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57335048d058e614000b5836 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | For a variety of reasons, market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as MBS and CDOs or understand its impact on the overall stability of the financial system. For example, the pricing model for CDOs clearly did not reflect the level of risk they introduced into the ... | What did market participants fail to measure accurately? | {
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"risk inherent with financial innovation"
]
} | What did market participants fail to measure accurately? | [
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-0.1544640064239502,... | In Johannine "agent Christology" the submission of Jesus to crucifixion is a sacrifice made as an agent of God or servant of God, for the sake of eventual victory. This builds on the salvific theme of the Gospel of John which begins in John 1:29 with John the Baptist's proclamation: "The Lamb of God who takes away the ... | The pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk, which may be measured by interest rates or fees. Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled t... | The term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives, such as offsetting a particular risk exposure (such as the default of a borrower) or to assist with obtaining financing. Examples pertinent to this crisis included: the adjustable-rate... | risk inherent with financial innovation | 9,161 |
57335048d058e614000b5837 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | For a variety of reasons, market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as MBS and CDOs or understand its impact on the overall stability of the financial system. For example, the pricing model for CDOs clearly did not reflect the level of risk they introduced into the ... | What are the reasons market participants did not understand the impact financial innovation products would have? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"a variety of reasons"
]
} | What are the reasons market participants did not understand the impact financial innovation products would have? | [
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0.0315328426... | The major European powers laid claim to the areas of Africa where they could exhibit a sphere of influence over the area. These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate. The European power that demonstrated its control over a territory accepted the mandate to rule that regi... | The pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk, which may be measured by interest rates or fees. Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled t... | In November 2008, economist Dean Baker observed: "There is a really good reason for tighter credit. Tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today. Businesses are facing the worst downturn since the Great Depression. This matters for credit decisions.... | a variety of reasons | 9,162 |
57335048d058e614000b5838 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | For a variety of reasons, market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as MBS and CDOs or understand its impact on the overall stability of the financial system. For example, the pricing model for CDOs clearly did not reflect the level of risk they introduced into the ... | How much did JPMorgan estimate was the average recovery rate for high quality CDOs that had been liquidated? | {
"answer_start": [
546
],
"text": [
"approximately 32 cents on the dollar"
]
} | How much did [MASK] estimate was the average recovery rate for high quality CDOs that had been liquidated? | [
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57335048d058e614000b5839 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | For a variety of reasons, market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as MBS and CDOs or understand its impact on the overall stability of the financial system. For example, the pricing model for CDOs clearly did not reflect the level of risk they introduced into the ... | How much did JPMorgan estimate was the average recovery rate for mezzanine CDOs that had been liquidated? | {
"answer_start": [
630
],
"text": [
"approximately five cents for every dollar"
]
} | How much did [MASK] estimate was the average recovery rate for mezzanine CDOs that had been liquidated? | [
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57335048d058e614000b583a | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | For a variety of reasons, market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as MBS and CDOs or understand its impact on the overall stability of the financial system. For example, the pricing model for CDOs clearly did not reflect the level of risk they introduced into the ... | How much did banks estimate was the value of CDOs sold between late 2005 to the middle of 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
349
],
"text": [
"$450bn"
]
} | How much did banks estimate was the value of CDOs sold [MASK]? | [
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57335128d058e614000b584a | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Another example relates to AIG, which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps. The basic CDS transaction involved AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted. However, AIG did not have the financial stre... | What firm insured obligations of various financial institutions using credit default swaps? | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"AIG"
]
} | What firm insured obligations of various financial institutions using credit default swaps? | [
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57335128d058e614000b584b | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Another example relates to AIG, which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps. The basic CDS transaction involved AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted. However, AIG did not have the financial stre... | What does the abbreviation CDS stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"credit default swaps"
]
} | What does the abbreviation CDS stand for? | [
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57335128d058e614000b584c | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Another example relates to AIG, which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps. The basic CDS transaction involved AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted. However, AIG did not have the financial stre... | When did the government take over AIG? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"September 2008"
]
} | When did the government take over [MASK]? | [
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57335128d058e614000b584d | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Another example relates to AIG, which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps. The basic CDS transaction involved AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted. However, AIG did not have the financial stre... | How much money did taxpayers provide in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009? | {
"answer_start": [
466
],
"text": [
"over $180 billion"
]
} | How much money did taxpayers provide in government support to [MASK] during [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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57335128d058e614000b584e | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Another example relates to AIG, which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps. The basic CDS transaction involved AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted. However, AIG did not have the financial stre... | What did AIG receive for promising to pay Party A in the event that Party B defaulted? | {
"answer_start": [
184
],
"text": [
"a premium"
]
} | What did [MASK] receive for promising to pay Party A in the event that [MASK] defaulted? | [
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573352f24776f41900660832 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | As financial assets became more and more complex, and harder and harder to value, investors were reassured by the fact that both the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators, who came to rely on them, accepted as valid some complex mathematical models which theoretically showed the risks were much smaller... | Who commented that the super-boom got out of hand when products became so complicated that risk could not be accurately calculated? | {
"answer_start": [
354
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"text": [
"George Soros"
]
} | Who commented that the super-boom got out of hand when products became so complicated that risk could not be accurately calculated? | [
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573352f24776f41900660833 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | As financial assets became more and more complex, and harder and harder to value, investors were reassured by the fact that both the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators, who came to rely on them, accepted as valid some complex mathematical models which theoretically showed the risks were much smaller... | What happened to financial assets that made them harder to value? | {
