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oogle Scholar ] 53. Aydin A., Sarier Y., Uysal S. The Effect of School Principals’ Leadership Styles on Teachers’ Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction. Educ. Sci. Theory Pract. 2013;13:806–811. [ Google Scholar ] | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8314229/ | Leadership and Conflict Management Style Are Associated with the Effectiveness of School Conflict Management in the Region of Epirus, NW Greece - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.644 | 0.616 | ["leadership", "career", "education"] | 222 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.517556 | [
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flict, cross-cultural Abstract Conflicts are ubiquitous between individuals as well as between groups. Effective conflict resolution is essential for individual well-being and group functioning and often involves leadership dynamics. The evolutionary human sciences have suggested that conflict resolution is shaped by p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.689 | 0.814 | ["war_conflict", "leadership"] | 446 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.636974 | [
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ld and Hagen ( 2019 ) database to identify the characteristics of leaders who resolve conflicts and the social and cultural contexts most strongly associated with conflict scenarios. The correlates of conflict resolution speak to the behavioural and phenotypic traits of individuals who resolve conflicts and to the cult... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.85 | ["war_conflict", "leadership"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637069 | [
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Evol Hum Sci . 2021 Aug 31;3:e45. doi: 10.1017/ehs.2021.41 Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures Zachary H Garfield Zachary H Garfield 1 Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Université de Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, France Find articles by Zachary H Garfield 1, * Author information Article notes Cop... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.692 | ["education", "philosophy", "war_conflict"] | 503 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637111 | [
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l: zachary.garfield@iast.fr Collection date 2021. © The Author(s) 2021 This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.68 | ["leadership", "innovation", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637148 | [
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however, on conflict resolution across cultures. Using a cross-cultural database of 109 leadership dimensions coded from over 1200 text records from the eHRAF ethnographic database, exploratory analyses investigated correlates of conflict resolution. The results revealed greater evidence of conflict resolution among ki... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.836 | ["war_conflict", "leadership"] | 511 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637186 | [
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ence strategies or group contexts, with two exceptions – military group conflicts were biased towards between-group contexts and religious groups biased towards within-group contexts. The strongest predictors of conflict-resolution services were other prosocial functions and included group representation and providing ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.904 | 0.826 | ["war_conflict", "communication", "salary"] | 483 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637220 | [
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social service benefits and reduced risk of harm. For leaders who resolve conflicts, status and social benefits were potential negative predictors. These results provide a comparative view of the correlates of conflict resolution suggesting diversity across social contexts. Social media summary: Across cultures conflic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.838 | ["war_conflict", "leadership", "salary"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637254 | [
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scale cooperation, including between kin, co-residents, strangers and groups (Santos & West, 2018 ). Diverse non-human social species also demonstrate substantial cooperation (e.g. Allee, 1951 ). Cooperative relationships, however, are vulnerable and can decay if conflicts between individuals or groups go unresolved. G... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.834 | ["war_conflict", "networking"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637289 | [
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ngage in territorial defence, and among territorial primates especially (Gómez et al., 2016 ). Unsurprisingly, dispute settlement mechanisms are widespread across group-living species and conflict resolution is a universal feature of human sociality (Brown, 1991 ; Aureli et al., 2000 ). The characteristics of individua... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.842 | ["war_conflict", "salary"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637327 | [
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emands have been widely discussed across disciplines, but empirical evidence from a representative sample of human social and cultural diversity has remained unavailable. Through exploratory analyses the present study aims to provide new cross-cultural insight into these empirical gaps. Sociality and demands of conflic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.846 | ["crisis", "war_conflict", "education"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637363 | [
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ces significant challenges including opportunities for conflict. Individuals in close proximity can be in conflict, for example, over access to material resources, mating opportunities and territory (Parker, 2006 ; E. A. Smith, 1985 ; Ross, 1983 ). Co-residents and kin can develop additional conflicts within a social s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.687 | 0.834 | ["war_conflict", "crisis"] | 436 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637395 | [
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ic exchange (Parker et al., 2002 ; Hames, 2015 ). Humans also develop coalitionary and inter-group conflicts across levels of social organisation (e.g. kin, residential or political levels; Roscoe, 2009 ; Glowacki et al., 2020 ; Redhead & von Rueden, 2021 ). Despite these challenges, for a minority of mammals including... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.86 | ["crisis", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637429 | [
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tness benefit over evolutionary history (Alexander, 1974 ). Putative benefits include reduced predation risks, coordination to accomplish highly profitable yet difficult goals and increased abilities to control territory (Willems & van Schaik, 2017 ; Smith et al., 2012 ). In the context of group living, co-residents wh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.846 | ["crisis", "salary", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637461 | [
