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57269cc3dd62a815002e8b15 | European_Union_law | While the Treaties and Regulations will have direct effect (if clear, unconditional and immediate), Directives do not generally give citizens (as opposed to the member state) standing to sue other citizens. In theory, this is because TFEU article 288 says Directives are addressed to the member states and usually "leave... | When did the three Advocate Generals argue that Directives should create rights and duties for all citizens? | {
"answer_start": [
1027,
1023,
1027
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"text": [
"early 1990s",
"the early 1990s",
"early 1990s"
]
} | When did the [MASK] Advocate Generals argue that Directives should create rights and duties for all citizens? | [
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0.055031515657... | The Greco-Egyptian scientist Claudius Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain (μεγάλης Βρεττανίας - megális Brettanias) and to Ireland as little Britain (μικρής Βρεττανίας - mikris Brettanias) in his work Almagest (147–148 AD). In his later work, Geography (c. 150 AD), he gave these islands the names Alw... | If a party has materially violated or breached its treaty obligations, the other parties may invoke this breach as grounds for temporarily suspending their obligations to that party under the treaty. A material breach may also be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating the treaty itself. | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States... | early 1990s | 91,801 |
57269e3bf1498d1400e8e516 | European_Union_law | First, if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met, the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action (so called "vertical" direct effect). So, in Pubblico Ministero v Ratti because the Italian government had failed to implement a Directive 73/173/EE... | What happens first if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met? | {
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64,
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"the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action",
"the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws",
"the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws"
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} | What happens [MASK] if a Directive 's deadline for implementation is not met? | [
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0.00568677857... | In 1636 George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ruler of the Brunswick-Lüneburg principality of Calenberg, moved his residence to Hanover. The Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg were elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor to the rank of Prince-Elector in 1692, and this elevation was confirmed by the Imperial Diet in 1708. Thus the pr... | Since its foundation, the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. Reflecting the economic nature of the project, the European Community originally focused upon free movement of workers: as a "factor of production". However, from the 1970s, this focus shifted tow... | If a party has materially violated or breached its treaty obligations, the other parties may invoke this breach as grounds for temporarily suspending their obligations to that party under the treaty. A material breach may also be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating the treaty itself. | the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action | 91,802 |
57269e3bf1498d1400e8e517 | European_Union_law | First, if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met, the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action (so called "vertical" direct effect). So, in Pubblico Ministero v Ratti because the Italian government had failed to implement a Directive 73/173/EE... | What happens secondly if a Directive's deadline is not met? | {
"answer_start": [
632,
118,
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"a citizen or company can invoke a Directive, not just in a dispute with a public authority, but in a dispute with another citizen or company",
"a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action (so called \"vertical\" direct effect)",
"a ... | What happens [MASK] if a Directive 's deadline is not met? | [
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0.0583416707813739... | During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. Follow... | Since its foundation, the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. Reflecting the economic nature of the project, the European Community originally focused upon free movement of workers: as a "factor of production". However, from the 1970s, this focus shifted tow... | In the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is applied: a government service should be provided by the lowest, most local authority that can competently provide it. An effect is that distribution of funds into multiple instances discourages embezzlement, because even small sums missing will be noticed. In cont... | a citizen or company can invoke a Directive, not just in a dispute with a public authority, but in a dispute with another citizen or company | 91,803 |
57269e3bf1498d1400e8e518 | European_Union_law | First, if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met, the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action (so called "vertical" direct effect). So, in Pubblico Ministero v Ratti because the Italian government had failed to implement a Directive 73/173/EE... | How long did Ms Kucukdeveci work for Swedex Gmbh & Co KG before she was dismissed? | {
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"10 years",
"10 years",
"10 years"
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} | How long did Ms [MASK] work for [MASK] before she was dismissed? | [
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57269e3bf1498d1400e8e519 | European_Union_law | First, if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met, the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action (so called "vertical" direct effect). So, in Pubblico Ministero v Ratti because the Italian government had failed to implement a Directive 73/173/EE... | Which company did Mrs Foster work for? | {
"answer_start": [
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"British Gas plc",
"British Gas plc",
"British Gas plc"
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} | Which company did Mrs [MASK] work for? | [
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0.37903964519500... | The city has a unique status in Brazil, as it is an administrative division rather than a legal municipality like other cities in Brazil. The name 'Brasília' is commonly used as a synonym for the Federal District through synecdoche; However, the Federal District is composed of 31 administrative regions, only one of whi... | Since its foundation, the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. Reflecting the economic nature of the project, the European Community originally focused upon free movement of workers: as a "factor of production". However, from the 1970s, this focus shifted tow... | Testimony given to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission by Richard M. Bowen III on events during his tenure as the Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup (where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters) suggests that by the final years of the... | British Gas plc | 91,805 |
57269e3bf1498d1400e8e51a | European_Union_law | First, if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met, the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action (so called "vertical" direct effect). So, in Pubblico Ministero v Ratti because the Italian government had failed to implement a Directive 73/173/EE... | At what age did British Gas plc force their workers to retire? | {
"answer_start": [
2145,
2145,
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],
"text": [
"women retire at age 60 and men at 65",
"women retire at age 60 and men at 65",
"women retire at age 60 and men at 65"
]
} | At what age did [MASK] force their workers to retire? | [
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0.0436149835... | Vinyl records do not break easily, but the soft material is easily scratched. Vinyl readily acquires a static charge, attracting dust that is difficult to remove completely. Dust and scratches cause audio clicks and pops. In extreme cases, they can cause the needle to skip over a series of grooves, or worse yet, cause ... | Since its foundation, the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. Reflecting the economic nature of the project, the European Community originally focused upon free movement of workers: as a "factor of production". However, from the 1970s, this focus shifted tow... | Similarly, in 1996, member countries of the European Union, per Directive 94/33/EC, agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws. Under these rules, children of various ages may work in cultural, artistic, sporting or advertising activities if authorised by the competent authority. Childre... | women retire at age 60 and men at 65 | 91,806 |
57269f3ef1498d1400e8e534 | European_Union_law | Fourth, national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law "as far as possible in the light of the wording and purpose of the directive". Textbooks (though not the Court itself) often called this "indirect effect". In Marleasing SA v La Comercial SA the Court of Justice held that a Spanish Court had to interpret its... | Which courts have a duty to interpret domestic law as far as possible? | {
"answer_start": [
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8
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"text": [
"national courts",
"national courts",
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} | Which courts have a duty to interpret domestic law as far as possible? | [
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57269f3ef1498d1400e8e535 | European_Union_law | Fourth, national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law "as far as possible in the light of the wording and purpose of the directive". Textbooks (though not the Court itself) often called this "indirect effect". In Marleasing SA v La Comercial SA the Court of Justice held that a Spanish Court had to interpret its... | What does the First Company Law Directive article 11 require? | {
"answer_start": [
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"incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons",
"incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons",
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} | What does [MASK] article [MASK] require? | [
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... | Convinced that he needed a wasta, or an influential intermediary to promote his application above the others, Nasser managed to secure a meeting with Under-Secretary of War Ibrahim Khairy Pasha, the person responsible for the academy's selection board, and requested his help. Khairy Pasha agreed and sponsored Nasser's ... | Traditionally, Section 1983 was of limited use for a state prisoner under sentence of death because the Supreme Court has held that habeas corpus, not Section 1983, is the only vehicle by which a state prisoner can challenge his judgment of death. In the 2006 Hill v. McDonough case, however, the United States Supreme C... | In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and whe... | incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons | 91,808 |
