triplets list | passage stringlengths 0 32.9k | label stringlengths 4 48 ⌀ | label_id int64 0 1k ⌀ | synonyms list | __index_level_1__ int64 312 64.1k ⌀ | __index_level_0__ int64 0 2.4k ⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Pleistocene",
"followed by",
"Holocene"
] | Etymology
Charles Lyell introduced the term "Pleistocene" in 1839 to describe strata in Sicily that had at least 70% of their molluscan fauna still living today. This distinguished it from the older Pliocene Epoch, which Lyell had originally thought to be the youngest fossil rock layer. He constructed the name "Pleisto... | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Pleistocene",
"follows",
"Pliocene"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 | |
[
"Pleistocene",
"different from",
"plasticine"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 | |
[
"Pleistocene",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Pleistocene"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 | |
[
"Ladinian",
"followed by",
"Carnian"
] | The Ladinian is a stage and age in the Middle Triassic series or epoch. It spans the time between 242 Ma and ~237 Ma (million years ago). The Ladinian was preceded by the Anisian and succeeded by the Carnian (part of the Upper or Late Triassic).The Ladinian is coeval with the Falangian regional stage used in China.Stra... | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Ladinian",
"follows",
"Anisian"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Ladinian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ladinian"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 | |
[
"Induan",
"significant event",
"Permian-Triassic extinction event"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 | |
[
"Induan",
"follows",
"Changhsingian"
] | The Induan is the first age of the Early Triassic epoch in the geologic timescale, or the lowest stage of the Lower Triassic series in chronostratigraphy. It spans the time between 251.9 Ma and 251.2 Ma (million years ago). The Induan is sometimes divided into the Griesbachian and the Dienerian subages or substages. Th... | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Induan",
"followed by",
"Olenekian"
] | The Induan is the first age of the Early Triassic epoch in the geologic timescale, or the lowest stage of the Lower Triassic series in chronostratigraphy. It spans the time between 251.9 Ma and 251.2 Ma (million years ago). The Induan is sometimes divided into the Griesbachian and the Dienerian subages or substages. Th... | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Induan",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Induan"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 | |
[
"Carnian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Carnian"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Carnian",
"follows",
"Ladinian"
] | The Carnian (less commonly, Karnian) is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic Series (or earliest age of the Late Triassic Epoch). It lasted from 237 to 227 million years ago (Ma). The Carnian is preceded by the Ladinian and is followed by the Norian. Its boundaries are not characterized by major extinctions or bio... | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Carnian",
"followed by",
"Norian"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 | |
[
"Greenlandian",
"follows",
"Late Pleistocene"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 | |
[
"Greenlandian",
"followed by",
"Northgrippian"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)",
"followed by",
"Old Kingdom of Egypt"
] | The Early Dynastic Period, also known as Archaic Period or the Thinite Period (from Thinis, the hometown of its rulers), is the era of ancient Egypt that immediately follows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt in c. 3150 BC. It is generally taken to include the First Dynasty and the Second Dynasty, lasting from th... | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)",
"follows",
"Prehistoric Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Early Dynastic Period of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 | |
[
"Olenekian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Olenekian"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 | |
[
"Olenekian",
"follows",
"Induan"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Olenekian",
"followed by",
"Anisian"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 | |
[
"Early Triassic",
"followed by",
"Middle Triassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Early Triassic",
"follows",
"Lopingian"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Early Triassic",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Early Triassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 | |
[
"Predynastic Egypt",
"followed by",
"Ancient Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 | |
[
"Predynastic Egypt",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Predynastic Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Uruk period",
"follows",
"Ubaid period"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 | |
[
"Uruk period",
"followed by",
"Jemdet Nasr period"
] | Jemdet Nasr period
This phase of "Late Uruk" is followed by another phase (level III of Eanna) in which the Uruk civilization declined and a number of distinct local cultures developed throughout the Near East. This is generally known as the Jemdet Nasr period, after the archaeological site of that name. Its exact nat... | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Uruk period",
"followed by",
"Early Dynastic period"
] | Alternative chronology
In 2001, a new chronology was proposed by the members of a colloquium at Santa Fe, based on recent excavations, especially at sites outside Mesopotamia. They consider the Uruk period to be the "Late Chalcolithic" (LC). Their LC 1 corresponds to the end of the Ubaid period and ends around 4200 BC,... | null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Uruk period",
