] and Human Rights Watch [ 495 ] also demanded accountability. Emirati diplomatic initiatives toward Sudan continued, such as hosting a humanitarian conference and pledging $200 million aid—actions seen by Sudan as attempts by UAE to improve its image. [ 496 ] On 30 April 2025 UAE authorities said they had intercepted millions of rounds of ammunition at an airport in the UAE which was being illegally transferred to the SAF, which the latter denied. [ 497 ] Sudan opened a case at the International Court of Justice alleging that the UAE was complicit in genocide against the Masalit. The court hearings began on 10 April 2025. [ 498 ] On 5 May, the court dismissed the case, stating it "manifestly lacks" authority. [ 499 ] Since the beginning of the Sudanese war, the UAE has been using the Bosaso International Airport Co (BIAC) as a key logistical hub to supply the RSF with arms and mercenaries. Due to its strategic location and the UAE's close ties with Puntland 's leadership, Bosaso Airport serves as a crucial transit point for Emirati weapons and Colombian paramilitaries affiliated with Abu Dhabi's Global Security Service Group (GSSG) to Sudan. In September 2025, Sudan urged Somalia to cease the operations taking place in Bosaso . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] [ 502 ] Sudan's Foreign Ministry accused the UAE of making "desperate efforts" at the Non-Aligned Movement meetings to protect the RSF from condemnation and undercut international solidarity with Sudan. The Ministry said Abu Dhabi should not be allowed to exploit global forums, citing its suggestion of an alternative government. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] In August 2025, the Sudanese government released a statement accusing regional and international communities of targeting Sudan and supporting the RSF's aggression. It further claimed that the presence of numerous foreign mercenaries posed a significant threat to the nation's peace and security. The government asserted that it possessed undeniable evidence showing that UAE authorities had sponsored and financed mercenaries from Colombia and other neighboring countries. [ 505 ] [ 12 ] United Kingdom The UK is the UN Security Council's penholder [ 506 ] for Sudan. [ 507 ] In early 2023, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) initiated secret talks with the RSF. [ 508 ] In June 2024, The Guardian reported that according to multiple sources, FCDO officials "attempted to suppress criticism" of the United Arab Emirates and its alleged role in supplying arms to the RSF. [ 507 ] In December 2024, Sudan's Deputy Chairman of the Sovereign Council, Malik Agar , criticized the British government's position on the conflict, stating that if the UK "wants to end the suffering of the Sudanese people, it must communicate with the UAE to stop the logistical support it provides to the militia". He also claimed that the Sudanese government was "ready to open a new page with the UK under the new government if it changes the way it manages its foreign files related to Sudan". [ 509 ] In October 2025, the Sudanese government supplied the UN Security Council with documentation of military equipment made in the UK being used by the RSF. The equipment was allegedly sold by UK firms to the UAE, which then sent them to the RSF. [ 510 ] United States On 20 January 2025, the Trump administration froze USAID payments for 90 days, redirecting most funds to military aid. [ 511 ] [ 512 ] This resulted in the closure of hundreds of soup kitchens, and increased deaths from starvation. [ 513 ] A court ordered the freeze lifted on 13 February, but the administration cancelled nearly 10,000 aid contracts instead. The judge later demanded payments by 26 February, but Chief Justice John G. Roberts paused the order pending a Supreme Court ruling by 28 February. [ 514 ] The US announced a diplomatic meeting of the International Quartet on Sudan, aiming to develop a unified vision to end the war, stop foreign involvement and secure a ceasefire. Scheduled for 29 July 2025 in Washington D.C., the meeting was to include the United States, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Egypt. [ 515 ] [ 516 ] However, it was postponed at the last minute due to a disagreement between the UAE and Egypt. [ 517 ] Meanwhile, a coalition of Sudanese political parties rejected the UAE as a mediator, calling it "morally unqualified" due to its backing of the RSF. [ 518 ] Humanitarian impact The war has triggered a severe humanitarian crisis . Within days into the fighting, communities faced severe shortages of food, water, medical supplies and fuel, with Khartoum and its surroundings hit hardest. [ 519 ] In the first months of the war, about 25 million people out of a population of roughly 50 million, required humanitarian assistance. [ 520 ] Aid delivery was hampered as supplies were looted. [ 521 ] [ 522 ] By September 2024, roughly 80% of healthcare facilities in Sudan were no longer functional. [ 523 ] The conflict has forcibly displaced nearly 12 million people inside and outside Sudan , [ 524 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 525 ] By April 2025, the famine in Sudan had severely affected nearly 25 million people, [ 526 ] including nearly 4 million acutely malnourished children under the age of five. [ 527 ] By September 2025, the number of people requiring humanitarian aid had increased to 30.4 million. [ 528 ] Fatality figures remained highly uncertain, [ 529 ] with some assessments suggesting the true number may exceed 150,000. [ 530 ] [ 531 ] Economy Sudan's economy was seriously damaged by the conflict, with a near standstill in formal economic activity, particularly in Khartoum and parts of Darfur. [ 532 ] [ 533 ] The economy contracted heavily in 2023 and was expected to shrink further in 2024, while state revenues declined steeply. [ 534 ] Currency depreciation accelerated, [ 535 ] international trade dropped, international trade dropped, [ 532 ] and gold production fell sharply [ 536 ] amid allegations of large scale looting. [ 535 ] The fighting also rendered more than 60% of Sudan's agricultural land out of service. [ 532 ] By 2024, both warring parties were reported to be financing their operations partly through the sale of gum arabic. [ 537 ] Disinformation Throughout the Sudan conflict, the RSF have waged disinformation campaigns, using social media to manipulate public opinion, spread narratives and deny the massacres that are still happening. [ 538 ] [ 539 ] The RSF ran digital propaganda teams from Khartoum and Dubai, using verified social media accounts to distribute misleading content. The RSF were verified on Twitter and has launched a disinformation campaign against the SAF, accusing them of attacking civilians. [ 540 ] [ 538 ] The SAF used Twitter for morale-boosting and to counter RSF claims, though some posts were proven false. [ 541 ] [ 542 ] Widespread disinformation included recycled footage from video games, past conflicts like Ukraine and Libya, and even archaeological props misrepresented as war crimes. [ 543 ] For instance, SAF posted a video allegedly showing recent air operations, which was actually from the video game Arma 3 . [ 544 ] The SAF also circulated altered images, including a fabricated photo of Hemedti hospitalized in Nairobi. [ 545 ] [ 546 ] The RSF shared footage of an alleged SAF and Egyptian Air Force warplane reportedly shot down by the RSF found to be that of an Su-25 fighter jet that crashed in Mali , [ 547 ] and the other of a Libyan aircraft taken outside Sudan in 2020. [ 548 ] The RSF also sent bulletins to UK politicians with the help of Dubai-based Capital Tap Holdings, aiming to counter what it called "disproportionate" disinformation. [ 549 ] Facebook removed RSF pages in August 2024, citing policy violations. The RSF blamed the SAF for instigating the ban and said it was negotiating with Meta to restore its accounts. [ 550 ] After El Fasher was captured by the RSF, according to Middle East Eye , Emirati, Israeli, and far-right influencers tried to falsely frame the conflict as a sectarian one where Islamists were committing genocide against Christians. [ 551 ] The conflict's information space has been further destabilized by false claims against organizations like the Sudanese Doctors Syndicate [ 552 ] and by deepfake-like imagery . Disinformation experts, including Kyle Walter of Logically , warned that generative AI may be fueling the sophistication of fake content, undermining trust in all sources of information. [ 549 ] Sanctions U.S. President Joe Biden issued an executive order on 4 May 2023 authorizing sanctions against actors destabilizing the country. [ 553 ] The first sanctions followed in June, targeting companies linked to both the SAF and RSF, along with visa restrictions on unnamed individuals. [ 554 ] Subsequent rounds of sanctions included RSF leaders Abdul Rahim Dagalo and Abdel Rahman Jumma (accused of killing West Darfur's governor), Islamist leader Ali Karti , [ 555 ] firms in Sudan and Russia, and former Bashir regime officials involved in RSF support or coup plots. [ 556 ] In May 2024, more RSF commanders were sanctioned for violence in North and Central Darfur. [ 557 ] [ 558 ] On 7 January 2025, the U.S. said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide in Sudan and imposed sanctions on RSF leader Hemedti and affiliated entities to hold them accountable for systematic atrocities and reaffirmed support for Sudanese civil society and a peaceful, democratic future. However, critics said the measures came too late and would have limited impact. [ 559 ] [ 560 ] On 22 May 2025, the US announced new sanctions on Sudan over the SAF's use of chemical weapons against the RSF. [ 561 ] One affiliated entity that received sanctions was a UAE LLC; according to Watan , in response, the UAE began lobbying in Washington to avoid direct sanctions. [ 562 ] The UAE launched an investigation into the entities and reported that none of these seven companies hold a valid commercial license in the UAE or conduct any business activities within the country. [ 563 ] On 12 July 2023, the United Kingdom announced sanctions on firms linked to the SAF and the RSF for providing funds and weapons in the conflict. [ 564 ] On 15 April 2024, Canada imposed sanctions on two individuals and four entities linked to the SAF and the RSF. [ 565 ] On 6 March 2025, Canada imposed sanctions on al-Burhan and Hemedti, due to "an unwillingness on the part of the leaders to negotiate an end to the war". [ 566 ] On 23 June 2024, the European Union imposed sanctions on six entities for manufacturing and procuring weapons for the SAF and the RSF. [ 567 ] On 18 July 2025, the European Council adopted a fourth package of restrictive measures against two individuals and two entities, Alkhaleej Bank and Red Rock Mining Company. The latter is involved in facilitating the production of weapons and vehicles for the SAF, and its parent company is already under sanctions by the EU, the US, and the UK. The mining sector is considered a key element in fueling the conflict. [ 568 ] In popular culture Sudan, Remember Us , a 2024 documentary film directed by Hind Meddeb [ 569 ] Khartoum , a 2025 documentary film by several Sudanese filmmakers [ 570 ] See also Africa portal 2021 Sudan coup d'état – Military overthrow of the Sovereignty Council of Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Democracy in Africa Next Sudanese general election Iranian intervention in Sudan (2023–present) Genocide of Indigenous peoples § Darfur Genocides in history (21st century) § Darfur Human rights in Sudan Janjaweed (Janjaweed Coalition) List of civil wars List of conflicts in Africa List of ethnic cleansing campaigns List of genocides List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present New Sudan – Proposal for restructuring Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Sudanese Civil War – An index of three major civil wars that occurred in Sudan's history, as well as other separate conflicts in Sudan. Sudanese National Forces Coordination – Coalition of armed groups Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2024) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2025) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2026) War in Darfur – Genocidal conflict in Western Sudan Notes ^ The municipalities of Tine and Um Baru in North Darfur remain under SAF control. SAF maintains a garrison in Tine. SLM-AW controls Tawila and parts of the Marrah mountains. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "SPLM-N and Popular Defense Forces field commanders meet in South Kordofan" . 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Retrieved 1 November 2025 . ^ a b c "Economy another victim of the war in impoverished Sudan" . France 24 . 25 February 2024 . Retrieved 25 February 2024 . ^ "Sudan war causes daily economic loss of $80 million" . Radio Dabanga . 12 September 2023 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ "Sudan's economy contracts 40% as war rages" . Africanews . 29 February 2024 . Retrieved 1 March 2024 . ^ a b "$49 billion of economic loss and looted property in Sudan" . Radio Dabanga . 18 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ "Gold production in Sudan dwindles to two tons due to ongoing conflict" . Sudan Tribune . 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024 . Retrieved 15 September 2023 . ^ Wexler, Alexandra; Bariyo, Nicholas (23 May 2024). "How Chocolate, Soda and Chewing Gum Are Funding War in Sudan" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 23 May 2024 . ^ a b Suleiman, Ali Sam (19 May 2023). "How Disinformation Campaigns Endanger Lives in Sudan" . SMEX . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ Malashenko, Uliana (27 April 2023). "Fact Check: Video Does NOT Show 'Sudan Rapid Support Force' In Control Of 'Khartoum International Airport And Military Base' On April 15, 2023" . Lead Stories . Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 4 May 2023 . ^ "The Very Sophisticated Disinformation War in Sudan" . International Policy Digest . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ Momanyi, Kevin Philips. "Misinformation in Sudan conflict fact-checked" . TRT Afrika . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ "Sudan crisis: Don't fall for these misleading images and claims" . Euronews. 27 April 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ Rickett, Oscar (2 June 2023). "Sudan's RSF raids museum and declares ancient skeletons murder victims" . Middle East Eye . Archived from the original on 16 June 2023 . Retrieved 16 June 2023 . ^ "wahdat altahaquq bialjazirat mubashir takshif haqiqat maqatie fidyu nasharaha aljaysh alsuwdaniu wawasayil 'iielam (fidyu)" وحدة التحقق بالجزيرة مباشر تكشف حقيقة مقاطع فيديو نشرها الجيش السوداني ووسائل إعلام (فيديو) [The Al-Jazeera Mubasher Verification Unit reveals the truth about video clips published by the Sudanese army and media (video)]. Al Jazeera (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . ^ "Partly False: Two of these photos are not from the April 2023 Sudan unrest" . Medium . 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023 . Retrieved 21 April 2023 . ^ "ما حقيقة وجود حميدتي بالمستشفى الرئاسي بالعاصمة الكينية نيروبي؟" . جهينة (in Arabic). 16 June 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ "Battles continue around SAF General Command in Khartoum" . Radio Dabanga . 21 September 2023 . Retrieved 22 September 2023 . ^ " 'Downed Sudan jet' video fake" . Radio Dabanga . 30 November 2023 . 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"US says Sudan used chemical weapons in war as it issues new sanctions" . BBC . Retrieved 23 May 2025 . ^ "UAE Mobilizes Lobbyists to Counter U.S. Sanctions Over Sudan Civil War Support" . Watan . 26 January 2025. ^ "UAE confirms 7 US-sanctioned firms lack licences, do not operate locally" . Gulf News. 4 April 2025. ^ "War in Sudan has displaced over three million people, says UN" . France 24 . 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 13 July 2023 . ^ "Canada sanctions individuals and entities affiliated with Sudan warring parties" . Radio Dabanga . 16 April 2024 . Retrieved 16 April 2024 . ^ "Canada slaps tighter sanctions on El Burhan, Hemedti for 'unwillingness to negotiate end to Sudan war' " . Radio Dabanga . 6 March 2025. ^ "RSF accuses SAF of 'criminal act' as Khartoum Bahri power station burns" . Radio Dabanga . 24 June 2024 . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ "Sudan: Council sanctions individuals and entities over serious human rights violations and threats to the peace, stability and security of the country" . Consilium . Retrieved 29 September 2025 . ^ Rosser, Michael (7 August 2024). "Civil war documentary 'Sudan, Remember Us' acquired for MENA ahead of Venice premiere (exclusive)" . Screen Daily . Retrieved 3 November 2024 . ^ "Khartoum" . Cineuropa . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 13 January 2025 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Sudanese civil war (2023–present) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Belligerents RSF Hemedti SAF al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum RSF Hemedti Hemedti SAF al-Burhan al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum Battles Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat War crimes May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves Humanitarian crisis Famine Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Famine Zamzam camp Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Damaged infrastructure Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Related Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Attempted assassination of al-Burhan Treaty of Jeddah 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Department conflict (2002–2003) Pool War (2016–2017) Civil wars 1993–1994 1997–1999 1993–1994 1997–1999 Pool Department conflict (2002–2003) Pool War (2016–2017) Central African Republic Bush War (2004–2007) Civil War (2012–present) Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Bush War (2004–2007) Civil War (2012–present) Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Chad Civil War (2005–2010) Insurgency in Chad (2016–present) 2021 offensive Civil War (2005–2010) Insurgency in Chad (2016–present) 2021 offensive 2021 offensive Others Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) East Africa Ethiopia Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) South Sudan Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Ethiopia Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) South Sudan Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Southern Africa Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Related topics War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions v t e Coups d'état in Sudan v t e 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November 2023 attempt 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November September attempt October–November 2023 attempt v t e Coups , self-coups , and attempted coups since 1991 v t e List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 by country since 2010 1990s Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c 2000s Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c 2010s Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) 2020s Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies v t e Sudanese Revolution v t e Background Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Organisations Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Events 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election Institutional transition Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Peace process Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Major publications Soudan 2019, année zéro Soudan 2019, année zéro Sudanese Revolution Sudanese Revolution v t e Sudan articles v t e History Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Geography Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Politics Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Economy Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Agriculture Banking Central Bank Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Society Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Women Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Public toilets Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Outline Category Outline Category Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 2020s conflicts 2020s in Sudan Civil wars in Sudan Coup-based civil wars Sudanese revolution Attempted coups d'état in Sudan Wars involving Ukraine CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar) CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Greek-language sources (el) CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from December 2025 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2026 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2025 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2025 Articles with excerpts Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 00:42 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 2 Early career (1951–1955) Toggle Early career (1951–1955) subsection 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 3 Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Toggle Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) subsection 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 4 Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) Toggle Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) subsection 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 5 Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Toggle Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) subsection 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 6 Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Toggle Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) subsection 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 7 Senior Minister (1990–2004) Toggle Senior Minister (1990–2004) subsection 7.1 Condominium rebates 7.1 Condominium rebates 8 Minister Mentor (2004–2011) 9 Illness and death 10 Legacy 11 Legal suits Toggle Legal suits subsection 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 12 Political positions Toggle Political positions subsection 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 13 Personal life 14 Cultural depictions 15 Awards 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References Toggle References subsection 18.1 Works cited 18.1 Works cited 19 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 20 External links Lee Kuan Yew Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English سنڌي Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item The Honourable Lee Kuan Yew GCMG CH SPMJ DK Lee in 1975 1st Prime Minister of Singapore In office 5 June 1959 – 28 November 1990 Monarchs .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) President Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Deputy Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by Office established Lim Yew Hock (Chief Minister of Singapore) Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Secretary-General of the People's Action Party In office 20 October 1957 – 14 November 1992 Chairman Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by T. T. Rajah Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong In office 21 November 1954 – 3 August 1957 Preceded by Position established Succeeded by T. T. Rajah 1st Leader of the Opposition In office 22 April 1955 – 31 March 1959 Chief Minister David Marshall Lim Yew Hock Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Lim Yew Hock Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC In office 21 August 1991 – 23 March 2015 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by PAP held Majority All elections: N/A (walkover) Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC In office 2 April 1955 – 26 April 1957 Preceded by Constituency established In office 29 June 1957 – 14 August 1991 Succeeded by Constituency abolished Majority 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) Personal details Born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ( 1923-09-16 ) 16 September 1923 Singapore Died 23 March 2015 (2015-03-23) (aged 91) Singapore Resting place Mandai Crematorium and Columbarium Party People's Action Party Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Kwa Geok Choo ( m. 1950; died 2010) Children Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Parents Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Relatives Lee family Education Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Signature Chinese name Chinese 李光耀 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Lee Kuan Yew [ a ] GCMG CH SPMJ DK (born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ; 16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), often referred to by his initials LKY , was a Singaporean statesman and barrister who was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. A founding father of the modern Singaporean state, his authoritarian political leadership transformed post-independence Singapore into a highly developed country and one of the four Asian Tigers . Born in Singapore during British colonial rule to a family of Chinese descent, Lee studied law in England at Cambridge University and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1950. Shortly after, he returned to Singapore and practised law, founding the law firm Lee & Lee . In 1954, Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP), which won significant support among the working class and trade unions in the lead up to the 1955 general election , securing him a seat in the Tanjong Pagar division and making him the de facto leader of the opposition . In 1959, Lee led the PAP to its first electoral victory , becoming Singapore's first prime minister. Seeking sovereignty from the British Empire , Lee led Singapore to a merger with Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah , forming Malaysia in 1963. Racial strife and ideological differences later led to Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia and consequent independence in 1965. Lee oversaw major economic reforms and urban development, instituting policies promoting meritocracy , multiracialism and anti-corruption . His administration, generally characterised as an illiberal democracy with nanny state tendencies, restricted press freedoms , public assembly , labour activism and civil liberties . From 1968 to 1981 , Singapore was a de facto one-party state , with the PAP facing no opposition in Parliament. Although Lee maintained legal and institutional procedures that formally characterised Singapore as a democratic parliamentary republic , he employed defamation laws , detention without trial and social engineering to ensure continued electoral success. In justifying his policies, Lee was a major proponent of Asian values , arguing that communitarianism and limited human rights were necessary for the social cohesion , political stability and rapid economic development of Singapore. Lee stepped down as prime minister in 1990 but continued to serve in the Cabinet as senior minister until 2004 and subsequently as minister mentor until his retirement in 2011. Throughout his political career, he remained an influential figure in shaping Singapore's domestic and foreign policies, at the same time serving as an advisor to foreign leaders as an elder statesman. Lee died of pneumonia on 23 March 2015 at the age of 91. In Singapore, Lee is widely regarded as instrumental in the development of Singapore's economy , bureaucracy , education system , foreign policy , public housing and healthcare . The Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore is named in his honor. Following his death, a week of national mourning was announced, during which approximately 1.7 million people paid their respects at tribute sites around the country. Early life Childhood and early education Harry Lee Kuan Yew was born on 16 September 1923, the first child of Lee Chin Koon , who was born in Semarang during Dutch colonial rule and subsequently moved to Singapore, [ 2 ] and Chua Jim Neo , at 92 Kampong Java Road in Singapore, then part of the Straits Settlements . [ 3 ] Both of Lee's parents were English-educated third-generation Peranakan Chinese , [ 4 ] with his paternal side being of Hakka descent from Dabu County . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] He was named 'Kuan Yew', [ b ] meaning 'light and brightness', alternately meaning 'bringing great glory to one's ancestors'. Lee's paternal grandfather Lee Hoon Leong, who was described as "especially westernised", had worked on British ships as a purser , and hence gave Lee the Western name 'Harry'. [ 7 ] While the family spoke English as its first language, Lee also learned Malay. [ 3 ] Lee had three brothers and one sister, all of whom lived to old age. [ 8 ] Lee was not close to his father, who worked as a storekeeper within the Shell Oil Company and had a gambling addiction. His mother Chua often stood up against her husband for his poor financial management and parenting skills. [ 9 ] The family was considered prosperous with a high social standing compared to recent immigrants, and had the means to hire servants. [ 10 ] During the Great Depression the family fortunes declined considerably, though Lee's father retained his job at Shell. [ 3 ] Later in life, Lee described his father as a man with a nasty temper, and he credited his mother with holding the family together amidst her husband's gambling addiction. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In 1930, Lee enrolled at Telok Kurau English School where he spent six years of his primary education. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Attending Raffles Institution in 1935, Lee did poorly in his first two years but later topped the Junior Cambridge examinations. [ 15 ] He also joined the Scouts and partook in several physical activities such as cricket, tennis, swimming as well as debates. [ 16 ] Lee was the top scorer in the Senior Cambridge examinations in 1940 across the Straits Settlements and Malaya, earning the John Anderson scholarship to attend Raffles College, as well as the Tan Jiak Kim scholarship. [ 16 ] [ c ] During the prize-awarding ceremony, Lee met his future wife Kwa Geok Choo ; she was the only girl at the school. [ 15 ] Lee's subsequent university studies at Raffles College were disrupted by the onset of World War II in Asia, with the school being converted into a medical facility in 1941. The war arrived in December of that year and following the British surrender in February 1942, the Japanese occupation of Singapore began. [ 17 ] World War II Lee was amongst the Chinese men rounded up by the Japanese Sook Ching operation. By his own account, he feared getting caught by the Kempeitai (military police) and reported with a friend to be screened. He attempted to leave the next morning but was ordered to join a group of already segregated men. Lee requested to collect his clothes first and managed to spend a second night in the dormitory before successfully leaving the site the next day when a different guard cleared him through. [ 18 ] He later learned that the group of men were likely taken to the beach and executed. [ 19 ] Lee obtained a Japanese language proficiency certificate in August 1942 and worked in a friend's company and then the Kumiai , which controlled essential items. [ 20 ] He got a job with the Japanese propaganda department ( Hōdōbu ) in late 1943 and worked for the Japanese occupation force as an English specialist. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Working at the top of the Cathay Building , he was assigned to listen to Allied radio stations for Morse code signals. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] By late 1944, Lee knew Japan had suffered major setbacks and planned to move to the Cameron Highlands with his family to avoid a possible British invasion. He was tipped off that he was being followed and abandoned the plan. [ 26 ] He engaged in private enterprises and black market sales for the rest of the war. [ 27 ] During this time, Lee helped develop a glue based on tapioca, which he sold under the name Stikfas, as a means to support himself during the war. [ 28 ] The Stikfas logo later appeared on the base of his wedding cake. [ 29 ] The rapid Japanese victory in the Malaya and Singapore campaign had a major impact on Lee as he recalled: "In 70 days of surprises, upsets and stupidities, British colonial society was shattered, and with it all the assumptions of the Englishman's superiority". [ 30 ] In a radio broadcast made in 1961, Lee said he "emerged [from the war] determined that no one—neither Japanese nor British—had the right to push and kick us around... (and) that we could govern ourselves." [ 31 ] It also influenced his perceptions of raw power and the effectiveness of harsh punishment in deterring crime. [ 32 ] University, marriage and politics Lee chose not to return to Raffles College after the war and pursued higher education in the United Kingdom. [ 9 ] He sailed from Singapore in 1946 on his 23rd birthday on the MV Britannic , arriving in the UK on 3 October. [ 33 ] He initially enrolled at the London School of Economics , but found himself disliking life in the British capital. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] He visited Cambridge in November and was introduced to W. S. Thatcher , Censor of Fitzwilliam House. He was admitted into the following year's Lent term and matriculated in January 1947, reading law at Fitzwilliam College . [ 36 ] Prior to his departure from Singapore, Lee had begun a relationship with Kwa, with whom he had kept in contact during the war. They married in secret at Stratford-upon-Avon in December. [ 9 ] Lee achieved a first class result in both the Prelims and Part I of the Tripos , and graduated with a Starred First for Part II Law in 1949. As the top student of his cohort, he was awarded the Fitzwilliam's Whitlock Prize; Lee was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1950. [ 36 ] If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. During his studies, Lee's political convictions and anti-colonial sentiments were hardened by personal experiences and an increasing belief that the British were ruling Singapore for their own benefit. He supported the Labour Party against the Conservatives whom he perceived as opposing decolonisation . [ 38 ] In the leadup to the 1950 United Kingdom general election , Lee engaged in politics for the first time and actively campaigned for a friend, David Widdicombe in Totnes constituency, driving Widdicombe around in a lorry and delivering several speeches on his behalf. [ 39 ] Before returning to Singapore, Lee dropped his English name, Harry. [ d ] Notwithstanding, even until the end of his life, old friends and relatives referred to him as Harry. [ 41 ] Early career (1951–1955) Litigation practice Lee and his wife returned to Singapore in August 1950 on board the MS Willem Ruys . [ 42 ] He joined the Laycock and Ong law firm founded by British lawyer John Laycock . [ 43 ] Laycock was a co-founder of the pro-British Progressive Party and Lee represented the party during the 1951 legislative council election as an election agent. [ 44 ] Lee was called to the Singapore bar on 7 August 1951. [ 45 ] During the postal union strike in May 1952, Lee negotiated a settlement marking his first step into the labour movement. [ 46 ] In due course, Lee represented nearly fifty trade unions and associations against the British authorities on a pro bono basis. [ 47 ] The disputes often centered around wages and Laycock eventually requested Lee to cease taking on such cases as it was hurting the firm. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] In May 1954, the left-wing University Socialist Club published an article 'Aggression in Asia' in the club's magazine The Fajar , and the student editors were charged with sedition. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Lee became junior counsel to Denis Pritt . The court quashed the charges and the two counsel gained a reputation through the trial, with Lee thereafter becoming a "major leader" of the movement against British rule. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] During the same year, Lee also appealed on behalf of the students arrested during the 13 May incident . The colonial government upheld the sentences, though the case enhanced Lee's reputation as a "left-wing lawyer" and marked his first involvement with the Chinese intelligentsia. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Forming the PAP During his studies in Britain, Lee met Goh Keng Swee and Toh Chin Chye via the Malayan Forum . [ 57 ] The forum sought to promote an independent Malaya which included Singapore and met at 44 Bryanston Square in London. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Lee and his contemporaries deliberately avoided the topic of forming a political party to avoid charges of subversion , beginning work on forming a political party only after returning to Singapore. [ 60 ] Lee had sought to build support among the English-educated, Malay, and Indian communities by taking on cases against the British authorities. In the course of his work, Lee became acquainted with the journalist Sinnathamby Rajaratnam ; Abdul Samad Ismail , a writer for the Malay newspaper Utusan Melayu ; and Devan Nair . [ 61 ] He next turned his attention to the Chinese-speaking majority and was introduced to Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan, leaders of the influential bus and factories unions. While the unions had been infiltrated by communists, Lee consciously sought their support as he wanted a popular front. [ 62 ] With elections approaching in 1955, Lee and his associates debated the name, ideology, and policies of the party they wanted to create at 38 Oxley Road . [ 63 ] The People's Action Party (PAP) was inaugurated on 21 November 1954 at the Victoria Memorial Hall . As the party still lacked members, trade union leaders rounded up an estimated audience of 800 to 1,500 supporters. [ 64 ] Lee had also invited Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock , presidents of the United Malays National Organisation and Malayan Chinese Association . In his inaugural speech, Lee denounced the British for the slow transition to self-rule, demanded their immediate withdrawal, and said that the PAP would pursue a Singapore-Malaya union. Lee became secretary-general of the party, a post he held until 1992, barring a brief period in 1957 when the post was taken up by T. T. Rajah . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In July 1953, Governor John Nicoll initiated the Rendel Commission to provide for a transition to self-rule. The commission created the legislative assembly and opened 25 of 32 seats for direct contest in the upcoming 1955 election . The PAP and Labour Front , led by Lee and David Marshall respectively, both criticised the concessions as "inadequate". The PAP faced manpower constraints but decided to prioritise resources and contest four seats as a protest gesture. [ 67 ] In a rally speech, Lee said he chose the Tanjong Pagar division as it was a "working class area" and that he did not want to represent "wealthy merchants or landlords". [ 68 ] During the campaigning period, the British press labelled Lee as a " commissar " and accused the PAP of being a "communist-backed party". [ 69 ] Democratic Party (DP) challenger Lam Thian also capitalised on Lee's inability to converse in Chinese. Lee's proposal for a multilingual debate was never reciprocated by Thian, though he eventually made his maiden Chinese speech after several hours of coaching. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] On polling day, 2 April, the ruling Progressive Party captured only four seats, shocking both the British establishment and its opposition. Lee defeated his competitors and won Tanjong Pagar, with the PAP winning three of their four contested seats. He pledged to work with Marshall and the new Labour Front government. [ 72 ] As independent member Ahmad Ibrahim joined PAP following the election, PAP had 4 members in the Assembly and thus Lee became the new Leader of the Opposition. [ 73 ] Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Strikes and power struggle Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. On 23 April 1955, workers from the Hock Lee Amalgamated Bus Company began a strike under the direction of Fong Swee Suan, leader of the Singapore Buses Workers' Union (SBWU). [ 75 ] [ 76 ] As SBWU's legal advisor, Lee worked with Marshall's government to negotiate a resolution, which was initially agreed by the SBWU but then reneged on by the company. [ 77 ] Seeking to exert greater pressure, Lee, Fong and Lim Chin Siong addressed the strikers on 1 May ( May Day ), where Lee called the government a "half-past six democracy". [ 78 ] The strike subsequently escalated into a riot on 12 May . [ 79 ] Lee, Marshall and the company agreed on a further resolution on 14 May, which conceded to several of the strikers' demands. [ 80 ] In an emergency legislative assembly sitting on 16 May, Chief Secretary William Goode accused Lee of losing control of the PAP to Lim. [ 77 ] Lee was constrained between defending the actions of his colleagues and denouncing them, instead reiterating the PAP's committal to non-violence. [ 81 ] Marshall defended him and the PAP as "decent men" against Goode's accusations and called upon the party to "purge themselves of communists". [ 77 ] [ 80 ] The riot led the public to perceive the PAP as being led by "young, immature and troublesome politicians", resulting in a shortfall of new members. [ 82 ] It deepened the divide between two emerging factions, with Lee's faction advocating Fabian 's brand of socialism for gradual reform and Lim's faction, later described by Fong as "favour(ing) a more radical approach". [ 83 ] Lee was convinced that Lim and Fong's influence were pushing the party toward "political disaster". [ 74 ] After consulting his allies Toh Chin Chye , S. Rajaratnam and Byrne , Lee censured the two men privately and demanded they change strategies or leave the party. [ 84 ] By 1956, Lee believed that the PAP "had been captured by the communists" and privately endorsed the Labour Front government purge of suspected "leftists" in the aftermath of the 1956 Chinese middle schools riots . The arrestees included his rival Lim and several other PAP members. [ 85 ] When other leftist members captured six seats in the PAP central executive committee (CEC) elections on 4 August 1957, [ 86 ] Lee refused to allow his allies to assume their appointments and said that his faction had "lost their moral right" to enforce the party's founding philosophy. [ 87 ] Overtures were made by fellow CEC member T. T. Rajah to remain in his post, to which he declined. [ 86 ] The government arrested the leftist leaders on 22 August [ 88 ] [ 89 ] and Lee was restored as secretary-general on 20 October. He later blamed the attempted takeover on lax admission rules to the party [ 90 ] [ 91 ] and permanently distrusted the leftists thereafter. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] On 23 November 1958, the party constitution was amended to implement a cadre system. [ 91 ] The right to vote in party elections and run for office were revoked from ordinary party members, whom now had to seek approval from the CEC to be a cadre and regain these privileges. [ 92 ] Lee credited the Vatican system where the pope pre-selects its cardinals for the idea. [ 93 ] Merdeka talks The Labour Front government's conciliatory approach to the Hock Lee strikers led to a drastic increase in strikes. [ 80 ] Frustrated by his limited powers, Marshall demanded further constitutional reforms towards the aim of "true self-government". Lee supported Marshall in his efforts, though he initially threatened an opposition boycott over wording disputes in the agreement. [ 94 ] Between 1956 and 1958, there were three rounds of constitutional talks. [ 95 ] Lee was part of Marshall's 13-member delegation to London in April 1956. Marshall's demands for independence were repeatedly rejected by Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd and Lee departed early over Marshall's refusal to compromise. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] He criticised Marshall for his "political ineptitude" in the British press and received widespread media and radio coverage. [ 98 ] He returned to London in March 1957 as part of a five-member delegation led by the new chief minister Lim Yew Hock . [ 99 ] Britain conceded to Singapore's self-governance but also demanded that a tripartite Internal Security Council be established, which proved controversial back home. [ 99 ] Marshall challenged Lee to seek a fresh mandate from his Tanjong Pagar constituents, which Lee accepted. [ 100 ] In the June 1957 by-elections , Lee was reelected with 68.1% of the vote. [ 101 ] Lee returned to London for the third and final talks in May 1958, [ 102 ] where it was agreed that Singapore would assume self-governance with a Yang di-Pertuan Negara as head of state, with Britain retaining control of defence and foreign policy. [ 103 ] The British House of Lords passed the State of Singapore Act on 24 July 1958, which received royal assent on 1 August, and became law following the subsequent general election. [ 104 ] 1957 and 1959 elections As the 1957 City Council election in December approached, a Hokkien-speaking candidate, Ong Eng Guan , became the PAP's new face to the Chinese electorate. [ 89 ] The 32-seat city council's functions were restricted to up-keeping public amenities within city limits, but party leaders decided to contest the election as a "dry run" for the upcoming general election. [ 105 ] Lee limited the PAP to contesting 14 seats to avoid provoking the government and formed an electoral pact with the Labour Front and United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to jointly tackle the new Liberal Socialist Party . [ e ] [ 107 ] The PAP campaigned on a slogan to "sweep the city clean" [ 106 ] and emerged with 13 seats, allowing it to form a minority administration with UMNO's support. Lee and the rest of the CEC unanimously endorsed Ong to become mayor . [ 105 ] External image Portrait of Lee being sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore National Heritage Board Early in 1959, Communications and Works Minister Francis Thomas received evidence of corruption on Education Minister Chew Swee Kee . Thomas brought the evidence to Lee after the chief minister dismissed the matter. [ 108 ] Lee tabled a motion in the assembly on 17 February, which forced Chew's resignation. [ 108 ] As the expiry of the assembly's term approached, the PAP was initially split on whether to capture power but Lee chose to proceed. [ 109 ] While picking the candidates, Lee deliberately chose people from different racial and education backgrounds to repair the party's image of being run by intellectuals. [ 110 ] In the 1959 general election held on 30 May 1959, the PAP won a landslide victory with 43 of the 51 seats, though with only 53.4% of the popular vote which Lee noted. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The PAP's victory reportedly created a dilemma within the 12-member CEC as there was no formal process in place to choose a prime minister-elect. [ 112 ] A vote was purportedly held between Lee and Ong Eng Guan and after both men received six votes, party chairman Toh Chin Chye cast the tie-breaking vote for Lee. [ 113 ] When interviewed nearly five decades later, Toh and one other party member recalled the vote, but Lee and several others denied the account. [ 113 ] Lee was summoned by Governor William Goode to form a new government on 1 June, to which he requested the release of arrested PAP members. [ 114 ] On 3 June, Singapore became a self-governing state, ending 140 years of direct British rule. [ 114 ] Lee was sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore on 5 June at City Hall , along with the rest of his Cabinet . [ 114 ] Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) First years in power Lee's first speech as prime minister to a 50,000-strong audience at the Padang sought to dampen his supporters' euphoria of the PAP's electoral win. [ 111 ] In the first month of Lee taking power, Singapore experienced an economic slump as foreign capital fell and Western businesses and expatriates left for Kuala Lumpur in Malaya, fearing the new government's anti-colonial zeal. [ 111 ] As part of an 'anti-yellow culture' drive, Lee banned jukeboxes and pinball machines, while the police under Home Affairs Minister Ong Pang Boon raided pubs and pornography publications. [ f ] [ 115 ] The government cracked down on secret societies , prostitution and other illegal activities, with TIME magazine later reporting that a full week passed without "kidnapping, extortion or gangland rumble(s)" for the first time. [ 115 ] Lee also spearheaded several 'mobilisation campaigns' to clean the city, introduced air-conditioning to government offices, and slashed the salaries of civil servants. The last act provoked anger from the sector, which Lee justified as necessary to balance the budget. [ 116 ] In February 1960, the Housing and Development Board (HDB) superseded the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) and assumed responsibility of public housing . With strong government support, the HDB under chairman Lim Kim San completed more flats in three years than its predecessor did in thirty-two. [ 117 ] Government expenditure for public utilities, healthcare and education also increased significantly. [ 117 ] By the end of the year, however, unemployment began to rise drastically as the economy slowed. Lee reversed anti-colonial policies and launched a five-year plan to build new industries, seeking to attract foreign investors and rival Hong Kong . [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Jurong , a swampland to the island's western coast was chosen to be the site of a new industrial estate and would house steel mills, shipyards, and oil refineries, though Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee was initially worried the venture would fail. [ 120 ] The government promoted multiculturalism by recognising Chinese, English, Malay, and Tamil as the official languages of the new state and sought to create a new national Malayan identity. The Ministry of Culture under S. Rajaratnam held free outdoor concerts with every ethnic race represented in the performances. [ 121 ] Lee also introduced the People's Association , a government-linked organisation to run community centers and youth clubs, with its leaders trained to spread the PAP's ideology. [ 121 ] Youth unemployment was alleviated by the establishment of work brigades. [ 121 ] PAP split of 1961 Lee took measures to secure his position in the aftermath of the 1957 party elections. In 1959, he delayed the release of leftist PAP members arrested under the former Labour Front government and appointed five of its leaders, [ g ] including Lim Chin Siong, as parliamentary secretaries lacking political power. [ 114 ] [ 123 ] Lee clashed further with Lim when the government sought to create a centralised labour union in the first half of 1960. [ 124 ] Trouble also arose from former mayor and Minister of National Development Ong Eng Guan , who Lee had appointed in recognition of Ong's contribution to the PAP's electoral win. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ong's relocation of his ministry to his Hong Lim stronghold and continued castigation of the British and civil servants was regarded by his colleagues as disruptive and Lee removed several portfolios from Ong's purview in February 1960. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] In the party conference on 18 June 1960, Ong filed "16 resolutions" against the leadership, accusing Lee of failing to seek party consensus when deciding policy, not adhering to anti-colonialism and suspending left-wing unions. [ 127 ] Lee regarded it as a move to split the party and together with his allies expelled Ong from the party. [ 128 ] Ong resigned his seat in December, precipitating the Hong Lim by-election on in April 1961 which he won against a PAP candidate. [ 126 ] [ 129 ] The death of the PAP assemblyman for Anson that April triggered a second by-election. For the first time, Lim's faction openly revolted against Lee and endorsed Workers' Party chairman David Marshall who won the seat. [ 126 ] [ 130 ] Lee assumed responsibility for the two by-election defeats and submitted his resignation to party chairman Toh Chin Chye on 17 July. Toh rejected it and upheld Lee's mandate. [ 131 ] Lee moved a motion of confidence in his own government in the early hours of 21 July after a thirteen-hour debate which had begun the preceding day, narrowly surviving it with 27 "Ayes", 8 "Noes" and 16 abstentions. [ 132 ] The PAP now commanded a single seat majority in the 51-seat assembly after 13 of its members had abstained. [ 133 ] Lee expelled the 13 who had broken ranks in addition to Lim, Fong and Woodhull. [ 133 ] Leadup to referendum and merger Lee and his colleagues believed that Singapore could only survive through merger with Malaya and was unwilling to call for complete independence. [ 134 ] Merger would allow goods to be exported to the peninsula under a common market , while devolving unpopular internal security measures to Kuala Lumpur . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] Malaya's ruling Alliance Party coalition dominated by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) had repeatedly opposed the scheme and was apprehensive that Singapore's Chinese majority would reduce 'Malay political supremacy'. [ 136 ] Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman backtracked after the PAP's Hong Lim by-election defeat, fearing a "pro-communist government" in Singapore should Lee fall from power. [ 135 ] On 27 May 1961, Tunku announced that Malaya, Singapore, and the British colonies of North Borneo and Sarawak should pursue "political and economic cooperation". [ 135 ] Lee endorsed the program six days later and commenced negotiations on the formation of Malaysia. [ 135 ] In August 1961, Lee and Tunku agreed that Singapore's defence, foreign affairs and internal security would be transferred to the federal government, while education and labour policy remained with the state government. [ 135 ] [ 137 ] Lim Chin Siong and his supporters saw Lee's ceding control of internal security—then controlled by the Internal Security Council with British, Malayan, Singaporean representatives—to the federal government as a threat as Tunku was convinced they were communists. [ 135 ] In a meeting with British Commissioner General Lord Selkirk , Selkirk reaffirmed that the British would not suspend Singapore's constitution should Lee be voted out. [ 135 ] Lee saw the meeting as a British endorsement of Lim and accused it as a plot against his government. [ 138 ] On 13 August, Lim founded the Barisan Sosialis and became its secretary-general, with 35 of 51 branches of the PAP defecting. [ 133 ] [ 139 ] Lee anticipated a Barisan win in the next election and saw 'independence through merger' as the only means for the PAP to retain power. [ 136 ] Beginning on 13 September 1961, Lee gave twelve multilingual radio speeches outlining the benefits of merger in what he called the 'Battle for Merger'. The speeches proved to be a massive success for Lee's campaign, while Barisan's demands for equal airtime were rejected. [ 140 ] Lee employed full use of state resources to suppress his opponents by revoking the Barisan's printing permits, banning or relocating its rallies, and purging its supporters from the government, while the judiciary and police engaged to "obstruct, provoke and isolate" the party. [ 141 ] The Barisan lambasted Lee for securing only 15 seats in the Malaysian parliament for Singapore in contrast to North Borneo (16) and Sarawak (24), despite both having a combined population well below Singapore's 1.7 million. [ 142 ] Singapore citizens would also be categorised as "nationals" and not be granted Malaysian citizenship. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] On 6 December, the legislative assembly voted 33–0 in favour of the agreements struck by Lee and Tunku, which the Barisan boycotted. [ 144 ] A referendum for merger was scheduled for 1 September 1962. Lee ensured that the ballot lacked a "no" option, with all three options having varying terms for admission into Malaysia. [ 142 ] The ballot was crafted by Lee and Goh Keng Swee to capitalise on a mistake which the Barisan had made the previous year. The Barisan had inadvertently endorsed merger under terms "like Penang " (a state of Malaya) with full citizenship rights, not realising that Malayan law entitled only a native-born to qualify for automatic citizenship, which would disenfranchise nearly one third of those eligible to vote; [ 145 ] it issued a clarification but never recovered from the mistake. [ 146 ] Lee placed the flag of Singapore alongside option A with the terms of Singapore retaining control of education and labour policy, while portraying the Barisan's choice as option B favouring entry into the federation with no special rights, next to the flag of Penang . [ 147 ] When Lim called for his supporters to submit blank votes , Lee countered that blank votes would count as a vote for the majority choice. 71% eventually voted for option A, while 26% cast blank votes. [ 148 ] In November, Lee embarked on a ten-month visit to all fifty-one constituencies, prioritising those with the highest count of blank votes. [ 149 ] Operation Coldstore detentions The Malayan government considered the arrests of Singapore's left-wing groups as non-negotiable for the formation of Malaysia. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] Tunku felt that Lee lacked the initiative to suppress "pro-communist elements" and warned that a Malay-led dictatorship would be instated to prevent a "socialist majority" in the next Malayan election. [ 144 ] As the Malayans increased pressure on the Internal Security Council (ISC) to take action, Lee began supporting the idea of a purge in March 1962. [ 152 ] The Malayan and Singapore special branches collaborated on an arrest list of major opposition members, though doubts arose if Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan could be classified as 'communists'. [ 152 ] Up until the end of November 1962, the British declined to support the operation without a pretext, noting that Lim and the Barisan Sosialis had not broken any laws. [ 153 ] The Brunei revolt on 8 December led by A. M. Azahari provided a "heaven-sent opportunity" to take action, as Lim had met Azahari on 3 December. [ 154 ] The Malayan government convened the ISC to discuss the operation, while Singapore's Special Branch produced alleged evidence of the communist control of Barisan. [ 154 ] On 13 December, Lord Selkirk gave his authorisation for the arrests to proceed on 16 December. However, Lee's attempt to add two Malayan parliamentarians opposed to the formation of Malaysia into the arrest list caused the Malayan representative to rescind his consent, stopping the operation. [ 154 ] Tunku suspected that Lee was trying to eliminate his entire opposition, while Lee felt that Tunku was evading his shared responsibility for the arrests. [ 149 ] An ISC meeting was scheduled to be held on 1 February 1963 to remount the operation. [ 155 ] During the interim period, Lee had added three names from the United People's Party, one of them being former PAP minister Ong Eng Guan. [ 155 ] Selkirk expressed concerns that Ong's arrest lacked any justification and Lee conceded that it was meant as a "warning" to Ong. [ 155 ] Tunku told Geofroy Tory , the British High Commissioner in Kuala Lumpur on 30 January, that 'if this operation failed, merger with Singapore was off'. [ 155 ] Selkirk was pressured to put his reservations aside and finally consented. [ 155 ] On 2 February, Operation Coldstore commenced across Singapore, with 113 detained including Lim and 23 others from Barisan Sosialis. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Lee offered Lim a path into exile which Lim rejected. [ 158 ] The Malayans and British later pressured Lee to retract his comment when he said he "disapproved" of the operation. [ 156 ] In his memoirs, Lee portrayed himself as reluctant in supporting the operation, though declassified British documents revealed that Lee was "somewhat more enthusiastic" than he eventually admitted. [ 159 ] Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Elections and tensions On 31 August 1963, Lee declared Singapore's independence in a ceremony at the Padang and pledged loyalty to the federal government. [ 160 ] With the conclusion of the trials of Barisan Sosialis' leaders, Lee dissolved the legislative assembly on 3 September and called for a snap election . [ 161 ] [ 162 ] He touted "independence through merger" as a success and utilised television and the mass media effectively. [ 163 ] In conjunction with Sabah (formerly North Borneo) and Sarawak , Lee proclaimed Singapore as part of Malaysia in a second ceremony on 16 September accompanied by a military parade. [ 164 ] [ h ] Lim Chin Siong's arrest had, however, generated widespread sympathy for the Barisan and a close result was predicted. Australian and British officials expected a Barisan win. [ 165 ] When the PAP defeated the Barisan in a landslide victory on 21 September, it was seen as a public endorsement of merger and Lee's socio-economic policies. [ 163 ] [ 166 ] Relations between the PAP and Malaysia's ruling Alliance Party quickly deteriorated as Lee began espousing his policies to the rest of the country. The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) was also shocked by the loss of three Malay-majority seats to the PAP in the recent 1963 Singapore election. [ 167 ] Ultra-nationalists within UMNO alleged that Lee sought to overthrow the Malay monarchies and infringe on rural life . [ 167 ] Lee's attempts to reconcile the PAP with UMNO were rebuffed as the latter remained committed to the Malaysian Chinese Association . [ 167 ] Further hostility ensued when the PAP decided to contest in the 1964 Malaysian general election in contravention of a gentlemen's agreement that it disavow itself from peninsula politics, but PAP already regarded the agreement to be rendered moot as the Alliance contested the 1963 Singapore state election and broke the agreement first. [ 168 ] Lee's speeches in Malaysia attracted large crowds and he expected the PAP to win at least seven parliamentary seats. [ 169 ] The party ultimately won only one seat in Bangsar , Selangor under Devan Nair. [ 168 ] Lee and other party insiders later conceded that UMNO's portrayal of the PAP as a "Chinese party" and its lack of grassroots in the peninsula had undermined its support from the Malay majority. [ 168 ] [ 170 ] Ethnic tensions had risen prior to the April election when UMNO secretary-general Syed Jaafar Albar utilised the Utusan Melayu to accuse Lee of evicting Malays from their homes in March 1964. [ 171 ] Lee explained personally to the affected neighbourhoods that the scheme was part of an urban renewal plan and that eviction notices had been sent to everyone irrespective of race. [ 172 ] Albar responded by warning Lee to not "treat the sons of the soil as step-children" and led calls for the deaths of Lee and Social Affairs Minister Othman bin Wok on 12 July. [ 172 ] On 21 July, the 1964 race riots in Singapore erupted during a celebration of Prophet Muhammad's birthday , lasting four days, killing 22 and injuring 461. [ 173 ] Further riots occurred in late-August and early-September resulting in communities self-segregating from each other, which Lee characterised as "terribly disheartening" and against "everything we had believed in and worked for". [ 171 ] Lee never forgot the Malay PAP leaders who stood against UMNO during the turmoil and as late as 1998, paid tribute to them for Singapore's survival. [ 174 ] Malaysian Malaysia and separation Lee's perceptions that merger was becoming infeasible was also due to the federal government's obstruction of his industrialisation program and its imposition of new taxes on Singapore in the November 1964 federal budget. [ 172 ] Tunku mentioned to deputy prime minister Goh Keng Swee in December 1964 about his desire to have Singapore “hived off” from Malaysia. [ 175 ] Lee authorized Goh to renegotiate with Deputy Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein on Singapore's place in the federation in early 1965. [ 172 ] Seeking to provide an alternative to the Alliance Party government, Lee and his colleagues formed the Malaysian Solidarity Convention (MSC) with the Malayan and Sarawakian opposition on 9 May, with its goals for a Malaysian Malaysia and race-blind society. [ 172 ] [ 176 ] The MSC was seen by UMNO as a threat to the Malay monopoly of power and special rights granted to Malays under Article 153 . [ 177 ] [ 178 ] UMNO supreme council member and future prime minister Mahathir Mohamad called the PAP "pro-Chinese, communist-oriented and positively anti-Malay", while others called for Lee's arrest under the Internal Security Act for trying to split the federation. [ 177 ] [ 179 ] Mathathir in his speech stated the huaren (ethnic Chinese) of Singapore were of "the insular, selfish and arrogant type of which Mr. Lee is a good example...They are in fact Chinese first, seeing China as the center of the world and Malaysia as a very poor second". [ 180 ] Such fears were sincerely felt by the UMNO leaders as one UMNO politician who was friendly with Lee privately told him: "You Chinese are too energetic and clever for us...we cannot stand the pressure". [ 181 ] Many UMNO politicians felt threatened by Lee, a politician who sought to appeal to both ethnic Chinese and Malay voters. [ 180 ] Albar warned in a speech that the Malay voters of Singapore must have been "misled" into voting for the PAP, and the UNMO would not allow this to happen in the next election. [ 180 ] Lee later wrote of Tunku that was "a nice man", but "he was a prince who understood power and knew how to use it. He did not carry a big stick, but he had many hatchet-bearers who would do the job for him while he looked the other way and appeared as benign as ever". [ 180 ] Tunku was a Malay aristocrat who spent his undergraduate years at Cambridge by his own admission on "fast women" rather than studying and whom Lee contemptuously noted had been awarded a degree at Cambridge that he did not deserve solely because he was an aristocrat. [ 182 ] Tunku in turn felt threatened by Lee, a man who had worked his way up via his intelligence and self-discipline, which made him very different from the people in his world. [ 182 ] On 26 May 1965, Lee addressed the Malaysian parliament for the final time, delivering his speech entirely in the Malay language. He challenged the Alliance Party to commit itself to a Malaysian Malaysia and denounce its extremists, and also argued that the PAP could better uplift the livelihood of the Malays. [ 177 ] Then-social affairs minister Othman Wok later recounted: "I noticed that while he was speaking, the Alliance leaders sitting in front of us, they sank lower and lower because they were embarrassed this man (Lee) could speak Malay better than them". [ 183 ] Then-national development minister Lim Kim San also noted: "That was the turning point. They perceived [Lee] as a dangerous man who could one day be the prime minister of Malaya. This was the speech that changed history." [ 183 ] Prime Minister Tunku labelled the speech as the final straw which contributed to his decision in July 1965, while being treated for shingles in London, [ 184 ] [ 185 ] that Singapore's secession was necessary. [ 186 ] The more extreme UMNO politicians such as Albar were pressing to have Lee arrested and martial law proclaimed, but Tunku chose to accept Singapore's secession instead. [ 182 ] The British government received allegations of a plot to arrest Lee, and thus the British prime minister Harold Wilson quietly pressured Tunku against taking any such action, warning of potential repercussions on the Malaysian government. [ 182 ] As Britain was defending Malaysia from Indonesian attempts to annex the country, Britain was in a strong position to apply pressure on Malaysia. Lee in his memoirs stated that Singapore owed Wilson a major debt for his role in pressuring Tunku for a peaceful resolution of the crisis, calling Wilson a "good friend". [ 187 ] On 13 July 1965, Deputy Prime Minister Goh Keng Swee met with Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein and Home Affairs Minister Ismail Abdul Rahman , in Razak's office while Tunku was still overseas, being treated for shingles. Goh proposed separation of Singapore from Malaysia, before reporting back to Lee about the proposal. [ 188 ] Lee agreed, and during another meeting between Goh, Razak and Ismail on 20 July 1965, Goh told the Malaysians that Lee had given the greenlight for separation arrangements to be done quickly. [ 185 ] [ 188 ] Lee then summoned Law Minister E. W. Barker to draft documents effecting Singapore's separation from the federation and its proclamation of independence. To ensure that a 1962 agreement to draw water from Johor was retained, Lee insisted that it be enshrined in the separation agreement and Malaysian constitution. [ 189 ] The negotiations of post-separation relations were held in utmost secrecy and Lee tried to prevent secession to the last minute, trying to convince Tunku upon his return from London to continue negotiating a looser confederation. However, Tunku's mind was already made up. [ 188 ] Lee was persuaded to finally relent by Goh on 7 August. [ 177 ] [ 190 ] That day, Lee and several cabinet ministers signed the separation agreement at Razak's home, which stipulated continued co-operation in trade and mutual defence. [ 191 ] Cabinet ministers Toh Chin Chye and S. Rajaratnam , were asked to meet Lee in Kuala Lumpur. Upon being informed of the impending separation, they refused to sign the agreement at first and were distraught at the idea, before the fear of further violence and bloodshed finally convinced them to sign. [ 192 ] Lee returned to Singapore the following day and convened the rest of his cabinet to sign the document, whereupon it was flown back to Kuala Lumpur. [ 190 ] [ 193 ] On 9 August 1965 at 10am, Tunku convened the Malaysian parliament and moved the Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Bill 1965 , which passed unanimously by a vote of 126–0 with no PAP representatives present. [ 194 ] Singapore's independence was announced locally via radio at the same time and Lee broke the news to senior diplomats and civil servants. [ 193 ] [ 195 ] In a televised press conference that day, Lee fought back tears and briefly stopped to regain his composure as he formally announced the news to an anxious population: [ 196 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Despite the momentous event, Lee did not call for the parliament to convene to reconcile the issues that Singapore would face immediately as a new nation. Without giving further instructions on who should act in his absence, he went into isolation for six weeks, unreachable by phone, at Changi Cottage . According to then-deputy prime minister Toh Chin Chye , the parliament hung in "suspended animation" until the sitting in December that year. [ 198 ] In his memoirs, Lee said that he was unable to sleep and was prescribed tranquilizers from doctors. Upon learning of Lee's condition from the British High Commissioner to Singapore, John Robb, the British prime minister, Harold Wilson , expressed concern, in response to which Lee replied: Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Lee began to seek international recognition of Singapore's independence. Singapore joined the United Nations on 21 September 1965, and founded the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) on 8 August 1967 with four other South-East Asian countries. Lee made his first official visit to Indonesia on 25 May 1973, just a few years after the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation under Sukarno 's regime. Relations between Singapore and Indonesia substantially improved as subsequent visits were made between the two countries. Singapore has never had a dominant culture to which immigrants could assimilate, even though Malay was the dominant language at that time. [ 201 ] Together with efforts from the government and ruling party, Lee tried to create a unique Singaporean identity in the 1970s and 1980s—one which heavily recognised racial consciousness within the umbrella of multiculturalism . Lee and his government stressed the importance of maintaining religious tolerance and racial harmony, and they were ready to use the law to counter any threat that might incite ethnic and religious violence. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] For example, Lee warned against "insensitive evangelisation", by which he referred to instances of Christian proselytising directed at Malays. In 1974 the government advised the Bible Society of Singapore to stop publishing religious material in Malay. [ 204 ] Defence The vulnerability of Singapore was deeply felt, with threats from multiple sources, including the communists and Indonesia with its confrontational stance. Adding to this vulnerability was the impending withdrawal of British forces from East of Suez . As Singapore gained admission to the United Nations, Lee quickly sought international recognition of Singapore's independence. He appointed Goh Keng Swee as Minister for the Interior and Defence to build up the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and requested help from other countries, particularly Israel and Taiwan, for advice, training and facilities. [ 205 ] In 1967, Lee introduced conscription for all able-bodied male Singaporean citizens 18 years of age to serve National Service (NS) either in the SAF, Singapore Police Force or the Singapore Civil Defence Force . By 1971, Singapore had 17 national service battalions (16,000 men) with 14 battalions (11,000 men) in the reserves. [ 206 ] In 1975, Lee and Republic of China premier Chiang Ching-kuo signed an agreement permitting Singaporean troops to train in Taiwan, under the codename " Project Starlight ". [ 207 ] Economy One of Lee's most urgent tasks upon Singapore's independence was to address high unemployment. Together with his economic aide, Economic Development Board chairman Hon Sui Sen , and in consultation with Dutch economist Albert Winsemius , Lee set up factories and initially focused on the manufacturing industry. Before the British completely withdrew from Singapore in 1971, Lee also persuaded the British not to destroy their dock and had the British naval dockyard later converted for civilian use. Eventually, Lee and his cabinet decided the best way to boost Singapore's economy was to attract foreign investments from multinational corporations (MNCs). By establishing First World infrastructure and standards in Singapore, the new nation could attract American, Japanese and European business. By the 1970s multinational corporations like Texas Instruments , Hewlett-Packard , and General Electric began turning Singapore into a major electronics exporter. [ 208 ] Workers were frequently trained to familiarise themselves with the work systems and cultures of foreign companies. The government also started several new industries, such as steel mills under 'National Iron and Steel Mills', service industries like Neptune Orient Lines , and the Singapore Airlines . [ 209 ] Lee and his cabinet also worked to establish Singapore as an international financial centre. Foreign bankers were assured of the reliability of Singapore's social conditions, with top-class infrastructure and skilled professionals, and investors were made to understand that the Singapore government would pursue sound macroeconomic policies, with budget surpluses , leading to a stable valued Singapore dollar. [ 210 ] Throughout the tenure of his office, Lee placed great importance on developing the economy, and his attention to detail on this aspect went even to the extent of connecting it with other facets of Singapore, including the country's extensive and meticulous tending of its international image of being a "Garden City". [ 211 ] The 1967 "Garden City" planning initiative included prominent roadside greenery along the East Coast Parkway (ECP) highway connecting Singapore Changi Airport with Singapore Central Area . [ 212 ] Anti-corruption measures Lee introduced legislation giving the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) greater power to conduct arrests, search, call up witnesses, and investigate bank accounts and income-tax returns of suspected persons and their families. [ 213 ] Lee believed that ministers should be well paid in order to maintain a clean and honest government. On 21 November 1986, Lee received a complaint of corruption against then Minister for National Development Teh Cheang Wan . [ 214 ] Lee authorised the CPIB to carry out investigations on Teh, but Teh committed suicide before any charges could be pressed against him. [ 215 ] In 1994, he proposed to link the salaries of ministers, judges, and top civil servants to the salaries of top professionals in the private sector, arguing that this would help recruit and retain talent to serve in the public sector. [ 216 ] Population policies In the late 1960s, fearing that Singapore's growing population might overburden the developing economy, Lee started a " Stop at Two " family planning campaign. Couples were urged to undergo sterilisation after their second child. Third or fourth children were given lower priorities in education and such families received fewer economic rebates . [ 216 ] In 1983, Lee sparked the "Great Marriage Debate" when he encouraged Singapore men to choose highly educated women as wives. [ 217 ] He was concerned that a large number of graduate women were unmarried. [ 218 ] Some sections of the population, including graduate women, were upset by his views. [ 218 ] Nevertheless, a match-making agency, the Social Development Unit (SDU), [ 219 ] was set up to promote socialising among men and women graduates. [ 216 ] In the Graduate Mothers Scheme, Lee also introduced incentives such as tax rebates , schooling, and housing priorities for graduate mothers who had three or four children, in a reversal of the over-successful "Stop at Two" family planning campaign in the 1960s and 1970s. Lee suggested that perhaps the campaign for women's rights had been too successful: Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. — Lee Kuan Yew, "Talent for the future", 14 August 1983 [ 220 ] The uproar over the proposal led to a swing of 12.9 per cent against the PAP government in the 1984 general election . In 1985, some especially controversial portions of the policy, that gave education and housing priorities to educated women, were abandoned or modified. [ 216 ] [ 221 ] By the late 1990s the birth rate had fallen so low that Lee's successor Goh Chok Tong extended these incentives to all married women, and gave even more incentives, such as the "baby bonus" scheme. [ 216 ] Water resources Singapore has traditionally relied on water from Malaysia. However, this reliance has made Singapore subject to the possibility of price increases and allowed Malaysian officials to use the water reliance as political leverage by threatening to cut off supply . To reduce this problem, Lee decided to experiment with water recycling in 1974. [ 222 ] As a result of such efforts, Singapore has achieved self-sufficiency with its water supply since the mid-2010s. [ 223 ] Under Lee tree planting was pursued, in 1963 he began a tree-planting campaign which aimed to plant 10,000 saplings a year and in 1971 a 'Tree-Planting Day' was established. One of the goals of this was to increase rainfall. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] He also made efforts to clean Singapore's waters for collection and use. [ 226 ] Environment Lee envisioned Singapore as a garden city , [ 227 ] declaring that "no other hallmark of success will be more distinctive than that of achieving our position as the cleanest and greenest city in Southeast Asia ". [ 228 ] He later said that " greening is the most cost-effective project I have launched". [ 229 ] Lee set up an 'Anti-Pollution Unit' stating that its importance resided in giving citizens "respite from city centres" and in the small size of Singapore which made it necessary to "preserve a clean and gracious environment for rich and poor alike". [ 230 ] In 1995 Lee declared "I have always believed that a blighted urban landscape, a concrete jungle, destroys the human spirit. We need the greenery of nature to lift our spirits". [ 231 ] Lee saw this as a means of attracting tourists and businesspeople to the city. [ 232 ] He wrote that "without a word being said, they would know that Singaporeans were competent, disciplined, and reliable, a people who would learn the skills they required soon enough". [ 233 ] After independence Lee sought for "some dramatic way to distinguish ourselves from other Third World countries. I settled for a clean and green Singapore" [ 234 ] because "if we had First World standards then business people and tourists would make us a base for their business and tours of the region". [ 235 ] Lee considered air conditioning the most important invention of the 20th century for Singapore. [ 236 ] Air quality relates to work quality and as such Lee made sure air conditioning was installed in the offices of the Singaporean civil service in the 1960s. [ 237 ] Foreign policy Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad Lee looked forward to improving relationships with Mahathir Mohamad upon the latter's promotion to Deputy Prime Minister. Knowing that Mahathir was in line to become the next Prime Minister of Malaysia , Lee invited Mahathir to visit Singapore in 1978. The first and subsequent visits improved both personal and diplomatic relationships between them. Then UMNO 's Secretary-General Mahathir asked Lee to cut off all links with the Democratic Action Party (DAP); in exchange, Mahathir undertook not to interfere in the affairs of Malay Singaporeans . [ 238 ] In June 1988, Lee and Mahathir reached an agreement in Kuala Lumpur to build the Linggui dam on the Johor River . [ 239 ] Lee said he had made more progress solving bilateral issues with Dr Mahathir from 1981 to 1990 than in the previous 12 years with the latter's two predecessors. [ 179 ] Mahathir ordered the lifting of the ban on the export of construction materials to Singapore in 1981, agreed to sort out Malaysia's claim to Pedra Branca island and affirmed it would honour the 1962 Water Agreement. [ 179 ] One day before Lee left office in November 1990, Malaysia and Singapore signed the Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990 (POA). Malayan Railways (KTM) would vacate the Tanjong Pagar railway station and move to Bukit Timah while all KTM's land between Bukit Timah and Tanjong Pagar would revert to Singapore. Railway land at Tanjong Pagar would be handed over to a private limited company for joint development, the equity of which would be divided 60% to Malaysia and 40% to Singapore. However, Prime Minister Mahathir expressed his displeasure with the POA, for it failed to include a piece of railway land in Bukit Timah for joint development in 1993. Following Lee's death, Mahathir posted a blog post that suggested his respect for Lee despite their differences, stating that while "I am afraid on most other issues we could not agree [...] [h]is passage marks the end of the period when those who fought for independence lead their countries and knew the value of independence. ASEAN lost a strong leadership after President Suharto and Lee Kuan Yew". [ 240 ] Indonesia In March 1967, the president of Indonesia , Sukarno , who had initiated the Konfrontasi , resigned from the presidency under pressure by military general Suharto amidst the 30 September Movement . A clemency plea by President Suharto for Osman bin Mohamed Ali and Harun bin Said, the perpetrators of the MacDonald House bombing in March 1965 during Konfrontasi , was rejected. The Singapore Embassy in Jakarta was occupied on the day of the saboteurs' hanging by 300 students. [ 241 ] [ 242 ] However, Bilateral relations between Singapore and Indonesia would improve after 1973, when Lee visited the graves of Harun and Osman in Indonesia ( nyekar ) and scattered flowers on them. [ 243 ] This was followed by Suharto's visit to Singapore in 1974. [ 244 ] From the 1980s, exchanges would sharply increase between the two countries in politics, tourism, defence, business, and student and community-based exchanges. [ 243 ] Lee and Suharto developed a strong relationship, with the growing trust between both leaders developing into friendship. Lee and Suharto regarded each other as trustworthy and reliable. Lee kept up his relationship with Suharto until his death in 2008, even advising him and his children during the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis which led to Suharto's fall from power. [ 245 ] In 1978, Suharto rallied ASEAN to oppose Australia's newly proclaimed integrated civil aviation policy, which cut Kangaroo Route air access to Singapore while providing inducements to Indonesia and other countries in the region. Suharto believed that ASEAN should not give in to such tactics and inducements, and Australia relented. [ 245 ] Singapore remains a crucial stopover for Kangaroo Route flights between the United Kingdom and Australia. [ 245 ] Singapore and Indonesia entered joint projects such as the Batam Industrial Park, Bintan Resorts , the Riau Water Agreement and the Air Combat Manoeuvring Range in Pekan Baru proceeded smoothly. Swift implementation of factory and hotel development proposals by foreign investors demonstrated Singapore's honesty and reliability to Suharto. [ 245 ] United States In his book The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew , Lee detailed an incident where in 1960, the CIA allegedly attempted to bribe certain members of his party, the PAP, in an attempt to create division and weaken his leadership, however the official had reported the bribery attempt instead of accepting the money. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] According to Lee, this was part of a broader strategy by the United States to influence the political landscape in Southeast Asia during the Cold War. [ 248 ] He mentioned that he confronted the CIA's representative in Singapore and demanded an explanation and compensation for this interference. After having two CIA agents arrested, Lee requested 3.5 million dollars in economic aid in exchange for the covert release of the two agents. The Americans rejected this offer and presented a counter-offer of 3.3 million dollars to be given directly to Lee and the People's Action Party, but the men were later released without any financial exchange. However instead of taking a passive approach, Lee negotiated with the CIA and eventually the US government agreed to pay a sum of 3.3 million dollars in formal economic aid to Singapore, which Lee claimed was to ensure that the U.S. would not interfere in Singapore's internal affairs. Lee revealed this incident in 1965, which led to the Americans to deny it ever occurred; however, Lee later made public a letter of apology from the US Secretary of State Dean Rusk over the incident. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] Lee fully supported the US involvement in the Vietnam War . Even as the war began to lose its popularity in the United States, Lee made his first official visit to the United States in October 1967, and declared to President Lyndon B. Johnson that his support for the war in Vietnam was "unequivocal". Lee saw the war as necessary for states in Southeast Asia like Singapore to buy time for stabilising their governments and economies. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] Lee cultivated close relationships with presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan , [ 254 ] as well as former secretaries of state Henry Kissinger [ 255 ] and George Shultz . [ 256 ] In 1967 Nixon, who was running for president in 1968, visited Singapore and met with Lee, who advised that the United States had much to gain by engaging with China, culminating in Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China . [ 257 ] [ 258 ] In the 1980s, closer defence relations between Singapore and the United States enabled Singapore to acquire advanced American weapon platforms and capabilities. The United States provided Singapore with aircraft such as the F-16 and the E-2C airborne early warning (AEW) to strengthen its air defences. [ 259 ] In October 1985, Lee made a state visit to the United States on the invitation of President Reagan and addressed a joint session of the United States Congress . Lee stressed to Congress the importance of free trade and urged it not to turn towards protectionism: It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] In May 1988, E. Mason "Hank" Hendrickson was serving as the First Secretary of the United States Embassy when he was expelled by the Singapore government. [ 260 ] [ 261 ] The Singapore government alleged that Hendrickson attempted to interfere in Singapore's internal affairs by cultivating opposition figures in a " Marxist conspiracy ". [ 262 ] Then-First Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong claimed that Hendrickson's alleged conspiracy could have resulted in the election of 20 or 30 opposition politicians to Parliament, which in his words could lead to "horrendous" effects, possibly even the paralysis and fall of the Singapore government. [ 263 ] In the aftermath of Hendrickson's expulsion, the U.S. State Department praised Hendrickson's performance in Singapore and denied any impropriety in his actions. [ 260 ] The State Department also expelled Robert Chua, a senior-level Singaporean diplomat equal in rank to Hendrickson, from Washington, D.C., in response. [ 264 ] [ 265 ] The State Department's refusal to reprimand Hendrickson, along with its expulsion of the Singaporean diplomat, sparked a rare protest in Singapore by the National Trades Union Congress ; they drove buses around the U.S. embassy, held a rally attended by four thousand workers, and issued a statement deriding the U.S. as "sneaky, arrogant, and untrustworthy". [ 266 ] China Singapore did not establish diplomatic relations with China until the U.S. and Southeast Asia had decided they wanted to do so in order to avoid portraying a pro-China bias. [ 267 ] [ 268 ] His official visits to China starting in 1976 were conducted in English, to assure other countries that he represented Singapore, and not a "Third China" (the first two being the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) and People's Republic of China ). [ 269 ] In November 1978, after China had stabilised following political turmoil in the aftermath of Mao Zedong 's death and the Gang of Four , Deng Xiaoping visited Singapore and met Lee. Deng, who was very impressed with Singapore's economic development, greenery and housing, and later sent tens of thousands of Chinese to Singapore and countries around the world to learn from their experiences and bring back their knowledge as part of the reform and opening up beginning in December 1978. Lee, on the other hand, advised Deng to stop exporting Communist ideologies to Southeast Asia, an advice that Deng later followed. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] This culminated in the exchange of Trade Offices between the two nations in September 1981. [ 272 ] In 1985, commercial air services between mainland China and Singapore commenced [ 273 ] and China appointed Goh Keng Swee , Singapore's finance minister in the post-independence years, as advisor on the development of Special Economic Zones . [ 274 ] On 3 October 1990, Singapore revised diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. United Kingdom Lee developed friendships with Prime Ministers Harold Wilson [ 275 ] and Margaret Thatcher . [ 275 ] Lee regarded Wilson's support and swift recognition of Singapore's independence crucial to Singapore's survival in its early days. Singapore was still heavily dependent on Britain for its defence and economy, and the British military bases were contributing over 20 percent to Singapore's gross national product. About 15 per cent of Singapore's workforce had jobs linked to British military bases on the island. [ 276 ] However, mounting economic problems in Britain led to a weakening faith in the pound sterling, and the Singapore Government began reducing its sterling holdings from about 90 percent to just 50 percent by November 1967, when the Labour government devaluated pound sterling. Chancellor of the Exchequer Roy Jenkins , in a letter to Goh Keng Swee, expressed his “regret that [Singapore] did not take [the UK] into their confidence” when diversifying out of Sterling. To which Goh retorted in reply that Singapore sustained losses of about US$157 million as a result of the pound's devaluation. [ 277 ] No longer able to afford its military commitment in Southeast Asia, Britain announced in January 1968, the total withdrawal of its troops East of Suez, with the pullout from Malaysia and Singapore to be done by 31 March 1971 – four years earlier than planned. The announcement came as a shock to Singapore, because the British had earlier committed to a phased withdrawal. [ 278 ] As the first batch of 900 national servicemen had just started their training on 17 August 1967, Singapore was ill-equipped to take up its own defence. It was projected that about 25,000 base workers in Singapore would be rendered unemployed in 1971 as a result of the military withdrawal. When informed of the decision, Lee's government responded with dismay and anger. Lee threatened to withdraw from the sterling area , give the dockyards to the Japanese, and disrupt British shipping and trade. He also suggested that if the British forces withdrew too quickly, he would have to “hire mercenaries to defend Singapore”. [ 278 ] Lee and Minister for Finance Goh Keng Swee left for London, meeting with British political leaders, rallying for support through television appearances. With intense lobbying by Lee and Goh, the Wilson government went ahead with withdrawal, but agreed to a compromise to extend the withdrawal deadline from March to December 1971. Lee successfully negotiated with the British for a soft loan of £50 million, free transfer of key assets, help with operating air defence systems, and training of military staff. Plans were set up to oversee the conversion and commercialisation of lands and facilities including the naval bases that had belonged to the British, which later proved instrumental in propelling Singapore's shipbuilding industry forward. [ 278 ] Singapore acquired a squadron of British Hawker Hunter planes for its new air force, arriving in Singapore in 1970. To make up for Britain's withdrawal, Singapore's military spending was tripled, and an air force and a navy were added to support the army. When Wilson's Labour government lost the 1970 election to the Conservatives under Edward Heath , the new Conservative government facilitated the Five Power Defence Arrangements , comprising the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore, to give a deterrent message that any attack on Singapore or Malaysia would lead to a potential intervention of British, Australian and New Zealand forces. Although most of the British troops had withdrawn from Singapore by October 1971, a small contingent of British, Australian and New Zealand forces stayed on as a token military presence. The last British soldier left Singapore in March 1976. [ 278 ] Lee and Thatcher, who became Britain's prime minister in 1979, admired each other's leadership qualities and had "ideological convergence" in policies like cracking down on trade union power, privatisation, low taxation and trimming the excesses of the welfare state. Lee also advised Thatcher while Britain was negotiating with China on the handover of Hong Kong . [ 279 ] Australia Australia, under Prime Minister Robert Menzies was one of the first countries to recognise Singapore's independence. [ 280 ] However, Lee would later clash with Australian leaders John Gorton and Gough Whitlam who were inclined to pull Australia back from the Five Power Defence Arrangement (FPDA). [ 281 ] Lee clashed fiercely with Whitlam. Whitlam was initially reluctant to take too many of the Vietnamese boat people and tried to make Singapore take the first refugees from the Vietnam War. Lee retorted that Whitlam ‘a very sympathetic Prime Minister who believes the White Australia policy is most deplorable and damnable and here is his chance.’ [ 282 ] Lee criticised Whitlam's pro-Asian rhetoric as political posturing because of his stance on the Vietnam boat refugees, and blocking Asian imports into Australia. In his memoirs, Lee wrote of his verbal jousts with Whitlam at Commonwealth meetings. Lee called Whitlam ‘quick-witted but also quick-tempered’, and was glad to see the end of the ‘acerbic’ Whitlam, calling it ‘a relief when their Governor-General removed Whitlam…’. [ 282 ] Singapore-Australia relations improved with Whitlam's successor, Malcolm Fraser . Lee held him in high regard for his support in confronting communism and defending the FPDA. [ 282 ] However, he urged Fraser to reform the Australian economy, prompting the famous remark from Lee that Australia was in danger of becoming the "poor white trash of Asia" [ 283 ] if it did not open up its economy. The comments were widely circulated in Australian political circles. Bob Hawke , who led the Labor party to a victory over Fraser in 1983, said "I thought [Lee] was right, and his harsh but fair comment helped galvanise my determination to undertake the reforms that would save us from that fate and set us on a better path." [ 283 ] Upon Lee's death, Hawke said "Lee Kuan Yew was a great friend of Australia, if at times an outspoken one". [ 283 ] Singapore was Australia's strongest backer within ASEAN in the effort to create APEC in 1989. [ 282 ] Cambodia Lee opposed the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978. [ 284 ] The Singapore government organised an international campaign to condemn Vietnam and provided aid to the Khmer Rouge which was fighting against Vietnamese occupation during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War from 1978 to 1989. In his memoirs, Lee recounted that in 1982, "Singapore gave the first few hundreds of several batches of AK-47 rifles, hand grenades, ammunition and communication equipment" to the Khmer Rouge resistance forces. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Senior Minister (1990–2004) After leading the PAP to victory in seven elections, Lee stepped down on 28 November 1990, handing over the prime ministership to Goh Chok Tong . [ 287 ] By that time, he had become the world's longest-serving prime minister. [ 288 ] This was the first leadership transition since independence. Goh was elected as the new prime minister by the younger ministers then in office. When Goh Chok Tong became head of government, Lee remained in the cabinet with a non-executive position of Senior Minister [ 289 ] and played a role he described as advisory. Lee subsequently stepped down as secretary-general of the PAP and was succeeded by Goh Chok Tong on 2 December 1992. [ 290 ] Condominium rebates In April 1996, Lee and his son, Lee Hsien Loong , disclosed that they had purchased apartments located at Nassim Jade and Scotts 28 from Hotel Properties Ltd, a real estate developer listed on the Stock Exchange of Singapore, at substantial discounts ranging from 5 to 12 per cent. [ 291 ] The dispute arose amidst rampant property speculation in Singapore. [ 292 ] Upon learning of the issue, Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong swiftly initiated an immediate investigation into the matter. While Singapore law permits the provision of special discounts or rebates to relatives and associates of directors, it is imperative that such transactions receive approval from shareholders. [ 293 ] This disclosure prompted sufficient public disquiet for Lee to appear before Parliament to explain the purchases. [ 294 ] Lee said that as he was a prominent figure, the developer had a "legitimate incentive" to provide discounts for publicity, and that he had previously purchased a car and acquired services from his tailor and cobbler at a discount. [ 295 ] The amount saved was donated to charity. [ 292 ] Minister Mentor (2004–2011) In December 2004, Lee stepped down to become Minister Mentor. Expressing concern about the declining proficiency of Mandarin among younger Chinese Singaporeans , he started a year-long campaign called " 华语 Cool! " (Mandarin is Cool!) to garner interest in using Mandarin. [ 296 ] On 13 September 2008, Lee underwent treatment for abnormal heart rhythm ( atrial flutter ) at Singapore General Hospital . The treatment was successful, and he was well enough to address a philanthropy forum via video link from the hospital. [ 297 ] On 28 September 2010, he was hospitalised for a chest infection, cancelling plans to attend the wake of the Senior Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Balaji Sadasivan . [ 298 ] In November 2010, Lee's private conversations with James Steinberg , US Deputy Secretary of State , on 30 May 2009 were among the leaked US Embassy cables . In a US Embassy report classified as "Secret", Lee gave his assessment of a number of Asian leaders and views on political developments in North Asia, including implications for nuclear proliferation. [ 299 ] In January 2011, the Straits Times Press published the book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . [ 300 ] Targeted at younger Singaporeans, it was based on 16 interviews with Lee by seven local journalists in 2008–2009. The first print run of 45,000 copies sold out in less than a month after it was launched in January 2011. Another batch of 55,000 copies was made available shortly after. [ 301 ] After the 2011 general elections in which the Workers' Party , a major opposition political party in Singapore, made unprecedented gains by winning a Group Representation Constituency (GRC), Lee announced that he decided to leave the Cabinet for his son, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , and his team to have a clean slate. [ 302 ] Some analysts, such as Citigroup economist Kit Wei Zheng, believed that the senior Lee had contributed to the PAP's poor performance. [ 303 ] In particular, he stated during campaigning that the voters of Aljunied constituency had "five years to live and repent" if they elected the Workers' Party , which some viewed as having backfired for the PAP as the opposition went on to win Aljunied. [ 304 ] In a column in the Sunday Times on 6 November 2011, Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, revealed that her father had peripheral neuropathy . [ 305 ] In the column, she recounted how she first noticed her father's ailments when she accompanied him to meet the former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in Connecticut in October 2009. Wei Ling, a neurologist, "did a few simple neurological tests and decided the nerves to his legs were not working as they should". A day later, when interviewed at a constituency tree-planting event, Lee stated: "I have no doubt at all that this has not affected my mind, my will nor my resolve" and that "people in wheel chairs can make a contribution. I've still got two legs, I will make a contribution". [ 306 ] Illness and death External videos State funeral service for the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew on 29 March 2015 , Prime Minister's Office On 15 February 2013, Lee was admitted to Singapore General Hospital following a prolonged cardiac dysrhythmia , which was followed by a brief stoppage of blood flow to the brain. [ 307 ] [ 308 ] [ 309 ] [ 310 ] For the first time in his career as a Member of Parliament (MP), Lee missed the annual Chinese New Year dinner at his constituency , where he was supposed to be the guest-of-honour. [ 311 ] [ 312 ] He was subsequently discharged, but continued to receive anti-coagulant therapy. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] [ 315 ] The following year, Lee missed his constituency's Chinese New Year dinner for the second consecutive time owing to bodily bacterial invasion. [ 316 ] In April 2014, a photo depicting a thin and frail Lee was released online, drawing strong reactions from netizens. [ 317 ] According to Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, Lee had discussed euthanasia which is not a legal option in Singapore. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] On 5 February 2015, Lee was hospitalised for pneumonia and was put on a ventilator at the intensive care unit of Singapore General Hospital, although his condition was reported initially as "stable". [ 320 ] [ 321 ] A 26 February update stated that he was again being given antibiotics, while being sedated and still under mechanical ventilation. [ 322 ] [ 323 ] From 17 to 22 March, Lee continued weakening as he developed an infection while on life support, and he was described as "critically ill". [ 324 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ] On 18 March that year, a death hoax website reported false news of Lee's death. The suspect is an unidentified minor who created a false webpage that resembled the PMO official website. [ 327 ] Several international news organisations reported on Lee's death based on this and later retracted their statements. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] On 23 March 2015, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced his father's death at the age of 91. [ 330 ] Lee had died at 03:18 Singapore Standard Time ( UTC+08:00 ). [ 330 ] [ 331 ] A week of national mourning took place, [ 332 ] during which time Lee was lying in state at Parliament House . As a mark of respect, State flags at all Government buildings were flown at half-mast . During this time, 1.7 million Singaporean residents as well as world leaders paid tribute to him at Parliament house and community tribute sites throughout the country. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] [ 335 ] A state funeral for Lee was held on 29 March and attended by world leaders. [ 336 ] Later that day, Lee was cremated in a private ceremony at the Mandai Crematorium . [ 337 ] Legacy I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. As prime minister from 1959 to 1990, Lee presided over many of Singapore's advancements. He oversaw Singapore's transformation from an island nation with a high illiteracy rate and no natural resources into a developed country with a high-income economy within a single generation, commonly termed (from his autobiography) as 'From the third world to the first world'. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] [ 341 ] [ 342 ] Singapore's gross national product per capita (GNP) rose from $1,240 in 1959 to $18,437 in 1990. The unemployment rate in Singapore dropped from 13.5% in 1959 to 1.7% in 1990. External trade increased from $7.3 billion in 1959 to $205 billion in 1990. In other areas, the life expectancy at birth for Singaporeans rose from 65 years in 1960 to 74 years in 1990. The population of Singapore increased from 1.6 million in 1959 to 3 million in 1990. The number of public flats in Singapore rose from 22,975 in 1959 (then under the Singapore Improvement Trust ) to 667,575 in 1990. The Singaporean literacy rate increased from 52% in 1957 to 90% in 1990. Telephone lines per 100 Singaporeans increased from 3 in 1960 to 38 in 1990. Visitor arrivals to Singapore rose from 100,000 in 1960 to 5.3 million in 1990. [ 343 ] These economic accomplishments were achieved in large part due to Lee's stewardship of public administration through relevant and targeted public policy ; Lee introduced measures to jumpstart manufacturing of finished goods for export ( export-oriented industrialisation ) and sought to create a conducive business environment in the trading nation to attract foreign direct investment (through the establishment of the Economic Development Board , EDB). [ 339 ] [ 344 ] Lee also forged a symbiotic and mutually dependent relationship between the PAP and the national trade union, the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), whereby the PAP receives a degree of grassroots labour input, whilst NTUC is led by prominent PAP politicians who usually have ministerial portfolios within the Government . [ 345 ] The Government's tight control over trade union activities and industrial relations ensured near-total industrial peace, which was assessed to be a prerequisite for rapid economic development . [ 346 ] Lee was a staunch promoter of economic globalisation and a vocal opponent of protectionism . [ 347 ] [ 348 ] Lee said that Singapore's only natural resources are its people and their strong work ethic. [ 349 ] In addition, Lee was focused on social policies such as improving and mandating higher public standards for education, sanitation and hygiene , whilst concurrently improving public health by expanding modern health care and greatly increasing the quantity and quality of high-rise affordable housing (through the establishment of the Housing and Development Board , HDB) for working- and middle-class families. [ 339 ] [ 344 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] Various world leaders have praised Lee's governance and political achievements. British Foreign Secretary George Brown called Lee "the best bloody Englishman east of Suez". [ 352 ] Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger once wrote of Lee: "One of the asymmetries of history is the lack of correspondence between the abilities of some leaders and the power of their countries." Former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher praised "his way of penetrating the fog of propaganda and expressing with unique clarity the issues of our time and the way to tackle them". [ 353 ] Former president of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev stated in his memoirs that after the independence of Kazakhstan from the Soviet Union in 1991, he met Lee and stated Lee's "observations and advice became for us [Kazakhstan] guidelines in the development of long-term state strategies." [ 354 ] Lee's achievements in Singapore were a major source of inspiration on Communist leadership in China , who made a major effort, especially under Deng Xiaoping , to emulate his policies of economic growth, entrepreneurship and suppression of dissent . [ 355 ] [ 356 ] From 1996 to 2019, 55,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] He has also had a major influence on thinking in Russia in recent years. [ 359 ] [ 358 ] On the other hand, proponents of liberal democracy especially in the West criticised Lee's rule as authoritarian and as intolerant of dissent, citing his numerous attempts to sue political opponents and newspapers who express unfavourable opinions of Lee. Reporters Without Borders , an international media advocacy group , requested Lee and other senior Singaporean officials to stop taking libel suits against journalists. [ 360 ] Lee was a co-inventor of " Asian values ". [ 361 ] [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Lee was criticised for curtailing press freedoms , often imposing limits on public protests which prevented further occurrences, restricting labour movements from industrial action or strike action, suppressing wage growth of skilled workers (in order to be competitive with developing countries ) amid widening and high levels of income inequality along with wealth inequality (relative to other developed countries ), had encouraged an elitist mindset as well as filing defamation lawsuits against prominent political opponents . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] [ 367 ] [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] However, supporters argued in retrospect that his actions were necessary for the country's early development, and various international political analysts note that Lee's governance was generally pragmatic and benevolent . [ better source needed ] [ 372 ] During the three decades in which Lee held office, Singapore grew from a developing country to one of the most developed nations in Asia and the world. [ 373 ] Singapore was described as an illiberal democracy and a nanny state under his rule. [ 374 ] [ 375 ] [ 376 ] [ 377 ] [ 378 ] Legal suits Action against Far Eastern Economic Review In April 1977, just months after a general election which saw the People's Action Party winning all 69 seats, the Internal Security Department , under orders from Lee, detained Ho Kwon Ping , the Singapore correspondent of the Far Eastern Economic Review , as well as his predecessor Arun Senkuttavan, over their reporting. Ho was detained under the Internal Security Act which allows for indefinite trial, held in solitary confinement for two months, and charged with endangering national security. Following a televised confession in which Ho confessed to "pro-communist activities", [ 379 ] he was fined $3,000. Lee Kuan Yew later charged FEER editor, Derek Davies, of participating in "a diabolical international Communist plot" to poison relations between Singapore and neighbouring Malaysia. In 1987 Lee restricted sale of the Review in Singapore after it published an article about the detention of Roman Catholic church workers , reducing circulation of the magazine from 9,000 to 500 copies, [ 380 ] on the grounds that it was "interfering in the domestic politics of Singapore." [ 381 ] On 24 September 2008 the High Court of Singapore , in a summary judgment by Justice Woo Bih Li , ruled that the Far Eastern Economic Review magazine (Hugo Restall, editor), defamed Lee and his son, the prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong . The court found the 2006 article "Singapore's 'Martyr': Chee Soon Juan " suggested that Lee "ha[d] been running and continue[d] to run Singapore in the same corrupt manner as Durai operated [the National Kidney Foundation] and he ha[d] been using libel actions to suppress those who questioned [him] to avoid exposure of his corruption". [ 382 ] The court ordered the Review, owned by Dow Jones & Company (in turn owned by Rupert Murdoch 's News Corp), to pay damages to the complainants. The magazine appealed but lost. [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam Lee commenced proceedings for slander against opposition leader J. B. Jeyaretnam for comments he made at a Workers' Party rally in the 1988 general election . Lee alleged that Jeyaretnam's speech at the rally implied he had tried to cover up the corruption of the former Minister for National Development , Teh Cheang Wan , by aiding and abetting his suicide. The action was heard by Justice Lai Kew Chai , who ruled against Jeyaretnam and ordered him to pay damages of S$260,000 plus costs to Lee. Jeyaretnam lost an appeal against the judgment. Action against Devan Nair In 1999, former president of Singapore Devan Nair , who was living in Canada, remarked in an interview with the Toronto -based The Globe and Mail that Lee's technique of suing his opponents into bankruptcy or oblivion was an abrogation of political rights. Nair also described Lee as "an increasingly self-righteous know-all" surrounded by "department store dummies". In response to these remarks, Lee sued Nair in a Canadian court and Nair countersued. Lee then brought a motion to have Nair's counterclaim thrown out of court, argued that it disclosed no reasonable cause of action and constituted an inflammatory attack on the integrity of the Singaporean government . However, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice refused to throw out the counterclaim, holding that Nair had a reasonable cause of action as Lee had abused the process of litigation. [ 384 ] Lee wrote in one of his memoirs that Nair was forced to resign as president due to his alleged alcoholism , a charge which Nair denied. [ 385 ] International Herald Tribune defamation case In 2010 Lee, together with his son Lee Hsien Loong, and Goh Chok Tong, threatened legal action against The New York Times Company , which owns the International Herald Tribune , regarding an op-ed piece titled "All in the Family" of 15 February 2010 by Philip Bowring , a freelance columnist and former editor of the Far Eastern Economic Review . The International Herald Tribune apologised in March that readers of the article may "infer that the younger Lee did not achieve his position through merit". The New York Times Company and Bowring also agreed to pay S$60,000 to Lee Hsien Loong, S$50,000 to Lee and S$50,000 to Goh (totalling about US$114,000 at the time), in addition to legal costs. The case stemmed from a 1994 settlement between the three Singaporean leaders and the paper about an article, also by Bowring, that referred to "dynastic politics" in East Asian countries, including Singapore. In that settlement, Bowring agreed not to say or imply that the younger Lee had attained his position through nepotism by his father Lee Kuan Yew. In response, media-rights watchdog Reporters Without Borders wrote an open letter to urge Lee and other top officials of the Singapore government to stop taking "libel actions" against journalists. [ 386 ] [ 387 ] [ 388 ] Political positions Criticism of Chinese marginalisation On 15 September 2006, at the Raffles Forum hosted by the School of Public Policy , Lee made a remark as to how the "Malaysian and Indonesian governments systematically marginalise its Chinese people", by bringing up topics such as the May 1998 riots of Indonesia and Ketuanan Melayu , which subsequently caused a short diplomatic spat. [ 389 ] He then described the systematic marginalisation of the Chinese in Malaysia, which aroused a strong response from the Malaysian government. Politicians in Malaysia and Indonesia expressed dissatisfaction with this and demanded the Singaporean government explain and apologise for Lee's remarks. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad criticised Lee Kuan Yew for his "arrogance and disrespect" for neighbouring countries and countered that Malaysia could also question Singapore's marginalisation of its local Malays and other minorities such as the Eurasians and Indians. Former Indonesian president B. J. Habibie also described the " little red dot " term in reference to Singapore as an incentive for Indonesian youth to learn from Singapore's achievements, and that the original intention was distorted. On 30 September, while Lee Kuan Yew apologised to the Malaysian prime minister at the time Abdullah Badawi for his remarks, [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] he did not fully retract his remarks. [ 395 ] [ 396 ] Eugenics Lee expressed views that have been characterised as pro- eugenics . [ 397 ] He maintained that the educational background and intelligence of parents played a decisive role in shaping the abilities of their children, and he promoted policies designed to encourage highly educated women to have more children. Concerned by the sharp decline in Singapore's total fertility rate (TFR), Lee introduced the "Graduate Mothers' Scheme" in 1983, which offered tax incentives for children born to women with university degrees and gave priority in primary school admissions to the children of graduate mothers with three or more offspring. [ 398 ] In his speech at the 1983 National Day Rally , Lee stated that if women graduates "were not in the breeding pool", society might become more "stupid" and that "there will be less bright people to support dumb people in the next generation." [ 399 ] [ 400 ] In June 1984, Lee's government introduced grants for low-income and low-education women to undergo sterilisation . Women whose husbands and themselves lacked passes at the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level and had fewer than three children could receive a $10,000 grant for sterilisation. Sterilised lower-class parents were also given priority in primary school admission for their existing first and second children. The controversy surrounding the proposal contributed to a 12.9 per cent swing against the PAP in the general election later that year , although the party still secured 64 per cent of the popular vote and the vast majority of seats. By 1985, particularly contentious aspects of the policy, such as granting education and housing advantages to educated women, were either abandoned or modified. A proponent of nature over nurture , Lee asserted that " intelligence is 80% nature and 20% nurture " and attributed the achievements of his children to genetics. [ 401 ] Islam In 1999, in a discussion forum, Lee was asked whether the emotional bonds of various ethnic groups in Singapore could be a hurdle to nation building, Lee replied by alluding that an ethnic Malay and highly religious officer of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) might be hesitant to engage against an hypothetical war with Singapore's direct neighbours such as Malaysia. [ 402 ] In 2011, leaked diplomatic cables attributed to Lee some controversial comments regarding Islam . The cables quoted Lee as having described Islam as a "venomous religion". Lee called the remarks "false" and looked up to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA)'s filenote of the meeting and found no record of the claim, stating that he was referring to extremists such as the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). He added that he recognises that Muslims in Singapore are largely rational and that one of the solutions to extremism was to give "moderate Muslims the courage to stand up and speak out against radicals who hijacked Islam to recruit volunteers for their violent ends". [ 403 ] [ 404 ] In his book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths to Keep Singapore Going , Lee stated that Singaporean Muslims faced difficulties in integrating because of their religion and urged them to "be less strict on Islamic observances". His remarks drew fire from Malay–Muslim leaders and MPs in Singapore, prompting a strong reaction from his son Lee Hsien Loong , the Prime Minister at that time, who said his views differs from his father and that he values and respects the Malay–Muslim community "who have done a good deal to strengthen our harmony and social cohesion." Lee Kuan Yew eventually made a further comment that his comment was "out of date" and that he recognises the efforts made by Muslims to integrate with the other communities. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] Homosexuality Section 377A of the Penal Code , which was first introduced in 1938 under British colonial rule that criminalised sex between adult males, remained enforced under Lee's premiership. In his later years, Lee appeared to become more supportive of LGBTQ+ issues and rights, expressing a belief that homosexuality was genetic and questioning the rationale behind its criminalisation. [ 407 ] [ 408 ] In 2007, he believed that homosexuality would eventually be accepted in Singapore, but advocated for a measured and "pragmatic approach" toward the matter "to maintain social cohesion." [ 409 ] Section 377A was eventually repealed in 2022. Corporal punishment One of Lee's abiding beliefs was in the efficacy of corporal punishment in the form of caning . [ 410 ] In his autobiography The Singapore Story , Lee described his time at Raffles Institution in the 1930s, mentioning that he was often caned there for chronic lateness by the then headmaster, D. W. McLeod. He added that he never understood why Western educationists were so much against corporal punishment as "it did my fellow students and me no harm". [ 411 ] Lee's government inherited judicial corporal punishment from British rule, but greatly expanded its scope. Under the British, it had been used as a penalty for offences involving personal violence, amounting to a handful of caning sentences per year. The PAP government under Lee extended its use to an ever-expanding range of crimes. [ 412 ] By 1993, it was mandatory for 42 offences and optional for a further 42. [ 413 ] Those routinely ordered by the courts to be caned now include drug addicts and illegal immigrants. From 602 canings in 1987, the figure rose to 3,244 in 1993 [ 414 ] and to 6,404 in 2007. [ 415 ] In 1994, judicial caning was publicised in the rest of the world when an American teenager, Michael P. Fay , was caned under the vandalism legislation. [ 410 ] School corporal punishment (for male students only) was likewise inherited from the British, and is still in use in schools, permitted under legislation from 1957. [ 416 ] Lee also introduced caning in the Singapore Armed Forces , and Singapore is one of the few countries in the world where corporal punishment is an official penalty in military discipline. [ 417 ] Press In his interview with Charlie Rose in October 2000, when asked whether he believed in the idea of a free press, Lee responded "I believe in truth" and "I don't believe that the press should be crusading and putting a spin on things" and asserted that newspapers should keep news reporting and editorials separate. [ 418 ] Immigration Lee believed that the benefits of immigration had to be carefully balanced against the associated "social load". In a speech he made in 1971, Lee explained that it was necessary to have non-Singapore workers take up jobs that Singaporeans were not willing to do, but observed that it was important that the number of such migrant workers be carefully controlled because "[t]hey dirty the place... they litter... if you take too many... they will bring us down to their values because it's easier to be untidy, scruffy, dirty, anti-social than to be disciplined, well-behaved and a good citizen". [ 419 ] Personal life Lee and his wife, Kwa Geok Choo , were married on 30 September 1950. Both spoke English as their first language . Lee first started learning Chinese in 1955, at the age of 32. [ 420 ] [ 421 ] During World War II , he learned the Japanese language to help him survive, and worked as a Japanese translator during the Japanese occupation of Singapore . [ 422 ] Lee and Kwa have two sons and a daughter. [ 423 ] His elder son, Lee Hsien Loong , was the third prime minister of Singapore. Several members of the Lee family hold prominent positions in the Singapore society. His younger son Lee Hsien Yang was president and CEO of SingTel , and Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). [ 424 ] Lee's daughter Lee Wei Ling , a neurologist and epileptologist, was director of the National Neuroscience Institute . Lee's daughter-in-law Ho Ching was executive director and CEO of Temasek Holdings . [ 424 ] [ 425 ] His wife Kwa Geok Choo died on 2 October 2010, at the age of 89. Lee had variously described himself as an agnostic [ 426 ] and a "nominal Buddhist". [ 427 ] He also mentioned that he was brought up in a family which practiced Chinese ancestor worship but stopped after his father died, [ 426 ] and that he "neither [denies] nor [accepts] that there is a God". [ 428 ] [ 429 ] In his later years, Lee practised meditation under the tutelage of Benedictine monk Laurence Freeman , director of the World Community for Christian Meditation . [ 426 ] [ 430 ] Lee was diagnosed with dyslexia in adulthood. [ 431 ] Lee was a founding member of the Fondation Chirac 's honour committee, which was launched by former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. [ 432 ] He was also a member of David Rockefeller 's "International Council", which included Henry Kissinger , Riley P. Bechtel , George Shultz and others. Additionally, he was one of the "Forbes' Brain Trust", along with Paul Johnson and Ernesto Zedillo . Cultural depictions In 1979, oil painter Chua Mia Tee depicted Lee's return from London after the Merdeka Talks . [ 433 ] In the early 1980s, Lee agreed to have a sculpture and oil painting of him done, on the condition that they not be exhibited in his lifetime. The works, respectively by British sculptor Sydney Harpley and American portrait painter Marion Pike , were commissioned by a group of Singaporeans, including first Chief Minister David Marshall . They are now part of the National Heritage Board 's national collection, [ 434 ] but only the bronze bust has gone on public display, briefly at the Istana and Parliament House . [ 435 ] An artist's proof of the sculpture was exhibited in 2025. [ 436 ] In 1991, Chua Mia Tee presented an oil painting of Lee to the Minister himself, depicting him against a backdrop of Singapore's transformation. [ 437 ] The untitled painting was commissioned by fifth president Ong Teng Cheong . [ 438 ] In 1992, artist Lai Kui Fang presented historical oil paintings of Lee's 1959 swearing-in ceremony as prime minister, which are now part of the National Museum of Singapore 's collection. [ 439 ] Also in 1992, watercolourist Ong Kim Seng painted Lee visiting the aftermath of the Bukit Ho Swee fire , based on a 1961 photograph. The painting was reproduced in The Straits Times and sold to an unknown collector. In 2025, Ong recreated the painting, on a larger canvas, for an exhibition. [ 440 ] In 2008, artist Ben Puah unveiled Hero , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 441 ] In 2009, artist Richard Lim Han presented Singapore Guidance Angel , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 442 ] In the same year, freelance designer, Christopher "Treewizard" Pereira, began making caricature figurines of Lee which range from 12 cm to 30 cm. Comics artist and painter Sonny Liew depicted Lee as part of the series Eric Khoo is a Hotel Magnate at Mulan Gallery. [ 443 ] [ 444 ] In addition, Cultural Medallion recipient Tan Swie Hian also began a painting of Lee and his late wife titled A Couple . The painting, which took Tan five years to complete, was partially damaged by a fire in 2013. It depicts Lee and Kwa in their youth, is based on a 1946 black-and-white photograph of the couple in Cambridge University and incorporates in its background Tan's poem in memory of Kwa. A Couple was purchased by art collector Wu Hsioh Kwang. [ 445 ] In 2010, Valentine Willie Fine Art gallery asked 19 local artists to imagine a future without Lee. The resulting exhibition, Beyond LKY , included artist a triptych of Lee as a father figure looming over a tiny kneeling figure with the words, "Papa can you hear me"; an installation of a broken piano with a tape recorder playing a crackling version of Singapore's National Anthem ; white ceramic chains hanging on a wall; and an installation of hammers smashed together. [ 446 ] [ 447 ] That year, Korean artist Kim Dong Yoo depicted Lee in Lee Kuan Yew & Queen Elizabeth II (2010), an oil-on-canvas portrait of Lee using small images of Queen Elizabeth II 's head, a reference to Singapore being a former British colony and current member of the Commonwealth. [ 448 ] Indian-Swiss novelist Meira Chand 's A Different Sky , published by UK's Harvill Secker in 2010, features Lee in his early years as a lawyer and co-founder of the People's Action Party . [ 449 ] In 2011, the iris image of Lee's eye was captured and artistically rendered to resemble a sand art gallery piece. His eye image with his autograph was auctioned off to raise funds for the Singapore Eye Research Institute. [ 450 ] In 2012, urban artist Sam Lo depicted Lee in their controversial Limpeh series, featuring his image in Shepard Fairey -inspired stickers, mirrors and collages. [ 451 ] In 2013, poet Cyril Wong published The Dictator's Eyebrow , a poetry collection revolving around a Lee-like figure and his eyebrow's thirst for recognition and power. [ 452 ] In the same year, a group of Tamil poets from three countries, including Singapore Literature Prize winner Ramanathan Vairavan, produced Lee Kuan Yew 90 , a collection of 90 new poems celebrating Lee's legacy. [ 453 ] Artist Sukeshi Sondhi also staged An Icon & A Legend , a solo exhibition at featuring 20 pop art style paintings of Lee. [ 454 ] Speed painter Brad Blaze was commissioned to craft a portrait of Lee, Trailblazer: Singapore , to raise funds for Reach Community Services Society. [ 455 ] [ 456 ] In August, a bronze bust of Lee, cast by contemporary French artist-sculptor Nacera Kainou, was unveiled at the Singapore University of Technology and Design as an early birthday present to Lee from the Lyon-Singapore Association and the municipality of Lyon. [ 457 ] In 2014, Bruneian painter Huifong Ng landed an exhibition after painting a portrait of Lee. [ 458 ] In May of that year, illustrator Patrick Yee produced the children's picture book A Boy Named Harry: The Childhood of Lee Kuan Yew , published by Epigram Books . The series was later translated into Mandarin. [ 459 ] Chinese artist Ren Zhenyu also created expressionist portraits of Lee in electric hues as part of his Pop and Politics series. Vietnamese artist Mai Huy Dung has crafted a series of oil painting portraits of Lee. [ 460 ] [ 461 ] Ukrainian artist Oleg Lazarenko also depicted Lee as part of his painting Lion of Singapore . [ 462 ] In October 2014, cartoonist Morgan Chua released LKY: Political Cartoons , an anthology of cartoons about Lee published by Epigram Books , featuring a 1971 Singapore Herald cartoon of Lee on a tank threatening to crush a baby representing press freedoms. [ 463 ] The Madame Tussauds Singapore museum also unveiled a wax figure of Lee and his late wife, Madam Kwa Geok Choo seated and smiling together against a backdrop of red flowers formed in the shape of two hearts. The statues were created based on a photograph that was taken by Madam Kwa's niece, Ms Kwa Kim Li, of the pair on Valentine's Day in 2008 at Sentosa . [ 464 ] [ 465 ] In February 2015, weeks before Lee's death, Helmi Yusof of The Business Times reported on how "[i]n the last few years, artworks featuring Lee Kuan Yew have turned into a flourishing cottage industry". [ 466 ] Artworks included Jeffrey Koh's seven LKY Pez candy-dispenser sculptures, paintings of Lee in the manner of Van Gogh , and Korean sculptor Park Seung Mo's three-dimensional image of Lee made using stainless steel wires. [ 467 ] In the same month, illustrator Patrick Yee launched the second title in his picture book series about Lee, called Harry Grows Up: The Early Years of Lee Kuan Yew , at an exhibition at the National Library, Singapore . [ 468 ] In March, Singaporean artist Fan Shaohua and Lebanese-British artist Laudi Abilama exhibited their portraits of Lee. [ 469 ] In the same month, the National Parks Board named a Singapore Botanic Gardens orchid hybrid called the "Aranda Lee Kuan Yew" in honour of Lee's efforts work in conservation and environmentalism. [ 470 ] Also in March, a portrait of Lee by Ong Yi Teck, comprising Lee's name written about 18,000 times, went viral on social media. The portrait was made in tribute to Lee, who was then critically ill. [ 471 ] Days after Lee died in 2015, the Asian edition of Time featured the late Lee Kuan Yew on its cover, [ 472 ] while the 16-year-old blogger Amos Yee released a video, Lee Kuan Yew is Finally Dead! , which criticised Lee and negatively compared him to Jesus Christ . Yee also posted on his blog a stick-figure cartoon depicting Lee having sex with Margaret Thatcher , a personal and political ally of Lee's. [ 473 ] For his actions, Yee was charged with insulting religious feelings and obscenity, and sentenced to four weeks imprisonment despite his youth. [ 474 ] In April 2015, an exhibition of 300 oil paintings on Lee and Singapore opened at Suntec City . Presented by art collector Vincent Chua, The Singapore Story featured 80 portraits of Lee and a life-size statue of Lee shaking hands with Deng Xiaoping when the Chinese statesman visited Singapore in 1978. [ 475 ] [ 476 ] In May, Sonny Liew released his graphic novel The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye , in which Lee is central, while Patrick Yee launched the third and final title in his Harry Lee picture book series, Harry Builds a Nation: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew , which were later translated to Chinese. [ 477 ] In July 2015, veteran actor Lim Kay Tong portrayed Lee in the historical film 1965 , including a re-enactment of the iconic press conference when Lee announced that Singapore would be separated from Malaysia [ 478 ] That same month, actor Adrian Pang played Lee in The LKY Musical opposite Sharon Au 's Kwa Geok Choo . [ 479 ] In October 2015, sculptor Lim Leong Seng exhibited a 75 cm bronze sculpture he made of Lee, entitled Weathering Storms As One . [ 480 ] In November 2015, the Singaporean Honorary Consulate General in Barcelona unveiled a bust of Lee at Cap Roig Gardens in Costa Brava , [ 481 ] while pop artist Andre Tan showed his series of portraits of Lee, 1965 and Father of the Nation ( 国父 ) at the Affordable Art Fair Singapore. [ 482 ] In 2016, to mark the first death anniversary of Lee, Lee's brother Lee Suan Yew and nephew Shaun Lee completed the art installation by young Singaporeans of Singapore flag erasers put together to form Lee's face, titled Our Father, Our Country, Our Flag . [ 483 ] In 2023, the centenary of Lee's birth, American artist Daniel Arsham was commissioned to create two sculptures of Lee, Eroded Bronze LKY Bust 1:1 and LKY Full Body 1:2 , using bronze, stainless steel, and patina. [ 484 ] They were exhibited, along with AI-generated videos and portraits of Lee, at the immersive exhibition Now Is Not The Time in September. [ 485 ] In the same month, paintings of Lee were exhibited at Tanjong Pagar Community Club in the show LKY100 . [ 486 ] In 2024, Singaporean artist David Chan showed his painting Lee And Raffles – 5 Stars Rising at Art Seasons Gallery's booth at the Art SG fair, where it sold to a collector. [ 487 ] In 2025 , Lee's ten-year death anniversary and "SG60" (Singapore's 60th year of independence), INSTINC gallery's exhibition 10 Years: Remembering LKY showcased artworks reflecting on Lee's legacy, including portraits of Lee by Boo Sze Yang , Chang Hui Fang , and Laudi Abilama ; Justin Lee 's series LKY Quotes ; and Yeo Shih Yun 's screenprint of Lee planting a tree in 1973. [ 488 ] The exhibition was a follow-up to Remembering LKY in 2015. [ 489 ] In July, Cuturi Gallery showcased Singaporean artist Yom Bo Sung's small-scale sculpture of Lee, Elegy , as part of the exhibition Sixty Summers Here . [ 490 ] Also in July, the group exhibition Artist’s Proof: Singapore At 60 showed, alongside an artist's proof of Harpley's bust of Lee, cartoonist Sonny Liew's figurine of Lee, as part of commissioned project "P.A.P. x P.A."; Foo Kwee Horng's painting portrait of Lee, Majulah (2016); a portrait of Lee by Rajesh P Kargutkar; and Jon Chan's oil paintings of the offices of Lee and former political detainee Chia Thye Poh . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] In August, movie director Jack Neo uploaded a music video for his song, "We Are Singapore", including AI-generated images of the late Lee. [ 493 ] Awards Lee received a number of state decorations , including the Order of the Companions of Honour (1970), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1972), the Ancient Order of Sikatuna (1974), [ 494 ] the Freedom of the City of London (1982), the Seri Paduka Mahkota Johor (1984), the Nishan-e-Quaid-i-Azam (1988) and the Order of the Rising Sun (1967). [ 495 ] In 1999, Lee was named one of Time 's Most Influential People of the 20th Century. [ 41 ] In 2002, Lee became a fellow of Imperial College London in recognition of his promotion of international trade and industry and development of science and engineering study initiatives with the United Kingdom. [ 496 ] In 2006, Lee was presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . In 2007, Lee was conferred an honorary Doctorate in Law at the Australian National University in Canberra , albeit amid protest from 150 students and staff. [ 497 ] In September 2009, Lee was awarded the Armenian Order of Honor by President Serzh Sargsyan for his activities directed at the establishment and deepening of bilateral cooperation between Armenia and Singapore, during Lee's official visit to Armenia. [ 498 ] In October 2009, the US–Asean Business Council conferred upon Lee its first Lifetime Achievement award, at its 25th anniversary gala dinner in Washington, D.C. His tribute, the former United States Secretary of State and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger . [ 499 ] A day later he met United States President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in the White House . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] On 15 November 2009, Lee was awarded the Russian Order of Friendship by President Dmitry Medvedev on the sidelines of APEC Singapore 2009 . [ 502 ] On 29 April 2010, Lee was named in the Time 100 list as one of the people who most affect our world. [ 503 ] On 14 January 2011, Lee received the inaugural Gryphon Award from his alma mater, Raffles Institution, given to illustrious Rafflesians who have made exceptional contributions to the nation. [ 504 ] On 19 October 2011, Lee received the Lincoln Medal in Washington DC—an honour reserved for people who have exemplified the legacy and character embodied by Abraham Lincoln . [ 505 ] On 21 February 2012, Lee was conferred the Kazakhstan Order of Friendship by Ambassador Yerlan Baudarbek-Kozhatayev, at The Istana . [ 506 ] On 10 September 2013, Lee was conferred Russia's Order of Honour by Ambassador Leonid Moiseev for his contributions for forging friendship and co-operation with the Russian Federal and scientific and cultural relations development. [ 507 ] On 22 May 2014, the title of Honorary Doctor of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was presented by the Russian government to Lee. [ 508 ] In 2016, Lee was conferred the Order of the Paulownia Flowers . The award was backdated to 23 March 2015, the date of his death. [ 509 ] In December 2018, China conferred a posthumous China Reform Friendship Medal on Lee for his "critical role in promoting Singapore's participation in China's reform journey". In former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping's southern tour , he urged Chinese leaders to learn from the Singapore model. Alan Chan Heng Loon, Singapore–China Foundation chairman and Lee's chief private secretary, said that Mr. Lee's administration did a lot to build China-Singapore ties. [ 510 ] See also Government of Singapore Politics of Singapore Political positions of Lee Kuan Yew Zhonghandi Notes ^ Chinese : See § Chinese name ^ Kuan Yew is a transliteration of a dialect word stemming from the Chinese words 光耀 ( guāng yào ); the Hanyu Pinyin used to romanise the latter word did not exist until 1958. ^ The former college is not to be confused with Raffles Institution which Lee also attended as part of his secondary education. ^ In his memoir The Singapore Story , Lee relates that he tried unsuccessfully to drop 'Harry' when being called to the bar at the Middle Temple, but had stopped using the name by then. He succeeded when called to the Singapore bar the following year. [ 40 ] ^ The Liberal Socialist Party was formed from a merger between the pro-British Democratic Party and Progressive Party . [ 106 ] ^ The term 'yellow culture' refers to 'degenerate' behaviours in contemporary Chinese culture during the era. ^ The five were Lim Chin Siong , Fong Swee Suan, Devan Nair , James Puthucheary and S Woodhull . [ 122 ] ^ Unlike the chief ministers of Sabah and Sarawak , Lee's position as the prime minister of Singapore remained unchanged even with the existence of the prime minister of Malaysia for the entire country. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES DEWAN RA'AYAT (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES) OFFICIAL REPORT" (PDF) . 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Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Josey, Alex (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: The Crucial Years . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814435499 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Tortajada, Cecilia; Joshi, Yugal; Biswas, Asit K. (2013). The Singapore Water Story: Sustainable Development in an Urban City-state . Routledge. ISBN 9780415657822 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Plate, Tom (2013). Giants of Asia: Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew . Marshall Cavendish Intl. ISBN 9789814398619 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kah Seng, Loh (2013). Squatters into Citizens: The 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire and the Making of Modern Singapore . NUS Press. ISBN 9788776941222 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Soo, Kai Poh; Hong, Lysa; Chen, Guofang (2013). The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore, Commemorating 50 years . Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. ISBN 9789670630106 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Cotterell, Arthur (2014). A History of South-East Asia . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814634700 . Barr, Michael D. (2014). The Ruling Elite of Singapore: Networks of Power and Influence . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780857723680 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Oei, Anthony (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: Blazing The Freedom Trail . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814677875 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 28 July 2021 . Yeow, Stephanie (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: A Pictorial Memoir . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814642088 . Chew, Melanie (2015). Leaders Of Singapore . World Scientific. ISBN 9789810073336 . Zheng, Yongnian; Liang, Fook Lye (2015). Singapore-China Relations: 50 Years . World Scientific. ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kwa, Chong Guan; Heng, Derek; Borschberg, Peter; Tan, Tai Yong (2019). Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814868334 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 . Jayakumar, Shashi (2021). A History of the People's Action Party, 1985–2021 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789813251281 . Further reading Primary sources Lee, Kuan Yew (1998). The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . Times Editions. ISBN 9789812049834 . —— (2000). From Third World to First: 1965–2000: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060197766 . —— (2005). Keeping My Mandarin Alive: Lee Kuan Yew's Language Learning Experience . World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 9789812563828 . —— (2011). Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . Straits Times Press. ISBN 978-9814266727 . —— (2012). My Lifelong Challenge: Singapore's Bilingual Journey . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342032 . —— (2013a). The Wit and Wisdom of Lee Kuan Yew . Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385282 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . —— (2013b). One Man's View of the World . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342568 . —— (2014). The Battle for Merger . National Archives of Singapore. ISBN 9789814342773 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Other sources Kassim, Yang Razali; Ali, Mushahid, eds. (2016). Reflections: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew . Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. doi : 10.1142/9811 . ISBN 978-9814723886 . Allison, Graham T.; Blackwill, Robert D.; Ali, Wyne (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States and the World . The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262019125 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Koh, Buck Song (2011). Brand Singapore: How Nation Branding Built Asia's Leading Global City . Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9814328159 . Plate, Tom (2010). Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew: Citizen Singapore: How to Build a Nation . Giants of Asia Series. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9812616760 . Barr, Michael D. (2000). Lee Kuan Yew: The Beliefs Behind the Man . Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0878408160 . Datta-Ray, Sunanda K. (2009). Looking East to Look West: Lee Kuan Yew's Mission India . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9814279048 . Gordon, Uri (2000). "Machiavelli's Tiger: Lee Kwan Yew and Singapore's Authoritarian regime" . King, Rodney (2008). The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality (2 ed.). Insight Press. ISBN 978-0977556700 . Fernandez, Warren; Tan, Sumiko; Lam, Sally; Tay, Hwee Peng (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and His Ideas . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-9814677684 . Lama, Murat (2016). Lee Kuan Yew: Singapour et le renouveau de la Chine (in French). Paris: Manitoba/Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-89020-3 . Minchin, James (1986). No Man is an Island: A Study of Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew . Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0868619064 . Bellows, Thomas J. (1989), "Singapore in 1988: The Transition Moves Forward", Asian Survey , 29 (2): 145– 153, doi : 10.2307/2644574 , JSTOR 2644574 External links Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Resources in your library Resources in other libraries @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikimedia Commons Appearances on C-SPAN Portraits of Lee Kuan Yew at the National Portrait Gallery, London Quotations related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikiquote Political offices New office Prime Minister of Singapore 1959–1990 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Preceded by Hon Sui Sen Minister for Finance Acting 1983 Succeeded by Tony Tan Vacant Title last held by S. Rajaratnam 1988 Senior Minister 1990–2004 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong New office Minister Mentor 2004–2011 Position abolished Parliament of Singapore New constituency Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC 1959–1991 Constituency abolished Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC 1991–2015 Succeeded by Joan Pereira (Tanjong Pagar ward) Party political offices New office Secretary-General of the People's Action Party 1954–1992 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Prime ministers of Singapore v t e Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) v t e Legal profession in Singapore v t e Executive officers Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Lucien Wong Judicial officers Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Notable lawyers Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Notable academics Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Politicians with legal backgrounds Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Major law firms Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Law schools NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law Legal organisations Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Member of multiple Parliaments of Singapore .