57269f3ef1498d1400e8e536 | European_Union_law | Fourth, national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law "as far as possible in the light of the wording and purpose of the directive". Textbooks (though not the Court itself) often called this "indirect effect". In Marleasing SA v La Comercial SA the Court of Justice held that a Spanish Court had to interpret its... | What did the Italian government fail to do in Francovich v Italy? | {
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"failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent",
"to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent, as the Insolvency Protection Di... | What did the [MASK] government fail to do in [MASK] v Italy? | [
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57269f3ef1498d1400e8e537 | European_Union_law | Fourth, national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law "as far as possible in the light of the wording and purpose of the directive". Textbooks (though not the Court itself) often called this "indirect effect". In Marleasing SA v La Comercial SA the Court of Justice held that a Spanish Court had to interpret its... | How much money was Francovich allowed to claim from the Italian goverment in damages? | {
"answer_start": [
1190,
1190,
1190
],
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"6 million Lira",
"6 million Lira",
"6 million Lira"
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} | How much money was [MASK] allowed to claim from the [MASK] goverment in damages? | [
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0.288729578256... | The city has a rich history, spanning nearly 2000 years, as inferred from inscriptions found in the valley. Religious and cultural festivities form a major part of the lives of people residing in Kathmandu. Most of Kathmandu's people follow Hinduism and many others follow Buddhism. There are people of other religious b... | Traditionally, Section 1983 was of limited use for a state prisoner under sentence of death because the Supreme Court has held that habeas corpus, not Section 1983, is the only vehicle by which a state prisoner can challenge his judgment of death. In the 2006 Hill v. McDonough case, however, the United States Supreme C... | Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pag... | 6 million Lira | 91,810 |
5726a00cf1498d1400e8e550 | European_Union_law | The principles of European Union law are rules of law which have been developed by the European Court of Justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly provided for in the treaties but which affect how European Union law is interpreted and applies. In formulating these principles, the courts have drawn... | Which entity developed the principles of European Union Law? | {
"answer_start": [
83,
83,
83
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"text": [
"the European Court of Justice",
"the European Court of Justice",
"the European Court"
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} | Which entity developed the principles of [MASK]? | [
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5726a00cf1498d1400e8e551 | European_Union_law | The principles of European Union law are rules of law which have been developed by the European Court of Justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly provided for in the treaties but which affect how European Union law is interpreted and applies. In formulating these principles, the courts have drawn... | What are some of the accepted general principles of European Union law? | {
"answer_start": [
600,
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"text": [
"fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity",
"fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity",
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0.009482440538704... | While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century, Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively. The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule was the Ionian Isla... | The language of treaties, like that of any law or contract, must be interpreted when the wording does not seem clear or it is not immediately apparent how it should be applied in a perhaps unforeseen circumstance. The Vienna Convention states that treaties are to be interpreted "in good faith" according to the "ordinar... | Today, the Treaty of Lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements in Article 101(1), including price fixing. According to Article 101(2) any such agreements are automatically void. Article 101(3) establishes exemptions, if the collusion is for distributional or technological innovation, gives consumers a "fair share" o... | fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity | 91,812 |
5726a09f708984140094cc39 | European_Union_law | Proportionality is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1950s. According to the general principle of proportionality the lawfulness of an action depends on whether it was appropriate and necessary to achieve the objectives legitimately pursued. When t... | How long has Proportionality been recognized as one of the general principles of EU law? | {
"answer_start": [
115,
115,
115
],
"text": [
"since the 1950s",
"since the 1950s",
"since the 1950s"
]
} | How long has Proportionality been recognized as [MASK] of the general principles of [MASK] law? | [
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5726a09f708984140094cc3a | European_Union_law | Proportionality is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1950s. According to the general principle of proportionality the lawfulness of an action depends on whether it was appropriate and necessary to achieve the objectives legitimately pursued. When t... | Where is the principle of proportionality recognized in the EC treaty? | {
"answer_start": [
539,
186,
542
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"in Article 5",
"the lawfulness of an action depends on whether it was appropriate and necessary to achieve the objectives legitimately pursued",
"Article 5"
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} | Where is the principle of proportionality recognized in the [MASK] treaty? | [
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5726a09f708984140094cc3b | European_Union_law | Proportionality is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1950s. According to the general principle of proportionality the lawfulness of an action depends on whether it was appropriate and necessary to achieve the objectives legitimately pursued. When t... | Which measure must be adopted when there is a choice between several? | {
"answer_start": [
374,
374,
374
],
"text": [
"the least onerous",
"the least onerous must be adopted",
"the least onerous must be adopted"
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} | Which measure must be adopted when there is a choice between several? | [
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5726a14c708984140094cc51 | European_Union_law | The concept of legal certainty is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1960s. It is an important general principle of international law and public law, which predates European Union law. As a general principle in European Union law it means that the l... | How long has the concept of legal certainty been recognized as one of the general principles by the EU law? | {
"answer_start": [
130,
130,
130
],
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"since the 1960s",
"since the 1960s",
"since the 1960s"
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} | How long has the concept of legal certainty been recognized as [MASK] of the general principles by the [MASK] law? | [
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5726a14c708984140094cc52 | European_Union_law | The concept of legal certainty is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1960s. It is an important general principle of international law and public law, which predates European Union law. As a general principle in European Union law it means that the l... | Which laws mentioned predate EU law? | {
"answer_start": [
187,
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"text": [
"international law and public law",
"international law and public law",
"international law and public law"
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} | Which laws mentioned predate [MASK] law? | [
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5726a14c708984140094cc53 | European_Union_law | The concept of legal certainty is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1960s. It is an important general principle of international law and public law, which predates European Union law. As a general principle in European Union law it means that the l... | What must the adoption of laws which will have legal effect in the EU have? | {
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544,
544,
544
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"a proper legal basis",
"a proper legal basis",
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} | What must the adoption of laws which will have legal effect in the [MASK] have? | [
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5726a14c708984140094cc54 | European_Union_law | The concept of legal certainty is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1960s. It is an important general principle of international law and public law, which predates European Union law. As a general principle in European Union law it means that the l... | In what does the doctrine of legitimate expectations have roots? | {
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936,
936,
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"the principles of legal certainty and good faith",
"the principles of legal certainty and good faith"
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} | In what does the doctrine of legitimate expectations have roots? | [
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5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b86 | European_Union_law | Fundamental rights, as in human rights, were first recognised by the European Court of Justice in the late 60s and fundamental rights are now regarded as integral part of the general principles of European Union law. As such the European Court of Justice is bound to draw inspiration from the constitutional traditions c... | Where is the European Court of justice likely to get inspiration from? | {
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"from the constitutional traditions common to the member states",
"the constitutional traditions common to the member states",
"the constitutional traditions common to the member states"
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} | Where is [MASK] likely to get inspiration from? | [
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5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b87 | European_Union_law | Fundamental rights, as in human rights, were first recognised by the European Court of Justice in the late 60s and fundamental rights are now regarded as integral part of the general principles of European Union law. As such the European Court of Justice is bound to draw inspiration from the constitutional traditions c... | The European Court of Justice cannot uphold measures that are incompatible with what? | {
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"fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states",
"fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states",
"fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of memb... | [MASK] can not uphold measures that are incompatible with what? | [
