id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 4.06k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict | masked_query stringlengths 1 25.7k | query_embedding list | random_answer stringlengths 151 4.06k | similar_answer stringlengths 152 4.06k | similar_answer_v2 stringlengths 151 4.06k ⌀ | answer stringlengths 1 239 | __index_level_0__ int64 0 98.2k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5729f9953f37b31900478622 | Immune_system | Hormones can act as immunomodulators, altering the sensitivity of the immune system. For example, female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. ... | What is the effect of testosterone on the male immune system? | {
"answer_start": [
383,
383,
383
],
"text": [
"immunosuppressive",
"immunosuppressive",
"immunosuppressive"
]
} | What is the effect of testosterone on the male immune system? | [
0.047179922461509705,
0.33829233050346375,
-0.16788583993911743,
-0.04475639387965202,
-0.10070853680372238,
-0.01706266961991787,
0.4351567029953003,
-0.3644557595252991,
0.22442713379859924,
0.16818810999393463,
-0.1609727442264557,
0.04464410990476608,
-0.36386290192604065,
-0.310813814... | The annual NFL Experience was held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. In addition, "Super Bowl City" opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero, featuring games and activities that will highlight the Bay Area's technology, culinary creations, and cultural diversity. More than 1 million people a... | When a T-cell encounters a foreign pathogen, it extends a vitamin D receptor. This is essentially a signaling device that allows the T-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin D, the steroid hormone calcitriol. T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D. Not only does the T-cell extend a vitamin D receptor,... | Another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumors. This is called immune surveillance. The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on normal cells. To the immune system, these antigens appear foreign, and their presence causes immune cells to attack the transformed ... | immunosuppressive | 94,210 |
5729fa40af94a219006aa70f | Immune_system | When suffering from sleep deprivation, active immunizations may have a diminished effect and may result in lower antibody production, and a lower immune response, than would be noted in a well-rested individual. Additionally, proteins such as NFIL3, which have been shown to be closely intertwined with both T-cell diffe... | What is a protein that is closely intertwined with circadian rhythms? | {
"answer_start": [
243,
243,
243
],
"text": [
"NFIL3",
"NFIL3",
"NFIL3"
]
} | What is a protein that is closely intertwined with circadian rhythms? | [
0.3263245224952698,
-0.15526126325130463,
0.021715575829148293,
0.046932488679885864,
0.37159910798072815,
0.05602576956152916,
0.031237399205565453,
-0.000655865587759763,
0.017386145889759064,
0.021590430289506912,
0.11554177105426788,
-0.36070922017097473,
-0.4501269459724426,
0.0596421... | Title I of the U.S. DMCA, the WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act has provisions that prevent persons from "circumvent[ing] a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work". Thus if a distributor of copyrighted works has some kind of software, dongle or password... | Beyond the energy factors being considered, it is important not to over-design illumination, lest adverse health effects such as headache frequency, stress, and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels. In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency. | Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, ha... | NFIL3 | 94,211 |
5729fa40af94a219006aa710 | Immune_system | When suffering from sleep deprivation, active immunizations may have a diminished effect and may result in lower antibody production, and a lower immune response, than would be noted in a well-rested individual. Additionally, proteins such as NFIL3, which have been shown to be closely intertwined with both T-cell diffe... | Disruptions in sleep can lead to increase in what chronic conditions? | {
"answer_start": [
573,
573,
588
],
"text": [
"heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma",
"heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma",
"chronic pain"
]
} | Disruptions in sleep can lead to increase in what chronic conditions? | [
0.1869869828224182,
0.11405060440301895,
0.17579635977745056,
-0.019124045968055725,
0.32724347710609436,
0.11554402858018875,
0.3186357915401459,
-0.20221634209156036,
-0.4531816244125366,
-0.22394119203090668,
-0.29093509912490845,
-0.045613016933202744,
-0.31088873744010925,
-0.03817743... | First recognized in 1900 by Max Planck, it was originally the proportionality constant between the minimal increment of energy, E, of a hypothetical electrically charged oscillator in a cavity that contained black body radiation, and the frequency, f, of its associated electromagnetic wave. In 1905 the value E, the min... | Beyond the energy factors being considered, it is important not to over-design illumination, lest adverse health effects such as headache frequency, stress, and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels. In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency. | Avoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks. The most common triggers include allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods. Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke (passive smoke) may reduce the effectiveness of m... | heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma | 94,212 |
5729fa40af94a219006aa711 | Immune_system | When suffering from sleep deprivation, active immunizations may have a diminished effect and may result in lower antibody production, and a lower immune response, than would be noted in a well-rested individual. Additionally, proteins such as NFIL3, which have been shown to be closely intertwined with both T-cell diffe... | What kind of deprivation results in diminished immune response and lower antibody production? | {
"answer_start": [
20,
20,
20
],
"text": [
"sleep deprivation",
"sleep",
"sleep deprivation"
]
} | What kind of deprivation results in diminished immune response and lower antibody production? | [
0.14350447058677673,
-0.0918259397149086,
-0.14294791221618652,
-0.08901797980070114,
0.05283995345234871,
0.043896108865737915,
0.41823244094848633,
-0.28176528215408325,
0.013940065167844296,
-0.1352124810218811,
-0.34203818440437317,
-0.19704951345920563,
-0.4428675174713135,
-0.1308843... | For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States ha... | Beyond the energy factors being considered, it is important not to over-design illumination, lest adverse health effects such as headache frequency, stress, and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels. In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency. | Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) possess an alternative T cell receptor (TCR) as opposed to CD4+ and CD8+ (αβ) T cells and share the characteristics of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. The conditions that produce responses from γδ T cells are not fully understood. Like other 'unconventional' T cell subse... | sleep deprivation | 94,213 |
5729fb003f37b31900478627 | Immune_system | It is conjectured that a progressive decline in hormone levels with age is partially responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals. Conversely, some hormones are regulated by the immune system, notably thyroid hormone activity. The age-related decline in immune function is also related to decreasing vi... | What is partially responsible for weakened immune response in older individuals? | {
"answer_start": [
37,
37,
37
],
"text": [
"decline in hormone levels with age",
"decline in hormone levels",
"decline in hormone levels"
]
} | What is partially responsible for weakened immune response in older individuals? | [
-0.18251001834869385,
0.1718541979789734,
-0.057085923850536346,
-0.12065241485834122,
0.12102973461151123,
0.09932632744312286,
0.307086318731308,
-0.203163281083107,
0.007435827981680632,
-0.1882239580154419,
-0.18479210138320923,
0.016608010977506638,
0.023082435131072998,
-0.2238365858... | Much of the Great Plains became open range, or rangeland where cattle roamed free, hosting ranching operations where anyone was theoretically free to run cattle. In the spring and fall, ranchers held roundups where their cowboys branded new calves, treated animals and sorted the cattle for sale. Such ranching began in ... | Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and l... | Stressful life experiences may be a cause of memory loss as a person ages. Glucocorticoids that are released during stress damage neurons that are located in the hippocampal region of the brain. Therefore, the more stressful situations that someone encounters, the more susceptible they are to memory loss later on. The ... | decline in hormone levels with age | 94,214 |
5729fb003f37b31900478628 | Immune_system | It is conjectured that a progressive decline in hormone levels with age is partially responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals. Conversely, some hormones are regulated by the immune system, notably thyroid hormone activity. The age-related decline in immune function is also related to decreasing vi... | As a person gets older, what does the skin produce less of? | {
"answer_start": [
657,
657,
657
],
"text": [
"vitamin D",
"vitamin D",
"vitamin D."
