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train · 97.7k rows

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57268d2ddd62a815002e894f	European_Union_law	The primary law of the EU consists mainly of the founding treaties, the "core" treaties being the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The Treaties contain formal and substantive provisions, which frame policies of the European Union institutions and determine t...	What are some examples of territories where a member state is responsible for external relations?	{ "answer_start": [ 750, 750, 750, 750 ], "text": [ "Gibraltar and the Åland islands", "Gibraltar and the Åland islands", "Gibraltar and the Åland islands", "Gibraltar and the Åland islands" ] }	What are some examples of territories where a member state is responsible for external relations?	[ 0.19707642495632172, 0.011787057854235172, 0.02820592001080513, 0.17103976011276245, 0.04423465207219124, -0.05073927715420723, 0.16482223570346832, 0.07527667284011841, -0.21771065890789032, 0.13435088098049164, -0.4063756465911865, -0.1880844086408615, -0.23863904178142548, 0.10093478858...	The first attempt to establish a proper governing body and adopted the current set of Rugby rules was the Foot Ball Association of Canada, organized on March 24, 1873 followed by the Canadian Rugby Football Union (CRFU) founded June 12, 1880, which included teams from Ontario and Quebec. Later both the Ontario and Queb...	Free movement of goods within the European Union is achieved by a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination. The EU manages imports from non-member states, duties between member states are prohibited, and imports circulate freely. In addition under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union articl...	The judicial branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Cour...	Gibraltar and the Åland islands	91,699
57268d2ddd62a815002e8950	European_Union_law	The primary law of the EU consists mainly of the founding treaties, the "core" treaties being the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The Treaties contain formal and substantive provisions, which frame policies of the European Union institutions and determine t...	When do the stated Treaties apply?	{ "answer_start": [ 1066, 1066, 1081, 1081 ], "text": [ "Treaties apply as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise", "Treaties apply as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise, and are generally concluded for an unlimited period", "as soon as they enter in...	When do the stated Treaties apply?	[ 0.4467364251613617, 0.17306488752365112, 0.39823979139328003, -0.11232542246580124, 0.2911895215511322, -0.3781532645225525, 0.20020252466201782, -0.22174407541751862, 0.07464776188135147, -0.09911298006772995, -0.3159518241882324, 0.16097089648246765, -0.28893202543258667, 0.1207442805171...	In 1981, the new US President Ronald Reagan pursued a hard line approach to Libya, erroneously considering it a puppet regime of the Soviet Union. In turn, Gaddafi played up his commercial relationship with the Soviets, visiting Moscow again in April 1981 and 1985, and threatening to join the Warsaw Pact. The Soviets w...	Free movement of goods within the European Union is achieved by a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination. The EU manages imports from non-member states, duties between member states are prohibited, and imports circulate freely. In addition under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union articl...	Although it is generally accepted that EU law has primacy, not all EU laws give citizens standing to bring claims: that is, not all EU laws have "direct effect". In Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen it was held that the provisions of the Treaties (and EU Regulations) are directly effective, i...	Treaties apply as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise	91,700
57268d2ddd62a815002e8951	European_Union_law	The primary law of the EU consists mainly of the founding treaties, the "core" treaties being the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The Treaties contain formal and substantive provisions, which frame policies of the European Union institutions and determine t...	Who is suited to interpret the Treaties?	{ "answer_start": [ 1574, 1574, 1574, 1574 ], "text": [ "The Court of Justice of the European Union can interpret the Treaties", "The Court of Justice of the European Union can interpret the Treaties", "The Court of Justice of the European Union", "The Court of Justice of the Europ...	Who is suited to interpret the [MASK]?	[ 0.05188601091504097, 0.12427061796188354, -0.0011750449193641543, 0.2140789031982422, 0.0334438756108284, 0.1941550225019455, 0.3610789477825165, -0.2122049480676651, 0.18847009539604187, -0.22782130539417267, -0.23348358273506165, 0.5102259516716003, 0.05894943326711655, -0.32596907019615...	The term "push-pull" was established in 1987 as an approach for integrated pest management (IPM). This strategy uses a mixture of behavior-modifying stimuli to manipulate the distribution and abundance of insects. "Push" means the insects are repelled or deterred away from whatever resource that is being protected. "Pu...	Free movement of goods within the European Union is achieved by a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination. The EU manages imports from non-member states, duties between member states are prohibited, and imports circulate freely. In addition under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union articl...	In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This power includes the power ...	The Court of Justice of the European Union can interpret the Treaties	91,701
5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb	European_Union_law	The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s. Major amen...	How did the principle treaties that form the European Union begin?	{ "answer_start": [ 58, 58, 58, 58 ], "text": [ "with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy", "with common rules for coal and steel", "with common rules for coal and steel", "with common rules for coal and steel" ] }	How did the principle treaties that form [MASK] begin?	[ 0.31151339411735535, 0.09342443943023682, 0.1316899210214615, 0.06172151118516922, 0.21408939361572266, -0.13162487745285034, 0.20085963606834412, -0.39164891839027405, 0.04193234071135521, -0.08135133981704712, 0.029926078394055367, 0.16066083312034607, -0.302609920501709, 0.0713487491011...	Hydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules. These include low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases.	The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, t...	The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as laid down in Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2%, “a year-on-year increase in the Harmonise...	with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy	91,702
5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc	European_Union_law	The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s. Major amen...	Which two treaties provided more formal institutions of the European Union?	{ "answer_start": [ 191, 187, 187, 187 ], "text": [ "Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992", "the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992", "the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU)", "the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Trea...	Which [MASK] treaties provided more formal institutions of [MASK]?	[ 0.20522432029247284, 0.10618679225444794, 0.06880069524049759, 0.23263438045978546, 0.16212600469589233, -0.08482105284929276, 0.1526227593421936, -0.20992924273014069, -0.18484610319137573, -0.055988527834415436, -0.008401686325669289, 0.21923208236694336, -0.11844421923160553, -0.0841746...	Palermo (Italian: [paˈlɛrmo] ( listen), Sicilian: Palermu, Latin: Panormus, from Greek: Πάνορμος, Panormos, Arabic: بَلَرْم‎, Balarm; Phoenician: זִיז, Ziz) is a city in Insular Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its history, culture, architectu...	The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, t...	Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption.	Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992	91,703
5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd	European_Union_law	The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s. Major amen...	In what years did Spain and Portugal join the European Union?	{ "answer_start": [ 889, 889, 889, 889 ], "text": [ "1985", "1985", "1985", "1985" ] }	In what years did [MASK] and [MASK] join [MASK]?	[ 0.33795228600502014, 0.3311042785644531, 0.11570572853088379, 0.025658676400780678, 0.4545137882232666, 0.0018057096749544144, 0.18972226977348328, 0.0210704505443573, -0.24774818122386932, -0.020417315885424614, 0.13559630513191223, -0.009169391356408596, 0.1675775647163391, 0.10439153760...	A wrestler can win by knockout (sometimes referred to as a referee stoppage) if they do not resort to submission holds, but stills pummels their opponent to the point that they are unconscious or are unable to intelligently defend themselves. To check for a knockout in this manner, a referee will wave their hand in fro...	The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, t...	The European powers continued to pursue diplomatic avenues. The representatives of the four neutral Great Powers—the United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia—met in Vienna, where they drafted a note that they hoped would be acceptable to both the Russians and the Ottomans. The peace terms arrived at by the four powe...	1985	91,704
5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5be	European_Union_law	The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s. Major amen...	In 1972, did Norway end up joining the European Union?	{ "answer_start": [ 806, 833, 833, 833 ], "text": [ "in 1972 (though Norway did not end up joining)", "not", "not", "not" ] }	In [MASK], did [MASK] end up joining [MASK]?	[ 0.2727901041507721, -0.07314186543226242, 0.13089944422245026, 0.25559234619140625, 0.23721086978912354, 0.1732439547777176, 0.1459909826517105, -0.16183678805828094, -0.21425701677799225, 0.09783658385276794, -0.1601363867521286, -0.018456956371665, 0.12883807718753815, -0.085103601217269...	In the final days of World War II in Yugoslavia, units of the Partisans were responsible for atrocities after the repatriations of Bleiburg, and accusations of culpability were later raised at the Yugoslav leadership under Tito. At the time, Josip Broz Tito repeatedly issued calls for surrender to the retreating column...	The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, t...	The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo...	in 1972 (though Norway did not end up joining)	91,705
5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf	European_Union_law	The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s. Major amen...	Which country in 1985 signed a treaty to give it special status?	{ "answer_start": [ 1184, 1184, 1184, 1184 ], "text": [ "Greenland", "Greenland", "Greenland", "Greenland" ] }	Which country in [MASK] signed a treaty to give it special status?	[ 0.15936776995658875, -0.1568964123725891, 0.09551820158958435, 0.14493131637573242, 0.2821768820285797, -0.0034036138094961643, -0.09290501475334167, 0.11239025741815567, -0.32129353284835815, 0.18170364201068878, -0.27011638879776, -0.16236908733844757, -0.33676281571388245, 0.17102228105...	As of 2010[update], the city of Montevideo has been divided into 8 political municipalities (Municipios), referred to with the letters from A to G, including CH, each presided over by a mayor elected by the citizens registered in the constituency. This division, according to the Municipality of Montevideo, "aims to adv...	The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, t...	On 10 October 2009, Armenia and Turkey signed protocols on normalisation of relationships, which set a timetable for restoring diplomatic ties and reopening their joint border. The ratification of those had to be made in the national parliaments. In Armenia it passed through the required by legislation approval of the ...	Greenland	91,706
57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b0	European_Union_law	The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s. Major amen...	What caused the need for principal Treaties that ended up forming the EU?	{ "answer_start": [ 63, 63, 58, 58 ], "text": [ "common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy", "common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy", "with common rules for coal and steel", "with common rules for coal and steel" ] }	What caused the need for principal Treaties that ended up forming the [MASK]?	[ -0.09347628802061081, -0.13881753385066986, -0.03002113476395607, 0.4013829827308655, 0.027994709089398384, -0.13110625743865967, 0.20487873256206512, -0.13821230828762054, 0.02634485997259617, 0.02058541029691696, 0.031588077545166016, 0.2588217556476593, 0.014376594685018063, 0.259150892...	In Marxian analysis, capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits. Over the long-term, this trend increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs,...	The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, t...	Although the European Union does not have a codified constitution, like every political body it has laws which "constitute" its basic governance structure. The EU's primary constitutional sources are the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), which have been agree...	common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy	91,707
57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b1	European_Union_law	The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s. Major amen...	When year was the Maastrich Treaty signed?	{ "answer_start": [ 237, 237, 237, 237 ], "text": [ "1992", "1992", "1992", "1992" ] }	When year was [MASK] signed?	[ 0.179855614900589, 0.09626268595457077, 0.09189508855342865, 0.14966143667697906, 0.1993928849697113, 0.14878785610198975, -0.19092774391174316, -0.14147533476352692, -0.07917310297489166, 0.1064833402633667, 0.1510574370622635, 0.2524538040161133, 0.016674239188432693, -0.0204926114529371...	Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consist...	The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, t...	On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009.	1992	91,708
57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b2	European_Union_law	The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s. Major amen...	When was the Single European Act made?	{ "answer_start": [ 430, 430, 430, 430 ], "text": [ "1986", "1986", "1986", "1986" ] }	When was [MASK] made?	[ 0.20444373786449432, 0.2078884094953537, -0.01895768754184246, 0.1873135268688202, 0.20551516115665436, 0.34250929951667786, -0.20327003300189972, -0.15438665449619293, -0.046784304082393646, 0.2289896160364151, 0.11779553443193436, 0.21012260019779205, 0.20326946675777435, 0.2156754881143...	There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent.	The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, t...	The government has established an Integration Office under the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Economic Affairs. To minimise the negative consequences of Switzerland's isolation from the rest of Europe, Bern and Brussels signed seven bilateral agreements to further liberalise trade ties. These agree...	1986	91,709
57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3	European_Union_law	The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s. Major amen...	When did Denmark join the EU?	{ "answer_start": [ 809, 809, 809, 809 ], "text": [ "1972", "1972", "1972", "1972" ] }	When did [MASK] join the [MASK]?	[ 0.24466128647327423, 0.15888668596744537, -0.024756059050559998, -0.003834684146568179, 0.05734787508845329, 0.06367243826389313, 0.27437832951545715, -0.18363696336746216, -0.3420411944389343, 0.12125153839588165, -0.036970917135477066, 0.10006823390722275, -0.024877045303583145, -0.30008...	The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consiste...	The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, t...	In 2006, Switzerland approved 1 billion francs of supportive investment in the poorer Southern and Central European countries in support of cooperation and positive ties to the EU as a whole. A further referendum will be needed to approve 300 million francs to support Romania and Bulgaria and their recent admission. Th...	1972	91,710
57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b4	European_Union_law	The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s. Major amen...	When did Greenland sign a Treaty granting them special status?	{ "answer_start": [ 1213, 1213, 1213, 1213 ], "text": [ "1985", "1985", "1985", "1985" ] }	When did [MASK] sign a Treaty granting them special status?	[ 0.18428237736225128, 0.10633914172649384, -0.07295684516429901, 0.025911588221788406, 0.1332537680864334, 0.027907108888030052, 0.11265577375888824, -0.16894586384296417, -0.22380033135414124, 0.08304503560066223, -0.07537833601236343, 0.06572718173265457, -0.1476166844367981, 0.0272846184...	For a precise definition of what it means to solve a problem using a given amount of time and space, a computational model such as the deterministic Turing machine is used. The time required by a deterministic Turing machine M on input x is the total number of state transitions, or steps, the machine makes before it ha...	The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, t...	During World War II, when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany, the United States briefly controlled Greenland for battlefields and protection. In 1946, the United States offered to buy Greenland from Denmark for $100 million ($1.2 billion today) but Denmark refused to sell it. Several politicians and others have in re...	1985	91,711
57264865dd62a815002e8062	European_Union_law	Following the Nice Treaty, there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Cons...	When was there an attempt to reform the law of the EU?	{ "answer_start": [ 0, 289, 0, 0 ], "text": [ "Following the Nice Treaty", "2004", "Following the Nice Treaty", "Following the Nice Treaty" ] }	When was there an attempt to reform the law of the [MASK]?	[ 0.1626577526330948, -0.07807538658380508, -0.09191998094320297, 0.21432346105575562, -0.09545046091079712, 0.19211465120315552, 0.19083844125270844, -0.32956409454345703, -0.19408802688121796, -0.043257299810647964, -0.00420738197863102, 0.22328722476959229, -0.23569071292877197, 0.0681463...	The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries.	Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ...	Citizenship of the EU has increasingly been seen as a "fundamental" status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice, and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move. The Court has required that higher education, along with other forms of vocational training...	Following the Nice Treaty	91,712
57264865dd62a815002e8063	European_Union_law	Following the Nice Treaty, there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Cons...	What two country's referendums curtailed a constitution for Europe?	{ "answer_start": [ 225, 221, 225, 221 ], "text": [ "referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands", "the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands", "referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands", "the referendum in France and the refere...	What [MASK] country 's referendums curtailed a constitution for [MASK]?	[ 0.2608034014701843, 0.04648413509130478, -0.022264603525400162, 0.20824144780635834, -0.07440134882926941, 0.14555582404136658, 0.24565447866916656, -0.3153536021709442, 0.04455818608403206, 0.09992663562297821, -0.07866339385509491, 0.22501923143863678, -0.34293845295906067, 0.13308113813...	Some Huguenots fought in the Low Countries alongside the Dutch against Spain during the first years of the Dutch Revolt (1568–1609). The Dutch Republic rapidly became a destination for Huguenot exiles. Early ties were already visible in the "Apologie" of William the Silent, condemning the Spanish Inquisition, which was...	Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ...	The Turkish invasion, followed by occupation and the declaration of independence of the TRNC have been condemned by United Nations resolutions, which are reaffirmed by the Security Council every year. The last major effort to settle the Cyprus dispute was the Annan Plan in 2004, drafted by the then Secretary General, K...	referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands	91,713
