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ionships between patients/families and providers. 44 The Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness suggests that research is needed to guide providers and patient/family about how to develop relationships that facilitate shared understandings over time of the adaptive challenges created by the impact of the sym...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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of Heiftz et al.’s Adaptive Leadership Framework. Open in a new tab Figure 1 represents our attempt to depict the Adaptive Leadership Framework as proposed by Heifetz et al. [16]. Figure 1 suggests that for many problem contexts, challenges likely range on a continuum from purely technical (yellow) to purely adaptive (...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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solutions but only the person with the adaptive challenge can address the adaptive challenges. Adaptive leadership is the ability to distinguish between technical and adaptive challenges and the ability to align approaches. Figure 4. The Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness. Open in a new tab In the Adapti...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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nt and/or family are full partners in their care. Figure 4 adds collaborative work to the model and depicts that the collaborative work necessary for adaptation to chronic illness occurs over time and is relationship-based. Patient/family collaboration is depicted in green, representing adaptive work. Provider collabor...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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g technical and adaptive approaches appropriately and in collaboration with the patient/family. Given that chronic illness symptoms and challenges are dynamic, an aspect of collaborative work is monitoring. Monitoring of symptoms, however, also includes how the patient and/or family respond to the symptoms because thei...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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ging information and creating shared meaning of the challenge for the patient/family. Gaining a shared understanding of how the patient and/or family respond(s) to the symptoms is essential to knowing how the provider and patient/family might jointly plan the work that each will do, over time, to enhance outcomes. The ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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ly and providers require a trusting relationship. The role of the provider, as adaptive leader, expands from “doing for” as a technical expert, to “doing with” and requires skills for helping patients and families develop capacity to adapt and address their challenges and then supporting their new skills and as they do...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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epict the framework as proposed by Heifetz et al. 16 The Adaptive Leadership Framework suggests that for many problem contexts, challenges likely range on a continuum from purely technical to purely adaptive with most situations having some combination of technical and adaptive challenges, meaning that some aspects wil...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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enges using existing solutions but only the person with the adaptive challenge can address the adaptive challenges. Adaptive leadership, according to Heifetz et al., is the ability to distinguish between technical and adaptive challenges and the ability to align approaches. Adaptive leaders must have skills for facilit...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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pacities to adapt because the person or group with the challenge owns the adaptive challenge; thus adaptive leaders facilitate them to do the adaptive work needed. Adaptive leaders have the knowledge and wisdom to help individuals and teams to identify challenges and accurately sort them as technical or adaptive, find ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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lose the gaps created by the adaptive challenges. Adaptive leaders need not be managers or administrators; they might arise anywhere in the system. Next, we apply Heifetz et al.’s framework to chronic illness care. In our application to chronic illness, we explicate the intersection between chronic illness and the care...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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racts with the care system, such as a clinical encounter with a provider. To explicate the intersection, we describe the model piece by piece to demonstrate how the nature of chronic illness might be addressed using the Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness. It is useful to recognize people as complex adapt...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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n a hierarchy of complex adaptive systems such as families and the care clinics. 27 Chronic Illness Dynamics At the most fundamental level of the model ( Figure 2 ), we depict that symptoms in chronic illness do not follow a predictable path from diagnosis through recovery and, unlike acute illness, full recovery seldo...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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wax and wane, and then might plateau, 34 sometimes for no apparent reason. This aspect of the model draws attention also to the longitudinal nature of the symptoms of chronic illness. Rolands 35 describes three basic trajectories that might occur in chronic illness, each raising different implications for the individua...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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ng or stepwise patterns of progression in illness severity, symptoms and disability over time which will require continual adaptation to new issues or limitations as they arise. Illnesses with a constant course begin with an acute event after which the individual will establish a new, but relatively stable picture for ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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ave longer periods in which to adapt before facing new symptom dynamics and or development of increased disability. Finally, Rolands described a third trajectory as relapsing or episodic, such as epilepsy, migraines, or mental illness, in which symptoms wax and wane frequently and unpredictably. This trajectory pattern...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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daptive work. Figure 2. Chronic Illness Dynamics. Open in a new tab Figure 2 depicts that symptoms in chronic illness do not follow a predictable path from diagnosis through recovery and, unlike acute illness, full recovery seldom occurs. Patterning of symptoms in chronic illness is dynamic and unpredictable; symptoms ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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might plateau, sometimes for no apparent reason. This aspect of the Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness model draws attention also to the longitudinal nature of the symptoms of chronic illness. Dynamics of Technical and Adaptive Challenges Similar to symptom dynamics, adaptation in chronic illness does no...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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tory and thus adapting in chronic illness is continuous, varied, and must be exercised over time 12 . The Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness guides researchers to classify patient challenges as those that the provider, as expert, would address (i.e., technical challenges) and those that only the patient ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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M, Sawyer S. Chronic illness and disability. BMJ. 2005;330(7493):721–723. doi: 10.1136/bmj.330.7493.721. 