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Widely known as the " Tribune of Eshmun " because of its shape , the altar of Eshmun is a white marble structure dating to the 4th century BC . It is 2 @.@ 15 metres ( 7 @.@ 1 ft ) long by 2 @.@ 26 metres ( 7 @.@ 4 ft ) wide and 2 @.@ 17 metres ( 7 @.@ 1 ft ) tall . Unearthed in 1963 by Maurice Dunand , it stands on a... | e7aef1bc1bd0b0e99e03e8eb36310521 | 35,709 |
Northeast of the site , another 3rd century BC temple stands adjacent to the Astarte chapel . Its 22 @-@ metre ( 72 ft ) façade is built with large limestone blocks and displays a two @-@ register relief decoration illustrating a drunken revelry in honor of Dionysus , the Greek god of wine . Among the temple reliefs ,... | 702c5e3d29aefd0fe1408254df515d50 | 35,710 |
The Eshmun Temple complex comprises an elaborate hydraulic installation channeling water from " Ydll " spring that is made up of an intricate system of water canals , a series of retaining basins , sacred ablution basins and paved pools . This system demonstrates the importance of ritual ablutions in Phoenician therap... | 95dbc4405e7c72a492080978764c754d | 35,711 |
Later vestiges date from the Roman epoch and include a colonnaded road lined with shops . Of the large marble columns bordering the Roman street only fragments and bases remain . The Romans also built a monumental staircase adorned with mosaic patterns that leads to the top of the podium . To the right of the Roman ro... | c08d6df2b75fd47b053bbf0cbab4b129 | 35,712 |
= = Function = =
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Eshmun 's cult enjoyed a particular importance at Sidon as he was the chief deity after 500 BC . Aside from the extramural sanctuary at Bustan el @-@ Sheikh , Eshmun also had a temple within the city . The extramural Eshmun Temple was associated with purification and healing ; ritual lustral ablutions were performed i... | a4d55445ae497afa267aa836b678c369 | 35,716 |
= = Artifacts and finds = =
| 6e9a037df94b121d63f50a82fec4973a | 35,718 |
Apart from the large decorative elements , carved friezes and mosaics which were left in situ , many artifacts were recovered and moved from the Eshmun Temple to the national museum , the Louvre or are in possession of the Lebanese directorate general of antiquities . Some of these smaller finds include a collection o... | b132d6d8209640ed8146f1a8ca913b41 | 35,720 |
A number of fragmented votive life @-@ size sculptures of little children lying on their side and holding a pet animal or a small object were also recovered at the temple site ; among the best known of these is a sculpture of a royal child holding a dove with his right hand ; the boy 's head is shaved , his torso is b... | c23d5c82362d4000c27473003410c58e | 35,721 |
Among the notable finds is a golden plaque showing a snake curling on a staff , a Hellenic symbol of Eshmun. and a granite altar bearing the name of Egyptian Pharaoh Achoris uncovered in the Eshmun sanctuary . This gift attests to the good relations between the Pharaoh and the kings of Sidon .
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The repute of the sanctuary was far reaching . Cypriot pilgrims from Paphos left marks of their devotion for Astarte on a marble stele inscribed both in Greek and Cypriot syllabary at Astarte 's shrine ; this stele is now in the custody of the Lebanese directorate general of antiquities .
| fcceda74b2fc77adf9b78d16ca8f8344 | 35,723 |
= = Pillaging = =
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Treasure hunters have sought out the Eshmun Temple since antiquity ; around 1900 artifacts bearing Phoenician inscriptions from the temple site found their way to Beirutine antiquities markets where they stirred the interest of the Ottoman authorities and prompted a series of archeological digs . During the civil war ... | e2e4c3c7cda5b12b4f1a9933821c5fc3 | 35,727 |
= Wilhelm Busch =
| 137df310120b12fee1f9263a3285be25 | 35,730 |
Heinrich Christian Wilhelm Busch ( 15 April 1832 – 9 January 1908 ) was a German humorist , poet , illustrator and painter . He published comic illustrated cautionary tales from 1859 , achieving his most notable works in the 1870s . Busch 's illustrations used wood engraving , and later , zincography .