]
} | As a person gets older, what does the skin produce less of? | [
0.26810982823371887,
0.0520457848906517,
0.035277482122182846,
0.05484596639871597,
0.12699612975120544,
0.21430771052837372,
0.24447466433048248,
-0.21075497567653656,
-0.11978966742753983,
-0.3411111831665039,
-0.14108218252658844,
0.1616077572107315,
-0.0038473024033010006,
0.0100856171... | The most well-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital, the oldest public hospital in the United States. Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the President of the United States and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in New York City. The president of HHC is Ramanathan ... | Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and l... | Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, ha... | vitamin D | 94,215 |
5729fb003f37b31900478629 | Immune_system | It is conjectured that a progressive decline in hormone levels with age is partially responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals. Conversely, some hormones are regulated by the immune system, notably thyroid hormone activity. The age-related decline in immune function is also related to decreasing vi... | The production of what signalling molecules is regulated by the immune system? | {
"answer_start": [
166,
166,
166
],
"text": [
"hormones",
"hormones",
"hormones"
]
} | The production of what signalling molecules is regulated by the immune system? | [
0.25849440693855286,
-0.0002582995512057096,
0.1987532079219818,
-0.1051069051027298,
0.22268399596214294,
0.031433071941137314,
0.25167688727378845,
-0.2278253585100174,
-0.07630672305822372,
-0.10381054878234863,
0.006853044498711824,
0.12536920607089996,
-0.5033701062202454,
-0.08428797... | 18th century governors tried to tackle the island's problems by implementing tree plantation, improving fortifications, eliminating corruption, building a hospital, tackling the neglect of crops and livestock, controlling the consumption of alcohol and introducing legal reforms. From about 1770, the island enjoyed a le... | Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and l... | When a T-cell encounters a foreign pathogen, it extends a vitamin D receptor. This is essentially a signaling device that allows the T-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin D, the steroid hormone calcitriol. T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D. Not only does the T-cell extend a vitamin D receptor,... | hormones | 94,216 |
5729fb003f37b3190047862a | Immune_system | It is conjectured that a progressive decline in hormone levels with age is partially responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals. Conversely, some hormones are regulated by the immune system, notably thyroid hormone activity. The age-related decline in immune function is also related to decreasing vi... | Older people get less sun and produce less of what chemical via UVB radiation? | {
"answer_start": [
556,
556,
556
],
"text": [
"cholecalciferol",
"cholecalciferol",
"cholecalciferol"
]
} | Older people get less sun and produce less of what chemical via UVB radiation? | [
0.3870121240615845,
0.233334019780159,
0.04928450286388397,
-0.11330525577068329,
0.10056600719690323,
-0.026713715866208076,
0.17542123794555664,
-0.17249293625354767,
-0.19263480603694916,
-0.42826080322265625,
-0.32315340638160706,
0.2158973067998886,
-0.13807450234889984,
-0.1313472092... | 1,500 V DC is used in the Netherlands, Japan, Republic Of Indonesia, Hong Kong (parts), Republic of Ireland, Australia (parts), India (around the Mumbai area alone, has been converted to 25 kV AC like the rest of India), France (also using 25 kV 50 Hz AC), New Zealand (Wellington) and the United States (Chicago area on... | Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and l... | Comparing diets among Western countries, researchers have discovered that although the French tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, the incidence of heart disease remains low in France. This phenomenon has been termed the French paradox, and is thought to occur from protective benefits of regularly consuming red win... | cholecalciferol | 94,217 |
5729fc3d1d0469140077969d | Immune_system | The main response of the immune system to tumors is to destroy the abnormal cells using killer T cells, sometimes with the assistance of helper T cells. Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules in a similar way to viral antigens. This allows killer T cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal. NK cells ... | What type of immune cells help to destroy abnormal cells in tumors? | {
"answer_start": [
88,
88,
88
],
"text": [
"killer T cells",
"killer T cells",
"killer T cells"
]
} | What type of immune cells help to destroy abnormal cells in tumors? | [
0.19575783610343933,
0.15238505601882935,
0.043727971613407135,
0.23157255351543427,
0.6108709573745728,
0.03948656842112541,
0.2724063992500305,
-0.21477697789669037,
-0.06435272097587585,
-0.09985123574733734,
0.03301776200532913,
0.1972462385892868,
-0.387686163187027,
-0.02889578789472... | 19 Recordings, a recording label owned by 19 Entertainment, currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants. 19 originally partnered with Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels RCA Records, Arista Records, J Records, Jive Records. In ... | Overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders. Here, the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self, and attacks part of the body. Under normal circumstances, many T cells and antibodies react with "self" peptides. One of the f... | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | killer T cells | 94,218 |
5729fc3d1d0469140077969e | Immune_system | The main response of the immune system to tumors is to destroy the abnormal cells using killer T cells, sometimes with the assistance of helper T cells. Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules in a similar way to viral antigens. This allows killer T cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal. NK cells ... | Lots of tumor cells have fewer of what type of molecule on their surface? | {
"answer_start": [
404,
404,
404
],
"text": [
"MHC class I molecules",
"MHC class I",
"MHC class I molecules"
]
} | Lots of tumor cells have fewer of what type of molecule on their surface? | [
0.236056387424469,
0.12099920958280563,
0.23854263126850128,
0.17706194519996643,
0.39332449436187744,
-0.046109236776828766,
0.11254078894853592,
-0.2836851477622986,
-0.3793853223323822,
-0.2478051632642746,
0.1388392597436905,
-0.03826740384101868,
-0.5461803078651428,
0.071156851947307... | Paul VI did renounce many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church; some of his changes to the papal dress were reversed by Pope Benedict XVI in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from centuries, he got rid of them. He became the first pope to visit five cont... | Overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders. Here, the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self, and attacks part of the body. Under normal circumstances, many T cells and antibodies react with "self" peptides. One of the f... | Using histological stains on expectorated samples from phlegm (also called "sputum"), scientists can identify MTB under a microscope. Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution, it is classified as an acid-fast bacillus. The most common acid-fast staining techniques are the Ziehl–Nee... | MHC class I molecules | 94,219 |
5729fc3d1d0469140077969f | Immune_system | The main response of the immune system to tumors is to destroy the abnormal cells using killer T cells, sometimes with the assistance of helper T cells. Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules in a similar way to viral antigens. This allows killer T cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal. NK cells ... | Tumor antigens are complexed with MHC class I molecules in the same way as what antigens? | {
"answer_start": [
227,
227,
227
],
"text": [
"viral antigens",
"viral",
"viral antigens"
]
} | Tumor antigens are complexed with MHC class I molecules in the same way as what antigens? | [
0.09382087737321854,
0.1253955066204071,
0.5647088289260864,
-0.14912332594394684,
0.40670210123062134,
0.057490359991788864,
0.13071510195732117,
-0.5364370346069336,
0.003887773724272847,
-0.22066248953342438,
-0.020196761935949326,
0.06041976809501648,
-0.5672733187675476,
0.30737242102... | An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality, sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire's project "The Ghost in the MP3" isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression. In 2015, he released the track "moDernisT" (an anagram of "Tom's Diner"), composed exclusively from the sounds deleted during MP3 compression of the song "Tom'... | Overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders. Here, the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self, and attacks part of the body. Under normal circumstances, many T cells and antibodies react with "self" peptides. One of the f... | The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is "remembered" by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during a process ca... | viral antigens | 94,220 |
5729fc3d1d046914007796a0 | Immune_system | The main response of the immune system to tumors is to destroy the abnormal cells using killer T cells, sometimes with the assistance of helper T cells. Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules in a similar way to viral antigens. This allows killer T cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal. NK cells ... | The immune system also produces what molecules in order to allow for tumor destruction by the complement system? | {