2005-03-24 00:00:00. [ DOI ] [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] 9. Detzel T, Wesner C, Fritz A, da Silva CTB, Guimarães L, Heldt E. Family Burden and Family Environment: Comparison Between Patients w...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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they might not currently possess the capability. Because challenges arise in the life context, a goal in the Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness is to identify, in collaboration with patients, which challenges are technical and which are adaptive, which requires development of shared meaning of the challe...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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nate symptoms and/or their sequelae, for example medications for anxiety, modifying the texture of food to facilitate mealtime for cognitively impaired people, or managing hydration to improve cognitive status following stroke. As such, technical approaches are familiar to providers (e.g., nurses, physicians, or other ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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xpect that technical solutions will be delivered. However many, if not most challenges encountered by patients with chronic illnesses are adaptive in nature, such as how to take opioid medication for pain symptoms while attempting to return to work. Providers might inappropriately use a technical approach when adaptive...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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dence to guide them in assessing adaptive challenges, patients existing adaptive capacity, or interventions to facilitate patients’ adaptive work. Thus, we assert that in health care, the primary focus has been on technical care; adaptive challenges and associated work often have been ignored. Patients intersecting wit...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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2026-04-15T10:28:48.877867
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nical approaches and underuse of adaptive approaches, such as using proton pump inhibitors for heartburn. Because these drugs actually induced heartburn in healthy research subjects, they often lead to long term use that will perpetuate the symptoms; neglected are the needs for adaptive changes such as diet and positio...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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2026-04-15T10:28:48.877920
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tion in chronic illness does not follow a predictable path. Technical and adaptive challenges vary on a continuum, depicted on the right side of the model with shading from yellow to green. As symptoms and the related challenges fluctuate, so does the need for technical and adaptive work as depicted in the model with t...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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2026-04-15T10:28:48.878013
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l challenges often do the related technical work. Adaptive challenges are owned by the patient and/or family and only they can do the adaptive work to address adaptive challenges. The Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness guides researchers to focus not only on the patient’s technical challenges but also on...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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2026-04-15T10:28:48.878096
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ily’s, responses to the illness and its symptoms. The framework focuses attention to situations for which the patient/family lacks capacity to do adaptive work. For example, patients undergoing chemotherapy might experience mild cognitive impairments, such as processing speed, working memory, visual memory, and verbal ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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2026-04-15T10:28:48.878162
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8 these patients will need to develop new ways to manage tasks. Throughout our discussion, we use the term of patient to refer to individuals across the life span. Individuals at very young ages and very old ages might rely more on families to do adaptive work. Similarly individuals with moderate to several cognitive i...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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challenges they face such as developing new care giving skills or learning to adapt to their family members’ level of need. Collaborative Work and Adaptive Leadership Next, we add collaborative work to the model ( Figure 4 ). We define collaborative work as work that providers and patients/families do together. The fig...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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2026-04-15T10:28:48.878315
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ation occurs over time and is relationship-based. Relationship development and management are aspects of collaborative work. Given that chronic illness involves dynamics, an aspect of collaborative work is monitoring. Monitoring of symptoms, however, also includes how the patient and/or family respond to the symptoms. ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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ifferent responses because of their life context. One person might be able to schedule a nap during the work day whereas a shift worker would not be able to accommodate higher levels of fatigue at work. Clinical measures might provide a starting point for understanding symptoms but to fully assess them requires develop...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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for the patient/family within their life context. Thus availability of tools for monitoring symptoms needs to be expanded to include ways to identify the challenges that arise for the patient and/or family; these challenges often pertain to their particular response to symptoms within their own context. As shown in Fig...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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2026-04-15T10:28:48.878474
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eating shared meaning of the patient’s challenge. Knowing what the challenges are and what meaning they hold is essential to learning what approaches to use for either technical or adaptive interventions. For example, people undergoing triple therapy for Hepatitis C, with interferon, ribavirin, and a protease inhibitor...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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2026-04-15T10:28:48.878524
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ent, researchers found that two men dropped out of treatment early, not because of the severity of symptoms, but because of the toll the symptoms were taking on their ability to maintain their family roles. 39 Interviews with the patients revealed that the symptoms created an adaptive challenge in which the patient exp...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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roles and he perceived he was disappointing them. The provider never explored this with the patient and the patient did not bring it up in encounters; thus, the provider did not understand the meaning of the symptoms to this patient. If the provider had probed to gain this understanding of how symptoms were impacting t...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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ent and family ways to adjust the family roles for the duration of the treatment. Doing this might have assisted the family to adapt to the loss of the father/husband as they knew him. Working collaboratively, the patient, family and provider might have identified ways to adapt the home life and environment to support ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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is essential to knowing how to plan care together. Thus, as suggested in Figure 4 , patient and family responses create the adaptive challenges and suggest the work that patients or families must do to manage symptoms. Simultaneously, there usually is technical work that a provider can do to alleviate symptoms. Jointly...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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2026-04-15T10:28:48.878781
