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56de385ccffd8e1900b4b68e | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial proc... | What is the name of the 1825 case where the supreme court held that congress could delegate their responsibilities to the court? | {
"answer_start": [
196
],
"text": [
"Wayman v. Southard"
]
} | What is the name of the [MASK] case where [MASK] held that [MASK] could delegate their responsibilities to the court? | [
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0.134530872... | The main sports Ottomans were engaged in were Turkish Wrestling, hunting, Turkish archery, horseback riding, Equestrian javelin throw, arm wrestling, and swimming. European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople. The leading clubs, according to ti... | The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In r... | As federal judge Alex Kozinski has pointed out, binding precedent as we know it today simply did not exist at the time the Constitution was framed. Judicial decisions were not consistently, accurately, and faithfully reported on both sides of the Atlantic (reporters often simply rewrote or failed to publish decisions w... | Wayman v. Southard | 10,762 |
56de385ccffd8e1900b4b68f | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial proc... | Who was chief justice of the supreme court under the Wayman v. Southard ruling? | {
"answer_start": [
456
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"text": [
"John Marshall"
]
} | Who was chief justice of the supreme court under the [MASK] v. [MASK] ruling? | [
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0.13187801837921... | Historically, AC motors were used for single or double speed elevator machines on the grounds of cost and lower usage applications where car speed and passenger comfort were less of an issue, but for higher speed, larger capacity elevators, the need for infinitely variable speed control over the traction machine become... | The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In r... | The difficult question is whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent through strict adherence to the rule of stare decisis. This is where the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself, in that an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts ... | John Marshall | 10,763 |
56de2d374396321400ee2636 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States... | When was the first time that a Congressional attempt at delegating lawmaking responsibility was found to be in violation of the Constitution? | {
"answer_start": [
111
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"text": [
"the 1930s"
]
} | When was the [MASK] time that a [MASK] attempt at delegating lawmaking responsibility was found to be in violation of the [MASK]? | [
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56de2d374396321400ee2637 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States... | The establishment of what body was the subject of A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States? | {
"answer_start": [
233
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"text": [
"National Recovery Administration"
]
} | The establishment of what body was the subject of [MASK] v. [MASK]? | [
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56de2d374396321400ee2638 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States... | In what year was A.L.A. Schechter v. United States tried before the Supreme Court? | {
"answer_start": [
336
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"text": [
"1935"
]
} | In what year was A.L.A. Schechter v. [MASK] tried before [MASK]? | [
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56de39a6cffd8e1900b4b698 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States... | In what year did the supreme court determine that delegating powers by congress was unconstitutional? | {
"answer_start": [
336
],
"text": [
"1935"
]
} | In what year did [MASK] determine that delegating powers by [MASK] was unconstitutional? | [
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56de39a6cffd8e1900b4b699 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States... | What was the supreme court case that was determined that congress could not allow the President to determine fair competition? | {
"answer_start": [
280
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"text": [
"Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States"
]
} | What was the [MASK] case that was determined that [MASK] could not allow the President to determine fair competition? | [
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0.40009269118309... | Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed] | Ideas for affirmative action came as early as the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) in which a former slave population lacked the skills and resources for sustainable living. In 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and grant it to families of color which became the "For... | In October 2009, the American Law Institute voted to disavow the framework for capital punishment that it had created in 1962, as part of the Model Penal Code, "in light of the current intractable institutional and structural obstacles to ensuring a minimally adequate system for administering capital punishment." A stu... | Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States | 10,768 |
56de2e1d4396321400ee263c | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r... | Which branches of the national military does the U.S. president command? | {
"answer_start": [
153
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"text": [
"Army and Navy"
]
} | Which branches of the national military does the [MASK] president command? | [
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0.027382006868... | As of 2011, there have been six series — Digimon Adventure, the follow-up sequel Digimon Adventure 02, Digimon Tamers, Digimon Frontier, Digimon Data Squad and Digimon Fusion. The first two series take place in the same fictional universe, but the third, fourth, fifth and sixth each occupy their own unique world. Each ... | According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government. From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister... | Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation an... | Army and Navy | 10,769 |
56de2e1d4396321400ee263d | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r... | Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office? | {
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310
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"Senate"
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} | Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office? | [
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56de2e1d4396321400ee263e | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r... | What is a Congressional means of removing presidential appointees? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"impeachment"
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} | What is a [MASK] means of removing presidential appointees? | [
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56de2e1d4396321400ee263f | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r... | What term can characterize the status of bodies like the War Claims Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission? | {
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939
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"quasi-judicial"
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} | What term can characterize the status of bodies like [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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0.077669747173786... | Tito's estrangement from the USSR enabled Yugoslavia to obtain US aid via the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), the same US aid institution which administered the Marshall Plan. Still, he did not agree to align with the West, which was a common consequence of accepting American aid at the time. After Stalin's ... | According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government. From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister... | Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual-sovereign system of America... | quasi-judicial | 10,772 |
