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m, (2) break the problem into smaller pieces, (3) acknowledge a shared goal, and (4) summarize a plan that worked for both parties. Each ranking had a descriptor for “0” and for “10”. The maximum amount of points for this section was 40. Generalizable communication skills were defined in concert with clinical skills di... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.4 | 0.864 | ["education", "communication"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043191 | [
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y to acknowledge concerns, (3) ability to ask questions effectively, (4) appropriate body language, (5) emotional intelligence, and (6) patient-centered conversation. The maximum amount of points for this section, called the emotional quotient score, was the sum of scores from six 100-point assessments for a total of 6... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.846 | ["career", "economy", "education"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043234 | [
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in MedEdPORTAL. 2013. p.9612 19. Cowie N, et al. Teamwork and communication in Acute Care: a Teaching Resource for Health Practitioners. MedEdPORTAL. 2012;8:9109. doi: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.9109. [ DOI ] [ Google Scholar ] 20. Welch J, Jimenez H, Allen S. Teamwork & Conflict Management Workshop MedEdPORTAL. 2013;9:960... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.685 | 0.676 | ["management", "war_conflict", "communication"] | 426 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043269 | [
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) for Entering Residency #9: Collaborate as a member of an interprofessional team [ 28 ]. To develop agreement on entrustment, faculty reviewed pilot videos of student performance with two different standardized patients and agreed on behaviors that would result in pre-entrustment. For example, never soliciting the opi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.856 | ["management", "negotiation", "career", "economy", "philosophy"] | 509 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043306 | [
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ability was not determined prior to the exercise. Instead, post-hoc analysis was completed to determine if any faculty rater was an outlier in this, or in any of the other transition to residency simulations. To evaluate if awareness of conflict resolution style effected conflict resolution performance, we randomized t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.856 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043343 | [
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ferred to as the “before” and “after” groups, respectively. The TKI is a validated and widely used tool to describe and study behavior in conflict scenarios [ 21 , 22 , 29 ]. Based on a series of questions, the instrument determines the respondent’s primary conflict style(s) [ 29 ]. The five described styles are accomm... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.696 | 0.86 | ["war_conflict", "economy", "education"] | 479 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043398 | [
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ooperativeness as shown in Fig. 1 [ 29 ]. Fig. 1. Open in a new tab The five-conflict resolution styles as described by the TKI on scales of assertiveness and cooperativeness. Figure adapted from TKI [ 29 ] Student groups were randomized by flip of coin to the “before” or “after” group. Randomization occurred in groups... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.868 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043436 | [
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time in the simulation space, thus impacting scheduling of students in that space. While the clinical skills lab director was aware of randomization for the purpose of scheduling students, this randomization did not affect the duration of time for the SP encounter. SP and faculty coaches were blinded to the students’ g... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.296 | 0.724 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 509 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043471 | [
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oup, the TKI was taken prior to the SP encounter. In the after group, the TKI was taken after the SP encounter, but prior to the self-evaluation Students rated the value of the exercise in their postwork using 5-point Likert-scale (from not useful = 0 to extremely useful = 5) Students were asked specifically on the use... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.896 | 0.724 | ["war_conflict", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043504 | [
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esolution, (3) reviewing the pre-work videos, and (4) self-assessing their own performance in conflict resolution by viewing a video of their encounter. The potential impact potential impact of gender, under-represented minority status, and intended specialty on faculty determinations of entrustability were assessed af... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.842 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043534 | [
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nt were completed in Qualtrics, an online survey tool. Data was downloaded in aggregate form to a spreadsheet by the course director after course completion. Each student was issued a unique survey for the Thomas-Kilman Instrument (TKI), which was administered by Kilmann Diagnostics. Data was provided to the course dir... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.856 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043565 | [
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shared from the School of Medicine to the biostatisticians of this study. Students intended field of practice was reported by students in the graduation bulletin. This data was extracted by the course director onto a spreadsheet. Specialties were identified as diagnosis-based (medicine, internal medicine, psychiatry, p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.83 | ["education", "crisis", "family"] | 511 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043596 | [
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s and gynecology), or other (pathology, radiology, radiation oncology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, and consulting). Data from these sources were electronically aggregated/matched for each student by the biostatitiscians onto one spreadsheet. All materials for this study were stored in an online, secured file ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.296 | 0.852 | ["education"] | 511 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043627 | [