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) v t e Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Fu, H Y Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) v t e Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Seng, H T Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 Biography Politics Singapore Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Catalonia Academics CiNii CiNii People Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC Yale LUX IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC Yale LUX 1923 births 2015 deaths Alumni of the University of London Alumni of the London School of Economics Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Conservatism in Singapore Deaths from pneumonia in Singapore Fellows of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Singaporean politicians of Chinese descent Singaporean politicians of Hakka descent Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Honorary members of the Order of the Companions of Honour Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor Members of the Cabinet of Singapore Members of the Parliament of Singapore Members of the Dewan Rakyat Members of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore People's Action Party politicians Lee family (Singapore) Prime ministers of Singapore Raffles Institution alumni Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun Recipients of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers Singaporean agnostics Singaporean anti-communists Singaporean Confucianists Singaporean people of Hakka descent Hakka writers Singaporean people with disabilities Singaporean independence activists 20th-century Singaporean lawyers Lee Kuan Yew Politicians with dyslexia Lawyers with disabilities Peranakan people in Singapore Writers with dyslexia Radicals Critics of Islamism Ig Nobel laureates Singaporean Buddhists Recipients of the Order of Sikatuna All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1: long volume value CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh) CS1 Chinese (Singapore)-language sources (zh-sg) CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2026 Use British English from July 2023 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Pages using Template:Post-nominals with customized linking Articles containing Chinese-language text Articles with empty listen template All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2025 CS1 French-language sources (fr) Commons category link from Wikidata People appearing on C-SPAN National Portrait Gallery (London) person ID same as Wikidata Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:27 (UTC) . 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P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages Project namespace WikiProjects WikiProjects User pages User boxes User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Manual of Style v t e Overview Contents Tips Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Cue sports Snooker Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category Category v t e Wikipedia accounts and governance v t e Unregistered users Why create an account? 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Templates Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard v t e Wikipedia help pages v t e Visit the Teahouse or the Help desk for an interactive Q & A forum. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Botanical structural form 2 Biome plant group 3 See also 4 Notes and references 5 External links Shrubland العربية Asturianu Čeština Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית ქართული Nederlands Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська اردو 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Shrubland , scrubland , scrub , brush , or bush is a plant community characterized by vegetation dominated by shrubs , often also including grasses , herbs , and geophytes . Shrubland may either occur naturally or be the result of human activity. It may be the mature vegetation type in a particular region and remain stable over time, or it may be a transitional community that occurs temporarily as the result of a disturbance, such as fire. A stable state may be maintained by regular natural disturbance such as fire or browsing . Shrubland may be unsuitable for human habitation because of the danger of fire. The term was coined in 1903. [ 1 ] Shrubland species generally show a wide range of adaptations to fire, such as heavy seed production, lignotubers , and fire-induced germination. [ 2 ] Botanical structural form In botany and ecology a shrub is defined as a much-branched woody plant less than 8 m high, usually with many stems . Tall shrubs are mostly 2–8 m high, small shrubs 1–2 m high and subshrubs less than 1 m high. [ 3 ] There is a descriptive system widely adopted in Australia to describe different types of vegetation is based on structural characteristics based on plant life-form , as well as the height and foliage cover of the tallest stratum or dominant species . [ 4 ] For shrubs that are 2–8 metres (6.6–26.2 ft) high, the following structural forms are categorized: dense foliage cover (70–100%) — closed-shrubs mid-dense foliage cover (30–70%) — open-shrubs sparse foliage cover (10–30%) — tall shrubland very sparse foliage cover (<10%) — tall open shrubland For shrubs less than 2 metres (6.6 ft) high, the following structural forms are categorized: dense foliage cover (70–100%) — closed- heath or closed low shrubland —( North America ) mid-dense foliage cover (30–70%) — open-heath or mid-dense low shrubland —( North America ) sparse foliage cover (10–30%) — low shrubland very sparse foliage cover (<10%) — low open shrubland Biome plant group Similarly, shrubland is a category that is used to describe a type of biome plant group. In this context, shrublands are dense thickets of evergreen sclerophyll shrubs and small trees, [ 5 ] called: Chaparral in California Matorral in Chile , Mexico , and Spain Maquis in France and elsewhere around the Mediterranean Macchia in Italy Fynbos in South Africa Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub in Sydney Kwongan in Southwest Australia Cedar scrub in Texas Hill Country Caatinga in northeastern Brazil In some places, shrubland is the mature vegetation type. In other places, it is the result of degradation of former forest or woodland by logging or overgrazing , or disturbance by major fires. [ citation needed ] A number of World Wildlife Fund biomes are characterized as shrublands, including the following: [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Desert scrublands Xeric or desert scrublands occur in the world's deserts and xeric shrublands ecoregions or in fast-draining sandy soils in more humid regions. These scrublands are characterized by plants with adaptations to the dry climate, which include small leaves to limit water loss, thorns to protect them from grazing animals, succulent leaves or stems, storage organs to store water, and long taproots to reach groundwater. [ 6 ] Mediterranean scrublands Mediterranean scrublands occur naturally in the Mediterranean scrub biome , located in the five Mediterranean climate regions of the world. Scrublands are most common near the seacoast and have often adapted to the wind and salt air of the ocean. Low, soft-leaved scrublands around the Mediterranean Basin are known as garrigue in France , phrygana in Greece , tomillares in Spain , and batha in Israel . Northern coastal scrub and coastal sage scrub occur along the California coast, strandveld in the Western Cape of South Africa , coastal matorral in central Chile , and sand-heath and kwongan in Southwest Australia . [ 7 ] Interior scrublands Interior scrublands occur naturally in semi-arid areas with nutrient-poor soils, such as on the matas of Portugal , which are underlain by Cambrian and Silurian schists . Florida scrub is another example of interior scrublands. Dwarf shrubs Some vegetation types are formed of dwarf-shrubs , low-growing or creeping shrubs. They include the maquis and the garrigues of Mediterranean climates and the acid-loving dwarf shrubs of heathland and moorland . See also Woody plant Shrub Prostrate shrub Semi-desert Shrub-steppe Shrub swamp Notes and references ^ Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 11th Edition (2003). ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Mares, Michael S., ed. (1999). "Fire" . Encyclopedia of deserts . University of Oklahoma Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-8061-3146-7 . ^ Flora of New South Wales , Vol.4 ed. Gwen J. Harden, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney ISBN 0-86840-188-9 ^ Costermans, L. F. (1993) Native trees and shrubs of South-Eastern Australia . rev. ed. ISBN 0-947116-76-1 ^ Woodward, Susan. "Mediterranean Shrublands" . Geography 235 . Radford University . Retrieved 7 October 2010 . ^ a b "Deserts and Xeric Shrublands" . World Wildlife Fund . Archived from the original on 2 January 2011 . Retrieved 7 October 2010 . ^ a b "Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands and Scrub" . World Wildlife Fund . Archived from the original on 11 January 2017 . Retrieved 7 October 2010 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Shrublands at Wikimedia Commons .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Phytogeography : Vegetation classification v t e Physiognomy Forests , tropical , seasonal tropical , woodlands , arboretum Shrublands , heath , scrubs, thickets , fruticetum Dwarf-shrubland , subshrublands , dwarf-scrubs, suffruticetum Herbaceous communities , grasslands , steppes , prairies , velds , herbetum Savannas , parklands Scarcely vegetated areas, desert vegetation ( Desert , Barren vegetation ) Forests , tropical , seasonal tropical , woodlands , arboretum Shrublands , heath , scrubs, thickets , fruticetum Dwarf-shrubland , subshrublands , dwarf-scrubs, suffruticetum Herbaceous communities , grasslands , steppes , prairies , velds , herbetum Savannas , parklands Scarcely vegetated areas, desert vegetation ( Desert , Barren vegetation ) Latitude Tropical Subtropical Temperate Subpolar Polar Tropical Subtropical Temperate Subpolar Polar Climatic regime Pluvial , rainy , ombrophilous Cloudy Seasonal Drought Pluvial , rainy , ombrophilous Cloudy Seasonal Drought Altitude Montane Polonyna Tundra Submontane Lowland Coastal Montane Polonyna Tundra Polonyna Tundra Submontane Lowland Coastal Leaves Loss of leaves Deciduous , caducifolious Semi-deciduous , semicaducifolious Evergreen , perennifolious Leaf hardness Sclerophyll , stiff leaves Orthophyll, hyptiophyll leaves Leaf form Aciculifolious, needle-leaved Latifolious, broad-leaved Loss of leaves Deciduous , caducifolious Semi-deciduous , semicaducifolious Evergreen , perennifolious Deciduous , caducifolious Semi-deciduous , semicaducifolious Evergreen , perennifolious Leaf hardness Sclerophyll , stiff leaves Orthophyll, hyptiophyll leaves Sclerophyll , stiff leaves Orthophyll, hyptiophyll leaves Leaf form Aciculifolious, needle-leaved Latifolious, broad-leaved Aciculifolious, needle-leaved Latifolious, broad-leaved Substrate Aquatic Riparian Mangrove Swampy Terrestrial Alpine Arctic Aquatic Riparian Mangrove Swampy Riparian Mangrove Swampy Terrestrial Alpine Arctic Alpine Arctic See also Biogeographic realms Biomes Floristic kingdoms Plant habits Plant life-forms Vegetation Biogeographic realms Biomes Floristic kingdoms Plant habits Plant life-forms Vegetation Shrublands Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from July 2024 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 22 September 2025, at 21:39 (UTC) . 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1 Introduction 2 Analysis 3 Methodology 3.1 Overview 3.2 Trajectory Modal Embedding 3.3 DecisionLLM Model Structure 3.4 DecisionLLM Training and Inference 3.4.1 DecisionLLM Training 3.4.2 DecisionLLM Inference 3.5 Data Quality Improvement 3.1 Overview 3.2 Trajectory Modal Embedding 3.3 DecisionLLM Model Structure 3.4 DecisionLLM Training and Inference 3.4.1 DecisionLLM Training 3.4.2 DecisionLLM Inference 3.4.1 DecisionLLM Training 3.4.2 DecisionLLM Inference 3.5 Data Quality Improvement 4 Evaluation 4.1 Experimental Setup 4.1.1 Evaluation Tasks. 4.1.2 Evaluation Metrics. 4.1.3 Training Details. 4.1.4 Baselines. 4.2 Performance 4.3 Property Analysis 4.3.1 Scaling Laws 4.3.2 Data Quality The impact of data filtering. Impact of Exploration Diversity. 4.3.3 Impact of Pretrained Parameters 4.1 Experimental Setup 4.1.1 Evaluation Tasks. 4.1.2 Evaluation Metrics. 4.1.3 Training Details. 4.1.4 Baselines. 4.1.1 Evaluation Tasks. 4.1.2 Evaluation Metrics. 4.1.3 Training Details. 4.1.4 Baselines. 4.2 Performance 4.3 Property Analysis 4.3.1 Scaling Laws 4.3.2 Data Quality The impact of data filtering. Impact of Exploration Diversity. 4.3.3 Impact of Pretrained Parameters 4.3.1 Scaling Laws 4.3.2 Data Quality The impact of data filtering. Impact of Exploration Diversity. The impact of data filtering. Impact of Exploration Diversity. 4.3.3 Impact of Pretrained Parameters 5 Conclusions A Performance Explanation B Related Works B.1 Long Sequence Decision Making B.2 LLM for Long Sequence Decision B.1 Long Sequence Decision Making B.2 LLM for Long Sequence Decision C Maze2D Prompt D The Explanation of Pretrained Parameters E Sensitivity Analysis of Rtgs at Inference F Experimental hyperparameters and data description F.1 Comparison Experiments Setting (Table 1 ) F.2 Scaling Laws Setting F.3 Data Quality Setting F.4 Impact of Pretrained Parameters’s Setting F.5 Sensitivity Analysis’s Setting F.1 Comparison Experiments Setting (Table 1 ) F.2 Scaling Laws Setting F.3 Data Quality Setting F.4 Impact of Pretrained Parameters’s Setting F.5 Sensitivity Analysis’s Setting DecisionLLM: Large Language Models for Long Sequence Decision Exploration Xiaowei Lv Zhiling Zhang Yijun Li Yusen Huo Siyuan Ju Xuyan Li Chunxiang Hong Tianyu Wang Yongcai Wang Peng Sun Chuan Yu Jian Xu Bo Zheng Abstract Long-sequence decision-making, which is usually addressed through reinforcement learning (RL), is a critical component for optimizing strategic operations in dynamic environments, such as real-time bidding in computational advertising. The Decision Transformer (DT) introduced a powerful paradigm by framing RL as an autoregressive sequence modeling problem. Concurrently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success in complex reasoning and planning tasks. This inspires us whether LLMs, which share the same Transformer foundation, but operate at a much larger scale, can unlock new levels of performance in long-horizon sequential decision-making problem. This work investigates the application of LLMs to offline decision making tasks. A fundamental challenge in this domain is the LLMs’ inherent inability to interpret continuous values, as they lack a native understanding of numerical magnitude and order when values are represented as text strings. To address this, we propose treating trajectories as a distinct modality. By learning to align trajectory data with natural language task descriptions, our model can autoregressively predict future decisions within a cohesive framework we term DecisionLLM. We establish a set of scaling laws governing this paradigm, demonstrating that performance hinges on three factors: model scale, data volume, and data quality. In offline experimental benchmarks and bidding scenarios, DecisionLLM achieves strong performance. Specifically, DecisionLLM-3B outperforms the traditional Decision Transformer (DT) by 69.4 on Maze2D umaze-v1 and by 0.085 on AuctionNet. It extends the AIGB paradigm and points to promising directions for future exploration in online bidding. Machine Learning, ICML Figure 1 : A comparison diagram of the prompt-based decision paradigm and the trajectory-text modality alignment-based paradigm. 1 Introduction Addressing the challenge of long-sequence decision-making, where an agent must make coherent decisions over protracted time steps to achieve a long-term objective, is a cornerstone of traditional reinforcement learning. Historically, reinforcement learning (RL) has long been the dominant approach to long-sequence decision-making (Watkins and Dayan, 1992 ; Wang et al. , 2016 ; Schulman et al. , 2017 ; Lillicrap et al. , 2015 ) . A critical context for addressing these problems is the offline setting, formally known as Offline Reinforcement Learning. (Kostrikov et al. , 2021 ; Kumar et al. , 2020 ; Nair et al. , 2020 ) . In this major domain, an agent learns entirely from a static, precollected dataset. Recently, this field has been invigorated by generative approaches, particularly those based on Diffusion (Rombach et al. , 2022 ; Chi et al. , 2023 ; Wang et al. , 2022 ) and Transformer (Vaswani et al. , 2017 ; Chen et al. , 2021 ) architectures. These methods reframe decision-making as a sequence generation task, predicting future actions based on past sequences. However, we contend that the upper limits of their performance are far from being realized (Tarasov et al. , 2023 ) . Meanwhile, Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as exceptionally potent sequence models, achieving significant success in complex domains such as autonomous driving (Li et al. , 2025 ; Cui et al. , 2023 ) and robotics (Kim et al. , 2024 ; Intelligence et al. , ) . LLMs demonstrate a significant capacity form zero-shot generalization, which allows its decision-making capability extends beyond mere imitation learning. Therefore, whether LLMs integration can unlock new levels of performance in long-sequence decision-making is a critical and open question right now. Although LLMs have demonstrated great potential compared with traditional approaches, applying it to sequential decision-making still requires overcoming many challenges. In decision-making tasks, continuous data is used, which has a modality gap with the LLMs’ text-centric nature. Serializing the continuous trajectory data into a raw text prompt is the simplest approach, but this strategy is inherently flawed in practice. The reason is that LLMs are not natively sensitive to the quantitative meaning of numbers (Dziri et al. , 2023 ) ; as shown in Figure 1 , LLMs process “3.0” and “15.0” as specific tokens rather than as values with distinct magnitudes. For example, in prevalent environments like Maze2D (Fu et al. , 2020 ) , where trajectory data are continuous variables, like states and actions. This limitation becomes critical; LLMs struggle to capture how a current action shapes future numerical trajectories accurately, which means relying solely on a text-only representation is neither sufficient nor accurate. Given this, a central challenge for harnessing LLMs in long-sequence decision-making is to achieve effective alignment between input and output trajectories in a way that preserves the quantitative meaning of numbers. Drawing inspiration from the paradigm of large multimodal models (Liu et al. , 2024 ; Xie et al. , 2024 ) , we introduce a trajectory-text alignment mechanism that treats trajectories as a distinct data modality to bridge the gap between text and continuous sequence data. Figure 2 : Overview diagram of the framework. In this work, we present DecisionLLM, a multimodal framework that, to our knowledge, is the first to jointly process text and trajectories for long sequence decision making by treating trajectories as a distinct modality. DecisionLLM uniquely fuses textual instructions with encoded trajectory features to autoregressively generate decisions. Our architecture employs two critical components to interface between the trajectory modality and the text modality. Firstly, We employ a trajectory encoder which processes the input sequence of states, actions, and returns-to-go into a compact embedding used for alignment; then, we concatenate it with the text’s embedding; finally, a linear projection head is tasked with mapping the LLM’s final contextualized embedding back into the continuous action space to generate the ultimate action prediction. Given that the standard pre-training of LLMs does not encompass an understanding of trajectory data, we finetune our model using an autoregressive objective to predict the action on the current timestep, conditioned on the historical trajectory. The ground-truth actions from the offline trajectories serve as the training labels for this task. In practice we have observed that clarifying data quality standards can enhance practical outcomes, including filtering out low-quality trajectories and reducing the weight of low-reward steps. Furthermore, in the bidding scenario, DecisionLLM broadens the paradigm of traditional AI-Generated Bidding (AIGB) (Guo et al. , 2024 ) , our experiments on the AuctionNet (Su et al. , 2024 ) benchmark confirm the effectiveness of this extended approach. Meanwhile, our empirical results reveal clear scaling laws governing this paradigm: performance systematically improves with increases in model parameters count, data volume, and data quality. Our contributions are summarized as follows: New Modality and Architecture. We introduce a novel approach that treats trajectories as a distinct data modality. And we propose DecisionLLM, a multimodal architecture designed to predict future actions based on textual task descriptions and historical trajectories. Scaling Laws. Our validation of these scaling laws reveals a crucial insight: model and data scaling are not independent factors but are synergistically linked. Data Quality. We also underscores the critical role of data quality in the performance of DecisionLLM. Model capabilities can be enhanced by filtering low-quality samples. Experimental Performance. The efficacy of our approach is validated through experiments on maze2d-umaze-v1 and AuctionNet benchmark. DecisionLLM-3B significantly outperforms the Decision Transformer, achieving performance gains of 69.4 points and 0.058 score respectively. (a) t-SNE of LLM (prompt) (b) t-SNE of DecisionLLM (c) heatmap of LLM (prompt) (d) heatmap of DecisionLLM (e) Mean cosine similarity comparison Figure 3 : Embedding analysis graph based on prompt-based trajectory and trajectory-modal (DecisionLLM) input. 2 Analysis To investigate the representational differences between treating trajectories as text prompts versus a distinct modality, we randomly sampled 100 trajectories and extracted their input layer embeddings using both the prompt-based LLM and the trajectory-modal Decision LLM. We applied t-SNE to project these high-dimensional embeddings into a two-dimensional space for visualization, as shown in Figures 3(a) and 3(b) . Furthermore, we computed the pairwise cosine similarities to generate similarity heatmaps (Figures 3(c) and 3(d) ). Finally, to quantify the representational evolution, we calculated and plotted the average cosine similarity across all model layers, as illustrated in Figure 3(e) . The experimental results yield the following insights: 1.Representation collapse in prompt-based encoding. Trajectories processed as text prompts struggle to achieve separability. The t t -SNE visualization reveals that embeddings from the prompt-based LLM are unstructured and difficult to classify, exhibiting a lack of distinct clustering. The corresponding heatmaps show uniformly high cosine similarity across pairwise trajectories. This phenomenon indicates that the model’s attention is dominated by the static textual templates of the prompt rather than the dynamic numerical variances, resulting in a failure to capture the fine-grained physical characteristics of the trajectories. 2.Effective modal representation by DecisionLLM. In contrast, DecisionLLM successfully treats trajectories as a distinct modality. The t t -SNE visualization demonstrates clear separation between clusters, highlighting the model’s ability to effectively capture and disentangle trajectory features. Furthermore, the heatmap reveals distinct pairwise differences, confirming that the model preserves data diversity and discriminative physical features. This validates the practical significance of encoding trajectories as a dedicated modality rather than raw text. 3. Hierarchical abstraction from physical signals to semantic intents. While the prompt-based LLM maintains a constantly high mean cosine similarity, DecisionLLM exhibits a clear evolutionary trend: similarity is low in the initial layers but converges to near 1.0 in the final layers. This signifies a healthy abstraction process where low-level physical signals are highly discriminative at the input stage, and are gradually transformed into unified high-level semantic intents for final decision-making. 3 Methodology 3.1 Overview Our work introduces a paradigm shift for direct decision-making with LLMs. We tackle the model’s numerical insensitivity by treating trajectories as a first-class, non-textual modality. By co-training on aligned trajectory and task description within an autoregressive framework, we empower the LLM to ground its reasoning in offline long sequential data and generate effective actions. The power of this paradigm is twofold: first, it harnesses the vast, generalizable knowledge embedded in large-scale pre-trained models; second, it leverages explicit task descriptions via the text modality to contextualize the decision-making process. We instantiate this paradigm in our proposed architecture, DecisionLLM (Figure 2 ). By framing decision-making as a LLM task, we directly inherit its well-established scaling properties. Our subsequent analysis is therefore dedicated to empirically verifying these scaling laws with respect to data volume, parameter count, and the crucial role of data quality, achieved through targeted filtering. In subsequent subsections, we will detail the model design, training, and inference processes, as well as the corresponding data augmentation methods. 3.2 Trajectory Modal Embedding Figure 4 : The specific architecture of the trajectory encoder. In Offline Reinforcement Learning, long-sequence decision making can be formulated as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), specified by ( 𝒮 , 𝒜 , P , ℛ ) (\mathcal{S},\mathcal{A},P,\mathcal{R}) . The MDP tuple consists of states s ∈ 𝒮 s\in\mathcal{S} , actions a ∈ 𝒜 a\in\mathcal{A} , transition dynamics P ( s ′ ∣ s , a ) P(s^{\prime}\mid s,a) , and a reward function r = ℛ ( s , a ) r=\mathcal{R}(s,a) . We use s t s_{t} , a t a_{t} , and r t = ℛ ( s t , a t ) r_{t}=\mathcal{R}(s_{t},a_{t}) to denote the state, action and reward at timestep t t , respectively. A trajectory τ = ( s t , a t , r t ) t = 0 T \tau=(s_{t},a_{t},r_{t})_{t=0}^{T} is a sequence of states, actions, and rewards. The goal is to learn a policy π ( a | s ) \pi(a|s) that maximizes the expected return, where the return-to-gos (Rtgs or Returns) is defined as R t ^ = ∑ t ′ = t T r t ′ \hat{R_{t}}=\sum_{t^{\prime}=t}^{T}r_{t^{\prime}} . In the offline setting, learning is constrained to a static dataset of trajectories, precluding further environmental interaction and making the learning problem susceptible to distributional shift. Following the architectural paradigm of the Decision Transformer (DT) (Chen et al. , 2021 ) , we first encode the three core components of a trajectory: Rtgs, states and actions, using distinct embedding layers. These modality-specific embeddings are then interleaved according to their timestep to form a single, unified sequence, the sequence will be served as the input to the transformer model. In the result, each trajectory is mapped into a sequence of interleaved triplets, forming the input sequence: τ = ( R 1 ^ , s 1 , a 1 , R 2 ^ , s 2 , a 2 , … , R T ^ , s T , a T ) \tau=(\hat{R_{1}},s_{1},a_{1},\hat{R_{2}},s_{2},a_{2},\dots,\hat{R_{T}},s_{T},a_{T}) (1) Following this, we transform the raw returns, states, and actions into dense vector embeddings. Specifically, each component (Rtgs, State, Action) is independently projected into a high dimensional space using a dedicated linear layer. These individual component embeddings are then concatenated to form the trajectory’s input embedding. To incorporate temporal information, we add a positional encoding to each timestep in the sequence. The final trajectory embedding τ e \tau_{e} is constructed by interleaving the feature vectors of returns, states, and actions across time steps, thereby preserving the original sequential characteristic information. This directly circumvents the well-known issue of LLMs’ poor numerical sensitivity. Consequently, we propose treating the entire trajectory as a distinct, non-textual modality, processing it using an architecture analogous to that of Multimodal Large Language Models. 3.3 DecisionLLM Model Structure As illustrated in Figure 2 , our model architecture is designed to process textual task descriptions and raw trajectory sequences. The text input is first tokenized and then converted into vector embeddings using the LLM’s native embedding layer. Concurrently, the trajectory sequence is processed by the trajectory encoder, as detailed in Section 3.2, to produce a comprehensive embedding. To fuse these two modalities, we introduce a novel prompting strategy using special placeholder tokens, <|traj_begin|> and <|traj_end|> . These tokens are inserted into the textual prompt to designate a slot for the trajectory information. During processing, the computed trajectory embedding effectively substitutes the embeddings of these placeholders, thereby injecting the entire trajectory context into the LLM’s input sequence. For the output stage, the model employs an autoregressive decoding process to predict subsequent actions. Then, we add an additional action head and use a linear head to map the output logits to the action space. Finally, an action mapping layer is applied to the transformer’s output logits to generate the predicted action, A ^ \hat{A} . The training loss L L is a Mean Square Error (MSE) function of the predicted action A ^ \hat{A} and the actual action A A . A key architectural innovation of DecisionLLM is its handling of trajectory data as a non-textual modality. This approach directly circumvents the LLM’s fundamental limitation in processing numerical data encoded as text. As a result, the model builds a native and effective representation of trajectory sequences, enabling a robust mapping from input history to output actions. 3.4 DecisionLLM Training and Inference 3.4.1 DecisionLLM Training Given that the training process employs an autoregressive approach, the training data is derived exclusively from the trajectory itself, which is based on offline sampled trajectory dataset. Specifically, the complete trajectory serves as the input to the model, while its shifted version is used as the training labels. The task description is derived from the environment’s basic information and includes the task objectives, state space, action space, design of the reward function, and other relevant details. Since the LLM inherently lacks understanding of trajectory modalities, it is necessary to train both its input and output components to correctly interpret such data and generate accurate action predictions. Accordingly, we optimize full parameters of DecisionLLM, including the linear layers in both the input and output modules, as well as all parameters within the LLM itself. In addition, since the actual sampled trajectories in some scenarios can be excessively long, a sliding window approach is employed during training. This restricts the model input to trajectories from the most recent t t time steps, thereby avoiding issues associated with processing very long sequences. We will introduce more parameter settings and details about training in Section 4. 3.4.2 DecisionLLM Inference Once trained, the model generates actions autoregressively based on its history. Initially, we provide the model with a target return R 1 ^ \hat{R_{1}} and the initial state s 1 s_{1} , conditioning it to predict the first action, a 1 a_{1} . This action is then executed in the environment, yielding the next state s 2 s_{2} and a reward r 1 r_{1} . The target Rtgs is subsequently updated (e.g., R 2 = R 1 − r 1 R_{2}=R_{1}-r_{1} ). This cycle is repeated: the newly formed sequence, incorporating the updated return R 2 R_{2} and state s 2 s_{2} , is used to predict the next action, a 2 a_{2} . This interactive loop continues until the episode terminates or a predefined maximum length is reached. 3.5 Data Quality Improvement The training paradigm of DecisionLLM is fundamentally a form of imitation learning. Its objective is to distill effective policies from an offline dataset of historical trajectories. The model learns to associate high-return sequences with specific actions, thereby enabling it to generalize these successful behaviors to similar, unseen scenarios. Consequently, the performance of this imitation-based approach is critically sensitive to the quality and composition of the training data. Given the substantial computational cost of training LLM and the sensitivity of our approach to data quality, a rigorous data filtering strategy is essential. We employ a return-based threshold to exclude low-quality trajectories, optimizing both data quality and training efficiency. Conversely, for suboptimal steps within valid trajectories, rigid filtering risks hindering exploration. To address this, we adopt a reweighting strategy that attenuates the influence of low-quality exploration without sacrificing the breadth of the state space coverage. 4 Evaluation In this section, we conduct a evaluation of DecisionLLM and address the following research questions (RQs): RQ1.Performance : How effectively does DecisionLLM perform in the target tasks? RQ2.Scaling Laws : How do the scaling laws of DecisionLLM behave with respect to model parameter count and dataset size? RQ3.Data Quality : To what extent does the quality of training data influence the performance of DecisionLLM? RQ4.Impact of Pretrained Parameters : What effect does initializing with pretrained parameters have on the model’s downstream performance? 4.1 Experimental Setup 4.1.1 Evaluation Tasks. To comprehensively evaluate the model’s performance, we employed the D4RL (Fu et al. , 2020 ) open-source offline reinforcement learning benchmark, focusing on tasks with long sequence decisions, such as Maze2D. We strictly followed the benchmarking methodology established in CORL (Tarasov et al. , 2023 ) to ensure consistent and fair comparisons. In cases where experiments involved dataset expansion or data quality filtering, this is explicitly indicated in the respective sections. The primary benchmark datasets used in our evaluation include: Maze2D. A navigation environment in which the objective is to guide a ball to a target location as efficiently as possible. In maze tasks, rewards are only given when ball reach near the end point, and the intermediate steps have an impact on the final result, which is highly consistent with long-sequence decision-making tasks. The sparse reward structure makes this task particularly challenging. We mainly selected maze2d-umaze-v1 for the experiment. AuctionNet. In addition, to verify the effectiveness of the paradigm in more scenarios, we selected a benchmark AuctionNet (Su et al. , 2024 ) for an automatic bidding scenario, which simulates the completeness and complexity of real advertising auctions, including the ad opportunity generation module, the bidding module, and the complex module. Therefore, the state and action space is more complex. 4.1.2 Evaluation Metrics. For maze2D task, two key metrics are employed to evaluate the experimental results: reward and normalized score provided by D4RL. To ensure statistical reliability, all results are averaged over 100 independent evaluation runs. For AuctionNet, we evaluated the results using the final scores from the online assessments. We used 48 players and 7 episodes to ensure consistency of the results. 4.1.3 Training Details. Our models are all trained based on the pretrained parameters of the Qwen2.5-Instruct model at different scales. The batch size of training is set to 64, the learning rate is 1e-5, and the window size is set to 20. All experiments were conducted on a server equipped with 8 NVIDIA A100 (40G) GPUs. Our implementation leverages the llama-factory (Zheng et al. , 2024 ) training framework, with distributed training accelerated by DeepSpeed-ZeRO stage 2. Models were trained for a total of 5 epochs, using a cosine annealing learning rate schedule. During training, we performed evaluations every 200 steps. For each experimental run, we report the peak performance achieved across all evaluation checkpoints. More details can be found in Appendix F . Table 1 : Comparison experiments on Maze2D-umaze-v1. Model Return Score BC 46.06 ± 25.05 46.06\pm 25.05 16.09 ± 0.87 16.09\pm 0.87 TD3+BC 160.94 ± 46.15 160.94\pm 46.15 99.33 ± 16.16 99.33\pm 16.16 CQL 150.89 ± 42.70 150.89\pm 42.70 92.05 ± 13.66 92.05\pm 13.66 IQL 94.12 ± 29.69 94.12\pm 29.69 50.92 ± 4.23 50.92\pm 4.23 DT 111.94 ± 47.79 111.94\pm 47.79 63.83 ± 17.35 63.83\pm 17.35 DT-extended 175.5 ± 65.27 175.5\pm 65.27 109.9 ± 47.29 109.9\pm 47.29 (LLM-based methods) LLM-prompt 13.17 ± 35.12 13.17\pm 35.12 − 7.74 ± 25.45 -7.74\pm 25.45 LLM-ht 45.58 ± 105.42 45.58\pm 105.42 15.75 ± 76.38 15.75\pm 76.38 LLM-hpt 45.82 ± 36.16 45.82\pm 36.16 15.92 ± 26.20 15.92\pm 26.20 DecisionLLM(0.5B) 204.45 ± 71.74 204.45\pm 71.74 130.86 ± 51.98 130.86\pm 51.98 DecisionLLM(1.5B) 224.19 ± \pm 48.74 145.16 ± \pm 35.32 DecisionLLM(3B) 220.18 ± 52.48 220.18\pm 52.48 142.26 ± 38.02 142.26\pm 38.02 Table 2 : Comparison experiments on AuctionNet. Model Score BC 0.385 0.385 TD3+BC 0.317 0.317 CQL 0.357 0.357 IQL 0.388 0.388 DT 0.313 0.313 DecisionLLM(3B) 0.398 4.1.4 Baselines. We compare against several baseline methods, primarily from offline reinforcement learning. These include pure RL-based offline algorithms such as IQL (Kostrikov et al. , 2021 ) and CQL (Kumar et al. , 2020 ) , as well as supervised learning-based approaches like Behavioral Cloning (BC), TD3+BC (Fujimoto and Gu, 2021 ) , Decision Transformer (DT) (Chen et al. , 2021 ) , and DT-extended (i.e., the version that utilizes the same expanded dataset as DecisionLLM). We also evaluated the LLM-prompt (i.e., prompting the model in textual form to predict actions based on the current state), the LLM-hp (i.e., directly concatenating the trajectory information into the prompt as textual numerical strings), and LLM-hpt (i.e., the model trained under the LLM-hp paradigm). These models were all evaluated or trained using Qwen2.5-3B-Instrcut. Our proposed model, DecisionLLM, was implemented and evaluated at 0.5B, 1.5B, and 3B parameters. 4.2 Performance Table 1 and Table 2 provide a comprehensive comparison of our model’s performance on the Maze2D-umaze-v1 and AuctionNet benchmark. For Maze2D-umaze-v1 task, these RL-based offline algorithms’ scores are form CORL (Tarasov et al. , 2023 ) . Compared to the DT, DecisionLLM achieves a best case performance improvement of 82 points; compared to other RL algorithms, DecisionLLM achieves a best case performance improvement of 45 points. Due to computational resource constraints, we focused our evaluation of DecisionLLM (3B) on the AuctionNet benchmark. Despite these limitations, the model demonstrated superior performance compared to other RL baselines. Notably, to rigorously assess the model’s capability on sparse data, we trained it directly on the limited benchmark dataset without applying any data augmentation. Notably, while model performance continues to improve from DT to DecisionLLM (0.5B) to DecisionLLM (1.5B), it exhibits little decrement at DecisionLLM (3B). We will provide further analysis and discussion in Section 4.3. A key finding relates to the model’s data efficiency. While we carefully selected a large, high-quality dataset to ensure robust training, our experiments show that DecisionLLM achieves state-of-the-art performance using only a small portion of the data. This improvement is achieved by sampling only a small portion of the windowed trajectories from a large sample of data. This demonstrates that the model is able to efficiently extract a strong learning signal from a relatively small number of high-quality demonstrations. More details can be found in Appendix A . 4.3 Property Analysis To further validate a series of properties of DecisionLLM, we conducted additional analytical experiments, including related scaling laws, data quality analysis, and corresponding pretraining parameters. Due to resource constraints, the following experiments were performed only in the Maze2D. 4.3.1 Scaling Laws (a) Returns 140 (b) Returns 280 Figure 5 : Maze2D experimental data scaling. This section analyzes the scaling laws of our model with respect to both data volume and parameter count. The results are presented in Figure 5 and Table 1 , respectively. In Table 1 , we report the optimal performance for each model across all data scales, accounting for variations in the data volume required for convergence. First, regarding data volume (Fig 5 ), we observe a clear trend. When sampling from a fixed source dataset of 10 million steps, increasing the final training dataset size from 130k to 400k samples leads to monotonic performance improvements. This empirically validates the scaling law for data volume. Second, concerning model scale (Table 1 ), we see that performance generally improves as the parameter count increases from the DT-extended (i.e., with a parameter size of 720k) baseline up to 3B parameters. Additionally, we observed that the performance of the 3B-parameter model is on par with that of the 1.5B-parameter model. Our analysis indicates that the imitation learning-based supervised fine-tuning (SFT) paradigm has a performance ceiling, which in this task is already approached by the 1.5B model. 4.3.2 Data Quality We evaluate the impact of data quality through two distinct sets of experiments. First, we quantify the performance gains attributable to our proposed data filtering methods. Second, we investigate the influence of the data collection policy by comparing models trained on data generated from a deterministic policy versus those trained on data from a stochastic, exploratory policy. The impact of data filtering. (a) Reward distribution across all trajectories. (b) Initial returns distribution in sampled datas. Figure 6 : Data distribution statistics. The raw Maze2D offline dataset exhibits a severe long-tail distribution, with a preponderance of low-reward trajectories (Figure 6(a) ). A naive shift-window approach (window size 20, yielding 800k samples) preserves this undesirable distribution, resulting in a training set dominated by low initial returns (Figure 6(b) ). Such data can hinder effective policy learning. Therefore, we introduce a data pruning pipeline prior to subsequence sampling. Our method first removed all trajectories with a cumulative reward below the ϵ \epsilon (set 0.5). From the remaining high-quality episodes, we then extract unique windowed subsequences of length 20. This curation process reduces the dataset from 800k raw samples to a focused set of 130k training examples, ensuring the model is primarily exposed to competent datas. (a) Returns 140 (b) Returns 280 Figure 7 : Maze2D experimental performance w/o sample filtering On the one hand, the result of our data filtering method is clearly demonstrated in Figure 7 . The filtered dataset enables the model to learn a more efficient policy, achieving target returns in significantly fewer steps. Furthermore, it substantially boosts the final performance, particularly for high target returns such as 140 and 280. These results underscore a crucial point: for imitation-based policy learning, data quality is a far more critical determinant of success than mere data quantity. (a) Returns 140 (b) Returns 280 Figure 8 : Maze2D experimental performance w/o sample filtering. We further explore the actual effect of step-level filtering. We evaluated three variants of loss optimization. loss-opt-v1 employs a hard filtering mechanism, masking out steps where rewards fall below a specific threshold. loss-opt-v2 adopts a softer approach, down-weighting these low-reward steps by a factor of 0.5 rather than discarding them. Finally, loss-opt-v3 extends the reweighting strategy of v2 by incorporating per-token normalization to balance the training objective. A comparison of their performance is presented in Figure 8 . As illustrated in the figure, both v1 and v3 yield substantial benefits. They not only improve the stability of the training process but also enable the model to converge to a higher peak performance compared to the baseline. In comparison, while v2 performs similarly to the baseline, only marginally outperforming it, v3 delivers the most substantial performance improvement. Impact of Exploration Diversity. (a) Reutrn 140 (b) Return 280 Figure 9 : Maze2D experimental performance with (without) noise in action policy. To investigate the diversity of the sampling strategy, we conducted a simple experiment comparing perturbations during sampling with those without perturbations. Specifically, we sampled 10 million steps of data using the same strategy, and then used this strategy to sample 260k data samples with a window of 20. The only difference was whether Gaussian perturbations were added to the actual actions. We trained those two different dataset on Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct.The experimental results are shown in Figure 9 . The stochasticity of the data collection policy has a dramatic impact on final performance. Models trained on the exploratory dataset (with noise) reached a peak return of 220, a stark contrast to the 150 ceiling achieved with the deterministic action policy. This provides compelling evidence that a rich, exploratory training set is a key ingredient for training high-performing offline models. 4.3.3 Impact of Pretrained Parameters (a) Returns 140 (b) Returns 280 Figure 10 : Maze2D experimental performance with(without) pretrain. In this section, we conduct an ablation study to isolate the effect of the LLM’s pretrained weights to final task performance. We compare two models under identical hyperparameter and data conditions, but one initialized with publicly available pretrained weights, and the other model trained with random initialization. As shown in Figure 10 , the model initialized with pretrained parameters achieves higher returns and more stable convergence. Our analysis suggests that even though LLM pretraining occurs exclusively on textual data, the foundational capabilities developed during this phase provide a strong inductive bias for decision making. Specifically, the model’s highly developed sequence modeling and pattern recognition abilities, honed on vast text corpora, appear to transfer effectively, providing a superior starting point for learning the structure of trajectory prediction. More analysis can be found in Appendix D . 5 Conclusions In this paper, we introduced DecisionLLM, a novel paradigm for LLMs to long sequence decision making. By treating trajectories as a distinct, non-textual modality, our approach successfully overcomes the inherent numerical insensitivity of LLMs and fully leverages sequential trajectory data. We demonstrated that by jointly modeling past trajectories and language instructions, DecisionLLM can effectively predict future actions in an autoregressive manner. Our systematic analysis revealed clear scaling laws with respect to both model size and data volume, providing valuable insights for future development. 