57264865dd62a815002e8064	European_Union_law	Following the Nice Treaty, there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Cons...	How similar was the Lisbon Treaty to the constitutional treaty?	{ "answer_start": [ 421, 421, 421, 421 ], "text": [ "very similar", "very similar", "very similar", "very similar" ] }	How similar was [MASK] to the constitutional treaty?	[ 0.25003236532211304, -0.07076379656791687, 0.01790410466492176, -0.04908689484000206, 0.18980024755001068, 0.05553460866212845, -0.10118898749351501, -0.41395294666290283, -0.09371054917573929, -0.1556791067123413, 0.017323508858680725, 0.23279684782028198, -0.2704097330570221, -0.09517046...	The Luftwaffe's poor intelligence meant that their aircraft were not always able to locate their targets, and thus attacks on factories and airfields failed to achieve the desired results. British fighter aircraft production continued at a rate surpassing Germany's by 2 to 1. The British produced 10,000 aircraft in 194...	Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ...	There are three ways an existing treaty can be amended. First, formal amendment requires State parties to the treaty to go through the ratification process all over again. The re-negotiation of treaty provisions can be long and protracted, and often some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the ame...	very similar	91,714
57264865dd62a815002e8065	European_Union_law	Following the Nice Treaty, there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Cons...	What type of treaty was the Lisbon Treaty?	{ "answer_start": [ 493, 493, 493, 493 ], "text": [ "an amending treaty", "an amending treaty", "an amending treaty", "an amending treaty" ] }	What type of treaty was [MASK]?	[ -0.0016578339273110032, -0.1091303899884224, -0.04480831325054169, 0.14381124079227448, 0.15237590670585632, -0.22978335618972778, 0.09633801132440567, -0.20637468993663788, 0.10722166299819946, -0.00390343158505857, 0.006888105999678373, 0.21295350790023804, -0.18552234768867493, 0.034164...	The theologians, including Zwingli, Melanchthon, Martin Bucer, and Johannes Oecolampadius, differed on the significance of the words spoken by Jesus at the Last Supper: "This is my body which is for you" and "This cup is the new covenant in my blood" (1 Corinthians 11:23–26). Luther insisted on the Real Presence of the...	Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ...	The possibility of withdrawal depends on the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire. It has, for example, been held that it is not possible to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. When North Korea declared its intention to do this the Secretary-General of the United Nations,...	an amending treaty	91,715
57264865dd62a815002e8066	European_Union_law	Following the Nice Treaty, there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Cons...	Is the Lisbon Treaty one that would alter existing treaties or replace them?	{ "answer_start": [ 543, 526, 529, 543 ], "text": [ "altered the existing treaties", "it significantly altered the existing treaties", "significantly altered the existing treaties", "altered the existing treaties" ] }	Is [MASK] one that would alter existing treaties or replace them?	[ 0.25939878821372986, -0.17622388899326324, 0.05743730813264847, 0.30505168437957764, 0.3345630168914795, -0.022909021005034447, -0.09770996123552322, -0.28071609139442444, -0.08403146266937256, -0.2279663383960724, -0.253417044878006, 0.2605462074279785, -0.4200860857963562, 0.014128196984...	Expansion caused controversy about Yale's new roles. Noah Porter, moral philosopher, was president from 1871 to 1886. During an age of tremendous expansion in higher education, Porter resisted the rise of the new research university, claiming that an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education. Ma...	Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ...	While the Commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process. According to the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10, the EU observes "the principle of equality of its citizens" and is m...	altered the existing treaties	91,716
57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c4	European_Union_law	Following the Nice Treaty, there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Cons...	What reform was attempted following the Nice Treaty?	{ "answer_start": [ 27, 37, 27, 37 ], "text": [ "there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent", "an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent", "there was an attempt to reform ...	What reform was attempted following [MASK]?	[ 0.20642177760601044, -0.205705925822258, -0.1459551751613617, 0.1885596662759781, -0.1525394767522812, 0.11888372898101807, 0.0983143001794815, -0.3461093306541443, -0.25276219844818115, -0.08279513567686081, -0.2253800332546234, 0.14168021082878113, -0.18156564235687256, 0.010929261334240...	Color in glass may be obtained by addition of electrically charged ions (or color centers) that are homogeneously distributed, and by precipitation of finely dispersed particles (such as in photochromic glasses). Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colorless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron(II) oxide (FeO) ...	Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ...	A constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4 August 2010, and the new constitution passed by a wide margin. Among other things, the new constitution delega...	there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent	91,717
57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c5	European_Union_law	Following the Nice Treaty, there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Cons...	What was an additional projected effect of the attempted reform?	{ "answer_start": [ 133, 133, 138, 133 ], "text": [ "this would have also produced a single constitutional document", "this would have also produced a single constitutional document", "would have also produced a single constitutional document", "this would have also produced a sing...	What was an additional projected effect of the attempted reform?	[ 0.05946126952767372, -0.252164363861084, 0.044940829277038574, 0.25500980019569397, 0.07780344039201736, 0.30175286531448364, 0.2780599594116211, -0.2929345667362213, -0.23041225969791412, -0.26099830865859985, -0.157755047082901, -0.02810703031718731, -0.17835257947444916, 0.0525772422552...	In India, the longest constitutional text in the history of the world has governed that country since 1950. Although the Constitution of India may have been intended to provide details that would limit the opportunity for judicial discretion, the more text there is in a constitution the greater opportunity the judiciar...	Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ...	After the fall of Napoleon, not only was Napoleonic Code retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany, but has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic, the US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec. ...	this would have also produced a single constitutional document	91,718
57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c6	European_Union_law	Following the Nice Treaty, there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Cons...	Which caused the reform to never come into force?	{ "answer_start": [ 221, 221, 221, 221 ], "text": [ "the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands", "the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands", "the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands", "the referendum in France and th...	Which caused the reform to never come into force?	[ 0.12636446952819824, -0.27966374158859253, 0.03833501785993576, 0.2497010976076126, -0.01961762085556984, 0.10226069390773773, 0.22699031233787537, -0.27004730701446533, -0.15272977948188782, 0.05446665361523628, -0.15234814584255219, 0.030673444271087646, -0.3291836380958557, 0.2664359211...	The length of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range of 100–110 m (110–120 yd) and the width is in the range of 64–75 m (70–80 yd). Fields for non-international matches may be 90–120 m (100–130 yd) length and 45–90 m (50–100 yd) in width, provided that the pitch does not become square. In 2008, the I...	Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ...	This liberalization, however, fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989, in which Soviet-imposed communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were peacefully toppled (Romania excepted), which in turn increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce...	the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands	91,719
57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c7	European_Union_law	Following the Nice Treaty, there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Cons...	What treaty took the place of constitutional treaty?	{ "answer_start": [ 372, 372, 372, 372 ], "text": [ "the Lisbon Treaty", "the Lisbon Treaty", "the Lisbon Treaty", "the Lisbon Treaty" ] }	What treaty took the place of constitutional treaty?	[ 0.2371603399515152, -0.2108602672815323, 0.04954737424850464, -0.0002706165541894734, 0.12284915149211884, -0.03716354817152023, -0.033687129616737366, -0.5042403340339661, -0.008308731019496918, -0.1720738261938095, -0.18811877071857452, 0.250723659992218, -0.37056082487106323, -0.0115184...	Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the ...	Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ...	According to the preamble in The Law of Treaties, treaties are a source of international law. If an act or lack thereof is condemned under international law, the act will not assume international legality even if approved by internal law. This means that in case of a conflict with domestic law, international law will a...	the Lisbon Treaty	91,720
57264a8cdd62a815002e808c	European_Union_law	The European Commission is the main executive body of the European Union. Article 17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should "promote the general interest of the Union" while Article 17(3) adds that Commissioners should be "completely independent" and not "take instructions from any Government"....	What is the main executive body of the EU?	{ "answer_start": [ 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "text": [ "The European Commission", "The European Commission", "The European Commission", "The European Commission" ] }	What is the main executive body of the [MASK]?	[ 0.08647436648607254, 0.24078644812107086, 0.15534599125385284, 0.30662819743156433, 0.08026173710823059, -0.061742719262838364, -0.0876288115978241, 0.09691726416349411, -0.2049914449453354, 0.020677877590060234, -0.3370194137096405, 0.2265753597021103, -0.09165678173303604, 0.118733659386...	Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper.	When granting assent by commission, the sovereign authorises three or more (normally five) lords who are Privy Counsellors to grant assent in his or her name. The Lords Commissioners, as the monarch's representatives are known, wear scarlet parliamentary robes and sit on a bench between the throne and the Woolsack. The...	The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, t...	The European Commission	91,721
57264a8cdd62a815002e808d	European_Union_law	The European Commission is the main executive body of the European Union. Article 17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should "promote the general interest of the Union" while Article 17(3) adds that Commissioners should be "completely independent" and not "take instructions from any Government"....	Who is the sole governing authority capable of initiating legislative proposals?	{ "answer_start": [ 487, 0, 487, 487 ], "text": [ "the Commission", "The European Commission", "the Commission", "the Commission" ] }	Who is the sole governing authority capable of initiating legislative proposals?	[ 0.4436769485473633, 0.03578685224056244, -0.01155701745301485, 0.30948737263679504, 0.13222046196460724, 0.18974517285823822, 0.05402062460780144, -0.2210390567779541, -0.233786940574646, -0.3133286237716675, -0.09913976490497589, 0.10129055380821228, -0.0043148472905159, -0.01144816912710...	The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, and not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in the presence of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimu...	The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, t...	From an institutional perspective, the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader. For example, Rule XII, clause 6, grant the minority leader (or his designee) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions; Rule II, clause 6, states the Inspector General shall be ...	the Commission	91,722
57264a8cdd62a815002e808e	European_Union_law	The European Commission is the main executive body of the European Union. Article 17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should "promote the general interest of the Union" while Article 17(3) adds that Commissioners should be "completely independent" and not "take instructions from any Government"....	Which authority figure is designated to schedule and set the work of the EU?	{ "answer_start": [ 793, 793, 793, 793 ], "text": [ "The Commission's President", "The Commission's President", "The Commission's President", "The Commission's President (" ] }	Which authority figure is designated to schedule and set the work of the [MASK]?	[ 0.5228612422943115, 0.05181238055229187, 0.0032395306043326855, 0.15094642341136932, 0.0860108733177185, 0.13179992139339447, -0.1461666226387024, -0.16183193027973175, -0.2858550548553467, -0.05756916478276253, -0.238255113363266, 0.3806913495063782, -0.035275086760520935, 0.0335087329149...	The V&A covers 12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries. Its collection spans 5,000 years of art, from ancient times to the present day, from the cultures of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa. The holdings of ceramics, glass, textiles, costumes, silver, ironwork, jewellery, furniture, medieval objects, sculp...	When granting assent by commission, the sovereign authorises three or more (normally five) lords who are Privy Counsellors to grant assent in his or her name. The Lords Commissioners, as the monarch's representatives are known, wear scarlet parliamentary robes and sit on a bench between the throne and the Woolsack. The...	Later, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the Basic Law thus applied to the entire German people. Article 23, which had allowed "any other parts of Germany" to join, was rephrased. It had been used i...	The Commission's President	91,723
57264a8cdd62a815002e808f	European_Union_law	The European Commission is the main executive body of the European Union. Article 17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should "promote the general interest of the Union" while Article 17(3) adds that Commissioners should be "completely independent" and not "take instructions from any Government"....	For each of the 28 member states, how many Commissioner's are represented for each one?	{ "answer_start": [ 1180, 1180, 1180, 1180 ], "text": [ "one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states", "one", "one", "one" ] }	For each of the [MASK] member states, how many Commissioner 's are represented for each one?	[ 0.3920753300189972, -0.09819277375936508, 0.09588738530874252, 0.31785282492637634, 0.04335333779454231, 0.1737687885761261, -0.02521534264087677, -0.1756809502840042, -0.40444833040237427, -0.12186824530363083, -0.10389033704996109, 0.006915023550391197, -0.316156268119812, -0.01883566193...	In order to reduce negative impacts, it is desirable that pesticides be degradable or at least quickly deactivated in the environment. Such loss of activity or toxicity of pesticides is due to both innate chemical properties of the compounds and environmental processes or conditions. For example, the presence of haloge...	When granting assent by commission, the sovereign authorises three or more (normally five) lords who are Privy Counsellors to grant assent in his or her name. The Lords Commissioners, as the monarch's representatives are known, wear scarlet parliamentary robes and sit on a bench between the throne and the Woolsack. The...	Several procedures enable the Scottish Parliament to scrutinise the Government. The First Minister or members of the cabinet can deliver statements to Parliament upon which MSPs are invited to question. For example, at the beginning of each parliamentary year, the First Minister delivers a statement to the chamber sett...	one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states	91,724
57264a8cdd62a815002e8090	European_Union_law	The European Commission is the main executive body of the European Union. Article 17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should "promote the general interest of the Union" while Article 17(3) adds that Commissioners should be "completely independent" and not "take instructions from any Government"....	Who is the current President and the High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy?	{ "answer_start": [ 1326, 864, 864, 864 ], "text": [ "Federica Mogherini", "Jean-Claude Juncker", "Jean-Claude Juncker", "Jean-Claude Juncker" ] }	Who is the current President and the High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy?	[ 0.10499581694602966, 0.22092507779598236, 0.11248332262039185, 0.21541324257850647, 0.2264648973941803, -0.10298454761505127, -0.06170405447483063, -0.11918450891971588, -0.24353700876235962, -0.155975341796875, -0.3918955326080322, 0.02849099040031433, -0.07958607375621796, 0.064549371600...	In Thailand, a kingdom that has had a constitution since the initial attempt to overthrow the absolute monarchy system in 1932, the rule of law has been more of a principle than actual practice.[citation needed] Ancient prejudices and political bias have been present in the three branches of government with each of the...	When granting assent by commission, the sovereign authorises three or more (normally five) lords who are Privy Counsellors to grant assent in his or her name. The Lords Commissioners, as the monarch's representatives are known, wear scarlet parliamentary robes and sit on a bench between the throne and the Woolsack. The...	The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven institutions of the European Union ...	Federica Mogherini	91,725
572691545951b619008f76e1	European_Union_law	The European Commission is the main executive body of the European Union. Article 17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should "promote the general interest of the Union" while Article 17(3) adds that Commissioners should be "completely independent" and not "take instructions from any Government"....	Which article of the Treaty on European Union states that Commissioners should be completely independent and not take instructions from any Government?	{ "answer_start": [ 199, 199, 199, 199 ], "text": [ "Article 17(3)", "Article 17(3)", "Article 17(3)", "Article 17(3)" ] }	Which article of [MASK] states that Commissioners should be completely independent and not take instructions from any Government?	[ 0.38055428862571716, 0.017264915630221367, -0.08167895674705505, 0.36712172627449036, 0.029025595635175705, -0.4464868903160095, -0.001492046401835978, -0.02523505501449108, -0.03056965209543705, -0.006618181709200144, -0.3425159752368927, 0.2785150408744812, -0.45108744502067566, -0.16150...	NASA awarded all 32 of these astronauts its highest honor, the Distinguished Service Medal, given for "distinguished service, ability, or courage", and personal "contribution representing substantial progress to the NASA mission". The medals were awarded posthumously to Grissom, White, and Chaffee in 1969, then to the ...	When granting assent by commission, the sovereign authorises three or more (normally five) lords who are Privy Counsellors to grant assent in his or her name. The Lords Commissioners, as the monarch's representatives are known, wear scarlet parliamentary robes and sit on a bench between the throne and the Woolsack. The...	In 1949, the city was chosen to be the seat of the Council of Europe with its European Court of Human Rights and European Pharmacopoeia. Since 1952, the European Parliament has met in Strasbourg, which was formally designated its official 'seat' at the Edinburgh meeting of the European Council of EU heads of state and ...	Article 17(3)	91,726
