triplets list | passage stringlengths 0 32.9k | label stringlengths 4 48 ⌀ | label_id int64 0 1k ⌀ | synonyms list | __index_level_1__ int64 312 64.1k ⌀ | __index_level_0__ int64 0 2.4k ⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Devonian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Devonian"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 | |
[
"Permian",
"different from",
"Perm"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 | |
[
"Permian",
"followed by",
"Triassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 | |
[
"Permian",
"significant event",
"Permian-Triassic extinction event"
] | The Permian ( PUR-mee-ən) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period 298.9 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.902 Mya. It is the last period of the Paleozoic Era; the following Triassic Period belongs to the Mesoz... | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Permian",
"follows",
"Carboniferous"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Permian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Permian"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 | |
[
"Wuliuan",
"follows",
"Cambrian Stage 4"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 | |
[
"Wuliuan",
"followed by",
"Drumian"
] | The Wuliuan stage is the fifth stage of the Cambrian, and the first stage of the Miaolingian Series of the Cambrian. It was formally defined by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in 2018.
Its base is defined by the first appearance of the trilobite species Oryctocephalus indicus; it ends with the beginning o... | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Ordovician",
"followed by",
"Silurian"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 | |
[
"Ordovician",
"follows",
"Cambrian"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 | |
[
"Ordovician",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ordovician"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 | |
[
"Ludlow Epoch",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ludlow epoch"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Ludlow Epoch",
"followed by",
"Pridoli"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 | |
[
"Ludlow Epoch",
"follows",
"Wenlock"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 | |
[
"Furongian",
"followed by",
"Early Ordovician"
] | The Furongian is the fourth and final epoch and series of the Cambrian. It lasted from 497 to 485.4 million years ago. It succeeds the Miaolingian series of the Cambrian and precedes the Lower Ordovician Tremadocian Stage. It is subdivided into three stages: the Paibian, Jiangshanian and the unnamed 10th stage of the ... | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Furongian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Furongian"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 | |
[
"Furongian",
"follows",
"Miaolingian"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 | |
[
"Miaolingian",
"followed by",
"Furongian"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Miaolingian",
"follows",
"Cambrian Series 2"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 | |
[
"Miaolingian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Cambrian Series 3"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 | |
[
"Early Devonian",
"followed by",
"Middle Devonian"
] | The Early Devonian is the first of three epochs comprising the Devonian period, corresponding to the Lower Devonian series. It lasted from 419.2 ± 3.2 to 393.3 ± 1.2 and began with the Lochkovian Stage 419.2 ± 3.2 to 410.8 ± 1.2, which was followed by the Pragian from 410.8 ± 3.2 to 407.6 ± 1.2 and then by the Emsian, ... | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Early Devonian",
"follows",
"Pridoli"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 | |
[
"Silurian",
"followed by",
"Devonian"
] | Climate and sea level
The Silurian period was once believed to have enjoyed relatively stable and warm temperatures, in contrast with the extreme glaciations of the Ordovician before it and the extreme heat of the ensuing Devonian; however, it is now known that the global climate underwent many drastic fluctuations thr... | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Silurian",
"follows",
"Ordovician"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Silurian",
"different from",
"cerulean"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 | |
[
"Silurian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Silurian"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 | |
[
"Paleozoic",
"followed by",
"Mesozoic"
] | The Paleozoic comes after the Neoproterozoic Era of the Proterozoic Eon and is followed by the Mesozoic Era.