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ased cooperation (Alexander, 1974 ; Chapman & Valenta, 2015 ). Groups also stand to benefit from conflict-resolution mechanisms via cultural group selection processes and mutually beneficial cooperation (Richerson et al., 2016 ). Leadership in conflict resolution Although conflicts are common, conflict-resolution mecha... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.838 | ["war_conflict", "leadership"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637492 | [
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-prone groups in the context of inter-individual heterogeneity. For example, dominant leaders, or individuals who maintain influence via aggressive or coercive strategies (Mesterton-Gibbons & Dugatkin, 1995 ; Cheng, 2019 ), may more effectively enforce norms, levy punishments and provide conflict-resolution services th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.683 | 0.814 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 414 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637527 | [
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on-Gibbons et al., 2011 ; Redhead et al., 2021 ). Such services, however, also present opportunities for individual costs and collective action dilemmas. Despite dominance, high status or leadership status, third-party individuals who mediate conflicts may face reputational costs (Raihani & Power, 2021 ) and counter-pu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.693 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 463 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637558 | [
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njust (Jensen, 2010 ; Bøggild & Petersen, 2016 ). Between-group dynamics, including competition between dominant or high-ranking individuals, can also promote within-group cooperation and group investment by high-ranking individuals, which could include costly conflict-resolution services (Gavrilets & Fortunato, 2014 )... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.832 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637591 | [
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ators of conflicts within and between kin groups across cultures, and have suggested that conflict-resolution processes underlie much of biological and cultural evolution (Glowacki & von Rueden, 2015 ; Garfield et al., 2019a ; Boehm, 2013 ). Drawing on ethnography and empirical field data from smaller-scale, politicall... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.696 | 0.84 | ["war_conflict", "agents"] | 480 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637621 | [
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f collective action problem groups must overcome. They suggest that (a) effective leadership emerges and is selected for owing to demands of resolving collective action conflicts within institutional systems, (b) individuals with wider social networks, greater knowledge and physical formidability will be best equipped ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.683 | 0.808 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 413 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637657 | [
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licts, and (c) institutionalised leadership (i.e. culturally transmitted norms proscribing by whom and how leadership operates) probably first emerged to facilitate conflict resolution within kin groups. Smith et al. ( 2016 ) provide a cross-species and cross-cultural comparison of leadership in within-group conflict r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.698 | 0.676 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 490 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637691 | [
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flict resolution was not widely distributed, i.e. a few individuals provided conflict-resolution services among both non-human and small-scale human societies, implicating the role of individual leaders, or individuals with disproportionate group influence (von Rueden & van Vugt, 2015 ), in the resolution of within-gro... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.842 | ["war_conflict", "leadership"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637722 | [
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ly benefited from within-group conflict resolution and conflict-resolution roles were more often achieved than ascribed, suggesting that group dynamics shape the qualities of leaders who resolve conflicts. In small-scale human societies, however, leaders who resolve within-group conflicts are more likely to use coerciv... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.842 | ["war_conflict", "leadership", "decision_making"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637754 | [
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erally) and influential individuals such as community leaders may also initiate conflict in an effort to implement policies (Boehm, 1999 , 2008 ). Given the universality of conflict resolution across human populations and its broad phylogenetic distribution, there are likely to be evolved psychological mechanisms facil... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.698 | 0.828 | ["war_conflict", "leadership"] | 488 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637785 | [
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d systems exhibiting variability and convergence. Current perspectives highlight the need for additional research on conflict resolution and leadership across cultures and contexts. Moreover, the cultural and social diversity of within-group conflict resolution is not well documented, given that much of the evolutionar... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.91 | 0.832 | ["war_conflict", "leadership"] | 457 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637815 | [
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wacki et al., 2020 ; Sluka, 1992 ; Lopez, 2020 ). Study aims Conflict resolution occurs among every human society but we currently know very little about whether such processes utilise similar or variable social mechanisms (e.g. coercion or persuasion) and if they rely on the same individual characteristics across the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.686 | 0.684 | ["networking", "war_conflict", "education", "rhetoric"] | 430 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637847 | [
0.014662882313132286,
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0.03327878937125206,
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cial status, large social networks, or fairness). Addressing such questions requires a broad, comparative and cross-cultural framework. Based on current theoretical and empirical literature, outstanding questions on human conflict resolution include: (a) what are the underlying behavioural, personality or other charact... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.832 | ["war_conflict", "leadership", "communication", "networking", "salary"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637879 | [
0.009010696783661842,