572691545951b619008f76e2	European_Union_law	The European Commission is the main executive body of the European Union. Article 17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should "promote the general interest of the Union" while Article 17(3) adds that Commissioners should be "completely independent" and not "take instructions from any Government"....	Who sets the agenda for the EU's work?	{ "answer_start": [ 793, 793, 793, 793 ], "text": [ "The Commission's President", "The Commission's President", "The Commission's President", "The Commission's President" ] }	Who sets the agenda for the [MASK] 's work?	[ 0.47411730885505676, 0.04711877927184105, 0.1443537473678589, 0.25427961349487305, 0.14693573117256165, 0.1342087835073471, -0.15642619132995605, 0.04692176729440689, -0.10324306041002274, -0.1638672649860382, -0.20762042701244354, 0.16578345000743866, 0.03728130832314491, -0.0144243715330...	He does not argue that any such conclusions are therefore true, or that this describes the actual methods of any particular scientist.[citation needed] Rather, it is recommended as an essential principle of methodology that, if enacted by a system or community, will lead to slow but steady progress of a sort (relative ...	When granting assent by commission, the sovereign authorises three or more (normally five) lords who are Privy Counsellors to grant assent in his or her name. The Lords Commissioners, as the monarch's representatives are known, wear scarlet parliamentary robes and sit on a bench between the throne and the Woolsack. The...	Since its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems. This has meant both the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts have had to develop principles to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems. Within the EU itself, the Court of Jus...	The Commission's President	91,727
572691545951b619008f76e3	European_Union_law	The European Commission is the main executive body of the European Union. Article 17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should "promote the general interest of the Union" while Article 17(3) adds that Commissioners should be "completely independent" and not "take instructions from any Government"....	How are decisions made on behave of the EU made?	{ "answer_start": [ 945, 945, 943, 943 ], "text": [ "simple majority vote", "simple majority vote", "a simple majority vote", "a simple majority" ] }	How are decisions made on behave of the [MASK] made?	[ 0.18928654491901398, 0.02893643081188202, -0.15597833693027496, 0.16494299471378326, 0.23687902092933655, 0.202252596616745, 0.11957377195358276, -0.30004483461380005, 0.1728907972574234, -0.1433052271604538, -0.1799999326467514, 0.39485278725624084, 0.005289066582918167, -0.20832236111164...	Owing to Napoleon's praise of Saint Helena’s coffee during his exile on the island, the product enjoyed a brief popularity in Paris in the years after his death.	When granting assent by commission, the sovereign authorises three or more (normally five) lords who are Privy Counsellors to grant assent in his or her name. The Lords Commissioners, as the monarch's representatives are known, wear scarlet parliamentary robes and sit on a bench between the throne and the Woolsack. The...	The Council of Ministers – under the presidency of the Prime Minister (or the President of Portugal at the latter's request) and the Ministers (may also include one or more Deputy Prime Ministers) – acts as the cabinet. Each government is required to define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present ...	simple majority vote	91,728
572691545951b619008f76e4	European_Union_law	The European Commission is the main executive body of the European Union. Article 17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should "promote the general interest of the Union" while Article 17(3) adds that Commissioners should be "completely independent" and not "take instructions from any Government"....	Which country refused to content to changes in the Treaty of Lisbon 2007?	{ "answer_start": [ 1098, 1098, 1098, 1098 ], "text": [ "Ireland", "Ireland", "Ireland", "Ireland" ] }	Which country refused to content to changes in [MASK] [MASK]?	[ 0.14777623116970062, -0.029718657955527306, 0.10165495425462723, 0.30042892694473267, -0.1366351693868637, 0.13316915929317474, 0.16662554442882538, -0.19852158427238464, -0.08952333778142929, 0.2706458568572998, -0.14681990444660187, 0.13342581689357758, -0.3015093207359314, 0.21553659439...	Others argue that the rule of law has survived but was transformed to allow for the exercise of discretion by administrators. For much of American history, the dominant notion of the rule of law, in this setting, has been some version of A. V. Dicey's: “no man is punishable or can be lawfully made to suffer in body or ...	When granting assent by commission, the sovereign authorises three or more (normally five) lords who are Privy Counsellors to grant assent in his or her name. The Lords Commissioners, as the monarch's representatives are known, wear scarlet parliamentary robes and sit on a bench between the throne and the Woolsack. The...	The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as laid down in Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2%, “a year-on-year increase in the Harmonise...	Ireland	91,729
572691545951b619008f76e5	European_Union_law	The European Commission is the main executive body of the European Union. Article 17(1) of the Treaty on European Union states the Commission should "promote the general interest of the Union" while Article 17(3) adds that Commissioners should be "completely independent" and not "take instructions from any Government"....	Who are the un-elected subordinates of member state governments?	{ "answer_start": [ 1746, 1746, 1746, 1746 ], "text": [ "Commissioners", "Commissioners", "Commissioners", "Commissioners" ] }	Who are the un-elected subordinates of member state governments?	[ 0.381534218788147, 0.10396004468202591, 0.15248453617095947, 0.38551750779151917, 0.025292502716183662, 0.11322175711393356, 0.09776864945888519, -0.10927555710077286, -0.05654111132025719, -0.03313501551747322, -0.2633798122406006, 0.1405022144317627, -0.42024749517440796, -0.062019553035...	The election produced a majority SNP government, making this the first time in the Scottish Parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority. The SNP took 16 seats from Labour, with many of their key figures not returned to parliament, although Labour leader Iain Gray retained East Lothian by 151 votes. ...	The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, t...	Legislative powers are exercised by a 300-member elective unicameral Parliament. Statutes passed by the Parliament are promulgated by the President of the Republic. Parliamentary elections are held every four years, but the President of the Republic is obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier on the proposal of the C...	Commissioners	91,730
57264e455951b619008f6f65	European_Union_law	Commissioners have various privileges, such as being exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts. Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices, particularly since the Santer Commission was censured by Parliament in 1999, and it ...	What commission was censured in 1999, and paved the way for Commissioners to abuse their power?	{ "answer_start": [ 255, 255, 255, 255 ], "text": [ "the Santer Commission", "the Santer Commission", "the Santer Commission", "the Santer Commission" ] }	What commission was censured in [MASK], and paved the way for Commissioners to abuse their power?	[ 0.13280488550662994, -0.029930494725704193, -0.29880911111831665, 0.36570578813552856, -0.19001030921936035, 0.03660935163497925, -0.052117250859737396, -0.2946740388870239, -0.011301692575216293, 0.04075409099459648, 0.06903007626533508, 0.10505370795726776, -0.35416263341903687, 0.363346...	In the past, the Malays used to call the Portuguese Serani from the Arabic Nasrani, but the term now refers to the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia.	Committees comprise a small number of MSPs, with membership reflecting the balance of parties across Parliament. There are different committees with their functions set out in different ways. Mandatory Committees are committees which are set down under the Scottish Parliament's standing orders, which govern their remit...	There are two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private. Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a criti...	the Santer Commission	91,731
57264e455951b619008f6f66	European_Union_law	Commissioners have various privileges, such as being exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts. Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices, particularly since the Santer Commission was censured by Parliament in 1999, and it ...	Did the European Court of Justice rule the defendant in the case of Commission v. Edith Cresson broke any laws?	{ "answer_start": [ 555, 567, 567, 567 ], "text": [ "did in fact not break any law", "not", "not", "not" ] }	Did [MASK] rule the defendant in the case of [MASK] v. [MASK] broke any laws?	[ 0.08521860092878342, 0.09019818156957626, -0.02277442067861557, 0.1853073537349701, 0.3551463186740875, -0.05344273895025253, 0.19019480049610138, -0.5523255467414856, -0.16311566531658173, 0.3951655626296997, -0.02580335922539234, 0.2256997972726822, -0.36484500765800476, 0.07367094606161...	There are at least 3,223 named lakes and reservoirs in Montana, including Flathead Lake, the largest natural freshwater lake in the western United States. Other major lakes include Whitefish Lake in the Flathead Valley and Lake McDonald and St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park. The largest reservoir in the state is F...	Committees comprise a small number of MSPs, with membership reflecting the balance of parties across Parliament. There are different committees with their functions set out in different ways. Mandatory Committees are committees which are set down under the Scottish Parliament's standing orders, which govern their remit...	Citizenship of the EU has increasingly been seen as a "fundamental" status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice, and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move. The Court has required that higher education, along with other forms of vocational training...	did in fact not break any law	91,732
57264e455951b619008f6f67	European_Union_law	Commissioners have various privileges, such as being exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts. Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices, particularly since the Santer Commission was censured by Parliament in 1999, and it ...	Who found that there was a developed culture of Commissioner's who lacked responsibility?	{ "answer_start": [ 631, 629, 631, 631 ], "text": [ "Committee of Independent Experts", "a Committee of Independent Experts", "Committee of Independent Experts", "Committee of Independent Experts" ] }	Who found that there was a developed culture of Commissioner's who lacked responsibility?	[ 0.0035905265249311924, -0.018615368753671646, -0.23296204209327698, 0.38655102252960205, -0.3576391339302063, -0.01993410475552082, 0.2433360517024994, -0.3643685579299927, -0.07916755229234695, 0.20264177024364471, -0.11054416745901108, -0.07158201932907104, -0.40276554226875305, 0.000231...	As of 2010[update], the city of Montevideo has been divided into 8 political municipalities (Municipios), referred to with the letters from A to G, including CH, each presided over by a mayor elected by the citizens registered in the constituency. This division, according to the Municipality of Montevideo, "aims to adv...	Committees comprise a small number of MSPs, with membership reflecting the balance of parties across Parliament. There are different committees with their functions set out in different ways. Mandatory Committees are committees which are set down under the Scottish Parliament's standing orders, which govern their remit...	Perhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to the Global Accou...	Committee of Independent Experts	91,733
57264e455951b619008f6f68	European_Union_law	Commissioners have various privileges, such as being exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts. Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices, particularly since the Santer Commission was censured by Parliament in 1999, and it ...	Who appoints the board of the European Central Bank?	{ "answer_start": [ 1220, 1216, 1216, 1216 ], "text": [ "European Council", "the European Council", "the European Council", "the European Council" ] }	Who appoints the board of [MASK]?	[ 0.24737060070037842, 0.15365873277187347, 0.3039928078651428, 0.38101479411125183, 0.133977010846138, -0.005049823317676783, -0.3051317036151886, -0.10406044870615005, -0.027483411133289337, -0.004189612809568644, -0.26984864473342896, 0.24821814894676208, -0.11846068501472473, 0.000903991...	The phrase "Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa" entered British pop culture, signifying in humour the stereotypical early-series behaviour of children who wanted to avoid seeing frightening parts of a television programme while remaining in the room to watch the remainder of it. The phrase retains this ...	Committees comprise a small number of MSPs, with membership reflecting the balance of parties across Parliament. There are different committees with their functions set out in different ways. Mandatory Committees are committees which are set down under the Scottish Parliament's standing orders, which govern their remit...	The banks in effect borrow cash and must pay it back; the short durations allow interest rates to be adjusted continually. When the repo notes come due the participating banks bid again. An increase in the quantity of notes offered at auction allows an increase in liquidity in the economy. A decrease has the contrary e...	European Council	91,734
57264e455951b619008f6f69	European_Union_law	Commissioners have various privileges, such as being exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts. Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices, particularly since the Santer Commission was censured by Parliament in 1999, and it ...	Can the President of the Council vote on important matters related to the European Central Bank?	{ "answer_start": [ 1351, 1354, 1354, 1354 ], "text": [ "do not have voting rights", "not", "not", "not" ] }	Can the President of the Council vote on important matters related to [MASK]?	[ 0.056151941418647766, 0.10642152279615402, 0.023853572085499763, 0.22539010643959045, 0.1300259530544281, -0.15259984135627747, -0.19114860892295837, -0.14609715342521667, -0.11274810135364532, -0.11158972233533859, -0.4328257441520691, 0.049859195947647095, -0.26412853598594666, 0.0934211...	However, the division of power as foreseen by the constitution soon resulted in legal impasses and discontent on both sides, and nationalist militants started training again, with the military support of Greece and Turkey respectively. The Greek Cypriot leadership believed that the rights given to Turkish Cypriots unde...	Committees comprise a small number of MSPs, with membership reflecting the balance of parties across Parliament. There are different committees with their functions set out in different ways. Mandatory Committees are committees which are set down under the Scottish Parliament's standing orders, which govern their remit...	The Council of Ministers – under the presidency of the Prime Minister (or the President of Portugal at the latter's request) and the Ministers (may also include one or more Deputy Prime Ministers) – acts as the cabinet. Each government is required to define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present ...	do not have voting rights	91,735
5726926a5951b619008f7709	European_Union_law	Commissioners have various privileges, such as being exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts. Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices, particularly since the Santer Commission was censured by Parliament in 1999, and it ...	When was the Santer Commission censured by Parliament?	{ "answer_start": [ 307, 307, 307, 307 ], "text": [ "1999", "1999", "1999", "1999" ] }	When was [MASK] censured by [MASK]?	[ 0.09077875316143036, 0.33539849519729614, -0.25804242491722107, 0.07906385511159897, -0.22554446756839752, 0.07352952659130096, 0.2703469693660736, -0.10568583011627197, 0.10981683433055878, 0.17013885080814362, 0.0013536879559978843, 0.02382136508822441, -0.2927023470401764, 0.31268212199...	On 12 December 1911, during the Delhi Durbar, George V, then Emperor of India, along with Queen Mary, his Consort, made the announcement that the capital of the Raj was to be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi, while laying the foundation stone for the Viceroy's residence in the Coronation Park, Kingsway Camp. The foundati...	Committees comprise a small number of MSPs, with membership reflecting the balance of parties across Parliament. There are different committees with their functions set out in different ways. Mandatory Committees are committees which are set down under the Scottish Parliament's standing orders, which govern their remit...	In exchange for Rupert Murdoch's support, Blair agreed not to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism – which John Major had withdrawn the country from in September 1992 after barely two years. Cabinet Minister Peter Mandelson was "outed" by Matthew Parris (a former Sun columnist) on BBC TV's Newsnight in November 19...	1999	91,736
5726926a5951b619008f770a	European_Union_law	Commissioners have various privileges, such as being exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts. Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices, particularly since the Santer Commission was censured by Parliament in 1999, and it ...	The censuring of the Santer Commission resulted in which main case?	{ "answer_start": [ 403, 403, 403, 403 ], "text": [ "Commission v Edith Cresson", "Commission v Edith Cresson", "Commission v Edith Cresson", "Commission v Edith Cresson" ] }	The censuring of [MASK] resulted in which main case?	[ -0.05181585252285004, 0.039004288613796234, -0.0073667261749506, 0.21551521122455597, -0.030520984902977943, 0.2095995992422104, -0.029188377782702446, -0.40676185488700867, 0.10942069441080093, 0.11699333786964417, -0.1528615951538086, 0.18074871599674225, -0.06145118176937103, 0.44203677...	In America, nonprofit organizations like Friends of UNFPA (formerly Americans for UNFPA) worked to compensate for the loss of United States federal funding by raising private donations.	Committees comprise a small number of MSPs, with membership reflecting the balance of parties across Parliament. There are different committees with their functions set out in different ways. Mandatory Committees are committees which are set down under the Scottish Parliament's standing orders, which govern their remit...	Critics noted in 2013 that Tom Wheeler, the head of the FCC, which has to approve the deal, is the former head of both the largest cable lobbying organization, the National Cable & Telecommunications Association, and as largest wireless lobby, CTIA – The Wireless Association. According to Politico, Comcast "donated to ...	Commission v Edith Cresson	91,737
5726926a5951b619008f770b	European_Union_law	Commissioners have various privileges, such as being exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts. Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices, particularly since the Santer Commission was censured by Parliament in 1999, and it ...	Who found that a culture had developed where few Commissioners had any sense of responsibility?	{ "answer_start": [ 629, 629, 631, 631 ], "text": [ "a Committee of Independent Experts", "a Committee of Independent Experts", "Committee of Independent Experts", "Committee of Independent Experts" ] }	Who found that a culture had developed where few Commissioners had any sense of responsibility?	[ 0.083595409989357, -0.15390896797180176, -0.2685675621032715, 0.2338075190782547, -0.4000263810157776, -0.020523326471447945, 0.0633479505777359, -0.06883379817008972, -0.14768458902835846, 0.06047363206744194, -0.1260814219713211, 0.13856665790081024, -0.21456044912338257, -0.102127008140...	A major turning point in the development of DC machines took place in 1864, when Antonio Pacinotti described for the first time the ring armature with its symmetrically grouped coils closed upon themselves and connected to the bars of a commutator, the brushes of which delivered practically non-fluctuating current. The...	Committees comprise a small number of MSPs, with membership reflecting the balance of parties across Parliament. There are different committees with their functions set out in different ways. Mandatory Committees are committees which are set down under the Scottish Parliament's standing orders, which govern their remit...	Corruption and Trikoupis' increased spending to create necessary infrastructure like the Corinth Canal overtaxed the weak Greek economy, forcing the declaration of public insolvency in 1893 and to accept the imposition of an International Financial Control authority to pay off the country's debtors. Another political i...	a Committee of Independent Experts	91,738