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toms and symptom responses as they change over time. The two-way arrows suggest that the interactions between the patient/family and providers require a trusting relationship in which the patient can share concerns, feel that they are heard and be empathetically understood by providers so that together they develop a s...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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lth Aff. (Millwood) 2009 Jul-Aug;28(4):w555–w565. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.28.4.w555. 2009. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] 33. Thygeson M, Morrissey L, Ulstad V. Adaptive leadership and the practice of medicine: a complexity-based approach to reframing the doctor–patient relationship. J. Eval. Clin. Pract. 2010;16(5...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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y has to engage in adaptive work and how the provider might support them in developing new skills needed for adaptive work. In the Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness, providers and patient/family collaborate to co-produce care—that is—patient and/or family caregivers are full partners in their care. Adap...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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ume the role of adaptive leader by identifying adaptive work for oneself or others and encouraging adaptive change. Adaptive leadership typically involves recognizing a challenge, taking initiative to set up and lead conversation, and thus anyone in the team might demonstrate this leadership. Providers demonstrate Adap...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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challenges and then identify strategies (adaptive work) to address these challenges. Although not addressed in this particular framework for chronic illness, providers must take responsibility for making their own adaptive changes when needed. 36 For example, learning to practice using adaptive leadership approaches wo...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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challenges and capacities, and begin creating and implementing adaptive interventions. To summarize what adaptive leadership means in chronic illness care, we assert that the aim of adaptive leadership is to facilitate the patient/family to do the work necessary to close the gap created by adaptive challenges by encomp...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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in new knowledge and skills thus increasing their adaptive capacity, so that they can move beyond their present repertoire to achieve the clinical outcomes they desire. Adaptive leaders take initiative to engage in collaborative work with patients/families, gain shared understanding, and jointly develop care plans to a...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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2026-04-15T10:28:48.879183
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linical situations in which they find themselves. DISCUSSION: AREAS FOR RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT The Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness is ideal for advancing novel areas for research. 40 Here we pose some areas for innovative research by walking again through the components of our model. Specifically, we di...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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2026-04-15T10:28:48.879233
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e work, adaptive work and adaptive interventions. Symptom Dynamics The Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness highlights the need for studies that develop a deeper understanding of trajectories of symptoms including patterns, variability, and change over time in relation to other unique personal characterist...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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ty or low income, and provide a starting point for developing interventions to enhance patients’ adaptive capabilities. Despite the time-dependent nature of the symptom experience and distress, and symptom sequelae in chronic illness, 12 , 34 studies typically have been cross-sectional or include only short-term outcom...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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ses of patients and family, or management skills. 41 – 43 To support adaptive work that addresses adaptive challenges requires that we understand sequelae and the temporal patterns in symptoms, and how patient/families and providers collaborate to assess the challenges associated with these symptom trajectories. This t...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.455
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Adaptive Leadership
topic
2026-04-15T10:28:48.879466
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esponses in chronic illness using adaptive approaches. Some research questions to explore might include: What technologies track symptoms in real time to create meaningful trajectories of symptom dynamics in response to behavioral and environmental changes and or life events? How might we develop patient-centered measu...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
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2026-04-15T10:28:48.879527
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challenges that arise from symptom trajectories? What new understandings do providers gain about adaptive challenges from viewing symptom trajectories versus point-in-time measures? Collaborative Work Collaborative work depends on the nature and quality of relationships between providers, patients, and family members. ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
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2026-04-15T10:28:48.879578
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s might develop to achieve jointly informed monitoring of symptoms, assessment of challenges and capabilities, information exchange, development of shared meaning, and planning work. Then we address research implications for adaptive work and adaptive approaches and/or intervention. Relationship building and management...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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pacity and/or need for new development of skills. Prior research highlights areas in which interactions between providers and patients/families might interfere with adaptive approaches. For example, Wood et al. 45 found that providers struggled to believe the level of symptom distress expressed by patients with cardiac...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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2026-04-15T10:28:48.879698