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0.... | ||
its individuals incur from conflict-resolution processes; and (c) how widespread is coercive authority or prosociality of leaders who solve disputes, across diverse societies? Lastly, (d) does group context or cultural typology predict variation in human conflict resolution? The present study aims to provide some insig... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.914 | 0.824 | ["war_conflict", "leadership", "education"] | 443 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637909 | [
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... | ||
ross-cultural database (Garfield & Hagen, 2019 ). Conflict resolution was the most cross-culturally frequent function of leaders, documented in 78% of cultures in a large sample of ethnography from 59 cultures (Garfield et al., 2020 ). Given the frequency of conflict resolution in the ethnographic record and important ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.856 | ["war_conflict", "leadership", "education"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637944 | [
0.04800713062286377,
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nflict resolution to identify how conflict resolution may covary with cultural and social ecology. Lastly, text analysis is used to provide insight into the semantic content of the ethnographic record of conflict resolution. Methods Cross-cultural database This study uses the leadership data package (Garfield & Hagen, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.896 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "education"] | 511 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.637986 | [
0.09169002622365952,
0.09933911263942719,
-0.03435463085770607,
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0.035504300147295,
0.004082199186086655,
-0.06236620247364044,
0.06545766443014145,
0.036943335... | ||
0-cultural Probability Sample Files (Naroll, 1967 ) of the electronic Human Relations Area Files (eHRAF). The eHRAF is an electronic database of primary ethnographic documents which can be queried using a thorough subject code system (Outline of Cultural Materials or OCM codes) and/or by keyword, at the paragraph level... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "strategy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638056 | [
0.006773736793547869,
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0.03601040691137314,
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0.04853982478380203,
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ategy targeting general descriptions of leadership. These text records stem from from 321 documents describing 59 cultures (see Figure S1 for the geographic distribution of the culture sample). The data package includes researcher-coded measures of evidence for 109 dimensions of leader qualities and functions (coded as... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "salary"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638101 | [
0.008065709844231606,
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efits for leaders and followers, a measure of group context (see Table 1 ), the context of leader functions (i.e. within-group, between-group or both) and culture and document-level metadata (e.g. subsistence strategy, year of publication, author). See Tables S1 and S2 in the Supplementary Information for operational d... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.692 | 0.686 | ["leadership", "strategy", "philosophy"] | 461 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638136 | [
-0.008677685633301735,
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riable. Reproduced from Garfield et al. ( 2020 ). Group context Description Residential subgroup Informal groups of co-residents, social groups, age-based groups or performance groups Kin group Groups based on kin relationships, such as lineages, phratries, and clans Economic group Subsistence groups, market groups, an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.842 | ["philosophy", "war_conflict", "networking", "faith_spirituality"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638172 | [
0.014852877706289291,
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0.04172075539827347,
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0.11825753003358841,
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0.02218909189105034,
-0.... | ||
tual or supernatural purposes Political group (community) Political groups at the level of the community, i.e. political leaders, such as village headmen, can potentially interact directly with most community members Political group (supracommunity) Political groups that encompass multiple residential communities, such... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.844 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638207 | [
-0.04300803318619728,
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0.07592246681451797,
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m Pospisil ( 1963 ) on the Kapauku agriculturalists of the Indonesian Central Highlands was coded as providing evidence for the functions of Resolve conflict and Punishment , with the group context of kin group and the context of conflict as within-group : The behavior of members of a sublineage (or of a non-subdivided... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.691 | 0.698 | ["war_conflict"] | 456 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638245 | [
-0.07006242871284485,
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0.10602449625730515,
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a function of the frequencies of all 9656 words. Words that were strong positive predictors exemplify the semantic content of the text records which provided evidence for conflict resolution. All analyses were conducted with R version 4.0.2 (2020-06-22). Results The number of text records per culture in the leadership ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.686 | 0.694 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 431 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638278 | [
0.06098101660609245,
0.060281768441200256,
-0.02769022062420845,
0.011604349128901958,
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0.05896490439772606,
-0.028529182076454163,
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0.025347787886857986,
0.039658091962337494,
0.03616911917924881,
0.021426504477858543,
0.11518967896699905,
-0.012... | ||
onstruction see Garfield et al. ( 2019a , 2020 ). Data analysis The first goal of the current study was to was to identify which of the other 108 leadership dimensions were most strongly associated with evidence for conflict-resolution processes. A logistic elastic net regression model was fitted with all leadership di... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "education"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638317 | [
-0.006610176991671324,
-0.006070856936275959,
0.03184890374541283,
0.0440363809466362,
0.10278250277042389,
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0.045204050838947296,
0.06699440628290176,
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0.05794316157698631,
0.030251147225499153,
0.0688403... | ||