"answer_start": [
507,
507,
507
],
"text": [
"antibodies",
"antibodies",
"antibodies"
]
} | The immune system also produces what molecules in order to allow for tumor destruction by the complement system? | [
0.089218869805336,
0.015371174551546574,
0.35789886116981506,
-0.013218260370194912,
0.3481241762638092,
0.009578828699886799,
0.15286222100257874,
-0.2329050898551941,
-0.07534753531217575,
-0.012217597104609013,
-0.12352586537599564,
0.17969998717308044,
-0.5977058410644531,
0.0022117223... | Spectre opened in Germany with $22.45 million (including previews), which included a new record for the biggest Saturday of all time, Australia with $8.7 million (including previews) and South Korea opened to $8.2 million (including previews). Despite the 13 November Paris attacks, which led to numerous theaters being ... | Helper T cells express T cell receptors (TCR) that recognize antigen bound to Class II MHC molecules. The MHC:antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell's CD4 co-receptor, which recruits molecules inside the T cell (e.g., Lck) that are responsible for the T cell's activation. Helper T cells have a weaker ass... | The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is furt... | antibodies | 94,221 |
5729fd111d046914007796a5 | Immune_system | Unlike animals, plants lack phagocytic cells, but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant. Individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs. When a part of a plant becomes infected, the plan... | Plants lack what kind of immune cells? | {
"answer_start": [
28,
28,
28
],
"text": [
"phagocytic cells",
"phagocytic",
"phagocytic cells"
]
} | Plants lack what kind of immune cells? | [
0.2672157883644104,
0.18787623941898346,
-0.1453697234392166,
0.050164178013801575,
0.15124103426933289,
-0.0660976842045784,
0.6379991769790649,
-0.044184450060129166,
-0.011823694221675396,
-0.12921449542045593,
0.019600924104452133,
0.05891295522451401,
-0.49093037843704224,
-0.07138208... | In the early years, many Huguenots also settled in the area of present-day Charleston, South Carolina. In 1685, Rev. Elie Prioleau from the town of Pons in France, was among the first to settle there. He became pastor of the first Huguenot church in North America in that city. After the Revocation of the Edict of Nante... | Plant responses to climate and other environmental changes can inform our understanding of how these changes affect ecosystem function and productivity. For example, plant phenology can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology, and the biological impact of climate change and global warming. Palynolog... | In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary. Viruses are also usually identified usin... | phagocytic cells | 94,222 |
5729fd111d046914007796a6 | Immune_system | Unlike animals, plants lack phagocytic cells, but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant. Individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs. When a part of a plant becomes infected, the plan... | Plant cells respond to the molecules associated with pathogens known as what? | {
"answer_start": [
222,
222,
222
],
"text": [
"Pathogen-associated molecular patterns",
"Pathogen-associated molecular patterns",
"Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs"
]
} | Plant cells respond to the molecules associated with pathogens known as what? | [
0.28193217515945435,
0.17104889452457428,
0.08061159402132034,
-0.21082693338394165,
0.04553883150219917,
-0.06137615069746971,
0.46403342485427856,
-0.2376745492219925,
0.03721034154295921,
-0.2151772677898407,
0.07161242514848709,
0.0026116722729057074,
-0.5392827391624451,
-0.0271665193... | Carnival celebrations, usually referred to as Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday in French), were first celebrated in the Gulf Coast area, but now occur in many states. Customs originated in the onetime French colonial capitals of Mobile (now in Alabama), New Orleans (Louisiana) and Biloxi (Mississippi), all of which have celebra... | Plant responses to climate and other environmental changes can inform our understanding of how these changes affect ecosystem function and productivity. For example, plant phenology can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology, and the biological impact of climate change and global warming. Palynolog... | If bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms, they are classed as pathogens. Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and disease and cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, cholera, foodborne illness, leprosy and tuberculosis. A pathogenic cause for a known m... | Pathogen-associated molecular patterns | 94,223 |
5729fd111d046914007796a7 | Immune_system | Unlike animals, plants lack phagocytic cells, but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant. Individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs. When a part of a plant becomes infected, the plan... | Cells of the site of an infection in a plant undergo what process to prevent spread of the disease? | {
"answer_start": [
421,
421,
415
],
"text": [
"apoptosis",
"apoptosis",
"rapid apoptosis"
]
} | Cells of the site of an infection in a plant undergo what process to prevent spread of the disease? | [
0.16365011036396027,
-0.0004009191761724651,
-0.10976403206586838,
-0.03646540641784668,
0.46850770711898804,
-0.13401000201702118,
0.5534371733665466,
-0.024417173117399216,
0.12846696376800537,
-0.25848379731178284,
-0.16696953773498535,
-0.129503533244133,
-0.1894180327653885,
0.1760542... | FDR's New Deal programs often contained equal opportunity clauses stating "no discrimination shall be made on account of race, color or creed",:11 but the true forerunner to affirmative action was the Interior Secretary of the time, Harold L. Ickes. Ickes prohibited discrimination in hiring for Public Works Administrat... | Plant responses to climate and other environmental changes can inform our understanding of how these changes affect ecosystem function and productivity. For example, plant phenology can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology, and the biological impact of climate change and global warming. Palynolog... | Unlike animals, many plant cells, particularly those of the parenchyma, do not terminally differentiate, remaining totipotent with the ability to give rise to a new individual plant. Exceptions include highly lignified cells, the sclerenchyma and xylem which are dead at maturity, and the phloem sieve tubes which lack n... | apoptosis | 94,224 |
5729fd111d046914007796a8 | Immune_system | Unlike animals, plants lack phagocytic cells, but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant. Individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs. When a part of a plant becomes infected, the plan... | What is a kind of defense response that makes the entire plant resistant to a particular agent? | {
"answer_start": [
497,
497,
497
],
"text": [
"Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)",
"Systemic acquired resistance",
"Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)"
]
} | What is a kind of defense response that makes the entire plant resistant to a particular agent? | [
-0.05073199048638344,
-0.1512058526277542,
-0.21568424999713898,
0.059134043753147125,
-0.03133593872189522,
-0.07996715605258942,
0.8000622987747192,
-0.4139823913574219,
0.06694048643112183,
-0.01230559591203928,
-0.1818237155675888,
0.040269896388053894,
-0.20724326372146606,
0.11002545... | Sexual orientation is argued as a concept that evolved in the industrialized West, and there is a controversy as to the universality of its application in other societies or cultures. Non-westernized concepts of male sexuality differ essentially from the way sexuality is seen and classified under the Western system of ... | Plant responses to climate and other environmental changes can inform our understanding of how these changes affect ecosystem function and productivity. For example, plant phenology can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology, and the biological impact of climate change and global warming. Palynolog... | Plant responses to climate and other environmental changes can inform our understanding of how these changes affect ecosystem function and productivity. For example, plant phenology can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology, and the biological impact of climate change and global warming. Palynolog... | Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) | 94,225 |
5729fd111d046914007796a9 | Immune_system | Unlike animals, plants lack phagocytic cells, but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant. Individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs. When a part of a plant becomes infected, the plan... | What is a mechanism that can help plants block virus replication? | {
"answer_start": [
653,
653,
653
],
"text": [
"RNA silencing mechanisms",
"RNA silencing mechanisms",
"RNA silencing mechanisms"
]
} | What is a mechanism that can help plants block virus replication? | [
0.1671498715877533,
-0.07520265132188797,
-0.15487365424633026,
0.16851511597633362,
0.17879103124141693,
-0.15797458589076996,
0.5353196263313293,
-0.17890267074108124,
0.03576513007283211,
0.07548287510871887,
-0.09929525852203369,
-0.14429299533367157,
