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cal view, through enabling teams to minimize errors and maximize expertise and thereby advance organizational gains. Yet, on closer examination, the current state of the TDI literature appears so piecemeal that the robustness of extant scientific evidence is often lost. Accordingly, we seek to provide a more cohesive a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.426 | 0.836 | ["management", "war_conflict"] | 450 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.390765 | [
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a system of interventions that can be optimized. Drawing on the existing theoretical and empirical literatures, we first broadly define TDIs. We then offer an in-depth look at the most common types of TDIs, in terms of summarizing the state of the science surrounding each TDI. Based on this review, we distinguish featu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.615 | 0.866 | ["communication", "management"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.390973 | [
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served for addressing certain issues within a team. In conclusion, we promote a call for evolving this robust yet disjointed TDI literature into a more holistic, dynamic, and intentional action science with clear empirical as well as practical guidance and direction. INTRODUCTION Time and money have always been critica... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.43 | 0.84 | ["communication", "management"] | 463 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.391153 | [
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is to maximize resources while minimizing costs. The incorporation of teams has increasingly become a prominent solution used by organizations to achieve this balance. Teams are defined as two or more individuals inter- acting dynamically, interdependently, and adaptively toward a common goal, with each member having a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.445 | 0.83 | ["management", "communication", "war_conflict", "rhetoric"] | 426 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.391355 | [
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Salas, Dickinson, Converse, & Tannenbaum, 1992 ). In part, the prevalence of teams within orga- nizations is due to the complex problems that orga- nizations often face and the synergistic benefits that the use of teams can provide to organizations—that is, teams offer the capability to achieve what cannot be accomplis... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.483 | 0.858 | ["management", "salary", "war_conflict"] | 479 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.391493 | [
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organizations today ( Stewart & Barrick, 2000 ). Subsequently, there is no lack of theory, research, and consultants in the area of teams and their development ( Cannon-Bowers & Bowers, 2010 ). In fact, given their prominence in organizations, significant investments have been devoted to ensuring teams will succeed, in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.398 | 0.848 | ["management", "war_conflict"] | 484 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.391638 | [
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, 2018 ; Shuffler, DiazGranados, & Salas, 2011 ). As a result, numerous scientific reviews have been undertaken to extract the individual, team, system, organizational, and environmental factors that define and shape effective teamwork ( Humphrey & Aime, 2014 ; Mathieu, Maynard, Rapp, & Gilson, 2008 ; Salas, Shuffler, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.534 | 0.856 | ["management", "education"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.391770 | [
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mes daily—basis ( Tannenbaum, Mathieu, Salas, & Cohen, 2012 ). Furthermore, although some organizational teams may not actually be failing, their performance may be less than desirable, plateauing or starting to spiral toward decline. Perhaps, even more challenging, the factors that help a team maintain adequate perfor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.437 | 0.83 | ["philosophy", "management", "war_conflict"] | 446 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.391896 | [
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rformance levels and attain superior performance. As a result, teams, leaders, and organizations often need to intervene by leveraging a range of mechanisms, conditions, tools, and resources that can help them take action to enhance team effectiveness ( Hackman, 2011 ; Kozlowski & Ilgen, 2006 ). We broadly define these... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.446 | 0.864 | ["management", "philosophy", "leadership"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.392043 | [
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t surprising that there is a wide array of these TDIs discussed within the scholarly organizational literature. When designed and implemented using evidence-based practices and principles from the scientific literature, TDIs can serve a vital role in improving team effectiveness ( Shuffler et al., 2011 ). However, the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.441 | 0.836 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 458 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.392175 | [
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ulture resources that are not actually effective. As a result, scientifically derived, evidence-based TDIs are too often lumped with more haphazard, “feel good” TDIs, as ifthey are all one in the same. Certainly, team building (TB) comes to mind as an often misused and abused TDI catchall that can evoke strong, overly ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.47 | 0.832 | ["management"] | 415 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.392373 | [
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on experiences ( Cannon-Bowers & Bowers, 2010 ). Further complicating the issue, although there are distinct types of TDIs recognized in the literature that may potentially complement one another, they have been developed and evaluated in relative isolation from one another ( Weaver, Dy, & Rosen, 2014 ) and to varying ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.358 | 0.84 | [] | 453 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.392507 | [
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s TDIs backed by a solid science is much overdue. As such, this review addresses four major needs that must be resolved to advance TDI research and practice in organizations. First, we address the need for a clear defmition of what a TDI is—moving beyond what may broadly be considered a TDI to more specifically disting... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.39 | 0.88 | ["communication"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.392713 | [