| 5883243ddf27237296aa7cb71db15f66 | 35,732 |
Busch drew on contemporary parochial and city life , satirizing Catholicism , Philistinism , strict religious morality and bigotry . His comic text was colourful and entertaining , using onomatopoeia , neologisms and other figures of speech , and led to some work being banned by the authorities .
| 9dfdbb13c0ca6d6dca26e806804fd27e | 35,733 |
Busch was influential in both poetry and illustration , and became a source for future generations of comic artists . The Katzenjammer Kids was inspired by Busch 's Max and Moritz , one of a number of imitations produced in Germany and the United States . The Wilhelm Busch Prize and the Wilhelm Busch Museum help maint... | 57b0efafb0b13b16dab1593a8fd86284 | 35,734 |
= = Family background = =
| 38ff1d716044958d7bd1f137bb8e3dd4 | 35,736 |
In the late 18th century Johann Georg Kleine , Wilhelm Busch 's maternal grandfather , settled in the small village of Wiedensahl . There , in 1817 , he bought a thatched half @-@ timbered house , where Wilhelm Busch was to be born about 15 years later . Amalie Kleine , Johann 's wife and Wilhelm Busch 's grandmother ... | 284e5aaa5781500a6fc2d4fb06c99c0e | 35,738 |
At the age of 19 Henriette Kleine married surgeon Friedrich Wilhelm Stümpe . Henriette became widowed at the age of 26 , with her three children to Stümpe dying as infants . About 1830 Friedrich Wilhelm Busch , the illegitimate son of a farmer , settled in Wiedensahl after completing a business apprenticeship in the n... | cf8ebe7b029c708da21d74988485f2ed | 35,739 |
= = Life = =
| 6e8463fd72f870828316c66356377907 | 35,741 |
= = = Childhood = = =
| ac0ae86a03ccce3430425cbfb51d5c94 | 35,744 |
Wilhelm Busch was born on 15 April 1832 , the first of seven children to the marriage of Henriette Kleine and Friedrich Wilhelm Busch . His six siblings followed shortly after : Fanny ( 1834 ) , Gustav ( 1836 ) , Adolf ( 1838 ) , Otto ( 1841 ) , Anna ( 1843 ) and Hermann ( 1845 ) ; all survived childhood . His parents... | d45cd382579d393fe1c95ee51a3aeda0 | 35,746 |
The young Wilhelm Busch was a tall child , but with a rather delicate and graceful physique . The coarse boyishness of his later protagonists " Max and Moritz " was rare in his childhood . He described himself in autobiographical sketches and letters as sensitive and timid , as someone who " carefully studied apprehen... | 4eeed923ef8bc84703c1cc1e3ba0c977 | 35,747 |
In the autumn of 1841 , after the birth of his brother Otto , Busch 's education was entrusted to the 35 @-@ year @-@ old clergyman Georg Kleine , his maternal uncle at Ebergötzen , this probably through lack of space in the Busch family home , and his father 's desire for a better education than the small local schoo... | c4cfa3aebdb410067a50e9c23043d1df | 35,748 |
Kleine 's private lessons for Busch were also attended by Erich Bachmann , the son of a wealthy Ebergötzen miller . Both became friends , according to Busch the strongest friendship of his childhood . This friendship was echoed in the 1865 story Max and Moritz . A small pencil portrait by the 14 @-@ year @-@ old Busch... | 9f6930604a442225e9c88cbdd28866b0 | 35,749 |
Kleine was a philologist , his lessons not held in contemporary language , and it is not known for certain all subjects Busch and his friend were taught . Busch did learn elementary arithmetic from his uncle , although science lessons might have been more comprehensive , as Kleine , like many other clergymen , was a b... | 92b6a079e83475e51cc85a5577cbd074 | 35,750 |
Busch had little contact with his natural parents during this period . At the time , the 165 km ( 103 mi ) journey between Wiedensahl and Ebergötzen took three days by horse . His father visited Ebergötzen two to three times a year , while his mother stayed in Wiedensahl to look after the children . The 12 @-@ year @-... | 2e3e99eb5f837e24e85e8bf7d8b307cf | 35,751 |
= = = Study = = =
| f85f13c035e310d0ecfd5f80948a1c2c | 35,753 |