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5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e | European_Union_law | None of the original treaties establishing the European Union mention protection for fundamental rights. It was not envisaged for European Union measures, that is legislative and administrative actions by European Union institutions, to be subject to human rights. At the time the only concern was that member states sho... | How many original treaties establishing the EU protected fundamental rights? | {
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0,
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"None",
"None"
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} | How many original treaties establishing the [MASK] protected fundamental rights? | [
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5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f | European_Union_law | None of the original treaties establishing the European Union mention protection for fundamental rights. It was not envisaged for European Union measures, that is legislative and administrative actions by European Union institutions, to be subject to human rights. At the time the only concern was that member states sho... | Which entities were originally concerned with preventing violation of human rights? | {
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303,
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"member states",
"the European Convention on Human Rights",
"the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950 and the establishment of the European Court of Human Rights"
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} | Which entities were originally concerned with preventing violation of human rights? | [
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5726a299dd62a815002e8ba0 | European_Union_law | None of the original treaties establishing the European Union mention protection for fundamental rights. It was not envisaged for European Union measures, that is legislative and administrative actions by European Union institutions, to be subject to human rights. At the time the only concern was that member states sho... | When was the European Convention on Human Rights established? | {
"answer_start": [
436,
436,
436
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"text": [
"1950",
"1950",
"1950"
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} | When was [MASK] established? | [
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5726a299dd62a815002e8ba1 | European_Union_law | None of the original treaties establishing the European Union mention protection for fundamental rights. It was not envisaged for European Union measures, that is legislative and administrative actions by European Union institutions, to be subject to human rights. At the time the only concern was that member states sho... | What other entity was established at the same time as the European Convention on Human Rights? | {
"answer_start": [
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466,
470
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"text": [
"European Court of Human Rights.",
"the European Court of Human Rights",
"European Court of Human Rights"
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} | What other entity was established at the same time as [MASK]? | [
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5726a299dd62a815002e8ba2 | European_Union_law | None of the original treaties establishing the European Union mention protection for fundamental rights. It was not envisaged for European Union measures, that is legislative and administrative actions by European Union institutions, to be subject to human rights. At the time the only concern was that member states sho... | When did the European Council task an entity with drafting a European Charter of Human Rights? | {
"answer_start": [
764,
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],
"text": [
"1999",
"1999",
"1999"
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} | When did [MASK] task an entity with drafting [MASK]? | [
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5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59e | European_Union_law | The 2007 Lisbon Treaty explicitly recognised fundamental rights by providing in Article 6(1) that "The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and principles set out in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 7 December 2000, as adopted at Strasbourg on 12 December 2007, which shall have the same legal... | When was the Lisbon Treaty established? | {
"answer_start": [
4,
4,
4
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"text": [
"2007",
"2007",
"2007"
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} | When was [MASK] established? | [
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5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59f | European_Union_law | The 2007 Lisbon Treaty explicitly recognised fundamental rights by providing in Article 6(1) that "The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and principles set out in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 7 December 2000, as adopted at Strasbourg on 12 December 2007, which shall have the same legal... | What charter has become an important aspect of EU law? | {
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356,
167,
167
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"text": [
"the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union",
"the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 7",
"the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union"
]
} | What charter has become an important aspect of [MASK] law? | [
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5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a0 | European_Union_law | The 2007 Lisbon Treaty explicitly recognised fundamental rights by providing in Article 6(1) that "The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and principles set out in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 7 December 2000, as adopted at Strasbourg on 12 December 2007, which shall have the same legal... | After the Lisbon treaty, the Charter and the Convention now co-exist under what? | {
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657,
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5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a1 | European_Union_law | The 2007 Lisbon Treaty explicitly recognised fundamental rights by providing in Article 6(1) that "The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and principles set out in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 7 December 2000, as adopted at Strasbourg on 12 December 2007, which shall have the same legal... | What entity enforces the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union? | {
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5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5ae | European_Union_law | The Social Chapter is a chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law. The basis for the Social Chapter was developed in 1989 by the "social partners" representatives, namely UNICE, the employers' confederation, the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) and CEEP, the Eu... | The Social Chapter is a chapter of what treaty? | {
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5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5af | European_Union_law | The Social Chapter is a chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law. The basis for the Social Chapter was developed in 1989 by the "social partners" representatives, namely UNICE, the employers' confederation, the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) and CEEP, the Eu... | What year was the Treaty of Amsterdam created? | {
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"1997",
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5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b0 | European_Union_law | The Social Chapter is a chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law. The basis for the Social Chapter was developed in 1989 by the "social partners" representatives, namely UNICE, the employers' confederation, the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) and CEEP, the Eu... | When was the basis for the Social Chapter developed? | {
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"1989",
"1989"
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5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b1 | European_Union_law | The Social Chapter is a chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law. The basis for the Social Chapter was developed in 1989 by the "social partners" representatives, namely UNICE, the employers' confederation, the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) and CEEP, the Eu... | How many general principles does the Social Charter declare? | {
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481,
481,
481
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"30",
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} | How many general principles does [MASK] declare? | [
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5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b2 | European_Union_law | The Social Chapter is a chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law. The basis for the Social Chapter was developed in 1989 by the "social partners" representatives, namely UNICE, the employers' confederation, the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) and CEEP, the Eu... | How many pieces of legislation has the Social Charter become the basis for? | {
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"40",
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5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd0 | European_Union_law | The Social Charter was subsequently adopted in 1989 by 11 of the then 12 member states. The UK refused to sign the Social Charter and was exempt from the legislation covering Social Charter issues unless it agreed to be bound by the legislation. The UK subsequently was the only member state to veto the Social Charter b... | How many member states adopted the Social Charter in 1989? | {
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55
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"11 of the then 12 member states",
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} | How many member states adopted [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd1 | European_Union_law | The Social Charter was subsequently adopted in 1989 by 11 of the then 12 member states. The UK refused to sign the Social Charter and was exempt from the legislation covering Social Charter issues unless it agreed to be bound by the legislation. The UK subsequently was the only member state to veto the Social Charter b... | Which member state declined to sign the Social Charter? | {
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5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd2 | European_Union_law | The Social Charter was subsequently adopted in 1989 by 11 of the then 12 member states. The UK refused to sign the Social Charter and was exempt from the legislation covering Social Charter issues unless it agreed to be bound by the legislation. The UK subsequently was the only member state to veto the Social Charter b... | What title was the Social Charter set to be included into the Maastricht treaty under? | {
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} | What title was [MASK] set to be included into the Maastricht treaty under? | [
