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57332627d058e614000b5744 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Krugman's contention (that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis) is challenged by additional analysis. After researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis, Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders reported (in December 2010): ... | Who believed that the growth of the commercial real estate bubble indicated that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis? | {
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0
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"Krugman"
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} | Who believed that the growth of the commercial real estate bubble indicated that [MASK] housing policy was not the cause of the crisis? | [
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0.145389616489... | The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from... | The U.S. recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009, according to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time. In April 2009 TIME magazine declared "More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over." The United States Financ... | By September 2008, average U.S. housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. As prices declined, borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default. During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings o... | Krugman | 9,061 |
57332627d058e614000b5745 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Krugman's contention (that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis) is challenged by additional analysis. After researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis, Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders reported (in December 2010): ... | When did Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders issue a report about commercial mortgage-backed securities? | {
"answer_start": [
304
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"December 2010"
]
} | When did [MASK] and [MASK] issue a report about commercial mortgage- backed securities? | [
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-0.0330285057425... | Rajasthan attracted 14 percent of total foreign visitors during 2009–2010 which is the fourth highest among Indian states. It is fourth also in Domestic tourist visitors. Tourism is a flourishing industry in Rajasthan. The palaces of Jaipur and Ajmer-Pushkar, the lakes of Udaipur, the desert forts of Jodhpur, Taragarh ... | The U.S. recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009, according to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time. In April 2009 TIME magazine declared "More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over." The United States Financ... | In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner—who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury—placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a "run" on the entities in the "parallel" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These ... | December 2010 | 9,062 |
57332627d058e614000b5746 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Krugman's contention (that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis) is challenged by additional analysis. After researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis, Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders reported (in December 2010): ... | According to business journalist Kimberly Amadeo, when did the first signs of decline in real estate occur? | {
"answer_start": [
742
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"2006"
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} | According to business journalist [MASK], when did the [MASK] signs of decline in real estate occur? | [
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0.11061383... | The Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion at Walnut Creek hosts major international touring acts. In 2011, the Downtown Raleigh Amphitheater opened (now sponsored as the Red Hat Amphitheater), which hosts numerous concerts primarily in the summer months. An additional amphitheater sits on the grounds of the North Carolina M... | The U.S. recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009, according to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time. In April 2009 TIME magazine declared "More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over." The United States Financ... | To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Fed... | 2006 | 9,063 |
57332627d058e614000b5747 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Krugman's contention (that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis) is challenged by additional analysis. After researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis, Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders reported (in December 2010): ... | What are CMBS? | {
"answer_start": [
386
],
"text": [
"commercial mortgage-backed securities"
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} | What are CMBS? | [
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0.134331673383... | A brief shoot at London's City Hall was filmed on 18 April 2015, while Mendes was on location. On 17 May 2015 filming took place on the Thames in London. Stunt scenes involving Craig and Seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near Westminster Bridge were shot at night, with filming temporarily closin... | The U.S. recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009, according to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time. In April 2009 TIME magazine declared "More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over." The United States Financ... | To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Fed... | commercial mortgage-backed securities | 9,064 |
57332627d058e614000b5748 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Krugman's contention (that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis) is challenged by additional analysis. After researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis, Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders reported (in December 2010): ... | According to most analysts, what crisis took place after the crisis in residential real estate? | {
"answer_start": [
517
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"text": [
"the crisis in commercial real estate"
]
} | According to most analysts, what crisis took place after the crisis in residential real estate? | [
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0.127501368522... | Napoleon institutionalised plunder of conquered territories: French museums contain art stolen by Napoleon's forces from across Europe. Artefacts were brought to the Musée du Louvre for a grand central museum; his example would later serve as inspiration for more notorious imitators. He was compared to Adolf Hitler mos... | The U.S. recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009, according to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time. In April 2009 TIME magazine declared "More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over." The United States Financ... | This credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse. The response of the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England and other central banks was immediate and dramatic. During the last quarter of 2008, these central banks purchased US$2.5 trillion of government debt and t... | the crisis in commercial real estate | 9,065 |
573328a6d058e614000b574e | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In a Peabody Award winning program, NPR correspondents argued that a "Giant Pool of Money" (represented by $70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments) sought higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds early in the decade. This pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007, yet the sup... | What is one investment assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies? | {
"answer_start": [
509
],
"text": [
"collateralized debt obligation"
]
} | What is [MASK] investment assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies? | [
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573328a6d058e614000b574f | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In a Peabody Award winning program, NPR correspondents argued that a "Giant Pool of Money" (represented by $70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments) sought higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds early in the decade. This pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007, yet the sup... | How much was invested worldwide in fixed income investments? | {
"answer_start": [
107
],
"text": [
"$70 trillion"
]
} | How much was invested worldwide in fixed income investments? | [