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SP encounter and those who took TKI after the SP encounter. Conflict resolution skills were assessed by the negotiation score, emotional quotient score, and entrustability. Conflict resolutions styles were reported from the TKI. Other explanatory variables included gender, URM status, and intended field of practice. Co... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.905 | 0.832 | ["war_conflict", "negotiation"] | 478 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043659 | [
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e were not used to assign a grade to the student. Instead, students were offered the opportunity to repeat the exercise if they wished after watching their own videos and/or receiving feedback from coaches. This study was reviewed by the Duke University School of Medicine Institutional Review Board and assigned exempt ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.697 | 0.848 | ["education", "war_conflict"] | 484 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043693 | [
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ere 67 students randomized into the before group. There were 41 students randomized into the after group. The groups had similar distributions of age, gender, URM status, or specialty. Table 1 summarizes the students’ characteristics. Table 1. Student Characteristics Student Characteristics TKI After (n = 41) TKI Befor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.724 | [] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043721 | [
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31 (46.3%) 50 (46.3%) Female 14 (34.1%) 27 (40.3%) 41 (38%) Other or Unknown 8 (19.5%) 9 (13.4%) 17 (15.7%) Under-represented minority (African/Native American, Hispanic, Latino) Yes 6 (14.6%) 9 (13.4%) 15 (13.9%) No 24 (58.5%) 43 (64.1%) 67 (62.0%) Other or prefer not to answer 11 (26.8%) 15 (22.4%) 26 (24.1%) Special... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.718 | [] | 510 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043749 | [
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(19.5%) 10 (14.9%) 18 (16.7%) Open in a new tab * Diagnosis-based specialties included internal medicine, pediatrics, family medicine, psychiatry, and neurology. Procedure-based specialties included surgical specialties, anesthesia, emergency medicine, dermatology, and obstetrics and gynecology. Other included patholog... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.824 | ["war_conflict", "crisis", "family"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043782 | [
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y conflict resolution styles found amongst the students as reported from the TKI instrument itself. Students could have more than one primary style. Table 2. Conflict Resolution Style Assessed by TKI Conflict Resolution Modes Total (N = 108) Accommodating 37 (34.3%) Compromising 20 (18.5%) Avoiding 15 (13.9%) Collabora... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.686 | ["economy", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043816 | [
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llaborating/Compromising 1 (0.9%) * Eight patients did not report conflict resolution styles (7.4%) Open in a new tab Note: A student could have more than one primary style The most common styles were accommodating followed by compromising. As part of the curriculum, students also self-determined their primary conflict... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.699 | 0.852 | ["war_conflict", "economy"] | 493 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043847 | [
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t resolution style as that determined by the TKI. Student characteristics and impact on conflict resolution skills Table 3 summarizes differences between gender, URM status, and intended specialty in conflict resolution skills as evaluated by faculty at the time of reviewing each students’ videotaped encounter. Faculty... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.854 | ["war_conflict", "negotiation"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043877 | [
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) and higher emotional quotient ( p = 0.006) scores. Table 3. Conflict Resolution Skills in Relation to Gender, Intended Specialty, and URM Status Gender Specialty URM-status Female Male p -value Diagnosis-based Procedure-based Other p -value Yes No p -value Negotiation Score Median (25th, 75th percentiles) 33.1 (28.1,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.706 | ["negotiation", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043907 | [
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otient Median (25th, 75th percentiles) 533.0 (505.0, 553.5) 510.0 (458.0, 540.0) 0.02 540.0 (505.0, 555.0) 507.0 (480.0, 530.0) 525.0 (471.0, 540.0) 0.006 506.5 (449.0, 544.0) 529.0 (492.0, 545.0) 0.3 Open in a new tab * P-values were calculated from Kruskal-Wallis tests Entrustability and conflict resolution Table 4 s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.7 | ["war_conflict", "ethics"] | 508 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043939 | [
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nce in conflict resolution skills between groups. The majority of students, 92.8% (n = 91), were evaluated as entrustable, and 7.2% (n = 7) as pre-entrustable. Among students evaluated as pre-entrustable, a common theme in faculty comments was the need to be more assertive. Table 4. Conflict Resolution Skills and Entru... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.716 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.043975 | [
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sing 3 1 Open in a new tab 1 Fisher’s exact test. 2 Wilcoxon rank-sum test There were no significant differences in assessments of entrustment between coaches in this simulation or across any of the other transition to residency simulations (conflict resolution, informed consent, shared decisionmaking, triage and pagin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.685 | 0.828 | ["decision_making", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 426 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.044005 | [