"followed by",
"Proto-Elamite period"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 | |
[
"Uruk period",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Uruk Period"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 | |
[
"Uruk period",
"followed by",
"Ninevite V"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 | |
[
"Middle Triassic",
"followed by",
"Late Triassic"
] | In the geologic timescale, the Middle Triassic is the second of three epochs of the Triassic period or the middle of three series in which the Triassic system is divided in chronostratigraphy. The Middle Triassic spans the time between 247.2 Ma and 237 Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the Early Triassic Epoch ... | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Middle Triassic",
"follows",
"Early Triassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 | |
[
"Middle Triassic",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Middle Triassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 | |
[
"Mammoth",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Mammoths"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Mammoth",
"different from",
"Mamut"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 | |
[
"Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)",
"followed by",
"Akkad period"
] | Early Dynastic kingdoms and rulers
The Early Dynastic period is preceded by the Uruk period (c. 4000—3100 BCE) and the Jemdet Nasr period (c. 3100 – c. 2900 BCE). The Early Dynastic period is followed by the rise of the Akkadian Empire. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)",
"follows",
"Jemdet Nasr period"
] | Early Dynastic kingdoms and rulers
The Early Dynastic period is preceded by the Uruk period (c. 4000—3100 BCE) and the Jemdet Nasr period (c. 3100 – c. 2900 BCE). The Early Dynastic period is followed by the rise of the Akkadian Empire. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)",
"follows",
"Uruk period"
] | Early Dynastic kingdoms and rulers
The Early Dynastic period is preceded by the Uruk period (c. 4000—3100 BCE) and the Jemdet Nasr period (c. 3100 – c. 2900 BCE). The Early Dynastic period is followed by the rise of the Akkadian Empire. | null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Early Cretaceous",
"followed by",
"Late Cretaceous"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Early Cretaceous",
"follows",
"Late Jurassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 | |
[
"Early Cretaceous",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Early Cretaceous"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 | |
[
"Corded Ware culture",
"follows",
"Globular Amphora culture"
] | Independent development
In favour of the view that the culture developed independently was the fact that Corded Ware coincides considerably with the earlier north-central European Funnelbeaker culture (TRB). According to Gimbutas, the Corded Ware culture was preceded by the Globular Amphora culture (3400–2800 BC), whic... | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Corded Ware culture",
"follows",
"Yamnaya culture"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Corded Ware culture",
"followed by",
"Andronovo culture"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 | |
[
"Corded Ware culture",
"followed by",
"Bell beaker culture"
] | Graves
Burial occurred in flat graves or below small tumuli in a flexed position; on the continent males lay on their right side, females on the left, with the faces of both oriented to the south. However, in Sweden and also parts of northern Poland the graves were oriented north-south, men lay on their left side and w... | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Corded Ware culture",
"follows",
"Baden culture"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 | |
[
"Corded Ware culture",
"follows",
"Funnelbeaker culture"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 | |
[
"Corded Ware culture",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Corded Ware culture"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 | |
[
"Keros-Syros culture",
"follows",
"Grotta-Pelos culture"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Keros-Syros culture",
"followed by",
"Kastri culture"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Renaissance of Sumer",
"said to be the same as",
"Ur III period"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 | |
[
"Renaissance of Sumer",
"different from",
"Third Dynasty of Ur"
] | The Renaissance of Sumer is a period of the history of Mesopotamia that includes the years between the fall of the Akkadian Empire and the period of the Amorite dynasties of Isin and Larsa—both with governments of Semitic origin—between the centuries 22nd B.C. and 21st B.C. Within this stage the years of the so-called ... | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Old Kingdom of Egypt",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Old Kingdom of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 | |
[
"Old Kingdom of Egypt",
"follows",
"Early Dynastic Period of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Old Kingdom of Egypt",
"followed by",
"First Intermediate Period of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 | |
[
"Grotta-Pelos culture",
"followed by",
"Keros-Syros culture"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 | |
[
"Proto-Sinaitic script",
"followed by",
"Phoenician alphabet"
] | Proto-Sinaitic (also referred to as Proto-Canaanite when found in Canaan, or Early Alphabetic) is found in a small corpus of c. 40 inscriptions and fragments, the vast majority from Serabit el-Khadim in the Sinai Peninsula, dating to the Middle Bronze Age. They are considered the earliest trace of alphabetic writing an... | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Proto-Sinaitic script",
"followed by",
"Aramaic alphabet"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Proto-Sinaitic script",
"follows",