In September 1847 Busch began studying mechanical engineering at Hanover Polytechnic . Busch 's biographers are not in agreement as to why his Hanover education ended ; most believe that his father had little appreciation of his son 's artistic inclination . Biographer Eva Weissweiler suspects that Kleine played a maj... | 97af82452440e433bbfd5b4af2b382b9 | 35,755 |
Busch studied for nearly four years at Hanover , despite initial difficulties in understanding the subject matter . A few months before graduation he confronted his parents with his aspiration to study at the Düsseldorf Art Academy . According to Bush 's nephew Hermann Nöldeke , his mother supported this inclination .... | d904a7b809d5e159b0d4a70861f2cd63 | 35,756 |
= = = Munich = = =
| f7c46fb982d2676f77ad0e88caca1d86 | 35,758 |
Busch was ravaged by disease , and for five months spent time painting and collecting folk tales , legends , songs , ballads , rhymes and fragments of regional superstitions . Busch 's biographer Joseph Kraus saw these collections as useful additions to folklore , as Busch noted the narrative background to tales and t... | cbd6b55ca375b696fb3a5d59e7b19be1 | 35,760 |
After Busch had spent six months with his uncle Kleine at Lüthorst , he expressed an aim to continue study in Munich . This request caused a rift with his father who , however , eventually funded this move ; - see for comparison Busch 's illustrated story of Painter Klecksel . Busch 's expectations of the Munich Acade... | 0159857781b0b46f5820b5110bb29b0c | 35,761 |
Busch made contact with the artist association Jung München ( Young Munich ) , met several notable Munich artists , and wrote and provided cartoons for the Jung München newspaper . Kaspar Braun , who published the satirical newspapers Münchener Bilderbogen ( Picture Sheets from Munich ) and Fliegende Blätter ( Flying ... | 30c91d2c19ee7ec075497db0af377c17 | 35,762 |
In his early Munich years Busch 's attempt to write libretti , which are almost forgotten today , were unsuccessful . Up to 1863 he worked on two or three major works ; the third was composed by Georg Kremplsetzer . Busch 's Liebestreu und Grausamkeit , a romantic opera in three acts , Hansel und Gretel and Der Vetter... | 2c21583932a4c0c1ee2fc2ca4d4296f8 | 35,763 |
In 1873 Busch returned several times to Munich , and took part in the intense life of the Munich Art Society as an escape from provincial life . In 1877 , in a last attempt to be a serious artist , he took a studio in Munich . He left Munich abruptly in 1881 , after he disrupted a variety show and subsequently made a ... | 64d71626f3dcaf13f41ba5c3b54cc375 | 35,764 |
= = = Publication of Max and Moritz = = =
| ade6433e6450bed7c68707244cc2e262 | 35,766 |
Between 1860 and 1863 Busch wrote over one hundred articles for the Münchener Bilderbogen and Fliegende Blätter , but he felt his dependence on publisher Kaspar Braun had become constricting . Busch appointed Dresden publisher Heinrich Richter , the son of Saxon painter Ludwig Richter , as his new publisher — Richter ... | 1b0ee55e0a7061eb5e81a9aeee4949e8 | 35,768 |
For Braun the manuscript was fortuitous . Initially the sales of Max and Moritz were slow , but sales figures improved after the 1868 second edition . Overall there were 56 editions and more than 430 @,@ 000 copies sold up to Busch 's death in 1908 . Despite at first being ignored by critics , teachers in the 1870s de... | 7b1ac50cecbbfcca8c15a150906a5024 | 35,769 |
= = = Frankfurt = = =
| e40c15ef687cad3ad9dcee10b85cead9 | 35,771 |
Increasing economic success allowed Busch to visit Wiedensahl more frequently . Busch had decided to leave Munich , as only few relatives lived there , and the artists ' association was temporarily disbanded . In June 1867 Busch met his brother Otto for the first time , in Frankfurt . Otto was working as a tutor to th... | fab5c8a2c778f6b04644d85fc844bb7e | 35,773 |