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573328a6d058e614000b5750 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In a Peabody Award winning program, NPR correspondents argued that a "Giant Pool of Money" (represented by $70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments) sought higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds early in the decade. This pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007, yet the sup... | How much did the pool of money invested worldwide in fixed income investments grow in size from 2000 to 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
266
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"text": [
"roughly doubled in size"
]
} | How much did the pool of money invested worldwide in fixed income investments grow in size from [MASK]? | [
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0.31919413805007... | The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) is one of the few dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s, and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).... | These institutions, as well as certain regulated banks, had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic a... | Countering Krugman, Peter J. Wallison wrote: "It is not true that every bubble—even a large bubble—has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates." Wallison notes that other developed countries had "large bubbles during the 1997–2007 period" but "the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and def... | roughly doubled in size | 9,068 |
573328a6d058e614000b5751 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In a Peabody Award winning program, NPR correspondents argued that a "Giant Pool of Money" (represented by $70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments) sought higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds early in the decade. This pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007, yet the sup... | What is an example of a product Wall Street invented to answer the demand for income generating investments? | {
"answer_start": [
476
],
"text": [
"mortgage-backed security"
]
} | What is an example of a product Wall Street invented to answer the demand for income generating investments? | [
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573328a6d058e614000b5752 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In a Peabody Award winning program, NPR correspondents argued that a "Giant Pool of Money" (represented by $70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments) sought higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds early in the decade. This pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007, yet the sup... | In the 2000s, investors were seeking higher yields than those offered by this investment? | {
"answer_start": [
202
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"text": [
"U.S. Treasury bonds"
]
} | In [MASK], investors were seeking higher yields than those offered by this investment? | [
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57332ba74776f41900660730 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The collateralized debt obligation in particular enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime and other lending, extending or increasing the housing bubble and generating large fees. This essentially places cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool... | What is the name of the securities that enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"collateralized debt obligation"
]
} | What is the name of the securities that enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime? | [
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57332ba74776f41900660731 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The collateralized debt obligation in particular enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime and other lending, extending or increasing the housing bubble and generating large fees. This essentially places cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool... | What was the outcome of collateralized debt obligations? | {
"answer_start": [
144
],
"text": [
"extending or increasing the housing bubble"
]
} | What was the outcome of collateralized debt obligations? | [
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57332ba74776f41900660732 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The collateralized debt obligation in particular enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime and other lending, extending or increasing the housing bubble and generating large fees. This essentially places cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool... | What type ratings did securities first in line receive from rating agencies? | {
"answer_start": [
433
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"text": [
"investment-grade ratings"
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} | What type ratings did securities [MASK] in line receive from rating agencies? | [
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57332ba74776f41900660733 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The collateralized debt obligation in particular enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime and other lending, extending or increasing the housing bubble and generating large fees. This essentially places cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool... | What type pool do collateralized debt obligations place their payments from mortgages into? | {
"answer_start": [
309
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"text": [
"single pool"
]
} | What type pool do collateralized debt obligations place their payments from mortgages into? | [
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57332ba74776f41900660734 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The collateralized debt obligation in particular enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime and other lending, extending or increasing the housing bubble and generating large fees. This essentially places cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool... | What securities had lower credit ratings but potentially a higher rate of return? | {
"answer_start": [
480
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"text": [
"Securities with lower priority"
]
} | What securities had lower credit ratings but potentially a higher rate of return? | [
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57332d064776f4190066074e | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | By September 2008, average U.S. housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. As prices declined, borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default. During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings o... | How much had average U.S. housing prices declined by September 2008? | {
"answer_start": [
63
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"over 20%"
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} | How much had average [MASK] housing prices declined by [MASK]? | [
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57332d064776f4190066074f | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | By September 2008, average U.S. housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. As prices declined, borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default. During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings o... | When was the peak of U.S. housing prices? | {
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83
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"mid-2006"
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} | When was the peak of [MASK] housing prices? | [
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57332d064776f41900660750 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | By September 2008, average U.S. housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. As prices declined, borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default. During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings o... | How many foreclosure proceedings were initiated by lenders in 2007? | {
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322
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} | How many foreclosure proceedings were initiated by lenders in [MASK]? | [
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57332d064776f41900660751 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | By September 2008, average U.S. housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. As prices declined, borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default. During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings o... | What was the percentage increase on foreclosure proceedings from 2007 to 2008? | {
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421
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"81%"
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} | What was the percentage increase on foreclosure proceedings from [MASK]? | [
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57332d064776f41900660752 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | By September 2008, average U.S. housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. As prices declined, borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default. During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings o... | How many U.S. mortgages were either delinquent or in foreclosure by September 2009? | {