The Paleozoic was a time of dramatic geological, climatic, and evolutionary change. The Cambrian witnessed the most rapid and widespread diversification of life in Earth's history, known as the Cambrian explosio... | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Paleozoic",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Paleozoic"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 | |
[
"Paleozoic",
"follows",
"Neoproterozoic"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 | |
[
"Pridoli Epoch",
"followed by",
"Early Devonian"
] | In the geologic timescale, the Přídolí Epoch (Czech pronunciation: [ˈpr̝̊iːdoliː]) is the uppermost subdivision of the Silurian Period, dated at between 423 ± 2.3 and 419.2 ± 3.2 mya (million years ago). The Přídolí Epoch succeeds the Ludfordian Stage and precedes the Lochkovian, the lowest of three stages within the L... | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Pridoli Epoch",
"follows",
"Ludfordian"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Pridoli Epoch",
"follows",
"Ludlow"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Pridoli Epoch",
"followed by",
"Lochkovian"
] | In the geologic timescale, the Přídolí Epoch (Czech pronunciation: [ˈpr̝̊iːdoliː]) is the uppermost subdivision of the Silurian Period, dated at between 423 ± 2.3 and 419.2 ± 3.2 mya (million years ago). The Přídolí Epoch succeeds the Ludfordian Stage and precedes the Lochkovian, the lowest of three stages within the L... | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Pridoli Epoch",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Pridoli epoch"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 | |
[
"Wenlock Epoch",
"followed by",
"Ludlow"
] | The Wenlock (sometimes referred to as the Wenlockian) is the second epoch of the Silurian. It is preceded by the Llandovery Epoch and followed by the Ludlow Epoch. Radiometric dates constrain the Wenlockian between 433.4 and 427.4 million years ago. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Wenlock Epoch",
"follows",
"Llandovery"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 | |
[
"Wenlock Epoch",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Wenlock epoch"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Llandovery Epoch",
"followed by",
"Wenlock"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Llandovery Epoch",
"follows",
"Late Ordovician"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Llandovery Epoch",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Llandovery epoch"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 | |
[
"Guadalupian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Guadalupian"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 | |
[
"Guadalupian",
"follows",
"Cisuralian"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Guadalupian",
"followed by",
"Lopingian"
] | The Guadalupian is the second and middle series/epoch of the Permian. The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by the Lopingian. It is named after the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico and Texas, and dates between 272.95 ± 0.5 – 259.1 ± 0.4 Mya. The series saw the rise of the therapsids, a minor ext... | null | null | null | null | 10 |
[
"Carboniferous",
"follows",
"Devonian"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 | |
[
"Carboniferous",
"different from",
"carbon fibers"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Carboniferous",
"followed by",
"Permian"
] | The Carboniferous ( KAHR-bə-NIF-ər-əs) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period 358.9 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, 298.9 million years ago. The name Carboniferous means "coal-bearing", from the Latin carbō ("coal... | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Carboniferous",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Carboniferous"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 | |
[
"Lopingian",
"followed by",
"Early Triassic"
] | The Lopingian is the uppermost series/last epoch of the Permian. It is the last epoch of the Paleozoic. The Lopingian was preceded by the Guadalupian and followed by the Early Triassic.
The Lopingian is often synonymous with the informal terms late Permian or upper Permian.
The name was introduced by Amadeus William Gr... | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Lopingian",
"follows",
"Guadalupian"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 | |
[
"Cambrian Series 2",
"follows",
"Terreneuvian"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Cambrian Series 2",
"followed by",
"Miaolingian"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Cambrian Series 2",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Cambrian Series 2"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 | |
[
"Middle Paleolithic",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Middle Paleolithic"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Middle Paleolithic",
"followed by",
"Upper Paleolithic"
] | The Middle Paleolithic (or Middle Palaeolithic) is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. The term Middle Stone Age is used as an equivalent or a synonym for the Middle Paleolithic in African archeology. The Middle Paleolithic broadly spanned from 30... | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Middle Paleolithic",
"follows",
"Lower Paleolithic"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Middle Stone Age",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Middle Stone Age"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 | |
[
"Triassic",
"followed by",
"Jurassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 | |
[
"Triassic",
"follows",
"Permian"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Triassic",
"significant event",
"Permian-Triassic extinction event"
] | The Triassic ( try-ASS-ik; sometimes symbolized 🝈) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.5 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.4 Mya. The Triassic is the first and shortest period of the Mesozoic Era. Both the start and ... | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Triassic",
"different from",
"Trias"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 | |
[
"Triassic",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Triassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 | |
[
"Upper Paleolithic",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Upper Paleolithic"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Upper Paleolithic",