"answer_start": [
36
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"text": [
"more complex"
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} | What happened to financial assets that made them harder to value? | [
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573352f24776f41900660834 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | As financial assets became more and more complex, and harder and harder to value, investors were reassured by the fact that both the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators, who came to rely on them, accepted as valid some complex mathematical models which theoretically showed the risks were much smaller... | Who did rating agencies rely on for information to rate financial innovation products? | {
"answer_start": [
660
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"text": [
"the originators of synthetic products"
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} | Who did rating agencies rely on for information to rate financial innovation products? | [
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573352f24776f41900660835 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | As financial assets became more and more complex, and harder and harder to value, investors were reassured by the fact that both the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators, who came to rely on them, accepted as valid some complex mathematical models which theoretically showed the risks were much smaller... | When authorities could no longer calculate the risks of complex financial innovation products, who did they rely on for information? | {
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"the banks"
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} | When authorities could no longer calculate the risks of complex financial innovation products, who did they rely on for information? | [
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573352f24776f41900660836 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | As financial assets became more and more complex, and harder and harder to value, investors were reassured by the fact that both the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators, who came to rely on them, accepted as valid some complex mathematical models which theoretically showed the risks were much smaller... | Who reassured investors by showing the risk of complex financial innovation products was actually less than they proved to be? | {
"answer_start": [
133
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"text": [
"international bond rating agencies"
]
} | Who reassured investors by showing the risk of complex financial innovation products was actually less than they proved to be? | [
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5733558fd058e614000b586e | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Despite the dominance of the above formula, there are documented attempts of the financial industry, occurring before the crisis, to address the formula limitations, specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events. The volume "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas", published... | Who published "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas" in 2007? | {
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332
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"World Scientific"
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5733558fd058e614000b586f | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Despite the dominance of the above formula, there are documented attempts of the financial industry, occurring before the crisis, to address the formula limitations, specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events. The volume "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas", published... | When did relevant warnings and research on CDOs appear in an article by Donnelly and Embrechts? | {
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672
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5733558fd058e614000b5870 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Despite the dominance of the above formula, there are documented attempts of the financial industry, occurring before the crisis, to address the formula limitations, specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events. The volume "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas", published... | The volume "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas" summarizes a 2006 conference held by what firm in London? | {
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387
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"Merrill Lynch"
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} | The volume" [MASK]" summarizes a [MASK] conference held by what firm in [MASK]? | [
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5733558fd058e614000b5871 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Despite the dominance of the above formula, there are documented attempts of the financial industry, occurring before the crisis, to address the formula limitations, specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events. The volume "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas", published... | What did the volume "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas" propose models to rectify? | {
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478
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5733558fd058e614000b5872 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Despite the dominance of the above formula, there are documented attempts of the financial industry, occurring before the crisis, to address the formula limitations, specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events. The volume "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas", published... | What year did the book by Brigo, Pallavicini and Torresetti report warnings and research on CDOs? | {
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573357204776f41900660850 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner—who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury—placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a "run" on the entities in the "parallel" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These ... | Who was President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank in June 2008? | {
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} | Who was President and CEO of [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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573357204776f41900660851 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner—who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury—placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a "run" on the entities in the "parallel" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These ... | What year did Timothy Geithner become U.S. Treasury Secretary? | {
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573357204776f41900660852 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner—who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury—placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a "run" on the entities in the "parallel" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These ... | In a June 2008 speech, Timoty Geithner placed blame for credit market freezing on which system? | {
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} | In a [MASK] speech, [MASK] placed blame for credit market freezing on which system? | [
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573357204776f41900660853 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner—who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury—placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a "run" on the entities in the "parallel" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These ... | What is the "parallel" banking system also called? | {
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573357204776f41900660854 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner—who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury—placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a "run" on the entities in the "parallel" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These ... | What is the term defined as being vulnerable by borrowing short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term illiquid and risky assets? | {
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507
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5733582fd058e614000b5882 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut-down in the fall of 2008. More than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system doe... | When did the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking systems start to close down? | {
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95
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5733582fd058e614000b5883 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut-down in the fall of 2008. More than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system doe... | When did the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system nearly shut-down completely? | {