"Egyptian hieroglyphs"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Proto-Sinaitic script",
"followed by",
"Paleo-Hebrew alphabet"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 | |
[
"Proto-Sinaitic script",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Proto-Sinaitic script"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 | |
[
"Proto-Sinaitic script",
"followed by",
"Moabite Script"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 | |
[
"Proto-Sinaitic script",
"has use",
"Northwest Semitic"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 | |
[
"Proto-Sinaitic script",
"based on",
"Egyptian hieroglyphs"
] | Proto-Sinaitic (also referred to as Proto-Canaanite when found in Canaan, or Early Alphabetic) is found in a small corpus of c. 40 inscriptions and fragments, the vast majority from Serabit el-Khadim in the Sinai Peninsula, dating to the Middle Bronze Age. They are considered the earliest trace of alphabetic writing an... | null | null | null | null | 11 |
[
"Northgrippian",
"followed by",
"Meghalayan"
] | In the geologic time scale, the Northgrippian is the middle one of three ages or stages of the Holocene Epoch or Series. It was officially ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in June 2018 along with the earlier Greenlandian and later Meghalayan ages/stages. The age takes its name from the North Gre... | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Northgrippian",
"follows",
"Greenlandian"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 | |
[
"Indus Valley Civilisation",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Indus Valley civilisation"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 | |
[
"Jurassic",
"followed by",
"Cretaceous"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 | |
[
"Jurassic",
"different from",
"Jura"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 | |
[
"Jurassic",
"follows",
"Triassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Jurassic",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Jurassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 | |
[
"Jurassic",
"different from",
"Jurassic"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 | |
[
"Seima-Turbino phenomenon",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Seima-Turbino phenomenon"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 | |
[
"Cenomanian",
"follows",
"Albian"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Cenomanian",
"followed by",
"Turonian"
] | The Cenomanian is, in the ICS' geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Cretaceous Series. An age is a unit of geochronology; it is a unit of time; the stage is a unit in the stratigraphic column deposited during the corresponding age. Both age and s... | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Cenomanian",
"significant event",
"Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 | |
[
"Cenomanian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Cenomanian"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 | |
[
"Second Intermediate Period of Egypt",
"followed by",
"New Kingdom of Egypt"
] | Reunification
At the end of the Second Intermediate period, the 18th Dynasty came to power in Egypt. The first king of the Eighteenth Dynasty, Ahmose, completed expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt and consolidated his rule over the land. With that, Ahmose ushered in a new period of prosperity in Egypt, the New Kingdom.R... | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Second Intermediate Period of Egypt",
"follows",
"Middle Kingdom of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Second Intermediate Period of Egypt",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Second Intermediate Period of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Coniacian",
"different from",
"cognac"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 | |
[
"Coniacian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Coniacian"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Coniacian",
"follows",
"Turonian"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Coniacian",
"followed by",
"Santonian"
] | Stratigraphic definitions
The Coniacian is named after the city of Cognac in the French region of Saintonge. It was first defined by French geologist Henri Coquand in 1857.
The base of the Coniacian Stage is at the first appearance of the inoceramid bivalve species Cremnoceramus deformis erectus. The official reference... | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Cycladic culture",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Cycladic civilization"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Geometric art",
"follows",
"protogeometric art"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem (1099)"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem (1244)"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 | |
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jebus"
] | 587 BC
The Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle (BM 21946), published in 1956, indicates that Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem the first time putting an end to the reign of Jehoaichin, on 2 Adar (16 March) 597 BC, in Nebuchadnezzar's seventh year. Jeremiah 52:28–29 gives the relative periods for the end of the two sieges as Nebuc... | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem (1834)"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 | |
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 | |
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 | |
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 | |
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 | |
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)",
"different from",
"Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 | |
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)",
"different from",
"Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
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