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5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd3 | European_Union_law | The Social Charter was subsequently adopted in 1989 by 11 of the then 12 member states. The UK refused to sign the Social Charter and was exempt from the legislation covering Social Charter issues unless it agreed to be bound by the legislation. The UK subsequently was the only member state to veto the Social Charter b... | What year was the Maastricht treaty signed? | {
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5726a5525951b619008f78dd | European_Union_law | Following the election of the UK Labour Party to government in 1997, the UK formally subscribed to the Agreement on Social Policy, which allowed it to be included with minor amendments as the Social Chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam. The UK subsequently adopted the main legislation previously agreed under the Agr... | What lead to the UK to subscribe to the agreement on Social Policy? | {
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10,
10,
10
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"the election of the UK Labour Party to government",
"the election of the UK Labour Party to government in 1997",
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} | What lead to the [MASK] to subscribe to the agreement on Social Policy? | [
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5726a5525951b619008f78de | European_Union_law | Following the election of the UK Labour Party to government in 1997, the UK formally subscribed to the Agreement on Social Policy, which allowed it to be included with minor amendments as the Social Chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam. The UK subsequently adopted the main legislation previously agreed under the Agr... | When did the UK formally subscribe to the Agreement on Social Policy? | {
"answer_start": [
63,
63,
63
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"text": [
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"1997",
"1997"
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} | When did the [MASK] formally subscribe to [MASK]? | [
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5726a5525951b619008f78df | European_Union_law | Following the election of the UK Labour Party to government in 1997, the UK formally subscribed to the Agreement on Social Policy, which allowed it to be included with minor amendments as the Social Chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam. The UK subsequently adopted the main legislation previously agreed under the Agr... | Which directive mentioned was created in 1994? | {
"answer_start": [
354,
345,
354
],
"text": [
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"the 1994 Works Council Directive",
"Works Council Directive"
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} | Which directive mentioned was created in [MASK]? | [
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5726a5525951b619008f78e0 | European_Union_law | Following the election of the UK Labour Party to government in 1997, the UK formally subscribed to the Agreement on Social Policy, which allowed it to be included with minor amendments as the Social Chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam. The UK subsequently adopted the main legislation previously agreed under the Agr... | When was the Parental Leave directive created? | {
"answer_start": [
440,
440,
440
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"text": [
"1996",
"1996",
"1996"
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} | When was the Parental Leave directive created? | [
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0.082865796... | Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556?–1623?), a Dutch colleague of Adams' on their ill-fated voyage to Japan in the ship De Liefde, was also given similar privileges by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It appears Joosten became a samurai[citation needed] and was given a residence within Ieyasu's castle at Edo. Today, this area at the eas... | The first legal steps taken to end the occurrence of child labour was enacted more than fifty years ago. In 1966, the nation adopted the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This act legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14... | The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s. Major amen... | 1996 | 91,843 |
5726a5525951b619008f78e1 | European_Union_law | Following the election of the UK Labour Party to government in 1997, the UK formally subscribed to the Agreement on Social Policy, which allowed it to be included with minor amendments as the Social Chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam. The UK subsequently adopted the main legislation previously agreed under the Agr... | What did the Works Council Directive require? | {
"answer_start": [
394,
394,
394
],
"text": [
"workforce consultation in businesses",
"workforce consultation in businesses",
"workforce consultation in businesses"
]
} | What did [MASK] require? | [
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5726a638dd62a815002e8bf6 | European_Union_law | EU Competition law has its origins in the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement between France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany in 1951 following the second World War. The agreement aimed to prevent Germany from re-establishing dominance in the production of coal and steel as member... | Which countries were the European Coal and Steel Community agreement between? | {
"answer_start": [
101,
101,
101
],
"text": [
"France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany",
"France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany",
"France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany"
]
} | Which countries were the [MASK] agreement between? | [
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5726a638dd62a815002e8bf7 | European_Union_law | EU Competition law has its origins in the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement between France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany in 1951 following the second World War. The agreement aimed to prevent Germany from re-establishing dominance in the production of coal and steel as member... | What year was the ECSC agreement established? | {
"answer_start": [
168,
168,
168
],
"text": [
"1951",
"1951",
"1951"
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} | What year was the [MASK] agreement established? | [
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5726a638dd62a815002e8bf8 | European_Union_law | EU Competition law has its origins in the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement between France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany in 1951 following the second World War. The agreement aimed to prevent Germany from re-establishing dominance in the production of coal and steel as member... | What did article 65 of the ECSC ban? | {
"answer_start": [
425,
425,
425
],
"text": [
"cartels",
"cartels",
"cartels"
]
} | What did [MASK] of the [MASK] ban? | [
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5726a638dd62a815002e8bf9 | European_Union_law | EU Competition law has its origins in the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement between France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany in 1951 following the second World War. The agreement aimed to prevent Germany from re-establishing dominance in the production of coal and steel as member... | Which article made provisions for concentrations or mergers and the abuse of a dominant position by companies? | {
"answer_start": [
437,
445,
445
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"text": [
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"66",
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} | Which article made provisions for concentrations or mergers and the abuse of a dominant position by companies? | [
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5726a638dd62a815002e8bfa | European_Union_law | EU Competition law has its origins in the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement between France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany in 1951 following the second World War. The agreement aimed to prevent Germany from re-establishing dominance in the production of coal and steel as member... | When were competition rules included in the Treaty of Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
718,
718,
718
],
"text": [
"1957",
"1957",
"1957"
]
} | When were competition rules included in [MASK]? | [
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5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e654 | European_Union_law | Today, the Treaty of Lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements in Article 101(1), including price fixing. According to Article 101(2) any such agreements are automatically void. Article 101(3) establishes exemptions, if the collusion is for distributional or technological innovation, gives consumers a "fair share" o... | In which article does the Treaty of Lisbon prohibit anti-competitive agreements? | {
"answer_start": [
69,
69,
69
],
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"Article 101(1)",
"Article 101(1)"
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} | In which article does [MASK] prohibit anti - competitive agreements? | [
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5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e655 | European_Union_law | Today, the Treaty of Lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements in Article 101(1), including price fixing. According to Article 101(2) any such agreements are automatically void. Article 101(3) establishes exemptions, if the collusion is for distributional or technological innovation, gives consumers a "fair share" o... | What does Article 102 of the Treaty of Lisbon prohibit? | {
"answer_start": [
528,
528,
532
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"text": [
"the abuse of dominant position",
"the abuse of dominant position",
"abuse of dominant position"
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} | What does [MASK] of [MASK] prohibit? | [
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5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e656 | European_Union_law | Today, the Treaty of Lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements in Article 101(1), including price fixing. According to Article 101(2) any such agreements are automatically void. Article 101(3) establishes exemptions, if the collusion is for distributional or technological innovation, gives consumers a "fair share" o... | Which articles state that the member states' rights to deliver public services may not be obstructed? | {
"answer_start": [
949,
949,
949
],
"text": [
"Articles 106 and 107",
"Articles 106 and 107",
"Articles 106 and 107"
]
} | Which articles state that the member states' rights to deliver public services may not be obstructed? | [
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5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e657 | European_Union_law | Today, the Treaty of Lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements in Article 101(1), including price fixing. According to Article 101(2) any such agreements are automatically void. Article 101(3) establishes exemptions, if the collusion is for distributional or technological innovation, gives consumers a "fair share" o... | Which article allows the European Council to govern mergers between firms? | {
"answer_start": [
612,
612,
612
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"text": [
"Article 102",
"Article 102",
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} | Which article allows [MASK] to govern mergers between firms? | [