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138
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5733582fd058e614000b5884 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut-down in the fall of 2008. More than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system doe... | How much of the private credit markets become unavailable as a source of funds? | {
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152
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5733582fd058e614000b5885 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut-down in the fall of 2008. More than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system doe... | What is the firm who reported that the traditional banking system does not have capital to close the gap as of June 2009? | {
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263
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"Brookings Institution"
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5733582fd058e614000b5886 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut-down in the fall of 2008. More than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system doe... | How many years would of strong profit would it take to generate enough capital to support additional lending? | {
"answer_start": [
393
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573359544776f41900660870 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010: "The securitization markets also remain impaired, as investors anticipate more loan losses. Investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms. Private bond issuance of residential ... | What economist testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010? | {
"answer_start": [
10
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"text": [
"Mark Zandi"
]
} | What economist testified to [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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573359544776f41900660871 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010: "The securitization markets also remain impaired, as investors anticipate more loan losses. Investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms. Private bond issuance of residential ... | In January 2010, what markets did Mark Zandi testify about that remain impaired and investors anticipate more loan losses? | {
"answer_start": [
96
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"text": [
"securitization markets"
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} | In [MASK], what markets did [MASK] testify about that remain impaired and investors anticipate more loan losses? | [
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573359544776f41900660872 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010: "The securitization markets also remain impaired, as investors anticipate more loan losses. Investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms. Private bond issuance of residential ... | What was the value of CDOs at their peak in 2006? | {
"answer_start": [
415
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"text": [
"close to $2 trillion"
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} | What was the value of CDOs at their peak in [MASK]? | [
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0.053912... | Queen are one of the most bootlegged bands ever, according to Nick Weymouth, who manages the band's official website. A 2001 survey discovered the existence of 12,225 websites dedicated to Queen bootlegs, the highest number for any band. Bootleg recordings have contributed to the band's popularity in certain countries ... | This boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity. It multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage (including mortgage brokers, specialized originators, the securitizers and their due diligence firms, managing agents and trading desks, and finally investors, insurances ... | Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear S... | close to $2 trillion | 9,193 |
573359544776f41900660873 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010: "The securitization markets also remain impaired, as investors anticipate more loan losses. Investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms. Private bond issuance of residential ... | What was the private issuance of CDOs in 2009? | {
"answer_start": [
468
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"less than $150 billion"
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} | What was the private issuance of CDOs in [MASK]? | [
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573359544776f41900660874 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010: "The securitization markets also remain impaired, as investors anticipate more loan losses. Investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms. Private bond issuance of residential ... | Almost all of the asset-backed issuance in 2009 was supported by what Federal Reserve program? | {
"answer_start": [
574
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"text": [
"TALF"
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} | Almost all of the asset- backed issuance in [MASK] was supported by what [MASK] program? | [
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57335b42d058e614000b58e1 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble. The price of oil nearly tripled from $50 to $147 from early 2007 to 2008, before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008. Experts debate the causes, with some attributing it to speculative flow of money... | Following the collapse in the housing bubble, what happened to a number of commodity prices? | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Rapid increases"
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} | Following the collapse in the housing bubble, what happened to a number of commodity prices? | [
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0.33008930087... | The Duchy administers bona vacantia within the County Palatine, receiving the property of persons who die intestate and where the legal ownership cannot be ascertained. There is no separate Duke of Lancaster, the title merged into the Crown many centuries ago – but the Duchy is administered by the Queen in Right of the... | Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with "emerging" and "developing" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that "advanced" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing ec... | Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with "emerging" and "developing" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that "advanced" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing ec... | Rapid increases | 9,196 |
57335b42d058e614000b58e2 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble. The price of oil nearly tripled from $50 to $147 from early 2007 to 2008, before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008. Experts debate the causes, with some attributing it to speculative flow of money... | How much did the price of oil increase from early 2007 to 2008? | {
"answer_start": [
110
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"text": [
"nearly tripled from $50 to $147"
]
} | How much did the price of oil increase from [MASK] to 2008? | [
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0.283977150... | A Misratan militia took Gaddafi prisoner, beating him, causing serious injuries; the events were filmed on a mobile phone. A video appears to picture Gaddafi being poked or stabbed in the rear end "with some kind of stick or knife" or possibly a bayonet. Pulled onto the front of a pick-up truck, he fell off as it drove... | Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with "emerging" and "developing" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that "advanced" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing ec... | A number of events in 2006 pushed renewable energy up the political agenda, including the US mid-term elections in November, which confirmed clean energy as a mainstream issue. Also in 2006, the Stern Review made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies now, and argued that economic growth need n... | nearly tripled from $50 to $147 | 9,197 |
57335b42d058e614000b58e3 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble. The price of oil nearly tripled from $50 to $147 from early 2007 to 2008, before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008. Experts debate the causes, with some attributing it to speculative flow of money... | What did the price of oil began doing when the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008? | {
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"plunging"
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} | What did the price of oil began doing when the financial crisis began to take hold in [MASK]? | [