-0.4281126856803894,
0.28080436587... | Concerns have often been raised over the buying public's moral complicity in purchasing products assembled or otherwise manufactured in developing countries with child labour. However, others have raised concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labour may force these children to turn to more dangero... | Plant responses to climate and other environmental changes can inform our understanding of how these changes affect ecosystem function and productivity. For example, plant phenology can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology, and the biological impact of climate change and global warming. Palynolog... | If bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms, they are classed as pathogens. Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and disease and cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, cholera, foodborne illness, leprosy and tuberculosis. A pathogenic cause for a known m... | RNA silencing mechanisms | 94,226 |
5729fe5c3f37b3190047862f | Immune_system | Overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders. Here, the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self, and attacks part of the body. Under normal circumstances, many T cells and antibodies react with "self" peptides. One of the f... | What kind of disorders are the result of an overactive immune response? | {
"answer_start": [
91,
91,
91
],
"text": [
"autoimmune disorders",
"autoimmune",
"autoimmune disorders"
]
} | What kind of disorders are the result of an overactive immune response? | [
0.17064683139324188,
0.08323121070861816,
-0.07382002472877502,
-0.1595190316438675,
0.21216745674610138,
0.12713803350925446,
0.4447115659713745,
0.07631871104240417,
-0.1457422524690628,
-0.2975583076477051,
-0.11473070085048676,
-0.004194910638034344,
-0.5713852643966675,
-0.11260917782... | The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically... | The main response of the immune system to tumors is to destroy the abnormal cells using killer T cells, sometimes with the assistance of helper T cells. Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules in a similar way to viral antigens. This allows killer T cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal. NK cells ... | In contrast, during wake periods differentiated effector cells, such as cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), peak in order to elicit an effective response against any intruding pathogens. As well during awake active times, anti-inflammatory molecules, such as cortisol and catecholamines, p... | autoimmune disorders | 94,227 |
5729fe5c3f37b31900478630 | Immune_system | Overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders. Here, the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self, and attacks part of the body. Under normal circumstances, many T cells and antibodies react with "self" peptides. One of the f... | In autoimmune disorders, the immune system doesn't distinguish between what types of cells? | {
"answer_start": [
175,
175,
175
],
"text": [
"self and non-self",
"self and non-self",
"self and non-self"
]
} | In autoimmune disorders, the immune system doesn't distinguish between what types of cells? | [
0.274626225233078,
0.14543767273426056,
-0.19130615890026093,
0.0012963628396391869,
0.4324561059474945,
0.20132878422737122,
0.2980552613735199,
-0.1133853942155838,
0.00807198602706194,
-0.3160068988800049,
-0.0328204371035099,
0.13216622173786163,
-0.511214017868042,
-0.0142713226377964... | Most Israelis are drafted into the military at the age of 18. Men serve two years and eight months and women two years. Following mandatory service, Israeli men join the reserve forces and usually do up to several weeks of reserve duty every year until their forties. Most women are exempt from reserve duty. Arab citize... | The main response of the immune system to tumors is to destroy the abnormal cells using killer T cells, sometimes with the assistance of helper T cells. Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules in a similar way to viral antigens. This allows killer T cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal. NK cells ... | When B cells and T cells are activated and begin to replicate, some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again. This is "adaptive" because it occ... | self and non-self | 94,228 |
5729fe5c3f37b31900478631 | Immune_system | Overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders. Here, the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self, and attacks part of the body. Under normal circumstances, many T cells and antibodies react with "self" peptides. One of the f... | Where are the specialized cells that eliminate cells that recognize self-antigens located? | {
"answer_start": [
366,
366,
366
],
"text": [
"thymus and bone marrow",
"thymus and bone marrow",
"thymus and bone marrow"
]
} | Where are the specialized cells that eliminate cells that recognize self-antigens located? | [
0.05200361832976341,
0.23254728317260742,
0.07320966571569443,
0.07294578850269318,
0.3155544698238373,
0.14270611107349396,
0.3557542562484741,
-0.43179747462272644,
-0.046072185039520264,
-0.23750285804271698,
-0.24092063307762146,
0.0578315444290638,
-0.41139504313468933,
0.086859531700... | The preserved records of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (the Reich Security Main Office) show the persecution of Freemasons during the Holocaust. RSHA Amt VII (Written Records) was overseen by Professor Franz Six and was responsible for "ideological" tasks, by which was meant the creation of antisemitic and anti-Masonic... | The main response of the immune system to tumors is to destroy the abnormal cells using killer T cells, sometimes with the assistance of helper T cells. Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules in a similar way to viral antigens. This allows killer T cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal. NK cells ... | Killer T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. As with B cells, each type of T cell recognizes a different antigen. Killer T cells are activated when their T cell receptor (TCR) binds to this specific antigen in ... | thymus and bone marrow | 94,229 |
5729fe5c3f37b31900478632 | Immune_system | Overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders. Here, the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self, and attacks part of the body. Under normal circumstances, many T cells and antibodies react with "self" peptides. One of the f... | Under normal conditions, T cells and antibodies produce what kind of peptides? | {
"answer_start": [
291,
292,
292
],
"text": [
"\"self\" peptides",
"self",
"self\" peptides"
]
} | Under normal conditions, T cells and antibodies produce what kind of peptides? | [
0.6775237917900085,
-0.08918313682079315,
0.0886206179857254,
0.07009414583444595,
0.40427014231681824,
-0.002213400322943926,
0.12488623708486557,
-0.3481138348579407,
0.1082453802227974,
-0.09811755269765854,
0.012715009041130543,
0.14870913326740265,
-0.5426870584487915,
0.0095421280711... | What industries children work in depends on if they grew up in a rural area or an urban area. Children who were born in urban areas often found themselves working for street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers. While children who grew up i... | The main response of the immune system to tumors is to destroy the abnormal cells using killer T cells, sometimes with the assistance of helper T cells. Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules in a similar way to viral antigens. This allows killer T cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal. NK cells ... | A much smaller number of people are insensitive to pain due to an inborn abnormality of the nervous system, known as "congenital insensitivity to pain". Children with this condition incur carelessly-repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles. Some die before adulthood, and others have a reduced l... | "self" peptides | 94,230 |
5729fefbaf94a219006aa739 | Immune_system | Immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive. The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly, with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence. In developed countries, o... | What kind of disorders occur when part of the immune system isn't active? | {
"answer_start": [
0,
0,
0
],
"text": [
"Immunodeficiencies",
"Immunodeficiencies",
"Immunodeficiencies"
]
} | What kind of disorders occur when part of the immune system isn't active? | [
0.21033106744289398,
0.011846992187201977,
-0.14864209294319153,
-0.12006422132253647,
0.3905465006828308,
-0.0015850441996008158,
0.5360435247421265,
0.023999128490686417,
-0.11268290132284164,
-0.22812025249004364,
-0.18302564322948456,
0.09562861919403076,
-0.5217785835266113,
-0.027737... | All notable wrestlers now enter the ring accompanied by music, and regularly add other elements to their entrance. The music played during the ring entrance will usually mirror the wrestler's personality. Many wrestlers, particularly in America, have music and lyrics specially written for their ring entrance. While inv... | Many environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution ... | Heart disease, cancer, obesity, and diabetes are commonly called "Western" diseases because these maladies were once rarely seen in developing countries. An international study in China found some regions had virtually no cancer or heart disease, while in other areas they reflected "up to a 100-fold increase" coinciden... | Immunodeficiencies | 94,231 |