"answer_start": [
578
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"14.4%"
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} | How many [MASK] mortgages were either delinquent or in foreclosure by [MASK]? | [
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573332054776f41900660774 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Lower interest rates encouraged borrowing. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5% to 1.0%. This was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot-com bubble and the September 2001 terrorist attacks, as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation. As early as 2... | Was was the federal funds rate target lowered to by the Federal Reserve in 2003? | {
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133
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"1.0%"
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} | Was was the federal funds rate target lowered to by [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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573332054776f41900660775 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Lower interest rates encouraged borrowing. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5% to 1.0%. This was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot-com bubble and the September 2001 terrorist attacks, as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation. As early as 2... | What is one reason the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target to 1.0% in 2003? | {
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266
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"to combat a perceived risk of deflation"
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} | What is [MASK] reason [MASK] lowered the federal funds rate target to [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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573332054776f41900660776 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Lower interest rates encouraged borrowing. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5% to 1.0%. This was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot-com bubble and the September 2001 terrorist attacks, as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation. As early as 2... | In the early 2000s, what type bubble did some economists believe the Fed needed to create to replace the Nasdaq bubble? | {
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479
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"a housing bubble"
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} | In [MASK], what type bubble did some economists believe the [MASK] needed to create to replace the [MASK] bubble? | [
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573332054776f41900660777 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Lower interest rates encouraged borrowing. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5% to 1.0%. This was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot-com bubble and the September 2001 terrorist attacks, as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation. As early as 2... | What contributed greatly to the severity of the financial crisis of 2007? | {
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600
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"excessive credit growth"
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} | What contributed greatly to the severity of the financial crisis of [MASK]? | [
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573332054776f41900660778 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Lower interest rates encouraged borrowing. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5% to 1.0%. This was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot-com bubble and the September 2001 terrorist attacks, as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation. As early as 2... | What encouraged borrowing from 2000 to 2003? | {
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0
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573334094776f41900660786 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Bernanke explained that between 1996 and 2004, the U.S. current account deficit increased by $650 billion, from 1.5% to 5.8% of GDP. Financing these deficits required the country to borrow large sums from abroad, much of it from countries running trade surpluses. These were mainly the emerging economies in Asia and oil... | Per Bernanke, how much did the U.S. current account deficit increase between 1996 and 2004? | {
"answer_start": [
93
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"$650 billion"
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} | Per [MASK], how much did the [MASK] current account deficit increase [MASK]? | [
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573334094776f41900660787 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Bernanke explained that between 1996 and 2004, the U.S. current account deficit increased by $650 billion, from 1.5% to 5.8% of GDP. Financing these deficits required the country to borrow large sums from abroad, much of it from countries running trade surpluses. These were mainly the emerging economies in Asia and oil... | What percentage of GDP was the U.S. current account deficit in 2004? | {
"answer_start": [
120
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"text": [
"5.8%"
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} | What percentage of GDP was the [MASK] current account deficit in [MASK]? | [
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573334094776f41900660788 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Bernanke explained that between 1996 and 2004, the U.S. current account deficit increased by $650 billion, from 1.5% to 5.8% of GDP. Financing these deficits required the country to borrow large sums from abroad, much of it from countries running trade surpluses. These were mainly the emerging economies in Asia and oil... | What emerging economies did the U.S. borrow money from between 1996 and 2004 to finance its imports? | {
"answer_start": [
308
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"Asia and oil-exporting nations"
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} | What emerging economies did the [MASK] borrow money from [MASK] to finance its imports? | [
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573334094776f41900660789 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Bernanke explained that between 1996 and 2004, the U.S. current account deficit increased by $650 billion, from 1.5% to 5.8% of GDP. Financing these deficits required the country to borrow large sums from abroad, much of it from countries running trade surpluses. These were mainly the emerging economies in Asia and oil... | What type account is needed by the U.S. to balance an account deficit? | {
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462
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"text": [
"capital account"
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} | What type account is needed by the [MASK] to balance an account deficit? | [
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573334094776f4190066078a | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Bernanke explained that between 1996 and 2004, the U.S. current account deficit increased by $650 billion, from 1.5% to 5.8% of GDP. Financing these deficits required the country to borrow large sums from abroad, much of it from countries running trade surpluses. These were mainly the emerging economies in Asia and oil... | Where did the U.S. obtain capital to finance its imports? | {
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554
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0.17823924124240... | In league competitions, games may end in a draw. In knockout competitions where a winner is required various methods may be employed to break such a deadlock, some competitions may invoke replays. A game tied at the end of regulation time may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the s... | The output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States—decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009, versus activity in the year-ago periods. The U.S. unemployment rate increased to 10.1% by October 2009, the highest rate s... | The U.S. Federal Reserve and central banks around the world have taken steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral, in which lower wages and higher unemployment lead to a self-reinforcing decline in global consumption. In addition, governments have enacted large fiscal stimulus packages, b... | foreign funds | 9,090 |
573335cbd058e614000b5780 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners. This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble, as asset ... | When did the Fed begin raising Fed funds rate significantly? | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"July 2004"