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5726b58f5951b619008f7b55 | European_Union_law | While the concept of a "social market economy" was only introduced into EU law in 2007, free movement and trade were central to European development since the Treaty of Rome 1957. According to the standard theory of comparative advantage, two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a less producti... | When was the concept of a social market economy introduced into EU law? | {
"answer_start": [
82,
82,
82
],
"text": [
"2007",
"2007",
"2007"
]
} | When was the concept of a social market economy introduced into [MASK] law? | [
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5726b58f5951b619008f7b56 | European_Union_law | While the concept of a "social market economy" was only introduced into EU law in 2007, free movement and trade were central to European development since the Treaty of Rome 1957. According to the standard theory of comparative advantage, two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a less producti... | How long has free movement and trade been central to European development? | {
"answer_start": [
174,
174,
149
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"text": [
"1957",
"1957",
"since the Treaty of Rome 1957"
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} | How long has free movement and trade been central to [MASK] development? | [
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5726b58f5951b619008f7b57 | European_Union_law | While the concept of a "social market economy" was only introduced into EU law in 2007, free movement and trade were central to European development since the Treaty of Rome 1957. According to the standard theory of comparative advantage, two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a less producti... | Breaking down barriers to trade and enhancing the free movement of goods is meant to reduce what? | {
"answer_start": [
589,
589,
582
],
"text": [
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"consumer prices",
"reduce consumer prices"
]
} | Breaking down barriers to trade and enhancing the free movement of goods is meant to reduce what? | [
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5726b58f5951b619008f7b58 | European_Union_law | While the concept of a "social market economy" was only introduced into EU law in 2007, free movement and trade were central to European development since the Treaty of Rome 1957. According to the standard theory of comparative advantage, two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a less producti... | What do the Treaties generally limit? | {
"answer_start": [
1975,
1975,
1975
],
"text": [
"free trade",
"free trade",
"free trade"
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} | What do the Treaties generally limit? | [
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5726b58f5951b619008f7b59 | European_Union_law | While the concept of a "social market economy" was only introduced into EU law in 2007, free movement and trade were central to European development since the Treaty of Rome 1957. According to the standard theory of comparative advantage, two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a less producti... | What entity has taken the view that the goals of free trade are underpinned by the aims to improve people's well being? | {
"answer_start": [
2135,
2135,
2135
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"the Court of Justice",
"the Court of Justice",
"the Court of Justice"
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} | What entity has taken the view that the goals of free trade are underpinned by the aims to improve people's well being? | [
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5726b718dd62a815002e8dbe | European_Union_law | Free movement of goods within the European Union is achieved by a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination. The EU manages imports from non-member states, duties between member states are prohibited, and imports circulate freely. In addition under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union articl... | What helps the process of free movement of goods? | {
"answer_start": [
64,
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"a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination",
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} | What helps the process of free movement of goods? | [
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5726b718dd62a815002e8dbf | European_Union_law | Free movement of goods within the European Union is achieved by a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination. The EU manages imports from non-member states, duties between member states are prohibited, and imports circulate freely. In addition under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union articl... | What did did article 34 discriminate against in Procureur du Roi v Dassonville? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"parallel importers like Mr Dassonville",
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} | What did did [MASK] discriminate against in [MASK]? | [
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5726b718dd62a815002e8dc0 | European_Union_law | Free movement of goods within the European Union is achieved by a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination. The EU manages imports from non-member states, duties between member states are prohibited, and imports circulate freely. In addition under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union articl... | Article 34 meant states could be responsible for what? | {
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} | [MASK] meant states could be responsible for what? | [
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5726b718dd62a815002e8dc1 | European_Union_law | Free movement of goods within the European Union is achieved by a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination. The EU manages imports from non-member states, duties between member states are prohibited, and imports circulate freely. In addition under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union articl... | In which case were French vigilantes sabotaging shipments of Spanish Strawberries? | {
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} | In which case were [MASK] vigilantes sabotaging shipments of [MASK] Strawberries? | [
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5726b718dd62a815002e8dc2 | European_Union_law | Free movement of goods within the European Union is achieved by a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination. The EU manages imports from non-member states, duties between member states are prohibited, and imports circulate freely. In addition under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union articl... | In Schmidberger v Austria, the Court of Justice came to the conclusion that Austria didn't infringe upon article 34 by failing to ban a what? | {
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} | In [MASK] v Austria, [MASK] came to the conclusion that [MASK] did n't infringe upon [MASK] by failing to ban a what? | [
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5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e8 | European_Union_law | Often rules apply to all goods neutrally, but may have a greater practical effect on imports than domestic products. For such "indirect" discriminatory (or "indistinctly applicable") measures the Court of Justice has developed more justifications: either those in article 36, or additional "mandatory" or "overriding" re... | What is the minimum percent of alcohol content a German law requires all spirits and liqueurs to have? | {
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} | What is the minimum percent of alcohol content a [MASK] law requires all spirits and liqueurs to have? | [
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5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e9 | European_Union_law | Often rules apply to all goods neutrally, but may have a greater practical effect on imports than domestic products. For such "indirect" discriminatory (or "indistinctly applicable") measures the Court of Justice has developed more justifications: either those in article 36, or additional "mandatory" or "overriding" re... | Which country did Rewe-Zentrale AG wish to import from? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"France",
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} | Which country did [MASK] wish to import from? | [
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5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ea | European_Union_law | Often rules apply to all goods neutrally, but may have a greater practical effect on imports than domestic products. For such "indirect" discriminatory (or "indistinctly applicable") measures the Court of Justice has developed more justifications: either those in article 36, or additional "mandatory" or "overriding" re... | Which year was the case Commission v Italy that dealt with cocoa products? | {
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} | Which year was the case [MASK] that dealt with cocoa products? | [
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5726b929f1498d1400e8e8eb | European_Union_law | Often rules apply to all goods neutrally, but may have a greater practical effect on imports than domestic products. For such "indirect" discriminatory (or "indistinctly applicable") measures the Court of Justice has developed more justifications: either those in article 36, or additional "mandatory" or "overriding" re... | All Italian chocolate is made from what alone? | {
"answer_start": [
2007,
2007,
2007
],
"text": [
"cocoa butter",
"cocoa butter",
"cocoa butter"
]
} | All [MASK] chocolate is made from what alone? | [
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5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ec | European_Union_law | Often rules apply to all goods neutrally, but may have a greater practical effect on imports than domestic products. For such "indirect" discriminatory (or "indistinctly applicable") measures the Court of Justice has developed more justifications: either those in article 36, or additional "mandatory" or "overriding" re... | In the 2009 Commission v Italy, case, the Court of Justice held that an Italian low prohibiting what infringed article 34? | {
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2568,
2568
],
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"motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers",
"motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers",
"motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers"
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} | In the [MASK] Commission v [MASK], case, [MASK] held that an [MASK] low prohibiting what infringed [MASK]? | [
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5726ba2c708984140094cf59 | European_Union_law | In contrast to product requirements or other laws that hinder market access, the Court of Justice developed a presumption that "selling arrangements" would be presumed to not fall into TFEU article 34, if they applied equally to all sellers, and affected them in the same manner in fact. In Keck and Mithouard two import... | Which two importers claimed that under a French competition law, they were prevented from selling Picon beer under wholesale price? | {
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291,
291,
291
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"Keck and Mithouard",
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} | Which [MASK] importers claimed that under a [MASK] competition law, they were prevented from selling [MASK] beer under wholesale price? | [