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Model Return Score DecisionLLM(0.5B)-base 124.69 ± 110.74 124.69\pm 110.74 73.06 ± 80.24 73.06\pm 80.24 DecisionLLM(1.5B)-base 186.37 ± 87.74 186.37\pm 87.74 117.76 ± 63.58 117.76\pm 63.58 DecisionLLM(3B)-base 153.29 ± 50.30 153.29\pm 50.30 93.79 ± 36.44 93.79\pm 36.44 Table 3 presents our base DecisionLLM, trained on a 130k-sample dataset curated from the original 1M D4RL steps via trajectory filtering and window sampling. Even on this compact dataset, our model significantly outperforms the DT baseline and exhibits robust scaling from 0.5B to 1.5B parameters. However, the 3B model’s performance on this base dataset was unexpectedly poor, which we attributed to under-convergence. We tested this theory by expanding the dataset to train our flagship models (Table 1 ). The resulting surge in the 3B model’s performance provides conclusive evidence for our hypothesis, demonstrating that the full capacity of large-scale DecisionLLM models is unlocked only when matched with sufficient data. Appendix B Related Works B.1 Long Sequence Decision Making Recently, long-sequence decision-making problems have been modeled as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), which assumes the Markov state transition. A critical context for this problem is the offline scenario, where the training data is obtained entirely through pre-trained offline sampling. Previous approaches have primarily relied on offline RL methods, which primarily mitigate the impact of distributional shift (Fujimoto et al. , 2019 ; Kidambi et al. , 2020 ; Siegel et al. , 2020 ) or learn the generalization ability of the model through offline datasets (Ajay et al. , 2020 ; Singh et al. , 2020 ; Eysenbach et al. , 2018 ; Lu et al. , 2020 ) . After that, a prominent generative paradigm reframes this problem by modeling the probability distribution of future actions conditioned on historical trajectories. In such methods, they fits the probability distribution of future actions and historical trajectories, which can be further empowered based on the powerful capabilities of Transformer (Vaswani et al. , 2017 ; Chen et al. , 2021 ) and Diffusion (Rombach et al. , 2022 ; Chi et al. , 2023 ; Wang et al. , 2022 ; Guo et al. , 2024 ) . Two classes of models have been central to this shift: Transformer (Vaswani et al. , 2017 ; Chen et al. , 2021 ) and Diffusion (Rombach et al. , 2022 ; Chi et al. , 2023 ; Wang et al. , 2022 ; Guo et al. , 2024 ) . The success of the two frameworks depends on the strong basic capabilities of the model, so it is worth exploring whether LLM can bring better improvements to long-sequence decision-making problem. B.2 LLM for Long Sequence Decision Large language models have shown good results in similar sequential decision-making such as autonomous driving (Li et al. , 2025 ; Cui et al. , 2023 ) and robotics (Kim et al. , 2024 ; Intelligence et al. , ) . We noticed that semantic space plays a more obvious role in the process, which usually requires accurate semantic description of clear states, actions, and goals in each scenario. While powerful, this semantic representation is a product of the textual modality. Its structure is therefore inherently discrete and symbolic, lacking the native capacity to represent the continuous, high-dimensional vector spaces that characterize the dynamics of most sequential decision-making environments (Dziri et al. , 2023 ) . Consequently, many contemporary LLM-based agents rely on modular designs, integrating separate reinforcement learning (RL) components to handle tasks such as reward shaping (Qu et al. , 2025 ) , exploration (Hao et al. , 2025 ) , or data augmentation (Pang et al. , 2024 ; Wan et al. , 2025 ) . However, these hybrid methods have inherent limitations and often lack generalizability across all scenarios. In contrast, our work explores the potential of using LLMs as direct, end-to-end decision-makers. This direction has been largely unexplored, partly because the performance of earlier approaches was constrained by the limited capacity of their underlying models (Pang et al. , 2024 ) . Therefore, investigating whether today’s powerful, large-scale LLMs can directly and effectively solve these tasks is a research question of significant practical importance. Appendix C Maze2D Prompt The specific prompt template used in our experiments is provided as follows: Maze2D prompt You are a maze navigation expert. Your goal is to reach the destination from your current position using the fewest steps possible. You receive a reward of +1 for reaching the destination; all other positions have a reward of 0. You need to choose the optimal movement to maximize the total reward. Each state at every time step is represented by four values [x, y, vx, vy]: • (x, y) represents the current position coordinates • (vx, vy) represents the current velocity • All values range from [-1.0, 1.0]. The action at each time step is a 2D vector: [ax, ay] • ax represents the control force (acceleration) applied in the x-axis direction • ay represents the control force applied in the y-axis direction • All values range from [-1.0, 1.0]. Each step has a corresponding "Returns-to-Go" value, a scalar representing the expected cumulative reward from the current time step to the end of the trajectory. You will receive trajectory information, including the state sequence, action sequence, and Returns-to-Go sequence for a complete episode, formatted as follows:<|traj_begin|><|traj_end|> Your task is to learn a policy based on this trajectory data: given the current state and its corresponding Returns-to-Go, predict the optimal action a to take at that time step. Please explain your understanding of the current policy and output the corresponding action value, along with an explanation. Appendix D The Explanation of Pretrained Parameters (a) Pretrained Model (b) Random Initialized Figure 11 : Attention distribution map. To explain the impact of pretrained parameters on model behavior, we conducted an analysis of their intrinsic attention patterns. We probed the models’ responses to a semantically null input string (e.g., z$x- α β \alpha\beta hwoqa%ˆ&*()<>?:" ), which simulates an encounter with an incomprehensible sequence and isolates learned structural biases. As illustrated in Figure 11 , the attention matrix of the pretrained model, averaged across all heads in the first layer, exhibits a highly structured pattern. Its attention is predominantly concentrated on the last token, with a sparse but deliberate allocation to preceding tokens. In stark contrast, the randomly initialized model displays a diffuse and unstructured attention distribution. This comparison reveals that pretraining endows the model with a crucial inductive bias: a strong focus on recent information. In the context of long-sequence decision-making, where not all historical steps are equally relevant to future rewards, this learned ”recency bias” is highly advantageous. It allows the model to efficiently prioritize the most recent actions while attending to relevant past context. Consequently, this superior initialization facilitates more efficient convergence and enables a higher ultimate performance ceiling. Appendix E Sensitivity Analysis of Rtgs at Inference Table 4 : Model sensitivity to the initial target return. Initial Rtgs Predicted Rtgs Score 100 152.04 ± 27.90 152.04\pm 27.90 92.88 ± 20.22 92.88\pm 20.22 120 162.66 ± 30.34 162.66\pm 30.34 100.58 ± 21.99 100.58\pm 21.99 140 173.28 ± 29.14 173.28\pm 29.14 108.27 ± 21.12 108.27\pm 21.12 160 180.51 ± 24.71 180.51\pm 24.71 113.51 ± 17.91 113.51\pm 17.91 180 190.29 ± 26.98 190.29\pm 26.98 120.60 ± 19.55 120.60\pm 19.55 200 202.31 ± 33.53 202.31\pm 33.53 129.31 ± 24.30 129.31\pm 24.30 220 207.56 ± 36.98 207.56\pm 36.98 133.11 ± 26.79 133.11\pm 26.79 240 209.33 ± 38.09 209.33\pm 38.09 134.40 ± 27.60 134.40\pm 27.60 260 214.47 ± 43.25 214.47\pm 43.25 138.12 ± 31.34 138.12\pm 31.34 280 219.08 ± 51.36 219.08\pm 51.36 141.46 ± 37.21 141.46\pm 37.21 300 217.11 ± 54.55 217.11\pm 54.55 140.03 ± 39.53 140.03\pm 39.53 We further evaluate the model’s sensitivity to the initial target Rtgs. Specifically, during inference, we set the initial Rtgs from 100 to 280, with an interval of 20. The experimental results are shown in Table 4 . We can see that when the initial Rtgs ranges from 100 to 280, the actual Rtgs predicted by the model exhibit good monotonicity. However, after 280, the model’s Rtgs begins to decline. This is because 300 is the theoretical upper limit for this task, meaning the model cannot effectively fit Rtgs outside the learnable range. Therefore, it is necessary to set a valid Rtgs during inference. Appendix F Experimental hyperparameters and data description F.1 Comparison Experiments Setting (Table 1 ) For the comparison experiments, we used a standardized set of hyperparameters. The data was sampled from 10 million trajectories. For models with different numbers of parameters, we performed data scaling experiments until a converged result was obtained, which we then used as our final result. For data optimization, we uniformly used the loss-opt-v3 optimization method with trajectory filtering and step filtering, setting the hyperparameters ϵ \epsilon and β \beta to 0.5. All other training parameters were identical to those mentioned previously. F.2 Scaling Laws Setting The hyperparameter configurations, data sources, and specific sampling sizes for Figure 5 and Table LABEL:tab:model_scaling are detailed in Appendix F.1 and Section 4.3, respectively. Therefore, we refer the reader to these sections for complete details. F.3 Data Quality Setting Figure 7 presents the results of the ablation study on our trajectory-level filter. This experiment was conducted using an initial dataset of 1M steps from D4RL datasets, with the specific sampling methodology and resulting data counts detailed in Section 4.4. Conversely, Figure 8 illustrates the ablation study for the step-level filter. For this analysis, 260k training datas with window size 20 were sampled from an expanded dataset of 10 million steps. All other hyperparameters were held consistent with the previously described experimental setup. F.4 Impact of Pretrained Parameters’s Setting Figure 10 presents the training results for our 3B parameter model. The model was trained on a dataset of 130k windowed samples, which were curated from an expanded data pool of 10 million trajectories. For this specific experiment, a minor hyperparameter adjustment was made: the batch size was set to 32. This modification was implemented to enhance training stability on our computational cluster. F.5 Sensitivity Analysis’s Setting The 3B parameter model presented in Table 4 was trained on a dataset of 130k samples, curated from an augmented pool of 10 million trajectories. During training, a batch size of 32 was used, consistent with the configuration detailed in the Appendix F.4 . Notably, all reported results are based on the model checkpoint from the final training step, rather than a checkpoint selected for peak performance on a validation set. DecisionLLM: Large Language Models for Long Sequence Decision Exploration Abstract Long-sequence decision-making, which is usually addressed through reinforcement learning (RL), is a critical component for optimizing strategic operations in dynamic environments, such as real-time bidding in computational advertising. The Decision Transformer (DT) introduced a powerful paradigm by framing RL as an autoregressive sequence modeling problem. Concurrently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success in complex reasoning and planning tasks. This inspires us whether LLMs, which share the same Transformer foundation, but operate at a much larger scale, can unlock new levels of performance in long-horizon sequential decision-making problem. This work investigates the application of LLMs to offline decision making tasks. A fundamental challenge in this domain is the LLMs’ inherent inability to interpret continuous values, as they lack a native understanding of numerical magnitude and order when values are represented as text strings. To address this, we propose treating trajectories as a distinct modality. By learning to align trajectory data with natural language task descriptions, our model can autoregressively predict future decisions within a cohesive framework we term DecisionLLM. We establish a set of scaling laws governing this paradigm, demonstrating that performance hinges on three factors: model scale, data volume, and data quality. In offline experimental benchmarks and bidding scenarios, DecisionLLM achieves strong performance. Specifically, DecisionLLM-3B outperforms the traditional Decision Transformer (DT) by 69.4 on Maze2D umaze-v1 and by 0.085 on AuctionNet. It extends the AIGB paradigm and points to promising directions for future exploration in online bidding. 1 Introduction Addressing the challenge of long-sequence decision-making, where an agent must make coherent decisions over protracted time steps to achieve a long-term objective, is a cornerstone of traditional reinforcement learning. Historically, reinforcement learning (RL) has long been the dominant approach to long-sequence decision-making (Watkins and Dayan, 1992 ; Wang et al. , 2016 ; Schulman et al. , 2017 ; Lillicrap et al. , 2015 ) . A critical context for addressing these problems is the offline setting, formally known as Offline Reinforcement Learning. (Kostrikov et al. , 2021 ; Kumar et al. , 2020 ; Nair et al. , 2020 ) . In this major domain, an agent learns entirely from a static, precollected dataset. Recently, this field has been invigorated by generative approaches, particularly those based on Diffusion (Rombach et al. , 2022 ; Chi et al. , 2023 ; Wang et al. , 2022 ) and Transformer (Vaswani et al. , 2017 ; Chen et al. , 2021 ) architectures. These methods reframe decision-making as a sequence generation task, predicting future actions based on past sequences. However, we contend that the upper limits of their performance are far from being realized (Tarasov et al. , 2023 ) . Meanwhile, Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as exceptionally potent sequence models, achieving significant success in complex domains such as autonomous driving (Li et al. , 2025 ; Cui et al. , 2023 ) and robotics (Kim et al. , 2024 ; Intelligence et al. , ) . LLMs demonstrate a significant capacity form zero-shot generalization, which allows its decision-making capability extends beyond mere imitation learning. Therefore, whether LLMs integration can unlock new levels of performance in long-sequence decision-making is a critical and open question right now. Although LLMs have demonstrated great potential compared with traditional approaches, applying it to sequential decision-making still requires overcoming many challenges. In decision-making tasks, continuous data is used, which has a modality gap with the LLMs’ text-centric nature. Serializing the continuous trajectory data into a raw text prompt is the simplest approach, but this strategy is inherently flawed in practice. The reason is that LLMs are not natively sensitive to the quantitative meaning of numbers (Dziri et al. , 2023 ) ; as shown in Figure 1 , LLMs process “3.0” and “15.0” as specific tokens rather than as values with distinct magnitudes. For example, in prevalent environments like Maze2D (Fu et al. , 2020 ) , where trajectory data are continuous variables, like states and actions. This limitation becomes critical; LLMs struggle to capture how a current action shapes future numerical trajectories accurately, which means relying solely on a text-only representation is neither sufficient nor accurate. Given this, a central challenge for harnessing LLMs in long-sequence decision-making is to achieve effective alignment between input and output trajectories in a way that preserves the quantitative meaning of numbers. Drawing inspiration from the paradigm of large multimodal models (Liu et al. , 2024 ; Xie et al. , 2024 ) , we introduce a trajectory-text alignment mechanism that treats trajectories as a distinct data modality to bridge the gap between text and continuous sequence data. Figure 2 : Overview diagram of the framework. In this work, we present DecisionLLM, a multimodal framework that, to our knowledge, is the first to jointly process text and trajectories for long sequence decision making by treating trajectories as a distinct modality. DecisionLLM uniquely fuses textual instructions with encoded trajectory features to autoregressively generate decisions. Our architecture employs two critical components to interface between the trajectory modality and the text modality. Firstly, We employ a trajectory encoder which processes the input sequence of states, actions, and returns-to-go into a compact embedding used for alignment; then, we concatenate it with the text’s embedding; finally, a linear projection head is tasked with mapping the LLM’s final contextualized embedding back into the continuous action space to generate the ultimate action prediction. Given that the standard pre-training of LLMs does not encompass an understanding of trajectory data, we finetune our model using an autoregressive objective to predict the action on the current timestep, conditioned on the historical trajectory. The ground-truth actions from the offline trajectories serve as the training labels for this task. In practice we have observed that clarifying data quality standards can enhance practical outcomes, including filtering out low-quality trajectories and reducing the weight of low-reward steps. Furthermore, in the bidding scenario, DecisionLLM broadens the paradigm of traditional AI-Generated Bidding (AIGB) (Guo et al. , 2024 ) , our experiments on the AuctionNet (Su et al. , 2024 ) benchmark confirm the effectiveness of this extended approach. Meanwhile, our empirical results reveal clear scaling laws governing this paradigm: performance systematically improves with increases in model parameters count, data volume, and data quality. Our contributions are summarized as follows: New Modality and Architecture. We introduce a novel approach that treats trajectories as a distinct data modality. And we propose DecisionLLM, a multimodal architecture designed to predict future actions based on textual task descriptions and historical trajectories. Scaling Laws. Our validation of these scaling laws reveals a crucial insight: model and data scaling are not independent factors but are synergistically linked. Data Quality. We also underscores the critical role of data quality in the performance of DecisionLLM. Model capabilities can be enhanced by filtering low-quality samples. Experimental Performance. The efficacy of our approach is validated through experiments on maze2d-umaze-v1 and AuctionNet benchmark. DecisionLLM-3B significantly outperforms the Decision Transformer, achieving performance gains of 69.4 points and 0.058 score respectively. (a) t-SNE of LLM (prompt) (b) t-SNE of DecisionLLM (c) heatmap of LLM (prompt) (d) heatmap of DecisionLLM (e) Mean cosine similarity comparison Figure 3 : Embedding analysis graph based on prompt-based trajectory and trajectory-modal (DecisionLLM) input. 1 Introduction Addressing the challenge of long-sequence decision-making, where an agent must make coherent decisions over protracted time steps to achieve a long-term objective, is a cornerstone of traditional reinforcement learning. Historically, reinforcement learning (RL) has long been the dominant approach to long-sequence decision-making (Watkins and Dayan, 1992 ; Wang et al. , 2016 ; Schulman et al. , 2017 ; Lillicrap et al. , 2015 ) . A critical context for addressing these problems is the offline setting, formally known as Offline Reinforcement Learning. (Kostrikov et al. , 2021 ; Kumar et al. , 2020 ; Nair et al. , 2020 ) . In this major domain, an agent learns entirely from a static, precollected dataset. Recently, this field has been invigorated by generative approaches, particularly those based on Diffusion (Rombach et al. , 2022 ; Chi et al. , 2023 ; Wang et al. , 2022 ) and Transformer (Vaswani et al. , 2017 ; Chen et al. , 2021 ) architectures. These methods reframe decision-making as a sequence generation task, predicting future actions based on past sequences. However, we contend that the upper limits of their performance are far from being realized (Tarasov et al. , 2023 ) . Meanwhile, Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as exceptionally potent sequence models, achieving significant success in complex domains such as autonomous driving (Li et al. , 2025 ; Cui et al. , 2023 ) and robotics (Kim et al. , 2024 ; Intelligence et al. , ) . LLMs demonstrate a significant capacity form zero-shot generalization, which allows its decision-making capability extends beyond mere imitation learning. Therefore, whether LLMs integration can unlock new levels of performance in long-sequence decision-making is a critical and open question right now. Although LLMs have demonstrated great potential compared with traditional approaches, applying it to sequential decision-making still requires overcoming many challenges. In decision-making tasks, continuous data is used, which has a modality gap with the LLMs’ text-centric nature. Serializing the continuous trajectory data into a raw text prompt is the simplest approach, but this strategy is inherently flawed in practice. The reason is that LLMs are not natively sensitive to the quantitative meaning of numbers (Dziri et al. , 2023 ) ; as shown in Figure 1 , LLMs process “3.0” and “15.0” as specific tokens rather than as values with distinct magnitudes. For example, in prevalent environments like Maze2D (Fu et al. , 2020 ) , where trajectory data are continuous variables, like states and actions. This limitation becomes critical; LLMs struggle to capture how a current action shapes future numerical trajectories accurately, which means relying solely on a text-only representation is neither sufficient nor accurate. Given this, a central challenge for harnessing LLMs in long-sequence decision-making is to achieve effective alignment between input and output trajectories in a way that preserves the quantitative meaning of numbers. Drawing inspiration from the paradigm of large multimodal models (Liu et al. , 2024 ; Xie et al. , 2024 ) , we introduce a trajectory-text alignment mechanism that treats trajectories as a distinct data modality to bridge the gap between text and continuous sequence data. In this work, we present DecisionLLM, a multimodal framework that, to our knowledge, is the first to jointly process text and trajectories for long sequence decision making by treating trajectories as a distinct modality. DecisionLLM uniquely fuses textual instructions with encoded trajectory features to autoregressively generate decisions. Our architecture employs two critical components to interface between the trajectory modality and the text modality. Firstly, We employ a trajectory encoder which processes the input sequence of states, actions, and returns-to-go into a compact embedding used for alignment; then, we concatenate it with the text’s embedding; finally, a linear projection head is tasked with mapping the LLM’s final contextualized embedding back into the continuous action space to generate the ultimate action prediction. Given that the standard pre-training of LLMs does not encompass an understanding of trajectory data, we finetune our model using an autoregressive objective to predict the action on the current timestep, conditioned on the historical trajectory. The ground-truth actions from the offline trajectories serve as the training labels for this task. In practice we have observed that clarifying data quality standards can enhance practical outcomes, including filtering out low-quality trajectories and reducing the weight of low-reward steps. Furthermore, in the bidding scenario, DecisionLLM broadens the paradigm of traditional AI-Generated Bidding (AIGB) (Guo et al. , 2024 ) , our experiments on the AuctionNet (Su et al. , 2024 ) benchmark confirm the effectiveness of this extended approach. Meanwhile, our empirical results reveal clear scaling laws governing this paradigm: performance systematically improves with increases in model parameters count, data volume, and data quality. Our contributions are summarized as follows: New Modality and Architecture. We introduce a novel approach that treats trajectories as a distinct data modality. And we propose DecisionLLM, a multimodal architecture designed to predict future actions based on textual task descriptions and historical trajectories. Scaling Laws. Our validation of these scaling laws reveals a crucial insight: model and data scaling are not independent factors but are synergistically linked. Data Quality. We also underscores the critical role of data quality in the performance of DecisionLLM. Model capabilities can be enhanced by filtering low-quality samples. Experimental Performance. The efficacy of our approach is validated through experiments on maze2d-umaze-v1 and AuctionNet benchmark. DecisionLLM-3B significantly outperforms the Decision Transformer, achieving performance gains of 69.4 points and 0.058 score respectively. 2 Analysis To investigate the representational differences between treating trajectories as text prompts versus a distinct modality, we randomly sampled 100 trajectories and extracted their input layer embeddings using both the prompt-based LLM and the trajectory-modal Decision LLM. We applied t-SNE to project these high-dimensional embeddings into a two-dimensional space for visualization, as shown in Figures 3(a) and 3(b) . Furthermore, we computed the pairwise cosine similarities to generate similarity heatmaps (Figures 3(c) and 3(d) ). Finally, to quantify the representational evolution, we calculated and plotted the average cosine similarity across all model layers, as illustrated in Figure 3(e) . The experimental results yield the following insights: 1.Representation collapse in prompt-based encoding. Trajectories processed as text prompts struggle to achieve separability. The t t -SNE visualization reveals that embeddings from the prompt-based LLM are unstructured and difficult to classify, exhibiting a lack of distinct clustering. The corresponding heatmaps show uniformly high cosine similarity across pairwise trajectories. This phenomenon indicates that the model’s attention is dominated by the static textual templates of the prompt rather than the dynamic numerical variances, resulting in a failure to capture the fine-grained physical characteristics of the trajectories. 2.Effective modal representation by DecisionLLM. In contrast, DecisionLLM successfully treats trajectories as a distinct modality. The t t -SNE visualization demonstrates clear separation between clusters, highlighting the model’s ability to effectively capture and disentangle trajectory features. Furthermore, the heatmap reveals distinct pairwise differences, confirming that the model preserves data diversity and discriminative physical features. This validates the practical significance of encoding trajectories as a dedicated modality rather than raw text. 3. Hierarchical abstraction from physical signals to semantic intents. While the prompt-based LLM maintains a constantly high mean cosine similarity, DecisionLLM exhibits a clear evolutionary trend: similarity is low in the initial layers but converges to near 1.0 in the final layers. This signifies a healthy abstraction process where low-level physical signals are highly discriminative at the input stage, and are gradually transformed into unified high-level semantic intents for final decision-making. 2 Analysis To investigate the representational differences between treating trajectories as text prompts versus a distinct modality, we randomly sampled 100 trajectories and extracted their input layer embeddings using both the prompt-based LLM and the trajectory-modal Decision LLM. We applied t-SNE to project these high-dimensional embeddings into a two-dimensional space for visualization, as shown in Figures 3(a) and 3(b) . Furthermore, we computed the pairwise cosine similarities to generate similarity heatmaps (Figures 3(c) and 3(d) ). Finally, to quantify the representational evolution, we calculated and plotted the average cosine similarity across all model layers, as illustrated in Figure 3(e) . The experimental results yield the following insights: 1.Representation collapse in prompt-based encoding. Trajectories processed as text prompts struggle to achieve separability. The t t -SNE visualization reveals that embeddings from the prompt-based LLM are unstructured and difficult to classify, exhibiting a lack of distinct clustering. The corresponding heatmaps show uniformly high cosine similarity across pairwise trajectories. This phenomenon indicates that the model’s attention is dominated by the static textual templates of the prompt rather than the dynamic numerical variances, resulting in a failure to capture the fine-grained physical characteristics of the trajectories. 2.Effective modal representation by DecisionLLM. In contrast, DecisionLLM successfully treats trajectories as a distinct modality. The t t -SNE visualization demonstrates clear separation between clusters, highlighting the model’s ability to effectively capture and disentangle trajectory features. Furthermore, the heatmap reveals distinct pairwise differences, confirming that the model preserves data diversity and discriminative physical features. This validates the practical significance of encoding trajectories as a dedicated modality rather than raw text. 3. Hierarchical abstraction from physical signals to semantic intents. While the prompt-based LLM maintains a constantly high mean cosine similarity, DecisionLLM exhibits a clear evolutionary trend: similarity is low in the initial layers but converges to near 1.0 in the final layers. This signifies a healthy abstraction process where low-level physical signals are highly discriminative at the input stage, and are gradually transformed into unified high-level semantic intents for final decision-making. 3 Methodology 3.1 Overview Our work introduces a paradigm shift for direct decision-making with LLMs. We tackle the model’s numerical insensitivity by treating trajectories as a first-class, non-textual modality. By co-training on aligned trajectory and task description within an autoregressive framework, we empower the LLM to ground its reasoning in offline long sequential data and generate effective actions. The power of this paradigm is twofold: first, it harnesses the vast, generalizable knowledge embedded in large-scale pre-trained models; second, it leverages explicit task descriptions via the text modality to contextualize the decision-making process. We instantiate this paradigm in our proposed architecture, DecisionLLM (Figure 2 ). By framing decision-making as a LLM task, we directly inherit its well-established scaling properties. Our subsequent analysis is therefore dedicated to empirically verifying these scaling laws with respect to data volume, parameter count, and the crucial role of data quality, achieved through targeted filtering. In subsequent subsections, we will detail the model design, training, and inference processes, as well as the corresponding data augmentation methods. 3.2 Trajectory Modal Embedding Figure 4 : The specific architecture of the trajectory encoder. In Offline Reinforcement Learning, long-sequence decision making can be formulated as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), specified by ( 𝒮 , 𝒜 , P , ℛ ) (\mathcal{S},\mathcal{A},P,\mathcal{R}) . The MDP tuple consists of states s ∈ 𝒮 s\in\mathcal{S} , actions a ∈ 𝒜 a\in\mathcal{A} , transition dynamics P ( s ′ ∣ s , a ) P(s^{\prime}\mid s,a) , and a reward function r = ℛ ( s , a ) r=\mathcal{R}(s,a) . We use s t s_{t} , a t a_{t} , and r t = ℛ ( s t , a t ) r_{t}=\mathcal{R}(s_{t},a_{t}) to denote the state, action and reward at timestep t t , respectively. A trajectory τ = ( s t , a t , r t ) t = 0 T \tau=(s_{t},a_{t},r_{t})_{t=0}^{T} is a sequence of states, actions, and rewards. The goal is to learn a policy π ( a | s ) \pi(a|s) that maximizes the expected return, where the return-to-gos (Rtgs or Returns) is defined as R t ^ = ∑ t ′ = t T r t ′ \hat{R_{t}}=\sum_{t^{\prime}=t}^{T}r_{t^{\prime}} . In the offline setting, learning is constrained to a static dataset of trajectories, precluding further environmental interaction and making the learning problem susceptible to distributional shift. Following the architectural paradigm of the Decision Transformer (DT) (Chen et al. , 2021 ) , we first encode the three core components of a trajectory: Rtgs, states and actions, using distinct embedding layers. These modality-specific embeddings are then interleaved according to their timestep to form a single, unified sequence, the sequence will be served as the input to the transformer model. In the result, each trajectory is mapped into a sequence of interleaved triplets, forming the input sequence: τ = ( R 1 ^ , s 1 , a 1 , R 2 ^ , s 2 , a 2 , … , R T ^ , s T , a T ) \tau=(\hat{R_{1}},s_{1},a_{1},\hat{R_{2}},s_{2},a_{2},\dots,\hat{R_{T}},s_{T},a_{T}) (1) Following this, we transform the raw returns, states, and actions into dense vector embeddings. Specifically, each component (Rtgs, State, Action) is independently projected into a high dimensional space using a dedicated linear layer. These individual component embeddings are then concatenated to form the trajectory’s input embedding. To incorporate temporal information, we add a positional encoding to each timestep in the sequence. The final trajectory embedding τ e \tau_{e} is constructed by interleaving the feature vectors of returns, states, and actions across time steps, thereby preserving the original sequential characteristic information. This directly circumvents the well-known issue of LLMs’ poor numerical sensitivity. Consequently, we propose treating the entire trajectory as a distinct, non-textual modality, processing it using an architecture analogous to that of Multimodal Large Language Models. 3.3 DecisionLLM Model Structure As illustrated in Figure 2 , our model architecture is designed to process textual task descriptions and raw trajectory sequences. The text input is first tokenized and then converted into vector embeddings using the LLM’s native embedding layer. Concurrently, the trajectory sequence is processed by the trajectory encoder, as detailed in Section 3.2, to produce a comprehensive embedding. To fuse these two modalities, we introduce a novel prompting strategy using special placeholder tokens, <|traj_begin|> and <|traj_end|> . These tokens are inserted into the textual prompt to designate a slot for the trajectory information. During processing, the computed trajectory embedding effectively substitutes the embeddings of these placeholders, thereby injecting the entire trajectory context into the LLM’s input sequence. For the output stage, the model employs an autoregressive decoding process to predict subsequent actions. Then, we add an additional action head and use a linear head to map the output logits to the action space. Finally, an action mapping layer is applied to the transformer’s output logits to generate the predicted action, A ^ \hat{A} . The training loss L L is a Mean Square Error (MSE) function of the predicted action A ^ \hat{A} and the actual action A A . A key architectural innovation of DecisionLLM is its handling of trajectory data as a non-textual modality. This approach directly circumvents the LLM’s fundamental limitation in processing numerical data encoded as text. As a result, the model builds a native and effective representation of trajectory sequences, enabling a robust mapping from input history to output actions. 3.4 DecisionLLM Training and Inference 3.4.1 DecisionLLM Training Given that the training process employs an autoregressive approach, the training data is derived exclusively from the trajectory itself, which is based on offline sampled trajectory dataset. Specifically, the complete trajectory serves as the input to the model, while its shifted version is used as the training labels. The task description is derived from the environment’s basic information and includes the task objectives, state space, action space, design of the reward function, and other relevant details. Since the LLM inherently lacks understanding of trajectory modalities, it is necessary to train both its input and output components to correctly interpret such data and generate accurate action predictions. Accordingly, we optimize full parameters of DecisionLLM, including the linear layers in both the input and output modules, as well as all parameters within the LLM itself. In addition, since the actual sampled trajectories in some scenarios can be excessively long, a sliding window approach is employed during training. This restricts the model input to trajectories from the most recent t t time steps, thereby avoiding issues associated with processing very long sequences. We will introduce more parameter settings and details about training in Section 4. 3.4.2 DecisionLLM Inference Once trained, the model generates actions autoregressively based on its history. Initially, we provide the model with a target return R 1 ^ \hat{R_{1}} and the initial state s 1 s_{1} , conditioning it to predict the first action, a 1 a_{1} . This action is then executed in the environment, yielding the next state s 2 s_{2} and a reward r 1 r_{1} . The target Rtgs is subsequently updated (e.g., R 2 = R 1 − r 1 R_{2}=R_{1}-r_{1} ). This cycle is repeated: the newly formed sequence, incorporating the updated return R 2 R_{2} and state s 2 s_{2} , is used to predict the next action, a 2 a_{2} . This interactive loop continues until the episode terminates or a predefined maximum length is reached. 3.5 Data Quality Improvement The training paradigm of DecisionLLM is fundamentally a form of imitation learning. Its objective is to distill effective policies from an offline dataset of historical trajectories. The model learns to associate high-return sequences with specific actions, thereby enabling it to generalize these successful behaviors to similar, unseen scenarios. Consequently, the performance of this imitation-based approach is critically sensitive to the quality and composition of the training data. Given the substantial computational cost of training LLM and the sensitivity of our approach to data quality, a rigorous data filtering strategy is essential. We employ a return-based threshold to exclude low-quality trajectories, optimizing both data quality and training efficiency. Conversely, for suboptimal steps within valid trajectories, rigid filtering risks hindering exploration. To address this, we adopt a reweighting strategy that attenuates the influence of low-quality exploration without sacrificing the breadth of the state space coverage. 3 Methodology 3.1 Overview Our work introduces a paradigm shift for direct decision-making with LLMs. We tackle the model’s numerical insensitivity by treating trajectories as a first-class, non-textual modality. By co-training on aligned trajectory and task description within an autoregressive framework, we empower the LLM to ground its reasoning in offline long sequential data and generate effective actions. The power of this paradigm is twofold: first, it harnesses the vast, generalizable knowledge embedded in large-scale pre-trained models; second, it leverages explicit task descriptions via the text modality to contextualize the decision-making process. We instantiate this paradigm in our proposed architecture, DecisionLLM (Figure 2 ). By framing decision-making as a LLM task, we directly inherit its well-established scaling properties. Our subsequent analysis is therefore dedicated to empirically verifying these scaling laws with respect to data volume, parameter count, and the crucial role of data quality, achieved through targeted filtering. In subsequent subsections, we will detail the model design, training, and inference processes, as well as the corresponding data augmentation methods. 3.1 Overview Our work introduces a paradigm shift for direct decision-making with LLMs. We tackle the model’s numerical insensitivity by treating trajectories as a first-class, non-textual modality. By co-training on aligned trajectory and task description within an autoregressive framework, we empower the LLM to ground its reasoning in offline long sequential data and generate effective actions. The power of this paradigm is twofold: first, it harnesses the vast, generalizable knowledge embedded in large-scale pre-trained models; second, it leverages explicit task descriptions via the text modality to contextualize the decision-making process. We instantiate this paradigm in our proposed architecture, DecisionLLM (Figure 2 ). By framing decision-making as a LLM task, we directly inherit its well-established scaling properties. Our subsequent analysis is therefore dedicated to empirically verifying these scaling laws with respect to data volume, parameter count, and the crucial role of data quality, achieved through targeted filtering. In subsequent subsections, we will detail the model design, training, and inference processes, as well as the corresponding data augmentation methods. 3.2 Trajectory Modal Embedding Figure 4 : The specific architecture of the trajectory encoder. In Offline Reinforcement Learning, long-sequence decision making can be formulated as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), specified by ( 𝒮 , 𝒜 , P , ℛ ) (\mathcal{S},\mathcal{A},P,\mathcal{R}) . The MDP tuple consists of states s ∈ 𝒮 s\in\mathcal{S} , actions a ∈ 𝒜 a\in\mathcal{A} , transition dynamics P ( s ′ ∣ s , a ) P(s^{\prime}\mid s,a) , and a reward function r = ℛ ( s , a ) r=\mathcal{R}(s,a) . We use s t s_{t} , a t a_{t} , and r t = ℛ ( s t , a t ) r_{t}=\mathcal{R}(s_{t},a_{t}) to denote the state, action and reward at timestep t t , respectively. A trajectory τ = ( s t , a t , r t ) t = 0 T \tau=(s_{t},a_{t},r_{t})_{t=0}^{T} is a sequence of states, actions, and rewards. The goal is to learn a policy π ( a | s ) \pi(a|s) that maximizes the expected return, where the return-to-gos (Rtgs or Returns) is defined as R t ^ = ∑ t ′ = t T r t ′ \hat{R_{t}}=\sum_{t^{\prime}=t}^{T}r_{t^{\prime}} . In the offline setting, learning is constrained to a static dataset of trajectories, precluding further environmental interaction and making the learning problem susceptible to distributional shift. Following the architectural paradigm of the Decision Transformer (DT) (Chen et al. , 2021 ) , we first encode the three core components of a trajectory: Rtgs, states and actions, using distinct embedding layers. These modality-specific embeddings are then interleaved according to their timestep to form a single, unified sequence, the sequence will be served as the input to the transformer model. In the result, each trajectory is mapped into a sequence of interleaved triplets, forming the input sequence: τ = ( R 1 ^ , s 1 , a 1 , R 2 ^ , s 2 , a 2 , … , R T ^ , s T , a T ) \tau=(\hat{R_{1}},s_{1},a_{1},\hat{R_{2}},s_{2},a_{2},\dots,\hat{R_{T}},s_{T},a_{T}) (1) Following this, we transform the raw returns, states, and actions into dense vector embeddings. Specifically, each component (Rtgs, State, Action) is independently projected into a high dimensional space using a dedicated linear layer. These individual component embeddings are then concatenated to form the trajectory’s input embedding. To incorporate temporal information, we add a positional encoding to each timestep in the sequence. The final trajectory embedding τ e \tau_{e} is constructed by interleaving the feature vectors of returns, states, and actions across time steps, thereby preserving the original sequential characteristic information. This directly circumvents the well-known issue of LLMs’ poor numerical sensitivity. Consequently, we propose treating the entire trajectory as a distinct, non-textual modality, processing it using an architecture analogous to that of Multimodal Large Language Models. 3.2 Trajectory Modal Embedding In Offline Reinforcement Learning, long-sequence decision making can be formulated as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), specified by ( 𝒮 , 𝒜 , P , ℛ ) (\mathcal{S},\mathcal{A},P,\mathcal{R}) . The MDP tuple consists of states s ∈ 𝒮 s\in\mathcal{S} , actions a ∈ 𝒜 a\in\mathcal{A} , transition dynamics P ( s ′ ∣ s , a ) P(s^{\prime}\mid s,a) , and a reward function r = ℛ ( s , a ) r=\mathcal{R}(s,a) . We use s t s_{t} , a t a_{t} , and r t = ℛ ( s t , a t ) r_{t}=\mathcal{R}(s_{t},a_{t}) to denote the state, action and reward at timestep t t , respectively. A trajectory τ = ( s t , a t , r t ) t = 0 T \tau=(s_{t},a_{t},r_{t})_{t=0}^{T} is a sequence of states, actions, and rewards. The goal is to learn a policy π ( a | s ) \pi(a|s) that maximizes the expected return, where the return-to-gos (Rtgs or Returns) is defined as R t ^ = ∑ t ′ = t T r t ′ \hat{R_{t}}=\sum_{t^{\prime}=t}^{T}r_{t^{\prime}} . In the offline setting, learning is constrained to a static dataset of trajectories, precluding further environmental interaction and making the learning problem susceptible to distributional shift. Following the architectural paradigm of the Decision Transformer (DT) (Chen et al. , 2021 ) , we first encode the three core components of a trajectory: Rtgs, states and actions, using distinct embedding layers. These modality-specific embeddings are then interleaved according to their timestep to form a single, unified sequence, the sequence will be served as the input to the transformer model. In the result, each trajectory is mapped into a sequence of interleaved triplets, forming the input sequence: τ = ( R 1 ^ , s 1 , a 1 , R 2 ^ , s 2 , a 2 , … , R T ^ , s T , a T ) \tau=(\hat{R_{1}},s_{1},a_{1},\hat{R_{2}},s_{2},a_{2},\dots,\hat{R_{T}},s_{T},a_{T}) (1) Following this, we transform the raw returns, states, and actions into dense vector embeddings. Specifically, each component (Rtgs, State, Action) is independently projected into a high dimensional space using a dedicated linear layer. These individual component embeddings are then concatenated to form the trajectory’s input embedding. To incorporate temporal information, we add a positional encoding to each timestep in the sequence. The final trajectory embedding τ e \tau_{e} is constructed by interleaving the feature vectors of returns, states, and actions across time steps, thereby preserving the original sequential characteristic information. This directly circumvents the well-known issue of LLMs’ poor numerical sensitivity. Consequently, we propose treating the entire trajectory as a distinct, non-textual modality, processing it using an architecture analogous to that of Multimodal Large Language Models. 3.3 DecisionLLM Model Structure As illustrated in Figure 2 , our model architecture is designed to process textual task descriptions and raw trajectory sequences. The text input is first tokenized and then converted into vector embeddings using the LLM’s native embedding layer. Concurrently, the trajectory sequence is processed by the trajectory encoder, as detailed in Section 3.2, to produce a comprehensive embedding. To fuse these two modalities, we introduce a novel prompting strategy using special placeholder tokens, <|traj_begin|> and <|traj_end|> . These tokens are inserted into the textual prompt to designate a slot for the trajectory information. During processing, the computed trajectory embedding effectively substitutes the embeddings of these placeholders, thereby injecting the entire trajectory context into the LLM’s input sequence. For the output stage, the model employs an autoregressive decoding process to predict subsequent actions. Then, we add an additional action head and use a linear head to map the output logits to the action space. Finally, an action mapping layer is applied to the transformer’s output logits to generate the predicted action, A ^ \hat{A} . The training loss L L is a Mean Square Error (MSE) function of the predicted action A ^ \hat{A} and the actual action A A . A key architectural innovation of DecisionLLM is its handling of trajectory data as a non-textual modality. This approach directly circumvents the LLM’s fundamental limitation in processing numerical data encoded as text. As a result, the model builds a native and effective representation of trajectory sequences, enabling a robust mapping from input history to output actions. 3.3 DecisionLLM Model Structure As illustrated in Figure 2 , our model architecture is designed to process textual task descriptions and raw trajectory sequences. The text input is first tokenized and then converted into vector embeddings using the LLM’s native embedding layer. Concurrently, the trajectory sequence is processed by the trajectory encoder, as detailed in Section 3.2, to produce a comprehensive embedding. To fuse these two modalities, we introduce a novel prompting strategy using special placeholder tokens, <|traj_begin|> and <|traj_end|> . These tokens are inserted into the textual prompt to designate a slot for the trajectory information. During processing, the computed trajectory embedding effectively substitutes the embeddings of these placeholders, thereby injecting the entire trajectory context into the LLM’s input sequence. For the output stage, the model employs an autoregressive decoding process to predict subsequent actions. Then, we add an additional action head and use a linear head to map the output logits to the action space. Finally, an action mapping layer is applied to the transformer’s output logits to generate the predicted action, A ^ \hat{A} . The training loss L L is a Mean Square Error (MSE) function of the predicted action A ^ \hat{A} and the actual action A A . A key architectural innovation of DecisionLLM is its handling of trajectory data as a non-textual modality. This approach directly circumvents the LLM’s fundamental limitation in processing numerical data encoded as text. As a result, the model builds a native and effective representation of trajectory sequences, enabling a robust mapping from input history to output actions. 3.4 DecisionLLM Training and Inference 3.4.1 DecisionLLM Training Given that the training process employs an autoregressive approach, the training data is derived exclusively from the trajectory itself, which is based on offline sampled trajectory dataset. Specifically, the complete trajectory serves as the input to the model, while its shifted version is used as the training labels. The task description is derived from the environment’s basic information and includes the task objectives, state space, action space, design of the reward function, and other relevant details. Since the LLM inherently lacks understanding of trajectory modalities, it is necessary to train both its input and output components to correctly interpret such data and generate accurate action predictions. Accordingly, we optimize full parameters of DecisionLLM, including the linear layers in both the input and output modules, as well as all parameters within the LLM itself. In addition, since the actual sampled trajectories in some scenarios can be excessively long, a sliding window approach is employed during training. This restricts the model input to trajectories from the most recent t t time steps, thereby avoiding issues associated with processing very long sequences. We will introduce more parameter settings and details about training in Section 4. 3.4.2 DecisionLLM Inference Once trained, the model generates actions autoregressively based on its history. Initially, we provide the model with a target return R 1 ^ \hat{R_{1}} and the initial state s 1 s_{1} , conditioning it to predict the first action, a 1 a_{1} . This action is then executed in the environment, yielding the next state s 2 s_{2} and a reward r 1 r_{1} . The target Rtgs is subsequently updated (e.g., R 2 = R 1 − r 1 R_{2}=R_{1}-r_{1} ). This cycle is repeated: the newly formed sequence, incorporating the updated return R 2 R_{2} and state s 2 s_{2} , is used to predict the next action, a 2 a_{2} . This interactive loop continues until the episode terminates or a predefined maximum length is reached. 3.4 DecisionLLM Training and Inference 3.4.1 DecisionLLM Training Given that the training process employs an autoregressive approach, the training data is derived exclusively from the trajectory itself, which is based on offline sampled trajectory dataset. Specifically, the complete trajectory serves as the input to the model, while its shifted version is used as the training labels. The task description is derived from the environment’s basic information and includes the task objectives, state space, action space, design of the reward function, and other relevant details. Since the LLM inherently lacks understanding of trajectory modalities, it is necessary to train both its input and output components to correctly interpret such data and generate accurate action predictions. Accordingly, we optimize full parameters of DecisionLLM, including the linear layers in both the input and output modules, as well as all parameters within the LLM itself. In addition, since the actual sampled trajectories in some scenarios can be excessively long, a sliding window approach is employed during training. This restricts the model input to trajectories from the most recent t t time steps, thereby avoiding issues associated with processing very long sequences. We will introduce more parameter settings and details about training in Section 4. 3.4.1 DecisionLLM Training Given that the training process employs an autoregressive approach, the training data is derived exclusively from the trajectory itself, which is based on offline sampled trajectory dataset. Specifically, the complete trajectory serves as the input to the model, while its shifted version is used as the training labels. The task description is derived from the environment’s basic information and includes the task objectives, state space, action space, design of the reward function, and other relevant details. Since the LLM inherently lacks understanding of trajectory modalities, it is necessary to train both its input and output components to correctly interpret such data and generate accurate action predictions. Accordingly, we optimize full parameters of DecisionLLM, including the linear layers in both the input and output modules, as well as all parameters within the LLM itself. In addition, since the actual sampled trajectories in some scenarios can be excessively long, a sliding window approach is employed during training. This restricts the model input to trajectories from the most recent t t time steps, thereby avoiding issues associated with processing very long sequences. We will introduce more parameter settings and details about training in Section 4. 