]
} | When did the [MASK] begin raising [MASK] funds rate significantly? | [
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573335cbd058e614000b5781 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners. This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble, as asset ... | What does ARM stand for: | {
"answer_start": [
139
],
"text": [
"adjustable-rate mortgage"
]
} | What does [MASK] stand for: | [
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573335cbd058e614000b5782 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners. This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble, as asset ... | How do asset prices generally move in relation to interest rates? | {
"answer_start": [
342
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"text": [
"inversely"
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} | How do asset prices generally move in relation to interest rates? | [
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573335cbd058e614000b5783 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners. This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble, as asset ... | Beginning in July 2004, what did the Fed do to make ARM rates more expensive for homeowners? | {
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"raised the Fed funds rate"
]
} | Beginning in [MASK], what did the [MASK] do to make ARM rates more expensive for homeowners? | [
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573335cbd058e614000b5784 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners. This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble, as asset ... | How did U.S. housing and financial assets react to the housing bubble burst? | {
"answer_start": [
452
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"text": [
"dramatically declined in value"
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} | How did [MASK] housing and financial assets react to the housing bubble burst? | [
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573337db4776f41900660798 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Testimony given to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission by Richard M. Bowen III on events during his tenure as the Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup (where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters) suggests that by the final years of the... | Richard M. Bowen III testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding his tenure at which financial institution? | {
"answer_start": [
205
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"Citigroup"
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} | [MASK] testified to [MASK] regarding his tenure at which financial institution? | [
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573337db4776f41900660799 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Testimony given to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission by Richard M. Bowen III on events during his tenure as the Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup (where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters) suggests that by the final years of the... | How many underwriters was Richard M. Bowen III responsible for at Citigroup? | {
"answer_start": [
250
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"220"
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} | How many underwriters was [MASK] responsible for at [MASK]? | [
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573337db4776f4190066079a | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Testimony given to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission by Richard M. Bowen III on events during his tenure as the Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup (where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters) suggests that by the final years of the... | What percent of mortgages purchased by Citigroup in 2006 were defective? | {
"answer_start": [
450
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"text": [
"60%"
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} | What percent of mortgages purchased by [MASK] in [MASK] were defective? | [
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573337db4776f4190066079b | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Testimony given to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission by Richard M. Bowen III on events during his tenure as the Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup (where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters) suggests that by the final years of the... | In 2006, how many mortgage companies were contractually responsible to meet Citi's standards? | {
"answer_start": [
665
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"1,600"
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} | In [MASK], how many mortgage companies were contractually responsible to meet [MASK] 's standards? | [
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573337db4776f4190066079c | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Testimony given to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission by Richard M. Bowen III on events during his tenure as the Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup (where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters) suggests that by the final years of the... | During 2007, what was the percent of defective mortgages not underwritten to Citi's standards? | {
"answer_start": [
965
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"text": [
"over 80%"
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} | During [MASK], what was the percent of defective mortgages not underwritten to [MASK] 's standards? | [
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5733399bd058e614000b5794 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In separate testimony to Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, officers of Clayton Holdings—the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the United States and Europe—testified that Clayton's review of over 900,000 mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 revealed that scar... | Who was the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company? | {
"answer_start": [
74
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"text": [
"Clayton Holdings"
]
} | Who was the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company? | [
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5733399bd058e614000b5795 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In separate testimony to Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, officers of Clayton Holdings—the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the United States and Europe—testified that Clayton's review of over 900,000 mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 revealed that scar... | According to Clayton Holdings, how many mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 met underwriting standards? | {
"answer_start": [
325
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"54%"
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} | According to [MASK], how many mortgages issued from [MASK] to June 2007 met underwriting standards? | [
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5733399bd058e614000b5796 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In separate testimony to Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, officers of Clayton Holdings—the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the United States and Europe—testified that Clayton's review of over 900,000 mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 revealed that scar... | How many investment and commercial banks were included in Clayton Holdings' analysis of January 2006 to June 2007 loans? | {
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426
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} | How many investment and commercial banks were included in [MASK] analysis of [MASK] loans? | [
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5733399bd058e614000b5797 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In separate testimony to Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, officers of Clayton Holdings—the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the United States and Europe—testified that Clayton's review of over 900,000 mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 revealed that scar... | Per Clayton's analysis of loans issued from January 2006 to June 2007, what percent of loans did not meet minimal standards of any issuer? | {
"answer_start": [
524
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"28%"
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} | Per [MASK] 's analysis of loans issued from [MASK] to June 2007, what percent of loans did not meet minimal standards of any issuer? | [