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the TKI promoted self-reflection (81/108, 75.0%). A higher proportion of students who took the TKI before their encounter with the SP (65/67, 97.0%) found reviewing the pre-work videos useful than the group who took the TKI after the encounter. Discussion The most common conflict resolution style amongst fourth-year me... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.69 | 0.834 | ["war_conflict"] | 452 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.044034 | [
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other person’s needs or concerns over one’s own. While there is no “correct” primary conflict resolution style, execution of patient care may require an intern to advocate for and/or compromise more rather than simply giving in to the needs of the other healthcare professionals [ 25 , 26 , 30 ]. The “student” mindset m... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.693 | 0.854 | ["war_conflict", "management", "negotiation", "career"] | 464 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.044065 | [
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s are often the junior members of a medical team. A course that focuses on communication skills that foster use of different conflict resolution styles and using the most effective style for a situation or scenario may be useful for graduating medical students. For example, a high stakes code situation with an experien... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.864 | ["communication", "management", "war_conflict", "economy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.044094 | [
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clinic setting, a compromising style may be better. For a patient with a trivial or inconsequential complaint, an avoidant style might be best. We could develop all of these scenarios and allow students opportunity to adapt to those situations. Alternatively, a student with a known conflict resolution style of competin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.85 | ["negotiation", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.044125 | [
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nificantly higher negotiation and emotional quotient scores than procedure-based specialties and male students, respectively. Others have also described differences in communication by specialty and gender that impacted patient outcomes [ 31 – 34 ]. Ambady et al. showed that surgeons’ tone of voice during routine visit... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.848 | ["communication", "negotiation", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.044154 | [
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used more on operational information compared to internists [ 32 , 33 ]. Female physicians have been shown to be better communicators through active partnership behaviors [ 34 ]. These differences in specialty and gender indicate that different curricula may be needed to target specific skills for different student gro... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.306 | 0.846 | ["negotiation", "philosophy"] | 473 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.044183 | [
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dents to adapt to more or less negotiation skill. We were delighted to find no differences in the faculty evaluation of URM and non-URM students especially in light of known racial disparities in student performance evaluations, grades, and membership in the Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Society [ 36 – 41 ]. We believe facul... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.306 | 0.854 | ["ethics", "negotiation", "philosophy"] | 475 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.044216 | [
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k of racial disparities in evaluation by coaches. As the number of medical schools assigning students to coaches increases, we believe that schools should undertake similar evaluations to look for unconscious bias in coach evaluation and to take the time for faculty development to set consistent expectations and to pra... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.85 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.044262 | [
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solution skills as judged by standardized faculty. Though students reportedly found the TKI useful for their own self-reflection, the lack of impact on skill for this single exercise makes it difficult to justify the cost of administering this instrument ($35/per student). Faculty assigned high levels of entrustment to... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.852 | ["management", "crisis", "career", "war_conflict", "economy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.044304 | [
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ically in conflict resolution, may be related to a leadership thread in our medical school that includes patient-centeredness and emotional intelligence. Although the number was small, the students who were pre-entrustable may require more sessions with an SP to practice their skills or more feedback to recognize their... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "education", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.044346 | [
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rimary question of entrustability and types of conflict resolution styles, it might not have been adequate to analyze specialty, gender, and URM differences. We did not evaluate whether gender or specialty-concordance between student, SP, and faculty coach played any role in scoring. We had several female SPs for this ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.693 | 0.85 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 466 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.044381 | [
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the future, we plan to include a male SP as well. Further, our faculty coaches are largely physicians (though we have one physical therapist and one nurse practitioner); we could have different members of the healthcare team assessing entrustability. Conclusions The most prominent conflict resolution style among gradua... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.856 | ["war_conflict", "management"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.044411 | [
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t did not influence their skill as judged by faculty coaches. Student gender and intended field of practice did effect conflict resolution skills. This may allow for future targeted curricula in conflict resolution. Electronic supplementary material Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. Supplement... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.848 | ["war_conflict", "economy", "education"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.044440 | [