Busch did not remain in Frankfurt . Towards the end of the 1860s he alternated between Wiedensahl and Lüthorst , and Wolfenbüttel where his brother Gustav lived . The association with Johanna Kessler lasted five years , and after his return to Wiedensahl in 1872 they communicated by letter . This contact was interrupt... | ff20e6694b09c31edc48e6bf33e649fa | 35,774 |
= = = Later life = = =
| 992f24324516d2095318e128007fac8d | 35,776 |
Biographer Weissweiler does not dismiss the possibility that Busch 's increasing alcohol dependence hindered self @-@ criticism . He refused invitations to parties , and publisher Otto Basserman sent him to Wiedensahl to keep his alcohol problem undetected from those around him . Busch was also a heavy smoker , result... | 9f547cabb8b5608fd3b311f8acc6e12a | 35,778 |
Dutch writer Marie Anderson corresponded with Busch . More than fifty letters were exchanged between January and October 1875 in which they discussed philosophy , religion and ethics . Although only one Anderson letter survives , Busch 's letters are in manuscripts . They met in Mainz in October 1875 , after which he ... | 2b1b133934002c15663849160357bb22 | 35,779 |
Busch lived with his sister Fanny 's family after her husband Pastor Hermann Nöldeke 's death in 1879 . His nephew Adolf Nöldeke remembers that Busch wanted to move back to Wiedensahl with the family . Busch renovated the house , which Fanny looked after even though he was a rich man , and became " father " to his thr... | be92e9474820e6aa5cf7ebf759fd93b8 | 35,780 |
Busch stopped painting in 1896 and signed @-@ over all publication rights to Bassermann Verlag for 50 @,@ 000 gold marks . Busch , now aged 64 , felt old . He needed spectacles for writing and painting , and his hands trembled slightly . In 1898 , together with his aging sister Fanny Nöldeke , he accepted Bassermann '... | 55587b207fdac0ab7a031ab2af7f97b2 | 35,781 |
= = Work = =
| 44ffbd76be6873d38c683bbe277525ff | 35,783 |
During the Frankfort period Busch published three self @-@ contained illustrated satires . Their anti @-@ clerical themes proved popular during the Kulturkampf . Busch 's satires typically did not address political questions , but exaggerated churcheyness , superstition and philistine double @-@ standards . This exagg... | 06fd70c0a56673b746f9fe8d707d34ef | 35,785 |
= = = Max and Moritz = = =
| 48061341a783d9f2d67402d781bced1c | 35,787 |
In German Eine Bubengeschichte in sieben Streichen , Max and Moritz is a series of seven illustrated stories concerning the mischievous antics of two boys , who are eventually ground @-@ down and fed to ducks .
| c2cd7bc3105ee68e830c39ff3dddc8d5 | 35,789 |
= = = Saint Antonius of Padua and Helen Who Couldn 't Help It = = =
| 295956c48adb1e6eec922ed58a9372d8 | 35,791 |
In Saint Antonius of Padua ( Der Heilige Antonius von Padua ) Busch challenges Catholic belief . It was released by the publisher Moritz Schauenburg at the time Pope Pius IX proclaimed the dogma of papal infallibility that was harshly criticized by Protestants . The publisher 's works were heavily scrutinized or censo... | 5b91d814ab43d73d7bf98d69cb7667b2 | 35,793 |
Busch 's following work , Helen Who Couldn 't Help It ( Die fromme Helene ) , was published by Otto Friedrich Bassermann , a friend whom Busch met in Munich . Helen Who Couldn 't Help It , which was soon translated into other European languages , satirizes religious hypocrisy and dubious morality :
| 671083a5ceb628ae6f10ec75131b29ba | 35,794 |
Many details from Helen Who Couldn 't Help It criticizes the way of life of the Kesslers . Johanna Kessler was married to a much older man and entrusted her children to governesses and tutors , while she played an active role in the social life of Frankfurt .
| a65ba1d0533e3abd5ecaa85f97908601 | 35,795 |
The character of Mr. Schmock — the name based on the Yiddish insult " schmuck " — shows similarities with Johanna Kessler 's husband , who was uninterested in art and culture .