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en as “work” but patients perceived it as “hard” whereas physicians perceived it as easy-to-follow instructions. Granger et al 47 also found that nurses rated patients as having enough information about medications when the same patients reported a need for more information. Such inconsistency in patient and provider u...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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ively address symptoms common in chronic illness. Tulsky 48 previously tested a successful intervention to help providers develop the types of interactions and shared meaning that are depicted in the Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness. It is clear that much more research is needed to guide providers in h...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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h the provider and patient and family ability to communicate and engage in joint problem solving? What approaches might effectively help providers, patients, and family to develop and manage relationships in clinical encounters? What skills and/or assessment tools are needed to help providers, patients and families dev...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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sts types of research that will be fruitful in promoting adaptive work by patients experiencing symptoms of chronic illness. Frequently used prior approaches have been to modify the distressing aspects of symptoms and reduce the need for behavior change. However many aspects of chronic illness do not have technical sol...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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k that needs to be done to address the challenge. Some examples of this type of adaptive work are dealing with the loss of old habits and behaviors to make room for new behaviors, changing life style, cognitive reframing, symptom management strategies, and engaging in treatment such as developing systems to promote med...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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nt strategies and tools might be developed to assist patients and providers in identifying patients’ adaptive work and evaluate its effectiveness? What existing self-management theories are useful for addressing adaptive work? How might collaborative work between patients, families and providers include allocation of t...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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r Chronic Illness, as discussed above, suggest a variety of new areas for intervention development. The model guides researchers to develop and test ways to assess the existing adaptive skillset of patients/families and then help them develop new capacities that are still needed to fully address their challenges. Along...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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tively communicate their concerns to providers, supporting our idea that patients/families can develop the capacity to fully collaborate in the work with providers. Adaptive interventions might be created to help people shift from passive to active work in their own self-management. For example, Hudson et al. 50 identi...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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rs to develop more active strategies which we would call adaptive work. Anonymous et al. 51 identified adaptive challenges faced by families as they consider transitioning a loved one from curative to palliative care. Even in extreme cognitive impairment, there is some capacity of people to adapt and gain a sense of au...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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a superior approach stimulates well-established muscle memory for feeding oneself and promotes a sense of control over the feeding activity, thus tapping remaining capacity for adaptive work. Some questions to explore might include: What interventions are needed to help patients reframe their health beliefs to gain pos...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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ventions might help patients adapt to pain, other symptoms, disability, and/or end-of-life? How do we design interventions to facilitate adaptation by people with cognitive and affective changes that so often accompany chronic illness? A Caveat: Providers and health care system also have adaptive work An important area...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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ing in adaptive leadership because it will require them to do the adaptive work of changing attitudes, beliefs about roles and gaining new skills not in their current toolkit. When difficult, but frank, conversations are needed with patients, for example to address issues such as end-of-life 53 or clarifying the limits...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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by Anonymous et al. 33 Even though Strauss et al. 54 introduced the notion of patients’ work and the need to explicitly divide “labor” between providers, patients, and family in 1985, the concept of patient work is still not well-recognized and is not part of most provider-patient interactions. “Explicitly acknowledgin...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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tients are part of the health care team…” 33 , p. 1012 Anonymous 36 explores the difficulties that physicians and other providers have in doing the adaptive work needed to become adaptive leaders. He suggests that interventions for providers should address issues such as work avoidance (that is, avoiding difficult disc...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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oving shared-decision making skills among others. Some related research questions might be: What tools might providers use to identify their own adaptive challenges related to being an adaptive leader in chronic care encounters and organizations? What adult learning strategies would be best for helping providers gain e...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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acilitate patients and providers in addressing adaptive challenges. People in the United States are familiar with the 10–15 minute appointment model in primary care, which may not allow time for relationship development needed for collaborate work between patients, families and providers. Given that the financial struc...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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llaborative work within the current constraints of the care system. Some related research questions might be: What health care system changes are needed to support providers as adaptive leaders? How can information technology reduce time currently spent by the provider interacting with the computer rather than the pati...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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nic illness’s extreme morbidity and increasing mortality. The contemporary Western system of reliance on curative, provider-centered care has led to an emphasis on, and an expectation of, technical care and a de-emphasis on adaptive work necessary to self-manage. The Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness is...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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e to identifying adaptive challenges and collaborating to plan the adaptive work that can only be done by the person with the illness and/or his or her family. Acknowledgements We thank Elizabeth Flint for her assistance in preparing the figures. The authors disclosed receipt of funding from the National Institutes of ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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2026-04-15T10:28:48.880859
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rt for this work. Contributor Information Ruth A. Anderson, Duke University School of Nursing, DUMC 3322, Durham, NC 27710 USA, ruth.anderson@duke.edu, Phone: 919-668-4599, FAX: 919-613-9992. Donald E. Bailey, Jr, Duke University School of Nursing, Chip.bailey@duke.edu. Bei Wu, Duke University School of Nursing, Bei.Wu...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4417005/
Adaptive Leadership Framework for Chronic Illness: Framing a Research Agenda for Transforming Care Delivery - PMC
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School of Nursing, Eleanor.McConnell@duke.edu. N. Marcus Thygeson, Senior Vice President and Chief Health Officer, Blue Shield of California, marcus.thygeson@blueshieldca.com. Sharron Docherty, Duke University School of Nursing, Sharron.Docherty@duke.edu. REFERENCES 1. World Health Organization. The 10 leading causes o...