fective when the number of predictors is large relative to the number of observations. Elastic net regression models in the current study used the glmnet package (Friedman et al., 2010 ) and the ‘lasso’ penalty ( α = 1), which will often set many coefficients to 0, thereby identifying the most important predictors amon... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.862 | ["education"] | 505 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638351 | [
0.044928401708602905,
-0.040141843259334564,
-0.0493910126388073,
0.04504573345184326,
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0.04230303317308426,
0.027448564767837524,
0.002226233948022127,
0.023652486503124237,
0.0738300159573555,
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0.05549553036689758,
-0.016510318964719772,
0.0640862... | ||
the value that minimised cross-validation error. A second value of λ was also selected that was the largest value of lambda such that the error was within 1 standard error of the minimum, i.e. one that would increase shrinkage relative to the optimal λ and therefore decrease false positives. For the elastic net regress... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.872 | ["war_conflict"] | 499 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638384 | [
-0.005501277279108763,
-0.019198419526219368,
0.05582287907600403,
0.024387473240494728,
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0.04533899575471878,
0.036584340035915375,
0.05023074150085449,
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0.01533333957195282,
0.07338248938322067,
0.0423... | ||
the more conservative λ 1 SE model are reported. All variables were centred and standardised by one standard deviation prior to fitting. See the Supplementary Information for further details on elastic net models. The second goal was to assess social and cultural variation associated with evidence for conflict resoluti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.699 | 0.85 | ["war_conflict", "strategy", "philosophy"] | 495 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638420 | [
0.10834991186857224,
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0.009728576056659222,
0.04673577845096588,
0.03206576406955719,
0.030812682583928108,
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0.021764814853668213,
0.04299621656537056,
0.06581731140613556,
-0.006650738418102264,
0.025830933824181557,
0.0504836... | ||
hnographic evidence for conflict resolution (i.e. Resolve conflict =1) was descriptively represented in relationship to group context (e.g. kin groups vs. political groups), subsistence type (e.g. hunter–gatherers vs. agriculturalits), and the type of conflict (i.e. within-group vs. between-group conflicts). Second, th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.694 | ["war_conflict", "networking"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638451 | [
0.07749928534030914,
0.023071905598044395,
0.07057974487543106,
0.026006469503045082,
0.09165980666875839,
0.006705595180392265,
-0.01826663687825203,
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0.038365066051483154,
0.08011918514966965,
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0.0047476207837462425,
0.021... | ||
ith subsistence type, group context and continental region as predictors. The third goal was to empirically describe the ethnographic record of human conflict resolution through text analyses. Ethnography-based data are rooted in bodies of text produced by ethnographers and other authors. The semantic content of these ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.919 | 0.82 | ["war_conflict"] | 429 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638479 | [
0.07925146073102951,
0.12581494450569153,
-0.013853884302079678,
0.003164673922583461,
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0.0041510723531246185,
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0.07203691452741623,
0.04122013971209526,
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0.05220929533243179,
0... | ||
plement analyses from researcher-coded variables. A document–term matrix was developed of all ‘informative’ words in the corpus of text records. The ‘informative’ words are the unique words produced by excluding stop words (e.g. ‘a’, ‘the’, ‘is’, ‘are’) and word ‘stemming’ which removes suffixes (e.g. ‘quarrelling’, ‘q... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.295 | 0.706 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638506 | [
0.02458457462489605,
0.04552536830306053,
-0.060490682721138,
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0.06864850968122482,
0.005459932144731283,
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0.0037813899107277393,
0.09080475568771362,
0.11893607676029205,
0.10386303067207336,
0.08948203176259995,
-0.02457607... | ||
ch column to one of these 9656 unique ‘informative’ words. Each cell value in the document–term matrix indicates the number of times that word appears in that text record. Included alongside the document–term matrix is a column for the researcher-coded Resolve conflict variable. An elastic net logistic regression model... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.917 | 0.842 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 435 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638534 | [
0.022021323442459106,
-0.0013551319716498256,
-0.07237846404314041,
0.025003645569086075,
0.014148055575788021,
0.04301641508936882,
0.016812581568956375,
0.0329335480928421,
0.039673447608947754,
0.08612918853759766,
0.027575142681598663,
0.054137907922267914,
0.054667264223098755,
-0.021... | ||
a mean of 20.5 and a standard deviation of 23.4. The text records were generally short, ranging from 14 to 1402 words, with a median word count of 141, a mean of 159.5 and standard deviation of 97.4. Publication dates of documents in the leadership data package ranged from 1860 to 1999, with a median year of 1964. Ther... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.88 | ["leadership"] | 509 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638564 | [
0.06859084218740463,
0.02547130547463894,
-0.028335515409708023,
0.07644837349653244,
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0.06472790986299515,
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0.037011124193668365,
0.01955237425863743,
0.07806968688964844,
0.03487267717719078,
0.04145742580294609,
0.06856600940227509,
-0.080166168... | ||
ments, 70 (22%) had a female author or co-author. The total pages of the eHRAF ethnography on each culture in the culture sample ranged from 934 to 11,234, with a median of 2771, and this was weakly correlated with the number of text records on leadership retrieved for a particular culture ( r = 0.24, p = 0.062). For a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.685 | 0.848 | ["leadership"] | 427 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638591 | [
0.06660120189189911,
0.06862399727106094,
-0.04372715204954147,
-0.008234304375946522,
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0.0349215492606163,
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0.053405508399009705,
0.03628743439912796,
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0.03635277599096298,
-0.04013... | ||