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0.31740599... | On October 21, 2008, Apple reported that only 14.21% of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from iPods. At the September 9, 2009 keynote presentation at the Apple Event, Phil Schiller announced total cumulative sales of iPods exceeded 220 million. The continual decline of iPod sales since 2009 has not ... | Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with "emerging" and "developing" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that "advanced" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing ec... | While the housing and credit bubbles were building, a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile, a process called financialization. U.S. Government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, which resulted in less oversight of activ... | plunging | 9,198 |
57335b42d058e614000b58e4 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble. The price of oil nearly tripled from $50 to $147 from early 2007 to 2008, before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008. Experts debate the causes, with some attributing it to speculative flow of money... | What is one of the reasons experts believe contributed to the volatilaty in oil prices in 2008? | {
"answer_start": [
382
],
"text": [
"monetary policy"
]
} | What is [MASK] of the reasons experts believe contributed to the volatilaty in oil prices in [MASK]? | [
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57335b42d058e614000b58e5 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble. The price of oil nearly tripled from $50 to $147 from early 2007 to 2008, before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008. Experts debate the causes, with some attributing it to speculative flow of money... | Consumers tend to have less money to spend on other goods, when the price of which commodity is higher? | {
"answer_start": [
665
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"text": [
"gasoline"
]
} | Consumers tend to have less money to spend on other goods, when the price of which commodity is higher? | [
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57335c77d058e614000b5907 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008, former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets (responsible for enforcement) Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange, founded by Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP as... | Who was the former director of the CFTC that testified before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008? | {
"answer_start": [
187
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"Michael Greenberger"
]
} | Who was the former director of the [MASK] that testified before [MASK] on [MASK]? | [
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57335c77d058e614000b5908 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008, former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets (responsible for enforcement) Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange, founded by Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP as... | Who did Michael Greenberger erronesously name as a key player in speculative run-up of oil futures? | {
"answer_start": [
244
],
"text": [
"IntercontinentalExchange"
]
} | Who did [MASK] erronesously name as a key player in speculative run- up of oil futures? | [
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57335c77d058e614000b5909 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008, former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets (responsible for enforcement) Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange, founded by Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP as... | Who founded the Atlanta-based Intercontinental Exchange? | {
"answer_start": [
281
],
"text": [
"Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP"
]
} | Who founded the [MASK]- based [MASK]? | [
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0.00373504543... | In September 2009, a U.S. Drone strike reportedly killed Ilyas Kashmiri, who was the chief of Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, a Kashmiri militant group associated with Al-Qaeda. Kashmiri was described by Bruce Riedel as a 'prominent' Al-Qaeda member, while others described him as the head of military operations for Al-Qaeda... | In separate testimony to Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, officers of Clayton Holdings—the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the United States and Europe—testified that Clayton's review of over 900,000 mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 revealed that scar... | Caesars Entertainment executives have been reconsidering the future of their three remaining Atlantic City properties (Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's), in the wake of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing by the company's casino operating unit in January 2015. | Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP | 9,203 |
57335c77d058e614000b590a | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008, former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets (responsible for enforcement) Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange, founded by Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP as... | Who purchased the International Petroleum Exchange in 2001? | {
"answer_start": [
464
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"text": [
"IntercontinentalExchange (ICE)"
]
} | Who purchased [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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57335c77d058e614000b590b | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008, former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets (responsible for enforcement) Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange, founded by Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP as... | Where are regulated future exchanges located? | {
"answer_start": [
430
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"text": [
"London and New York"
]
} | Where are regulated future exchanges located? | [
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57335ed14776f419006608d5 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession, and call for a reshaping of both the economy, economic theory and the economics profession. They argue that such a reshapin... | Who is one of the feminist economists that believe the financial crisis revealed a crisis of mainstream economics and call for a complete reshaping of the economy? | {
"answer_start": [
20
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"Ailsa McKay"
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} | Who is [MASK] of the feminist economists that believe the financial crisis revealed a crisis of mainstream economics and call for a complete reshaping of the economy? | [
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57335ed14776f419006608d6 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession, and call for a reshaping of both the economy, economic theory and the economics profession. They argue that such a reshapin... | Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjornhold believe that the financial crisis and response reveal a crisis of ideas in this? | {
"answer_start": [
139
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"text": [
"mainstream economics"
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} | [MASK] economists [MASK] and [MASK] believe that the financial crisis and response reveal a crisis of ideas in this? | [
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57335ed14776f419006608d7 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession, and call for a reshaping of both the economy, economic theory and the economics profession. They argue that such a reshapin... | According to feminist economists McKay and Bjornholt, would type economics should be included in a reshaping? | {
"answer_start": [
357
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"text": [
"feminist economics"
]
} | According to feminist economists [MASK] and [MASK], would type economics should be included in a reshaping? | [
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57335ed14776f419006608d8 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession, and call for a reshaping of both the economy, economic theory and the economics profession. They argue that such a reshapin... | What do economists McKay and Bjornholt want to occur in the economy, economic theory, and economics profession? | {
"answer_start": [
210
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"text": [
"a reshaping"
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} | What do economists [MASK] and [MASK] want to occur in the economy, economic theory, and economics profession? | [
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573360014776f4190066090a | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the International Monetary Fund.In 2005, at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan, who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve, Rajan delivered a controversial paper that wa... | Who was the current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India that predicted the crisis in 2005? | {
"answer_start": [
46
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"Raghuram Rajan"
]
} | Who was the current Governor of [MASK] that predicted the crisis in [MASK]? | [
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573360014776f4190066090b | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the International Monetary Fund.In 2005, at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan, who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve, Rajan delivered a controversial paper that wa... | When did Raghuram Rajan become chief economist the the International Monetary Fund? | {