5726926a5951b619008f770c	European_Union_law	Commissioners have various privileges, such as being exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts. Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices, particularly since the Santer Commission was censured by Parliament in 1999, and it ...	The corruption found by the Committee of Independent Experts resulted to the creation of what office?	{ "answer_start": [ 801, 801, 801, 801 ], "text": [ "the European Anti-fraud Office", "the European Anti-fraud Office", "the European Anti-fraud Office", "the European Anti-fraud Office" ] }	The corruption found by [MASK] resulted to the creation of what office?	[ 0.039331939071416855, -0.053402964025735855, -0.18893450498580933, 0.48768895864486694, -0.03954419493675232, 0.09117958694696426, -0.23397070169448853, -0.13883663713932037, -0.11448030173778534, -0.010028420947492123, -0.10200384259223938, 0.07251057028770447, -0.2601964473724365, 0.1089...	As financial assets became more and more complex, and harder and harder to value, investors were reassured by the fact that both the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators, who came to rely on them, accepted as valid some complex mathematical models which theoretically showed the risks were much smaller...	Committees comprise a small number of MSPs, with membership reflecting the balance of parties across Parliament. There are different committees with their functions set out in different ways. Mandatory Committees are committees which are set down under the Scottish Parliament's standing orders, which govern their remit...	Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption.	the European Anti-fraud Office	91,739
5726926a5951b619008f770d	European_Union_law	Commissioners have various privileges, such as being exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts. Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices, particularly since the Santer Commission was censured by Parliament in 1999, and it ...	When did the European Anti-Fraud Office investigate John Dalli?	{ "answer_start": [ 836, 836, 836, 836 ], "text": [ "2012", "2012", "2012", "2012" ] }	When did [MASK] investigate [MASK]?	[ 0.1994057148694992, 0.13855436444282532, -0.11861877888441086, 0.03952725604176521, 0.12068930268287659, -0.07568298280239105, 0.10654333978891373, -0.3656197488307953, 0.07566531747579575, 0.24137653410434723, -0.031955692917108536, 0.06620542705059052, -0.09421195834875107, -0.0904029458...	By 1885, a new summer retreat was contemplated. That summer, the Bells had a vacation on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, spending time at the small village of Baddeck. Returning in 1886, Bell started building an estate on a point across from Baddeck, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. By 1889, a large house, christened The...	Committees comprise a small number of MSPs, with membership reflecting the balance of parties across Parliament. There are different committees with their functions set out in different ways. Mandatory Committees are committees which are set down under the Scottish Parliament's standing orders, which govern their remit...	In Italy, Freemasonry has become linked to a scandal concerning the Propaganda Due lodge (a.k.a. P2). This lodge was chartered by the Grande Oriente d'Italia in 1877, as a lodge for visiting Masons unable to attend their own lodges. Under Licio Gelli's leadership, in the late 1970s, P2 became involved in the financial ...	2012	91,740
572651f9f1498d1400e8dbee	European_Union_law	While the Commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process. According to the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10, the EU observes "the principle of equality of its citizens" and is m...	Which two governing bodies have legislative veto power?	{ "answer_start": [ 63, 63, 63, 63 ], "text": [ "the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union", "the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union", "the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union", "the European Parliament and the Counci...	Which [MASK] governing bodies have legislative veto power?	[ 0.3251870274543762, -0.24999581277370453, 0.20307445526123047, 0.16732299327850342, -0.046186063438653946, -0.11783666163682938, -0.05056539550423622, -0.052301257848739624, -0.2200641632080078, -0.08127132058143616, 0.035768114030361176, 0.017175255343317986, -0.4457217752933502, 0.074477...	In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers...	While constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law. Both member states and the Commission have a general legal right or "standing" (locus standi) to bring claims against EU institutions and other member states for bre...	In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This power includes the power ...	the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union	91,741
572651f9f1498d1400e8dbef	European_Union_law	While the Commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process. According to the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10, the EU observes "the principle of equality of its citizens" and is m...	What can't Parliament do that causes equality and democracy to be deficient?	{ "answer_start": [ 474, 463, 481, 474 ], "text": [ "cannot initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes", "Parliament cannot initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes", "initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes", "cannot initiate legislation against ...	What ca n't [MASK] do that causes equality and democracy to be deficient?	[ 0.44601723551750183, 0.12203933298587799, -0.1765911728143692, 0.40529707074165344, 0.10724332183599472, 0.11920464783906937, 0.30589786171913147, -0.10592862963676453, 0.06679432839155197, -0.14169611036777496, -0.10953199118375778, 0.12052029371261597, -0.5557907819747925, 0.175344288349...	Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures. In June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern. That company quickly evolved into the Independent Moving Pictures Company (IMP), with studios in Fort Lee...	While constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law. Both member states and the Commission have a general legal right or "standing" (locus standi) to bring claims against EU institutions and other member states for bre...	It is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that "checks and balances" app...	cannot initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes	91,742
572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf0	European_Union_law	While the Commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process. According to the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10, the EU observes "the principle of equality of its citizens" and is m...	How often do Parliament elections take place?	{ "answer_start": [ 1698, 1698, 1698, 1698 ], "text": [ "every five years", "every five years", "every five years", "every five years" ] }	How often do [MASK] elections take place?	[ 0.3890741467475891, -0.007712139282375574, 0.2055099606513977, 0.34788405895233154, 0.06513403356075287, 0.2620163857936859, 0.1002303808927536, 0.12477924674749374, -0.14675460755825043, -0.014511780813336372, -0.182426318526268, -0.014633333310484886, -0.19843558967113495, -0.03929779678...	The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. Following the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government was established. In October 1917, a red faction revolution occurred in which the...	While constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law. Both member states and the Commission have a general legal right or "standing" (locus standi) to bring claims against EU institutions and other member states for bre...	Parliament typically sits Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays from early January to late June and from early September to mid December, with two-week recesses in April and October. Plenary meetings in the debating chamber usually take place on Wednesday afternoons from 2 pm to 6 pm and on Thursdays from 9:15 am to 6 pm....	every five years	91,743
572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf1	European_Union_law	While the Commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process. According to the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10, the EU observes "the principle of equality of its citizens" and is m...	How much of a voting majority must there be to effectively censure the Commission?	{ "answer_start": [ 2742, 2740, 2740, 2740 ], "text": [ "two-thirds majority", "a two-thirds majority", "a two-thirds majority", "a two-thirds majority" ] }	How much of a voting majority must there be to effectively censure the [MASK]?	[ 0.13934825360774994, 0.1244228333234787, 0.17801417410373688, 0.2988046407699585, -0.07118604332208633, 0.0642658993601799, 0.0061875819228589535, -0.5117806792259216, -0.021852033212780952, -0.11310619860887527, -0.2673974931240082, 0.11014600098133087, -0.21841350197792053, 0.04636650532...	George Sarton, the author of The History of Science, described Ibn Sīnā as "one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history" and called him "the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous of all races, places, and times." He was one of the Islamic world's leading writers in the field of medi...	While constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law. Both member states and the Commission have a general legal right or "standing" (locus standi) to bring claims against EU institutions and other member states for bre...	Later, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the Basic Law thus applied to the entire German people. Article 23, which had allowed "any other parts of Germany" to join, was rephrased. It had been used i...	two-thirds majority	91,744
572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf2	European_Union_law	While the Commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process. According to the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10, the EU observes "the principle of equality of its citizens" and is m...	What two bodies must the Parliament go through first to pass legislation?	{ "answer_start": [ 3090, 3090, 3090, 63 ], "text": [ "the Commission and Council", "the Commission and Council", "the Commission and Council", "the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union" ] }	What [MASK] bodies must the [MASK] go through [MASK] to pass legislation?	[ 0.7123993635177612, 0.01237748097628355, 0.23900212347507477, 0.305810809135437, 0.13449567556381226, 0.20748494565486908, 0.068370021879673, -0.4418100416660309, -0.2112562507390976, -0.05639673396945, 0.041862424463033676, 0.2111435979604721, -0.021247925236821175, -0.08540238440036774, ...	In general, Continental Freemasonry is sympathetic to Freemasonry amongst women, dating from the 1890s when French lodges assisted the emergent co-masonic movement by promoting enough of their members to the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite to allow them, in 1899, to form their own grand council, r...	While constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law. Both member states and the Commission have a general legal right or "standing" (locus standi) to bring claims against EU institutions and other member states for bre...	Title IV of the 1978 Spanish constitution invests the Consentimiento Real (Royal Assent) and promulgation (publication) of laws with the monarch of Spain, while Title III, The Cortes Generales, Chapter 2, Drafting of Bills, outlines the method by which bills are passed. According to Article 91, within fifteen days of p...	the Commission and Council	91,745
5726938af1498d1400e8e446	European_Union_law	While the Commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process. According to the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10, the EU observes "the principle of equality of its citizens" and is m...	Which entity has a monopoly on initiating legislation?	{ "answer_start": [ 6, 6, 6, 6 ], "text": [ "the Commission", "the Commission", "the Commission", "the Commission" ] }	Which entity has a monopoly on initiating legislation?	[ 0.4025205075740814, -0.1381455957889557, 0.1242758110165596, 0.27896398305892944, 0.16856707632541656, 0.008490122854709625, -0.06522981077432632, -0.17246274650096893, -0.20356477797031403, 0.08811945468187332, 0.06222587451338768, 0.1775803565979004, -0.21814994513988495, 0.1496688276529...	In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens.	Generally speaking, while all member states recognise that EU law takes primacy over national law where this agreed in the Treaties, they do not accept that the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights. In the United Kingdom, the basic principle is...	An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supre...	the Commission	91,746
5726938af1498d1400e8e447	European_Union_law	While the Commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process. According to the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10, the EU observes "the principle of equality of its citizens" and is m...	Which entities have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process?	{ "answer_start": [ 63, 63, 63, 63 ], "text": [ "the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union", "the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union", "the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union", "the European Parliament and the Counci...	Which entities have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process?	[ 0.30473896861076355, -0.06560904532670975, -0.023377245292067528, 0.36166632175445557, 0.18612071871757507, 0.0823650062084198, -0.10573951154947281, -0.20175403356552124, -0.2727993130683899, -0.07365649193525314, 0.0859413668513298, 0.2510152757167816, -0.19586928188800812, 0.15772563219...	Knots do not necessarily influence the stiffness of structural timber, this will depend on the size and location. Stiffness and elastic strength are more dependent upon the sound wood than upon localized defects. The breaking strength is very susceptible to defects. Sound knots do not weaken wood when subject to compre...	While constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law. Both member states and the Commission have a general legal right or "standing" (locus standi) to bring claims against EU institutions and other member states for bre...	Under modern constitutional conventions, the sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers. Since these ministers most often maintain the support of parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills, it is highly improbable that they would advise the sovereign to withhold assent. An exception is someti...	the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union	91,747
5726938af1498d1400e8e448	European_Union_law	While the Commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process. According to the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10, the EU observes "the principle of equality of its citizens" and is m...	When did the first direct elections take place?	{ "answer_start": [ 1184, 1184, 1184, 1184 ], "text": [ "1979", "1979", "1979", "1979" ] }	When did the [MASK] direct elections take place?	[ 0.10039741545915604, -0.0048437574878335, 0.1771480143070221, 0.08062427490949631, -0.23173412680625916, 0.22024400532245636, -0.12406304478645325, -0.16550278663635254, 0.07499361038208008, -0.08285121619701385, 0.06819657236337662, -0.011122563853859901, -0.2943866550922394, -0.169139295...	The distinctive characteristic of Italian Gothic is the use of polychrome decoration, both externally as marble veneer on the brick façade and also internally where the arches are often made of alternating black and white segments, and where the columns may be painted red, the walls decorated with frescoes and the apse...	While constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law. Both member states and the Commission have a general legal right or "standing" (locus standi) to bring claims against EU institutions and other member states for bre...	In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War (1642–1651), Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689. The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission ...	1979	91,748
5726938af1498d1400e8e44a	European_Union_law	While the Commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process. According to the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10, the EU observes "the principle of equality of its citizens" and is m...	Which party is currently the largest among political party lines?	{ "answer_start": [ 2235, 2252, 2252, 2252 ], "text": [ "the conservative European People's Party", "European People's Party", "European People's Party", "European People's Party" ] }	Which party is currently the largest among political party lines?	[ -0.04117564111948013, -0.25971975922584534, 0.3426637649536133, 0.43318021297454834, -0.033115461468696594, 0.3090749680995941, -0.14067178964614868, -0.017421487718820572, -0.46025756001472473, -0.1746089607477188, 0.00929191242903471, -0.11724133044481277, -0.24656827747821808, -0.033219...	The house scene in cities such as Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield and London were also provided with many underground Pirate Radio stations and DJs alike which helped bolster an already contagious, but otherwise ignored by the mainstream, music genre. The earliest and influential UK house and techno record labels such as ...	While constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law. Both member states and the Commission have a general legal right or "standing" (locus standi) to bring claims against EU institutions and other member states for bre...	A political party is typically led by a party leader (the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party), a party secretary (who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings), party treasurer (who is responsible for membership dues) and party chair (who forms strategies for recruiting and retai...	the conservative European People's Party	91,750
5726545f708984140094c2a5	European_Union_law	The second main legislative body is the Council, which is composed of different ministers of the member states. The heads of government of member states also convene a "European Council" (a distinct body) that the TEU article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the genera...	The legislative body, the Council, are made up of what type of individuals?	{ "answer_start": [ 70, 80, 70, 70 ], "text": [ "different ministers of the member states", "ministers", "different ministers of the member states", "different ministers of the member states" ] }	The legislative body, the [MASK], are made up of what type of individuals?	[ 0.5468051433563232, 0.06947942078113556, 0.03448526933789253, 0.4232761263847351, 0.00112426676787436, 0.33855417370796204, 0.13219903409481049, -0.26497364044189453, -0.2724781036376953, -0.15344756841659546, -0.11787333339452744, 0.18248693645000458, -0.3422878682613373, -0.1909245997667...	When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the ne...	The Council does not have executive powers but meets biannually to discuss issues of mutual importance. Similarly, the Parliamentary Assembly has no legislative powers but investigates and collects witness evidence from the public on matters of mutual concern to its members. Reports on its findings are presented to the...	In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning "head of the government". In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minis...	different ministers of the member states	91,751