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5726ba2c708984140094cf5a | European_Union_law | In contrast to product requirements or other laws that hinder market access, the Court of Justice developed a presumption that "selling arrangements" would be presumed to not fall into TFEU article 34, if they applied equally to all sellers, and affected them in the same manner in fact. In Keck and Mithouard two import... | The aim of the French competition law was to do what? | {
"answer_start": [
498,
490,
490
],
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"cut throat competition",
"prevent cut throat competition",
"prevent cut throat competition"
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} | The aim of the [MASK] competition law was to do what? | [
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5726ba2c708984140094cf5b | European_Union_law | In contrast to product requirements or other laws that hinder market access, the Court of Justice developed a presumption that "selling arrangements" would be presumed to not fall into TFEU article 34, if they applied equally to all sellers, and affected them in the same manner in fact. In Keck and Mithouard two import... | In which case did the Court of Justice review Swedish bans on advertising to young children under 12? | {
"answer_start": [
990,
990,
990
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"text": [
"Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini",
"Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini",
"Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini"
]
} | In which case did [MASK] review [MASK] bans on advertising to young children [MASK]? | [
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5726ba2c708984140094cf5c | European_Union_law | In contrast to product requirements or other laws that hinder market access, the Court of Justice developed a presumption that "selling arrangements" would be presumed to not fall into TFEU article 34, if they applied equally to all sellers, and affected them in the same manner in fact. In Keck and Mithouard two import... | Under which Directive did the EU harmonize restrictions on restrictions on marketing and advertising? | {
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1866,
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],
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"the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive",
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} | Under which Directive did the [MASK] harmonize restrictions on restrictions on marketing and advertising? | [
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5726baf2dd62a815002e8e74 | European_Union_law | Since its foundation, the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. Reflecting the economic nature of the project, the European Community originally focused upon free movement of workers: as a "factor of production". However, from the 1970s, this focus shifted tow... | What have the Treaties sought to enable since its foundation? | {
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"people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement",
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} | What have the Treaties sought to enable since its foundation? | [
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5726baf2dd62a815002e8e75 | European_Union_law | Since its foundation, the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. Reflecting the economic nature of the project, the European Community originally focused upon free movement of workers: as a "factor of production". However, from the 1970s, this focus shifted tow... | Which entity focused upon the free movement of workers? | {
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} | Which entity focused upon the free movement of workers? | [
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0.299288302... | João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira was elected in 2005 as President of Guinea-Bissau as an independent, being declared winner of the second round by the CNE (Comité Nacional de Eleições). Vieira returned to power in 2005 six years after being ousted from office during a civil war. Previously, he held power for 19 years after ... | Fundamental rights, as in human rights, were first recognised by the European Court of Justice in the late 60s and fundamental rights are now regarded as integral part of the general principles of European Union law. As such the European Court of Justice is bound to draw inspiration from the constitutional traditions c... | The majority of Freemasonry considers the Liberal (Continental) strand to be Irregular, and thus withhold recognition. For the Continental lodges, however, having a different approach to Freemasonry was not a reason for severing masonic ties. In 1961, an umbrella organisation, Centre de Liaison et d'Information des Pui... | the European Community | 91,874 |
5726baf2dd62a815002e8e76 | European_Union_law | Since its foundation, the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. Reflecting the economic nature of the project, the European Community originally focused upon free movement of workers: as a "factor of production". However, from the 1970s, this focus shifted tow... | What was free movement increasingly based on? | {
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} | What was free movement increasingly based on? | [
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5726baf2dd62a815002e8e77 | European_Union_law | Since its foundation, the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. Reflecting the economic nature of the project, the European Community originally focused upon free movement of workers: as a "factor of production". However, from the 1970s, this focus shifted tow... | In which case did a German man claim the right to live in Netherlands where he was a volunteer plumber? | {
"answer_start": [
1014,
1014,
1014
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"Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie",
"Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie",
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} | In which case did a [MASK] man claim the right to live in [MASK] where he was a volunteer plumber? | [
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5726baf2dd62a815002e8e78 | European_Union_law | Since its foundation, the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. Reflecting the economic nature of the project, the European Community originally focused upon free movement of workers: as a "factor of production". However, from the 1970s, this focus shifted tow... | What did the Court of Justice say Steymann was entitled to? | {
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} | What did [MASK] say [MASK] was entitled to? | [
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0.03608152270317... | The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist i... | Fundamental rights, as in human rights, were first recognised by the European Court of Justice in the late 60s and fundamental rights are now regarded as integral part of the general principles of European Union law. As such the European Court of Justice is bound to draw inspiration from the constitutional traditions c... | Later, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the Basic Law thus applied to the entire German people. Article 23, which had allowed "any other parts of Germany" to join, was rephrased. It had been used i... | to stay, so long as there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo" for the work he did | 91,877 |
5726bc1add62a815002e8ea6 | European_Union_law | The Free Movement of Workers Regulation articles 1 to 7 set out the main provisions on equal treatment of workers. First, articles 1 to 4 generally require that workers can take up employment, conclude contracts, and not suffer discrimination compared to nationals of the member state. In a famous case, the Belgian Foot... | Which articles of the Free Movement of Workers Regulation set out the primary provisions on equal treatment of workers? | {
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40,
40,
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} | Which articles of [MASK] set out the primary provisions on equal treatment of workers? | [
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5726bc1add62a815002e8ea7 | European_Union_law | The Free Movement of Workers Regulation articles 1 to 7 set out the main provisions on equal treatment of workers. First, articles 1 to 4 generally require that workers can take up employment, conclude contracts, and not suffer discrimination compared to nationals of the member state. In a famous case, the Belgian Foot... | Which Belgian footballer claimed that he should be allowed to transfer from one football club to another when his contract was fulfilled? | {
"answer_start": [
374,
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"text": [
"Jean-Marc Bosman",
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} | Which [MASK] footballer claimed that he should be allowed to transfer from [MASK] football club to another when his contract was fulfilled? | [
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5726bc1add62a815002e8ea8 | European_Union_law | The Free Movement of Workers Regulation articles 1 to 7 set out the main provisions on equal treatment of workers. First, articles 1 to 4 generally require that workers can take up employment, conclude contracts, and not suffer discrimination compared to nationals of the member state. In a famous case, the Belgian Foot... | What language did the Court of Justice accept to be required to teach in a Dublin college in Groner v Minister for Education? | {
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866,
866,
866
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"Gaelic",
"Gaelic",
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} | What language did [MASK] accept to be required to teach in a [MASK] college in [MASK] v Minister for Education? | [
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5726bc1add62a815002e8ea9 | European_Union_law | The Free Movement of Workers Regulation articles 1 to 7 set out the main provisions on equal treatment of workers. First, articles 1 to 4 generally require that workers can take up employment, conclude contracts, and not suffer discrimination compared to nationals of the member state. In a famous case, the Belgian Foot... | In which case was a Dutch national not entitled to continue receiving benefits when he moved to Belgium? | {
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2525,
2525
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"text": [
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"Hendrix v Employee Insurance Institute",
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} | In which case was a [MASK] national not entitled to continue receiving benefits when he moved to [MASK]? | [
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5726bc1add62a815002e8eaa | European_Union_law | The Free Movement of Workers Regulation articles 1 to 7 set out the main provisions on equal treatment of workers. First, articles 1 to 4 generally require that workers can take up employment, conclude contracts, and not suffer discrimination compared to nationals of the member state. In a famous case, the Belgian Foot... | In the case Geven v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, how many hours was the Dutch woman in question working in Germany? | {
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],
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"between 3 and 14 hours a week",
"3 and 14 hours a week",