5729fefbaf94a219006aa73a | Immune_system | Immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive. The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly, with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence. In developed countries, o... | In what two age groups is the strength of the immune system reduced? | {
"answer_start": [
174,
174,
178
],
"text": [
"the young and the elderly",
"the young and the elderly",
"young and the elderly"
]
} | In what [MASK] age groups is the strength of the immune system reduced? | [
-0.0860227644443512,
0.050528768450021744,
-0.10606440156698227,
0.0302115585654974,
0.1481332927942276,
0.2416008561849594,
0.3616420328617096,
-0.15545153617858887,
-0.17334409058094025,
-0.24076172709465027,
-0.10955638438463211,
0.0971873477101326,
-0.07710721343755722,
-0.304699450731... | Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war. British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system. The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers. The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial... | Many environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution ... | The prognosis for asthma is generally good, especially for children with mild disease. Mortality has decreased over the last few decades due to better recognition and improvement in care. Globally it causes moderate or severe disability in 19.4 million people as of 2004 (16 million of which are in low and middle income... | the young and the elderly | 94,232 |
5729fefbaf94a219006aa73b | Immune_system | Immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive. The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly, with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence. In developed countries, o... | At what age do immune responses typically begin to decline? | {
"answer_start": [
247,
254,
247
],
"text": [
"around 50 years of age",
"50",
"around 50 years of age"
]
} | At what age do immune responses typically begin to decline? | [
-0.030262092128396034,
0.09416615962982178,
-0.05815533548593521,
-0.13870534300804138,
0.1764940470457077,
0.23597729206085205,
0.3599863350391388,
-0.10863346606492996,
-0.02138788066804409,
-0.1855660378932953,
0.004989721346646547,
0.054190151393413544,
-0.09561841934919357,
-0.1629150... | For many years Arsenal's away colours were white shirts and either black or white shorts. In the 1969–70 season, Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts. This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double for the first time in their history. Arsenal reache... | Many environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution ... | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | around 50 years of age | 94,233 |
5729fefbaf94a219006aa73c | Immune_system | Immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive. The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly, with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence. In developed countries, o... | What are some causes of reduced immune function in developed countries? | {
"answer_start": [
319,
319,
319
],
"text": [
"obesity, alcoholism, and drug use",
"obesity, alcoholism, and drug use",
"obesity, alcoholism, and drug use"
]
} | What are some causes of reduced immune function in developed countries? | [
-0.04993559420108795,
0.0614190548658371,
-0.05340242758393288,
0.04003244265913963,
0.2298354208469391,
0.14331132173538208,
0.2779890298843384,
0.011955849826335907,
-0.2578260004520416,
-0.23289132118225098,
-0.2611391842365265,
-0.12742620706558228,
-0.3342418372631073,
-0.220913276076... | Eisenhower did provide France with bombers and non-combat personnel. After a few months with no success by the French, he added other aircraft to drop napalm for clearing purposes. Further requests for assistance from the French were agreed to but only on conditions Eisenhower knew were impossible to meet – allied part... | Many environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution ... | The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication.... | obesity, alcoholism, and drug use | 94,234 |
5729fefbaf94a219006aa73d | Immune_system | Immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive. The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly, with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence. In developed countries, o... | What is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing nations? | {
"answer_start": [
405,
405,
405
],
"text": [
"malnutrition",
"malnutrition",
"malnutrition"
]
} | What is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing nations? | [
0.12907657027244568,
0.21026308834552765,
-0.3408151865005493,
0.08025645464658737,
0.4295727014541626,
0.11609748005867004,
0.3230235278606415,
0.005114348139613867,
-0.044250186532735825,
-0.24144993722438812,
0.025264987722039223,
-0.24229837954044342,
-0.577019214630127,
0.252958506345... | Enlisted members of the USAF have pay grades from E-1 (entry level) to E-9 (senior enlisted). While all USAF military personnel are referred to as Airmen, the term also refers to the pay grades of E-1 through E-4, which are below the level of non-commissioned officers (NCOs). Above the pay grade of E-4 (i.e., pay grade... | Many environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution ... | Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse. Many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to re... | malnutrition | 94,235 |
5729ffda1d046914007796af | Immune_system | Long-term active memory is acquired following infection by activation of B and T cells. Active immunity can also be generated artificially, through vaccination. The principle behind vaccination (also called immunization) is to introduce an antigen from a pathogen in order to stimulate the immune system and develop spec... | By what process can active immunity be generated in an artificial manner? | {
"answer_start": [
148,
148,
148
],
"text": [
"vaccination",
"vaccination",
"vaccination"
]
} | By what process can active immunity be generated in an artificial manner? | [
0.060633763670921326,
-0.18630917370319366,
0.1202487200498581,
-0.030371256172657013,
0.034995611757040024,
0.1101967841386795,
0.636752188205719,
-0.3258187472820282,
0.043419137597084045,
-0.15706603229045868,
-0.2837170362472534,
-0.06405771523714066,
-0.5604329705238342,
0.00397286796... | After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities ... | In psychology, memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli. In the first stage the information must be changed so that it may be put into the encoding process. Storage is the se... | Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tiss... | vaccination | 94,236 |
5729ffda1d046914007796b0 | Immune_system | Long-term active memory is acquired following infection by activation of B and T cells. Active immunity can also be generated artificially, through vaccination. The principle behind vaccination (also called immunization) is to introduce an antigen from a pathogen in order to stimulate the immune system and develop spec... | What is the process of vaccination also known as? | {
"answer_start": [
207,
207,
207
],
"text": [
"immunization",
"immunization",
"immunization"
]
} | What is the process of vaccination also known as? | [
0.41588518023490906,
-0.05567626655101776,
0.04840311035513878,
0.04015086591243744,
0.029819319024682045,
0.1033916026353836,
0.36255142092704773,
-0.1864832490682602,
0.07545426487922668,
-0.17332902550697327,
-0.1291702389717102,
-0.14071588218212128,
-0.10219423472881317,
0.11172991991... | As of 2010[update], the city of Montevideo has been divided into 8 political municipalities (Municipios), referred to with the letters from A to G, including CH, each presided over by a mayor elected by the citizens registered in the constituency. This division, according to the Municipality of Montevideo, "aims to adv... | In psychology, memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli. In the first stage the information must be changed so that it may be put into the encoding process. Storage is the se... | Newborn infants have no prior exposure to microbes and are particularly vulnerable to infection. Several layers of passive protection are provided by the mother. During pregnancy, a particular type of antibody, called IgG, is transported from mother to baby directly across the placenta, so human babies have high levels... | immunization | 94,237 |
5729ffda1d046914007796b1 | Immune_system | Long-term active memory is acquired following infection by activation of B and T cells. Active immunity can also be generated artificially, through vaccination. The principle behind vaccination (also called immunization) is to introduce an antigen from a pathogen in order to stimulate the immune system and develop spec... | In the process of vaccination, what is introduced in order to develop a specific immunity? | {
"answer_start": [
237,
240,
240
],
"text": [
"an antigen from a pathogen",
"antigen",
"antigen from a pathogen"
]
} | In the process of vaccination, what is introduced in order to develop a specific immunity? | [
0.16584724187850952,
-0.108485646545887,
0.02617405541241169,
0.10397548973560333,
0.017278999090194702,
0.09958354383707047,
0.4437532126903534,
-0.47284454107284546,
0.17289817333221436,
-0.2806830406188965,
-0.029601702466607094,
-0.07727999240159988,
-0.19393445551395416,