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89
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"2005"
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} | When did [MASK] become chief economist the [MASK]? | [
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573360014776f4190066090c | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the International Monetary Fund.In 2005, at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan, who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve, Rajan delivered a controversial paper that wa... | In 2005, where did Rajan deliver a controversial paper that was critical of the financial paper? | {
"answer_start": [
169
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"text": [
"at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan"
]
} | In [MASK], where did [MASK] deliver a controversial paper that was critical of the financial paper? | [
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573360014776f4190066090d | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the International Monetary Fund.In 2005, at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan, who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve, Rajan delivered a controversial paper that wa... | What was the name of Raghuram Rajan's controversial paper delivered in 2005? | {
"answer_start": [
371
],
"text": [
"\"Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?\""
]
} | What was the name of [MASK] controversial paper delivered in [MASK]? | [
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573360014776f4190066090e | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the International Monetary Fund.In 2005, at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan, who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve, Rajan delivered a controversial paper that wa... | What are risks called that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but generous compensation the rest of the time? | {
"answer_start": [
696
],
"text": [
"tail risks"
]
} | What are risks called that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but generous compensation the rest of the time? | [
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5733612b4776f41900660932 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except Raghuram Rajan, who instead spoke of the Great Moderation. A number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis, with varying arguments. Dirk Bezemer in his research credits (with supporting argument and estimates of timing) 12 economists wi... | Who was one of the only mainstream economist to predict the financial crisis? | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"Raghuram Rajan"
]
} | Who was [MASK] of the only mainstream economist to predict the financial crisis? | [
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5733612b4776f41900660933 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except Raghuram Rajan, who instead spoke of the Great Moderation. A number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis, with varying arguments. Dirk Bezemer in his research credits (with supporting argument and estimates of timing) 12 economists wi... | What did Raghuram Rajan speak of? | {
"answer_start": [
119
],
"text": [
"Great Moderation"
]
} | What did [MASK] speak of? | [
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5733612b4776f41900660934 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except Raghuram Rajan, who instead spoke of the Great Moderation. A number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis, with varying arguments. Dirk Bezemer in his research credits (with supporting argument and estimates of timing) 12 economists wi... | Who credit 12 heterodox economists with predicting the crisis in his research credits? | {
"answer_start": [
216
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"text": [
"Dirk Bezemer"
]
} | Who credit [MASK] heterodox economists with predicting the crisis in his research credits? | [
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5733612b4776f41900660935 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except Raghuram Rajan, who instead spoke of the Great Moderation. A number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis, with varying arguments. Dirk Bezemer in his research credits (with supporting argument and estimates of timing) 12 economists wi... | How did the Austrian economic school regard the crisis? | {
"answer_start": [
768
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"text": [
"as a vindication"
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} | How did the [MASK] economic school regard the crisis? | [
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5733612b4776f41900660936 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except Raghuram Rajan, who instead spoke of the Great Moderation. A number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis, with varying arguments. Dirk Bezemer in his research credits (with supporting argument and estimates of timing) 12 economists wi... | Which former Fed Chair confessed in Congressional testimony to being forced to return to lax monetary supply? | {
"answer_start": [
1005
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"text": [
"Alan Greenspan"
]
} | Which former [MASK] Chair confessed in [MASK] testimony to being forced to return to lax monetary supply? | [
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5733625f4776f41900660962 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | A cover story in BusinessWeek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis... | Which magazine ran a cover story claiming that most economists failed to the the financial crisis? | {
"answer_start": [
17
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"BusinessWeek"
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} | Which magazine ran a cover story claiming that most economists failed to the the financial crisis? | [
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5733625f4776f41900660963 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | A cover story in BusinessWeek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis... | The financial crisis of 2007 was the worst economic crisis since which crisis that occurred in the 1930s? | {
"answer_start": [
137
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"text": [
"Great Depression"
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} | The financial crisis of [MASK] was the worst economic crisis since which crisis that occurred in [MASK]? | [
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5733625f4776f41900660964 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | A cover story in BusinessWeek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis... | Which school at University of Pennsylvania examined in their online business journal why economists failed to predict the crisis? | {
"answer_start": [
168
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"The Wharton School"
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} | Which school at [MASK] examined in their online business journal why economists failed to predict the crisis? | [
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5733625f4776f41900660965 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | A cover story in BusinessWeek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis... | Which economist did the New York Times state warned of a crisis as early as September 2006? | {
"answer_start": [
572
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"Nouriel Roubini"
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} | Which economist did the [MASK] state warned of a crisis as early as [MASK]? | [
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5733625f4776f41900660966 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | A cover story in BusinessWeek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis... | What was economist Roubini called by the New York Times for predicting a collapse of the housing market? | {
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897
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"\"Dr. Doom\""
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} | What was economist [MASK] called by [MASK] for predicting a collapse of the housing market? | [
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573363724776f41900660995 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Stock trader and financial risk engineer Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of the 2007 book The Black Swan, spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting, and their reliance on bad models, and framed... | Who wrote the 2007 book The Black Swan? | {
"answer_start": [
41
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"Nassim Nicholas Taleb"
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} | Who wrote the [MASK] book [MASK]? | [