n the leadership data package see Garfield et al. ( 2020 ), including analyses of potential bias by ethnographer gender, year of publication and total pages of ethnography per culture (overall, potential biases from these measures were deemed to be negligible). Leadership dimensions predictive of conflict resolution An... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.862 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638625 | [
0.05595729127526283,
-0.007879075594246387,
0.0007227927562780678,
0.02318168245255947,
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d function leadership dimensions, and the 36 leadership costs and benefit measures (nine measures which include cost and benefit variables for both leaders and followers, i.e. 9 × 2 × 2). This model identified which dimensions are associated with evidence for conflict resolution in this sample of the ethnographic recor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638653 | [
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nsel/direction were the strongest positive predictors and the functions Protection and Punishment as well as the qualities Interpersonal skills and Fairness were moderate or weak positive predictors of evidence for Resolve conflict ( Figure 1 ). The λ min estimates also identified a suite of other qualities, functions ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.911 | 0.838 | ["salary", "war_conflict"] | 454 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638682 | [
-0.036136820912361145,
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its of Social services and Reduced risk of harm . Interestingly, two benefits for leaders, Increased social status and Social services , were negative predictors under the λ min model. Figure 1. Open in a new tab Non-zero coefficients of leadership dimensions that predicted evidence for Resolve conflict using the lasso... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.699 | 0.872 | ["leadership", "ethics", "salary", "war_conflict"] | 496 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638716 | [
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r λ values within one standard error from λ min . The colour indicates leadership dimension type (for illustration only). Shape indicates positive vs. negative predictors. Point transparency is proportional to coefficient value for low values. Predictors with coefficients = 0 are not displayed. x -Axes are log odds on ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.706 | ["leadership", "ethics", "war_conflict", "faith_spirituality", "philosophy"] | 511 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638748 | [
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e and group context Of the 1212 text records, 152 provided evidence for conflict resolution. The distribution of evidence for conflict resolution across subsistence type and group context (see Table 1 ) and in relationship to the context of conflict (e.g. within-group, between-group) is depicted in Figure 2 , for these... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.862 | ["war_conflict", "networking"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638780 | [
-0.03783828765153885,
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ree text records and has been removed from these figures). Figure 2. Open in a new tab Mosaic plots of the distribution of evidence for conflict resolution. The y -axis and colour indicate the context of conflict coding. (a) By subsistence and the type of conflict. (b) By group context and type of conflict. Areas of th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.687 | 0.848 | ["war_conflict"] | 434 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638809 | [
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vidence for conflict resolution in that category. In the mosaic plot in Figure 2 the area of each bar is proportional to the number of text records providing evidence for Resolve conflict in that category. The x -axis reveals the unbalanced evidence across subsistence types in Figure 2a and across group context in Figu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.868 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638838 | [
0.06542438268661499,
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not substantially vary across within- or between-group conflicts and there is a substantial bias in favour of evidence for within-group conflict resolution, with the possible exception that pastoralists demonstrated slightly more relative evidence for between-group conflict resolution than other subsistence groups. Acr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.682 | 0.806 | ["war_conflict"] | 411 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638870 | [
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is evidence of between-group conflict resolution. Across group contexts there are also general similarities in the distribution of within- and between-group conflict resolution ( Figure 2b ), with two obvious exceptions: leaders of religious groups primarily resolve within-group conflicts (with marginal evidence of con... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.836 | ["war_conflict", "leadership"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638904 | [
-0.019623814150691032,
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evidence of within-group conflict resolution among military leaders as well. Predicting variation in conflict resolution In their systematic analyses of all 109 leadership dimensions in the leadership data package , Garfield et al. ( 2020 ) identified conflict resolution as a candidate universal of human leadership (se... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "strategy", "interview"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638936 | [
-0.03335500881075859,
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four predictors applied to all leadership dimensions – relative to an intercept-only model. There is very little evidence for female leaders in conflict resolution in the database, however. Therefore, to expand on this modelling approach specifically for conflict resolution, a logistic mixed effects model of Resolve co... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.901 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 496 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638965 | [
0.01396114006638527,
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ultures), but which excluded the leader sex term. This three-term model did show a modest improvement in fit (using the cut off of Δ AIC < −2; Burnham & Anderson, 2002 ) over the intercept-only model (including the random intercepts), Δ AIC = −2.33. Figure 3a plots the estimated marginal means of group context from the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.689 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 447 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.638994 | [
0.02340555191040039,
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rts results of an ANOVA test of the fitted model. Continental region and subsistence type were not significant predictors of Resolve conflict ; however group context was a significant predictor ( p = 0.02, α = 0.05). Pairwise comparisons of estimated marginal means from levels of the group context measure were compared... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.901 | 0.86 | ["war_conflict"] | 494 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639026 | [