0.19598688185... | Like all major English football clubs, Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters' clubs, including the Arsenal Football Supporters' Club, which works closely with the club, and the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association, which maintains a more independent line. The Arsenal Supporters' Trust promotes greater par... | In psychology, memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli. In the first stage the information must be changed so that it may be put into the encoding process. Storage is the se... | It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in t... | an antigen from a pathogen | 94,238 |
5729ffda1d046914007796b2 | Immune_system | Long-term active memory is acquired following infection by activation of B and T cells. Active immunity can also be generated artificially, through vaccination. The principle behind vaccination (also called immunization) is to introduce an antigen from a pathogen in order to stimulate the immune system and develop spec... | Vaccination exploits what feature of the human immune system in order to be successful? | {
"answer_start": [
508,
508,
504
],
"text": [
"natural specificity of the immune system",
"natural specificity",
"the natural specificity"
]
} | Vaccination exploits what feature of the human immune system in order to be successful? | [
0.2828724980354309,
-0.06023518741130829,
-0.04422964155673981,
0.05735230818390846,
0.2421616166830063,
0.09494954347610474,
0.6105291843414307,
-0.34428685903549194,
0.20584261417388916,
-0.38329580426216125,
-0.09668458253145218,
0.09968378394842148,
-0.3111969530582428,
-0.083142437040... | The series is set three years after the events of Digimon Adventure 02, when Digimon who turn rogue by a mysterious infection appear to wreak havoc in the Human World. Tai and the other DigiDestined from the original series reunite with their partners and start fighting back with support from the Japanese government, w... | In psychology, memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli. In the first stage the information must be changed so that it may be put into the encoding process. Storage is the se... | Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. In immunology, self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system. Conversely, non-self molecules are those recog... | natural specificity of the immune system | 94,239 |
572a019f3f37b31900478643 | Immune_system | The success of any pathogen depends on its ability to elude host immune responses. Therefore, pathogens evolved several methods that allow them to successfully infect a host, while evading detection or destruction by the immune system. Bacteria often overcome physical barriers by secreting enzymes that digest the barri... | Bacteria often secrete what kind of proteins to ingest a physical barrier? | {
"answer_start": [
291,
291,
291
],
"text": [
"enzymes",
"enzymes",
"enzymes"
]
} | Bacteria often secrete what kind of proteins to ingest a physical barrier? | [
0.2228287309408188,
0.2731809616088867,
-0.07186659425497055,
0.06234222277998924,
0.24378438293933868,
0.004448599182069302,
0.3759838044643402,
-0.25021398067474365,
0.1531098634004593,
-0.352610319852829,
-0.028352834284305573,
-0.10234139114618301,
-0.44925355911254883,
0.2045081704854... | In Commonwealth realms other than the UK, royal assent is granted or withheld either by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign, the governor-general. In federated realms, assent in each state, province, or territory is granted or withheld by the representatives of the sovereig... | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antige... | enzymes | 94,240 |
572a019f3f37b31900478644 | Immune_system | The success of any pathogen depends on its ability to elude host immune responses. Therefore, pathogens evolved several methods that allow them to successfully infect a host, while evading detection or destruction by the immune system. Bacteria often overcome physical barriers by secreting enzymes that digest the barri... | What kind of system of infection involves inserting a hollow tube into a host cell? | {
"answer_start": [
397,
397,
397
],
"text": [
"type III secretion system",
"type III secretion system",
"type III secretion system"
]
} | What kind of system of infection involves inserting a hollow tube into a host cell? | [
0.11106821894645691,
0.09881855547428131,
-0.33701151609420776,
0.1156395673751831,
0.47625258564949036,
0.3496361970901489,
0.469518780708313,
0.0569847971200943,
0.032295580953359604,
-0.38916999101638794,
-0.08912763744592667,
-0.19408352673053741,
-0.21807892620563507,
0.28520712256431... | In 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2%, including... | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features, by detecting th... | type III secretion system | 94,241 |
572a019f3f37b31900478645 | Immune_system | The success of any pathogen depends on its ability to elude host immune responses. Therefore, pathogens evolved several methods that allow them to successfully infect a host, while evading detection or destruction by the immune system. Bacteria often overcome physical barriers by secreting enzymes that digest the barri... | In a type III secretion system, proteins are transported to the host cell in order to do what? | {
"answer_start": [
584,
584,
584
],
"text": [
"shut down host defenses",
"shut down host defenses",
"shut down host defenses."
]
} | In a type [MASK] secretion system, proteins are transported to the host cell in order to do what? | [
0.3497743606567383,
0.11551562696695328,
0.19142788648605347,
0.0718844011425972,
0.25088024139404297,
0.06684377789497375,
0.2372671216726303,
-0.18531344830989838,
-0.11108963191509247,
-0.13882483541965485,
-0.22676780819892883,
-0.11211996525526047,
-0.4431922435760498,
0.1990292966365... | During the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract-type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th-century Roman militar... | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | shut down host defenses | 94,242 |
572a019f3f37b31900478646 | Immune_system | The success of any pathogen depends on its ability to elude host immune responses. Therefore, pathogens evolved several methods that allow them to successfully infect a host, while evading detection or destruction by the immune system. Bacteria often overcome physical barriers by secreting enzymes that digest the barri... | The success of pathogens is predicated on their ability to do what? | {
"answer_start": [
54,
54,
43
],
"text": [
"elude host immune responses",
"elude host immune responses",
"ability to elude host immune responses"
]
} | The success of pathogens is predicated on their ability to do what? | [
0.30282357335090637,
0.11099787801504135,
-0.10143706202507019,
0.15515366196632385,
0.18831686675548553,
0.04588555172085762,
0.4285920560359955,
-0.14161965250968933,
0.011234543286263943,
-0.25196656584739685,
0.15177732706069946,
0.13064424693584442,
-0.25237923860549927,
0.05531892925... | Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security). | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding... | elude host immune responses | 94,243 |
572a02483f37b3190047864b | Immune_system | In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not t... | Who formulated the idea of clonal selection theory of immunity? | {
"answer_start": [
18,
18,
18
],
"text": [
"Frank Burnet",
"Frank Burnet",
"Frank Burnet"
]
} | Who formulated the idea of clonal selection theory of immunity? | [
-0.05769730359315872,
-0.2585890293121338,
-0.05256999284029007,
-0.07299140095710754,
-0.024754442274570465,
0.0577695406973362,
0.23297329246997833,
-0.5695837140083313,
-0.16122278571128845,
0.029509318992495537,
0.11461856961250305,
-0.2774048149585724,
-0.610903799533844,
0.0519658848... | Not only that, Austria now found herself estranged with the new developments within the empire itself. Beside the rise of Prussia, Augustus III, although ineffective, could mustered up an army not only from Saxony, but also Poland, considering the elector was also the King of Poland. Bavaria's growing power and indepen... | Dunn and Dunn focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner identified a wide range of modalities in his Multiple Intelligences theories. The Myers-Briggs Type... | In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a "Hebbian learning" model of learning and memory – an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the "Hebbian synapse" construction into a global brain... | Frank Burnet | 94,244 |
572a02483f37b3190047864c | Immune_system | In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not t... | What are two examples of nonself entities in accordance with Frank Burnet's theory? | {
"answer_start": [
383,
383,
383
],
"text": [
"pathogens, an allograft",
"pathogens, an allograft",
"pathogens, an allograft"
]
} | What are [MASK] examples of nonself entities in accordance with [MASK] theory? | [
0.38985246419906616,
0.2964933216571808,
-0.06496559828519821,
0.09377413988113403,
0.12870517373085022,
0.18891948461532593,
0.3791511058807373,
-0.16447199881076813,
-0.13369174301624298,
0.05061877891421318,
-0.35682040452957153,
0.07941722124814987,
-0.5056829452514648,
0.3108089566230... | In 1966, Yale began discussions with its sister school Vassar College about merging to foster coeducation at the undergraduate level. Vassar, then all-female and part of the Seven Sisters—elite higher education schools that historically served as sister institutions to the Ivy League when the Ivy League still only admi... | Dunn and Dunn focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner identified a wide range of modalities in his Multiple Intelligences theories. The Myers-Briggs Type... | Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. In immunology, self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system. Conversely, non-self molecules are those recog... | pathogens, an allograft | 94,245 |