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573363724776f41900660996 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Stock trader and financial risk engineer Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of the 2007 book The Black Swan, spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting, and their reliance on bad models, and framed... | What journalist from the New York Times stated his believe in Nassim Nicholas Taleb? | {
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568
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"David Brooks"
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} | What journalist from [MASK] stated his believe in [MASK]? | [
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573363724776f41900660997 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Stock trader and financial risk engineer Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of the 2007 book The Black Swan, spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting, and their reliance on bad models, and framed... | What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb warn about for years prior to the financial crisis of 2007? | {
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132
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"the breakdown of the banking system"
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} | What did [MASK] warn about for [MASK] prior to the financial crisis of [MASK]? | [
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573363724776f41900660998 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Stock trader and financial risk engineer Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of the 2007 book The Black Swan, spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting, and their reliance on bad models, and framed... | What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb make a fortune on by making a big financial bet? | {
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456
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"banking stocks"
]
} | What did [MASK] make a fortune on by making a big financial bet? | [
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5733651b4776f419006609bf | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist "between the current market malaise" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. "It's v... | Who is the market strategist that believes distinctions exist between the current crisis and the Great Depression? | {
"answer_start": [
18
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"Phil Dow"
]
} | Who is the market strategist that believes distinctions exist between the current crisis and [MASK]? | [
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5733651b4776f419006609c0 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist "between the current market malaise" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. "It's v... | How much did the Dow Jones average fall during a period of 17 months? | {
"answer_start": [
168
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"text": [
"50%"
]
} | How much did the [MASK] average fall during [MASK]? | [
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5733651b4776f419006609c1 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist "between the current market malaise" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. "It's v... | What was the percentage the Dow Jones fell in the Great Depression? | {
"answer_start": [
215
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"54.7%"
]
} | What was the percentage [MASK] fell in [MASK]? | [
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5733651b4776f419006609c2 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist "between the current market malaise" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. "It's v... | Who was the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times in March 2009? | {
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373
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"Floyd Norris"
]
} | Who was the chief financial correspondent of [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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573365f4d058e614000b5a14 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | One of the first victims was Northern Rock, a medium-sized British bank. The highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the Bank of England. This in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid-September 2007. Calls by Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable to nationalise... | Which medium sized British bank was the first victim of the financial crisis? | {
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29
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"Northern Rock"
]
} | Which medium sized [MASK] bank was the [MASK] victim of the financial crisis? | [
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573365f4d058e614000b5a15 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | One of the first victims was Northern Rock, a medium-sized British bank. The highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the Bank of England. This in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid-September 2007. Calls by Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable to nationalise... | Who did Northern Rock request security from? | {
"answer_start": [
159
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"Bank of England"
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} | Who did [MASK] request security from? | [
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573365f4d058e614000b5a16 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | One of the first victims was Northern Rock, a medium-sized British bank. The highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the Bank of England. This in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid-September 2007. Calls by Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable to nationalise... | When did Northern Rock investors panic and a bank run begin? | {
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0.07405592501... | The question of whether P equals NP is one of the most important open questions in theoretical computer science because of the wide implications of a solution. If the answer is yes, many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions. These include various types of integer programming problems in oper... | Finance proved a major problem for the Labour Party during this period; a "cash for peerages" scandal under Blair resulted in the drying up of many major sources of donations. Declining party membership, partially due to the reduction of activists' influence upon policy-making under the reforms of Neil Kinnock and Blai... | This meant that nearly one-third of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: "It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficie... | September 2007 | 9,235 |
573365f4d058e614000b5a17 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | One of the first victims was Northern Rock, a medium-sized British bank. The highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the Bank of England. This in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid-September 2007. Calls by Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable to nationalise... | When was Northern Rock taken into public hands? | {
"answer_start": [
364
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"text": [
"February 2008"
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} | When was [MASK] taken into public hands? | [
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573365f4d058e614000b5a18 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | One of the first victims was Northern Rock, a medium-sized British bank. The highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the Bank of England. This in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid-September 2007. Calls by Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable to nationalise... | Which bank early problems in 2007 were an indicator of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions? | {
"answer_start": [
510
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"text": [
"Northern Rock"
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} | Which bank early problems in [MASK] were an indicator of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions? | [
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573368994776f41900660a3f | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower’s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac’s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower’s needs, usi... | IndyMac often made loans without verifying what? | {
"answer_start": [
49
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"text": [
"the borrower’s income"
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} | [MASK] often made loans without verifying what? | [
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573368994776f41900660a40 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower’s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac’s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower’s needs, usi... | What was questionable on IndyMac's underlying collateral? | {
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127
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"text": [
"Appraisals"
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} | What was questionable on [MASK] 's underlying collateral? | [