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5733399bd058e614000b5798 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In separate testimony to Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, officers of Clayton Holdings—the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the United States and Europe—testified that Clayton's review of over 900,000 mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 revealed that scar... | How many mortgage loans did Clayton Holdings review in their analysis? | {
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246
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"text": [
"900,000"
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} | How many mortgage loans did [MASK] review in their analysis? | [
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57333ba64776f419006607ac | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders, enticing borrowers to enter into "unsafe" or "unsound" secured loans for inappropriate purposes. A classic bait-and-switch method was used by Countrywide Financial, advertising low interest rates for home refinancing. Such loans were written into extensi... | What is the name for lending that entices borrowers to enter into unsafe secured loans? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Predatory lending"
]
} | What is the name for lending that entices borrowers to enter into unsafe secured loans? | [
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57333ba64776f419006607ad | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders, enticing borrowers to enter into "unsafe" or "unsound" secured loans for inappropriate purposes. A classic bait-and-switch method was used by Countrywide Financial, advertising low interest rates for home refinancing. Such loans were written into extensi... | What company used a classic bait-and-switch method by advertising low interest rates? | {
"answer_start": [
208
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"text": [
"Countrywide Financial"
]
} | What company used a classic bait-and-switch method by advertising low interest rates? | [
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57333ba64776f419006607ae | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders, enticing borrowers to enter into "unsafe" or "unsound" secured loans for inappropriate purposes. A classic bait-and-switch method was used by Countrywide Financial, advertising low interest rates for home refinancing. Such loans were written into extensi... | Which type loan would the consumer be put into instead of the 1% or 1.5% interest rate loan as advertised? | {
"answer_start": [
528
],
"text": [
"adjustable rate mortgage (ARM)"
]
} | Which type loan would the consumer be put into instead of the [MASK] or [MASK] interest rate loan as advertised? | [
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57333ba64776f419006607af | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders, enticing borrowers to enter into "unsafe" or "unsound" secured loans for inappropriate purposes. A classic bait-and-switch method was used by Countrywide Financial, advertising low interest rates for home refinancing. Such loans were written into extensi... | What was created when the interest charged was greater than the amount of interest paid? | {
"answer_start": [
653
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"text": [
"negative amortization"
]
} | What was created when the interest charged was greater than the amount of interest paid? | [
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57333ba64776f419006607b0 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders, enticing borrowers to enter into "unsafe" or "unsound" secured loans for inappropriate purposes. A classic bait-and-switch method was used by Countrywide Financial, advertising low interest rates for home refinancing. Such loans were written into extensi... | What type predatory lending method did Countrywide Financial use? | {
"answer_start": [
165
],
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"classic bait-and-switch"
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} | What type predatory lending method did [MASK] use? | [
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57333da94776f419006607be | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Countrywide, sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown for "unfair business practices" and "false advertising" was making high cost mortgages "to homeowners with weak credit, adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) that allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments". When housing prices decreased, homeowners in ARMs... | Who sued Countrywide for unfair business practices and false advertising? | {
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21
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"California Attorney General Jerry Brown"
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} | Who sued [MASK] for unfair business practices and false advertising? | [
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57333da94776f419006607bf | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Countrywide, sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown for "unfair business practices" and "false advertising" was making high cost mortgages "to homeowners with weak credit, adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) that allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments". When housing prices decreased, homeowners in ARMs... | What type mortgages allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments? | {
"answer_start": [
181
],
"text": [
"adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs)"
]
} | What type mortgages allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments? | [
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57333da94776f419006607c0 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Countrywide, sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown for "unfair business practices" and "false advertising" was making high cost mortgages "to homeowners with weak credit, adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) that allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments". When housing prices decreased, homeowners in ARMs... | What happened to home equity when housing prices decreased? | {
"answer_start": [
406
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"text": [
"disappeared"
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} | What happened to home equity when housing prices decreased? | [
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57333da94776f419006607c1 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Countrywide, sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown for "unfair business practices" and "false advertising" was making high cost mortgages "to homeowners with weak credit, adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) that allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments". When housing prices decreased, homeowners in ARMs... | Who made the decision to seize Countrywide after their financial condition deteriorated? | {
"answer_start": [
523
],
"text": [
"Office of Thrift Supervision"
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} | Who made the decision to seize [MASK] after their financial condition deteriorated? | [
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57333da94776f419006607c2 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Countrywide, sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown for "unfair business practices" and "false advertising" was making high cost mortgages "to homeowners with weak credit, adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) that allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments". When housing prices decreased, homeowners in ARMs... | What type credit did borrowers obtaining mortgages from Countrywide have? | {
"answer_start": [
168
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"weak credit"
]
} | What type credit did borrowers obtaining mortgages from [MASK] have? | [
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57333f7dd058e614000b57c8 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Critics such as economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation, such as the increasing importance of the shadow banking system, derivatives and off-balance sheet financing. A recent OECD study suggest that bank re... | What economist believed that regulations did not keep up with financial innovation? | {
"answer_start": [
26
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"text": [
"Paul Krugman"
]
} | What economist believed that regulations did not keep up with financial innovation? | [
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57333f7dd058e614000b57c9 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Critics such as economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation, such as the increasing importance of the shadow banking system, derivatives and off-balance sheet financing. A recent OECD study suggest that bank re... | Who was the U.S. Treasury Secretary dealing with the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"Timothy Geithner"
]
} | Who was the [MASK] Secretary dealing with the aftermath of the financial crisis of [MASK]? | [