3.4.2 DecisionLLM Inference Once trained, the model generates actions autoregressively based on its history. Initially, we provide the model with a target return R 1 ^ \hat{R_{1}} and the initial state s 1 s_{1} , conditioning it to predict the first action, a 1 a_{1} . This action is then executed in the environment, yielding the next state s 2 s_{2} and a reward r 1 r_{1} . The target Rtgs is subsequently updated (e.g., R 2 = R 1 − r 1 R_{2}=R_{1}-r_{1} ). This cycle is repeated: the newly formed sequence, incorporating the updated return R 2 R_{2} and state s 2 s_{2} , is used to predict the next action, a 2 a_{2} . This interactive loop continues until the episode terminates or a predefined maximum length is reached. 3.4.2 DecisionLLM Inference Once trained, the model generates actions autoregressively based on its history. Initially, we provide the model with a target return R 1 ^ \hat{R_{1}} and the initial state s 1 s_{1} , conditioning it to predict the first action, a 1 a_{1} . This action is then executed in the environment, yielding the next state s 2 s_{2} and a reward r 1 r_{1} . The target Rtgs is subsequently updated (e.g., R 2 = R 1 − r 1 R_{2}=R_{1}-r_{1} ). This cycle is repeated: the newly formed sequence, incorporating the updated return R 2 R_{2} and state s 2 s_{2} , is used to predict the next action, a 2 a_{2} . This interactive loop continues until the episode terminates or a predefined maximum length is reached. 3.5 Data Quality Improvement The training paradigm of DecisionLLM is fundamentally a form of imitation learning. Its objective is to distill effective policies from an offline dataset of historical trajectories. The model learns to associate high-return sequences with specific actions, thereby enabling it to generalize these successful behaviors to similar, unseen scenarios. Consequently, the performance of this imitation-based approach is critically sensitive to the quality and composition of the training data. Given the substantial computational cost of training LLM and the sensitivity of our approach to data quality, a rigorous data filtering strategy is essential. We employ a return-based threshold to exclude low-quality trajectories, optimizing both data quality and training efficiency. Conversely, for suboptimal steps within valid trajectories, rigid filtering risks hindering exploration. To address this, we adopt a reweighting strategy that attenuates the influence of low-quality exploration without sacrificing the breadth of the state space coverage. 3.5 Data Quality Improvement The training paradigm of DecisionLLM is fundamentally a form of imitation learning. Its objective is to distill effective policies from an offline dataset of historical trajectories. The model learns to associate high-return sequences with specific actions, thereby enabling it to generalize these successful behaviors to similar, unseen scenarios. Consequently, the performance of this imitation-based approach is critically sensitive to the quality and composition of the training data. Given the substantial computational cost of training LLM and the sensitivity of our approach to data quality, a rigorous data filtering strategy is essential. We employ a return-based threshold to exclude low-quality trajectories, optimizing both data quality and training efficiency. Conversely, for suboptimal steps within valid trajectories, rigid filtering risks hindering exploration. To address this, we adopt a reweighting strategy that attenuates the influence of low-quality exploration without sacrificing the breadth of the state space coverage. 4 Evaluation In this section, we conduct a evaluation of DecisionLLM and address the following research questions (RQs): RQ1.Performance : How effectively does DecisionLLM perform in the target tasks? RQ2.Scaling Laws : How do the scaling laws of DecisionLLM behave with respect to model parameter count and dataset size? RQ3.Data Quality : To what extent does the quality of training data influence the performance of DecisionLLM? RQ4.Impact of Pretrained Parameters : What effect does initializing with pretrained parameters have on the model’s downstream performance? 4.1 Experimental Setup 4.1.1 Evaluation Tasks. To comprehensively evaluate the model’s performance, we employed the D4RL (Fu et al. , 2020 ) open-source offline reinforcement learning benchmark, focusing on tasks with long sequence decisions, such as Maze2D. We strictly followed the benchmarking methodology established in CORL (Tarasov et al. , 2023 ) to ensure consistent and fair comparisons. In cases where experiments involved dataset expansion or data quality filtering, this is explicitly indicated in the respective sections. The primary benchmark datasets used in our evaluation include: Maze2D. A navigation environment in which the objective is to guide a ball to a target location as efficiently as possible. In maze tasks, rewards are only given when ball reach near the end point, and the intermediate steps have an impact on the final result, which is highly consistent with long-sequence decision-making tasks. The sparse reward structure makes this task particularly challenging. We mainly selected maze2d-umaze-v1 for the experiment. AuctionNet. In addition, to verify the effectiveness of the paradigm in more scenarios, we selected a benchmark AuctionNet (Su et al. , 2024 ) for an automatic bidding scenario, which simulates the completeness and complexity of real advertising auctions, including the ad opportunity generation module, the bidding module, and the complex module. Therefore, the state and action space is more complex. 4.1.2 Evaluation Metrics. For maze2D task, two key metrics are employed to evaluate the experimental results: reward and normalized score provided by D4RL. To ensure statistical reliability, all results are averaged over 100 independent evaluation runs. For AuctionNet, we evaluated the results using the final scores from the online assessments. We used 48 players and 7 episodes to ensure consistency of the results. 4.1.3 Training Details. Our models are all trained based on the pretrained parameters of the Qwen2.5-Instruct model at different scales. The batch size of training is set to 64, the learning rate is 1e-5, and the window size is set to 20. All experiments were conducted on a server equipped with 8 NVIDIA A100 (40G) GPUs. Our implementation leverages the llama-factory (Zheng et al. , 2024 ) training framework, with distributed training accelerated by DeepSpeed-ZeRO stage 2. Models were trained for a total of 5 epochs, using a cosine annealing learning rate schedule. During training, we performed evaluations every 200 steps. For each experimental run, we report the peak performance achieved across all evaluation checkpoints. More details can be found in Appendix F . Table 1 : Comparison experiments on Maze2D-umaze-v1. Model Return Score BC 46.06 ± 25.05 46.06\pm 25.05 16.09 ± 0.87 16.09\pm 0.87 TD3+BC 160.94 ± 46.15 160.94\pm 46.15 99.33 ± 16.16 99.33\pm 16.16 CQL 150.89 ± 42.70 150.89\pm 42.70 92.05 ± 13.66 92.05\pm 13.66 IQL 94.12 ± 29.69 94.12\pm 29.69 50.92 ± 4.23 50.92\pm 4.23 DT 111.94 ± 47.79 111.94\pm 47.79 63.83 ± 17.35 63.83\pm 17.35 DT-extended 175.5 ± 65.27 175.5\pm 65.27 109.9 ± 47.29 109.9\pm 47.29 (LLM-based methods) LLM-prompt 13.17 ± 35.12 13.17\pm 35.12 − 7.74 ± 25.45 -7.74\pm 25.45 LLM-ht 45.58 ± 105.42 45.58\pm 105.42 15.75 ± 76.38 15.75\pm 76.38 LLM-hpt 45.82 ± 36.16 45.82\pm 36.16 15.92 ± 26.20 15.92\pm 26.20 DecisionLLM(0.5B) 204.45 ± 71.74 204.45\pm 71.74 130.86 ± 51.98 130.86\pm 51.98 DecisionLLM(1.5B) 224.19 ± \pm 48.74 145.16 ± \pm 35.32 DecisionLLM(3B) 220.18 ± 52.48 220.18\pm 52.48 142.26 ± 38.02 142.26\pm 38.02 Table 2 : Comparison experiments on AuctionNet. Model Score BC 0.385 0.385 TD3+BC 0.317 0.317 CQL 0.357 0.357 IQL 0.388 0.388 DT 0.313 0.313 DecisionLLM(3B) 0.398 4.1.4 Baselines. We compare against several baseline methods, primarily from offline reinforcement learning. These include pure RL-based offline algorithms such as IQL (Kostrikov et al. , 2021 ) and CQL (Kumar et al. , 2020 ) , as well as supervised learning-based approaches like Behavioral Cloning (BC), TD3+BC (Fujimoto and Gu, 2021 ) , Decision Transformer (DT) (Chen et al. , 2021 ) , and DT-extended (i.e., the version that utilizes the same expanded dataset as DecisionLLM). We also evaluated the LLM-prompt (i.e., prompting the model in textual form to predict actions based on the current state), the LLM-hp (i.e., directly concatenating the trajectory information into the prompt as textual numerical strings), and LLM-hpt (i.e., the model trained under the LLM-hp paradigm). These models were all evaluated or trained using Qwen2.5-3B-Instrcut. Our proposed model, DecisionLLM, was implemented and evaluated at 0.5B, 1.5B, and 3B parameters. 4.2 Performance Table 1 and Table 2 provide a comprehensive comparison of our model’s performance on the Maze2D-umaze-v1 and AuctionNet benchmark. For Maze2D-umaze-v1 task, these RL-based offline algorithms’ scores are form CORL (Tarasov et al. , 2023 ) . Compared to the DT, DecisionLLM achieves a best case performance improvement of 82 points; compared to other RL algorithms, DecisionLLM achieves a best case performance improvement of 45 points. Due to computational resource constraints, we focused our evaluation of DecisionLLM (3B) on the AuctionNet benchmark. Despite these limitations, the model demonstrated superior performance compared to other RL baselines. Notably, to rigorously assess the model’s capability on sparse data, we trained it directly on the limited benchmark dataset without applying any data augmentation. Notably, while model performance continues to improve from DT to DecisionLLM (0.5B) to DecisionLLM (1.5B), it exhibits little decrement at DecisionLLM (3B). We will provide further analysis and discussion in Section 4.3. A key finding relates to the model’s data efficiency. While we carefully selected a large, high-quality dataset to ensure robust training, our experiments show that DecisionLLM achieves state-of-the-art performance using only a small portion of the data. This improvement is achieved by sampling only a small portion of the windowed trajectories from a large sample of data. This demonstrates that the model is able to efficiently extract a strong learning signal from a relatively small number of high-quality demonstrations. More details can be found in Appendix A . 4.3 Property Analysis To further validate a series of properties of DecisionLLM, we conducted additional analytical experiments, including related scaling laws, data quality analysis, and corresponding pretraining parameters. Due to resource constraints, the following experiments were performed only in the Maze2D. 4.3.1 Scaling Laws (a) Returns 140 (b) Returns 280 Figure 5 : Maze2D experimental data scaling. This section analyzes the scaling laws of our model with respect to both data volume and parameter count. The results are presented in Figure 5 and Table 1 , respectively. In Table 1 , we report the optimal performance for each model across all data scales, accounting for variations in the data volume required for convergence. First, regarding data volume (Fig 5 ), we observe a clear trend. When sampling from a fixed source dataset of 10 million steps, increasing the final training dataset size from 130k to 400k samples leads to monotonic performance improvements. This empirically validates the scaling law for data volume. Second, concerning model scale (Table 1 ), we see that performance generally improves as the parameter count increases from the DT-extended (i.e., with a parameter size of 720k) baseline up to 3B parameters. Additionally, we observed that the performance of the 3B-parameter model is on par with that of the 1.5B-parameter model. Our analysis indicates that the imitation learning-based supervised fine-tuning (SFT) paradigm has a performance ceiling, which in this task is already approached by the 1.5B model. 4.3.2 Data Quality We evaluate the impact of data quality through two distinct sets of experiments. First, we quantify the performance gains attributable to our proposed data filtering methods. Second, we investigate the influence of the data collection policy by comparing models trained on data generated from a deterministic policy versus those trained on data from a stochastic, exploratory policy. The impact of data filtering. (a) Reward distribution across all trajectories. (b) Initial returns distribution in sampled datas. Figure 6 : Data distribution statistics. The raw Maze2D offline dataset exhibits a severe long-tail distribution, with a preponderance of low-reward trajectories (Figure 6(a) ). A naive shift-window approach (window size 20, yielding 800k samples) preserves this undesirable distribution, resulting in a training set dominated by low initial returns (Figure 6(b) ). Such data can hinder effective policy learning. Therefore, we introduce a data pruning pipeline prior to subsequence sampling. Our method first removed all trajectories with a cumulative reward below the ϵ \epsilon (set 0.5). From the remaining high-quality episodes, we then extract unique windowed subsequences of length 20. This curation process reduces the dataset from 800k raw samples to a focused set of 130k training examples, ensuring the model is primarily exposed to competent datas. (a) Returns 140 (b) Returns 280 Figure 7 : Maze2D experimental performance w/o sample filtering On the one hand, the result of our data filtering method is clearly demonstrated in Figure 7 . The filtered dataset enables the model to learn a more efficient policy, achieving target returns in significantly fewer steps. Furthermore, it substantially boosts the final performance, particularly for high target returns such as 140 and 280. These results underscore a crucial point: for imitation-based policy learning, data quality is a far more critical determinant of success than mere data quantity. (a) Returns 140 (b) Returns 280 Figure 8 : Maze2D experimental performance w/o sample filtering. We further explore the actual effect of step-level filtering. We evaluated three variants of loss optimization. loss-opt-v1 employs a hard filtering mechanism, masking out steps where rewards fall below a specific threshold. loss-opt-v2 adopts a softer approach, down-weighting these low-reward steps by a factor of 0.5 rather than discarding them. Finally, loss-opt-v3 extends the reweighting strategy of v2 by incorporating per-token normalization to balance the training objective. A comparison of their performance is presented in Figure 8 . As illustrated in the figure, both v1 and v3 yield substantial benefits. They not only improve the stability of the training process but also enable the model to converge to a higher peak performance compared to the baseline. In comparison, while v2 performs similarly to the baseline, only marginally outperforming it, v3 delivers the most substantial performance improvement. Impact of Exploration Diversity. (a) Reutrn 140 (b) Return 280 Figure 9 : Maze2D experimental performance with (without) noise in action policy. To investigate the diversity of the sampling strategy, we conducted a simple experiment comparing perturbations during sampling with those without perturbations. Specifically, we sampled 10 million steps of data using the same strategy, and then used this strategy to sample 260k data samples with a window of 20. The only difference was whether Gaussian perturbations were added to the actual actions. We trained those two different dataset on Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct.The experimental results are shown in Figure 9 . The stochasticity of the data collection policy has a dramatic impact on final performance. Models trained on the exploratory dataset (with noise) reached a peak return of 220, a stark contrast to the 150 ceiling achieved with the deterministic action policy. This provides compelling evidence that a rich, exploratory training set is a key ingredient for training high-performing offline models. 4.3.3 Impact of Pretrained Parameters (a) Returns 140 (b) Returns 280 Figure 10 : Maze2D experimental performance with(without) pretrain. In this section, we conduct an ablation study to isolate the effect of the LLM’s pretrained weights to final task performance. We compare two models under identical hyperparameter and data conditions, but one initialized with publicly available pretrained weights, and the other model trained with random initialization. As shown in Figure 10 , the model initialized with pretrained parameters achieves higher returns and more stable convergence. Our analysis suggests that even though LLM pretraining occurs exclusively on textual data, the foundational capabilities developed during this phase provide a strong inductive bias for decision making. Specifically, the model’s highly developed sequence modeling and pattern recognition abilities, honed on vast text corpora, appear to transfer effectively, providing a superior starting point for learning the structure of trajectory prediction. More analysis can be found in Appendix D . 4 Evaluation In this section, we conduct a evaluation of DecisionLLM and address the following research questions (RQs): RQ1.Performance : How effectively does DecisionLLM perform in the target tasks? RQ2.Scaling Laws : How do the scaling laws of DecisionLLM behave with respect to model parameter count and dataset size? RQ3.Data Quality : To what extent does the quality of training data influence the performance of DecisionLLM? RQ4.Impact of Pretrained Parameters : What effect does initializing with pretrained parameters have on the model’s downstream performance? 4.1 Experimental Setup 4.1.1 Evaluation Tasks. To comprehensively evaluate the model’s performance, we employed the D4RL (Fu et al. , 2020 ) open-source offline reinforcement learning benchmark, focusing on tasks with long sequence decisions, such as Maze2D. We strictly followed the benchmarking methodology established in CORL (Tarasov et al. , 2023 ) to ensure consistent and fair comparisons. In cases where experiments involved dataset expansion or data quality filtering, this is explicitly indicated in the respective sections. The primary benchmark datasets used in our evaluation include: Maze2D. A navigation environment in which the objective is to guide a ball to a target location as efficiently as possible. In maze tasks, rewards are only given when ball reach near the end point, and the intermediate steps have an impact on the final result, which is highly consistent with long-sequence decision-making tasks. The sparse reward structure makes this task particularly challenging. We mainly selected maze2d-umaze-v1 for the experiment. AuctionNet. In addition, to verify the effectiveness of the paradigm in more scenarios, we selected a benchmark AuctionNet (Su et al. , 2024 ) for an automatic bidding scenario, which simulates the completeness and complexity of real advertising auctions, including the ad opportunity generation module, the bidding module, and the complex module. Therefore, the state and action space is more complex. 4.1.2 Evaluation Metrics. For maze2D task, two key metrics are employed to evaluate the experimental results: reward and normalized score provided by D4RL. To ensure statistical reliability, all results are averaged over 100 independent evaluation runs. For AuctionNet, we evaluated the results using the final scores from the online assessments. We used 48 players and 7 episodes to ensure consistency of the results. 4.1.3 Training Details. Our models are all trained based on the pretrained parameters of the Qwen2.5-Instruct model at different scales. The batch size of training is set to 64, the learning rate is 1e-5, and the window size is set to 20. All experiments were conducted on a server equipped with 8 NVIDIA A100 (40G) GPUs. Our implementation leverages the llama-factory (Zheng et al. , 2024 ) training framework, with distributed training accelerated by DeepSpeed-ZeRO stage 2. Models were trained for a total of 5 epochs, using a cosine annealing learning rate schedule. During training, we performed evaluations every 200 steps. For each experimental run, we report the peak performance achieved across all evaluation checkpoints. More details can be found in Appendix F . Table 1 : Comparison experiments on Maze2D-umaze-v1. Model Return Score BC 46.06 ± 25.05 46.06\pm 25.05 16.09 ± 0.87 16.09\pm 0.87 TD3+BC 160.94 ± 46.15 160.94\pm 46.15 99.33 ± 16.16 99.33\pm 16.16 CQL 150.89 ± 42.70 150.89\pm 42.70 92.05 ± 13.66 92.05\pm 13.66 IQL 94.12 ± 29.69 94.12\pm 29.69 50.92 ± 4.23 50.92\pm 4.23 DT 111.94 ± 47.79 111.94\pm 47.79 63.83 ± 17.35 63.83\pm 17.35 DT-extended 175.5 ± 65.27 175.5\pm 65.27 109.9 ± 47.29 109.9\pm 47.29 (LLM-based methods) LLM-prompt 13.17 ± 35.12 13.17\pm 35.12 − 7.74 ± 25.45 -7.74\pm 25.45 LLM-ht 45.58 ± 105.42 45.58\pm 105.42 15.75 ± 76.38 15.75\pm 76.38 LLM-hpt 45.82 ± 36.16 45.82\pm 36.16 15.92 ± 26.20 15.92\pm 26.20 DecisionLLM(0.5B) 204.45 ± 71.74 204.45\pm 71.74 130.86 ± 51.98 130.86\pm 51.98 DecisionLLM(1.5B) 224.19 ± \pm 48.74 145.16 ± \pm 35.32 DecisionLLM(3B) 220.18 ± 52.48 220.18\pm 52.48 142.26 ± 38.02 142.26\pm 38.02 Table 2 : Comparison experiments on AuctionNet. Model Score BC 0.385 0.385 TD3+BC 0.317 0.317 CQL 0.357 0.357 IQL 0.388 0.388 DT 0.313 0.313 DecisionLLM(3B) 0.398 4.1.4 Baselines. We compare against several baseline methods, primarily from offline reinforcement learning. These include pure RL-based offline algorithms such as IQL (Kostrikov et al. , 2021 ) and CQL (Kumar et al. , 2020 ) , as well as supervised learning-based approaches like Behavioral Cloning (BC), TD3+BC (Fujimoto and Gu, 2021 ) , Decision Transformer (DT) (Chen et al. , 2021 ) , and DT-extended (i.e., the version that utilizes the same expanded dataset as DecisionLLM). We also evaluated the LLM-prompt (i.e., prompting the model in textual form to predict actions based on the current state), the LLM-hp (i.e., directly concatenating the trajectory information into the prompt as textual numerical strings), and LLM-hpt (i.e., the model trained under the LLM-hp paradigm). These models were all evaluated or trained using Qwen2.5-3B-Instrcut. Our proposed model, DecisionLLM, was implemented and evaluated at 0.5B, 1.5B, and 3B parameters. 4.1 Experimental Setup 4.1.1 Evaluation Tasks. To comprehensively evaluate the model’s performance, we employed the D4RL (Fu et al. , 2020 ) open-source offline reinforcement learning benchmark, focusing on tasks with long sequence decisions, such as Maze2D. We strictly followed the benchmarking methodology established in CORL (Tarasov et al. , 2023 ) to ensure consistent and fair comparisons. In cases where experiments involved dataset expansion or data quality filtering, this is explicitly indicated in the respective sections. The primary benchmark datasets used in our evaluation include: Maze2D. A navigation environment in which the objective is to guide a ball to a target location as efficiently as possible. In maze tasks, rewards are only given when ball reach near the end point, and the intermediate steps have an impact on the final result, which is highly consistent with long-sequence decision-making tasks. The sparse reward structure makes this task particularly challenging. We mainly selected maze2d-umaze-v1 for the experiment. AuctionNet. In addition, to verify the effectiveness of the paradigm in more scenarios, we selected a benchmark AuctionNet (Su et al. , 2024 ) for an automatic bidding scenario, which simulates the completeness and complexity of real advertising auctions, including the ad opportunity generation module, the bidding module, and the complex module. Therefore, the state and action space is more complex. 4.1.1 Evaluation Tasks. To comprehensively evaluate the model’s performance, we employed the D4RL (Fu et al. , 2020 ) open-source offline reinforcement learning benchmark, focusing on tasks with long sequence decisions, such as Maze2D. We strictly followed the benchmarking methodology established in CORL (Tarasov et al. , 2023 ) to ensure consistent and fair comparisons. In cases where experiments involved dataset expansion or data quality filtering, this is explicitly indicated in the respective sections. The primary benchmark datasets used in our evaluation include: Maze2D. A navigation environment in which the objective is to guide a ball to a target location as efficiently as possible. In maze tasks, rewards are only given when ball reach near the end point, and the intermediate steps have an impact on the final result, which is highly consistent with long-sequence decision-making tasks. The sparse reward structure makes this task particularly challenging. We mainly selected maze2d-umaze-v1 for the experiment. AuctionNet. In addition, to verify the effectiveness of the paradigm in more scenarios, we selected a benchmark AuctionNet (Su et al. , 2024 ) for an automatic bidding scenario, which simulates the completeness and complexity of real advertising auctions, including the ad opportunity generation module, the bidding module, and the complex module. Therefore, the state and action space is more complex. 4.1.2 Evaluation Metrics. For maze2D task, two key metrics are employed to evaluate the experimental results: reward and normalized score provided by D4RL. To ensure statistical reliability, all results are averaged over 100 independent evaluation runs. For AuctionNet, we evaluated the results using the final scores from the online assessments. We used 48 players and 7 episodes to ensure consistency of the results. 4.1.2 Evaluation Metrics. For maze2D task, two key metrics are employed to evaluate the experimental results: reward and normalized score provided by D4RL. To ensure statistical reliability, all results are averaged over 100 independent evaluation runs. For AuctionNet, we evaluated the results using the final scores from the online assessments. We used 48 players and 7 episodes to ensure consistency of the results. 4.1.3 Training Details. Our models are all trained based on the pretrained parameters of the Qwen2.5-Instruct model at different scales. The batch size of training is set to 64, the learning rate is 1e-5, and the window size is set to 20. All experiments were conducted on a server equipped with 8 NVIDIA A100 (40G) GPUs. Our implementation leverages the llama-factory (Zheng et al. , 2024 ) training framework, with distributed training accelerated by DeepSpeed-ZeRO stage 2. Models were trained for a total of 5 epochs, using a cosine annealing learning rate schedule. During training, we performed evaluations every 200 steps. For each experimental run, we report the peak performance achieved across all evaluation checkpoints. More details can be found in Appendix F . Table 1 : Comparison experiments on Maze2D-umaze-v1. Model Return Score BC 46.06 ± 25.05 46.06\pm 25.05 16.09 ± 0.87 16.09\pm 0.87 TD3+BC 160.94 ± 46.15 160.94\pm 46.15 99.33 ± 16.16 99.33\pm 16.16 CQL 150.89 ± 42.70 150.89\pm 42.70 92.05 ± 13.66 92.05\pm 13.66 IQL 94.12 ± 29.69 94.12\pm 29.69 50.92 ± 4.23 50.92\pm 4.23 DT 111.94 ± 47.79 111.94\pm 47.79 63.83 ± 17.35 63.83\pm 17.35 DT-extended 175.5 ± 65.27 175.5\pm 65.27 109.9 ± 47.29 109.9\pm 47.29 (LLM-based methods) LLM-prompt 13.17 ± 35.12 13.17\pm 35.12 − 7.74 ± 25.45 -7.74\pm 25.45 LLM-ht 45.58 ± 105.42 45.58\pm 105.42 15.75 ± 76.38 15.75\pm 76.38 LLM-hpt 45.82 ± 36.16 45.82\pm 36.16 15.92 ± 26.20 15.92\pm 26.20 DecisionLLM(0.5B) 204.45 ± 71.74 204.45\pm 71.74 130.86 ± 51.98 130.86\pm 51.98 DecisionLLM(1.5B) 224.19 ± \pm 48.74 145.16 ± \pm 35.32 DecisionLLM(3B) 220.18 ± 52.48 220.18\pm 52.48 142.26 ± 38.02 142.26\pm 38.02 Table 2 : Comparison experiments on AuctionNet. Model Score BC 0.385 0.385 TD3+BC 0.317 0.317 CQL 0.357 0.357 IQL 0.388 0.388 DT 0.313 0.313 DecisionLLM(3B) 0.398 4.1.3 Training Details. Our models are all trained based on the pretrained parameters of the Qwen2.5-Instruct model at different scales. The batch size of training is set to 64, the learning rate is 1e-5, and the window size is set to 20. All experiments were conducted on a server equipped with 8 NVIDIA A100 (40G) GPUs. Our implementation leverages the llama-factory (Zheng et al. , 2024 ) training framework, with distributed training accelerated by DeepSpeed-ZeRO stage 2. Models were trained for a total of 5 epochs, using a cosine annealing learning rate schedule. During training, we performed evaluations every 200 steps. For each experimental run, we report the peak performance achieved across all evaluation checkpoints. More details can be found in Appendix F . Model Return Score BC 46.06 ± 25.05 46.06\pm 25.05 16.09 ± 0.87 16.09\pm 0.87 TD3+BC 160.94 ± 46.15 160.94\pm 46.15 99.33 ± 16.16 99.33\pm 16.16 CQL 150.89 ± 42.70 150.89\pm 42.70 92.05 ± 13.66 92.05\pm 13.66 IQL 94.12 ± 29.69 94.12\pm 29.69 50.92 ± 4.23 50.92\pm 4.23 DT 111.94 ± 47.79 111.94\pm 47.79 63.83 ± 17.35 63.83\pm 17.35 DT-extended 175.5 ± 65.27 175.5\pm 65.27 109.9 ± 47.29 109.9\pm 47.29 (LLM-based methods) LLM-prompt 13.17 ± 35.12 13.17\pm 35.12 − 7.74 ± 25.45 -7.74\pm 25.45 LLM-ht 45.58 ± 105.42 45.58\pm 105.42 15.75 ± 76.38 15.75\pm 76.38 LLM-hpt 45.82 ± 36.16 45.82\pm 36.16 15.92 ± 26.20 15.92\pm 26.20 DecisionLLM(0.5B) 204.45 ± 71.74 204.45\pm 71.74 130.86 ± 51.98 130.86\pm 51.98 DecisionLLM(1.5B) 224.19 ± \pm 48.74 145.16 ± \pm 35.32 DecisionLLM(3B) 220.18 ± 52.48 220.18\pm 52.48 142.26 ± 38.02 142.26\pm 38.02 Model Score BC 0.385 0.385 TD3+BC 0.317 0.317 CQL 0.357 0.357 IQL 0.388 0.388 DT 0.313 0.313 DecisionLLM(3B) 0.398 4.1.4 Baselines. We compare against several baseline methods, primarily from offline reinforcement learning. These include pure RL-based offline algorithms such as IQL (Kostrikov et al. , 2021 ) and CQL (Kumar et al. , 2020 ) , as well as supervised learning-based approaches like Behavioral Cloning (BC), TD3+BC (Fujimoto and Gu, 2021 ) , Decision Transformer (DT) (Chen et al. , 2021 ) , and DT-extended (i.e., the version that utilizes the same expanded dataset as DecisionLLM). We also evaluated the LLM-prompt (i.e., prompting the model in textual form to predict actions based on the current state), the LLM-hp (i.e., directly concatenating the trajectory information into the prompt as textual numerical strings), and LLM-hpt (i.e., the model trained under the LLM-hp paradigm). These models were all evaluated or trained using Qwen2.5-3B-Instrcut. Our proposed model, DecisionLLM, was implemented and evaluated at 0.5B, 1.5B, and 3B parameters. 4.1.4 Baselines. We compare against several baseline methods, primarily from offline reinforcement learning. These include pure RL-based offline algorithms such as IQL (Kostrikov et al. , 2021 ) and CQL (Kumar et al. , 2020 ) , as well as supervised learning-based approaches like Behavioral Cloning (BC), TD3+BC (Fujimoto and Gu, 2021 ) , Decision Transformer (DT) (Chen et al. , 2021 ) , and DT-extended (i.e., the version that utilizes the same expanded dataset as DecisionLLM). We also evaluated the LLM-prompt (i.e., prompting the model in textual form to predict actions based on the current state), the LLM-hp (i.e., directly concatenating the trajectory information into the prompt as textual numerical strings), and LLM-hpt (i.e., the model trained under the LLM-hp paradigm). These models were all evaluated or trained using Qwen2.5-3B-Instrcut. Our proposed model, DecisionLLM, was implemented and evaluated at 0.5B, 1.5B, and 3B parameters. 4.2 Performance Table 1 and Table 2 provide a comprehensive comparison of our model’s performance on the Maze2D-umaze-v1 and AuctionNet benchmark. For Maze2D-umaze-v1 task, these RL-based offline algorithms’ scores are form CORL (Tarasov et al. , 2023 ) . Compared to the DT, DecisionLLM achieves a best case performance improvement of 82 points; compared to other RL algorithms, DecisionLLM achieves a best case performance improvement of 45 points. Due to computational resource constraints, we focused our evaluation of DecisionLLM (3B) on the AuctionNet benchmark. Despite these limitations, the model demonstrated superior performance compared to other RL baselines. Notably, to rigorously assess the model’s capability on sparse data, we trained it directly on the limited benchmark dataset without applying any data augmentation. Notably, while model performance continues to improve from DT to DecisionLLM (0.5B) to DecisionLLM (1.5B), it exhibits little decrement at DecisionLLM (3B). We will provide further analysis and discussion in Section 4.3. A key finding relates to the model’s data efficiency. While we carefully selected a large, high-quality dataset to ensure robust training, our experiments show that DecisionLLM achieves state-of-the-art performance using only a small portion of the data. This improvement is achieved by sampling only a small portion of the windowed trajectories from a large sample of data. This demonstrates that the model is able to efficiently extract a strong learning signal from a relatively small number of high-quality demonstrations. More details can be found in Appendix A . 4.2 Performance Table 1 and Table 2 provide a comprehensive comparison of our model’s performance on the Maze2D-umaze-v1 and AuctionNet benchmark. For Maze2D-umaze-v1 task, these RL-based offline algorithms’ scores are form CORL (Tarasov et al. , 2023 ) . Compared to the DT, DecisionLLM achieves a best case performance improvement of 82 points; compared to other RL algorithms, DecisionLLM achieves a best case performance improvement of 45 points. Due to computational resource constraints, we focused our evaluation of DecisionLLM (3B) on the AuctionNet benchmark. Despite these limitations, the model demonstrated superior performance compared to other RL baselines. Notably, to rigorously assess the model’s capability on sparse data, we trained it directly on the limited benchmark dataset without applying any data augmentation. Notably, while model performance continues to improve from DT to DecisionLLM (0.5B) to DecisionLLM (1.5B), it exhibits little decrement at DecisionLLM (3B). We will provide further analysis and discussion in Section 4.3. A key finding relates to the model’s data efficiency. While we carefully selected a large, high-quality dataset to ensure robust training, our experiments show that DecisionLLM achieves state-of-the-art performance using only a small portion of the data. This improvement is achieved by sampling only a small portion of the windowed trajectories from a large sample of data. This demonstrates that the model is able to efficiently extract a strong learning signal from a relatively small number of high-quality demonstrations. More details can be found in Appendix A . 4.3 Property Analysis To further validate a series of properties of DecisionLLM, we conducted additional analytical experiments, including related scaling laws, data quality analysis, and corresponding pretraining parameters. Due to resource constraints, the following experiments were performed only in the Maze2D. 4.3.1 Scaling Laws (a) Returns 140 (b) Returns 280 Figure 5 : Maze2D experimental data scaling. This section analyzes the scaling laws of our model with respect to both data volume and parameter count. The results are presented in Figure 5 and Table 1 , respectively. In Table 1 , we report the optimal performance for each model across all data scales, accounting for variations in the data volume required for convergence. First, regarding data volume (Fig 5 ), we observe a clear trend. When sampling from a fixed source dataset of 10 million steps, increasing the final training dataset size from 130k to 400k samples leads to monotonic performance improvements. This empirically validates the scaling law for data volume. Second, concerning model scale (Table 1 ), we see that performance generally improves as the parameter count increases from the DT-extended (i.e., with a parameter size of 720k) baseline up to 3B parameters. Additionally, we observed that the performance of the 3B-parameter model is on par with that of the 1.5B-parameter model. Our analysis indicates that the imitation learning-based supervised fine-tuning (SFT) paradigm has a performance ceiling, which in this task is already approached by the 1.5B model. 4.3.2 Data Quality We evaluate the impact of data quality through two distinct sets of experiments. First, we quantify the performance gains attributable to our proposed data filtering methods. Second, we investigate the influence of the data collection policy by comparing models trained on data generated from a deterministic policy versus those trained on data from a stochastic, exploratory policy. The impact of data filtering. (a) Reward distribution across all trajectories. (b) Initial returns distribution in sampled datas. Figure 6 : Data distribution statistics. The raw Maze2D offline dataset exhibits a severe long-tail distribution, with a preponderance of low-reward trajectories (Figure 6(a) ). A naive shift-window approach (window size 20, yielding 800k samples) preserves this undesirable distribution, resulting in a training set dominated by low initial returns (Figure 6(b) ). Such data can hinder effective policy learning. Therefore, we introduce a data pruning pipeline prior to subsequence sampling. Our method first removed all trajectories with a cumulative reward below the ϵ \epsilon (set 0.5). From the remaining high-quality episodes, we then extract unique windowed subsequences of length 20. This curation process reduces the dataset from 800k raw samples to a focused set of 130k training examples, ensuring the model is primarily exposed to competent datas. (a) Returns 140 (b) Returns 280 Figure 7 : Maze2D experimental performance w/o sample filtering On the one hand, the result of our data filtering method is clearly demonstrated in Figure 7 . The filtered dataset enables the model to learn a more efficient policy, achieving target returns in significantly fewer steps. Furthermore, it substantially boosts the final performance, particularly for high target returns such as 140 and 280. These results underscore a crucial point: for imitation-based policy learning, data quality is a far more critical determinant of success than mere data quantity. (a) Returns 140 (b) Returns 280 Figure 8 : Maze2D experimental performance w/o sample filtering. We further explore the actual effect of step-level filtering. We evaluated three variants of loss optimization. loss-opt-v1 employs a hard filtering mechanism, masking out steps where rewards fall below a specific threshold. loss-opt-v2 adopts a softer approach, down-weighting these low-reward steps by a factor of 0.5 rather than discarding them. Finally, loss-opt-v3 extends the reweighting strategy of v2 by incorporating per-token normalization to balance the training objective. A comparison of their performance is presented in Figure 8 . As illustrated in the figure, both v1 and v3 yield substantial benefits. They not only improve the stability of the training process but also enable the model to converge to a higher peak performance compared to the baseline. In comparison, while v2 performs similarly to the baseline, only marginally outperforming it, v3 delivers the most substantial performance improvement. Impact of Exploration Diversity. (a) Reutrn 140 (b) Return 280 Figure 9 : Maze2D experimental performance with (without) noise in action policy. To investigate the diversity of the sampling strategy, we conducted a simple experiment comparing perturbations during sampling with those without perturbations. Specifically, we sampled 10 million steps of data using the same strategy, and then used this strategy to sample 260k data samples with a window of 20. The only difference was whether Gaussian perturbations were added to the actual actions. We trained those two different dataset on Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct.The experimental results are shown in Figure 9 . The stochasticity of the data collection policy has a dramatic impact on final performance. Models trained on the exploratory dataset (with noise) reached a peak return of 220, a stark contrast to the 150 ceiling achieved with the deterministic action policy. This provides compelling evidence that a rich, exploratory training set is a key ingredient for training high-performing offline models. 4.3.3 Impact of Pretrained Parameters (a) Returns 140 (b) Returns 280 Figure 10 : Maze2D experimental performance with(without) pretrain. In this section, we conduct an ablation study to isolate the effect of the LLM’s pretrained weights to final task performance. We compare two models under identical hyperparameter and data conditions, but one initialized with publicly available pretrained weights, and the other model trained with random initialization. As shown in Figure 10 , the model initialized with pretrained parameters achieves higher returns and more stable convergence. Our analysis suggests that even though LLM pretraining occurs exclusively on textual data, the foundational capabilities developed during this phase provide a strong inductive bias for decision making. Specifically, the model’s highly developed sequence modeling and pattern recognition abilities, honed on vast text corpora, appear to transfer effectively, providing a superior starting point for learning the structure of trajectory prediction. More analysis can be found in Appendix D . 4.3 Property Analysis To further validate a series of properties of DecisionLLM, we conducted additional analytical experiments, including related scaling laws, data quality analysis, and corresponding pretraining parameters. Due to resource constraints, the following experiments were performed only in the Maze2D. 4.3.1 Scaling Laws (a) Returns 140 (b) Returns 280 Figure 5 : Maze2D experimental data scaling. This section analyzes the scaling laws of our model with respect to both data volume and parameter count. The results are presented in Figure 5 and Table 1 , respectively. In Table 1 , we report the optimal performance for each model across all data scales, accounting for variations in the data volume required for convergence. First, regarding data volume (Fig 5 ), we observe a clear trend. When sampling from a fixed source dataset of 10 million steps, increasing the final training dataset size from 130k to 400k samples leads to monotonic performance improvements. This empirically validates the scaling law for data volume. Second, concerning model scale (Table 1 ), we see that performance generally improves as the parameter count increases from the DT-extended (i.e., with a parameter size of 720k) baseline up to 3B parameters. Additionally, we observed that the performance of the 3B-parameter model is on par with that of the 1.5B-parameter model. Our analysis indicates that the imitation learning-based supervised fine-tuning (SFT) paradigm has a performance ceiling, which in this task is already approached by the 1.5B model. 4.3.1 Scaling Laws This section analyzes the scaling laws of our model with respect to both data volume and parameter count. The results are presented in Figure 5 and Table 1 , respectively. In Table 1 , we report the optimal performance for each model across all data scales, accounting for variations in the data volume required for convergence. First, regarding data volume (Fig 5 ), we observe a clear trend. When sampling from a fixed source dataset of 10 million steps, increasing the final training dataset size from 130k to 400k samples leads to monotonic performance improvements. This empirically validates the scaling law for data volume. Second, concerning model scale (Table 1 ), we see that performance generally improves as the parameter count increases from the DT-extended (i.e., with a parameter size of 720k) baseline up to 3B parameters. Additionally, we observed that the performance of the 3B-parameter model is on par with that of the 1.5B-parameter model. Our analysis indicates that the imitation learning-based supervised fine-tuning (SFT) paradigm has a performance ceiling, which in this task is already approached by the 1.5B model. 4.3.2 Data Quality We evaluate the impact of data quality through two distinct sets of experiments. First, we quantify the performance gains attributable to our proposed data filtering methods. Second, we investigate the influence of the data collection policy by comparing models trained on data generated from a deterministic policy versus those trained on data from a stochastic, exploratory policy. The impact of data filtering. (a) Reward distribution across all trajectories. (b) Initial returns distribution in sampled datas. Figure 6 : Data distribution statistics. The raw Maze2D offline dataset exhibits a severe long-tail distribution, with a preponderance of low-reward trajectories (Figure 6(a) ). A naive shift-window approach (window size 20, yielding 800k samples) preserves this undesirable distribution, resulting in a training set dominated by low initial returns (Figure 6(b) ). Such data can hinder effective policy learning. Therefore, we introduce a data pruning pipeline prior to subsequence sampling. Our method first removed all trajectories with a cumulative reward below the ϵ \epsilon (set 0.5). From the remaining high-quality episodes, we then extract unique windowed subsequences of length 20. This curation process reduces the dataset from 800k raw samples to a focused set of 130k training examples, ensuring the model is primarily exposed to competent datas. (a) Returns 140 (b) Returns 280 Figure 7 : Maze2D experimental performance w/o sample filtering On the one hand, the result of our data filtering method is clearly demonstrated in Figure 7 . The filtered dataset enables the model to learn a more efficient policy, achieving target returns in significantly fewer steps. Furthermore, it substantially boosts the final performance, particularly for high target returns such as 140 and 280. These results underscore a crucial point: for imitation-based policy learning, data quality is a far more critical determinant of success than mere data quantity. (a) Returns 140 (b) Returns 280 Figure 8 : Maze2D experimental performance w/o sample filtering. We further explore the actual effect of step-level filtering. We evaluated three variants of loss optimization. loss-opt-v1 employs a hard filtering mechanism, masking out steps where rewards fall below a specific threshold. loss-opt-v2 adopts a softer approach, down-weighting these low-reward steps by a factor of 0.5 rather than discarding them. Finally, loss-opt-v3 extends the reweighting strategy of v2 by incorporating per-token normalization to balance the training objective. A comparison of their performance is presented in Figure 8 . As illustrated in the figure, both v1 and v3 yield substantial benefits. They not only improve the stability of the training process but also enable the model to converge to a higher peak performance compared to the baseline. In comparison, while v2 performs similarly to the baseline, only marginally outperforming it, v3 delivers the most substantial performance improvement. Impact of Exploration Diversity. (a) Reutrn 140 (b) Return 280 Figure 9 : Maze2D experimental performance with (without) noise in action policy. To investigate the diversity of the sampling strategy, we conducted a simple experiment comparing perturbations during sampling with those without perturbations. Specifically, we sampled 10 million steps of data using the same strategy, and then used this strategy to sample 260k data samples with a window of 20. The only difference was whether Gaussian perturbations were added to the actual actions. We trained those two different dataset on Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct.The experimental results are shown in Figure 9 . The stochasticity of the data collection policy has a dramatic impact on final performance. Models trained on the exploratory dataset (with noise) reached a peak return of 220, a stark contrast to the 150 ceiling achieved with the deterministic action policy. This provides compelling evidence that a rich, exploratory training set is a key ingredient for training high-performing offline models. 