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ure 3b ). One pairwise comparison – kin group vs. political group (supracommunity) – produced a statistically significant mean difference (Tukey-adjusted p -value <0.05) with kin groups producing the higher estimated marginal mean. Figure 3. Open in a new tab Effects of group context predicting evidence for conflict re... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.848 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639054 | [
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ree-term logistic mixed-effects regression model with random intercepts for author nested within culture. Values are on the response scale (probability). (b) Contrast analysis plot from pairwise comparisons of estimated marginal means of levels of group context predictive evidence for conflict resolution (controlling f... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.832 | ["ethics", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639082 | [
0.1057128831744194,
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the ethnographic record of conflict resolution, a document–term matrix was created of all ‘informative’ words in the corpus of text records and the frequency with which they occurred in each text record (see Methods). The strongest positive predictors (terms) included, unsurprisingly, ‘dispute’ and ‘quarrel’, describin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.691 | 0.822 | ["war_conflict", "diplomacy", "philosophy"] | 456 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639131 | [
0.03724413737654686,
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and ‘mediator’, describing resolution processes. Other notable positive predictors included, ‘decide’, implicating decision-making processes by leaders and a few terms specific to social contexts, such as ‘religious’ and ‘political’ supporting modelling results that social context is often mentioned in descriptions of ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.683 | 0.808 | ["decision_making", "leadership", "war_conflict", "family"] | 416 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639194 | [
0.05600206181406975,
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ictors were related to local and family contexts. Terms associated with more institutionalised and hierarchical leadership systems tended to be negative predictors. For example, ‘king’, ‘leadership’ and ‘chief’ were negative predictors, suggesting the ethnographic record of leadership among kingdoms and more stratified... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "family"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639237 | [
0.041115064173936844,
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lastic net text analysis regression model of evidence for Resolve conflict . Coefficients indicate the words whose frequencies in each text record best predicted evidence for Resolve conflict in each text record. Purple triangles indicate positive coefficients. Yellow circles indicate negative coefficients. Discussion ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.909 | 0.822 | ["war_conflict"] | 461 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639270 | [
0.03353643789887428,
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focus and is of broad multidisciplinary interest. The vast majority of studies on the behavioural and personality traits of conflict mediators, however, have relied on Western participants in either general or very specific postindustrial contexts (e.g. Moberg, 1998 ; Sternberg & Soriano, 1984 ; Corneliussen et al., 20... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.69 | 0.834 | ["crisis", "war_conflict"] | 451 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639318 | [
0.08095476031303406,
0.0047572278417646885,
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ural diversity has not previously been available. Furthermore, most cross-cultural and ethnographic studies of conflict and conflict resolution have focused on inter-group conflicts (e.g. Ember & Ember, 1994 ; Glowacki & Wrangham, 2015 ; Ericksen & Horton, 1992 ; Fry & Söderberg, 2013 ), leaving a gap in the cross-cult... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.694 | 0.842 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 471 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639351 | [
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provide some insight towards filling these gaps. The correlates of conflict resolution Tehrani and Yamini ( 2020 ) provide a meta-analysis of psychological studies investigating associations between conflict resolution and personality traits (using the Five-Factor Personality Inventory) with five distinct conflict-reso... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.896 | 0.83 | ["war_conflict", "networking"] | 511 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639404 | [
0.06837765127420425,
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ve relationship between extroversion and the dominating style of conflict resolution – where conflict mediators display a high concern for self, a low concern for others, and are selfish in influencing outcomes – and (b) agreeableness negatively associated with dominating styles and positively associated with both an o... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.708 | ["war_conflict", "networking"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639439 | [
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integrating style – where conflict mediators display a high concern for self and others and promote mutually beneficial outcomes. Results here on the importance of providing counsel and direction, interpersonal skills and fairness among conflict mediators across cultures and contexts ( Figure 1a ) support the relations... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.912 | 0.832 | ["war_conflict", "networking"] | 452 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639470 | [
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lution identified by Tehrani and Yamini ( 2020 ). Other group-service provision functions are more strongly related to evidence for conflict resolution in the ethnographic record than are many other theoretically important qualities. The association of providing counsel and direction in followers affairs, rather than e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.836 | ["war_conflict", "leadership", "strategy", "philosophy"] | 511 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639500 | [
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s and providing input influencing outcomes rather than mandating specific outcomes. The ethnographic evidence suggests that, across cultures, conflict resolution is less likely to be associated with coercive dominance-based influence and more likely to be associated with freely conferred prestige-based influence (Redhe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.838 | ["war_conflict", "leadership", "communication", "philosophy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639531 | [