572a02483f37b3190047864d | Immune_system | In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not t... | What is the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells referred to? | {
"answer_start": [
514,
514,
514
],
"text": [
"histocompatibility",
"histocompatibility",
"histocompatibility"
]
} | What is the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells referred to? | [
0.24471567571163177,
-0.3689119517803192,
-0.04259398207068443,
-0.16794712841510773,
0.03702639788389206,
0.039590634405612946,
0.2008923590183258,
-0.3579689562320709,
-0.11880198866128922,
-0.16976609826087952,
-0.20071814954280853,
0.23217466473579407,
-0.6811344623565674,
-0.084688305... | Feynman devoted the latter half of his book What Do You Care What Other People Think? to his experience on the Rogers Commission, straying from his usual convention of brief, light-hearted anecdotes to deliver an extended and sober narrative. Feynman's account reveals a disconnect between NASA's engineers and executive... | Dunn and Dunn focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner identified a wide range of modalities in his Multiple Intelligences theories. The Myers-Briggs Type... | Dunn and Dunn focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner identified a wide range of modalities in his Multiple Intelligences theories. The Myers-Briggs Type... | histocompatibility | 94,246 |
572a02483f37b3190047864e | Immune_system | In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not t... | What other scientist influence Frank Burnet when he was formulating his theory of immunity? | {
"answer_start": [
65,
65,
65
],
"text": [
"Niels Jerne",
"Niels Jerne",
"Niels Jerne"
]
} | What other scientist influence [MASK] when he was formulating his theory of immunity? | [
0.006002201698720455,
-0.021348753944039345,
-0.23122645914554596,
0.149020716547966,
-0.06417500227689743,
-0.049622587859630585,
0.39203932881355286,
-0.4708094596862793,
0.16222567856311798,
-0.06576848030090332,
0.03257784619927406,
-0.10536055266857147,
-0.29628509283065796,
-0.167108... | The city has a particular connection to Cunard Line and their fleet of ships. This was particularly evident on 11 November 2008 when the Cunard liner RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 departed the city for the final time amid a spectacular fireworks display after a full day of celebrations. Cunard ships are regularly launched in t... | Dunn and Dunn focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner identified a wide range of modalities in his Multiple Intelligences theories. The Myers-Briggs Type... | While some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field before natural selection could impr... | Niels Jerne | 94,247 |
572a03086aef0514001551a2 | Immune_system | Anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to control the effects of inflammation. Glucocorticoids are the most powerful of these drugs; however, these drugs can have many undesirable side effects, such as central obesity, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and their use must be tightly controlled. Lower doses of anti-inflammato... | What are the most powerful class of anti-inflammatory drugs? | {
"answer_start": [
79,
79,
79
],
"text": [
"Glucocorticoids",
"Glucocorticoids",
"Glucocorticoids"
]
} | What are the most powerful class of anti-inflammatory drugs? | [
-0.1621716320514679,
-0.028447994962334633,
0.2440820187330246,
-0.03986756503582001,
-0.007085588760674,
0.0017708708764985204,
0.20067903399467468,
-0.2279229462146759,
0.0649641826748848,
-0.1963353008031845,
-0.10607386380434036,
0.2250826209783554,
-0.22975093126296997,
0.106949076056... | Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after the spring transition, the rela... | The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication.... | Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid and rifampicin, ... | Glucocorticoids | 94,248 |
572a03086aef0514001551a3 | Immune_system | Anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to control the effects of inflammation. Glucocorticoids are the most powerful of these drugs; however, these drugs can have many undesirable side effects, such as central obesity, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and their use must be tightly controlled. Lower doses of anti-inflammato... | Low doses of anti-inflammatories are sometimes used with what classes of drugs? | {
"answer_start": [
364,
364,
439
],
"text": [
"cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs",
"cytotoxic or immunosuppressive",
"Cytotoxic drugs"
]
} | Low doses of anti-inflammatories are sometimes used with what classes of drugs? | [
0.06913552433252335,
0.31721800565719604,
-0.17758627235889435,
-0.05928753688931465,
0.03540733829140663,
0.03906198963522911,
0.27020686864852905,
-0.3157874345779419,
0.22305577993392944,
-0.08123962581157684,
-0.10735517740249634,
0.19213512539863586,
-0.33301302790641785,
-0.160261005... | The town was sacked in 1338 by French, Genoese and Monegasque ships (under Charles Grimaldi, who used the plunder to help found the principality of Monaco). On visiting Southampton in 1339, Edward III ordered that walls be built to 'close the town'. The extensive rebuilding—part of the walls dates from 1175—culminated ... | The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication.... | Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeuti... | cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs | 94,249 |
572a03086aef0514001551a4 | Immune_system | Anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to control the effects of inflammation. Glucocorticoids are the most powerful of these drugs; however, these drugs can have many undesirable side effects, such as central obesity, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and their use must be tightly controlled. Lower doses of anti-inflammato... | What are two examples of cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs? | {
"answer_start": [
409,
409,
409
],
"text": [
"methotrexate or azathioprine",
"methotrexate or azathioprine",
"methotrexate or azathioprine"
]
} | What are [MASK] examples of cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs? | [
0.07598932832479477,
0.2699923515319824,
0.1917092353105545,
0.04937388375401497,
0.26517587900161743,
0.0522395521402359,
0.07716668397188187,
-0.23336662352085114,
0.20544718205928802,
-0.18882311880588531,
-0.16127322614192963,
0.12397805601358414,
-0.4034397006034851,
0.171674638986587... | Kievan Rus', although sparsely populated compared to Western Europe, was not only the largest contemporary European state in terms of area but also culturally advanced. Literacy in Kiev, Novgorod and other large cities was high. As birch bark documents attest, they exchanged love letters and prepared cheat sheets for s... | The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication.... | Phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria. The way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses, more specifically, bacteriophages. Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, are precisely bacterial viruses that i... | methotrexate or azathioprine | 94,250 |
572a03086aef0514001551a5 | Immune_system | Anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to control the effects of inflammation. Glucocorticoids are the most powerful of these drugs; however, these drugs can have many undesirable side effects, such as central obesity, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and their use must be tightly controlled. Lower doses of anti-inflammato... | What is an example of an immunosuppressive drug that prevents T cell activity by altering signal transduction pathways? | {
"answer_start": [
707,
707,
707
],
"text": [
"cyclosporin",
"cyclosporin",
"cyclosporin"
]
} | What is an example of an immunosuppressive drug that prevents T cell activity by altering signal transduction pathways? | [
0.044489867985248566,
-0.19304999709129333,
0.1715390384197235,
-0.09314446896314621,
0.12549342215061188,
-0.29906097054481506,
0.3283519744873047,
-0.4840077757835388,
0.32320132851600647,
-0.11409734934568405,
-0.024186361581087112,
0.10990524291992188,
-0.7347065210342407,
0.0193147286... | Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymout... | The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication.... | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | cyclosporin | 94,251 |
572a04d51d046914007796cd | Immune_system | In contrast, during wake periods differentiated effector cells, such as cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), peak in order to elicit an effective response against any intruding pathogens. As well during awake active times, anti-inflammatory molecules, such as cortisol and catecholamines, p... | What are examples of differentiated effector cells that peak during wake periods? | {
"answer_start": [
72,
72,
72
],
"text": [
"cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)",
"cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs",
"cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)"
]
} | What are examples of differentiated effector cells that peak during wake periods? | [
0.21627236902713776,
-0.25539833307266235,