5726545f708984140094c2a6	European_Union_law	The second main legislative body is the Council, which is composed of different ministers of the member states. The heads of government of member states also convene a "European Council" (a distinct body) that the TEU article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the genera...	Who is currently the President of the Council?	{ "answer_start": [ 443, 421, 443, 443 ], "text": [ "Donald Tusk", "Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk", "Donald Tusk", "Donald Tusk" ] }	Who is currently the President of the [MASK]?	[ -0.08180290460586548, 0.33608368039131165, 0.183725968003273, 0.20564143359661102, 0.2117740958929062, 0.009052956476807594, 0.05244378000497818, -0.09583283960819244, -0.2968583106994629, -0.10268809646368027, -0.25585871934890747, 0.0202193483710289, -0.20074725151062012, 0.1776717007160...	In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England. In the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned Conservative MPs, who were Olive...	The Council does not have executive powers but meets biannually to discuss issues of mutual importance. Similarly, the Parliamentary Assembly has no legislative powers but investigates and collects witness evidence from the public on matters of mutual concern to its members. Reports on its findings are presented to the...	On 18 January 2014, the interim government successfully institutionalised a more secular constitution. The president is elected to a four-year term and may serve 2 terms. The parliament may impeach the president. Under the constitution, there is a guarantee of gender equality and absolute freedom of thought. The milita...	Donald Tusk	91,752
5726545f708984140094c2a7	European_Union_law	The second main legislative body is the Council, which is composed of different ministers of the member states. The heads of government of member states also convene a "European Council" (a distinct body) that the TEU article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the genera...	How are the votes weighted to ensure that smaller states aren't dominated by larger ones?	{ "answer_start": [ 980, 965, 965, 971 ], "text": [ "inversely", "it is weighted inversely to member state size", "it is weighted inversely to member state size", "weighted inversely to member state size" ] }	How are the votes weighted to ensure that smaller states aren't dominated by larger ones?	[ 0.12505535781383514, -0.15479815006256104, 0.15143010020256042, 0.5197229385375977, 0.21777398884296417, 0.3191731870174408, 0.10907769203186035, -0.317943274974823, -0.2540653645992279, -0.09817253798246384, -0.11600232124328613, -0.11207165569067001, -0.2678487300872803, -0.2150449901819...	NASCAR (headquartered in Daytona Beach) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February, featuring the Daytona 500, and ends all three Series in November at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Daytona also has the Coke Zero 400 NASCAR race weekend around Independence Day ...	The Council does not have executive powers but meets biannually to discuss issues of mutual importance. Similarly, the Parliamentary Assembly has no legislative powers but investigates and collects witness evidence from the public on matters of mutual concern to its members. Reports on its findings are presented to the...	Later, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the Basic Law thus applied to the entire German people. Article 23, which had allowed "any other parts of Germany" to join, was rephrased. It had been used i...	inversely	91,753
5726545f708984140094c2a8	European_Union_law	The second main legislative body is the Council, which is composed of different ministers of the member states. The heads of government of member states also convene a "European Council" (a distinct body) that the TEU article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the genera...	What are the total number of votes to be counted during the voting process?	{ "answer_start": [ 1099, 1099, 1099, 1099 ], "text": [ "352", "352 votes", "352", "352" ] }	What are the total number of votes to be counted during the voting process?	[ 0.32444295287132263, 0.01123377401381731, 0.14968127012252808, 0.4081989526748657, 0.13409951329231262, 0.6092244982719421, 0.048302918672561646, -0.3269466161727905, -0.2732195556163788, 0.11828024685382843, -0.05075421929359436, 0.09156272560358047, -0.19748926162719727, -0.2276601046323...	The state has one city with a population exceeding one million: Ciudad Juárez. Ciudad Juárez is ranked eighth most populous city in the country and Chihuahua City was ranked 16th most populous in Mexico. Chihuahua (along with Baja California) is the only state in Mexico to have two cities ranked in the top 20 most popu...	The Council does not have executive powers but meets biannually to discuss issues of mutual importance. Similarly, the Parliamentary Assembly has no legislative powers but investigates and collects witness evidence from the public on matters of mutual concern to its members. Reports on its findings are presented to the...	Similarly, the federal constitutional initiative allows citizens to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote, if 100,000 voters sign the proposed amendment within 18 months.[note 8] Parliament can supplement the proposed amendment with a counter-proposal, and then voters must indicate a preference on the ballo...	352	91,754
5726545f708984140094c2a9	European_Union_law	The second main legislative body is the Council, which is composed of different ministers of the member states. The heads of government of member states also convene a "European Council" (a distinct body) that the TEU article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the genera...	Currently, how many votes out of the 352 total votes are needed for a majority?	{ "answer_start": [ 1403, 1403, 1403, 1403 ], "text": [ "260", "260", "260", "260" ] }	Currently, how many votes out of the [MASK] total votes are needed for a majority?	[ 0.1291637122631073, -0.11795894801616669, 0.16745008528232574, 0.349195271730423, 0.15715742111206055, 0.42033836245536804, -0.0007012863643467426, -0.4038069546222687, -0.26532164216041565, -0.0552116259932518, -0.15570282936096191, 0.03022080846130848, -0.2995525002479553, -0.06241221353...	The initial assault by North Korean KPA forces were aided by the use of Soviet T-34-85 tanks. A North Korean tank corps equipped with about 120 T-34s spearheaded the invasion. These drove against a ROK Army with few anti-tank weapons adequate to deal with the Soviet T-34s. Additional Soviet armor was added as the offen...	The Council does not have executive powers but meets biannually to discuss issues of mutual importance. Similarly, the Parliamentary Assembly has no legislative powers but investigates and collects witness evidence from the public on matters of mutual concern to its members. Reports on its findings are presented to the...	In 1949, the city was chosen to be the seat of the Council of Europe with its European Court of Human Rights and European Pharmacopoeia. Since 1952, the European Parliament has met in Strasbourg, which was formally designated its official 'seat' at the Edinburgh meeting of the European Council of EU heads of state and ...	260	91,755
57269424dd62a815002e8a1e	European_Union_law	The second main legislative body is the Council, which is composed of different ministers of the member states. The heads of government of member states also convene a "European Council" (a distinct body) that the TEU article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the genera...	Which entity is the secondary legislative body?	{ "answer_start": [ 36, 36, 36, 36 ], "text": [ "the Council", "the Council", "the Council", "the Council" ] }	Which entity is the secondary legislative body?	[ 0.2777421772480011, -0.10976579785346985, 0.0703752413392067, 0.4723115563392639, -0.11790313571691513, 0.1597500443458557, 0.0013433765852823853, -0.09323631972074509, -0.11181170493364334, 0.004105931613594294, 0.03666049614548683, 0.1409643441438675, -0.19084952771663666, -0.03550757467...	The immediate chain of events leading to France and the United Kingdom declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France. He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy, as sponsored by Russia....	The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, universal suffrage. He or she has also supervision and reserve powers. These powers are often compared[by whom?] with the "moderator power" that was held by the King in the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy.[citation...	In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning "head of the government". In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minis...	the Council	91,756
57269424dd62a815002e8a1f	European_Union_law	The second main legislative body is the Council, which is composed of different ministers of the member states. The heads of government of member states also convene a "European Council" (a distinct body) that the TEU article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the genera...	How often does the European Council meet?	{ "answer_start": [ 369, 369, 369, 369 ], "text": [ "each six months", "each six months", "each six months", "each six months" ] }	How often does [MASK] meet?	[ 0.364573210477829, 0.19649125635623932, 0.3134597837924957, 0.2082972675561905, 0.33344215154647827, -0.14708468317985535, 0.27331095933914185, 0.02458151802420616, -0.19744277000427246, -0.017508480697870255, -0.10016782581806183, 0.24180088937282562, -0.03471861034631729, -0.275680452585...	Pioneer Electronics later purchased the majority stake in the format and marketed it as both LaserVision (format name) and LaserDisc (brand name) in 1980, with some releases unofficially referring to the medium as "Laser Videodisc". Philips produced the players while MCA produced the discs. The Philips-MCA cooperation ...	The Council does not have executive powers but meets biannually to discuss issues of mutual importance. Similarly, the Parliamentary Assembly has no legislative powers but investigates and collects witness evidence from the public on matters of mutual concern to its members. Reports on its findings are presented to the...	Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.	each six months	91,757
57269424dd62a815002e8a20	European_Union_law	The second main legislative body is the Council, which is composed of different ministers of the member states. The heads of government of member states also convene a "European Council" (a distinct body) that the TEU article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the genera...	How many votes in total does the Council have?	{ "answer_start": [ 1099, 1099, 1414, 1414 ], "text": [ "352", "352", "352", "352" ] }	How many votes in total does the [MASK] have?	[ 0.23984287679195404, -0.034919336438179016, 0.34144148230552673, 0.40352341532707214, 0.06002345308661461, 0.37586432695388794, -0.024300947785377502, -0.2994982600212097, -0.15811778604984283, 0.08168444037437439, -0.11398401856422424, 0.14004099369049072, -0.2078077346086502, -0.16592928...	The primacy of the composer's written score has also led, today, to a relatively minor role played by improvisation in classical music, in sharp contrast to the practice of musicians who lived during the baroque, classical and romantic era. Improvisation in classical music performance was common during both the Baroque...	The Council does not have executive powers but meets biannually to discuss issues of mutual importance. Similarly, the Parliamentary Assembly has no legislative powers but investigates and collects witness evidence from the public on matters of mutual concern to its members. Reports on its findings are presented to the...	Later, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the Basic Law thus applied to the entire German people. Article 23, which had allowed "any other parts of Germany" to join, was rephrased. It had been used i...	352	91,758
57269424dd62a815002e8a21	European_Union_law	The second main legislative body is the Council, which is composed of different ministers of the member states. The heads of government of member states also convene a "European Council" (a distinct body) that the TEU article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the genera...	What is defined as the majority vote?	{ "answer_start": [ 1249, 1387, 1387, 1387 ], "text": [ "at least 55 per cent of the Council members (not votes) representing 65 per cent of the population of the EU", "74 per cent, or 260 of the 352 votes", "74 per cent, or 260 of the 352 votes", "74 per cent, or 260 of the 352 vo...	What is defined as the majority vote?	[ -0.2333076298236847, -0.19701474905014038, -0.08319369703531265, 0.2828419804573059, 0.03045346960425377, 0.4701322615146637, 0.07323799282312393, -0.19381551444530487, -0.33300966024398804, 0.09886877238750458, -0.2848292291164398, -0.04378444328904152, -0.3858811855316162, -0.11856370419...	Ethnocentrism, tribalism, religious persecution, and prebendalism have affected Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960. Kin-selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics, resulting in tribalist efforts to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests. Nati...	The Council does not have executive powers but meets biannually to discuss issues of mutual importance. Similarly, the Parliamentary Assembly has no legislative powers but investigates and collects witness evidence from the public on matters of mutual concern to its members. Reports on its findings are presented to the...	A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers'...	at least 55 per cent of the Council members (not votes) representing 65 per cent of the population of the EU	91,759
572656e4dd62a815002e81fa	European_Union_law	To make new legislation, TFEU article 294 defines the "ordinary legislative procedure" that applies for most EU acts. The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present) to block or suggest changes, and the Counc...	What type of vote must the Parliament have to either block or suggest changes to the Commission's proposals?	{ "answer_start": [ 230, 173, 173, 173 ], "text": [ "a majority", "a Commission proposal", "a Commission proposal", "a Commission proposal" ] }	What type of vote must the [MASK] have to either block or suggest changes to the [MASK] 's proposals?	[ 0.17605897784233093, -0.17125990986824036, -0.015897711738944054, 0.2155635505914688, 0.014220602810382843, 0.37426823377609253, -0.1658221036195755, -0.36615729331970215, 0.04060400277376175, -0.15964184701442719, -0.31049293279647827, -0.09797108173370361, -0.20612318813800812, 0.0616536...	The first post-Reconstruction era Republican elected to Congress from Florida was William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County on the Gulf Coast, where demographic changes were underway. In this period, African Americans were still disenfranchised by the state's constitution and discriminatory practices; in the 19th ...	The principles of European Union law are rules of law which have been developed by the European Court of Justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly provided for in the treaties but which affect how European Union law is interpreted and applies. In formulating these principles, the courts have drawn...	Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitutio...	a majority	91,760
572656e4dd62a815002e81fb	European_Union_law	To make new legislation, TFEU article 294 defines the "ordinary legislative procedure" that applies for most EU acts. The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present) to block or suggest changes, and the Counc...	What type of vote must the Council pass in order to approve of any changes recommended by Parliament?	{ "answer_start": [ 336, 336, 230, 230 ], "text": [ "qualified majority", "qualified majority", "a majority", "a majority" ] }	What type of vote must the [MASK] pass in order to approve of any changes recommended by [MASK]?	[ 0.29634758830070496, 0.00660271942615509, 0.09974977374076843, 0.10874717682600021, 0.003081375965848565, 0.10703842341899872, -0.07146225869655609, -0.49122950434684753, 0.15668985247612, -0.1420484483242035, -0.1984851360321045, 0.13555529713630676, -0.08714407682418823, -0.0263260770589...	After World War I, when Britain and France divided up the Middle East's countries, apart from Turkey, between them, pursuant to the Sykes-Picot agreement—in violation of solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy—there came an immediate reaction: the Muslim Brotherhood emerged in Egypt, the House of Saud took ove...	The principles of European Union law are rules of law which have been developed by the European Court of Justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly provided for in the treaties but which affect how European Union law is interpreted and applies. In formulating these principles, the courts have drawn...	Generally speaking, while all member states recognise that EU law takes primacy over national law where this agreed in the Treaties, they do not accept that the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights. In the United Kingdom, the basic principle is...	qualified majority	91,761
572656e4dd62a815002e81fc	European_Union_law	To make new legislation, TFEU article 294 defines the "ordinary legislative procedure" that applies for most EU acts. The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present) to block or suggest changes, and the Counc...	Is it easier or harder to change EU law than stay the same?	{ "answer_start": [ 861, 861, 861, 861 ], "text": [ "harder", "harder", "harder", "harder" ] }	Is it easier or harder to change [MASK] law than stay the same?	[ 0.41178053617477417, -0.05696292966604233, 0.11653456091880798, 0.25760945677757263, 0.40201812982559204, -0.1246863305568695, 0.2508731782436371, -0.19130608439445496, -0.26790350675582886, -0.06530904024839401, -0.18142931163311005, 0.30504941940307617, -0.42706426978111267, -0.066626034...	Up until the middle of the 1980s it was assumed that infants could not encode, retain, and retrieve information. A growing body of research now indicates that infants as young as 6-months can recall information after a 24-hour delay. Furthermore, research has revealed that as infants grow older they can store informati...	The principles of European Union law are rules of law which have been developed by the European Court of Justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly provided for in the treaties but which affect how European Union law is interpreted and applies. In formulating these principles, the courts have drawn...	In international law and international relations, a protocol is generally a treaty or international agreement that supplements a previous treaty or international agreement. A protocol can amend the previous treaty, or add additional provisions. Parties to the earlier agreement are not required to adopt the protocol. So...	harder	91,762
572656e4dd62a815002e81fd	European_Union_law	To make new legislation, TFEU article 294 defines the "ordinary legislative procedure" that applies for most EU acts. The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present) to block or suggest changes, and the Counc...	What articles state that unless conferred, powers remain with member states?	{ "answer_start": [ 1264, 1264, 1264, 1264 ], "text": [ "TEU articles 4 and 5", "TEU articles 4 and 5", "TEU articles 4 and 5", "TEU articles 4 and 5" ] }	What articles state that unless conferred, powers remain with member states?	[ 0.4431222081184387, 0.13298441469669342, 0.32208341360092163, 0.1074741929769516, 0.2761201858520508, -0.3957415819168091, -0.13913211226463318, 0.001940009999088943, -0.08678276091814041, 0.15940099954605103, -0.4024850130081177, 0.16485506296157837, -0.028683865442872047, 0.2995774447917...	As anticipated by Nimitz, the Japanese fleet arrived off Midway on 4 June and was spotted by PBY patrol aircraft. Nagumo executed a first strike against Midway, while Fletcher launched his aircraft, bound for Nagumo's carriers. At 09:20 the first U.S. carrier aircraft arrived, TBD Devastator torpedo bombers from Hornet...	The principles of European Union law are rules of law which have been developed by the European Court of Justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly provided for in the treaties but which affect how European Union law is interpreted and applies. In formulating these principles, the courts have drawn...	While the Treaties and Regulations will have direct effect (if clear, unconditional and immediate), Directives do not generally give citizens (as opposed to the member state) standing to sue other citizens. In theory, this is because TFEU article 288 says Directives are addressed to the member states and usually "leave...	TEU articles 4 and 5	91,763