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ave garnered substantial attention in the academic litera- ture ( Need 2 ). In identifying major themes in these literatures, we offer guidance as to the state of the science in terms of each TDI’s current or potential contribution. Third, in an effort to discuss what makes TDIs effective, we leverage a relatively simp... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.519 | 0.868 | [] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.392882 | [
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r TDI is ultimately successful or not for a given context or team. Using our definition and this heuristic, we address a third need in terms of creating a foundation for better understanding how the various TDIs can be better integrated so they may work together ( Need 3 ). We leverage structural elements of prominent ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.611 | 0.872 | ["management", "communication"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.393030 | [
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tegrative framework that considers dynamic team developmental needs to offer direction for determining what TDI or combination of TDIs may be most effective in shaping team performance trajectories. Last, to push the science and practice of TDIs toward a more holistic evolution ( Need 4 ), we conclude with future direc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.594 | 0.696 | ["management", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.393158 | [
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to TDIs, especially across organizational contexts. Each of these needs is particularly important to address, given that we view TDI research and practice as being at a critical crossroads: TDIs can either evolve dynamically to keep up with practical organization demands or continue with the same static lens that is qu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.383 | 0.856 | ["communication"] | 509 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.393275 | [
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erms of what could possibly be included as a TDI. This is purposeful in terms of directing a focus on bounding TDIs as requiring intentional action(s) targeted at team performance trajectories. More specifically, these actions may attempt to (1) improve and support teams that may be struggling or failing, (2) maintain ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.421 | 0.852 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 469 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.393432 | [
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ready to mature to a higher level of performance. As such, this drills down from broader categories such as organizational development interventions or human resource efforts, to set the team as the focal unit of analysis for this type of intervention. However, the simplistic nature of this definition leaves room for i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.554 | 0.832 | ["philosophy", "management"] | 417 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.393572 | [
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ery time to impact team performance trajectories. Moving from this rather broad conceptualization, our first aim is to drill down further into TDIs as a meaningful term, reviewing the extant scientific literature to critically evaluate what an effective TDI looks like and what the broad state of the science looks like ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.467 | 0.858 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.393692 | [
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ucted a series of searches for academic publications within the broader organizational behavior, management, and psychology literatures. Databases searched included PsycInfo, Academic OneSource, MedLine, and Google Scholar. Broad and more specific terms, such as “TDIs,” “team development,” “team training (TT),” and “TB... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.455 | 0.844 | ["management"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.393823 | [
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lists were searched to ensure all relevant articles were included. Although we did not set a timeframe for our searches, the vast majority of sources came from the past 50 years, in line with similar reviews that acknowledge the early 1970s as the start of a concerted interest in team development ( Tannenbaum, Beard, &... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.464 | 0.874 | ["management", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.393897 | [
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compared with other organizational teams ( Klein, DiazGranados, Salas, Le, Burke, Lyons, & Goodwin, 2009 ; Salas, Cooke, & Rosen, 2008a ). Finally, to be retained, the article had to describe some clear form of TDI. Our initial searches in these sources resulted in more than 5,000 potentially relevant articles that wer... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.423 | 0.846 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 482 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.393947 | [
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health-care teams instead of team interventions). In particular, although some of our resulting TDI types [e.g., team leadership (TL), team composition (TCo), and team performance monitoring] have broader literatures beyond just that focused on an intervention perspective, we excluded any sources that did not focus on ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.569 | 0.842 | ["management", "leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.394007 | [
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ementioned broad definition, including case studies, experimental, and quasi- experimental designs. In addition, we retained sys- tematic reviews and meta-analyses for confirming our overarching themes within and across TDIs. Overall, our final sample consisted of 514 articles. Next, we reviewed these articles with two... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.372 | 0.842 | ["communication"] | 507 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.394061 | [
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egration of TDIs) and Need 4 (future directions). Second, we grouped articles based on the types of TDIs they addressed, enabling us to develop within-TDI themes regarding quality of the research thus far, as well as important themes for understanding the impact of and considerations for different TDIs to address Need ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.387 | 0.864 | ["communication"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.394110 | [