0.005158885382115841,
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unselling and advising followers, and providing protection and punishment services. Counselling followers in conflict is also key computational service and the connection between counselling and conflict-resolution services lends some support to the importance of mutually beneficial decision-making cognition as a poten... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.684 | 0.812 | ["war_conflict", "decision_making", "networking"] | 418 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639560 | [
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arfield et al., 2019a ; Hagen & Garfield, 2019 ). Analyses here did not find an association between dominance-based leadership and conflict resolution. However, Garfield et al. ( 2020 ) (using the same data analysed here) found that providing punishment services was the strongest positive predictor of leaders with coer... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639595 | [
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ately associated with conflict resolution in results here. Although qualities linked to dominance-based influence may not be strongly or directly associated with resolving conflicts in the ethnographic record, there is potentially an indirect connection between abilities to enforce punishment and resolve conflict, with... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.83 | ["war_conflict", "networking"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639624 | [
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rian populations, suggest that group representation often includes the development and maintenance of cooperative relationships and alliances (Boehm, 1999 ; von Rueden et al., 2014 ; Bowser & Patton, 2010 ). The importance of group representation in conflict resolution generally lends some support to Boehm's ( 1982 : 3... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.856 | ["communication", "networking", "war_conflict", "diplomacy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639654 | [
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conflict resolution within the group are being applied in a similarly problem-solving fashion, but obviously in a between-group context’. It is worth noting that the dimensions in the leadership data package capturing social capital, knowledge, experience or decision-making capacities, or physical formidability were no... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.688 | 0.822 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "decision_making", "education", "philosophy"] | 442 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639687 | [
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iven related empirical and theoretical work (e.g. Glowacki & von Rueden, 2015 ; Garfield et al., 2019a ; Hagen & Garfield, 2019 ; although see ‘Limitations’). Interpersonal skills and fairness were the only leader qualities predictive of conflict resolution. This supports links between effective conflict resolution and... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.912 | 0.832 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy", "leadership", "ethics", "social_justice"] | 451 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639715 | [
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nd embody such traits are preferred as mediators. Effective mediators of conflict then are not necessarily leaders who can be conceptualised as particularly prestigious or dominant but are more likely to be individuals who effectively identify overlapping interests between individuals with distinct priorities fairly, c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.696 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 480 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639746 | [
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l traits (Vollan et al., 2020 ; Wiessner, 2019 ). Strong preferences for fairness potentially have deep evolutionary origins (Stavans & Baillargeon, 2019 ; Nowak et al., 2000 ; Haidt, 2007 ). The importance of these leader qualities supports an evolved psychology of procedural fairness and evaluations of welfare trade-... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "decision_making", "war_conflict", "economy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639776 | [
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rocesses (Petersen et al., 2010 ; Sell et al., 2009 ; Bøggild & Petersen, 2016 ). Benefits associated with conflict-resolution processes There were two benefits for followers associated with conflict resolution in the ethnographic record: Social services and Reduced risk of harm . These variables effectively identify t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.697 | 0.838 | ["war_conflict", "salary", "leadership"] | 487 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639804 | [
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e predictors of evidence for conflict resolution. This suggests that the well-known ethnographic descriptions of high-status community leaders and the special services and privileges that they receive are not often linked to descriptions of conflict resolution. Conflict resolution then might best be viewed as a prosoci... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.686 | 0.824 | ["war_conflict", "leadership", "salary"] | 432 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639832 | [
0.006461287382990122,
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... | ||
ctor of evidence for conflict resolution, with kin groups providing greater evidence for conflict resolution in contrast to higher-order political groups ( Figure 3 ). Logistic regression identified a general trend of greater evidence for conflict resolution among more local and generalised groups (e.g. kin group, resi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.842 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639866 | [
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they do not receive substantial direct benefits. If so, then this view fails to support models of reciprocal exchange of social service (e.g. conflict resolution) for social benefits or mutually beneficial outcomes (Price & Van Vugt, 2014 ; Hagen & Garfield, 2019 ; Garfield et al., 2019a ). Alternatively, given the imp... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.862 | ["war_conflict", "salary"] | 510 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639898 | [
-0.03782903030514717,
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s an investment in inclusive fitness or kin group welfare rather than a strategy for increased social mobility or personal gain (Hames, 2015 ). The cultural ecology of conflict resolution Anthropologists have long debated the relative importance of concerted conflict management across populations with varying levels of... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.692 | 0.826 | ["war_conflict", "strategy", "management", "economy"] | 462 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.639970 | [