572656e4dd62a815002e81fe	European_Union_law	To make new legislation, TFEU article 294 defines the "ordinary legislative procedure" that applies for most EU acts. The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present) to block or suggest changes, and the Counc...	Within the EU, which court believes they have the final word deciding on EU's competence?	{ "answer_start": [ 1625, 1621, 1621, 1621 ], "text": [ "Court of Justice", "the Court of Justice", "the Court of Justice", "the Court of Justice" ] }	Within the [MASK], which court believes they have the final word deciding on [MASK] 's competence?	[ -0.12751798331737518, 0.18716225028038025, 0.17047245800495148, 0.14830856025218964, 0.2369798868894577, 0.07189885526895523, 0.2569870054721832, -0.4200015664100647, 0.13918453454971313, 0.006574365776032209, -0.19687685370445251, 0.3873308002948761, 0.22037896513938904, 0.094603568315505...	The average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure, with income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty. The Mongols practiced debt slavery, and by 1290 in all parts of the Mongol Empir...	The Federal Supreme Court has established that treaties are subject to constitutional review and enjoy the same hierarchical position as ordinary legislation (leis ordinárias, or "ordinary laws", in Portuguese). A more recent ruling by the Supreme Court in 2008 has altered that scheme somewhat, by stating that treaties...	In the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is applied: a government service should be provided by the lowest, most local authority that can competently provide it. An effect is that distribution of funds into multiple instances discourages embezzlement, because even small sums missing will be noticed. In cont...	Court of Justice	91,764
572695285951b619008f774b	European_Union_law	To make new legislation, TFEU article 294 defines the "ordinary legislative procedure" that applies for most EU acts. The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present) to block or suggest changes, and the Counc...	Which TFEU article defines the ordinary legislative procedure that applies for majority of EU acts?	{ "answer_start": [ 25, 25, 25, 25 ], "text": [ "TFEU article 294", "TFEU article 294", "TFEU article 294", "TFEU article 294" ] }	Which [MASK] article defines the ordinary legislative procedure that applies for majority of [MASK] acts?	[ 0.3393091857433319, 0.05483614653348923, 0.23574265837669373, 0.1602669507265091, 0.20447590947151184, 0.16773834824562073, 0.20318937301635742, -0.2925547957420349, -0.15321634709835052, 0.20836691558361053, -0.25049805641174316, 0.19452914595603943, -0.2182987481355667, -0.24133561551570...	An upgrade to Windows 8 known as Windows 8.1 was officially announced by Microsoft on May 14, 2013. Following a presentation devoted to the upgrade at Build 2013, a public beta version of the upgrade was released on June 26, 2013. Windows 8.1 was released to OEM hardware partners on August 27, 2013, and released public...	The principles of European Union law are rules of law which have been developed by the European Court of Justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly provided for in the treaties but which affect how European Union law is interpreted and applies. In formulating these principles, the courts have drawn...	The Federal Supreme Court has established that treaties are subject to constitutional review and enjoy the same hierarchical position as ordinary legislation (leis ordinárias, or "ordinary laws", in Portuguese). A more recent ruling by the Supreme Court in 2008 has altered that scheme somewhat, by stating that treaties...	TFEU article 294	91,765
572695285951b619008f774c	European_Union_law	To make new legislation, TFEU article 294 defines the "ordinary legislative procedure" that applies for most EU acts. The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present) to block or suggest changes, and the Counc...	What can block a legislation?	{ "answer_start": [ 738, 382, 382, 768 ], "text": [ "legislation can be blocked by a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission", "unanimity", "unanimity", "a majority in Parliament" ] }	What can block a legislation?	[ 0.4382955729961395, -0.0067071691155433655, -0.10118463635444641, 0.3595507740974426, 0.2182973027229309, 0.07188159227371216, -0.07813311368227005, -0.35320043563842773, -0.10584411770105362, 0.014817530289292336, -0.11226873844861984, -0.17121221125125885, -0.47098508477211, 0.2341646105...	In matches with multiple competitors, an elimination system may be used. Any wrestler who has a fall scored against them is forced out of the match, and the match continues until only one remains. However, it is much more common when more than two wrestlers are involved to simply go one fall, with the one scoring the f...	The principles of European Union law are rules of law which have been developed by the European Court of Justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly provided for in the treaties but which affect how European Union law is interpreted and applies. In formulating these principles, the courts have drawn...	Although it is generally accepted that EU law has primacy, not all EU laws give citizens standing to bring claims: that is, not all EU laws have "direct effect". In Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen it was held that the provisions of the Treaties (and EU Regulations) are directly effective, i...	legislation can be blocked by a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission	91,766
572695285951b619008f774d	European_Union_law	To make new legislation, TFEU article 294 defines the "ordinary legislative procedure" that applies for most EU acts. The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present) to block or suggest changes, and the Counc...	Which articles state that powers stay with member states unless they've been conferred?	{ "answer_start": [ 1264, 1264, 1264, 1264 ], "text": [ "TEU articles 4 and 5", "TEU articles 4 and 5", "TEU articles 4 and 5", "TEU articles 4 and 5" ] }	Which articles state that powers stay with member states unless they've been conferred?	[ 0.4229545295238495, 0.05946112796664238, 0.4435100555419922, 0.01447087898850441, 0.35114970803260803, -0.44153547286987305, -0.08060574531555176, -0.12077105045318604, -0.1900017261505127, 0.1950279325246811, -0.5194555521011353, 0.15703509747982025, -0.04782755300402641, 0.26296842098236...	By the start of the 20th century, Germany and the United States challenged Britain's economic lead. Subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War, during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on the military, fi...	The principles of European Union law are rules of law which have been developed by the European Court of Justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly provided for in the treaties but which affect how European Union law is interpreted and applies. In formulating these principles, the courts have drawn...	Legislatures have reduced infringement by narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing. Aside from upholding international copyright treaty obligations to provide general limitations and exceptions, nations have enacted compulsory licensing laws applying specifically to digital works and uses. For example, in t...	TEU articles 4 and 5	91,767
572695285951b619008f774e	European_Union_law	To make new legislation, TFEU article 294 defines the "ordinary legislative procedure" that applies for most EU acts. The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present) to block or suggest changes, and the Counc...	What entity is created if the three different institutions cannot come to a consensus at any stage?	{ "answer_start": [ 486, 483, 483, 483 ], "text": [ "Conciliation Committee", "a \"Conciliation Committee\"", "a \"Conciliation Committee\"", "a \"Conciliation Committee\"" ] }	What entity is created if the [MASK] different institutions can not come to a consensus at any stage?	[ 0.13686448335647583, -0.05385393276810646, 0.049289993941783905, 0.3062053918838501, 0.31866762042045593, 0.10743304342031479, 0.021308330819010735, -0.17989307641983032, -0.03708202391862869, -0.23625296354293823, -0.24620506167411804, 0.09340633451938629, -0.21851640939712524, 0.38139617...	Martin Luther, who initiated the Protestant Reformation, said: "Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood. The Holy Spirit permitted the Virgin Mary to remain a...	The principles of European Union law are rules of law which have been developed by the European Court of Justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly provided for in the treaties but which affect how European Union law is interpreted and applies. In formulating these principles, the courts have drawn...	Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consist...	Conciliation Committee	91,768
572658435951b619008f7025	European_Union_law	The judicial branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Cour...	Which branch of the EU has had the most influence on the development of EU law?	{ "answer_start": [ 4, 0, 0, 0 ], "text": [ "judicial branch", "The judicial branch", "The judicial branch", "The judicial branch" ] }	Which branch of the [MASK] has had the most influence on the development of [MASK] law?	[ 0.23811198770999908, -0.1365818977355957, 0.009218458086252213, 0.06867490708827972, 0.10324236005544662, 0.19810813665390015, 0.071855328977108, -0.08940909057855606, -0.17724232375621796, -0.1435605138540268, 0.006489978171885014, 0.21942834556102753, 0.05342422053217888, 0.0748077705502...	Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht. There are regular intercity services to all major Dutch cities; direct services to Schiphol Airport. Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service to (among others) Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Inte...	International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself.	Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all oth...	judicial branch	91,769
572658435951b619008f7026	European_Union_law	The judicial branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Cour...	What is the main judicial body of the EU?	{ "answer_start": [ 203, 199, 199, 199 ], "text": [ "Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)", "the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)", "the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)", "the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)" ] }	What is the main judicial body of the [MASK]?	[ 0.04187221825122833, 0.17828688025474548, 0.029864320531487465, 0.3509352505207062, 0.0360993929207325, 0.028083231300115585, -0.08439084142446518, -0.09205246716737747, -0.21073459088802338, 0.08938160538673401, -0.15437191724777222, 0.3458976447582245, -0.09143036603927612, 0.04006037861...	John met the rebel leaders at Runnymede, near Windsor Castle, on 15 June 1215. Langton's efforts at mediation created a charter capturing the proposed peace agreement; it was later renamed Magna Carta, or "Great Charter". The charter went beyond simply addressing specific baronial complaints, and formed a wider proposa...	International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself.	Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all oth...	Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)	91,770
572658435951b619008f7027	European_Union_law	The judicial branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Cour...	How many total judges are there in the EU?	{ "answer_start": [ 707, 707, 707, 707 ], "text": [ "28", "28", "28", "28" ] }	How many total judges are there in the [MASK]?	[ 0.25873130559921265, 0.24375128746032715, 0.15093229711055756, 0.17879268527030945, -0.04007315635681152, 0.41738161444664, 0.06999451667070389, -0.29040947556495667, -0.20080240070819855, -0.1349465250968933, -0.04231088608503342, 0.46748626232147217, -0.11675069481134415, -0.148262053728...	England first appeared at the 1950 FIFA World Cup and have appeared in 14 FIFA World Cups, they are tied for sixth-best in terms of number of wins alongside France and Spain. The national team is one of eight national teams to have won at least one FIFA World Cup title. The England team won their first and only World C...	International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself.	France's highest courts are located in Paris. The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the Palais de Justice on the Île de la Cité, while the Conseil d'État, which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the ad...	28	91,771
572658435951b619008f7028	European_Union_law	The judicial branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Cour...	Under which courts is most EU law applied?	{ "answer_start": [ 1095, 1095, 1095, 1095 ], "text": [ "member state courts", "member state courts", "member state courts", "member state courts" ] }	Under which courts is most [MASK] law applied?	[ 0.2401428073644638, 0.10902296751737595, 0.1484605073928833, 0.14776965975761414, 0.17072303593158722, 0.13872931897640228, 0.11584136635065079, -0.34844598174095154, -0.12599509954452515, -0.08898849785327911, -0.11765001714229584, 0.35204431414604187, 0.03236684203147888, 0.0043165762908...	Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined wit...	International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself.	In Europe, the copyright infringement case Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd had two prongs; one concerned whether a news aggregator service infringed the copyright of the news generators; the other concerned whether the temporary web cache created by the web browser of a con...	member state courts	91,772
572658435951b619008f7029	European_Union_law	The judicial branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Cour...	What is the CJEU's duty?	{ "answer_start": [ 1304, 1303, 1303, 1303 ], "text": [ "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed", "\"ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed\"", "\"ensure that in the interpretation and applica...	What is the [MASK] 's duty?	[ 0.46766412258148193, 0.10568547993898392, 0.0038615772500634193, 0.23043407499790192, 0.04365844652056694, 0.017468109726905823, 0.2662147283554077, -0.014190479181706905, -0.05982944369316101, 0.07761038094758987, -0.2643335461616516, 0.31715238094329834, -0.07839474081993103, -0.09946412...	According to the First Epistle to the Corinthians (1 Cor. 15:4), Jesus was raised from the dead ("on the third day" counting the day of crucifixion as the first) and according to the canonical Gospels, appeared to his disciples on different occasions before ascending to heaven. The account given in Acts of the Apostles...	International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself.	Citizenship of the EU has increasingly been seen as a "fundamental" status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice, and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move. The Court has required that higher education, along with other forms of vocational training...	ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed	91,773
5726965ef1498d1400e8e484	European_Union_law	The judicial branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Cour...	How is the judicial branch of the EU an important factor in the development of EU law?	{ "answer_start": [ 89, 92, 1418, 1418 ], "text": [ "by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration", "assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration", "has the ability to expan...	How is the judicial branch of the [MASK] an important factor in the development of [MASK] law?	[ 0.15837128460407257, -0.059276122599840164, -0.0050310962833464146, 0.22323590517044067, 0.21099404990673065, 0.10152630507946014, -0.045669518411159515, -0.18035458028316498, -0.10512492805719376, -0.17303873598575592, -0.06608636677265167, 0.3275696635246277, 0.10239391028881073, 0.05223...	During the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940, there was an increase in skilled workers, which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor. High school education during the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work. In fact, it differs from the pre...	International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself.	Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution). In Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower r...	by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration	91,774
5726965ef1498d1400e8e485	European_Union_law	The judicial branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Cour...	What is the current main judicial body of the EU?	{ "answer_start": [ 199, 199, 199, 199 ], "text": [ "the Court of Justice of the European Union", "the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)", "the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)", "the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)" ] }	What is the current main judicial body of the [MASK]?	[ -0.05292433127760887, 0.16505691409111023, 0.12449267506599426, 0.2603006958961487, 0.07695518434047699, -0.010829191654920578, -0.037506453692913055, -0.13447964191436768, -0.28618839383125305, -0.038941640406847, -0.14160147309303284, 0.28153279423713684, -0.05145222693681717, 0.08662535...	A nonstandard dialect, like a standard dialect, has a complete vocabulary, grammar, and syntax, but is usually not the beneficiary of institutional support. Examples of a nonstandard English dialect are Southern American English, Western Australian English, Scouse and Tyke. The Dialect Test was designed by Joseph Wrigh...	International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself.	Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all oth...	the Court of Justice of the European Union	91,775
5726965ef1498d1400e8e486	European_Union_law	The judicial branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Cour...	What entity deals with EU staff issues?	{ "answer_start": [ 523, 523, 523, 523 ], "text": [ "Civil Service Tribunal", "Civil Service Tribunal", "Civil Service Tribunal", "Civil Service Tribunal" ] }	What entity deals with [MASK] staff issues?	[ 0.21592620015144348, 0.3949582576751709, 0.0589732751250267, 0.14800897240638733, 0.027036499232053757, 0.2279382199048996, -0.04527704790234566, -0.22390013933181763, 0.04087085649371147, 0.0739826112985611, -0.2543279230594635, 0.27098360657691956, -0.015835676342248917, 0.10507730394601...	At 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi), the country is larger in size than Taiwan or Belgium. It lies at a low altitude; its highest point is 300 metres (984 ft). The terrain of is mostly low coastal plain with swamps of Guinean mangroves rising to Guinean forest-savanna mosaic in the east. Its monsoon-like rainy s...	International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself.	The Rule of Law is especially important as an influence on the economic development in developing and transitional countries. To date, the term “rule of law” has been used primarily in the English-speaking countries, and it is not yet fully clarified even with regard to such well-established democracies as, for instanc...	Civil Service Tribunal	91,776
5726965ef1498d1400e8e487	European_Union_law	The judicial branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration. Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is the main judicial body, within which there is a higher European Cour...	How long is one term for an elected president of the CJEU?	{ "answer_start": [ 961, 961, 961, 961 ], "text": [ "three years", "three years", "three years", "three years" ] }	How long is [MASK] term for an elected president of the [MASK]?	[ -0.05507394298911095, 0.08289222419261932, 0.2573799192905426, 0.2342033088207245, 0.3144438564777374, -0.10112831741571426, 0.02663656696677208, 0.10949458926916122, -0.17302563786506653, 0.010499111376702785, -0.19145041704177856, 0.07003241777420044, -0.23349857330322266, -0.04243242740...	Adolescence marks a rapid change in one's role within a family. Young children tend to assert themselves forcefully, but are unable to demonstrate much influence over family decisions until early adolescence, when they are increasingly viewed by parents as equals. The adolescent faces the task of increasing independenc...	International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself.	The Swiss Parliament consists of two houses: the Council of States which has 46 representatives (two from each canton and one from each half-canton) who are elected under a system determined by each canton, and the National Council, which consists of 200 members who are elected under a system of proportional representa...	three years	91,777