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as the director of the clinical skills laboratory, Kelly Branford, for their support of this project. Abbreviations TKI Thomas-Kilman Instrument SP Simulated Patient NICU Neonatual Intensice Care Unit URM Under-represented Minority AAMC Association of American Medical Colleges EPA Entrustable Professional Activities Au... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.394 | 0.812 | ["career", "economy"] | 468 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.044474 | [
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ng—Original draft, Writing—reviewing and editing. HL was involved in methodology, Formal Analysis, and Writing—Reviewing and editing. CZ was involved in Methodology, Formal Analysis, and Writing—Reviewing and editing. AC was involved in the Conceptualization, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing—Original draft,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.4 | 0.828 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.044503 | [
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onal Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (Award Number UL1TR002553) and the Duke Clinical and Translational Science Award from the National Institutes of Health supported the collaboration between the Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Research Design (BERD) Core and the Department of Surgery. The content is so... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.312 | 0.83 | ["war_conflict", "communication", "economy", "rhetoric"] | 450 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.044532 | [
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icial views of the National Institutes of Health. Data availability The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was reviewed by the Duke University School of Medicine Inst... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.85 | ["education", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.044561 | [
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oes not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Footnotes Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. References 1. Jehn KA, Bendersky C. Intragroup Conflict in Organizations: a continengency perspective on the conflict-outcom... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10103535/ | Conflict resolution styles and skills and variation among medical students - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.693 | 0.672 | ["war_conflict", "networking", "governance", "philosophy"] | 466 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.044595 | [
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Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID No abstract available PubMed Disclaimer Conflict of interest statement Conflict of Interest None. Publication types Editorial Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search MeSH terms Humans Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH A... | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36567219/ | How to be Better Leaders Through Effective Conflict Resolution - PubMed | pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.712 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.160735 | [
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Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Abstract When people work collaboratively, conflict will always arise. Understanding the nature and source of conflict and its progression and stages, resolution, and outcome is a vital aspect of leadership. Causes of conflict include the ... | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17412040/ | Conflict management and resolution - PubMed | pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.844 | ["war_conflict", "leadership", "communication", "philosophy", "ethics"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.276518 | [
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r properly addressed, most conflict can be settled in a way that provides needed change in an organization and interrelationships. There are serious consequences of avoiding or mismanaging disagreements. Informed leaders can effectively prevent destructive conflicts. PubMed Disclaimer Publication types Review Actions S... | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17412040/ | Conflict management and resolution - PubMed | pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.852 | ["communication", "war_conflict", "leadership", "management", "negotiation"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.276626 | [
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es* Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Interpersonal Relations* Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Interprofessional Relations* Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Leadership* Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Negotiating* Actions Search in Pub... | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17412040/ | Conflict management and resolution - PubMed | pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.637 | ["leadership", "management", "career"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.276682 | [
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Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution Former President Jimmy Carter, who has helped resolve many international conflicts, says, “On the most basic level, conflict occurs when interests differ.” This is true for individuals – in families, classrooms, or on the job. It is also true among nations. In this lesson, student... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.868 | ["war_conflict", "career", "philosophy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394034 | [
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again through role play – in one method of solving conflicts, mediation. Pennsylvania Education Standards Met in This Lesson: Career Education: Career Retention and Advancement Explain and demonstrate conflict resolution skills (13.3.8). Evaluate conflict resolution skills as the relate to the workplace (13.3.11): Cons... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.983 | 0.654 | ["war_conflict", "leadership", "career", "education", "management"] | 417 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394132 | [