56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a6 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r... | Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief? | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"Executive"
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} | Which of the [MASK] branches has the duty of Commander and Chief? | [
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56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a7 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r... | Who has the authority to make treaties? | {
"answer_start": [
66
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"text": [
"the President"
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} | Who has the authority to make treaties? | [
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56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a8 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r... | What is it called when congress terminates an appointment of the President? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"impeachment"
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} | What is it called when [MASK] terminates an appointment of the President? | [
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0.217847779393196... | Notable documentation of the war was provided by William Howard Russell (writing for The Times newspaper) and the photographs of Roger Fenton.:306–309 News from war correspondents reached all nations involved in the war and kept the public citizenry of those nations better informed of the day-to-day events of the war t... | According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government. From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister... | In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning "head of the government". In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minis... | impeachment | 10,775 |
56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a9 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r... | Who has over-sight of the Federal Trade Commission? | {
"answer_start": [
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} | Who has over- sight of [MASK]? | [
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0.074942216... | Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genet... | According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government. From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister... | Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which is a domestic security service, CIA has no law enforcement function and is mainly focused on overseas intelligence gathering, with only limited domestic collection. Though it is not the only U.S. government agency specializing in HUMINT, CIA serves as the national... | Congress | 10,776 |
56de2fe04396321400ee265c | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consist... | To what does congress attempt to limit executive officials? | {
"answer_start": [
69
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"text": [
"the performance of their duties"
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} | To what does [MASK] attempt to limit executive officials? | [
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56de2fe04396321400ee265d | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consist... | What court case affirmed the mandates of the first and seventh sections of Article I of the Constitution? | {
"answer_start": [
146
],
"text": [
"INS v. Chadha"
]
} | What court case affirmed the mandates of the [MASK] and [MASK] sections of [MASK] of the Constitution? | [
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56de2fe04396321400ee265e | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consist... | When was INS v Chadha tried before the Supreme Court? | {
"answer_start": [
161
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"text": [
"1983"
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} | When was [MASK] v [MASK] tried before [MASK]? | [
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56de3bf44396321400ee26c0 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consist... | By what margin can congress over ride a Presidential veto? | {
"answer_start": [
525
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"two-thirds"
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} | By what margin can [MASK] over ride a Presidential veto? | [
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56de307c4396321400ee2666 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the... | In what branch is the ability to try legal cases placed? | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Judicial"
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} | In what branch is the ability to try legal cases placed? | [
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56de307c4396321400ee2667 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the... | Who nominates justices for the U.S. Supreme Court? | {
"answer_start": [
171
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"text": [
"president"
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} | Who nominates justices for [MASK]? | [
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56de307c4396321400ee2668 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the... | Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court? | {
"answer_start": [
216
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"text": [
"Senate"
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} | Who must approve presidential appointees to [MASK]? | [
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56de307c4396321400ee2669 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the... | What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power? | {
"answer_start": [
512
],
"text": [
"constitutional courts"
]
} | What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power? | [
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0.08554378896... | Warner tried with mixed success to adapt some of its most successful films as ABC television series, and showcase these adaptations as part of the wheel series Warner Bros. Presents. Airing during the 1955–56 season, it showcased television adaptations of the 1942 films Kings Row and Casablanca; Cheyenne (adapted from ... | The judicial branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Cour... | Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consist... | constitutional courts | 10,784 |
56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6b8 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the... | What is the power given to the supreme court and lower courts called? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Judicial power"
]
} | What is the power given to the supreme court and lower courts called? | [
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0.1710059791... | Over almost all of Oklahoma, winter is the driest season. Average monthly precipitation increases dramatically in the spring to a peak in May, the wettest month over most of the state, with its frequent and not uncommonly severe thunderstorm activity. Early June can still be wet, but most years see a marked decrease in... | The judicial branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Cour... | Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual-sovereign system of America... | Judicial power | 10,785 |
56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6b9 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the... | Who appoints a judge? | {
"answer_start": [
167
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"text": [
"the president"
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} | Who appoints a judge? | [
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56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6ba | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the... | Who gives the President advice and consent for a judge appointment? | {
"answer_start": [
212
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"text": [
"the Senate"
]