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iscuss themes within and across TDIs, reconciling any disagreements with one another and with input from the fourth author to produce a final set of themes within and across TDIs. Current State of the Science There is a value in addressing an in-depth review (Need 2), especially in terms of identifying the TDIs that ta... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.433 | 0.866 | ["management", "communication", "negotiation"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.394170 | [
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early (i.e., consistently in the same pattern over time; Tuckman, 1965 ) or (2) teams experience some type of temporally based punctuated shift as described in the punctuated equilibrium model ( Gersick, 1988 ). Recognizing that teams may function more cyclically than linearly, other models have further incorporated th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.42 | 0.856 | ["management"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.394221 | [
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lizes team effectiveness as a system of inputs, processes, and outcomes that influence one another. By using the lens of the IPO model, we are able to organize our review based on the target of each TDI reviewed. Similar reviews exploring the effectiveness of individual TDIs do exist in the extant literature and we hav... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.608 | 0.838 | ["management"] | 417 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.394325 | [
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ntifying and synthesizing key empirical findings. However, each review highlights only a single TDI at a time, limiting our ability to create a more comprehensive perspective. Thus, although a full empirical, meta-analytical review is beyond the scope of our current review, it is critical to provide some deeper insight... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.448 | 0.844 | [] | 461 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.394389 | [
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en types of TDIs, organized by the IPO framework. In particular, TDIs that primarily focus on team inputs include team task analysis (TTA), TCo interventions, team work designs (TWDs), and team charters (TChs). Team process-focused TDIs include team performance monitoring and assessment (TPMA), whereas the intervention... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.468 | 0.85 | ["management", "communication", "philosophy"] | 497 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.394464 | [
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... | ||
address factors from more than one IPO category. These multifaceted TDIs include TB, TT, team coaching (TCa), and TL. Because of the variance in the depth of literature for each category, some offer more empirical evidence than others. Team Task Analysis (TTA) Definition and evidence assessment. Although the use of tea... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.449 | 0.84 | ["management", "communication"] | 441 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.394547 | [
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ations such teams are a part of are quite varied. To be precise, there are countless examples of team research being conducted in contexts such as military, health care, academia, and manufacturing ( Salas, Bowers, & Cannon-Bowers, 1995 ; Stokols, Hall, Taylor, & Moser, 2008; Weaver et al., 2014 ). Certainly, there are... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.48 | 0.842 | ["management", "communication", "war_conflict"] | 445 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.394646 | [
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or example, the need for effective communication. However, what effective communication looks like will differ across contexts. As such, there are unique features of the team’s context that should be taken into account ( Johns, 2006 ) when determining what teamwork factors are most critical to a particular team. In add... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.454 | 0.848 | ["management", "communication", "philosophy"] | 448 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.394757 | [
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of the team. Certainly, as stated by Nouri et al. (2013) , “one cannot fully understand group performance without taking into account the nature of the taskbeing performed” (p. 741). Accordingly, the topic of task analysis has received more attention over the past decade. For clarity, TTA is defined as “the process by ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.39 | 0.862 | ["philosophy", "management", "career", "war_conflict", "education"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.394946 | [
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are identified” ( Arthur, Edwards, Bell, Villado, & Bennett, 2005 : 654). TTA as an intervention influences the team context or members of a team (i.e., the inputs). It is critical to conduct a task analysis, given the task performed by a team can have impacts which can be far-reaching in that it can shape which KSAs t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.433 | 0.888 | ["management", "career", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.395074 | [
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ext section), and how the job should be designed ( Medsker & Campion, 1997 ). Likewise, the team’s task can impact how the team’s performance is evaluated ( Arthur et al., 2005 ) and, in turn, how other interventions such as TT, coaching, and debriefs are designed ( Arthur, Glaze, Bhupatkar, Villado, Bennett, & Rowe, 2... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.486 | 0.842 | ["management", "career", "philosophy"] | 412 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.395189 | [
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obust; however, the literature on TTA is sparser. Some of the literature on TTA has focused on the methodology for using certain techniques (e.g., team cognitive work analysis- Ashoori & Burns, 2013 and hierarchical task analysis- Annett et al., 2000 ) or the use of certain metrics, for example, team relatedness and te... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.49 | 0.866 | ["management", "agents"] | 502 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.395280 | [