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dership, Mediation, Negotiation, Problem solving. Civics and Government: Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship Analyze skills used to resolve conflicts in society and government. (5.2.9) Interpret the causes of conflict in society and analyze techniques to resolve those conflicts. (5.2.12) Learning Objectives Stud... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.988 | 0.672 | ["war_conflict", "governance", "negotiation", "social_justice", "education"] | 440 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394219 | [
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applies to individuals, communities, and nations. Students will learn about and put into practice one of the methods of conflict resolution – mediation. Teaching This Lesson 1. Write the word “conflict” on the board. Ask students to define it. Say to students, “There are many types of conflicts in the world today. Let’... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.878 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394292 | [
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A copy of Handout #1, “Mediation,” for each student A copy of Handout #2, “Acting as a Mediator,” for each student Optional: An overhead transparency of Handout #2 and an overhead projector A copy of Handout #3, “Making War: Centuries of Conflict,” for each student International Conflict National Conflict Communi... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.686 | 0.684 | ["war_conflict", "governance"] | 431 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394344 | [
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ict Ask students to define each type of conflict. Also ask them to think of specific examples of each type of conflict occurring in the world now. Examples might include: International Conflict National Conflict Community Conflict Government- sponsored Conflict Interpersonal Conflict Conflict between nations – wars, te... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.693 | 0.844 | ["war_conflict", "governance"] | 465 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394386 | [
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scale within a community – Gang warfare, the L.A. riots State-sponsored forms of violence The Holocaust Violence between two or more people – murder, muggings, rapes, assaults 2. Say, “Many of the things that cause conflicts between nations or groups of people also cause conflict between individuals.” The following rol... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.686 | 0.838 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 432 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394427 | [
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lay the roles of Jason, Antonio, Elena, and Sara. (If any of these names corresponds to the name of a student in your class, choose another name). Make it clear to all students that no actor is playing himself or herself. Say, “They are acting.” 3 3. Tell the audience to watch and listen closely. After the role play, t... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.732 | ["rhetoric"] | 502 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394461 | [
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udents act out the argument among the four teens. Afterwards, ask these questions: Conflicts have both immediate causes and root causes (things that have occurred in the past). What is the immediate cause of Jason and Antonio’s conflict from Jason’s point of view? What are some of the root causes? What is the immedia... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.69 | 0.858 | ["war_conflict", "rhetoric"] | 450 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394498 | [
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causes? Conflicts can be resolved in many ways. One way to resolve conflicts peacefully is through mediation. A student mediator gets the people who are in conflict to talk about the problem and see if they can come up with a solution. Ask for a volunteer to be the mediator. 4. Pass out Handout #1, Mediation. (You ma... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.694 | 0.72 | ["war_conflict", "diplomacy"] | 471 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394532 | [
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can do to keep the problem from happening again. Then the mediator should congratulate both sides on reaching a solution. 5. Now have the students and the mediator role play a mediation to this conflict. Give the students Handout #2: Acting as a Mediator. Discuss the steps that mediators should follow when trying to fi... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.72 | ["war_conflict", "negotiation"] | 501 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394565 | [
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tween people also cause conflict between nations. In Lesson 2, we are going to read a selection by former President Jimmy Carter about the history of war. Then we are going to discuss his analysis of the causes of war. You will see many similarities between the causes of conflict that we have just identified and the ca... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.882 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394599 | [
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” and assign students to read it before the next class period. (Note: some groups might need to read this assignment in class.) Ask them to consider the following questions as they read: What is the reason that conflict occurs? What are some ways of resolving conflicts? Do you think war is ever justified? What makes a ... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.921 | 0.706 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 423 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394631 | [
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ury? What led to the development of the cold war? 5 Handout #1: Mediation Step 1: Introduction and Ground Rules Do Not Interrupt No name calling or putdowns Be honest Work hard to resolve the problem Step 2: Define the Problem Step 3: Find Solutions Mediators do not suggest solutions Step 4: Final Agr... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.399 | 0.878 | ["negotiation", "war_conflict", "diplomacy", "social_justice", "education"] | 495 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394666 | [
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Education Foundation, 1992. All Rights Reserved. Reprinted by Permission.) 6 Handout #2 – Acting As a Mediator 7 Step 1: Introduction and Ground Rules 1. “Hello. My name is …” (shake hands) 2. “Would you like to use mediation to solve your problem?” 3. “Everything that you say will be kept confidential…” We are not her... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.303 | 0.72 | ["decision_making", "social_justice", "education"] | 484 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394699 | [