| 0683fa8873278dc0e6f3ac80a2548826 | 35,796 |
In the second part of Helen Who Couldn 't Help It Busch attacks Catholic pilgrimages . The childless Helen goes on a pilgrimage , accompanied by her cousin and Catholic priest Franz . The pilgrimage is successful as later Helen gives birth to twins , who resemble Helen and Franz . Franz is later killed by a jealous va... | 98e6b94b690d1b5178f2cc114b43a845 | 35,797 |
Pater Filucius ( Father Filucius ) is the only illustrated satire of this period suggested by the publisher . Also aimed at anti @-@ Catholic taste and buyers , it criticizes the Jesuit Order . Kraus felt it was the weakest of all three anti @-@ clerical works . Some satires refer to contemporary events , such as Mons... | 162d933f8566b02bd910113b72a65708 | 35,798 |
= = = Critique of the Heart = = =
| 813f84e3f214c43552fcd6daeea8cf87 | 35,800 |
Busch did not write further illustrated tales for a while , and focused on the literary Kritik des Herzens ( Critique of the Heart ) , wanting to appear more serious to his readers . Contemporary reception for the collection of 81 poems was mainly poor ; it was criticized for its focus on marriage and sexuality . His ... | c07c8f523513a890988ca2249c16639b | 35,802 |
= = = Adventures of a Bachelor = = =
| 13682c03fd3ed60a534d2d3f60e0284f | 35,804 |
Notwithstanding the hiatus after moving from Frankfurt , the 1870s were one of Busch 's most productive decades . In 1874 he produced the short illustrated tale Diddle @-@ Boom ! ( Dideldum ! ) .
| c2c17f9d1af5b813e95f6a37263a184a | 35,806 |
Following , in 1875 , was the Knopp Trilogy , about the life of Tobias Knopp : Adventures of a Bachelor ( Abenteuer eines Junggesellen ) , Mr. and Mrs. Knopp ( Herr und Frau Knopp ) ( 1876 ) , and " Julie " ( Julchen ) ( 1877 ) . The antagonists of the trilogy are not pairs of nuisances as with Max and Moritz or Jack ... | 6ccb749167bd5ded277e73d58601ecec | 35,807 |
In the first part of the trilogy , Knopp is depressed and will look for a wife . He visits his old friends and their wives who he finds in unenviable relationships . Still not convinced that the life of a bachelor is one for him , he returns home , and without further ado proposes to his housekeeper . The following ma... | 7283e0e5d0b8db1341324c973c27fba3 | 35,808 |
According to Wessling , Busch became skeptical of marriage after writing the story . To Marie Anderson he wrote : " I will never marry ( ... ) I am already in good hands with my sister " .
| eaedc73242fde5a88913d6c6ad28db4a | 35,809 |
= = = Last works = = =
| 5482aa3281f4c0263bd347e2e70a1e4e | 35,811 |
Among Busch 's last works were the stories Clement Dove , the Poet Thwarted ( Balduin Bählamm , der verhinderte Dichter ) ( 1883 ) and Painter Squirtle ( Maler Klecksel ) ( 1884 ) , both of which focus on artistic failure , and indirectly his own failure . Both stories begin with a preface , which , for biographer Jos... | 847888f23bf1118cbcd3d087b4d509d6 | 35,813 |
The prose play Edwards Dream ( Eduards Traum ) was released in 1891 , composed of several small grouped episodes , rather than one linear storyline . The work received mixed reception . Joseph Kraus felt it was the peak of Busch 's life 's work , his nephews called it a masterwork of world literature , and the publish... | ff06e1c773ef8a9a3a8202b777f37a68 | 35,814 |
= = = Painting = = =
| caa8740d4a3120e4ad66210d308e2c2e | 35,816 |
Busch felt his painting skills could not compete with those of the Dutch masters . He regarded few of his paintings as finished , often stacking them one on top of the other in damp corners of his studio , where they stuck together . If the pile of paintings became too high , he burnt some in his garden . Since only a... | 4f3cecce8d69467604af7e3cd152bc75 | 35,818 |
Many pictures depict the countryside at Wiedensahl and Lüthorst . They include pollarded willows , cottages in cornfields , cowherds , autumn landscapes and meadows with streams . A particular feature is the use of red jackets , found in about 280 of 1000 Busch paintings and drawings . The muted or bright red coats ar... | ae6c0bd6fc88ac0290692aaa4e676f90 | 35,819 |