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573368994776f41900660a41 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower’s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac’s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower’s needs, usi... | IndyMac gave loans to borrower's with what type credit histories? | {
"answer_start": [
104
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"poor"
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} | [MASK] gave loans to borrower 's with what type credit histories? | [
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573368994776f41900660a42 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower’s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac’s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower’s needs, usi... | IndyMac offered this type of questionable loans to borrowers? | {
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345
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"risky"
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573368994776f41900660a43 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower’s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac’s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower’s needs, usi... | IndyMac resisted efforts by regulators to tighten this criteria of their loans? | {
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759
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"issuing criteria"
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} | [MASK] resisted efforts by regulators to tighten this criteria of their loans? | [
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57337fd34776f41900660bf9 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Typical American families did not fare as well, nor did those "wealthy-but-not wealthiest" families just beneath the pyramid's top. On the other hand, half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis. The Federal Reserve surveyed 4,000 households between 2007 and 2009, and found that t... | How many of the poorest families did not have any wealth decline during the financial crisis? | {
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151
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"text": [
"half"
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} | How many of the poorest families did not have any wealth decline during the financial crisis? | [
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57337fd34776f41900660bfa | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Typical American families did not fare as well, nor did those "wealthy-but-not wealthiest" families just beneath the pyramid's top. On the other hand, half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis. The Federal Reserve surveyed 4,000 households between 2007 and 2009, and found that t... | In a Federal Reserve survey of 4,000 households, what percent reported wealth decline between 2007 and 2009? | {
"answer_start": [
339
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"63"
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} | In a [MASK] survey of [MASK] households, what percent reported wealth decline [MASK]? | [
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57337fd34776f41900660bfb | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Typical American families did not fare as well, nor did those "wealthy-but-not wealthiest" families just beneath the pyramid's top. On the other hand, half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis. The Federal Reserve surveyed 4,000 households between 2007 and 2009, and found that t... | How many of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009? | {
"answer_start": [
392
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"77"
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} | How many of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth [MASK]? | [
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57337fd34776f41900660bfc | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Typical American families did not fare as well, nor did those "wealthy-but-not wealthiest" families just beneath the pyramid's top. On the other hand, half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis. The Federal Reserve surveyed 4,000 households between 2007 and 2009, and found that t... | How many families at the bottom of the pyramid had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009? | {
"answer_start": [
470
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"text": [
"50"
]
} | How many families at the bottom of the pyramid had a decrease in total wealth [MASK]? | [
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57337fd34776f41900660bfd | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Typical American families did not fare as well, nor did those "wealthy-but-not wealthiest" families just beneath the pyramid's top. On the other hand, half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis. The Federal Reserve surveyed 4,000 households between 2007 and 2009, and found that t... | Which families experienced the least decline in wealth between 2007 and 2009? | {
"answer_start": [
163
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"text": [
"poorest families"
]
} | Which families experienced the least decline in wealth [MASK]? | [
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573381524776f41900660c15 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | On November 3, 2008, the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP, by 0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK (−1.0%), Ireland and Spain. On November 6, the IMF at Washington, D.C., launched numbers pred... | On November 3, 2008, who predicted extremely weak GDP growth for the Eurozone in 2009? | {
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"European Commission at Brussels"
]
} | On [MASK], who predicted extremely weak GDP growth for the [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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573381524776f41900660c16 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | On November 3, 2008, the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP, by 0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK (−1.0%), Ireland and Spain. On November 6, the IMF at Washington, D.C., launched numbers pred... | How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for Eurozone countries would be in 2009? | {
"answer_start": [
112
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"text": [
"0.1%"
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} | How much did [MASK] estimate the GDP growth for [MASK] countries would be in [MASK]? | [
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573381524776f41900660c17 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | On November 3, 2008, the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP, by 0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK (−1.0%), Ireland and Spain. On November 6, the IMF at Washington, D.C., launched numbers pred... | How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for the UK would be in 2009? | {
"answer_start": [
228
],
"text": [
"−1.0%"
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} | How much did [MASK] estimate the GDP growth for the [MASK] would be in [MASK]? | [
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0.11212791502... | The Allied disaster at Austerlitz significantly shook the faith of Emperor Francis in the British-led war effort. France and Austria agreed to an armistice immediately and the Treaty of Pressburg followed shortly after on 26 December. Pressburg took Austria out of both the war and the Coalition while reinforcing the ea... | Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with "emerging" and "developing" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that "advanced" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing ec... | After fourteen consecutive years of economic growth, Greece went into recession in 2008. By the end of 2009, the Greek economy faced the highest budget deficit and government debt-to-GDP ratios in the EU. After several upward revisions, the 2009 budget deficit is now estimated at 15.7% of GDP. This, combined with rapid... | −1.0% | 9,250 |
573381524776f41900660c18 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | On November 3, 2008, the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP, by 0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK (−1.0%), Ireland and Spain. On November 6, the IMF at Washington, D.C., launched numbers pred... | On November 6, in Washington, D.C., who predicted a worldwide recession for 2009? | {
"answer_start": [
270
],
"text": [
"the IMF"
]
} | On [MASK], in [MASK], [MASK], who predicted a worldwide recession for [MASK]? | [
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0.0835625678300... | This multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) for the 1982 World National Parks Conference. Wil... | Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with "emerging" and "developing" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that "advanced" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing ec... | In 2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles. To partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting s... | the IMF | 9,251 |