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57333f7dd058e614000b57ca | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Critics such as economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation, such as the increasing importance of the shadow banking system, derivatives and off-balance sheet financing. A recent OECD study suggest that bank re... | Which group's study suggested that Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices? | {
"answer_start": [
289
],
"text": [
"OECD"
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} | Which group 's study suggested that [MASK] accords encourage unconventional business practices? | [
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57333f7dd058e614000b57cb | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Critics such as economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation, such as the increasing importance of the shadow banking system, derivatives and off-balance sheet financing. A recent OECD study suggest that bank re... | It has been argued that what did not keep up with financial innovation? | {
"answer_start": [
105
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"text": [
"regulatory framework"
]
} | It has been argued that what did not keep up with financial innovation? | [
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57333f7dd058e614000b57cc | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Critics such as economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation, such as the increasing importance of the shadow banking system, derivatives and off-balance sheet financing. A recent OECD study suggest that bank re... | What accords possibly contributed to or reinforced the financial crisis? | {
"answer_start": [
342
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"text": [
"Basel"
]
} | What accords possibly contributed to or reinforced the financial crisis? | [
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0.02589021... | Windows 8 supports a feature of the UEFI specification known as "Secure boot", which uses a public-key infrastructure to verify the integrity of the operating system and prevent unauthorized programs such as bootkits from infecting the device's boot process. Some pre-built devices may be described as "certified" by Mic... | The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance includi... | In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by HUD in the 1990s and to massive risky loan pu... | Basel | 9,120 |
573342a9d058e614000b57f0 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Prior to the crisis, financial institutions became highly leveraged, increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses. Much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives, which made it difficult f... | What did financial institutions do prior to the crisis? | {
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"became highly leveraged"
]
} | What did financial institutions do prior to the crisis? | [
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573342a9d058e614000b57f1 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Prior to the crisis, financial institutions became highly leveraged, increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses. Much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives, which made it difficult f... | What type financial instruments are off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives? | {
"answer_start": [
207
],
"text": [
"complex"
]
} | What type financial instruments are off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives? | [
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573342a9d058e614000b57f2 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Prior to the crisis, financial institutions became highly leveraged, increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses. Much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives, which made it difficult f... | Who bailed out financial institutions? | {
"answer_start": [
548
],
"text": [
"government"
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} | Who bailed out financial institutions? | [
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573342a9d058e614000b57f3 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Prior to the crisis, financial institutions became highly leveraged, increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses. Much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives, which made it difficult f... | Which option was nearly impossible for financial institutions to reorganize under? | {
"answer_start": [
504
],
"text": [
"bankruptcy"
]
} | Which option was nearly impossible for financial institutions to reorganize under? | [
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573342a9d058e614000b57f4 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Prior to the crisis, financial institutions became highly leveraged, increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses. Much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives, which made it difficult f... | What are the type financial instruments that were difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor? | {
"answer_start": [
207
],
"text": [
"complex financial instruments"
]
} | What are the type financial instruments that were difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor? | [
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5733450ed058e614000b580e | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | From 2004 to 2007, the top five U.S. investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage (see diagram), which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock. Changes in capital requirements, intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts, allowed lower risk weightings fo... | How many U.S. investment banks significantly increased their financial leverage from 2004 to 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"five"
]
} | How many [MASK] investment banks significantly increased their financial leverage from [MASK] to [MASK]? | [
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5733450ed058e614000b580f | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | From 2004 to 2007, the top five U.S. investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage (see diagram), which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock. Changes in capital requirements, intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts, allowed lower risk weightings fo... | U.S. investment banks Increased their financial leverage and also increased their vulnerability to what? | {
"answer_start": [
164
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"text": [
"financial shock"
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} | [MASK] investment banks Increased their financial leverage and also increased their vulnerability to what? | [
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5733450ed058e614000b5810 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | From 2004 to 2007, the top five U.S. investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage (see diagram), which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock. Changes in capital requirements, intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts, allowed lower risk weightings fo... | Changes in what intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts? | {
"answer_start": [
192
],
"text": [
"capital requirements"
]
} | Changes in what intended to keep [MASK] banks competitive with their [MASK] counterparts? | [
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5733450ed058e614000b5811 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | From 2004 to 2007, the top five U.S. investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage (see diagram), which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock. Changes in capital requirements, intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts, allowed lower risk weightings fo... | How much debt did the top five U.S. investment banks report in fiscal year 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
503
],
"text": [
"over $4.1 trillion"
]
} | How much debt did the top [MASK] [MASK] investment banks report in [MASK]? | [
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5733450ed058e614000b5812 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | From 2004 to 2007, the top five U.S. investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage (see diagram), which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock. Changes in capital requirements, intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts, allowed lower risk weightings fo... | What financial institution went bankrupt and was liquidated in 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
591
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"text": [
"Lehman Brothers"
]
} | What financial institution went bankrupt and was liquidated in [MASK]? | [