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emerged as we reviewed the TTA literature stream. TTA Theme 1: TTA requires an assessment of individual and teamwork behaviors/factors. The work examining team tasks is built on a long history of research that has examined individual performance on work tasks. This research has unpacked the influence of certain factors... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.427 | 0.854 | ["management", "philosophy", "crisis"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.395392 | [
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y of task, difficulty of performing it, and consequences of error ( Sanchez & Fraser, 1992 ) among other factors when assessing work behaviors. Accordingly, given that TTA built on the individual task analysis work, it is not surprising to see that some of the same features that were relevant for individuals will likew... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.512 | 0.716 | ["management", "crisis", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.395484 | [
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o train, task criticality, task frequency, task difficulty, difficulty to train, and overall team importance. Likewise, Lantz and Brav (2007) detail a variety of task features that are also relevant to teams including demand on responsibility, cognitive demands, and learning opportunities. That said, there are also fac... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.424 | 0.848 | ["management", "crisis", "education"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.395575 | [
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(i.e., interdependence) among team members impacts group processes. So, most of the factors that have been included within TTA focus on team member behaviors (i.e., how frequent the task is performed, how important it is, how difficult it is, and whether the team has to work on the task together). However, there is ano... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.434 | 0.716 | ["management", "philosophy", "crisis", "education"] | 510 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.395665 | [
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hat may contribute to a team’s performance levels ( Schraagen, Chipman, & Shalin, 2000 ). Research that focuses on unpacking team cognition (e.g., transactive memory systems), particularly understanding how team cognition changes over time, will inform how TDIs are implemented and developed ( Kanawattanachai & Yoo, 200... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.615 | 0.828 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 412 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.395754 | [
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nature ofteam tasks mustbe accounted for in TTA. As detailed earlier, researchers have started to coalesce in the way that team task features are measured in terms of the techniques used, the sources of information regarding the team’s task, and what features of the task are assessed. In our review of TDIs, we focused ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.431 | 0.844 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 424 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.395874 | [
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reviewed are typically implemented and discussed. In our review of the TTA literature, we found that such an intervention is largely discussed as a first step in terms of understanding a team, which is logical because a TTA provides an assessment of the team, the task, the context, and the team members. For example, Fo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.581 | 0.85 | ["management", "war_conflict"] | 467 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.395962 | [
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tion with military helicopter and aircraft crews. To start, they conducted a task analysis to identify the specific actions that should be taken by aircraft personnel and then assessed the teams’ performance against such standard behaviors. Conducting a task analysis at the beginning of the team’s life cycle is benefic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.45 | 0.86 | ["management", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 498 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.396059 | [
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ay need in terms of resources and/or development. Likewise, assessing the team’s task features at the beginning of the project may be in accordance with some of the seminal team effectiveness frame- works (e.g., the IPO framework) which consider task features as an input variable. However, such treatment implicitly ass... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.459 | 0.848 | ["management"] | 443 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.396147 | [
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e. This is unlikely to be the case for all teams. Specifically, the interdependence levels that may be observed at one point in time may not remain constant. In fact, based on changing environmental features or changes within the team, interdependence levels and other relevant task considerations may ebb and flow throu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.411 | 0.87 | ["management"] | 493 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.396277 | [
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cur multiple times over the life cycle of a team. Team Composition (TCo) Definition and evidence assessment. As mentioned earlier, TTA has often been discussed as the starting point for various other TDIs—training interventions in particular. However, TTA also in- forms discussions around how many individuals are neede... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.443 | 0.856 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.396392 | [
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that certain personalities within a team are better matches for certain task types. As such, TCo is a logical next TDI category to consider. TCo, the configuration of member attributes in a team ( Levine & Moreland, 1990 ), has been a central component in examinations of organizational team effectiveness for several de... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.471 | 0.86 | ["management"] | 502 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.396594 | [
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influences the inputs of the presented framework. As such, this provides unique insights as compared with those who have discussed TCo elsewhere ( Mathieu et al., 2008 ). The research on TCo has focused on surface-level (overt demographic characteristics) and deep-level (underlying psychological characteristics) variab... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.594 | 0.854 | ["management", "networking", "education"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.396719 | [