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Community Calendar A calendar of events hosted by Movement for Family Power, our movement partners, and aligned organizations. Add an event → Movement Syncs MFP’s monthly mass movement calls for family policing abolitionists to strategize and support our collective work toward freedom. Join us Apr 15 Ancient Song: Blac...
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alendar ICS This event is hosted by Ancient Song. Join the Black Doulas Roundtable online to chat about building a strong, lasting doula workforce and smart strategies! Join us for a powerful and necessary conversation centering the experiences, challenges, and future of Black doulas. This virtual roundtable is a dedic...
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ollective problem-solving, and movement-building. Together, we will explore: Workforce barriers impacting Black doulas Medicaid reimbursement and access challenges Burnout and the realities of sustaining this work Strategies for long-term sustainability Building collective power and shaping the future of the doula move...
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the field, your voice and experience matter here. RSVP View Event → Apr 16 Positive Women’s Network: Policy & Advocacy Training Thursday, April 16, 2026 6:00 PM 7:30 PM Google Calendar ICS This event is hosted by Positive Women’s Network . Join PWN-USA for a policy advocacy training series launching this June! We will ...
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government processes work to how you to organize effectively on your issue to key frameworks for advocacy. We know that our members are brilliant and have lived expertise that should guide our strategies - ensuring policies will have better outcomes for those most directly impacted. Let’s build power and skill-build to...
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& Black Liberation 8/28/25: Key Frameworks in Advocacy: Gender Justice & Trans Liberation 9/25/25: How to Organize Effectively 10/23/25: How to Research Targets and Move a Policy Priority 11/20/25: Getting Ready for Legislative Session: Understanding Calendars, Processes, and Timelines 01/22/26: Meaningful Involvement ...
https://www.movementforfamilypower.org/calendar
Calendar
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Adaptive Leadership
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2026-04-15T10:28:49.091763
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acy 4/16/26: Ending HIV Criminalization using Abolitionist Frameworks in Advocacy RSVP View Event → Apr 18 PATH: You Have Rights - Parents & Youth Leading Together Saturday, April 18, 2026 1:00 PM 4:00 PM Google Calendar ICS This event is hosted by Parent Advocates for Transformation and Healing (PATH). At PATH, we bel...
https://www.movementforfamilypower.org/calendar
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2026-04-15T10:28:49.091836
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ights" space where parents & youth lead together. This is a space where families come together to : Learn their rights Build advocacy skills Stay strong together RSVP View Event → Apr 18 Black Mamas Matter: Community Remembrance and Healing Vigil Saturday, April 18, 2026 6:00 PM 7:30 PM Google Calendar ICS This event i...
https://www.movementforfamilypower.org/calendar
Calendar
movementforfamilypower.org
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Adaptive Leadership
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2026-04-15T10:28:49.091921
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onor the memory of Black families lost to maternal mortality and to affirm the healing and joy that sustains our movement. This Community Remembrance and Healing Vigil is designed for birth workers, doulas, midwives, nurses, physicians, public health professionals, lactation consultants, and all who carry the weight of...
https://www.movementforfamilypower.org/calendar
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Adaptive Leadership
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2026-04-15T10:28:49.091990
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