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573346cc4776f419006607ec | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Behavior that may be optimal for an individual (e.g., saving more during adverse economic conditions) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior, as ultimately one person's consumption is another person's income. Too many consumers attempting to save (or pay down debt) simultaneously is called ... | What is an example of something that can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"saving more during adverse economic conditions"
]
} | What is an example of something that can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior? | [
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573346cc4776f419006607ed | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Behavior that may be optimal for an individual (e.g., saving more during adverse economic conditions) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior, as ultimately one person's consumption is another person's income. Too many consumers attempting to save (or pay down debt) simultaneously is called ... | What is it called when too many consumers attempt to save or pay down debt at the same time? | {
"answer_start": [
324
],
"text": [
"paradox of thrift"
]
} | What is it called when too many consumers attempt to save or pay down debt at the same time? | [
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573346cc4776f419006607ee | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Behavior that may be optimal for an individual (e.g., saving more during adverse economic conditions) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior, as ultimately one person's consumption is another person's income. Too many consumers attempting to save (or pay down debt) simultaneously is called ... | What will happen if too many consumers save or pay down debt simultaneously? | {
"answer_start": [
346
],
"text": [
"can cause or deepen a recession"
]
} | What will happen if too many consumers save or pay down debt simultaneously? | [
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573346cc4776f419006607ef | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Behavior that may be optimal for an individual (e.g., saving more during adverse economic conditions) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior, as ultimately one person's consumption is another person's income. Too many consumers attempting to save (or pay down debt) simultaneously is called ... | Who is the economist who described a "paradox of deleveraging"? | {
"answer_start": [
389
],
"text": [
"Hyman Minsky"
]
} | Who is the economist who described a "paradox of deleveraging"? | [
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573346cc4776f419006607f0 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Behavior that may be optimal for an individual (e.g., saving more during adverse economic conditions) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior, as ultimately one person's consumption is another person's income. Too many consumers attempting to save (or pay down debt) simultaneously is called ... | Financial institutions cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without a decline in the value of this? | {
"answer_start": [
608
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"text": [
"their assets"
]
} | Financial institutions cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without a decline in the value of this? | [
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57334868d058e614000b5822 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | During April 2009, U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes: "Once this massive credit crunch hit, it didn’t take long before we were in a recession. The recession, in turn, deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell, and credit losses of financial institutions surged. Indeed... | Who was the U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair in April 2009? | {
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57334868d058e614000b5823 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | During April 2009, U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes: "Once this massive credit crunch hit, it didn’t take long before we were in a recession. The recession, in turn, deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell, and credit losses of financial institutions surged. Indeed... | What happened soon after the massive credit crunch hit? | {
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57334868d058e614000b5824 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | During April 2009, U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes: "Once this massive credit crunch hit, it didn’t take long before we were in a recession. The recession, in turn, deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell, and credit losses of financial institutions surged. Indeed... | What deepened the credit crunch when demand and employment fell? | {
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57334868d058e614000b5825 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | During April 2009, U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes: "Once this massive credit crunch hit, it didn’t take long before we were in a recession. The recession, in turn, deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell, and credit losses of financial institutions surged. Indeed... | What was one of the actions businesses took to preserve cash? | {
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57334868d058e614000b5826 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | During April 2009, U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes: "Once this massive credit crunch hit, it didn’t take long before we were in a recession. The recession, in turn, deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell, and credit losses of financial institutions surged. Indeed... | What occurred in nearly every corner of the economy after the financial crisis of 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
423
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573349f34776f41900660800 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives, such as offsetting a particular risk exposure (such as the default of a borrower) or to assist with obtaining financing. Examples pertinent to this crisis included: the adjustable-rate... | What term refers to the ongoing development of financial products? | {
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573349f34776f41900660801 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives, such as offsetting a particular risk exposure (such as the default of a borrower) or to assist with obtaining financing. Examples pertinent to this crisis included: the adjustable-rate... | What is an example of financial innovation pertinent to the financial crisis? | {
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573349f34776f41900660802 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives, such as offsetting a particular risk exposure (such as the default of a borrower) or to assist with obtaining financing. Examples pertinent to this crisis included: the adjustable-rate... | What is the abbreviation for a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps? | {
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573349f34776f41900660803 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives, such as offsetting a particular risk exposure (such as the default of a borrower) or to assist with obtaining financing. Examples pertinent to this crisis included: the adjustable-rate... | What is the financial innovation that bundles subprime mortgages? | {
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573349f34776f41900660804 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives, such as offsetting a particular risk exposure (such as the default of a borrower) or to assist with obtaining financing. Examples pertinent to this crisis included: the adjustable-rate... | What happened to the usage of financial innovation products in the years leading up the financial crisis? | {
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57334b0b4776f4190066080a | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | CDO issuance grew from an estimated $20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $180 billion by Q1 2007, then declined back under $20 billion by Q1 2008. Further, the credit quality of CDO's declined from 2000 to 2007, as the level of subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt increased from 5% to 36% of CDO assets. As ... | When did the issuance of CDO peak? | {
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57334b0b4776f4190066080b | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | CDO issuance grew from an estimated $20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $180 billion by Q1 2007, then declined back under $20 billion by Q1 2008. Further, the credit quality of CDO's declined from 2000 to 2007, as the level of subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt increased from 5% to 36% of CDO assets. As ... | What was the estimated value of CDO issuance in Q1 2004? | {