The influence of Dutch painters is clearly visible in Busch 's work . " Hals diluted and shortened ( ... ) but still Halsian " , wrote Paul Klee after visiting a Busch memorial exhibition in 1908 . A strong influence on Busch was Adriaen Brouwer , whose themes were farming and inn life , rustic dances , card players ,... | 3263b2476eacfad41837920203ad1eeb | 35,820 |
= = Themes , technique and style = =
| 73ec3720276a0bbeb4db092570f4d14b | 35,822 |
Busch biographer Joseph Kraus divided his work into three periods . He points out , however , that this classification is a simplification , as some works by their nature can be of a later or earlier period . All three periods show Busch 's obsession with German middle class life . His peasants are devoid of sensitivi... | 4f5a5794584d9667abe635e4759e52a0 | 35,824 |
From 1858 to 1865 Busch chiefly worked for the Fliegenden Blätter and the Münchener Bilderbogen . The period from 1866 to 1884 is characterized by his major illustrated stories , such as Helen Who Couldn 't Help It . These stories are different in theme from works of his earlier period . The life of his characters sta... | aab1f7e86b89cd27b69a3ef48e7e19f5 | 35,825 |
From 1885 until his death in 1908 his work was dominated by prose and poems . The 1895 prose text Der Schmetterling contains autobiographical accounts . Peter 's enchantment by the witch Lucinde , of whom he regards himself a slave , is possibly in reference to Johanna Kessler . Peter , like Busch , returns to his bir... | d6ccba1e8da3b7444ad8b9b183c835c3 | 35,826 |
= = = Technique = = =
| 766d1f288300291a2895c640db9475b7 | 35,828 |
Publisher Kaspar Braun , who commissioned Busch 's first illustrations , had established the first workshop in Germany to use wood engraving . This letterpress printing technique was developed by English graphic artist Thomas Bewick near the end of the 18th century and became the most widely used reproduction system f... | df424bd4fe82c2142bef57b2df2c9711 | 35,830 |
From the mid @-@ 1870s Busch 's illustrations were printed using zincography . With this technique there was no longer any danger that a wood engraver could change the character of his drawings . The originals were photographed and transferred onto a photosensitive zinc plate . This process allowed for the application... | 9eba47cb353d102f924e705d1eaa6e23 | 35,831 |
= = = Language = = =
| 60e8134d2681ce66492da0fd3a0b1866 | 35,833 |
The effect of Busch 's illustrations are enhanced by his forthright verse , with taunts , derision , ironic twists , exaggeration , ambiguity and startling rhymes . His language had an influence on the humorous poetry of Erich Kästner , Kurt Tucholsky , Joachim Ringelnatz and Christian Morgenstern . The contrast in hi... | 06247a213932860ae302764d35507b4a | 35,835 |
Many of Brusch 's couplets , part of contemporary common usage , give the impression of weighty wisdom , but in his hands become only apparent truths , hypocrisy or platitudes . His use of onomatopoeia is a characteristic of his work : " Allez @-@ oop @-@ da " — Max and Moritz steal fried chickens with a fishing rod d... | 6d3f96548c24d544a8be73223805862f | 35,836 |
Many of his picture stories use verses with trochee structure :
| decd1c49181604b54ef56e70beebc1a0 | 35,837 |
The overweighting of the stressed syllables strengthens the humour of the lines . Busch also uses dactyls , where one accented syllable is followed by two unaccented syllables , as in his Plisch und Plum , where they underline the pedantic and solemn words with which teacher Bokelmann educates his pupils . They create... | 4f54b939dc255193d1ccb1a4420fb465 | 35,838 |
In both his illustrations and poems Busch uses familiar fables , occasionally appropriating their morality and stories , spinning them to illustrate a very different and comic " truth " , and bringing to bear his pessimistic view of the world and human condition . While traditional fables follow the typical philosophy... | 21b9903cceadc3fbcae7da201f027f16 | 35,839 |