} | Who gives the President advice and consent for a judge appointment? | [
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56de3d78cffd8e1900b4b6c2 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboke... | What kind of courts did congress establish? | {
"answer_start": [
24
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"text": [
"legislative courts"
]
} | What kind of courts did [MASK] establish? | [
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56de3d78cffd8e1900b4b6c3 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboke... | What power are legislative courts not allowed to exercise? | {
"answer_start": [
255
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"text": [
"judicial power of the United States"
]
} | What power are legislative courts not allowed to exercise? | [
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0.180557444... | Hayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology... | Federal law originates with the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to enact statutes for certain limited purposes like regulating interstate commerce. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes. Many statutes give executive branch agencies... | The law of criminal procedure in the United States consists of a massive overlay of federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes that actually provide the foundation for the creation and operation of law enforcement agencies and prison systems as well as the proceedings in criminal tri... | judicial power of the United States | 10,789 |
56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6dc | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or ... | Who can determine a date of adjournment if congress cannot agree? | {
"answer_start": [
396
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"text": [
"President"
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} | Who can determine a date of adjournment if [MASK] can not agree? | [
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56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6de | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or ... | Who can call congress into emergency session? | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"The president"
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} | Who can call [MASK] into emergency session? | [
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56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6df | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or ... | Who serves as president of the Senate? | {
"answer_start": [
387
],
"text": [
"The Vice President"
]
} | Who serves as president of the [MASK]? | [
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56de3e91cffd8e1900b4b6f0 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient. | Who has the power to issue a pardon? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The president"
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} | Who has the power to issue a pardon? | [
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56de3e91cffd8e1900b4b6f1 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient. | Who has the power to issue a reprieve? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The president"
]
} | Who has the power to issue a reprieve? | [
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0.2837026715278... | In 1808 Bavarian educational commissioner Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer coined the term Humanismus to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools, and by 1836 the word "humanism" had been absorbed into the English language in this sense. The coinage gained universal acceptance ... | A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court... | Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury... | The president | 10,794 |
56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b706 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain t... | Who is the commander and chief of the Army? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The president"
]
} | Who is the commander and chief of the [MASK]? | [
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56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b707 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain t... | Who has the power to declare ware? | {
"answer_start": [
216
],
"text": [
"Congress"
]
} | Who has the power to declare ware? | [
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56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b708 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain t... | Who has the responsibility to confirm Generals and Admirals? | {
"answer_start": [
606
],
"text": [
"the Senate"
]
} | Who has the responsibility to confirm Generals and Admirals? | [
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56de4022cffd8e1900b4b70c | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury... | Who is responsible for judicial review? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Courts"
]
} | Who is responsible for judicial review? | [
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56de4022cffd8e1900b4b70d | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury... | What is the court case that established judicial review? | {
"answer_start": [
313
],
"text": [
"Marbury v. Madison"
]
} | What is the court case that established judicial review? | [
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56de40c0cffd8e1900b4b710 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court... | Which courts decisions are binding across the entire United States? | {
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"the Supreme Court"
]
} | Which courts decisions are binding across the entire [MASK]? | [
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56de4176cffd8e1900b4b71a | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction exce... | Who can limit judicial review of a law? | {
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"Congress"
]
} | Who can limit judicial review of a law? | [
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56de4176cffd8e1900b4b71b | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction exce... | Who's judicial power does congress have the right to limit? | {
"answer_start": [
238
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"text": [
"the Supreme Court"
]
} | Who 's judicial power does [MASK] have the right to limit? | [
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0.0997633337... | Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935. The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors. It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor. C... | Under the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938), there is no general federal common law. Although federal courts can create federal common law in the form of case law, such law must be linked one way or another to the interpretation of a particular federal constitutional provision, statute, or regulation (wh... | Legislatures have reduced infringement by narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing. Aside from upholding international copyright treaty obligations to provide general limitations and exceptions, nations have enacted compulsory licensing laws applying specifically to digital works and uses. For example, in t... | the Supreme Court | 10,802 |
56de41c54396321400ee2726 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one. | Who presides over an impeachment trial? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The Chief Justice"
]
} | Who presides over an impeachment trial? | [
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56de42a5cffd8e1900b4b734 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In r... | Who wrote that the legislative branch was the predominate branch of government? | {
"answer_start": [
112
],
"text": [
"James Madison"
]
} | Who wrote that the legislative branch was the predominate branch of government? | [
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56de42a5cffd8e1900b4b735 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In r... | In which Federalist paper did James Madison state that the legislative branch of government was predominate? | {