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57334b0b4776f4190066080c | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | CDO issuance grew from an estimated $20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $180 billion by Q1 2007, then declined back under $20 billion by Q1 2008. Further, the credit quality of CDO's declined from 2000 to 2007, as the level of subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt increased from 5% to 36% of CDO assets. As ... | What was the estimated value of CDO issuance at it's peak in Q1 2007? | {
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57334b0b4776f4190066080d | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | CDO issuance grew from an estimated $20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $180 billion by Q1 2007, then declined back under $20 billion by Q1 2008. Further, the credit quality of CDO's declined from 2000 to 2007, as the level of subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt increased from 5% to 36% of CDO assets. As ... | What percent of CDO assets were subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt in 2007? | {
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57334b0b4776f4190066080e | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | CDO issuance grew from an estimated $20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $180 billion by Q1 2007, then declined back under $20 billion by Q1 2008. Further, the credit quality of CDO's declined from 2000 to 2007, as the level of subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt increased from 5% to 36% of CDO assets. As ... | What was the estimated value of CDO issuance in Q1 2008? | {
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57334d024776f41900660814 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | This boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity. It multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage (including mortgage brokers, specialized originators, the securitizers and their due diligence firms, managing agents and trading desks, and finally investors, insurances ... | Which products created more complexity in the financial markets? | {
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"innovative financial products"
]
} | Which products created more complexity in the financial markets? | [
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0.3000371456146... | In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes... | Just as there is a need for tax shifting, there is also a need for subsidy shifting. Subsidies are not an inherently bad thing as many technologies and industries emerged through government subsidy schemes. The Stern Review explains that of 20 key innovations from the past 30 years, only one of the 14 was funded entire... | On the other hand, certain financial techniques can reduce the impact of such purchases on the currency. One is sterilisation, in which highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased, which keeps the money supply neutral. Another technique is simply to accept the bad assets as long-... | innovative financial products | 9,151 |
57334d024776f41900660815 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | This boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity. It multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage (including mortgage brokers, specialized originators, the securitizers and their due diligence firms, managing agents and trading desks, and finally investors, insurances ... | What effect did the introduction of innovative financial products have on a single mortgage? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"multiplied the number of actors connected"
]
} | What effect did the introduction of innovative financial products have on a single mortgage? | [
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57334d024776f41900660816 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | This boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity. It multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage (including mortgage brokers, specialized originators, the securitizers and their due diligence firms, managing agents and trading desks, and finally investors, insurances ... | What did institutions rely more on as increasing distance from underlying assets occurred? | {
"answer_start": [
440
],
"text": [
"indirect information"
]
} | What did institutions rely more on as increasing distance from underlying assets occurred? | [
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57334d024776f41900660817 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | This boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity. It multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage (including mortgage brokers, specialized originators, the securitizers and their due diligence firms, managing agents and trading desks, and finally investors, insurances ... | What is a type of indirect information that financial institutions and investors used to judge the risk? | {
"answer_start": [
596
],
"text": [
"computer models of rating agencies"
]
} | What is a type of indirect information that financial institutions and investors used to judge the risk? | [
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57334d024776f41900660818 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | This boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity. It multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage (including mortgage brokers, specialized originators, the securitizers and their due diligence firms, managing agents and trading desks, and finally investors, insurances ... | In what year did a group of computer scientists build a model for ratings produced by rating agencies that turned out to be accurate for what happened in 2006-2008? | {
"answer_start": [
776
],
"text": [
"2005"
]
} | In what year did a group of computer scientists build a model for ratings produced by rating agencies that turned out to be accurate for what happened in [MASK]? | [
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57334ed54776f41900660828 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk, which may be measured by interest rates or fees. Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled t... | What is a measurement of pricing of risk? | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"interest rates or fees"
]
} | What is a measurement of pricing of risk? | [
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-0.0643209293484... | The Municipality of Montevideo was first created by a legal act of 18 December 1908. The municipality's first mayor (1909–1911) was Daniel Muñoz. Municipalities were abolished by the Uruguayan Constitution of 1918, effectively restored during the 1933 military coup of Gabriel Terra, and formally restored by the 1934 Co... | As part of the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO), which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the w... | Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council have also argued that European legislators have pushed somewhat dogmatically for the adoption of the Basel II recommendations, adopted in 2005, transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD), effective since 2008. In essence, they forced ... | interest rates or fees | 9,156 |
57334ed54776f41900660829 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk, which may be measured by interest rates or fees. Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled t... | What is the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on addition risk called? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"pricing of risk"
]
} | What is the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on addition risk called? | [
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57334ed54776f4190066082a | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk, which may be measured by interest rates or fees. Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled t... | According to several scholars, what prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis? | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures"
]
} | According to several scholars, what prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis? | [
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57334ed54776f4190066082b | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk, which may be measured by interest rates or fees. Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled t... | How should risk levels have been disclosed according to several scholars? | {
"answer_start": [
497
],
"text": [
"straightforward, readily understandable format"
]
} | How should risk levels have been disclosed according to several scholars? | [
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57334ed54776f4190066082c | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk, which may be measured by interest rates or fees. Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled t... | What was the outcome of the financial crisis since risk levels were not adequately disclosed? | {
"answer_start": [
414
],
"text": [
"far more disruptive"
]
} | What was the outcome of the financial crisis since risk levels were not adequately disclosed? | [
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