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about you and this problem. 24. “Congratulations. You have worked hard to solve this problem.” 25. Everyone shake hands. 26. Have people sign a final agreement. Handout #3: “Making War: Centuries of conflict,” by Jimmy Carter From Talking Peace, (Dutton Children’s Books). All rights reserved. Used with permission. [W]a... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.697 | 0.704 | ["war_conflict", "negotiation", "diplomacy", "social_justice", "family"] | 487 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394731 | [
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sic level, conflict occurs when interests differ. As soon as two or more groups exist in a situation, there are two or more points of view- and two or more sets of ambitions as well. While sometimes each group can pursue its own ambitions without interfering with the others, quite often conflicts will arise… Conflictin... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.685 | 0.846 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 426 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394767 | [
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y one form of resolving conflict, a violent form. Nonviolent alternatives include negotiation and mediation to reach compromises and passive civil disobedience to emphasize and publicize the absence of agreement. This was how the American civil rights movement forced an end to legalized racial discrimination. But for v... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.697 | 0.85 | ["negotiation", "war_conflict", "philosophy", "leadership", "social_justice"] | 483 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394801 | [
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priate and justified means to resolve a conflict. The reasons for going to war are many and varied. Battles may occur because a piece of land that has long been related to one group is taken over or controlled by another. Nations struggle over natural resources, including access to seas and oceans. Historically, ideas ... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.693 | 0.858 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 466 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394836 | [
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ity of its neighbors, violent conflict can erupt. A change in the politics of a government that harms the average citizen’s quality of life may inspire war. An oppressive regime’s abuse of the people may eventually incite protest or outright rebellion. In 1775, American colonial leaders chose armed resistance to the Br... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.86 | ["war_conflict", "governance", "leadership", "motivation", "social_justice"] | 504 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394868 | [
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ield, the conflict became a war for independence. Shortly before the battle at Lexington, which began the American Revolution, Patrick Henry made his famous statement of resolve, “I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!” Another advocate of the Revolution, Thomas Paine,... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.884 | ["war_conflict", "ethics", "social_justice"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394899 | [
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ich America is now engaged.” Few Americans today would criticize the military actions our forefathers took to liberate America from British rule and to support democratic ideals for all people. Though it is often obvious why one country would want to escape another’s domination, it is sometimes harder to explain why ci... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.87 | ["war_conflict", "family"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394931 | [
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sympathetic toward each other and less likely to go to war. Time and time again, civil wars have erupted, proving that this theory is not true. 9 Almost ninety years after the revolution against the British, we Americans experienced our own civil war, as states and even members of the same families fought against one a... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.876 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394964 | [
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rtain states of their right to withdraw from the Union, and the domination of the northern states’ industrial economy over the South’s traditional agricultural way of life. After four years of bloody conflict and tragic loss, slavery was abolished and the Union was preserved. But as with most wars, the question remains... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.864 | ["war_conflict", "leadership", "crisis", "negotiation", "diplomacy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.394999 | [
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rality and advisability of war have also changed. Despite the promise of the Hebrew prophet Isaiah some twenty-seven hundred years ago that a time would come when “nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war anymore, “ few nations have abandoned war as a means of advancing their interest... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.295 | 0.876 | ["war_conflict", "ethics", "faith_spirituality"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.395033 | [
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e as the technology for using gunpowder improved. Nations began to see the military as a job for professionals who could apply scientific knowledge to make war efficient. At the same time, new ideas were in the air about the responsibilities and rights of human beings and of nation- states. Some nations in western Euro... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.874 | ["war_conflict", "career", "social_justice", "education"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.395068 | [
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g the United States into the war against Germany. The danger to civilian populations increased even more with the outbreak of World War II. Airplanes sent to bomb military targets often hit civilians as well. Both sides in the war conducted deliberate air raids on the cities of their enemies, and the Germans also launc... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.864 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.395098 | [