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} | In the case [MASK] v Land Nordrhein- Westfalen, how many hours was the [MASK] woman in question working in [MASK]? | [
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5726bcde708984140094cfbf | European_Union_law | Citizenship of the EU has increasingly been seen as a "fundamental" status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice, and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move. The Court has required that higher education, along with other forms of vocational training... | What has lately been being viewed as a fundamental status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice? | {
"answer_start": [
0,
0,
0
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"text": [
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"Citizenship of the EU",
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} | What has lately been being viewed as a fundamental status of member state nationals by [MASK]? | [
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5726bcde708984140094cfc0 | European_Union_law | Citizenship of the EU has increasingly been seen as a "fundamental" status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice, and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move. The Court has required that higher education, along with other forms of vocational training... | What has having an EU Citizenship increased? | {
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"text": [
"the number of social services that people can access wherever they move",
"the number of social services that people can access wherever they move",
"the number of social services that people can access wherever they move"
]
} | What has having an [MASK] Citizenship increased? | [
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5726bcde708984140094cfc1 | European_Union_law | Citizenship of the EU has increasingly been seen as a "fundamental" status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice, and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move. The Court has required that higher education, along with other forms of vocational training... | In which case did the Court state that Austria was not allowed to hold places in Austrian schools exclusively for Austrian students? | {
"answer_start": [
380,
380,
380
],
"text": [
"Commission v Austria",
"Commission v Austria the Court",
"Commission v Austria"
]
} | In which case did the Court state that [MASK] was not allowed to hold places in [MASK] schools exclusively for [MASK] students? | [
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5726bcde708984140094cfc2 | European_Union_law | Citizenship of the EU has increasingly been seen as a "fundamental" status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice, and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move. The Court has required that higher education, along with other forms of vocational training... | What has the Court required to be more accessible? | {
"answer_start": [
257,
257,
257
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"text": [
"higher education",
"higher education",
"higher education"
]
} | What has the Court required to be more accessible? | [
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0.01390445139... | For reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's magnetic field. Other can... | While constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law. Both member states and the Commission have a general legal right or "standing" (locus standi) to bring claims against EU institutions and other member states for bre... | Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. Th... | higher education | 91,886 |
5726c002708984140094d073 | European_Union_law | As well as creating rights for "workers" who generally lack bargaining power in the market, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union also protects the "freedom of establishment" in article 49, and "freedom to provide services" in article 56. In Gebhard v Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di ... | Which Treaty protects the freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide services? | {
"answer_start": [
92,
92,
92
],
"text": [
"the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union",
"the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union",
"the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union"
]
} | Which Treaty protects the freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide services? | [
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0.250563472... | The armed forces are regularly deployed in peacekeeping missions around the world. Further, in the aftermath of the national elections of December 2007 and the violence that subsequently engulfed the country, a commission of inquiry, the Waki Commission, commended its readiness and adjudged it to "have performed its du... | In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and whe... | Often rules apply to all goods neutrally, but may have a greater practical effect on imports than domestic products. For such "indirect" discriminatory (or "indistinctly applicable") measures the Court of Justice has developed more justifications: either those in article 36, or additional "mandatory" or "overriding" re... | the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union | 91,887 |
5726c002708984140094d074 | European_Union_law | As well as creating rights for "workers" who generally lack bargaining power in the market, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union also protects the "freedom of establishment" in article 49, and "freedom to provide services" in article 56. In Gebhard v Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di ... | In Gebhard v Consiglio...Milano, the requirements to be registered in Milan before being able to practice law would be allowed under what conditions? | {
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866,
866,
387
],
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"if they were non-discriminatory",
"if they were non-discriminatory, \"justified by imperative requirements in the general interest\" and proportionately applied",
"participate in economic life \"on a stable and continuous basis\""
]
} | In [MASK] v Consiglio... Milano, the requirements to be registered in [MASK] before being able to practice law would be allowed under what conditions? | [
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0.0933258... | After HMS Sheffield was wrecked by an Argentinian attack, The Sun was heavily criticised and even mocked for its coverage of the war in The Daily Mirror and The Guardian, and the wider media queried the veracity of official information and worried about the number of casualties, The Sun gave its response. "There are tr... | In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and whe... | To Secure These Rights also called for desegregation of the Armed Forces. "Prejudice in any area is an ugly, undemocratic phenomenon, but in the armed services, where all men run the risk of death, it is especially repugnant." The rationale was fairness: "When an individual enters the service of the country, he necessa... | if they were non-discriminatory | 91,888 |
5726c002708984140094d075 | European_Union_law | As well as creating rights for "workers" who generally lack bargaining power in the market, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union also protects the "freedom of establishment" in article 49, and "freedom to provide services" in article 56. In Gebhard v Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di ... | In which case did the Court of Justice state that refusal to admit a lawyer to the Belgian bar because he did not have Belgian heritage wasn't able to be justified? | {
"answer_start": [
1389,
1389,
1389
],
"text": [
"Reyners v Belgium",
"Reyners v Belgium the Court of Justice",
"Reyners v Belgium"
]
} | In which case did [MASK] state that refusal to admit a lawyer to the [MASK] bar because he did not have [MASK] heritage was n't able to be justified? | [
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0.16446875035... | The Henry Art Gallery opened in 1927, the first public art museum in Washington. The Seattle Art Museum (SAM) opened in 1933; SAM opened a museum downtown in 1991 (expanded and reopened 2007); since 1991, the 1933 building has been SAM's Seattle Asian Art Museum (SAAM). SAM also operates the Olympic Sculpture Park (ope... | In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and whe... | In some countries, the personal copying exemption explicitly requires that the content being copied was obtained legitimately – i.e., from authorized sources, not file-sharing networks. Other countries, such as the Netherlands, make no such distinction; the exemption there had been assumed, even by the government, to a... | Reyners v Belgium | 91,889 |
5726c002708984140094d076 | European_Union_law | As well as creating rights for "workers" who generally lack bargaining power in the market, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union also protects the "freedom of establishment" in article 49, and "freedom to provide services" in article 56. In Gebhard v Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di ... | Which TFEU article states that states are exempt from infringing on rights of establishment when they exercise official authority? | {
"answer_start": [
1545,
1540,
1545
],
"text": [
"article 49",
"TFEU article 49",
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} | Which [MASK] article states that states are exempt from infringing on rights of establishment when they exercise official authority? | [
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0.095075264573097... | Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) wrote that "...materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself". He claimed that an observing subject can only know material objects through the mediation of the brain and its particular organization. That is, the brain itself is the "determiner" of ho... | In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and whe... | In some countries, the personal copying exemption explicitly requires that the content being copied was obtained legitimately – i.e., from authorized sources, not file-sharing networks. Other countries, such as the Netherlands, make no such distinction; the exemption there had been assumed, even by the government, to a... | article 49 | 91,890 |
5726c002708984140094d077 | European_Union_law | As well as creating rights for "workers" who generally lack bargaining power in the market, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union also protects the "freedom of establishment" in article 49, and "freedom to provide services" in article 56. In Gebhard v Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di ... | In which case did the Court of Justice hold that requiring Italian lawyers to comply with maximum tariffs unless there was an agreement with a client was not a restriction? | {
"answer_start": [
1760,
1760,
1760
],
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"Commission v Italy",
"Commission v Italy the Court of Justice",
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]
} | In which case did [MASK] hold that requiring [MASK] lawyers to comply with maximum tariffs unless there was an agreement with a client was not a restriction? | [
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5726c19add62a815002e8f8a | European_Union_law | In 2006, a toxic waste spill off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire, from a European ship, prompted the Commission to look into legislation against toxic waste. Environment Commissioner Stavros Dimas stated that "Such highly toxic waste should never have left the European Union". With countries such as Spain not even having a ... | In which year did a toxic waste spill from a European ship prompt the Commission to look into legislation against waste? | {