57265e455951b619008f70bb	European_Union_law	Since its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems. This has meant both the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts have had to develop principles to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems. Within the EU itself, the Court of Jus...	If there is a conflict between EU law and national law, which law take precedence?	{ "answer_start": [ 399, 399, 399, 343 ], "text": [ "EU law", "EU law has primacy", "EU law has primacy", "EU law" ] }	If there is a conflict between [MASK] law and national law, which law take precedence?	[ 0.10507795214653015, -0.14957575500011444, 0.03917325288057327, 0.1415930688381195, 0.025276269763708115, 0.14994698762893677, 0.12098024785518646, -0.27381402254104614, -0.10222411900758743, -0.14602357149124146, -0.2862342298030853, 0.28606781363487244, -0.14315104484558105, 0.1172811314...	The Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered. Frederick occupied Dresden with little or no opposition from the Saxons. At the Battle of Lobositz on 1 October 1756, Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne. The Prussians ...	As well as creating rights for "workers" who generally lack bargaining power in the market, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union also protects the "freedom of establishment" in article 49, and "freedom to provide services" in article 56. In Gebhard v Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di ...	The European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it "the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories".[full citation needed] Haney López warns that using "race" as a category within the law tends...	EU law	91,779
57265e455951b619008f70bc	European_Union_law	Since its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems. This has meant both the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts have had to develop principles to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems. Within the EU itself, the Court of Jus...	What was the reason the Italian Constitutional court gave that resulted in Mr. Costa losing his his claim against ENEL?	{ "answer_start": [ 936, 924, 924, 924 ], "text": [ "nationalisation law was from 1962, and the treaty was in force from 1958", "because the nationalisation law was from 1962, and the treaty was in force from 1958, Costa had no claim", "because the nationalisation law was from 1962, an...	What was the reason the [MASK] Constitutional court gave that resulted in Mr. [MASK] losing his his claim against [MASK]?	[ -0.06783123314380646, 0.015852492302656174, 0.1389196366071701, 0.15338818728923798, 0.3564870059490204, 0.19862401485443115, -0.04295375570654869, -0.6186891198158264, -0.20222096145153046, 0.2062792032957077, -0.09427126497030258, 0.2765063941478729, -0.21672989428043365, 0.2149065285921...	Specification-based testing aims to test the functionality of software according to the applicable requirements. This level of testing usually requires thorough test cases to be provided to the tester, who then can simply verify that for a given input, the output value (or behavior), either "is" or "is not" the same as...	As well as creating rights for "workers" who generally lack bargaining power in the market, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union also protects the "freedom of establishment" in article 49, and "freedom to provide services" in article 56. In Gebhard v Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di ...	Since its foundation, the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. Reflecting the economic nature of the project, the European Community originally focused upon free movement of workers: as a "factor of production". However, from the 1970s, this focus shifted tow...	nationalisation law was from 1962, and the treaty was in force from 1958	91,780
57265e455951b619008f70bd	European_Union_law	Since its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems. This has meant both the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts have had to develop principles to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems. Within the EU itself, the Court of Jus...	What were the years two Regulations that conflicted with an Italian law originate in the Simmenthal SpA case?	{ "answer_start": [ 2214, 2214, 2214, 2214 ], "text": [ "1964 and 1968", "1964 and 1968", "1964 and 1968", "1964 and 1968" ] }	What were [MASK] [MASK] Regulations that conflicted with an [MASK] law originate in the [MASK] case?	[ 0.25202569365501404, -0.06567879766225815, 0.017215656116604805, 0.296811044216156, 0.16036897897720337, -0.05146082118153572, 0.01649143174290657, -0.5455023050308228, 0.07723682373762131, 0.1600983887910843, 0.17038357257843018, 0.3194432854652405, -0.3468230664730072, 0.1566133052110672...	A brief shoot at London's City Hall was filmed on 18 April 2015, while Mendes was on location. On 17 May 2015 filming took place on the Thames in London. Stunt scenes involving Craig and Seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near Westminster Bridge were shot at night, with filming temporarily closin...	As well as creating rights for "workers" who generally lack bargaining power in the market, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union also protects the "freedom of establishment" in article 49, and "freedom to provide services" in article 56. In Gebhard v Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di ...	Citizenship of the EU has increasingly been seen as a "fundamental" status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice, and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move. The Court has required that higher education, along with other forms of vocational training...	1964 and 1968	91,781
5726975c708984140094cb1f	European_Union_law	Since its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems. This has meant both the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts have had to develop principles to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems. Within the EU itself, the Court of Jus...	Which entities have had to develop principles dedicated to conflict resolution between laws of different systems?	{ "answer_start": [ 133, 133, 133, 133 ], "text": [ "the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts", "the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts", "the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts", "the European Court of Justice and ...	Which entities have had to develop principles dedicated to conflict resolution between laws of different systems?	[ 0.10423386096954346, 0.016101185232400894, -0.03418988361954689, 0.15111203491687775, 0.16023078560829163, 0.176502987742424, 0.1469394862651825, -0.63250333070755, -0.11692161858081818, -0.05683815851807594, 0.008031444624066353, 0.23649461567401886, -0.2759130299091339, 0.037204023450613...	On October 21, 2008, Apple reported that only 14.21% of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from iPods. At the September 9, 2009 keynote presentation at the Apple Event, Phil Schiller announced total cumulative sales of iPods exceeded 220 million. The continual decline of iPod sales since 2009 has not ...	As well as creating rights for "workers" who generally lack bargaining power in the market, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union also protects the "freedom of establishment" in article 49, and "freedom to provide services" in article 56. In Gebhard v Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di ...	Proportionality is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1950s. According to the general principle of proportionality the lawfulness of an action depends on whether it was appropriate and necessary to achieve the objectives legitimately pursued. When t...	the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts	91,782
5726975c708984140094cb20	European_Union_law	Since its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems. This has meant both the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts have had to develop principles to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems. Within the EU itself, the Court of Jus...	When did Costa v ENEL take place?	{ "answer_start": [ 446, 446, 446, 446 ], "text": [ "1964", "1964", "1964", "1964" ] }	When did [MASK] take place?	[ 0.061681490391492844, -0.049706991761922836, -0.09272686392068863, -0.05036276951432228, 0.1937403529882431, 0.12563063204288483, 0.12536658346652985, 0.07283114641904831, 0.001308901933953166, 0.17546412348747253, -0.09355773031711578, -0.08723555505275726, 0.07277913391590118, 0.13183358...	Sometimes it is desired to bring a database back to a previous state (for many reasons, e.g., cases when the database is found corrupted due to a software error, or if it has been updated with erroneous data). To achieve this a backup operation is done occasionally or continuously, where each desired database state (i....	As well as creating rights for "workers" who generally lack bargaining power in the market, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union also protects the "freedom of establishment" in article 49, and "freedom to provide services" in article 56. In Gebhard v Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di ...	The Turkish invasion, followed by occupation and the declaration of independence of the TRNC have been condemned by United Nations resolutions, which are reaffirmed by the Security Council every year. The last major effort to settle the Cyprus dispute was the Annan Plan in 2004, drafted by the then Secretary General, K...	1964	91,783
5726975c708984140094cb21	European_Union_law	Since its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems. This has meant both the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts have had to develop principles to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems. Within the EU itself, the Court of Jus...	Which court argued that the Treaty of Rome did not prevent energy nationalism?	{ "answer_start": [ 1043, 1043, 870, 870 ], "text": [ "the Court of Justice", "the Court of Justice", "The Italian Constitutional Court", "The Italian Constitutional Court" ] }	Which court argued that [MASK] did not prevent energy nationalism?	[ 0.1658601611852646, -0.1650313436985016, -0.17340421676635742, 0.21846744418144226, 0.21090123057365417, -0.030895553529262543, -0.021186958998441696, -0.43480056524276733, 0.18401029706001282, -0.06817292422056198, -0.18895722925662994, 0.07911647856235504, -0.13482272624969482, 0.1295409...	During this time, Link also helps Midna find the Fused Shadows, fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic. In return, she helps Link find Ordon Village's children while helping the monkeys of Faron, the Gorons of Eldin, and the Zoras of Lanayru. Once Link has restored the Light Spirits and Midna has all the F...	European regulators introduced Basel III regulations for banks. It increased capital ratios, limits on leverage, narrow definition of capital (to exclude subordinated debt), limit counter-party risk, and new liquidity requirements. Critics argue that Basel III doesn’t address the problem of faulty risk-weightings. Majo...	In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that "intent to destroy" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinio...	the Court of Justice	91,784
572699db5951b619008f7799	European_Union_law	Generally speaking, while all member states recognise that EU law takes primacy over national law where this agreed in the Treaties, they do not accept that the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights. In the United Kingdom, the basic principle is...	What do all member states agree takes precedence over national law?	{ "answer_start": [ 59, 59, 59, 59 ], "text": [ "EU law", "EU law", "EU law", "EU law" ] }	What do all member states agree takes precedence over national law?	[ 0.24545429646968842, 0.08781254291534424, 0.31261324882507324, -0.01172647811472416, 0.09111689031124115, -0.05465169623494148, 0.16963954269886017, -0.2775636911392212, -0.06116984784603119, -0.3315945565700531, -0.18448376655578613, 0.2748638391494751, -0.25290125608444214, -0.1273227185...	The Liberal Party's organisation is dominated by the six state divisions, reflecting the party's original commitment to a federalised system of government (a commitment which was strongly maintained by all Liberal governments until 1983, but was to a large extent abandoned by the Howard Government, which showed strong ...	The "freedom to provide services" under TFEU article 56 applies to people who give services "for remuneration", especially commercial or professional activity. For example, in Van Binsbergen v Bestuur van de Bedrijfvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid a Dutch lawyer moved to Belgium while advising a client in a social s...	Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all oth...	EU law	91,785
572699db5951b619008f779a	European_Union_law	Generally speaking, while all member states recognise that EU law takes primacy over national law where this agreed in the Treaties, they do not accept that the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights. In the United Kingdom, the basic principle is...	What issues do member states say the Court of Justice does not have the final say on?	{ "answer_start": [ 199, 199, 199, 196 ], "text": [ "foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights", "foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights", "foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights", ...	What issues do member states say [MASK] does not have the final say on?	[ 0.21681798994541168, 0.06564891338348389, 0.1938127875328064, 0.18575233221054077, 0.1649661809206009, -0.016642296686768532, -0.051171910017728806, 0.017141645774245262, -0.19068948924541473, -0.07677126675844193, -0.39218056201934814, 0.12134972959756851, -0.03845665603876114, 0.14355801...	From 1946 to 1964 five Departments of State did the work of the modern Ministry of Defence: the Admiralty, the War Office, the Air Ministry, the Ministry of Aviation, and an earlier form of the Ministry of Defence. These departments merged in 1964; the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merged into th...	While the concept of a "social market economy" was only introduced into EU law in 2007, free movement and trade were central to European development since the Treaty of Rome 1957. According to the standard theory of comparative advantage, two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a less producti...	While the Treaties and Regulations will have direct effect (if clear, unconditional and immediate), Directives do not generally give citizens (as opposed to the member state) standing to sue other citizens. In theory, this is because TFEU article 288 says Directives are addressed to the member states and usually "leave...	foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights	91,786
572699db5951b619008f779b	European_Union_law	Generally speaking, while all member states recognise that EU law takes primacy over national law where this agreed in the Treaties, they do not accept that the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights. In the United Kingdom, the basic principle is...	When was the European Communities Act created?	{ "answer_start": [ 1297, 742, 742, 742 ], "text": [ "1972", "1972", "1972", "1972" ] }	When was [MASK] created?	[ 0.20290790498256683, 0.05842434987425804, -0.12747731804847717, 0.22400830686092377, -0.025375334545969963, 0.3302968442440033, -0.14692910015583038, -0.009485602378845215, -0.04252883791923523, -0.012498180381953716, 0.09302332997322083, -0.08415310084819794, -0.1424834132194519, 0.302887...	The music of Guinea-Bissau is usually associated with the polyrhythmic gumbe genre, the country's primary musical export. However, civil unrest and other factors have combined over the years to keep gumbe, and other genres, out of mainstream audiences, even in generally syncretist African countries.	While the concept of a "social market economy" was only introduced into EU law in 2007, free movement and trade were central to European development since the Treaty of Rome 1957. According to the standard theory of comparative advantage, two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a less producti...	As well as creating rights for "workers" who generally lack bargaining power in the market, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union also protects the "freedom of establishment" in article 49, and "freedom to provide services" in article 56. In Gebhard v Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di ...	1972	91,787
572699db5951b619008f779d	European_Union_law	Generally speaking, while all member states recognise that EU law takes primacy over national law where this agreed in the Treaties, they do not accept that the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights. In the United Kingdom, the basic principle is...	What does the EU's legitimacy rest on?	{ "answer_start": [ 1966, 1966, 1966, 1966 ], "text": [ "the ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of the people.", "the ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of th...	What does the [MASK] 's legitimacy rest on?	[ 0.0607142336666584, 0.12557651102542877, 0.3239174783229828, 0.5174177289009094, 0.05024613067507744, -0.10836415737867355, 0.005213217809796333, -0.1439039707183838, -0.01230508740991354, 0.30512702465057373, -0.1632554680109024, 0.11811630427837372, 0.07904087007045746, 0.082108080387115...	Typical American families did not fare as well, nor did those "wealthy-but-not wealthiest" families just beneath the pyramid's top. On the other hand, half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis. The Federal Reserve surveyed 4,000 households between 2007 and 2009, and found that t...	While the concept of a "social market economy" was only introduced into EU law in 2007, free movement and trade were central to European development since the Treaty of Rome 1957. According to the standard theory of comparative advantage, two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a less producti...	In practice, because of sovereignty, any state can withdraw from any treaty at any time. The question of whether this is permitted is really a question of how other states will react to the withdrawal; for instance, another state might impose sanctions or go to war over a treaty violation.	the ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of the people.	91,788
572699db5951b619008f779c	European_Union_law	Generally speaking, while all member states recognise that EU law takes primacy over national law where this agreed in the Treaties, they do not accept that the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights. In the United Kingdom, the basic principle is...	In what cases can the EU not override German law?	{ "answer_start": [ 1399, 1399, 1399 ], "text": [ "if the EU does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles", "if the EU does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles", "if the EU does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles...	In what cases can the [MASK] not override [MASK] law?	[ 0.32652395963668823, 0.047136034816503525, 0.12264906615018845, 0.34130433201789856, 0.319995254278183, -0.1796816736459732, 0.1410505473613739, -0.42255479097366333, 0.10490559041500092, 0.14280764758586884, -0.2857230603694916, 0.322839617729187, -0.3641718924045563, 0.10446470230817795,...	Among Richmond's most interesting architectural features is its Cast-iron architecture. Second only to New Orleans in its concentration of cast iron work, the city is home to a unique collection of cast iron porches, balconies, fences, and finials. Richmond's position as a center of iron production helped to fuel its p...	While the concept of a "social market economy" was only introduced into EU law in 2007, free movement and trade were central to European development since the Treaty of Rome 1957. According to the standard theory of comparative advantage, two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a less producti...	The "freedom to provide services" under TFEU article 56 applies to people who give services "for remuneration", especially commercial or professional activity. For example, in Van Binsbergen v Bestuur van de Bedrijfvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid a Dutch lawyer moved to Belgium while advising a client in a social s...	if the EU does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles	91,789