0.03266093134880066,
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d on TCo in terms of diversity in knowledge and disciplines (i.e., deep-level constructs) as this is a major concern in terms of understanding its impact on resolving complex scientific questions. A meta-analysis that examined deep-level composition variables and team performance found medium (ρ = 0.37-agree- ableness;... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.595 | 0.674 | ["management", "education", "philosophy"] | 431 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.396841 | [
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... | ||
nal stability; ρ = 0.26-preference for teamwork). Although additional research is needed to understand TCo as a TDI, in particular across the life of team, we have synthesized the current research into several themes. TCo Theme 1: changes in team membership impact both team processes and performance. Mathieu et al. (20... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.496 | 0.864 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.396972 | [
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n be calculated by a mean value or summary index ( Chen, Mathieu, & Bliese, 2004 ). Such an approach has been used with composition characteristics such as personality ( LePine, 2003 ) and various KSAs ( Cooke, Kiekel, Salas, & Stout, 2003 ), and these operationalizations of composition have been examined in relation t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.496 | 0.868 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.397079 | [
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multitude of features, including age ( Kilduff, Angelmar, & Mehra, 2000 ); functions within the organization ( Bunderson & Sutcliffe, 2002 ); as well as race/ethnicity, gender, tenure, personality, and education ( Jackson, Joshi, & Erhardt, 2003 ; Kirkman, Tesluk, & Rosen, 2001 ; Mohammed & Angell, 2003 ). Although the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.511 | 0.862 | ["management", "decision_making", "education"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.397169 | [
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bers who are experts in distinct nonoverlapping knowledge domains), it is interesting to note that research is limited which has considered various operationalizations simultaneously, and when they do consider various composition features, it is typically performed with either multiple heterogeneity scores or merely su... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.422 | 0.664 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 412 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.397278 | [
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mann, Bailey, Vasilopoulos, Seal, & Sass, 2004 ). Accordingly, it may be a fruitful direction for researchers to consider both summary indices and heterogeneity scores within single studies, given that Kichuk and Wiesner (1997) evidenced a multilayered story surrounding team compositional effects when considering both ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.431 | 0.844 | ["management"] | 492 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.397369 | [
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hen it is considered at the initiation of a team. The vast majority of studies that have considered TCo have done so with the mindset that TCo is set early in the team’s life cycle and will have downstream effects on team processes and ultimately on team performance. However, such a statement is not intended to suggest... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.449 | 0.878 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.397460 | [
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oked at composition in a variety of ways including considerations of cognitive styles ( Aggarwal & Woolley, 2013 ), general mental ability ( Barrick, Stewart Neubert, & Mount, 1998 ), cultural diversity ( Gibson & Saxton, 2005 ; Kirkman & Shapiro, 2001 ), and emotional intelligence ( Jordan & Troth, 2004 ). This divers... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.488 | 0.716 | ["management", "decision_making", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.397569 | [
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ectiveness ( Devine, 1999 ), customer service ( Feyerherm & Rice, 2002 ), implicit coordination ( Fisher, Bell, Dierdorff, & Belohlav, 2012 ), team viability ( Resick, Dickson, Mitchelson, Allison, & Clark, 2010 ), task cohesion (van Vianen & De Dreu, 2001), and team performance ( Woolley, Gerbasi, Chabris, Kosslyn, & ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.445 | 0.716 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.397660 | [
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ividuals to a team, more research is needed which specifically examines the methodology for picking team membership. For instance, Colarelli and Boos (1992) examined sociometric and ability-based membership decisions and found that sociometric workgroups that were able to pick their own teammates reported higher levels... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.541 | 0.818 | ["management", "communication", "decision_making"] | 439 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.397766 | [
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Design (TWD) Definition and evidence assessment. TWD may not be thought of as an intervention by some, as it focuses more on the environmental attributes and conditions under which teams work ( Morgeson & Humphrey, 2008 ). However, when examining the elemental features of TDIs as previously presented, TWD can be used t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.408 | 0.864 | ["communication", "management"] | 488 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.397863 | [
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cation for the inclusion as a TDI in this review. Although the definition of work design broadly speaking refers to the structuring of and context in which tasks, responsibilities, and relationships are managed ( Hackman & Oldham, 1976 ; Parker, 2014 ), at the team level this refers to a “defmition and structure of a t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.488 | 0.718 | ["management", "communication", "networking"] | 498 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.397951 | [
-0.02761191874742508,
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0.03802430... | ||