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pied territories included mass murders and enslavement in labor camps. After the war, some German leaders were convicted of war crimes. High civilian casualties were inevitable when the United States dropped the atomic bomb on Japan…President Harry Truman explained that many more (people) would have perished with prolo... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.854 | ["war_conflict", "leadership", "economy", "philosophy"] | 502 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.395131 | [
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hat no other world wars have occurred since 1945. The hope of many of the world’s people was that the United Nations would prevent war. Its charter, created in 1945, prescribes that “all members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.86 | ["war_conflict", "ethics"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.395167 | [
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e retaliation if the other dared to strike first. Until the cold war, the globe had never before been split so neatly between the influences of two powers. According to some analysts, the superpowers’ arms race and rhetoric succeeded in deterring a major war because there was always relative equality between the two co... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.872 | ["war_conflict", "social_justice", "governance", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.395199 | [
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munist domination of the government, freedom of speech, economic reforms, a reduction of Soviet influence in neighboring countries, and the eventual breakup of the Soviet Union into more than a dozen independent countries brought an end to the cold war by 1990. The cold war definitely had a major impact on the rest of ... | https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/teachers/lessonplans/Conflict-Resolution%20Activities.pdf | Lesson 1 – Conflict and Its Resolution | nps.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.724 | ["war_conflict", "social_justice", "innovation", "governance", "philosophy"] | 511 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.395234 | [
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ine with grey squares), laissez-faire (dashed line with white squares) and the effectiveness of their leader in handling school conflicts. Teachers’ perceptions on the effectiveness of different conflict management styles was assessed according to the scores of their answers for the frequency of conflicts in their scho... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8314229/ | Leadership and Conflict Management Style Are Associated with the Effectiveness of School Conflict Management in the Region of Epirus, NW Greece - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.698 | 0.848 | ["war_conflict", "education", "leadership", "management"] | 491 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.513420 | [
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Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ . 2020 Feb 14;10(1):455–468. doi: 10.3390/ejihpe10010034 Leadership and Conflict Management Style Are Associated with the Effectiveness of School Conflict Management in the Region of Epirus, NW Greece Elisavet Chandolia Elisavet Chandolia 1 Graduate MEd Program Hellenic Open Universit... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8314229/ | Leadership and Conflict Management Style Are Associated with the Effectiveness of School Conflict Management in the Region of Epirus, NW Greece - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.844 | ["education", "leadership", "management", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.513487 | [
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ia 1, 2 , Sophia Anastasiou Sophia Anastasiou 1 Graduate MEd Program Hellenic Open University, 26500 Patra, Greece; std105271@ac.eap.gr 3 Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece Find articles by Sophia Anastasiou 1, 3, * Author information Article notes Copyright and License informati... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8314229/ | Leadership and Conflict Management Style Are Associated with the Effectiveness of School Conflict Management in the Region of Epirus, NW Greece - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.846 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.513539 | [
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( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC8314229 PMID: 34542497 Abstract There are few options available for school managers who wish to effectively tackle school conflicts. The aim of the present work was to assess the issue of school conflict, its sources, and the effectiveness ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8314229/ | Leadership and Conflict Management Style Are Associated with the Effectiveness of School Conflict Management in the Region of Epirus, NW Greece - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.848 | ["education", "war_conflict", "management", "innovation"] | 511 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.513576 | [
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ls in the region of Epirus, NW Greece, participated in the present work. Teachers’ views on their school Principals’ leadership style as well as the sources, the type(s), and the severity of conflict in their school unit were surveyed. Conflict appeared to be a frequent issue in schools. Frequent sources of conflict in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8314229/ | Leadership and Conflict Management Style Are Associated with the Effectiveness of School Conflict Management in the Region of Epirus, NW Greece - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.687 | 0.832 | ["war_conflict", "education", "leadership", "management"] | 435 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.513612 | [
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exhibited a range of conflict management styles. Compromise and Collaborative styles were frequently observed, followed by Smoothing and Forcing . Avoidance was less frequently exhibited by school leaders. The transformational and transactional leadership styles exhibited were equally effective in successful conflict r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8314229/ | Leadership and Conflict Management Style Are Associated with the Effectiveness of School Conflict Management in the Region of Epirus, NW Greece - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "management", "negotiation", "economy"] | 511 | Conflict Resolution Leadership | topic | 2026-03-21T18:11:39.513645 | [
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