57269aa65951b619008f77ab	European_Union_law	While constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law. Both member states and the Commission have a general legal right or "standing" (locus standi) to bring claims against EU institutions and other member states for bre...	Which type of law makes EU institutions and its member states follow the law?	{ "answer_start": [ 77, 77, 77 ], "text": [ "administrative law", "administrative law", "administrative law" ] }	Which type of law makes [MASK] institutions and its member states follow the law?	[ 0.6524341702461243, -0.06340520828962326, 0.28588688373565674, 0.22510632872581482, 0.3943115472793579, -0.28362545371055603, 0.2778846323490143, -0.10698865354061127, -0.06712675094604492, 0.12285955250263214, -0.17037133872509003, 0.30080169439315796, -0.4399271607398987, -0.007610003463...	In Ancient Greece, green and blue were sometimes considered the same color, and the same word sometimes described the color of the sea and the color of trees. The philosopher Democritus described two different greens; cloron, or pale green, and prasinon, or leek green. Aristotle considered that green was located midway...	The rule of law has been considered as one of the key dimensions that determine the quality and good governance of a country. Research, like the Worldwide Governance Indicators, defines the rule of law as: "the extent to which agents have confidence and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of co...	While the Treaties and Regulations will have direct effect (if clear, unconditional and immediate), Directives do not generally give citizens (as opposed to the member state) standing to sue other citizens. In theory, this is because TFEU article 288 says Directives are addressed to the member states and usually "leave...	administrative law	91,790
57269aa65951b619008f77ac	European_Union_law	While constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law. Both member states and the Commission have a general legal right or "standing" (locus standi) to bring claims against EU institutions and other member states for bre...	During what year were citizens or corporations said to not be able to bring claims against other non state parties?	{ "answer_start": [ 688, 688, 688 ], "text": [ "1986", "1986", "1986" ] }	During what year were citizens or corporations said to not be able to bring claims against other non state parties?	[ 0.12745928764343262, 0.08197209984064102, -0.1182742640376091, 0.17087556421756744, 0.228280171751976, 0.14110854268074036, 0.18416792154312134, -0.21694375574588776, -0.2521655857563019, 0.33015573024749756, 0.11373711377382278, 0.39374488592147827, -0.22176805138587952, 0.123874321579933...	A true predator can commonly be known as one that kills and eats another living thing. Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them. Predators may hunt actively for prey in pursuit predation, or sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance, as in ambush predators. ...	The rule of law has been considered as one of the key dimensions that determine the quality and good governance of a country. Research, like the Worldwide Governance Indicators, defines the rule of law as: "the extent to which agents have confidence and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of co...	As federal judge Alex Kozinski has pointed out, binding precedent as we know it today simply did not exist at the time the Constitution was framed. Judicial decisions were not consistently, accurately, and faithfully reported on both sides of the Atlantic (reporters often simply rewrote or failed to publish decisions w...	1986	91,791
57269aa65951b619008f77ad	European_Union_law	While constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law. Both member states and the Commission have a general legal right or "standing" (locus standi) to bring claims against EU institutions and other member states for bre...	Which actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review?	{ "answer_start": [ 1095, 1095, 1095 ], "text": [ "All actions", "All actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review", "All actions" ] }	Which actions by [MASK] institutions can be subject to judicial review?	[ 0.2842089831829071, -0.0805482417345047, -0.12772659957408905, 0.22267967462539673, 0.1526857167482376, -0.0028211036697030067, 0.07046176493167877, -0.1797851175069809, -0.18865613639354706, 0.010829090140759945, -0.19631631672382355, 0.21407164633274078, -0.21977481245994568, 0.119761548...	In the classical era, several ancient city-states such as Opone, Essina, Sarapion, Nikon, Malao, Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui, which competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade, also flourished in Somalia.	The rule of law has been considered as one of the key dimensions that determine the quality and good governance of a country. Research, like the Worldwide Governance Indicators, defines the rule of law as: "the extent to which agents have confidence and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of co...	International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself.	All actions	91,792
57269aa65951b619008f77ae	European_Union_law	While constitutional law concerns the European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law. Both member states and the Commission have a general legal right or "standing" (locus standi) to bring claims against EU institutions and other member states for bre...	Which type of law concerns the EU's governance structure?	{ "answer_start": [ 6, 6, 6 ], "text": [ "constitutional law", "constitutional law", "constitutional law" ] }	Which type of law concerns the [MASK] 's governance structure?	[ 0.2648446261882782, 0.029671940952539444, 0.1433739960193634, 0.3870428502559662, 0.20806875824928284, -0.09276112169027328, 0.08794816583395004, -0.2403375804424286, -0.1053604781627655, -0.10356658697128296, -0.09545160084962845, 0.14346274733543396, -0.20598509907722473, 0.1665168404579...	Reservations are essentially caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty. Reservations are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on the reserving state. These must be included at the time of signing or ratification, i.e. "a party cannot add a reservation after it ...	The rule of law has been considered as one of the key dimensions that determine the quality and good governance of a country. Research, like the Worldwide Governance Indicators, defines the rule of law as: "the extent to which agents have confidence and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of co...	Since its foundation, the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. Reflecting the economic nature of the project, the European Community originally focused upon free movement of workers: as a "factor of production". However, from the 1970s, this focus shifted tow...	constitutional law	91,793
57269bb8708984140094cb95	European_Union_law	Although it is generally accepted that EU law has primacy, not all EU laws give citizens standing to bring claims: that is, not all EU laws have "direct effect". In Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen it was held that the provisions of the Treaties (and EU Regulations) are directly effective, i...	In which case was it held that the provisions of the treaties are directly effective if they are clear, unconditional, and don't require further action by EU or national authorities?	{ "answer_start": [ 165, 165, 165 ], "text": [ "Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen", "Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen", "Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen" ] }	In which case was it held that the provisions of the treaties are directly effective if they are clear, unconditional, and do n't require further action by [MASK] or national authorities?	[ 0.2247498780488968, 0.016228629276156425, 0.003610384650528431, 0.01961066946387291, 0.2550341784954071, -0.24856407940387726, 0.13055561482906342, -0.2851106524467468, 0.003933990839868784, 0.15661048889160156, -0.3060307204723358, 0.2809254229068756, -0.2162693291902542, 0.07887742668390...	Gun usage in hunting is typically regulated by game category, area within the state, and time period. Regulations for big-game hunting often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms. The use of rifles is often banned for safety reasons in areas with high population densities or limited topographic relief...	The Federal Supreme Court has established that treaties are subject to constitutional review and enjoy the same hierarchical position as ordinary legislation (leis ordinárias, or "ordinary laws", in Portuguese). A more recent ruling by the Supreme Court in 2008 has altered that scheme somewhat, by stating that treaties...	A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under that state's domestic law. States are reluctant to inquire into the internal affairs and processes of other states, and so a "manifest violation" is required such that it would be "objectively evident to any S...	Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen	91,794
57269bb8708984140094cb96	European_Union_law	Although it is generally accepted that EU law has primacy, not all EU laws give citizens standing to bring claims: that is, not all EU laws have "direct effect". In Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen it was held that the provisions of the Treaties (and EU Regulations) are directly effective, i...	Which TEFU article states that no quantitative restrictions can be placed on trade?	{ "answer_start": [ 1087, 530, 530 ], "text": [ "article 30", "TFEU article 30", "TFEU article 30" ] }	Which [MASK] article states that no quantitative restrictions can be placed on trade?	[ 0.19047173857688904, 0.23164533078670502, -0.12702585756778717, 0.1989276260137558, 0.19745999574661255, -0.08282449841499329, -0.1804986149072647, -0.011942723765969276, 0.1959405094385147, -0.06358655542135239, -0.19510817527770996, 0.2717656195163727, -0.29290634393692017, 0.15700839459...	The standard home video LaserDisc was 30 cm (12 in) in diameter and made up of two single-sided aluminum discs layered in plastic. Although appearing similar to compact discs or DVDs, LaserDiscs used analog video stored in the composite domain (having a video bandwidth approximately equivalent to the 1-inch (25 mm) C-T...	The Federal Supreme Court has established that treaties are subject to constitutional review and enjoy the same hierarchical position as ordinary legislation (leis ordinárias, or "ordinary laws", in Portuguese). A more recent ruling by the Supreme Court in 2008 has altered that scheme somewhat, by stating that treaties...	The stated objective of most intellectual property law (with the exception of trademarks) is to "Promote progress." By exchanging limited exclusive rights for disclosure of inventions and creative works, society and the patentee/copyright owner mutually benefit, and an incentive is created for inventors and authors to ...	article 30	91,795
57269bb8708984140094cb97	European_Union_law	Although it is generally accepted that EU law has primacy, not all EU laws give citizens standing to bring claims: that is, not all EU laws have "direct effect". In Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen it was held that the provisions of the Treaties (and EU Regulations) are directly effective, i...	What type of company is Van Gend en Loos?	{ "answer_start": [ 487, 487, 487 ], "text": [ "a postal company", "a postal company", "a postal company" ] }	What type of company is [MASK]?	[ 0.3783155679702759, 0.2026389092206955, 0.05527625232934952, 0.14423079788684845, 0.42440706491470337, 0.11170072853565216, -0.2645088732242584, 0.28973689675331116, -0.15530480444431305, 0.2803882956504822, -0.1140052080154419, 0.1419394165277481, -0.021937988698482513, 0.1653651148080825...	During the period of the Napoleonic Wars, the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson. This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships, privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China (that they could do without permission) but so that, shou...	The Federal Supreme Court has established that treaties are subject to constitutional review and enjoy the same hierarchical position as ordinary legislation (leis ordinárias, or "ordinary laws", in Portuguese). A more recent ruling by the Supreme Court in 2008 has altered that scheme somewhat, by stating that treaties...	First, if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met, the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action (so called "vertical" direct effect). So, in Pubblico Ministero v Ratti because the Italian government had failed to implement a Directive 73/173/EE...	a postal company	91,796
57269bb8708984140094cb98	European_Union_law	Although it is generally accepted that EU law has primacy, not all EU laws give citizens standing to bring claims: that is, not all EU laws have "direct effect". In Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen it was held that the provisions of the Treaties (and EU Regulations) are directly effective, i...	What are EU Regulations essentially the same as in the case mentioned?	{ "answer_start": [ 1332, 1301, 1401 ], "text": [ "Treaty provisions", "EU Regulations are the same as Treaty provisions in this sense, because as TFEU article 288 states, they are ‘directly applicable in all Member States’", "they are ‘directly applicable in all Member States’" ] }	What are [MASK] Regulations essentially the same as in the case mentioned?	[ 0.4084855616092682, 0.16862693428993225, 0.09450378268957138, 0.20246046781539917, 0.24733980000019073, -0.2732935845851898, -0.11494157463312149, -0.30125996470451355, -0.004203323740512133, -0.07553613185882568, -0.02908865362405777, 0.30604708194732666, -0.25612208247184753, 0.228289544...	When the book was released, reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts, and opinion was mixed about Lee's ability to connect them. The first part of the novel concerns the children's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood. Reviewers were generally charmed by Sco...	The Federal Supreme Court has established that treaties are subject to constitutional review and enjoy the same hierarchical position as ordinary legislation (leis ordinárias, or "ordinary laws", in Portuguese). A more recent ruling by the Supreme Court in 2008 has altered that scheme somewhat, by stating that treaties...	The "freedom to provide services" under TFEU article 56 applies to people who give services "for remuneration", especially commercial or professional activity. For example, in Van Binsbergen v Bestuur van de Bedrijfvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid a Dutch lawyer moved to Belgium while advising a client in a social s...	Treaty provisions	91,797
57269cc3dd62a815002e8b12	European_Union_law	While the Treaties and Regulations will have direct effect (if clear, unconditional and immediate), Directives do not generally give citizens (as opposed to the member state) standing to sue other citizens. In theory, this is because TFEU article 288 says Directives are addressed to the member states and usually "leave...	What generally does not allow citizens to sue other citizens?	{ "answer_start": [ 100, 100, 100 ], "text": [ "Directives", "Directives", "Directives" ] }	What generally does not allow citizens to sue other citizens?	[ 0.4375021755695343, -0.06635361909866333, 0.09254906326532364, 0.23303918540477753, 0.0769956111907959, -0.08674871176481247, 0.2765512466430664, -0.1682136207818985, -0.13584202527999878, 0.0858798623085022, 0.1656719297170639, 0.3489765226840973, -0.3999224305152893, -0.0710839107632637,...	Many names for pubs that appear nonsensical may have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases, such as "The Bag o'Nails" (Bacchanals), "The Goat and Compasses" (God Encompasseth Us), "The Cat and the Fiddle" (Chaton Fidèle: Faithful Kitten) and "The Bull and Bush", which purportedly celebrates the victory of Hen...	If a party has materially violated or breached its treaty obligations, the other parties may invoke this breach as grounds for temporarily suspending their obligations to that party under the treaty. A material breach may also be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating the treaty itself.	Corporations and legislatures take different types of preventative measures to deter copyright infringement, with much of the focus since the early 1990s being on preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement. Strategies include education, civil & criminal legislation, and international agreements, as well as ...	Directives	91,798
57269cc3dd62a815002e8b13	European_Union_law	While the Treaties and Regulations will have direct effect (if clear, unconditional and immediate), Directives do not generally give citizens (as opposed to the member state) standing to sue other citizens. In theory, this is because TFEU article 288 says Directives are addressed to the member states and usually "leave...	How many paid holiday days does the Working Time directive require workers to have each year?	{ "answer_start": [ 594, 594, 594 ], "text": [ "4 weeks", "4 weeks paid holidays each year", "4 weeks paid" ] }	How many paid holiday days does the [MASK] directive require workers to have [MASK]?	[ 0.7089558839797974, 0.04137890040874481, 0.36564773321151733, -0.25385087728500366, 0.1563204526901245, 0.03753877803683281, 0.0733581930398941, -0.1917855143547058, -0.10668748617172241, 0.10601360350847244, -0.43300241231918335, 0.1966218203306198, -0.24469269812107086, -0.11499109864234...	The speed of mail traveling between Guam and the states varies depending on size and time of year. Light, first-class items generally take less than a week to or from the mainland, but larger first-class or Priority items can take a week or two. Fourth-class mail, such as magazines, are transported by sea after reachin...	If a party has materially violated or breached its treaty obligations, the other parties may invoke this breach as grounds for temporarily suspending their obligations to that party under the treaty. A material breach may also be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating the treaty itself.	In the case of the United States where a one-hour shift occurs at 02:00 local time, in spring the clock jumps forward from the last moment of 01:59 standard time to 03:00 DST and that day has 23 hours, whereas in autumn the clock jumps backward from the last moment of 01:59 DST to 01:00 standard time, repeating that ho...	4 weeks	91,799
57269cc3dd62a815002e8b14	European_Union_law	While the Treaties and Regulations will have direct effect (if clear, unconditional and immediate), Directives do not generally give citizens (as opposed to the member state) standing to sue other citizens. In theory, this is because TFEU article 288 says Directives are addressed to the member states and usually "leave...	How many paid holiday days do most member states require?	{ "answer_start": [ 668, 658, 658 ], "text": [ "28 days", "more than 28 days", "more than 28 days" ] }	How many paid holiday days do most member states require?	[ 0.601410448551178, 0.1359376609325409, 0.3268814980983734, 0.08092454075813293, 0.12102892249822617, 0.03421938791871071, 0.27432873845100403, -0.032380785793066025, -0.3517901599407196, 0.14552831649780273, -0.31118854880332947, 0.06944625079631805, -0.28276586532592773, -0.09169753640890...	In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States, they primarily identified themselves by their specific ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals identified themselves, for example, as Ashanti, Igbo, Bakongo, or Wolof. However, when the first captives were brought t...	If a party has materially violated or breached its treaty obligations, the other parties may invoke this breach as grounds for temporarily suspending their obligations to that party under the treaty. A material breach may also be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating the treaty itself.	To make new legislation, TFEU article 294 defines the "ordinary legislative procedure" that applies for most EU acts. The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present) to block or suggest changes, and the Counc...	28 days	91,800

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