ional context” ( Morgeson & Humprhey, 2008 : 46). Work design in teams, as it refers to the changes in team context (i.e., tasks, activities, relationships, or responsibilities), has been found to play a key role in several team processes and outcome improvements. The principles of sociotechnical systems (STSs) influen... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.389 | 0.872 | ["management", "networking", "career"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.398113 | [
-0.04396583512425423,
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model (JCM) has also been the focus at the team level, meaning that jobs should be designed to have variety, autonomy, feedback, significance, and identity ( Hackman & Oldham, 1976 ). By designing work with these characteristics in mind, individuals experience meaning, responsibility for outcomes created, and an unders... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.404 | 0.864 | ["management", "career", "agents"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.398228 | [
-0.048956211656332016,
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onomy and the development of autonomous work groups (a.k.a. self-managing teams). As we are concerned here with developing teams, our lens for this review is primarily centered on the fact that team design is focused on the team’s needs. Related to the effects of team design as an intervention, there have been signific... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.605 | 0.848 | ["management", "networking", "agents", "philosophy"] | 478 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.398352 | [
-0.029151203110814095,
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e and outcomes ( Hollenbeck& Spitzmuller, 2012 ). More specifically, team design, through the use of autonomous work groups, has linked group autonomy with positive job attitudes, satisfaction, and commitment ( Parker & Wall, 1998 ). Scholars have explained that when teams experience structures that are compatible with... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.416 | 0.856 | ["management", "motivation", "career", "agents"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.398506 | [
-0.059315696358680725,
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motivation to complete the task at hand ( Hollenbeck, DeRue, & Guzzo, 2004 ). However, when teams experience design structures that do not meet their needs, they may become increasingly discouraged or may even leave the team ( Park, Spitzmuller, & DeShon, 2013 ). Therefore, we next consider some of the trends across th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.507 | 0.844 | ["management", "communication", "motivation"] | 438 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.398619 | [
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e 1: TWD needs to address both team and taskwork. For teams, the consideration of work involves not only the actual task to be performed but also the teamwork processes and states that may be pivotal for team needs. This is particularly important as teamwork and taskwork may influence one another under different circum... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.39 | 0.86 | ["management", "communication", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.398700 | [
-0.03182719275355339,
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interdependence, teamwork processes become that much more important in predicting outcomes ( LePine et al., 2008 ). Alternatively, it has also been argued that teams may construct task interdependence as a function of the social interactions with other team members ( Wageman & Gordon, 2005 ). That is, instead of being ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.404 | 0.842 | ["management"] | 454 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.398798 | [
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viewed as being driven by the social experiences. A team member who has built very strong social connections may perceive greater levels of interdependence than a team member who does not have the same degree of social connections and networks ( Hollenbeck & Spitzmuller, 2012 ). Thus, from the view of considering work ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.434 | 0.86 | ["networking", "management", "education"] | 485 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.398883 | [
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their perceptions of how their work is designed. TWD Theme 2: TWD must address the balance of individuals and the whole team to achieve optimal effects. Although work design research has typically focused on the impact of design on individual needs and outcomes, there has been a fair amount of attention to the team asp... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.409 | 0.872 | ["management", "communication"] | 500 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.398970 | [
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mely important ( Park et al., 2013 ). Park et al. note this in their review of the TWD literature in relation to team motivation, highlighting the idea that what is meant by team-level work design is not merely the aggregation of member characteristics. Wageman and Gordon (2005) argued that task in- terdependence is ba... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.578 | 0.85 | ["management", "ethics", "motivation"] | 433 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.399080 | [
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ased on team members who hold egalitarian values. People who hold egalitarian values tend to prefer conducting work using more cooperative processes and would prefer reward systems where rewards are shared. This example illustrates that individuals can change their work design to maximize outcomes (e.g., increased moti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.577 | 0.668 | ["war_conflict", "management", "ethics", "motivation"] | 417 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.399199 | [
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arters (TChs) Definition and evidence assessment. Gersick (1988) and Feldman (1984) suggest that the first meeting of a team has lasting effects on how the team functions. The initial meeting jump starts the development of group norms and processes that aid a team’s performance. Research on TChs, an intervention which ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.585 | 0.856 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 502 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.399489 | [
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... | ||