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d and hierarchical sociopolitical structures (cf. Knauft et al., 1991 ; Wiessner, 2016 ; Lee, 1972 ). For example, Lee ( 1972 : 182), downplaying within-group conflicts and conflict resolution among mobile hunter–gatherers suggests that: in contrast to agricultural and urban peoples, hunters have a great deal of latitu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.866 | ["war_conflict"] | 508 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.640003 | [
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that point when only their patience is exhausted. This mobility has a profound ecological adaptive significance. Fear and avoidance of conflict has the effect of keeping people apart. Demography is also implicated in shaping conflict rates and management and Lee ( 2018 : 6) suggests that ‘living at very low densities, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.693 | 0.852 | ["war_conflict", "management"] | 467 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.640033 | [
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ith their feet and disperse to diffuse conflict’. Larger more densely populated, sedentary groups with more intensified economies and greater sociopolitical complexity are thought to have greater pressures of within- and between-group conflicts, and hence be equipped socially and politically with more elaborate conflic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.834 | ["war_conflict", "management", "economy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.640063 | [
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niversal across human societies, including among mobile hunter–gatherers (see Boehm, 2013 ). The ‘vote with their feet’ hypothesis would suggest evidence for conflict resolution to be more frequent in the ethnographic record of agricultural and horticultural populations relative to more mobile hunter–gatherers or pasto... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.836 | ["war_conflict"] | 511 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.640093 | [
0.02353787235915661,
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es with different subsistence strategies ( Figure 2a ) and subsistence type did not predict evidence for conflict resolution (controlling for region and group context, Figure 3 ). Therefore, the ‘vote with their feet’ hypothesis promoted by Lee and others and a cultural ecology of conflict resolution grounded in variat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.852 | ["war_conflict"] | 511 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.640122 | [
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en-group conflict resolution among pastoralists ( Figure 2a ). This could be due in part to pressures from shared resources related to livestock-based subsistence economies including access to water sources and grazing land and the diffuse and shifting nature of territoriality among pastoralists (Glowacki & Gonc, 2013 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.852 | ["war_conflict", "strategy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.640151 | [
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by the text analysis of conflict-resolution ethnography ( Figure 4 ). This trend suggests multiple, non-mutually exclusive interpretations. Leaders of higher-order political groups may have other more demanding tasks than intervening in conflicts between group members and kin groups may experience greater demands or ha... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.842 | ["war_conflict", "leadership"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.640180 | [
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ong populations with more developed political structures functions to resolve conflicts with limited involvement of third-party individuals. Also, among more despotic and socially stratified societies, many potential conflicts may not manifest behaviourally given extreme power asymmetry between aggressor and victim. Fu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.903 | 0.824 | ["war_conflict", "leadership", "networking"] | 485 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.640211 | [
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d political structures, and leadership functions. Lastly, the ethnographic record of conflict resolution provides greater evidence for conflict resolution within groups than between groups, including across populations with variable subsistence strategies and across distinct social contexts ( Figure 2 and see ‘Limitati... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.640272 | [
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g populations such as mobile hunter–gatherers, often characterised as ‘small-scale’ (e.g. Hill et al., 2011 ; Bird et al., 2019 ; Singh & Glowacki, 2021 ). Between-group conflicts, although relatively less represented, are consistently documented across all subsistence types including hunter–gatherers, providing additi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.694 | 0.686 | ["war_conflict"] | 472 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.640327 | [
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0.022014... | ||
wacki et al., 2020 ; Hames, 2019 ; Lopez, 2016 ). Limitations The current study has many important limitations. First, ethnography-based analyses are necessarily restricted to the content that ethnographers chose to record and publish. It is important to keep in mind that information that ethnographers were unaware of,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.319 | 0.826 | ["philosophy", "war_conflict", "education"] | 429 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.640365 | [
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0.038351524621248245,
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-0.009721431881189346,
0.0433... | ||
ailable information in any ethnographic document. For example, the biased evidence in favour of within-group conflicts could entirely be an artefact of ethnographer description. Furthermore, much (or most) ethnography is constructed from the perspective of the ethnographer (an emic view) and not necessarily from the pe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.696 | 0.836 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 479 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.640397 | [
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0.011300608515739441,
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divergent from those of local community members. Given the general content of text records in the leadership data package these results are biased towards particular types of leaders, generally male political leaders. As previously mentioned these data include very few text records pertaining to women as mediators of c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427275/ | Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.896 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.640427 | [
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0.05042178928852081,
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0.07493259012699127,
0.021547740325331688,
-0.0522318035364151,
0.023906851187348366,
-0.00210588... |
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