573381524776f41900660c19 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | On November 3, 2008, the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP, by 0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK (−1.0%), Ireland and Spain. On November 6, the IMF at Washington, D.C., launched numbers pred... | On November 5, 2008, the Bank of England reduced their interest rate from 4.5% to what? | {
"answer_start": [
536
],
"text": [
"3%"
]
} | On [MASK], [MASK] reduced their interest rate from [MASK] to what? | [
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0.0986335128... | Under Tito's leadership, Yugoslavia became a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement. In 1961, Tito co-founded the movement with Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, India's Jawaharlal Nehru, Indonesia's Sukarno and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah, in an action called The Initiative of Five (Tito, Nehru, Nasser, Sukarno, Nkrumah), th... | Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with "emerging" and "developing" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that "advanced" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing ec... | After fourteen consecutive years of economic growth, Greece went into recession in 2008. By the end of 2009, the Greek economy faced the highest budget deficit and government debt-to-GDP ratios in the EU. After several upward revisions, the 2009 budget deficit is now estimated at 15.7% of GDP. This, combined with rapid... | 3% | 9,252 |
5733823bd058e614000b5c03 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The U.S. Federal Reserve and central banks around the world have taken steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral, in which lower wages and higher unemployment lead to a self-reinforcing decline in global consumption. In addition, governments have enacted large fiscal stimulus packages, b... | What have central banks around the world done to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral? | {
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"expand money supplies"
]
} | What have central banks around the world done to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral? | [
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5733823bd058e614000b5c04 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The U.S. Federal Reserve and central banks around the world have taken steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral, in which lower wages and higher unemployment lead to a self-reinforcing decline in global consumption. In addition, governments have enacted large fiscal stimulus packages, b... | What have governments done to offset the reduction in private sector demand? | {
"answer_start": [
279
],
"text": [
"enacted large fiscal stimulus packages"
]
} | What have governments done to offset the reduction in private sector demand? | [
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5733823bd058e614000b5c05 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The U.S. Federal Reserve and central banks around the world have taken steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral, in which lower wages and higher unemployment lead to a self-reinforcing decline in global consumption. In addition, governments have enacted large fiscal stimulus packages, b... | What is the U.S. Federal Reserve's traditional role during a crisis? | {
"answer_start": [
549
],
"text": [
"lender-of-last-resort"
]
} | What is [MASK] traditional role during a crisis? | [
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5733823bd058e614000b5c06 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The U.S. Federal Reserve and central banks around the world have taken steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral, in which lower wages and higher unemployment lead to a self-reinforcing decline in global consumption. In addition, governments have enacted large fiscal stimulus packages, b... | What did the U.S. Federal Reserve do to increase access to liquidity? | {
"answer_start": [
451
],
"text": [
"expanded liquidity facilities"
]
} | What did [MASK] do to increase access to liquidity? | [
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5733823bd058e614000b5c07 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The U.S. Federal Reserve and central banks around the world have taken steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral, in which lower wages and higher unemployment lead to a self-reinforcing decline in global consumption. In addition, governments have enacted large fiscal stimulus packages, b... | What type decline does lower wages and higher unemployment lead to? | {
"answer_start": [
201
],
"text": [
"self-reinforcing decline"
]
} | What type decline does lower wages and higher unemployment lead to? | [
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0.2812233567... | However, the prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries. It was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work. The most well-known of these works... | Many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested, with varying weight assigned by experts. The U.S. Senate's Levin–Coburn Report concluded that the crisis was the result of "high risk, complex financial products; undisclosed conflicts of interest; the failure of regulators, the credit rating agencies, and the m... | The World Bank reported in February 2009 that the Arab World was far less severely affected by the credit crunch. With generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits, such as remittances, Foreign Direct Investment (FD... | self-reinforcing decline | 9,257 |
5733835e4776f41900660c4b | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | This credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse. The response of the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England and other central banks was immediate and dramatic. During the last quarter of 2008, these central banks purchased US$2.5 trillion of government debt and t... | What brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse? | {
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"credit freeze"
]
} | What brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse? | [
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0.316927403... | On the other hand, Luther also points out that the Ten Commandments – when considered not as God's condemning judgment but as an expression of his eternal will, that is, of the natural law – also positively teach how the Christian ought to live. This has traditionally been called the "third use of the law." For Luther,... | To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Fed... | While the housing and credit bubbles were building, a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile, a process called financialization. U.S. Government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, which resulted in less oversight of activ... | credit freeze | 9,258 |
5733835e4776f41900660c4c | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | This credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse. The response of the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England and other central banks was immediate and dramatic. During the last quarter of 2008, these central banks purchased US$2.5 trillion of government debt and t... | How much government debt and troubled private assets did central banks purchase during the last quarter of 2008? | {
"answer_start": [
280
],
"text": [
"US$2.5 trillion"
]
} | How much government debt and troubled private assets did central banks purchase during [MASK]? | [
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5733835e4776f41900660c4d | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | This credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse. The response of the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England and other central banks was immediate and dramatic. During the last quarter of 2008, these central banks purchased US$2.5 trillion of government debt and t... | How much preferred stock did governments of European nations and the USA purchase in their major banks? | {
"answer_start": [
719
],
"text": [
"$1.5 trillion"
]
} | How much preferred stock did governments of [MASK] nations and the [MASK] purchase in their major banks? | [
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0.2381879091262817... | As the years went by, the three feudal lords and their extensive territories became increasingly autonomous. Finally, in 1673, Shang Kexi petitioned Kangxi for permission to retire to his hometown in Liaodong province and nominated his son as his successor. The young emperor granted his retirement, but denied the hered... | To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Fed... | As financial assets became more and more complex, and harder and harder to value, investors were reassured by the fact that both the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators, who came to rely on them, accepted as valid some complex mathematical models which theoretically showed the risks were much smaller... | $1.5 trillion | 9,260 |
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