nd is primarily focused on student project teams. Research has reported that when student teams establish ground rules and clarify expectations by using TChs, teams are more satisfied and perform better ( Aaron, McDowell, & Herdman, 2014 ; Byrd & Luthy, 2010 ; Mathieu & Rapp, 2009 ). Sverdrup and Schei (2015) applied p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.394 | 0.854 | ["management", "career", "philosophy"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.399545 | [
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ant effects on outcomes such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior ( Bal, DeLange, Jansen, & Van Der Velde, 2008 ; Conway & Briner, 2009; De Vos, Buyens, & Schalk, 2003 ; Deery, Iverson, & Walsh, 2006; Schalk & Roe, 2007 ; Zhao, Wayne, Glibkowski, & Bravo, 2007 ). Howev... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.438 | 0.832 | ["career"] | 414 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.399606 | [
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the re- lationship between employee and employer. Sverdup and Schei (2015) on the other hand apply psychological contract theory to the relationship between team members. Although a TCh is a written document, Sverdup & Schei highlight that whether a team contract is actually a tangible product “a team charter will…infl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.423 | 0.828 | ["management", "networking"] | 415 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.399655 | [
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0.061292... | ||
ological contract in the specific team” (p. 454). Research on psychological contracts has highlighted that contracts can be transactional or relational, with transactional contracts referring to highly specific exchanges of limited durations and relational contracts are more open ended and relationship oriented with li... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.529 | 0.812 | ["management", "networking", "philosophy"] | 417 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.399717 | [
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ate to performance requirements (Rousseau, 1995). The effectiveness of the psychological contract is also measured in terms of its features ( Sels, Janssens, & van den Brande, 2004 ; Janssens, Sels, & Van den Brande, 2003 ). Sels et al. identified and validated six dimensions (i.e., tangibility, scope, stability, time ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.522 | 0.846 | ["philosophy"] | 480 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.399797 | [
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ted to personal control and affective commitment. Sverdup and Schei focused their application of psychological contract theory by examining how contract breaches and fulfillment in teams may clarify what TChs should emphasize. In the following paragraphs, we highlight two themes that emerged when reviewing the TCh rese... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.41 | 0.82 | ["management", "resume", "llm"] | 420 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.399848 | [
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rgent states by establishing mutual expectations. TChs are meant to provide a team with an opportunity to clarify expectations and obligations to the team and the team outcome(s). Sverdup and Schei (2015) highlighted the need of developing expectations and obligations that are linked to work effort and quality. Moreove... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.416 | 0.86 | ["management"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.399894 | [
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llowed for healthy team development to occur throughout the team’s life cycle. Specifically, teams engage in a sensemaking process that allows for the team to handle the breach with patience instead of attaching a violation to the behavior. This finding further develops our understanding of how TChs actually function. ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.464 | 0.846 | ["management"] | 482 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.399944 | [
-0.028202835470438004,
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ings and clarifying how the team should function. TCh Theme 2: team charter content requires critical independent and team consideration. The content of the TChs is meant to map onto effective teamwork characteristics and behaviors (i.e., processes and emergent states; Hunsaker et al., 2011 ). Some common content addre... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.441 | 0.674 | ["management", "communication", "philosophy"] | 447 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.400024 | [
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oral norms, and performance management processes. Mathieu and Rapp (2009) found a positive effect of using TChs which included a section that individuals prepared independently. The content of the charter affords the team the opportunity to engage independently and interdependently to develop their team-level norms and... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.585 | 0.816 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 418 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.400107 | [
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0.0763... | ||
ssment (TPMA) Definition and evidence assessment. Although TDIs such as TChs influence the processes that teams engage in and TCo influences the team members of the team, teams can also benefit from intervening in the form of receiving periodic updates of their performance status. TPMA involves the capturing of both in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.421 | 0.856 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.400176 | [
-0.05562305077910423,
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formance episode ( Cannon-Bowers & Salas, 1997 ). As indicated within the goal-setting literature, this monitoring of team goals will aid teams in more effectively achieving their goals ( Locke & Latham, 2002 ). The research on TPMA is not particularly sparse; however, it is heavily intertwined with the TT literature b... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.465 | 0.86 | ["philosophy", "management"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.400239 | [
-0.02398793213069439,
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ssessment and TT with a focus on team performance over time. An important consideration for team performance monitoring involves carefully attending to what is being monitored. As the most often facet of team, outcomes can be separated into two distinct sets: performance and affective outcomes ( Hackman & Morris 1975 )... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.61 | 0.834 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 435 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.400330 | [