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"Federalist 51"
]
} | In which [MASK] paper did [MASK] state that the legislative branch of government was predominate? | [
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56de445a4396321400ee273e | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation an... | Immediately following the civil war which branch of government was seen to have the greater amount of power? | {
"answer_start": [
116
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"text": [
"Congress"
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} | Immediately following [MASK] which branch of government was seen to have the greater amount of power? | [
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56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75d | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, ... | How many bills did George Washington veto? | {
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122
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"text": [
"two"
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} | How many bills did [MASK] veto? | [
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56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75e | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, ... | How many bills did James Monroe veto? | {
"answer_start": [
146
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} | How many bills did [MASK] veto? | [
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56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75f | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, ... | How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto | {
"answer_start": [
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56de4529cffd8e1900b4b760 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, ... | Who was the seventh President of the United States? | {
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377
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"text": [
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56de466e4396321400ee2757 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the "Radical Republicans." Congress, however... | How many of Andrew Johnson's veto's were over turned by Congress | {
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342
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56de466e4396321400ee2758 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the "Radical Republicans." Congress, however... | What act did congress pass that gave the senate the right to approve the dismissal of a cabinet official? | {
"answer_start": [
460
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"text": [
"Tenure of Office Act"
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} | What act did [MASK] pass that gave the [MASK] the right to approve the dismissal of a cabinet official? | [
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56de471ccffd8e1900b4b76f | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic P... | Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills? | {
"answer_start": [
280
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"Grover Cleveland"
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} | Who was the [MASK] president to veto over [MASK] bills? | [
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56de471ccffd8e1900b4b770 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic P... | Under which President was the Tenure of Office Act repealed? | {
"answer_start": [
280
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"text": [
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} | Under which President was [MASK] repealed? | [
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56de485ccffd8e1900b4b787 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosev... | Which President attempted to pack the supreme court? | {
"answer_start": [
398
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"text": [
"Franklin Roosevelt"
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} | Which President attempted to pack the supreme court? | [
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56de485ccffd8e1900b4b789 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosev... | Who had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority during the great depression? | {
"answer_start": [
377
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"text": [
"Congress"
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} | Who had granted [MASK] sweeping authority during the great depression? | [
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56de48f7cffd8e1900b4b793 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that "the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon also asserted that "executive privilege" shielded him from all legis... | Under what basis did Richard Nixon assert an expansion of the power of the President? | {
"answer_start": [
19
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"text": [
"national security"
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} | Under what basis did [MASK] assert an expansion of the power of the President? | [
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56de4bd44396321400ee27a8 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | It is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that "checks and balances" app... | What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government? | {
"answer_start": [
296
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"text": [
"checks and balances"
]
} | What term is used when [MASK] branch of government must get approval from [MASK] other branch of government? | [
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56de4ce74396321400ee27b2 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supre... | Who has congress delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to? | {
"answer_start": [
238
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"text": [
"the Supreme Court"
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} | Who has [MASK] delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to? | [
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56de4d6c4396321400ee27bf | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The S... | Who may license and regulate attorneys in Florida? | {
"answer_start": [
73
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"text": [
"the Florida Supreme Court"
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} | Who may license and regulate attorneys in [MASK]? | [
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56de4d6c4396321400ee27c0 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The S... | Who sets the procedures to be followed in the Florida court system? | {
"answer_start": [
73
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"text": [
"the Florida Supreme Court"
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} | Who sets the procedures to be followed in the [MASK] court system? | [
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56de29c64396321400ee2617 | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived ... | What is the latin word for architecture? | {
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244
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"Architectural"
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56e2419acd28a01900c67c28 | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived ... | What is the Latin word for architecture? | {
"answer_start": [
20
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56e2419acd28a01900c67c29 | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived ... | What do you call the planning and building of buildings? | {
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0.0395124405... | After al-Nimeiry was overthrown in 1985 the party did poorly in national elections, but in 1989 it was able to overthrow the elected post-al-Nimeiry government with the help of the military. Turabi was noted for proclaiming his support for the democratic process and a liberal government before coming to power, but stri... | Large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines. An architect normally manages the job, and a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager supervises it. For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential. Those involved with the des... | In general, there are three sectors of construction: buildings, infrastructure and industrial. Building construction is usually further divided into residential and non-residential (commercial/institutional). Infrastructure is often called heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering. It includes large public works,... | Architecture | 10,824 |