4.3.2 Data Quality We evaluate the impact of data quality through two distinct sets of experiments. First, we quantify the performance gains attributable to our proposed data filtering methods. Second, we investigate the influence of the data collection policy by comparing models trained on data generated from a deterministic policy versus those trained on data from a stochastic, exploratory policy. The impact of data filtering. (a) Reward distribution across all trajectories. (b) Initial returns distribution in sampled datas. Figure 6 : Data distribution statistics. The raw Maze2D offline dataset exhibits a severe long-tail distribution, with a preponderance of low-reward trajectories (Figure 6(a) ). A naive shift-window approach (window size 20, yielding 800k samples) preserves this undesirable distribution, resulting in a training set dominated by low initial returns (Figure 6(b) ). Such data can hinder effective policy learning. Therefore, we introduce a data pruning pipeline prior to subsequence sampling. Our method first removed all trajectories with a cumulative reward below the ϵ \epsilon (set 0.5). From the remaining high-quality episodes, we then extract unique windowed subsequences of length 20. This curation process reduces the dataset from 800k raw samples to a focused set of 130k training examples, ensuring the model is primarily exposed to competent datas. (a) Returns 140 (b) Returns 280 Figure 7 : Maze2D experimental performance w/o sample filtering On the one hand, the result of our data filtering method is clearly demonstrated in Figure 7 . The filtered dataset enables the model to learn a more efficient policy, achieving target returns in significantly fewer steps. Furthermore, it substantially boosts the final performance, particularly for high target returns such as 140 and 280. These results underscore a crucial point: for imitation-based policy learning, data quality is a far more critical determinant of success than mere data quantity. (a) Returns 140 (b) Returns 280 Figure 8 : Maze2D experimental performance w/o sample filtering. We further explore the actual effect of step-level filtering. We evaluated three variants of loss optimization. loss-opt-v1 employs a hard filtering mechanism, masking out steps where rewards fall below a specific threshold. loss-opt-v2 adopts a softer approach, down-weighting these low-reward steps by a factor of 0.5 rather than discarding them. Finally, loss-opt-v3 extends the reweighting strategy of v2 by incorporating per-token normalization to balance the training objective. A comparison of their performance is presented in Figure 8 . As illustrated in the figure, both v1 and v3 yield substantial benefits. They not only improve the stability of the training process but also enable the model to converge to a higher peak performance compared to the baseline. In comparison, while v2 performs similarly to the baseline, only marginally outperforming it, v3 delivers the most substantial performance improvement. The impact of data filtering. The raw Maze2D offline dataset exhibits a severe long-tail distribution, with a preponderance of low-reward trajectories (Figure 6(a) ). A naive shift-window approach (window size 20, yielding 800k samples) preserves this undesirable distribution, resulting in a training set dominated by low initial returns (Figure 6(b) ). Such data can hinder effective policy learning. Therefore, we introduce a data pruning pipeline prior to subsequence sampling. Our method first removed all trajectories with a cumulative reward below the ϵ \epsilon (set 0.5). From the remaining high-quality episodes, we then extract unique windowed subsequences of length 20. This curation process reduces the dataset from 800k raw samples to a focused set of 130k training examples, ensuring the model is primarily exposed to competent datas. On the one hand, the result of our data filtering method is clearly demonstrated in Figure 7 . The filtered dataset enables the model to learn a more efficient policy, achieving target returns in significantly fewer steps. Furthermore, it substantially boosts the final performance, particularly for high target returns such as 140 and 280. These results underscore a crucial point: for imitation-based policy learning, data quality is a far more critical determinant of success than mere data quantity. We further explore the actual effect of step-level filtering. We evaluated three variants of loss optimization. loss-opt-v1 employs a hard filtering mechanism, masking out steps where rewards fall below a specific threshold. loss-opt-v2 adopts a softer approach, down-weighting these low-reward steps by a factor of 0.5 rather than discarding them. Finally, loss-opt-v3 extends the reweighting strategy of v2 by incorporating per-token normalization to balance the training objective. A comparison of their performance is presented in Figure 8 . As illustrated in the figure, both v1 and v3 yield substantial benefits. They not only improve the stability of the training process but also enable the model to converge to a higher peak performance compared to the baseline. In comparison, while v2 performs similarly to the baseline, only marginally outperforming it, v3 delivers the most substantial performance improvement. Impact of Exploration Diversity. (a) Reutrn 140 (b) Return 280 Figure 9 : Maze2D experimental performance with (without) noise in action policy. To investigate the diversity of the sampling strategy, we conducted a simple experiment comparing perturbations during sampling with those without perturbations. Specifically, we sampled 10 million steps of data using the same strategy, and then used this strategy to sample 260k data samples with a window of 20. The only difference was whether Gaussian perturbations were added to the actual actions. We trained those two different dataset on Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct.The experimental results are shown in Figure 9 . The stochasticity of the data collection policy has a dramatic impact on final performance. Models trained on the exploratory dataset (with noise) reached a peak return of 220, a stark contrast to the 150 ceiling achieved with the deterministic action policy. This provides compelling evidence that a rich, exploratory training set is a key ingredient for training high-performing offline models. Impact of Exploration Diversity. To investigate the diversity of the sampling strategy, we conducted a simple experiment comparing perturbations during sampling with those without perturbations. Specifically, we sampled 10 million steps of data using the same strategy, and then used this strategy to sample 260k data samples with a window of 20. The only difference was whether Gaussian perturbations were added to the actual actions. We trained those two different dataset on Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct.The experimental results are shown in Figure 9 . The stochasticity of the data collection policy has a dramatic impact on final performance. Models trained on the exploratory dataset (with noise) reached a peak return of 220, a stark contrast to the 150 ceiling achieved with the deterministic action policy. This provides compelling evidence that a rich, exploratory training set is a key ingredient for training high-performing offline models. 4.3.3 Impact of Pretrained Parameters (a) Returns 140 (b) Returns 280 Figure 10 : Maze2D experimental performance with(without) pretrain. In this section, we conduct an ablation study to isolate the effect of the LLM’s pretrained weights to final task performance. We compare two models under identical hyperparameter and data conditions, but one initialized with publicly available pretrained weights, and the other model trained with random initialization. As shown in Figure 10 , the model initialized with pretrained parameters achieves higher returns and more stable convergence. Our analysis suggests that even though LLM pretraining occurs exclusively on textual data, the foundational capabilities developed during this phase provide a strong inductive bias for decision making. Specifically, the model’s highly developed sequence modeling and pattern recognition abilities, honed on vast text corpora, appear to transfer effectively, providing a superior starting point for learning the structure of trajectory prediction. More analysis can be found in Appendix D . 4.3.3 Impact of Pretrained Parameters In this section, we conduct an ablation study to isolate the effect of the LLM’s pretrained weights to final task performance. We compare two models under identical hyperparameter and data conditions, but one initialized with publicly available pretrained weights, and the other model trained with random initialization. As shown in Figure 10 , the model initialized with pretrained parameters achieves higher returns and more stable convergence. Our analysis suggests that even though LLM pretraining occurs exclusively on textual data, the foundational capabilities developed during this phase provide a strong inductive bias for decision making. Specifically, the model’s highly developed sequence modeling and pattern recognition abilities, honed on vast text corpora, appear to transfer effectively, providing a superior starting point for learning the structure of trajectory prediction. More analysis can be found in Appendix D . 5 Conclusions In this paper, we introduced DecisionLLM, a novel paradigm for LLMs to long sequence decision making. By treating trajectories as a distinct, non-textual modality, our approach successfully overcomes the inherent numerical insensitivity of LLMs and fully leverages sequential trajectory data. We demonstrated that by jointly modeling past trajectories and language instructions, DecisionLLM can effectively predict future actions in an autoregressive manner. Our systematic analysis revealed clear scaling laws with respect to both model size and data volume, providing valuable insights for future development. Furthermore, we presented a dual-level data curation methodology that significantly enhances performance by improving data quality. The empirical results on the challenging Maze2D and AuctionNet benchmark validate the superiority of our framework. Our flagship DecisionLLM-3B model achieves improvements of 69.4 and 0.085 over the traditional DT on the Maze2D umaze-v1 and AuctionNet task. These findings confirm that DecisionLLM represents a significant step forward in enabling LLMs to master complex, long-horizon control tasks. 5 Conclusions In this paper, we introduced DecisionLLM, a novel paradigm for LLMs to long sequence decision making. By treating trajectories as a distinct, non-textual modality, our approach successfully overcomes the inherent numerical insensitivity of LLMs and fully leverages sequential trajectory data. We demonstrated that by jointly modeling past trajectories and language instructions, DecisionLLM can effectively predict future actions in an autoregressive manner. Our systematic analysis revealed clear scaling laws with respect to both model size and data volume, providing valuable insights for future development. Furthermore, we presented a dual-level data curation methodology that significantly enhances performance by improving data quality. The empirical results on the challenging Maze2D and AuctionNet benchmark validate the superiority of our framework. Our flagship DecisionLLM-3B model achieves improvements of 69.4 and 0.085 over the traditional DT on the Maze2D umaze-v1 and AuctionNet task. These findings confirm that DecisionLLM represents a significant step forward in enabling LLMs to master complex, long-horizon control tasks. References A. Ajay, A. Kumar, P. Agrawal, S. Levine, and O. 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In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence , Vol. 39 , pp. 20095–20103 . Cited by: §B.2 . R. Rombach, A. Blattmann, D. Lorenz, P. Esser, and B. Ommer (2022) High-resolution image synthesis with latent diffusion models . In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition , pp. 10684–10695 . Cited by: §B.1 , §1 . J. Schulman, F. Wolski, P. Dhariwal, A. Radford, and O. Klimov (2017) Proximal policy optimization algorithms . arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.06347 . Cited by: §1 . N. Y. Siegel, J. T. Springenberg, F. Berkenkamp, A. Abdolmaleki, M. Neunert, T. Lampe, R. Hafner, N. Heess, and M. Riedmiller (2020) Keep doing what worked: behavioral modelling priors for offline reinforcement learning . arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.08396 . Cited by: §B.1 . A. Singh, H. Liu, G. Zhou, A. Yu, N. Rhinehart, and S. Levine (2020) Parrot: data-driven behavioral priors for reinforcement learning . arXiv preprint arXiv:2011.10024 . Cited by: §B.1 . K. Su, Y. Huo, Z. Zhang, S. Dou, C. Yu, J. Xu, Z. Lu, and B. Zheng (2024) Auctionnet: a novel benchmark for decision-making in large-scale games . Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 37 , pp. 94428–94452 . Cited by: §1 , §4.1.1 . D. Tarasov, A. Nikulin, D. Akimov, V. Kurenkov, and S. Kolesnikov (2023) CORL: research-oriented deep offline reinforcement learning library . Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36 , pp. 30997–31020 . Cited by: §1 , §4.1.1 , §4.2 . A. Vaswani, N. Shazeer, N. Parmar, J. Uszkoreit, L. Jones, A. N. Gomez, Ł. Kaiser, and I. Polosukhin (2017) Attention is all you need . Advances in neural information processing systems 30 . Cited by: §B.1 , §1 . X. Wan, W. Xu, C. Yang, and M. Sun (2025) Think twice, act once: a co-evolution framework of llm and rl for large-scale decision making . arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.02522 . Cited by: §B.2 . Z. Wang, J. J. Hunt, and M. Zhou (2022) Diffusion policies as an expressive policy class for offline reinforcement learning . arXiv preprint arXiv:2208.06193 . Cited by: §B.1 , §1 . Z. Wang, T. Schaul, M. Hessel, H. Hasselt, M. Lanctot, and N. Freitas (2016) Dueling network architectures for deep reinforcement learning . In International conference on machine learning , pp. 1995–2003 . Cited by: §1 . C. J. Watkins and P. Dayan (1992) Q-learning . Machine learning 8 ( 3 ), pp. 279–292 . Cited by: §1 . Z. Xie, Z. Li, X. He, L. Xu, X. Wen, T. Zhang, J. Chen, R. Shi, and D. Pei (2024) Chatts: aligning time series with llms via synthetic data for enhanced understanding and reasoning . arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.03104 . Cited by: §1 . Y. Zheng, R. Zhang, J. Zhang, Y. Ye, Z. Luo, Z. Feng, and Y. Ma (2024) Llamafactory: unified efficient fine-tuning of 100+ language models . arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.13372 . Cited by: §4.1.3 . References A. Ajay, A. Kumar, P. Agrawal, S. Levine, and O. Nachum (2020) Opal: offline primitive discovery for accelerating offline reinforcement learning . arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.13611 . Cited by: §B.1 . L. Chen, K. Lu, A. Rajeswaran, K. Lee, A. Grover, M. Laskin, P. Abbeel, A. Srinivas, and I. Mordatch (2021) Decision transformer: reinforcement learning via sequence modeling . Advances in neural information processing systems 34 , pp. 15084–15097 . Cited by: §B.1 , §1 , §3.2 , §4.1.4 . C. Chi, Z. Xu, S. Feng, E. Cousineau, Y. Du, B. Burchfiel, R. Tedrake, and S. Song (2023) Diffusion policy: visuomotor policy learning via action diffusion . The International Journal of Robotics Research , pp. 02783649241273668 . Cited by: §B.1 , §1 . Y. Cui, S. Huang, J. Zhong, Z. Liu, Y. Wang, C. Sun, B. Li, X. Wang, and A. Khajepour (2023) Drivellm: charting the path toward full autonomous driving with large language models . IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles 9 ( 1 ), pp. 1450–1464 . Cited by: §B.2 , §1 . N. Dziri, X. Lu, M. Sclar, X. L. Li, L. Jiang, B. Y. Lin, S. Welleck, P. West, C. Bhagavatula, R. Le Bras, et al. (2023) Faith and fate: limits of transformers on compositionality . Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36 , pp. 70293–70332 . Cited by: §B.2 , §1 . B. Eysenbach, A. Gupta, J. Ibarz, and S. Levine (2018) Diversity is all you need: learning skills without a reward function . arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.06070 . Cited by: §B.1 . J. Fu, A. Kumar, O. Nachum, G. Tucker, and S. Levine (2020) D4RL: datasets for deep data-driven reinforcement learning . External Links: 2004.07219 Cited by: §1 , §4.1.1 . S. Fujimoto and S. S. Gu (2021) A minimalist approach to offline reinforcement learning . Advances in neural information processing systems 34 , pp. 20132–20145 . Cited by: §4.1.4 . S. Fujimoto, D. Meger, and D. Precup (2019) Off-policy deep reinforcement learning without exploration . In International conference on machine learning , pp. 2052–2062 . Cited by: §B.1 . J. Guo, Y. Huo, Z. Zhang, T. Wang, C. Yu, J. Xu, B. Zheng, and Y. Zhang (2024) Generative auto-bidding via conditional diffusion modeling . In Proceedings of the 30th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining , pp. 5038–5049 . Cited by: §B.1 , §1 . Q. Hao, Y. Song, Q. Liao, J. Yuan, and Y. Li (2025) Llm-explorer: a plug-in reinforcement learning policy exploration enhancement driven by large language models . arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.15293 . Cited by: §B.2 . [12] P. Intelligence, K. Black, N. Brown, J. Darpinian, K. Dhabalia, D. Driess, A. Esmail, M. Equi, C. Finn, N. Fusai, et al. π \pi 0.5: a vision-language-action model with open-world generalization, 2025 . URL org/abs/2504.16054 1 ( 2 ), pp. 3 . Cited by: §B.2 , §1 . R. Kidambi, A. Rajeswaran, P. Netrapalli, and T. Joachims (2020) Morel: model-based offline reinforcement learning . Advances in neural information processing systems 33 , pp. 21810–21823 . Cited by: §B.1 . M. J. Kim, K. Pertsch, S. Karamcheti, T. Xiao, A. Balakrishna, S. Nair, R. Rafailov, E. Foster, G. Lam, P. Sanketi, et al. (2024) Openvla: an open-source vision-language-action model . arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.09246 . Cited by: §B.2 , §1 . I. Kostrikov, A. Nair, and S. Levine (2021) Offline reinforcement learning with implicit q-learning . arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.06169 . Cited by: §1 , §4.1.4 . A. Kumar, A. Zhou, G. Tucker, and S. Levine (2020) Conservative q-learning for offline reinforcement learning . Advances in neural information processing systems 33 , pp. 1179–1191 . Cited by: §1 , §4.1.4 . Y. Li, K. Xiong, X. Guo, F. Li, S. Yan, G. Xu, L. Zhou, L. Chen, H. Sun, B. Wang, et al. (2025) ReCogDrive: a reinforced cognitive framework for end-to-end autonomous driving . arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.08052 . Cited by: §B.2 , §1 . T. P. Lillicrap, J. J. Hunt, A. Pritzel, N. Heess, T. Erez, Y. Tassa, D. Silver, and D. Wierstra (2015) Continuous control with deep reinforcement learning . arXiv preprint arXiv:1509.02971 . Cited by: §1 . H. Liu, C. Li, Y. Li, and Y. J. Lee (2024) Improved baselines with visual instruction tuning . In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition , pp. 26296–26306 . Cited by: §1 . K. Lu, A. Grover, P. Abbeel, and I. Mordatch (2020) Reset-free lifelong learning with skill-space planning . arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.03548 . Cited by: §B.1 . A. Nair, A. Gupta, M. Dalal, and S. Levine (2020) Awac: accelerating online reinforcement learning with offline datasets . arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.09359 . Cited by: §1 . J. Pang, S. Yang, K. Li, J. Zhang, X. Chen, N. Tang, and Y. Yu (2024) Kalm: knowledgeable agents by offline reinforcement learning from large language model rollouts . Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 37 , pp. 126620–126652 . Cited by: §B.2 . Y. Qu, Y. Jiang, B. Wang, Y. Mao, C. Wang, C. Liu, and X. Ji (2025) Latent reward: llm-empowered credit assignment in episodic reinforcement learning . In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence , Vol. 39 , pp. 20095–20103 . Cited by: §B.2 . R. Rombach, A. Blattmann, D. Lorenz, P. Esser, and B. Ommer (2022) High-resolution image synthesis with latent diffusion models . In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition , pp. 10684–10695 . Cited by: §B.1 , §1 . J. Schulman, F. Wolski, P. Dhariwal, A. Radford, and O. Klimov (2017) Proximal policy optimization algorithms . arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.06347 . Cited by: §1 . N. Y. Siegel, J. T. Springenberg, F. Berkenkamp, A. Abdolmaleki, M. Neunert, T. Lampe, R. Hafner, N. Heess, and M. Riedmiller (2020) Keep doing what worked: behavioral modelling priors for offline reinforcement learning . arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.08396 . Cited by: §B.1 . A. Singh, H. Liu, G. Zhou, A. Yu, N. Rhinehart, and S. Levine (2020) Parrot: data-driven behavioral priors for reinforcement learning . arXiv preprint arXiv:2011.10024 . Cited by: §B.1 . K. Su, Y. Huo, Z. Zhang, S. Dou, C. Yu, J. Xu, Z. Lu, and B. Zheng (2024) Auctionnet: a novel benchmark for decision-making in large-scale games . Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 37 , pp. 94428–94452 . Cited by: §1 , §4.1.1 . D. Tarasov, A. Nikulin, D. Akimov, V. Kurenkov, and S. Kolesnikov (2023) CORL: research-oriented deep offline reinforcement learning library . Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36 , pp. 30997–31020 . Cited by: §1 , §4.1.1 , §4.2 . A. Vaswani, N. Shazeer, N. Parmar, J. Uszkoreit, L. Jones, A. N. Gomez, Ł. Kaiser, and I. Polosukhin (2017) Attention is all you need . Advances in neural information processing systems 30 . Cited by: §B.1 , §1 . X. Wan, W. Xu, C. Yang, and M. Sun (2025) Think twice, act once: a co-evolution framework of llm and rl for large-scale decision making . arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.02522 . Cited by: §B.2 . Z. Wang, J. J. Hunt, and M. Zhou (2022) Diffusion policies as an expressive policy class for offline reinforcement learning . arXiv preprint arXiv:2208.06193 . Cited by: §B.1 , §1 . Z. Wang, T. Schaul, M. Hessel, H. Hasselt, M. Lanctot, and N. Freitas (2016) Dueling network architectures for deep reinforcement learning . In International conference on machine learning , pp. 1995–2003 . Cited by: §1 . C. J. Watkins and P. Dayan (1992) Q-learning . Machine learning 8 ( 3 ), pp. 279–292 . Cited by: §1 . Z. Xie, Z. Li, X. He, L. Xu, X. Wen, T. Zhang, J. Chen, R. Shi, and D. Pei (2024) Chatts: aligning time series with llms via synthetic data for enhanced understanding and reasoning . arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.03104 . Cited by: §1 . Y. Zheng, R. Zhang, J. Zhang, Y. Ye, Z. Luo, Z. Feng, and Y. Ma (2024) Llamafactory: unified efficient fine-tuning of 100+ language models . arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.13372 . Cited by: §4.1.3 . Appendix A Performance Explanation Table 3 : Comparison experiments (extension) on Maze2D-umaze-v1. Model Return Score DecisionLLM(0.5B)-base 124.69 ± 110.74 124.69\pm 110.74 73.06 ± 80.24 73.06\pm 80.24 DecisionLLM(1.5B)-base 186.37 ± 87.74 186.37\pm 87.74 117.76 ± 63.58 117.76\pm 63.58 DecisionLLM(3B)-base 153.29 ± 50.30 153.29\pm 50.30 93.79 ± 36.44 93.79\pm 36.44 Table 3 presents our base DecisionLLM, trained on a 130k-sample dataset curated from the original 1M D4RL steps via trajectory filtering and window sampling. Even on this compact dataset, our model significantly outperforms the DT baseline and exhibits robust scaling from 0.5B to 1.5B parameters. However, the 3B model’s performance on this base dataset was unexpectedly poor, which we attributed to under-convergence. We tested this theory by expanding the dataset to train our flagship models (Table 1 ). The resulting surge in the 3B model’s performance provides conclusive evidence for our hypothesis, demonstrating that the full capacity of large-scale DecisionLLM models is unlocked only when matched with sufficient data. Appendix A Performance Explanation Model Return Score DecisionLLM(0.5B)-base 124.69 ± 110.74 124.69\pm 110.74 73.06 ± 80.24 73.06\pm 80.24 DecisionLLM(1.5B)-base 186.37 ± 87.74 186.37\pm 87.74 117.76 ± 63.58 117.76\pm 63.58 DecisionLLM(3B)-base 153.29 ± 50.30 153.29\pm 50.30 93.79 ± 36.44 93.79\pm 36.44 Table 3 presents our base DecisionLLM, trained on a 130k-sample dataset curated from the original 1M D4RL steps via trajectory filtering and window sampling. Even on this compact dataset, our model significantly outperforms the DT baseline and exhibits robust scaling from 0.5B to 1.5B parameters. However, the 3B model’s performance on this base dataset was unexpectedly poor, which we attributed to under-convergence. We tested this theory by expanding the dataset to train our flagship models (Table 1 ). The resulting surge in the 3B model’s performance provides conclusive evidence for our hypothesis, demonstrating that the full capacity of large-scale DecisionLLM models is unlocked only when matched with sufficient data. Appendix B Related Works B.1 Long Sequence Decision Making Recently, long-sequence decision-making problems have been modeled as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), which assumes the Markov state transition. A critical context for this problem is the offline scenario, where the training data is obtained entirely through pre-trained offline sampling. Previous approaches have primarily relied on offline RL methods, which primarily mitigate the impact of distributional shift (Fujimoto et al. , 2019 ; Kidambi et al. , 2020 ; Siegel et al. , 2020 ) or learn the generalization ability of the model through offline datasets (Ajay et al. , 2020 ; Singh et al. , 2020 ; Eysenbach et al. , 2018 ; Lu et al. , 2020 ) . After that, a prominent generative paradigm reframes this problem by modeling the probability distribution of future actions conditioned on historical trajectories. In such methods, they fits the probability distribution of future actions and historical trajectories, which can be further empowered based on the powerful capabilities of Transformer (Vaswani et al. , 2017 ; Chen et al. , 2021 ) and Diffusion (Rombach et al. , 2022 ; Chi et al. , 2023 ; Wang et al. , 2022 ; Guo et al. , 2024 ) . Two classes of models have been central to this shift: Transformer (Vaswani et al. , 2017 ; Chen et al. , 2021 ) and Diffusion (Rombach et al. , 2022 ; Chi et al. , 2023 ; Wang et al. , 2022 ; Guo et al. , 2024 ) . The success of the two frameworks depends on the strong basic capabilities of the model, so it is worth exploring whether LLM can bring better improvements to long-sequence decision-making problem. B.2 LLM for Long Sequence Decision Large language models have shown good results in similar sequential decision-making such as autonomous driving (Li et al. , 2025 ; Cui et al. , 2023 ) and robotics (Kim et al. , 2024 ; Intelligence et al. , ) . We noticed that semantic space plays a more obvious role in the process, which usually requires accurate semantic description of clear states, actions, and goals in each scenario. While powerful, this semantic representation is a product of the textual modality. Its structure is therefore inherently discrete and symbolic, lacking the native capacity to represent the continuous, high-dimensional vector spaces that characterize the dynamics of most sequential decision-making environments (Dziri et al. , 2023 ) . Consequently, many contemporary LLM-based agents rely on modular designs, integrating separate reinforcement learning (RL) components to handle tasks such as reward shaping (Qu et al. , 2025 ) , exploration (Hao et al. , 2025 ) , or data augmentation (Pang et al. , 2024 ; Wan et al. , 2025 ) . However, these hybrid methods have inherent limitations and often lack generalizability across all scenarios. In contrast, our work explores the potential of using LLMs as direct, end-to-end decision-makers. This direction has been largely unexplored, partly because the performance of earlier approaches was constrained by the limited capacity of their underlying models (Pang et al. , 2024 ) . Therefore, investigating whether today’s powerful, large-scale LLMs can directly and effectively solve these tasks is a research question of significant practical importance. Appendix B Related Works B.1 Long Sequence Decision Making Recently, long-sequence decision-making problems have been modeled as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), which assumes the Markov state transition. A critical context for this problem is the offline scenario, where the training data is obtained entirely through pre-trained offline sampling. Previous approaches have primarily relied on offline RL methods, which primarily mitigate the impact of distributional shift (Fujimoto et al. , 2019 ; Kidambi et al. , 2020 ; Siegel et al. , 2020 ) or learn the generalization ability of the model through offline datasets (Ajay et al. , 2020 ; Singh et al. , 2020 ; Eysenbach et al. , 2018 ; Lu et al. , 2020 ) . After that, a prominent generative paradigm reframes this problem by modeling the probability distribution of future actions conditioned on historical trajectories. In such methods, they fits the probability distribution of future actions and historical trajectories, which can be further empowered based on the powerful capabilities of Transformer (Vaswani et al. , 2017 ; Chen et al. , 2021 ) and Diffusion (Rombach et al. , 2022 ; Chi et al. , 2023 ; Wang et al. , 2022 ; Guo et al. , 2024 ) . Two classes of models have been central to this shift: Transformer (Vaswani et al. , 2017 ; Chen et al. , 2021 ) and Diffusion (Rombach et al. , 2022 ; Chi et al. , 2023 ; Wang et al. , 2022 ; Guo et al. , 2024 ) . The success of the two frameworks depends on the strong basic capabilities of the model, so it is worth exploring whether LLM can bring better improvements to long-sequence decision-making problem. B.1 Long Sequence Decision Making Recently, long-sequence decision-making problems have been modeled as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), which assumes the Markov state transition. A critical context for this problem is the offline scenario, where the training data is obtained entirely through pre-trained offline sampling. Previous approaches have primarily relied on offline RL methods, which primarily mitigate the impact of distributional shift (Fujimoto et al. , 2019 ; Kidambi et al. , 2020 ; Siegel et al. , 2020 ) or learn the generalization ability of the model through offline datasets (Ajay et al. , 2020 ; Singh et al. , 2020 ; Eysenbach et al. , 2018 ; Lu et al. , 2020 ) . After that, a prominent generative paradigm reframes this problem by modeling the probability distribution of future actions conditioned on historical trajectories. In such methods, they fits the probability distribution of future actions and historical trajectories, which can be further empowered based on the powerful capabilities of Transformer (Vaswani et al. , 2017 ; Chen et al. , 2021 ) and Diffusion (Rombach et al. , 2022 ; Chi et al. , 2023 ; Wang et al. , 2022 ; Guo et al. , 2024 ) . Two classes of models have been central to this shift: Transformer (Vaswani et al. , 2017 ; Chen et al. , 2021 ) and Diffusion (Rombach et al. , 2022 ; Chi et al. , 2023 ; Wang et al. , 2022 ; Guo et al. , 2024 ) . The success of the two frameworks depends on the strong basic capabilities of the model, so it is worth exploring whether LLM can bring better improvements to long-sequence decision-making problem. B.2 LLM for Long Sequence Decision Large language models have shown good results in similar sequential decision-making such as autonomous driving (Li et al. , 2025 ; Cui et al. , 2023 ) and robotics (Kim et al. , 2024 ; Intelligence et al. , ) . We noticed that semantic space plays a more obvious role in the process, which usually requires accurate semantic description of clear states, actions, and goals in each scenario. While powerful, this semantic representation is a product of the textual modality. Its structure is therefore inherently discrete and symbolic, lacking the native capacity to represent the continuous, high-dimensional vector spaces that characterize the dynamics of most sequential decision-making environments (Dziri et al. , 2023 ) . Consequently, many contemporary LLM-based agents rely on modular designs, integrating separate reinforcement learning (RL) components to handle tasks such as reward shaping (Qu et al. , 2025 ) , exploration (Hao et al. , 2025 ) , or data augmentation (Pang et al. , 2024 ; Wan et al. , 2025 ) . However, these hybrid methods have inherent limitations and often lack generalizability across all scenarios. In contrast, our work explores the potential of using LLMs as direct, end-to-end decision-makers. This direction has been largely unexplored, partly because the performance of earlier approaches was constrained by the limited capacity of their underlying models (Pang et al. , 2024 ) . Therefore, investigating whether today’s powerful, large-scale LLMs can directly and effectively solve these tasks is a research question of significant practical importance. B.2 LLM for Long Sequence Decision Large language models have shown good results in similar sequential decision-making such as autonomous driving (Li et al. , 2025 ; Cui et al. , 2023 ) and robotics (Kim et al. , 2024 ; Intelligence et al. , ) . We noticed that semantic space plays a more obvious role in the process, which usually requires accurate semantic description of clear states, actions, and goals in each scenario. While powerful, this semantic representation is a product of the textual modality. Its structure is therefore inherently discrete and symbolic, lacking the native capacity to represent the continuous, high-dimensional vector spaces that characterize the dynamics of most sequential decision-making environments (Dziri et al. , 2023 ) . Consequently, many contemporary LLM-based agents rely on modular designs, integrating separate reinforcement learning (RL) components to handle tasks such as reward shaping (Qu et al. , 2025 ) , exploration (Hao et al. , 2025 ) , or data augmentation (Pang et al. , 2024 ; Wan et al. , 2025 ) . However, these hybrid methods have inherent limitations and often lack generalizability across all scenarios. In contrast, our work explores the potential of using LLMs as direct, end-to-end decision-makers. This direction has been largely unexplored, partly because the performance of earlier approaches was constrained by the limited capacity of their underlying models (Pang et al. , 2024 ) . Therefore, investigating whether today’s powerful, large-scale LLMs can directly and effectively solve these tasks is a research question of significant practical importance. Appendix C Maze2D Prompt The specific prompt template used in our experiments is provided as follows: Maze2D prompt You are a maze navigation expert. Your goal is to reach the destination from your current position using the fewest steps possible. You receive a reward of +1 for reaching the destination; all other positions have a reward of 0. You need to choose the optimal movement to maximize the total reward. Each state at every time step is represented by four values [x, y, vx, vy]: • (x, y) represents the current position coordinates • (vx, vy) represents the current velocity • All values range from [-1.0, 1.0]. The action at each time step is a 2D vector: [ax, ay] • ax represents the control force (acceleration) applied in the x-axis direction • ay represents the control force applied in the y-axis direction • All values range from [-1.0, 1.0]. Each step has a corresponding "Returns-to-Go" value, a scalar representing the expected cumulative reward from the current time step to the end of the trajectory. You will receive trajectory information, including the state sequence, action sequence, and Returns-to-Go sequence for a complete episode, formatted as follows:<|traj_begin|><|traj_end|> Your task is to learn a policy based on this trajectory data: given the current state and its corresponding Returns-to-Go, predict the optimal action a to take at that time step. Please explain your understanding of the current policy and output the corresponding action value, along with an explanation. Appendix C Maze2D Prompt The specific prompt template used in our experiments is provided as follows: Appendix D The Explanation of Pretrained Parameters (a) Pretrained Model (b) Random Initialized Figure 11 : Attention distribution map. To explain the impact of pretrained parameters on model behavior, we conducted an analysis of their intrinsic attention patterns. We probed the models’ responses to a semantically null input string (e.g., z$x- α β \alpha\beta hwoqa%ˆ&*()<>?:" ), which simulates an encounter with an incomprehensible sequence and isolates learned structural biases. As illustrated in Figure 11 , the attention matrix of the pretrained model, averaged across all heads in the first layer, exhibits a highly structured pattern. Its attention is predominantly concentrated on the last token, with a sparse but deliberate allocation to preceding tokens. In stark contrast, the randomly initialized model displays a diffuse and unstructured attention distribution. This comparison reveals that pretraining endows the model with a crucial inductive bias: a strong focus on recent information. In the context of long-sequence decision-making, where not all historical steps are equally relevant to future rewards, this learned ”recency bias” is highly advantageous. It allows the model to efficiently prioritize the most recent actions while attending to relevant past context. Consequently, this superior initialization facilitates more efficient convergence and enables a higher ultimate performance ceiling. Appendix D The Explanation of Pretrained Parameters To explain the impact of pretrained parameters on model behavior, we conducted an analysis of their intrinsic attention patterns. We probed the models’ responses to a semantically null input string (e.g., z$x- α β \alpha\beta hwoqa%ˆ&*()<>?:" ), which simulates an encounter with an incomprehensible sequence and isolates learned structural biases. As illustrated in Figure 11 , the attention matrix of the pretrained model, averaged across all heads in the first layer, exhibits a highly structured pattern. Its attention is predominantly concentrated on the last token, with a sparse but deliberate allocation to preceding tokens. In stark contrast, the randomly initialized model displays a diffuse and unstructured attention distribution. This comparison reveals that pretraining endows the model with a crucial inductive bias: a strong focus on recent information. In the context of long-sequence decision-making, where not all historical steps are equally relevant to future rewards, this learned ”recency bias” is highly advantageous. It allows the model to efficiently prioritize the most recent actions while attending to relevant past context. Consequently, this superior initialization facilitates more efficient convergence and enables a higher ultimate performance ceiling. Appendix E Sensitivity Analysis of Rtgs at Inference Table 4 : Model sensitivity to the initial target return. Initial Rtgs Predicted Rtgs Score 100 152.04 ± 27.90 152.04\pm 27.90 92.88 ± 20.22 92.88\pm 20.22 120 162.66 ± 30.34 162.66\pm 30.34 100.58 ± 21.99 100.58\pm 21.99 140 173.28 ± 29.14 173.28\pm 29.14 108.27 ± 21.12 108.27\pm 21.12 160 180.51 ± 24.71 180.51\pm 24.71 113.51 ± 17.91 113.51\pm 17.91 180 190.29 ± 26.98 190.29\pm 26.98 120.60 ± 19.55 120.60\pm 19.55 200 202.31 ± 33.53 202.31\pm 33.53 129.31 ± 24.30 129.31\pm 24.30 220 207.56 ± 36.98 207.56\pm 36.98 133.11 ± 26.79 133.11\pm 26.79 240 209.33 ± 38.09 209.33\pm 38.09 134.40 ± 27.60 134.40\pm 27.60 260 214.47 ± 43.25 214.47\pm 43.25 138.12 ± 31.34 138.12\pm 31.34 280 219.08 ± 51.36 219.08\pm 51.36 141.46 ± 37.21 141.46\pm 37.21 300 217.11 ± 54.55 217.11\pm 54.55 140.03 ± 39.53 140.03\pm 39.53 We further evaluate the model’s sensitivity to the initial target Rtgs. Specifically, during inference, we set the initial Rtgs from 100 to 280, with an interval of 20. The experimental results are shown in Table 4 . We can see that when the initial Rtgs ranges from 100 to 280, the actual Rtgs predicted by the model exhibit good monotonicity. However, after 280, the model’s Rtgs begins to decline. This is because 300 is the theoretical upper limit for this task, meaning the model cannot effectively fit Rtgs outside the learnable range. Therefore, it is necessary to set a valid Rtgs during inference. Appendix E Sensitivity Analysis of Rtgs at Inference Initial Rtgs Predicted Rtgs Score 100 152.04 ± 27.90 152.04\pm 27.90 92.88 ± 20.22 92.88\pm 20.22 120 162.66 ± 30.34 162.66\pm 30.34 100.58 ± 21.99 100.58\pm 21.99 140 173.28 ± 29.14 173.28\pm 29.14 108.27 ± 21.12 108.27\pm 21.12 160 180.51 ± 24.71 180.51\pm 24.71 113.51 ± 17.91 113.51\pm 17.91 180 190.29 ± 26.98 190.29\pm 26.98 120.60 ± 19.55 120.60\pm 19.55 200 202.31 ± 33.53 202.31\pm 33.53 129.31 ± 24.30 129.31\pm 24.30 220 207.56 ± 36.98 207.56\pm 36.98 133.11 ± 26.79 133.11\pm 26.79 240 209.33 ± 38.09 209.33\pm 38.09 134.40 ± 27.60 134.40\pm 27.60 260 214.47 ± 43.25 214.47\pm 43.25 138.12 ± 31.34 138.12\pm 31.34 280 219.08 ± 51.36 219.08\pm 51.36 141.46 ± 37.21 141.46\pm 37.21 300 217.11 ± 54.55 217.11\pm 54.55 140.03 ± 39.53 140.03\pm 39.53 We further evaluate the model’s sensitivity to the initial target Rtgs. Specifically, during inference, we set the initial Rtgs from 100 to 280, with an interval of 20. The experimental results are shown in Table 4 . We can see that when the initial Rtgs ranges from 100 to 280, the actual Rtgs predicted by the model exhibit good monotonicity. However, after 280, the model’s Rtgs begins to decline. This is because 300 is the theoretical upper limit for this task, meaning the model cannot effectively fit Rtgs outside the learnable range. Therefore, it is necessary to set a valid Rtgs during inference. Appendix F Experimental hyperparameters and data description F.1 Comparison Experiments Setting (Table 1 ) For the comparison experiments, we used a standardized set of hyperparameters. The data was sampled from 10 million trajectories. For models with different numbers of parameters, we performed data scaling experiments until a converged result was obtained, which we then used as our final result. For data optimization, we uniformly used the loss-opt-v3 optimization method with trajectory filtering and step filtering, setting the hyperparameters ϵ \epsilon and β \beta to 0.5. All other training parameters were identical to those mentioned previously. F.2 Scaling Laws Setting The hyperparameter configurations, data sources, and specific sampling sizes for Figure 5 and Table LABEL:tab:model_scaling are detailed in Appendix F.1 and Section 4.3, respectively. Therefore, we refer the reader to these sections for complete details. F.3 Data Quality Setting Figure 7 presents the results of the ablation study on our trajectory-level filter. This experiment was conducted using an initial dataset of 1M steps from D4RL datasets, with the specific sampling methodology and resulting data counts detailed in Section 4.4. Conversely, Figure 8 illustrates the ablation study for the step-level filter. For this analysis, 260k training datas with window size 20 were sampled from an expanded dataset of 10 million steps. All other hyperparameters were held consistent with the previously described experimental setup. F.4 Impact of Pretrained Parameters’s Setting Figure 10 presents the training results for our 3B parameter model. The model was trained on a dataset of 130k windowed samples, which were curated from an expanded data pool of 10 million trajectories. For this specific experiment, a minor hyperparameter adjustment was made: the batch size was set to 32. This modification was implemented to enhance training stability on our computational cluster. F.5 Sensitivity Analysis’s Setting The 3B parameter model presented in Table 4 was trained on a dataset of 130k samples, curated from an augmented pool of 10 million trajectories. During training, a batch size of 32 was used, consistent with the configuration detailed in the Appendix F.4 . Notably, all reported results are based on the model checkpoint from the final training step, rather than a checkpoint selected for peak performance on a validation set. Appendix F Experimental hyperparameters and data description F.1 Comparison Experiments Setting (Table 1 ) For the comparison experiments, we used a standardized set of hyperparameters. The data was sampled from 10 million trajectories. For models with different numbers of parameters, we performed data scaling experiments until a converged result was obtained, which we then used as our final result. For data optimization, we uniformly used the loss-opt-v3 optimization method with trajectory filtering and step filtering, setting the hyperparameters ϵ \epsilon and β \beta to 0.5. All other training parameters were identical to those mentioned previously. F.1 Comparison Experiments Setting (Table 1 ) For the comparison experiments, we used a standardized set of hyperparameters. The data was sampled from 10 million trajectories. For models with different numbers of parameters, we performed data scaling experiments until a converged result was obtained, which we then used as our final result. For data optimization, we uniformly used the loss-opt-v3 optimization method with trajectory filtering and step filtering, setting the hyperparameters ϵ \epsilon and β \beta to 0.5. All other training parameters were identical to those mentioned previously. F.2 Scaling Laws Setting The hyperparameter configurations, data sources, and specific sampling sizes for Figure 5 and Table LABEL:tab:model_scaling are detailed in Appendix F.1 and Section 4.3, respectively. Therefore, we refer the reader to these sections for complete details. F.2 Scaling Laws Setting The hyperparameter configurations, data sources, and specific sampling sizes for Figure 5 and Table LABEL:tab:model_scaling are detailed in Appendix F.1 and Section 4.3, respectively. Therefore, we refer the reader to these sections for complete details. F.3 Data Quality Setting Figure 7 presents the results of the ablation study on our trajectory-level filter. This experiment was conducted using an initial dataset of 1M steps from D4RL datasets, with the specific sampling methodology and resulting data counts detailed in Section 4.4. Conversely, Figure 8 illustrates the ablation study for the step-level filter. For this analysis, 260k training datas with window size 20 were sampled from an expanded dataset of 10 million steps. All other hyperparameters were held consistent with the previously described experimental setup. F.3 Data Quality Setting Figure 7 presents the results of the ablation study on our trajectory-level filter. This experiment was conducted using an initial dataset of 1M steps from D4RL datasets, with the specific sampling methodology and resulting data counts detailed in Section 4.4. Conversely, Figure 8 illustrates the ablation study for the step-level filter. For this analysis, 260k training datas with window size 20 were sampled from an expanded dataset of 10 million steps. All other hyperparameters were held consistent with the previously described experimental setup. F.4 Impact of Pretrained Parameters’s Setting Figure 10 presents the training results for our 3B parameter model. The model was trained on a dataset of 130k windowed samples, which were curated from an expanded data pool of 10 million trajectories. For this specific experiment, a minor hyperparameter adjustment was made: the batch size was set to 32. This modification was implemented to enhance training stability on our computational cluster. F.4 Impact of Pretrained Parameters’s Setting Figure 10 presents the training results for our 3B parameter model. The model was trained on a dataset of 130k windowed samples, which were curated from an expanded data pool of 10 million trajectories. For this specific experiment, a minor hyperparameter adjustment was made: the batch size was set to 32. This modification was implemented to enhance training stability on our computational cluster. F.5 Sensitivity Analysis’s Setting The 3B parameter model presented in Table 4 was trained on a dataset of 130k samples, curated from an augmented pool of 10 million trajectories. During training, a batch size of 32 was used, consistent with the configuration detailed in the Appendix F.4 . Notably, all reported results are based on the model checkpoint from the final training step, rather than a checkpoint selected for peak performance on a validation set. F.5 Sensitivity Analysis’s Setting The 3B parameter model presented in Table 4 was trained on a dataset of 130k samples, curated from an augmented pool of 10 million trajectories. During training, a batch size of 32 was used, consistent with the configuration detailed in the Appendix F.4 . Notably, all reported results are based on the model checkpoint from the final training step, rather than a checkpoint selected for peak performance on a validation set.
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https://arxiv.org/html/2601.10148v1