"answer_start": [
3,
3,
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],
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"2006",
"2006",
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} | In which year did a toxic waste spill from a [MASK] ship prompt the [MASK] to look into legislation against waste? | [
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5726c19add62a815002e8f8b | European_Union_law | In 2006, a toxic waste spill off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire, from a European ship, prompted the Commission to look into legislation against toxic waste. Environment Commissioner Stavros Dimas stated that "Such highly toxic waste should never have left the European Union". With countries such as Spain not even having a ... | At the time, countries such as Spain didn't have a crime against what? | {
"answer_start": [
334,
334,
140
],
"text": [
"shipping toxic waste",
"shipping toxic waste",
"toxic waste"
]
} | At the time, countries such as [MASK] did n't have a crime against what? | [
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0.0196781549... | Predators are often another organism's prey, and likewise prey are often predators. Though blue jays prey on insects, they may in turn be prey for cats and snakes, and snakes may be the prey of hawks. One way of classifying predators is by trophic level. Organisms that feed on autotrophs, the producers of the trophic p... | In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was... | In March 2012, the newspaper El Mundo published a story according to which FGV had instructed employees who were to testify at the crash commission investigation, providing a set of possible questions and guidelines to prepare the answers. In April 2013, the television program Salvados questioned the official version o... | shipping toxic waste | 91,893 |
5726c19add62a815002e8f8c | European_Union_law | In 2006, a toxic waste spill off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire, from a European ship, prompted the Commission to look into legislation against toxic waste. Environment Commissioner Stavros Dimas stated that "Such highly toxic waste should never have left the European Union". With countries such as Spain not even having a ... | When did the Court of Justice rule that the Commission could only propose that there must be some criminal sanctions? | {
"answer_start": [
1024,
1032,
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"text": [
"October 2007",
"2007",
"2007"
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} | When did [MASK] rule that the [MASK] could only propose that there must be some criminal sanctions? | [
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0.23705627024... | From the mid-2000s, the university began a number of multimillion-dollar expansion projects. In 2008, the University of Chicago announced plans to establish the Milton Friedman Institute which attracted both support and controversy from faculty members and students. The institute will cost around $200 million and occup... | In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was... | During the listing process, economic factors cannot be considered, but must be " based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available." The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word "solely" to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species. Congress rejected President Ronald Reag... | October 2007 | 91,894 |
5726c19add62a815002e8f8d | European_Union_law | In 2006, a toxic waste spill off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire, from a European ship, prompted the Commission to look into legislation against toxic waste. Environment Commissioner Stavros Dimas stated that "Such highly toxic waste should never have left the European Union". With countries such as Spain not even having a ... | When was the competence for the Union to create criminal sentences for ecological crimes contested? | {
"answer_start": [
552,
552,
552
],
"text": [
"2005",
"2005",
"2005"
]
} | When was the competence for the [MASK] to create criminal sentences for ecological crimes contested? | [
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5726c3da708984140094d0d9 | European_Union_law | The "freedom to provide services" under TFEU article 56 applies to people who give services "for remuneration", especially commercial or professional activity. For example, in Van Binsbergen v Bestuur van de Bedrijfvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid a Dutch lawyer moved to Belgium while advising a client in a social s... | The freedom to provide services under TFEU article 56 applies to who? | {
"answer_start": [
64,
67,
67
],
"text": [
"to people who give services \"for remuneration\"",
"people who give services \"for remuneration\", especially commercial or professional activity",
"people who give services \"for remuneration\""
]
} | The freedom to provide services under [MASK] article [MASK] applies to who? | [
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0.138853311538696... | Most insects, except some species of cave crickets, are able to perceive light and dark. Many species have acute vision capable of detecting minute movements. The eyes may include simple eyes or ocelli as well as compound eyes of varying sizes. Many species are able to detect light in the infrared, ultraviolet and the ... | Citizenship of the EU has increasingly been seen as a "fundamental" status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice, and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move. The Court has required that higher education, along with other forms of vocational training... | The right to create private schools in Germany is in Article 7, Paragraph 4 of the Grundgesetz and cannot be suspended even in a state of emergency. It is also not possible to abolish these rights. This unusual protection of private schools was implemented to protect these schools from a second Gleichschaltung or simil... | to people who give services "for remuneration" | 91,896 |
5726c3da708984140094d0da | European_Union_law | The "freedom to provide services" under TFEU article 56 applies to people who give services "for remuneration", especially commercial or professional activity. For example, in Van Binsbergen v Bestuur van de Bedrijfvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid a Dutch lawyer moved to Belgium while advising a client in a social s... | Why was the Dutch lawyer who moved to Belgium while advising a client in a social society case told he couldn't continue? | {
"answer_start": [
369,
377,
377
],
"text": [
"because Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice",
"Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice",
"Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could ... | Why was the [MASK] lawyer who moved to [MASK] while advising a client in a social society case told he could n't continue? | [
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0.048981253057... | Sanskrit has also influenced Sino-Tibetan languages through the spread of Buddhist texts in translation. Buddhism was spread to China by Mahayana missionaries sent by Ashoka, mostly through translations of Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit. Many terms were transliterated directly and added to the Chinese vocabulary. Chinese wor... | Citizenship of the EU has increasingly been seen as a "fundamental" status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice, and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move. The Court has required that higher education, along with other forms of vocational training... | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | because Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice | 91,897 |
5726c3da708984140094d0db | European_Union_law | The "freedom to provide services" under TFEU article 56 applies to people who give services "for remuneration", especially commercial or professional activity. For example, in Van Binsbergen v Bestuur van de Bedrijfvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid a Dutch lawyer moved to Belgium while advising a client in a social s... | What did the Court of Justice reason were controlled in all member states in Josemans v Burgemeester van Maastricht? | {
"answer_start": [
2318,
2318,
2318
],
"text": [
"narcotic drugs",
"narcotic drugs",
"narcotic drugs"
]
} | What did [MASK] reason were controlled in all member states in [MASK] v Burgemeester van Maastricht? | [
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5726c3da708984140094d0dc | European_Union_law | The "freedom to provide services" under TFEU article 56 applies to people who give services "for remuneration", especially commercial or professional activity. For example, in Van Binsbergen v Bestuur van de Bedrijfvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid a Dutch lawyer moved to Belgium while advising a client in a social s... | What did the Dutch health authorities regard as unnecessary in Geraets-Smits v Stichting Ziekenfonds? | {
"answer_start": [
1124,
1128,
1128
],
"text": [
"the treatment",
"treatment",
"treatment"
]
} | What did the [MASK] health authorities regard as unnecessary in [MASK]? | [
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0.106088101863... | Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' en... | Citizenship of the EU has increasingly been seen as a "fundamental" status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice, and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move. The Court has required that higher education, along with other forms of vocational training... | Citizenship of the EU has increasingly been seen as a "fundamental" status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice, and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move. The Court has required that higher education, along with other forms of vocational training... | the treatment | 91,899 |
5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac4 | European_Union_law | In regard to companies, the Court of Justice held in R (Daily Mail and General Trust plc) v HM Treasury that member states could restrict a company moving its seat of business, without infringing TFEU article 49. This meant the Daily Mail newspaper's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the N... | Which newspaper's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the Netherlands? | {
"answer_start": [
224,
224,
56
],
"text": [
"the Daily Mail",
"the Daily Mail",
"Daily Mail"
]
} | Which newspaper 's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the [MASK]? | [
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0.04976527765393257,
0.12106192857027054,
-0.21582885086536407,
-0.0106470612809062,
-0.06902831792831421,
-0.02753293327... | In the 1970s, the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, like the South Bronx. The most common explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money as it was more lucrative to... | In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and whe... | While the Treaties and Regulations will have direct effect (if clear, unconditional and immediate), Directives do not generally give citizens (as opposed to the member state) standing to sue other citizens. In theory, this is because TFEU article 288 says Directives are addressed to the member states and usually "leave... | the Daily Mail | 91,900 |
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