= = = Canings and other cruelties = = =
| 1e7946f89003c9c5c1e82d0e6f67c3cf | 35,841 |
It is not unusual to see thrashing , tormenting and caning in Busch 's works . Sharp pencils pierced through models , housewives fall onto kitchen knives , thieves are spiked by umbrellas , tailors cut their tormentors with scissors , rascals are ground in corn mills , drunkards burn , and cats , dogs and monkeys defe... | 06807134725c00bd412d64e07fb9411a | 35,843 |
Caning , a common aspect of 19th @-@ century teaching , is prevalent in many of his works , for example Meister Druff in Adventures of a Bachelor and Lehrer Bokelmann in Plish and Plum , where is shown an almost sexual pleasure in applying punishment . Beatings and humiliation are found in his later work too ; biograp... | 51a7080c78a2c9f0e28bd4c20581282b | 35,844 |
In the estate of Busch there is the note " Durch die Kinderjahre hindurchgeprügelt " ( Beaten through the childhood years ) , however there is no evidence that Busch was referring to himself . He couldn 't recall any beating from his father . His uncle Kleine beat him once , not with the conventional rattan stick , bu... | e5d769c6f1ec2e79cd1cbea5a36ff350 | 35,845 |
= = = Antisemitism = = =
| ca4ce6df421dfe7beeb4f679a4e1c933 | 35,847 |
The Panic of 1873 led to growing criticism of high finance and the spread of radical Antisemitism , which in the 1880s became a broad undercurrent . These criticisms saw a separation of capital into what was construed as " raffendes " ( speculative capital ) , and what constituted " constructive " creative production ... | 9056ba4d8e34ed2ffa43b4bb9fab3942 | 35,849 |
Robert Gernhardt defended Busch by stating that Jews are satirized only in three passages , of which the oldest is an illustration of a text by another author , published in 1860 . He stated that Busch 's Jewish figures are merely stereotypical , one of a number of stereotypes , such as the " limited Bavarian farmer "... | ad6236e799264b428678a476e5a43d5e | 35,850 |
Although Gernhardt felt that Jews for Busch were alien , the Jewish conductor Hermann Levi befriended him , suggesting that Busch had a slight bias towards Jews .
| f82ca9caba304e010eea7843cc5dda3d | 35,851 |
= = Biographies = =
| 9ad71cb981da5a545b489887d5dda9c3 | 35,853 |
The first biography on Busch , Über Wilhelm Busch und seine Bedeutung ( About Wilhelm Busch and His Importance ) , was released in 1886 . The publisher Eduard Daelen , also an artist and writer , echoed Busch 's anti @-@ Catholic bias , putting him on equal footing with Leonardo da Vinci , Peter Paul Rubens and Gottfr... | ad5c746d5b998395d88852833b166786 | 35,855 |
= = Legacy = =
| b4fa22c13235a44f06adb277883cbe5d | 35,857 |
Busch celebrated his 70th anniversary at his nephew 's house in Hattorf am Harz . Over 1 @,@ 000 congratulatory messages were sent to Mechtshausen from around the world . Wilhelm II praised the poet and artist , whose " exquisite works are full of genuine humour and are everlasting for the German people " . The Austri... | 4c077c80c46649fe9acc9ebe036872fa | 35,859 |
Since then , on the dates of his birth and death , he has been celebrated frequently . During the 175th anniversary in 2007 , there were numerous re @-@ publications of Busch works . Deutsche Post issued stamps depicting the Busch character Hans Huckebein — itself the inspiration for the nickname of the never @-@ buil... | d17fe665d33b366d9a700c3b175aa8eb | 35,860 |
The Wilhelm Busch Prize is awarded annually for satirical and humorous poetry . The Wilhelm Busch Society , active since 1930 , aims to " ( ... ) collect , scientifically revise and promote Wilhelm Busch 's works with the public " . It supports the development of caricature and satirical artwork as a recognized branch... | 0aa882af17867fb41a072a5d2c1e5e4c | 35,861 |
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