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The year began with another wave in the COVID-19 pandemic , with Omicron spreading rapidly and becoming the dominant variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus worldwide. Tracking a decrease in cases and deaths, 2022 saw the removal of most COVID-19 restrictions and the reopening of international borders in the vast majority of countries, while the global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines continued. The global economic recovery from the pandemic continued, though many countries experienced an ongoing inflation surge ; in response, many central banks raised their interest rates to landmark levels. [ 1 ] The world population reached eight billion people in 2022. The year also witnessed numerous natural disasters, including two devastating Atlantic hurricanes ( Fiona and Ian ), and the most powerful volcano eruption of the century so far . The later part of the year also saw the first public release of ChatGPT by OpenAI starting an arms race in artificial intelligence which increased in intensity into 2023, as well as the collapse of the cryptocurrency exchange FTX . 2022 was also dominated by wars and armed conflicts. While escalations into the internal conflict in Myanmar and the Tigray War dominated the heightening of tensions within their regions and each caused over 10,000 deaths, 2022 was most notable for the Russian invasion of Ukraine , the largest armed conflict in Europe since World War II . The invasion caused the displacement of 15.7 million Ukrainians (8 million internally displaced persons and 7.7 million refugees ), and led to international condemnations and sanctions and nuclear threats , the withdrawal of hundreds of companies from Russia , and the exclusion of Russia from major sporting events . Conflicts The ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine escalated after Russian president Vladimir Putin announced a " special military operation ", stating that it was to support the Russian-backed breakaway republics of Donetsk and Luhansk , whose paramilitary forces had been fighting Ukraine in the Donbas conflict since 2014. [ 2 ] Events January January 1 France takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union , after the Slovenian presidency . [ 3 ] The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership , the largest free trade area in the world, comes into effect for Australia , Brunei , Cambodia , China , Indonesia , Japan , South Korea , Laos , Malaysia , Myanmar , New Zealand , the Philippines , Singapore , Thailand , and Vietnam . [ 4 ] France takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union , after the Slovenian presidency . [ 3 ] The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership , the largest free trade area in the world, comes into effect for Australia , Brunei , Cambodia , China , Indonesia , Japan , South Korea , Laos , Malaysia , Myanmar , New Zealand , the Philippines , Singapore , Thailand , and Vietnam . [ 4 ] January 2 – Abdalla Hamdok resigns as Prime Minister of Sudan amid deadly protests. [ 5 ] January 4 – The five permanent members of the UN Security Council —China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States—issue a rare joint statement affirming that "a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought." [ 6 ] January 5 – A nationwide state of emergency is declared in Kazakhstan in response to the 2022 Kazakh unrest . The cabinet of prime minister Askar Mamin resigns, while president Kassym-Jomart Tokayev removes former president Nursultan Nazarbayev , widely regarded as being the real power in the country, from his position as Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] January 6 – The CSTO deploys a "peacekeeping" mission in Kazakhstan , including Russian paratroopers , following a request by Kazakh president Tokayev . [ 10 ] January 7 – COVID-19 pandemic : The number of COVID-19 cases exceeds 300 million worldwide. [ 11 ] January 9 – February 6 – The 2021 Africa Cup of Nations is held in Cameroon , with Senegal winning their first championship . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] January 10 – The first successful heart transplant from a pig to a human patient occurs in Baltimore , Maryland , United States. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] January 13 – Bikaner-Guwahati Express derailment : The Bikaner-Guwahati Express train derailed in Maynaguri . 9 people were killed and 50 people were injured. This was the first major train accident of 2022. [ 16 ] January 15 – A large eruption of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai , a submarine volcano in Tonga , triggers tsunami warnings in Australia, Canada , Chile , Fiji , Japan, New Zealand, Samoa , and the United States. [ 17 ] January 16 – World No. 1 tennis champion Novak Djokovic is deported from Australia following a high-profile legal case regarding his COVID-19 vaccination status, preventing his participation in the 2022 Australian Open . [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] January 17 – In Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates , a terrorist attack against 3 oil tanker trucks and an under construction airport extension infrastructure is conducted by the Houthi movement using drones and missiles, killing 3 people and injuring 6 others. [ 21 ] January 22 – President-elect of Honduras Xiomara Castro called on her supporters to hold a vigil outside the National Congress until the official board of directors for the 2022–2026 term was chosen the following day as part of the 2022 Honduran political crisis . [ 22 ] January 23 Tropical Storm Ana kills 115 people in Madagascar , Malawi and Mozambique , days after a series of floods killed 11 people in Madagascar. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] A coup d'état in Burkina Faso removes president Roch Kaboré from power. The Burkinabé military cites the government's failure to contain activities of Islamist militants within the country as a reason for the coup. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Tropical Storm Ana kills 115 people in Madagascar , Malawi and Mozambique , days after a series of floods killed 11 people in Madagascar. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] A coup d'état in Burkina Faso removes president Roch Kaboré from power. The Burkinabé military cites the government's failure to contain activities of Islamist militants within the country as a reason for the coup. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] January 24 – The federal government under Scott Morrison announces that, after more than three years of confidential negotiations, copyright ownership of the Australian Aboriginal flag has been transferred to the Commonwealth. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] January 28 – COVID-19 pandemic: The number of vaccinations administered worldwide exceeds 10 billion. [ 29 ] February February 3 – Islamic State leader Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi is killed in Atme during a counter-terrorism raid by U.S. special forces in north-western Syria . [ 30 ] February 4 – China and Russia issue a joint statement opposing further NATO expansion, expressing "serious concerns" about the AUKUS security pact, and pledging to cooperate with each other on a range of issues. [ 31 ] February 4 – February 20 – The 2022 Winter Olympics are held in Beijing , China, making it the first city ever to host both the Summer Olympics and Winter Olympics . [ 32 ] February 5 – Cyclone Batsirai kills a total of 123 people across Madagascar, Mauritius , and Réunion two weeks after Tropical Storm Ana killed 115 people in the same region. [ 33 ] February 6 – Queen Elizabeth II celebrates her " Platinum Jubilee ", marking 70 years as Queen of the United Kingdom. [ 34 ] February 9 – The biggest breakthrough in fusion energy since 1997 is reported at the Joint European Torus in Oxford , the UK, with 59 megajoules produced over five seconds (11 megawatts of power), more than double the previous record. [ 35 ] February 21 – February 24 – Russian President Vladimir Putin signs a decree declaring the Luhansk People's Republic and Donetsk People's Republic as independent from Ukraine , and, despite international condemnation and sanctions, begins a full-scale invasion of Ukraine ; at dawn on 24 February missiles strike Kyiv . [ 36 ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Ukraine severs diplomatic relations with Russia , [ 39 ] followed by the Federated States of Micronesia on 25 February. [ 40 ] February 26 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: The EU, US, and their allies commit to removing Russian banks from the SWIFT payment system, as well as imposing measures on the Russian Central Bank and further restrictions on Russian elites. These and other sanctions fuel a financial crisis in Russia. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] February 27 Russian invasion of Ukraine: Putin orders Russia's nuclear deterrent forces to be on "special alert", their highest level, in response to what he calls "aggressive statements" by NATO. [ 43 ] The move is condemned by the US. [ 44 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine: European nations ban Russian flights in their airspace. [ 45 ] In a constitutional referendum , Belarus votes to revoke its non-nuclear status and to allow the country to host Russian forces permanently. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine: Putin orders Russia's nuclear deterrent forces to be on "special alert", their highest level, in response to what he calls "aggressive statements" by NATO. [ 43 ] The move is condemned by the US. [ 44 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine: European nations ban Russian flights in their airspace. [ 45 ] In a constitutional referendum , Belarus votes to revoke its non-nuclear status and to allow the country to host Russian forces permanently. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] February 28 Ukraine applies for membership to join the European Union . [ 48 ] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) releases the second part of its Sixth Assessment Report on climate change . It concludes that many impacts are on the verge of becoming "irreversible". [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine: Russian and Ukrainian officials meet on the Belarus-Ukraine border for the first round of peace talks, with no resolution. [ 51 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine: Football governing bodies FIFA and UEFA suspend Russian clubs and national teams from all competitions. [ 52 ] 2022 Russian financial crisis : In an unprecedented move, Switzerland , Monaco , Singapore and South Korea impose unilateral sanctions over Russia including the introduction of export controls and asset freezes . [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Ukraine applies for membership to join the European Union . [ 48 ] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) releases the second part of its Sixth Assessment Report on climate change . It concludes that many impacts are on the verge of becoming "irreversible". [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine: Russian and Ukrainian officials meet on the Belarus-Ukraine border for the first round of peace talks, with no resolution. [ 51 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine: Football governing bodies FIFA and UEFA suspend Russian clubs and national teams from all competitions. [ 52 ] 2022 Russian financial crisis : In an unprecedented move, Switzerland , Monaco , Singapore and South Korea impose unilateral sanctions over Russia including the introduction of export controls and asset freezes . [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] March March 1 Russian invasion of Ukraine: World Athletics bans both Russia and Belarus from competing in all of its events. [ 56 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine: In an emergency session, United Nations member states pass a resolution deploring Russia's invasion of Ukraine and calling for the immediate withdrawal of its forces. [ 57 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine: World Athletics bans both Russia and Belarus from competing in all of its events. [ 56 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine: In an emergency session, United Nations member states pass a resolution deploring Russia's invasion of Ukraine and calling for the immediate withdrawal of its forces. [ 57 ] March 2 Russian invasion of Ukraine: Russia captures its first large city , the Black Sea port of Kherson , as shelling intensifies across many parts of Ukraine, including civilian areas. [ 58 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine: The United Nations reports that over a million refugees have now fled from Ukraine to other countries. [ 59 ] The International Criminal Court begins an investigation into possible war crimes committed by Russia in Ukraine. [ 60 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine: Russia captures its first large city , the Black Sea port of Kherson , as shelling intensifies across many parts of Ukraine, including civilian areas. [ 58 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine: The United Nations reports that over a million refugees have now fled from Ukraine to other countries. [ 59 ] The International Criminal Court begins an investigation into possible war crimes committed by Russia in Ukraine. [ 60 ] March 3 Russian invasion of Ukraine: Russia is condemned by world leaders following an attack by its troops on the Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant – the largest in Europe – which led to a fire at the site. [ 61 ] The National Assembly of Armenia elects incumbent minister of High-Tech Industry and former mayor of Yerevan , Vahagn Khachaturyan , as president of Armenia following the resignation of Armen Sarkissian . [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Georgia and Moldova applied to join the European Union . [ 64 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine: Russia is condemned by world leaders following an attack by its troops on the Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant – the largest in Europe – which led to a fire at the site. [ 61 ] The National Assembly of Armenia elects incumbent minister of High-Tech Industry and former mayor of Yerevan , Vahagn Khachaturyan , as president of Armenia following the resignation of Armen Sarkissian . [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Georgia and Moldova applied to join the European Union . [ 64 ] March 4 – March 13 – The 2022 Winter Paralympics are held in Beijing , China, making it the first city to host both Summer Paralympics and Winter Paralympics . [ 65 ] March 4 – Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa : An Afghan man on behalf of the Islamic State – Khorasan Province commits a suicide attack at a Shia mosque in Peshawar , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan , killing 63 people. [ 66 ] March 5 – Researchers in the Antarctic find Endurance , one of the greatest ever undiscovered shipwrecks , which sank in 1915 during Ernest Shackleton 's exploration. [ 67 ] March 7 – COVID-19 pandemic : The global death toll from COVID-19 surpasses 6 million. [ 68 ] March 8 – The US and UK announce a ban on Russian oil , while the EU announces a two-thirds reduction in its demand for Russian gas . [ 69 ] March 9 2022 South Korean presidential election : People Power Party candidate Yoon Suk-yeol is narrowly elected President of South Korea. [ 70 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine: Russia is condemned by world leaders following an air strike in Mariupol that destroys a hospital including a maternity and children's ward. [ 71 ] 2022 South Korean presidential election : People Power Party candidate Yoon Suk-yeol is narrowly elected President of South Korea. [ 70 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine: Russia is condemned by world leaders following an air strike in Mariupol that destroys a hospital including a maternity and children's ward. [ 71 ] March 10 – The National Assembly of Hungary elects former minister for Family Affairs, Katalin Novák , as president of Hungary in a 137–51 vote. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] March 11 – Gabriel Boric is sworn in as President of Chile . He becomes the youngest head of state in the nation's history and the first to be born during the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet . [ 74 ] [ 75 ] March 12 – 2022 Turkmenistan presidential election : Serdar Berdimuhamedow , son of former President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow , wins with 89% of the total votes. [ 76 ] March 16 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: A Russian airstrike on the Mariupol Theatre in Mariupol kills an estimated 600 civilians sheltering inside. [ 77 ] March 19 – The apostolic constitution Praedicate evangelium , reforming the Roman Curia , is promulgated by Pope Francis , coming into force on 5 June. [ 78 ] March 21 – China Eastern Airlines Flight 5735 crashes in Guangxi , China, killing all 133 people on board. [ 79 ] March 24 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: NATO announces that four new battlegroups totaling 40,000 troops will be deployed in Bulgaria , Hungary , Romania and Slovakia , along with enhanced readiness for potential chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear threats. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] March 27 – The M23 offensive begins in North Kivu , Democratic Republic of the Congo . [ 82 ] March 29 – The Democratic Republic of the Congo is admitted to the East African Community . [ 83 ] March 31 – Expo 2020 closes in Dubai after a 6-month run; originally scheduled for 10 April 2021, it was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic . [ 84 ] April April 3 Russian invasion of Ukraine: As Russia's forces retreat from areas near Kyiv, it is accused by Ukraine of war crimes , amid mounting evidence of indiscriminate civilian killings, including the Bucha massacre . [ 85 ] [ 86 ] The second round of voting of the 2022 Costa Rican general election is held, and Social Democratic Progress Party presidential candidate Rodrigo Chaves Robles is elected president . [ 87 ] [ 88 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine: As Russia's forces retreat from areas near Kyiv, it is accused by Ukraine of war crimes , amid mounting evidence of indiscriminate civilian killings, including the Bucha massacre . [ 85 ] [ 86 ] The second round of voting of the 2022 Costa Rican general election is held, and Social Democratic Progress Party presidential candidate Rodrigo Chaves Robles is elected president . [ 87 ] [ 88 ] April 4 – The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) releases the third and final part of its Sixth Assessment Report on climate change , warning that greenhouse gas emissions must peak by 2025 at the latest and decline 43% by 2030 , in order to limit global warming to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F). [ 89 ] [ 90 ] April 6 – The first known dinosaur fossil linked to the very day of the Chicxulub impact is reported by palaeontologists . [ 91 ] April 7 The UN votes by 93–24 to suspend Russia from the Human Rights Council , with 58 countries abstaining. [ 92 ] President of Yemen Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi resigns from office, dismisses vice president Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar , and transfers both offices' powers to the newly formed eight-member Presidential Leadership Council , chaired by Rashad al-Alimi . [ 93 ] [ 94 ] The UN votes by 93–24 to suspend Russia from the Human Rights Council , with 58 countries abstaining. [ 92 ] President of Yemen Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi resigns from office, dismisses vice president Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar , and transfers both offices' powers to the newly formed eight-member Presidential Leadership Council , chaired by Rashad al-Alimi . [ 93 ] [ 94 ] April 8 Russian invasion of Ukraine: Russia is condemned by world leaders following a missile attack on Kramatorsk train station , which kills 59 civilians trying to evacuate, including seven children. [ 95 ] [ 96 ] Global food prices increase to their highest level since the UN's Food Price Index began in 1990, with commodities such as wheat rising by nearly 20% as a result of the Ukraine crisis. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine: Russia is condemned by world leaders following a missile attack on Kramatorsk train station , which kills 59 civilians trying to evacuate, including seven children. [ 95 ] [ 96 ] Global food prices increase to their highest level since the UN's Food Price Index began in 1990, with commodities such as wheat rising by nearly 20% as a result of the Ukraine crisis. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] April 11 – The National Assembly of Pakistan elects leader of the opposition Shehbaz Sharif as prime minister of Pakistan , after Imran Khan is removed from office following a motion of no confidence two days prior. [ 99 ] [ 100 ] April 13 – COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases exceeds 500 million worldwide. [ 101 ] April 14 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: The Russian flagship Moskva becomes the largest warship to be sunk in action since World War II . Ukraine claims to have struck it with Neptune anti-ship missiles , while Russia claims it sank during stormy weather after an onboard fire. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] April 18 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: The battle of Donbas begins, leading to the deaths of several thousand military personnel and civilians. [ 104 ] April 19 – The second round of voting of the 2022 East Timorese presidential election is held and the National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction party presidential candidate, former president and former prime minister José Ramos-Horta is elected. [ 105 ] [ 106 ] [ 107 ] April 20 – A European Southern Observatory team announce the discovery of micronovae , a new type of exploding star. [ 108 ] April 22 – The Large Hadron Collider recommences full operations, three years after being shut down for upgrades. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] April 24 – The 2022 Slovenian parliamentary election is held to elect all 90 members of the National Assembly of Slovenia , the lower house of the Slovenian Parliament ; the Freedom Movement party becomes the largest party, winning 41 of 90 seats. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] April 25 – Elon Musk reaches an agreement to acquire the social media network Twitter (which he later rebrands as X) for US$44 billion, which later closes in October. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] April 27 – The European Union accuses Russia of blackmail after gas supplies to Poland and Bulgaria are halted by energy giant Gazprom . [ 116 ] April 28 – The Parliament of Montenegro elects a new government with Dritan Abazović as prime minister , following a motion of no confidence against the government of Zdravko Krivokapić . [ 117 ] [ 118 ] April 30 – The Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway , located in Cebu , Philippines, is officially opened as the longest bridge in the country. May May 6 – 2022 monkeypox outbreak : An outbreak of monkeypox begins when the first monkeypox virus case is reported in London , the United Kingdom . [ 119 ] May 9 Prime Minister of Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapaksa resigns as a result of massive protests against his government across the country. He is succeeded by Ranil Wickremesinghe as prime minister three days later. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] 2022 Philippine presidential election : Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte are elected the 17th President and 15th Vice President of the Philippines in a landslide victory . [ 122 ] [ 123 ] Prime Minister of Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapaksa resigns as a result of massive protests against his government across the country. He is succeeded by Ranil Wickremesinghe as prime minister three days later. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] 2022 Philippine presidential election : Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte are elected the 17th President and 15th Vice President of the Philippines in a landslide victory . [ 122 ] [ 123 ] May 10 – May 14 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2022 is held in Turin , Italy . The contest is won by Ukrainian folk-rap group Kalush Orchestra with their song " Stefania ". [ 124 ] [ 125 ] May 11 – The Palestinian-American journalist Shireen Abu Akleh is killed by the Israel Defence Forces while covering a raid in Jenin . Initially, Israel denied responsibility but later admitted to the killing and issued an apology . [ 126 ] May 12 – The Event Horizon Telescope collaboration reveals its first image of Sagittarius A* , the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way . [ 127 ] May 13 – Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan is elected as the 3rd president of the United Arab Emirates by the Federal Supreme Council following the death of Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan a day earlier. [ 128 ] [ 129 ] May 14 - 10 people are killed during the 2022 Buffalo shooting . [ 130 ] May 15 – Former President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud is elected president again, beating President Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed . [ 131 ] May 16 – Russian invasion of Ukraine : The Siege of Mariupol ends in a Russian victory as Ukrainian troops are evacuated from Mariupol . [ 132 ] [ 133 ] May 18 – Finland and Sweden apply to join NATO . [ 134 ] May 20 – 2022 monkeypox outbreak : The World Health Organization (WHO) holds an emergency meeting to discuss the spread of monkeypox in nearly a dozen countries, as the number of reported cases reaches 100. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] May 21 – 2022 Australian federal election : The Labor party, led by Anthony Albanese , defeats the Liberal - National Coalition government led by Prime Minister Scott Morrison . Albanese is sworn in as Prime Minister two days later. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] May 24 – Uvalde school shooting : 18-year-old Salvador Ramos fatally shoots 19 students and two teachers at Robb Elementary School . [ 139 ] May 27 – Fiji announces that it will become the 14th member of the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework in order to counter Chinese influence in the Pacific. This comes amid a visit by Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi to Kiribati . [ 140 ] May 28 – Spanish club Real Madrid beat English club Liverpool 1–0 to win the UEFA Champions League final played at the Stade de France in Paris , France. [ 141 ] June June 4 – Retired general Bajram Begaj is elected President of Albania by the parliament in the fourth round of voting. [ 142 ] June 5 – At least 50 people are killed in a dual mass shooting-bomb attack in Owo , Nigeria . [ 143 ] June 8 – 2022 South Khorasan train derailment : In Iran , a passenger train derailed travelling from Tabas to Yazd crashed into an excavator and derailed, killing 18 and injuring 87. [ 144 ] June 14 – Canada and Denmark end their competing claims for Hans Island by dividing the island roughly in half, ending what was referred to as the Whisky War . [ 145 ] June 19 The second round of the 2022 legislative election is held in France, resulting in a hung parliament , with President Macron's coalition losing its majority in the National Assembly . A newly-formed coalition of left-wing parties , led by far-left Jean-Luc Mélenchon , makes significant gains. Marine Le Pen 's far-right National Rally also makes historic gains, increasing its number of MPs tenfold and becoming the largest opposition party in Parliament. Two weeks later, Macron's government is reshuffled, continuing as a minority administration . [ 146 ] The second round of the 2022 Colombian presidential election is held, and former guerrilla fighter for the 19th of April Movement and incumbent senator , Gustavo Petro , defeats businessman and former mayor of Bucaramanga , Rodolfo Hernández Suárez . [ 147 ] [ 148 ] [ 149 ] The second round of the 2022 legislative election is held in France, resulting in a hung parliament , with President Macron's coalition losing its majority in the National Assembly . A newly-formed coalition of left-wing parties , led by far-left Jean-Luc Mélenchon , makes significant gains. Marine Le Pen 's far-right National Rally also makes historic gains, increasing its number of MPs tenfold and becoming the largest opposition party in Parliament. Two weeks later, Macron's government is reshuffled, continuing as a minority administration . [ 146 ] The second round of the 2022 Colombian presidential election is held, and former guerrilla fighter for the 19th of April Movement and incumbent senator , Gustavo Petro , defeats businessman and former mayor of Bucaramanga , Rodolfo Hernández Suárez . [ 147 ] [ 148 ] [ 149 ] June 22 – A 6.2 earthquake strikes the Durand Line between Afghanistan and Pakistan, killing at least 1,163 people. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] [ 152 ] June 23 The European Council granted Moldova and Ukraine the status of a candidate for accession to the European Union . [ 153 ] [ 154 ] Dickon Mitchell 's party wins a majority of seats in Grenada's general election , defeating Prime Minister Keith Mitchell 's party. Dickon Mitchell is sworn in the following day. [ 155 ] The European Council granted Moldova and Ukraine the status of a candidate for accession to the European Union . [ 153 ] [ 154 ] Dickon Mitchell 's party wins a majority of seats in Grenada's general election , defeating Prime Minister Keith Mitchell 's party. Dickon Mitchell is sworn in the following day. [ 155 ] June 26 – G7 leaders gather for a summit in Germany to discuss the situation in Ukraine. A ban on imports of Russian gold is announced. [ 156 ] June 27 – 53 migrants from Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador are found dead in a tractor trailer in San Antonio , Texas , United States. [ 157 ] June 28 – June 30 – A NATO summit is held in Madrid, Spain along with the presence of guest countries from the European Union and the Indo-Pacific primarily searching for a consensual defensive reinforcement after the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the sustained threatening over the territorial integrity of other countries. [ 158 ] July July 1 the Czech Republic takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union , after the French presidency . [ 159 ] Yair Lapid succeeds Naftali Bennett as Prime Minister of Israel , while Bennett succeeds Lapid as Alternate Prime Minister of Israel ; this arrangement had been created after the 2021 Israeli legislative election , in which no party won an outright majority. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] the Czech Republic takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union , after the French presidency . [ 159 ] Yair Lapid succeeds Naftali Bennett as Prime Minister of Israel , while Bennett succeeds Lapid as Alternate Prime Minister of Israel ; this arrangement had been created after the 2021 Israeli legislative election , in which no party won an outright majority. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] July 6 – July 31 – UEFA Women's Euro 2022 , originally intended for 2021 but indirectly delayed due to UEFA Euro 2020 being delayed, is held in England , with the hosts winning their first major tournament since 1966 . [ 162 ] July 7 – July 17 – The 2022 World Games is held in Birmingham , Alabama , United States. [ 163 ] July 7 – After revelations over his appointment of Chris Pincher as Deputy Chief Whip triggered a series of resignations from his government , UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson announces his intention to resign, triggering the July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election . [ 164 ] [ 165 ] July 8 – Former Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe is assassinated while giving a public speech in the city of Nara , Japan. [ 166 ] July 11 – The first operational image from the James Webb Space Telescope , showing the galaxy cluster SMACS 0723 , is revealed to the public. [ 167 ] July 18 Droupadi Murmu is elected as President of India , making her the first tribal and youngest person to be elected to the office. [ 168 ] IFLA-UNESCO Public Library Manifesto issued. [ 169 ] Droupadi Murmu is elected as President of India , making her the first tribal and youngest person to be elected to the office. [ 168 ] IFLA-UNESCO Public Library Manifesto issued. [ 169 ] July 19 – 2022 European heat waves : A series of severe heatwaves from July to August hit Europe, causing at least 53,000 deaths and additionally causing major wildfires , travel disruption, and record high temperatures in many countries. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] July 21 The Parliament of Sri Lanka elects Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe as President of Sri Lanka , [ 172 ] following the resignation of Gotabaya Rajapaksa amid protests over the ongoing economic crisis . [ 173 ] The European Central Bank raises its key interest rate for the first time in more than 11 years, from minus 0.5 per cent to zero, with plans for further increases later in the year. [ 174 ] The Parliament of Sri Lanka elects Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe as President of Sri Lanka , [ 172 ] following the resignation of Gotabaya Rajapaksa amid protests over the ongoing economic crisis . [ 173 ] The European Central Bank raises its key interest rate for the first time in more than 11 years, from minus 0.5 per cent to zero, with plans for further increases later in the year. [ 174 ] July 22 – Russian invasion of Ukraine : Russia and Ukraine sign the Black Sea Grain Initiative , an agreement brokered by Turkey and the United Nations to facilitate the shipment of grain exports and reduce soaring global food prices . [ 175 ] [ 176 ] July 23 – The World Health Organization (WHO) declares the recent monkeypox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern , as the number of reported cases exceeds 17,000 in 75 countries. [ 177 ] July 27 – A 7.0 earthquake strikes the island of Luzon in the Philippines killing 11 people and injuring over 600. [ 178 ] July 28 – August 8 – The 2022 Commonwealth Games is held in Birmingham , England . [ 179 ] July 31 – Ayman al-Zawahiri , the Egyptian terrorist who became the 2nd Emir of al-Qaeda after Osama bin Laden 's death in 2011, is killed in an airstrike in Kabul, Afghanistan conducted by the United States ' Central Intelligence Agency . [ 180 ] August August 4 China conducts its largest ever military exercise around Taiwan in response to a controversial visit by Nancy Pelosi , the highest-ranking U.S. official to visit Taiwan since the 1990s . [ 181 ] [ 182 ] The Prime Minister of Peru , Aníbal Torres , resigns following multiple criminal investigations against the President of Peru , Pedro Castillo . [ 183 ] China conducts its largest ever military exercise around Taiwan in response to a controversial visit by Nancy Pelosi , the highest-ranking U.S. official to visit Taiwan since the 1990s . [ 181 ] [ 182 ] The Prime Minister of Peru , Aníbal Torres , resigns following multiple criminal investigations against the President of Peru , Pedro Castillo . [ 183 ] August 5 – August 7 – Israel launches airstrikes in the Gaza Strip , killing Islamic Jihad military leader Tayseer Jabari . Both parties agree to a ceasefire after three days of skirmish. [ 184 ] [ 185 ] August 6 – Terrance Drew is sworn in as prime minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis . [ 186 ] August 9 – 2022 Kenyan general election : William Ruto is elected as Kenya's 5th president , defeating longtime opposition leader Raila Odinga . His victory is certified by the nation's election supervisory agency on August 15 amid protests and violence by Odinga supporters. [ 187 ] [ 188 ] [ 189 ] August 10 – Spanish club Real Madrid beat German club Eintracht Frankfurt 2–0 to win the 2022 UEFA Super Cup played at the Olympic Stadium in Helsinki , Finland. [ 190 ] August 12 – Indian-born British-American novelist Salman Rushdie is stabbed multiple times as he is about to give a public lecture at the Chautauqua Institution in Chautauqua, New York , United States. [ 191 ] [ 192 ] August 17 – Turkey and Israel agree to restore full diplomatic relations after a period of tensions. [ 193 ] August 19 – The coalition government of Montenegrin prime minister Dritan Abazović collapses after the 81-seat Parliament of Montenegro passes a motion of no confidence in a vote of 50–1, following dispute within the coalition over an agreement the government signed with the Serbian Orthodox Church . [ 194 ] [ 195 ] August 27 – September 11 – The 2022 Asia Cup is held in the United Arab Emirates , and is won by Sri Lanka . [ 196 ] August 28 – 2022 Pakistan floods : Pakistan declares a "climate catastrophe" and appeals for international assistance, as the death toll from recent flooding in the country exceeds 1,000, the world's deadliest flood since 2017. Several nations, alongside the UN, pledge millions in funding for aid. [ 197 ] [ 198 ] August 30 – Mikhail Gorbachev , the final leader of the Soviet Union , dies at the age of 91. [ 199 ] September September 1 – The UN releases a report stating that the Chinese government's Xinjiang internment camps and treatment of Uyghurs may constitute crimes against humanity . [ 200 ] September 2 – Russian invasion of Ukraine : The G7 economies agree to impose a price cap on Russian petroleum exports . [ 201 ] September 5 – A 6.8 earthquake strikes Luding County in Sichuan province , China , killing 117 and injuring 424. [ 202 ] September 6 – Liz Truss is appointed Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after winning the July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election . [ 203 ] September 8 – Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and 14 other Commonwealth realms dies at Balmoral Castle in Scotland at the age of 96. Her son Charles III succeeds her as King. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] September 11 – The 2022 Swedish general election is held to elect all 349 seats of the Riksdag . Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson resigns after her centre-left bloc narrowly loses to a bloc of right-wing parties, 176 seats to 173; [ 206 ] Andersson is succeeded as prime minister by Ulf Kristersson in October. September 12 – September 2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan clashes : Azerbaijan attacks Armenian positions near the cities of Vardenis , Goris , Sotk and Jermuk , and occupies certain areas of its territory along the Armenia–Azerbaijan border . Over the next few days, more than 100 Armenian soldiers are killed in the clashes, while Azerbaijan acknowledges 71 fatalities among its forces. [ 207 ] September 14 – September 20 – 2022 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes : Dozens are killed as sporadic clashes occur between Kyrgyz and Tajik troops along their countries' respective border . [ 208 ] September 14 – September 25 – The Atlantic hurricane Fiona hits Guadeloupe , Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , the Lucayan Archipelago , Bermuda , and Eastern Canada . [ 209 ] September 16 – Protests erupt in Iran following the death of Mahsa Amini in the custody of the country's " morality police ". [ 210 ] September 19 – The state funeral of Elizabeth II is held in Westminster Abbey , London . Her coffin is then taken by procession to Windsor Castle for burial with her husband , par ents and sister in the King George VI Memorial Chapel . [ 211 ] The funeral is speculated to be the most watched television event in world history. [ 212 ] September 21 – Russian invasion of Ukraine : Following a major counteroffensive by Ukraine in the east of the country, Putin announces a partial mobilisation of Russia and threatens nuclear retaliation , saying "this is not a bluff". [ 213 ] September 22 – October 1 – The 2022 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup is held in Sydney , Australia . [ 214 ] In the final, the United States wins 83–61 against China . [ 215 ] September 24 – The 2022 Nauruan parliamentary election is held, which is followed by Ubenide parliament member Russ Kun being elected president by parliament. [ 216 ] September 25 – The 2022 Italian general election is held to elect all 400 seats of the Chamber of Deputies and 200 seats of the Senate of the Republic (reduced from 630 and 215 respectively according to the outcome of the 2020 constitutional referendum ). [ 217 ] Observers commented that the results shifted the geopolitics of the European Union , following far-right gains in France, Spain, and Sweden. [ 218 ] [ 219 ] [ 220 ] It was also noted that the election outcome would mark Italy's most right-wing government since 1945. [ 221 ] [ 222 ] [ 223 ] September 26 NASA 's DART crashes into the asteroid Dimorphos in a first test of potential planetary defense . [ 224 ] The Nord Stream pipeline sabotage occurs by an unknown perpetrator off the coast of Bornholm , Denmark with explosions on two pipelines leaving them inoperable. [ 225 ] NASA 's DART crashes into the asteroid Dimorphos in a first test of potential planetary defense . [ 224 ] The Nord Stream pipeline sabotage occurs by an unknown perpetrator off the coast of Bornholm , Denmark with explosions on two pipelines leaving them inoperable. [ 225 ] September 27 – September 30 – Hurricane Ian impacts Cuba and the United States , causing catastrophic damage to both nations, killing at least 157 people, 16 missing, and leaving millions without power, including the entire nation of Cuba. [ 226 ] [ 227 ] September 27 – Russian occupation authorities in Ukraine claim that their annexation referendums show an overwhelming support for the annexation by Russia of the Donetsk People's Republic , the Luhansk People's Republic , and parts of Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast . However, the voting is widely dismissed as a sham referendum . [ 228 ] [ 229 ] September 30 Annexation of Southern and Eastern Ukraine : Russian President Vladimir Putin signs treaties absorbing the occupied regions of Donetsk , Luhansk , Kherson and Zaporizhzhia into the Russian Federation . This annexation is seen as a breach of international law by the global community. [ 230 ] [ 231 ] Burkina Faso 's military junta is overthrown by the country's second coup of the year, led by army captain Ibrahim Traoré . [ 232 ] Annexation of Southern and Eastern Ukraine : Russian President Vladimir Putin signs treaties absorbing the occupied regions of Donetsk , Luhansk , Kherson and Zaporizhzhia into the Russian Federation . This annexation is seen as a breach of international law by the global community. [ 230 ] [ 231 ] Burkina Faso 's military junta is overthrown by the country's second coup of the year, led by army captain Ibrahim Traoré . [ 232 ] October October 1 – A fatal human crush occurs during an association football match at Kanjuruhan Stadium in Malang Regency , East Java , Indonesia , killing 135 people and injuring more than 500. [ 233 ] [ 234 ] October 5 – OPEC+ imposes a production cut of up to 2 million barrels per day. [ 235 ] October 8 – Russian invasion of Ukraine : An explosion occurs on the Crimean Bridge connecting Crimea and Russia , killing three and causing a partial collapse of the only road bridge between the Crimean Peninsula and the Russian mainland. [ 236 ] Two days later, retaliatory missile strikes are conducted by Russia across Ukraine, the most widespread since the start of the invasion, notably including attacks on Kyiv . [ 237 ] October 12 – October 13 – 2022 Bratislava shooting , killing 3 (including the perpetrator) and injuring one. The shooting occurred outside of a gay bar in Bratislava known as Tepláreň. Two people (excluding the perpetrator) died as a result of the shooting. Juraj Vankulič, a non-binary person, and Matúš Horváth, a bisexual man. The perpetrator (Juraj Krajčík) was found dead due to a self-inflicted gunshot the morning after the attack. [ 238 ] October 16 – October 23 – The 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party is held. Xi Jinping is elected as General Secretary by the Central Committee , beginning a third term as the paramount leader of China . [ 239 ] [ 240 ] October 20 – Amid a government crisis , Liz Truss announces her resignation as leader of the Conservative Party and her intention to resign as prime minister of the United Kingdom, after 45 days in office. [ 241 ] October 25 – Rishi Sunak becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , following the resignation of Liz Truss the previous week resulting in a 50-day tenure, making him the first person of colour to become the prime minister. [ 242 ] October 28 Elon Musk completes his $44 billion acquisition of Twitter . [ 243 ] Sam Matekane is sworn in as Prime Minister of Lesotho after securing a victory in the 7 October elections . [ 244 ] Elon Musk completes his $44 billion acquisition of Twitter . [ 243 ] Sam Matekane is sworn in as Prime Minister of Lesotho after securing a victory in the 7 October elections . [ 244 ] October 29 At least 158 people are killed and another 197 injured in a crowd crush during Halloween festivities in Seoul, South Korea. [ 245 ] A double car bombing by al-Shabaab in Mogadishu , Somalia kills at least 121 people and injures around 300. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine : In response to an alleged Ukrainian drone attack against the Black Sea Fleet , Russia suspends its participation in the Black Sea Grain Initiative . [ 248 ] At least 158 people are killed and another 197 injured in a crowd crush during Halloween festivities in Seoul, South Korea. [ 245 ] A double car bombing by al-Shabaab in Mogadishu , Somalia kills at least 121 people and injures around 300. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine : In response to an alleged Ukrainian drone attack against the Black Sea Fleet , Russia suspends its participation in the Black Sea Grain Initiative . [ 248 ] October 30 2022 Brazilian general election : Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva defeats incumbent Jair Bolsonaro in a runoff election after neither candidate secured a majority in the first round of voting. Lula da Silva is the first president elected three times, and also the oldest one, at 77. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] The collapse of a suspension bridge in Gujarat, India, leaves at least 135 dead. [ 251 ] [ 252 ] 2022 Brazilian general election : Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva defeats incumbent Jair Bolsonaro in a runoff election after neither candidate secured a majority in the first round of voting. Lula da Silva is the first president elected three times, and also the oldest one, at 77. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] The collapse of a suspension bridge in Gujarat, India, leaves at least 135 dead. [ 251 ] [ 252 ] November November 1 2022 Israeli legislative election : A bloc of right-wing and far-right political parties led by former Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu wins a 64-seat majority (out of 120), allowing him to be sworn in as Prime Minister of Israel for a third time in December. [ 253 ] [ 254 ] [ 255 ] [ 256 ] 2022 Danish general election : A bloc of left-leaning political parties wins a narrow one-seat majority of 90 seats. [ 257 ] [ 258 ] Incumbent Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen's second government takes office in December, in the form of a coalition with Venstre and the Moderates . 2022 Israeli legislative election : A bloc of right-wing and far-right political parties led by former Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu wins a 64-seat majority (out of 120), allowing him to be sworn in as Prime Minister of Israel for a third time in December. [ 253 ] [ 254 ] [ 255 ] [ 256 ] 2022 Danish general election : A bloc of left-leaning political parties wins a narrow one-seat majority of 90 seats. [ 257 ] [ 258 ] Incumbent Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen's second government takes office in December, in the form of a coalition with Venstre and the Moderates . November 2 – November 3 – Tigray War : The Ethiopian government and the TPLF agree to a formal cessation of hostilities, signing a peace agreement in Pretoria , South Africa . [ 259 ] [ 260 ] November 6 – November 18 – The 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP27) on climate change mitigation takes place in Sharm el-Sheikh , Egypt. [ 261 ] [ 262 ] November 11 The cryptocurrency exchange FTX , once valued at $18 billion, [ 263 ] files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy , [ 264 ] in a collapse that affects the cryptocurrency environment. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine : Ukrainian forces recapture Kherson , the only regional capital to be taken by Russia since the start of the war. [ 267 ] [ 268 ] The cryptocurrency exchange FTX , once valued at $18 billion, [ 263 ] files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy , [ 264 ] in a collapse that affects the cryptocurrency environment. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine : Ukrainian forces recapture Kherson , the only regional capital to be taken by Russia since the start of the war. [ 267 ] [ 268 ] November 15 The world population reaches 8 billion . [ 269 ] [ 270 ] The 2022 G20 Bali summit in Bali , Indonesia takes place. [ 271 ] Two missiles impact the village of Przewodów , Poland , close to the border with Ukraine . [ citation needed ] The world population reaches 8 billion . [ 269 ] [ 270 ] The 2022 G20 Bali summit in Bali , Indonesia takes place. [ 271 ] Two missiles impact the village of Przewodów , Poland , close to the border with Ukraine . [ citation needed ] November 16 – NASA launches Artemis 1 , the first uncrewed mission of its Space Launch System , the most powerful rocket ever to reach orbit. The onboard Orion capsule orbits the Moon before returning to Earth, as a demonstration of planned human missions. [ 272 ] [ 273 ] November 19 – The 2022 Malaysian general election results in a hung parliament , which is the first in the country's history. Long-time opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim is appointed by Yang di-Pertuan Agong Abdullah as prime minister five days later to break the political deadlock and form a unity government . [ 274 ] [ 275 ] November 19 – November 26 – The 2022 Central American and Caribbean Beach Games are held in Santa Marta , Colombia . [ 276 ] November 20 – December 18 – The 2022 FIFA World Cup is held in Qatar and won by Argentina . [ 277 ] November 20 – 2022 Nepalese general election : The Nepali Congress , led by Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba , emerged as the largest party with 89 seats, but the governing bloc falls short of the majority by two seats, leading into likely coalition government. [ 278 ] [ 279 ] November 21 – A 5.6 earthquake strikes near Cianjur in West Java , Indonesia , killing 635 people and injuring 7,700 more. [ citation needed ] November 30 – OpenAI releases ChatGPT , an artificial intelligence chatbot able to answer questions and write essays. [ 280 ] [ 281 ] December December 2 – The G7 and Australia join the EU in imposing a cap of $60 a barrel on Russian crude oil, designed to "prevent Russia from profiting from its war of aggression against Ukraine." [ 282 ] December 5 – The National Ignition Facility achieves fusion ignition , a major milestone in the development of nuclear fusion power . [ 283 ] [ 284 ] [ 285 ] December 7 The Congress of Peru removes President Pedro Castillo from office and arrests him after he tries to dissolve Congress in a self-coup attempt . Vice President Dina Boluarte becomes the first female President of Peru. [ 286 ] After substantial protests against China's Zero-COVID policies, the Chinese government eases on its COVID restrictions. [ 287 ] [ 288 ] The Congress of Peru removes President Pedro Castillo from office and arrests him after he tries to dissolve Congress in a self-coup attempt . Vice President Dina Boluarte becomes the first female President of Peru. [ 286 ] After substantial protests against China's Zero-COVID policies, the Chinese government eases on its COVID restrictions. [ 287 ] [ 288 ] December 14 - Irish peacekeeper Private Seán Rooney is killed in Lebanon during an attack by a mob that surrounded his convoy. He is the first Irish peacekeeper killed in action in Lebanon in twenty years. December 17 – Leo Varadkar succeeds Micheál Martin as Taoiseach (Prime Minister) of Ireland , as part of a rotation agreement made in 2020. [ 289 ] December 18 – Argentina wins the 2022 FIFA World Cup against defending champions France . [ 290 ] December 19 – At the UN Biodiversity Conference (COP15) , nearly 200 countries agree a landmark deal to protect a third of the planet for nature by 2030. [ 291 ] [ 292 ] December 21 – December 26 – A major winter storm hits the northern United States and southern Canada. Killing at least 91 people, the storm also severely disrupts North American air traffic, with Southwest Airlines alone canceling more than half of its schedule . [ 293 ] [ 294 ] December 24 – 2022 Fijian general election : The Parliament of Fiji elects Sitiveni Rabuka as Prime Minister of Fiji , defeating incumbent Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama after a contentious election. [ 295 ] December 31 – Former Pope Benedict XVI dies at the age of 95, with his funeral being held in St. Peter's Square , presided over by Pope Francis and Cardinal Giovanni Battista Re . [ 296 ] [ 297 ] Demographics The world population was estimated to have reached 8 billion after 11 years on 15 November 2022. China was the most populous country throughout the year, followed by India . Africa was the fastest growing continent. [ 298 ] Births and deaths Nobel Prizes Category Recipient Country Rationale Source Chemistry Carolyn Bertozzi United States for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry [ 299 ] Morten P. Meldal Denmark Karl Barry Sharpless United States Economics Ben Bernanke United States for research on banks and financial crises [ 300 ] Douglas Diamond United States Philip H. Dybvig United States Literature Annie Ernaux France for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory [ 301 ] Peace Ales Bialiatski Belarus for their efforts in documenting war crimes, human rights abuses, and the abuse of power in their respective home countries [ 302 ] Memorial Russia Center for Civil Liberties Ukraine Physics Alain Aspect France for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science [ 303 ] John Clauser United States Anton Zeilinger Austria Physiology or Medicine Svante Pääbo Sweden for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution [ 304 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Investors prepare for slowing global interest rate rises" . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022
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