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t of the team’s accomplishment of assigned goals. The measurement of these outcomes can range from a simple checklist of predefined goals the team was assigned to accomplish to a supervisor’s assessment of a team’s accuracy and quality of work performed ( Rosen et al., 2008 ). We next offer a summary of some of the maj... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.593 | 0.846 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 438 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.400413 | [
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rmance monitoring is multifaceted and multilevel. Although providing teams with an assessment of their current team performance status is critical, it can be challenging to assess all components of team performance, especially the subjective nature of team processes ( Cannon-Bowers & Salas, 1997 ). For example, the ass... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.468 | 0.822 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 419 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.400470 | [
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related to the accomplishment of task/team goals. Conversely, and more challenging, affective outcomes target how the team feels regarding their teamwork experience. Some prominent affective outcomes include the team’s willingness to work together in the future, team satisfaction, and team member trust ( Mathieu et al.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.458 | 0.846 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 504 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.400534 | [
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eams that plan to perform together in the future. By ensuring that teams are provided with or are able to monitor information regarding their current status both in terms of processes and performance at multiple points in time, they can continually adapt and adjust based on such feedback ( Dickinson & McIntyre, 1997 ).... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.581 | 0.854 | ["philosophy", "communication", "management"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.400598 | [
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vioral observation scales, behaviorally anchored rating systems) that track the degree to which team members are performing both on processes and outcomes ( Salas & Cannon-Bowers, 2001 ). TPMA Theme 2: performance monitoring and assessment can (and often should) be implemented with multiple mechanisms. To fully capture... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.443 | 0.83 | ["philosophy", "management"] | 459 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.400662 | [
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most optimally will combine multiple mechanisms. Indeed, Dickinson and McIntyre (1997) argued that it takes a team to measure a team accurately. This argument has two implications. First, teams are constantly engaging in simultaneous dynamic processes; thus, it can be difficult for any single individual to keep track a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.453 | 0.86 | ["management", "crisis", "rhetoric"] | 511 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.400742 | [
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SMEs)] to observe team interactions, having several observers available to measure a team’s processes and performance can help ensure that this wealth of information is adequately captured. Secondly, use of a single source (e.g., only team members and only supervisors) for ratings could result in biased/deficient/conta... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.419 | 0.824 | ["management", "philosophy", "economy"] | 436 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.400810 | [
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that a diversity of measurement sources is used. The number and diversity of sources one uses can be affected by a number of factors (e.g., the number of team members, complexity of the task, and the amount of interdependence required for task completion). More recently, measures of processes that can be embedded in pe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.532 | 0.842 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 440 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.400875 | [
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ioners alike ( Shuffler, Salas, & Pavlas, 2012 ). For example, the scales used in the Targeted Acceptable Responses to Generated Events or Tasks (TARGETs) methodology allow even relatively novice observers to appropriately rate team behavior and provide targeted feedback ( Fowlkes et al., 1994 ). These rating scales ar... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.388 | 0.83 | ["management", "education"] | 443 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.400942 | [
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aviors, exhibited knowledge, and critical skills. By implementing tools such as TARGETS and other automated or simulation-based tools, it may be easier to reduce the human error element of performance management, providing more accurate and in turn more useful information back to teams (Kozlwoski et al., 2015). Indeed,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.403 | 0.844 | ["management", "philosophy", "war_conflict", "education"] | 472 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.401008 | [
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teams and other domains ( Fowlkes et al., 1994 ). Team Debriefing (TD) Definition and evidence assessment. Team de-briefs, or after action reviews (AARs) as termed in military contexts, are a form of TDI used for learning and improving from team outcomes, through both individual- and team-level reflection and learning.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.423 | 0.868 | ["management", "education", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.401085 | [
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er their most recent experience (i.e., simulated or real) and discuss lessons learned. In other words, the focus of a debrief is the team’s outputs and the processes/emergent states that may need attention to change future outputs. A key characteristic of debriefs is that this reflection must be conducted in a safe env... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6438631/ | DEVELOPING, SUSTAINING, AND MAXIMIZING TEAM ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.406 | 0.856 | ["management"] | 512 | Team Health Diagnosing Dysfunction | topic | 2026-04-14T23:38:29.401148 | [
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... |
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