"follows",
"Middle Paleolithic"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Magdalenian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Magdalenian"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 | |
[
"Magdalenian",
"followed by",
"Ahrensburg culture"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 | |
[
"Magdalenian",
"followed by",
"Azilian"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 | |
[
"Magdalenian",
"follows",
"Solutrean"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 | |
[
"Late Triassic",
"followed by",
"Early Jurassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 | |
[
"Late Triassic",
"follows",
"Middle Triassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 | |
[
"Late Triassic",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Late Triassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 | |
[
"Solutrean",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Solutrean"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 | |
[
"Solutrean",
"follows",
"Aurignacian"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Solutrean",
"followed by",
"Magdalenian"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 | |
[
"Anisian",
"followed by",
"Ladinian"
] | In the geologic timescale, the Anisian is the lower stage or earliest age of the Middle Triassic series or epoch and lasted from 247.2 million years ago until 242 million years ago. The Anisian Age succeeds the Olenekian Age (part of the Lower Triassic Epoch) and precedes the Ladinian Age. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Anisian",
"follows",
"Olenekian"
] | In the geologic timescale, the Anisian is the lower stage or earliest age of the Middle Triassic series or epoch and lasted from 247.2 million years ago until 242 million years ago. The Anisian Age succeeds the Olenekian Age (part of the Lower Triassic Epoch) and precedes the Ladinian Age. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Anisian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Anisian"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 | |
[
"Acheulean",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Acheulean"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 | |
[
"Calabrian (stage)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Calabrian"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 | |
[
"Calabrian (stage)",
"follows",
"Gelasian"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Calabrian (stage)",
"followed by",
"Chibanian"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Gravettian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Gravettian"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 | |
[
"Mousterian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Mousterian"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 | |
[
"Mousterian",
"followed by",
"Baradostian culture"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 | |
[
"Chibanian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Middle Pleistocene"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 | |
[
"Chibanian",
"said to be the same as",
"Middle Pleistocene"
] | The Chibanian, widely known as the Middle Pleistocene, is an age in the international geologic timescale or a stage in chronostratigraphy, being a division of the Pleistocene Epoch within the ongoing Quaternary Period. The Chibanian name was officially ratified in January 2020. It is currently estimated to span the tim... | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Chibanian",
"followed by",
"Late Pleistocene"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 | |
[
"Chibanian",
"follows",
"Calabrian"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 | |
[
"Late Pleistocene",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Late Pleistocene"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 | |
[
"Late Pleistocene",
"followed by",
"Greenlandian"
] | The Late Pleistocene is an unofficial age in the international geologic timescale in chronostratigraphy, also known as Upper Pleistocene from a stratigraphic perspective. It is intended to be the fourth division of the Pleistocene Epoch within the ongoing Quaternary Period. It is currently defined as the time between c... | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Late Pleistocene",
"follows",
"Chibanian"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Rhaetian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Rhaetian"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 | |
[
"Rhaetian",
"followed by",
"Hettangian"
] | Rhaetian-Hettangian boundary
The end date of the Rhaetian currently in use by the ICS (201.3 ±0.2 Ma) is based on a study by Schoene et al. (2010) involving ammonite-bearing strata in Peru. They used CA-ID-TIMS Uranium-Lead dating to date ash beds slightly below and slightly above the first appearance of Psiloceras in ... | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Rhaetian",
"follows",
"Norian"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 | |
[
"Norian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Norian"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 | |
[
"Norian",
"followed by",
"Rhaetian"
] | The Norian is a division of the Triassic Period. It has the rank of an age (geochronology) or stage (chronostratigraphy). It lasted from ~227 to 208.5 million years ago. It was preceded by the Carnian and succeeded by the Rhaetian.Stratigraphic definitions
The Norian was named after the Noric Alps in Austria. The stage... | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Norian",
"follows",
"Carnian"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 | |
[
"Aurignacian",
"followed by",
"Solutrean"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Aurignacian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Aurignacian"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 | |
[
"Cisuralian",
"follows",
"Pennsylvanian"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 | |
[
"Cisuralian",
"followed by",
"Guadalupian"
] | The Cisuralian is the first series/epoch of the Permian. The Cisuralian was preceded by the Pennsylvanian and followed by the Guadalupian. The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in Russia and Kazakhstan and dates between 298.9 ± 0.15 – 272.3 ± 0.5 Mya.The Cisuralian is often synon... | null | null | null | null | 6 |
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