56e2419acd28a01900c67c2a | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived ... | What structures can be viewed as both works of art and symbols of certain cultures? | {
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56e2419acd28a01900c67c2b | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived ... | Civilizations from the past cane often be identified by what surviving structures? | {
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56e4607b39bdeb1400347930 | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived ... | In what language does the word "architecture" have its origins? | {
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56e4607b39bdeb1400347931 | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived ... | What two words is "architecture" a combination of? | {
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56e4607b39bdeb1400347932 | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived ... | Architecture involves the creation of what? | {
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56e4607b39bdeb1400347933 | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived ... | Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as? | {
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56e4607b39bdeb1400347934 | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived ... | What can extant architectural works be used to identify? | {
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56de2b2d4396321400ee261d | Architecture | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodi... | What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived? | {
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56de2b2d4396321400ee261e | Architecture | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodi... | Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans? | {
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56de2b2d4396321400ee261f | Architecture | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodi... | When did Vitruvius create these plans? | {
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56de2b2d4396321400ee2620 | Architecture | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodi... | What are the three principles every plan should consider? | {
"answer_start": [
303
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56e462c98c00841900fbaf6f | Architecture | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodi... | What is the first known extant writing about architecture called? | {
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70
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56e462c98c00841900fbaf70 | Architecture | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodi... | Who was the author of De architectura? | {
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"text": [
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} | Who was the author of [MASK]? | [
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56e462c98c00841900fbaf71 | Architecture | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodi... | What was Vitruvius' profession? | {
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56e462c98c00841900fbaf72 | Architecture | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodi... | What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building? | {
"answer_start": [
228
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"firmitas, utilitas, venustas"
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} | What were [MASK] ' [MASK] principles for a well made building? | [
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56e462c98c00841900fbaf73 | Architecture | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodi... | What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles? | {
"answer_start": [
303
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"text": [
"firmness, commodity and delight"
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} | What is the commonly seen [MASK] translation of the [MASK] principles? | [
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56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b610 | Architecture | According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the ... | When were the styles of arts created? | {
"answer_start": [
645
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"text": [
"16th century"
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} | When were the styles of arts created? | [
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56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b611 | Architecture | According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the ... | Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects? | {
"answer_start": [
679
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"text": [
"Vasari"
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} | Who wrote [MASK] Painters, Sculptors, and Architects? | [
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56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b612 | Architecture | According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the ... | By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in? | {
"answer_start": [
801
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"text": [
"Italian, French, Spanish and English"
]
} | By [MASK] which languages was [MASK] book translated in? | [
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56e4644d8c00841900fbaf79 | Architecture | According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the ... | In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out? | {
"answer_start": [
28
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"text": [
"architect"
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} | In [MASK] 's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out? | [
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56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7a | Architecture | According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the ... | Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria? | {
"answer_start": [
115
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"Leon Battista Alberti"
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} | Who wrote [MASK]? | [
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56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7b | Architecture | According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the ... | What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty? | {
"answer_start": [
253
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"proportion"
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} | What did [MASK] consider most important for beauty? | [
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56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7c | Architecture | According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the ... | What ideal proportion did Alberti promote? | {
"answer_start": [
393
],
"text": [
"the Golden mean"
]
} | What ideal proportion did [MASK] promote? | [
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56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7d | Architecture | According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the ... | In what century did "style" as an artistic concept arise? | {
"answer_start": [
645
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"text": [
"16th"
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} | In what century did "style" as an artistic concept arise? | [
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56de2cf84396321400ee262f | Architecture | In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture." | Who wrote the book Contrasts? | {
"answer_start": [
27
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"text": [
"Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin"
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} | Who wrote the book [MASK]? | [
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56de2cf84396321400ee2630 | Architecture | In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture." | What year was Contrasts written in? | {
"answer_start": [
75
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"text": [
"1836"
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} | What year was [MASK] written in? | [
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56e464f48c00841900fbaf83 | Architecture | In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture." | What was the name of Pugin's book? | {
"answer_start": [
64
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"text": [
"Contrasts"
]
} | What was the name of [MASK] 's book? | [
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56e464f48c00841900fbaf84 | Architecture | In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture." | In what year was Contrasts written? | {
"answer_start": [
75
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"text": [
"1836"
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} | In what year was [MASK] written? | [
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56e464f48c00841900fbaf85 | Architecture | In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture." | What world did Pugin dislike? | {
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"modern, industrial world"
]
} | What world did [MASK] dislike? | [
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0.219727277... | European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture. | Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industria... | In November 1790, François-Louis-Thibault de Menonville, a member of the National Assembly of France, wrote to Burke, praising Reflections and requesting more "very refreshing mental food" that he could publish. This Burke did in April 1791 when he published A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly. Burke called f... | modern, industrial world | 10,853 |
56e464f48c00841900fbaf86 | Architecture | In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture." | What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly Christian? | {
"answer_start": [
221
],
"text": [
"Gothic"
]
} | What type of architecture did [MASK] consider truly [MASK]? | [
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0.18836730718... | In 2005, seventeen countries produced concentrated uranium oxides, with Canada (27.9% of world production) and Australia (22.8%) being the largest producers and Kazakhstan (10.5%), Russia (8.0%), Namibia (7.5%), Niger (7.4%), Uzbekistan (5.5%), the United States (2.5%), Argentina (2.1%), Ukraine (1.9%) and China (1.7%)... | Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industria... | Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater. | Gothic | 10,854 |
56de2d214396321400ee2633 | Architecture | The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, an... | Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture? | {
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"John Ruskin"
]
} | Who wrote [MASK]? | [
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56e472028c00841900fbaf8b | Architecture | The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, an... | Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture? | {
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"John Ruskin"
]
} | Who was the author of [MASK]? | [
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-0.1445803... | Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics. The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Scien... | Seen in its wider social context, Greek Revival architecture sounded a new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on the Act of Union, the Napoleonic Wars, and the clamour for political reform. It was to be William Wilkins's winning design for ... | From the middle of the 18th century, exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal. James 'Athenian' Stuart's work The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece was very influential in this regard, as were Robert Wood's Palmyra a... | John Ruskin | 10,856 |
56e472028c00841900fbaf8c | Architecture | The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, an... | What was Ruskin's career? | {
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"art critic"
]
} | What was [MASK] 's career? | [
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56e472028c00841900fbaf8d | Architecture | The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, an... | When was Seven Lamps of Architecture published? | {
"answer_start": [
96
],
"text": [
"1849"
]
} | When was [MASK] of Architecture published? | [
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0.0592481456... | The name Shell is linked to The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company. In 1833, the founder's father, Marcus Samuel, founded an import business to sell seashells to London collectors. When collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area in 1892, the younger Samuel realised there was potential in exporting lamp oi... | Seen in its wider social context, Greek Revival architecture sounded a new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on the Act of Union, the Napoleonic Wars, and the clamour for political reform. It was to be William Wilkins's winning design for ... | The 19th century also saw the use of red in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature. It saw the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly fol... | 1849 | 10,858 |
56e472028c00841900fbaf8e | Architecture | The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, an... | What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer? | {
"answer_start": [
289
],
"text": [
"to his mental health, power, and pleasure"
]
} | What, according to [MASK], should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer? | [
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0.124613687... | Beyoncé's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007, that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms, saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comm... | Seen in its wider social context, Greek Revival architecture sounded a new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on the Act of Union, the Napoleonic Wars, and the clamour for political reform. It was to be William Wilkins's winning design for ... | Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. | to his mental health, power, and pleasure | 10,859 |
56de2d84cffd8e1900b4b62c | Architecture | For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least. | Does Ruskin believe all buildings are works of architecture? | {
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"not"
]
} | Does [MASK] believe all buildings are works of architecture? | [
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0.084818549454212... | Experts point out that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by China's economic rise. Health care is poor in inland areas such as Sichuan, highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people. Vice Minister of Health Gao Qiang told reporters in ... | Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals. | In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture." | not | 10,860 |
56e4731e8c00841900fbaf93 | Architecture | For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least. | What was most significant in architecture according to Ruskin? | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"the aesthetic"
]
} | What was most significant in architecture according to [MASK]? | [
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0.21837022... | The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849. The university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them. The original Main Building built by Sorin just after he arrived was r... | Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals. | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brun... | the aesthetic | 10,861 |
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