0.30232498049736023,
-0.048909611999988556,
-0.12080308794975281,
0.13315504789352417,
0.17257378995418549,
-0.362407386302948,
-0.3113647997379303,
-0.14620374143123627,
-0.4120100736618042,
-0.0470505952835083,
-0.08383314311504364,
-0.102679543... | In the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headquartered in S... | Hormones can act as immunomodulators, altering the sensitivity of the immune system. For example, female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. ... | Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light if at all,[citation neede... | cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes) | 94,252 |
572a04d51d046914007796ce | Immune_system | In contrast, during wake periods differentiated effector cells, such as cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), peak in order to elicit an effective response against any intruding pathogens. As well during awake active times, anti-inflammatory molecules, such as cortisol and catecholamines, p... | What are two anti-inflammatory molecules that peak during awake hours? | {
"answer_start": [
290,
290,
290
],
"text": [
"cortisol and catecholamines",
"cortisol and catecholamines",
"cortisol and catecholamines"
]
} | What are [MASK] anti - inflammatory molecules that peak during [MASK]? | [
-0.007406231481581926,
0.09968535602092743,
0.39447057247161865,
-0.16427916288375854,
-0.17675480246543884,
-0.114176906645298,
0.36016374826431274,
-0.32114094495773315,
-0.12287014722824097,
-0.19481539726257324,
-0.1421080082654953,
0.08801981061697006,
-0.2572924494743347,
-0.08840933... | Royal assent is the method by which a country's constitutional monarch (possibly through a delegated official) formally approves an act of that nation's parliament, thus making it a law or letting it be promulgated as law. In the vast majority of contemporary monarchies, this act is considered to be little more than a ... | Hormones can act as immunomodulators, altering the sensitivity of the immune system. For example, female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. ... | Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) possess an alternative T cell receptor (TCR) as opposed to CD4+ and CD8+ (αβ) T cells and share the characteristics of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. The conditions that produce responses from γδ T cells are not fully understood. Like other 'unconventional' T cell subse... | cortisol and catecholamines | 94,253 |
572a04d51d046914007796cf | Immune_system | In contrast, during wake periods differentiated effector cells, such as cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), peak in order to elicit an effective response against any intruding pathogens. As well during awake active times, anti-inflammatory molecules, such as cortisol and catecholamines, p... | Inflammation occurs during sleep times because of the presence of what molecule? | {
"answer_start": [
600,
600,
600
],
"text": [
"melatonin",
"melatonin",
"melatonin"
]
} | Inflammation occurs during sleep times because of the presence of what molecule? | [
0.11273625493049622,
0.18324629962444305,
0.098538838326931,
-0.3670431673526764,
0.34271642565727234,
-0.2397770881652832,
0.21493792533874512,
-0.24144649505615234,
-0.010046703740954399,
-0.3875572681427002,
-0.15663442015647888,
-0.19010773301124573,
-0.3646325170993805,
0.056393653154... | Details of school casualties had been under non-governmental investigation since December 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect Ai Weiwei, who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since March 2009. The official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until May 7, 2009, almost ... | Hormones can act as immunomodulators, altering the sensitivity of the immune system. For example, female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. ... | Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them—neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell, and thereby alter the electrical or chemical properties of the receptor molecules. With few exceptions, each neuro... | melatonin | 94,254 |
572a04d51d046914007796d0 | Immune_system | In contrast, during wake periods differentiated effector cells, such as cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), peak in order to elicit an effective response against any intruding pathogens. As well during awake active times, anti-inflammatory molecules, such as cortisol and catecholamines, p... | Melatonin during sleep can actively counteract the production of what? | {
"answer_start": [
739,
739,
739
],
"text": [
"free radical production",
"free radical",
"free radical production"
]
} | Melatonin during sleep can actively counteract the production of what? | [
0.1873856484889984,
-0.01791805401444435,
0.2165423333644867,
-0.13556444644927979,
0.1870781034231186,
-0.07277587801218033,
0.19787399470806122,
-0.1261904388666153,
-0.04489625245332718,
0.24091903865337372,
-0.23176874220371246,
0.23617126047611237,
-0.16569805145263672,
-0.02414162829... | On April 29, 2011, the boundaries for the state-run tourism district were set. The district would include heavier police presence, as well as beautification and infrastructure improvements. The CRDA would oversee all functions of the district and will make changes to attract new businesses and attractions. New construc... | Hormones can act as immunomodulators, altering the sensitivity of the immune system. For example, female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. ... | In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade... | free radical production | 94,255 |
572a058aaf94a219006aa751 | Immune_system | When a T-cell encounters a foreign pathogen, it extends a vitamin D receptor. This is essentially a signaling device that allows the T-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin D, the steroid hormone calcitriol. T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D. Not only does the T-cell extend a vitamin D receptor,... | What does a T cell extend when it encounters a foreign pathogen? | {
"answer_start": [
56,
48,
58
],
"text": [
"a vitamin D receptor",
"extends a vitamin D receptor",
"vitamin D receptor"
]
} | What does a T cell extend when it encounters a foreign pathogen? | [
0.39150673151016235,
-0.2005966454744339,
0.2978249192237854,
-0.1252075731754303,
0.27170586585998535,
-0.19070741534233093,
0.47501128911972046,
-0.24213263392448425,
-0.08543070405721664,
-0.022663332521915436,
-0.29280924797058105,
-0.12332520633935928,
-0.3434221148490906,
0.010229956... | IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower’s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac’s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower’s needs, usi... | Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinuc... | Leukocytes (white blood cells) act like independent, single-celled organisms and are the second arm of the innate immune system. The innate leukocytes include the phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells), mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and natural killer cells. These cells identify and eliminate ... | a vitamin D receptor | 94,256 |
572a058aaf94a219006aa752 | Immune_system | When a T-cell encounters a foreign pathogen, it extends a vitamin D receptor. This is essentially a signaling device that allows the T-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin D, the steroid hormone calcitriol. T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D. Not only does the T-cell extend a vitamin D receptor,... | What is the active form of vitamin D known as? | {
"answer_start": [
201,
201,
185
],
"text": [
"calcitriol",
"calcitriol",
"steroid hormone calcitriol"
]
} | What is the active form of vitamin D known as? | [
0.21798674762248993,
0.1377883106470108,
-0.09855771064758301,
-0.2181142270565033,
0.004175396636128426,
0.01882495917379856,
0.11014806479215622,
-0.15284067392349243,
0.31983673572540283,
-0.19148503243923187,
-0.2654785215854645,
0.24099737405776978,
-0.23462869226932526,
0.23106895387... | The Henry Art Gallery opened in 1927, the first public art museum in Washington. The Seattle Art Museum (SAM) opened in 1933; SAM opened a museum downtown in 1991 (expanded and reopened 2007); since 1991, the 1933 building has been SAM's Seattle Asian Art Museum (SAAM). SAM also operates the Olympic Sculpture Park (ope... | Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinuc... | Secretory diarrhea means that there is an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption. There is little to no structural damage. The most common cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions. Therefore, to maintain a char... | calcitriol | 94,257 |
572a058aaf94a219006aa753 | Immune_system | When a T-cell encounters a foreign pathogen, it extends a vitamin D receptor. This is essentially a signaling device that allows the T-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin D, the steroid hormone calcitriol. T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D. Not only does the T-cell extend a vitamin D receptor,... | What is the nature of the relationship between T-cells and vitamin D? | {
"answer_start": [
228,
228,
228
],
"text": [
"symbiotic relationship",
"symbiotic",
"symbiotic relationship"
]
} | What is the nature of the relationship between T-cells and vitamin D? | [
0.497836172580719,
0.07418620586395264,
-0.31818363070487976,
-0.1155560165643692,
0.295967161655426,
0.13464795053005219,
0.18546387553215027,
-0.24619057774543762,
0.4131399989128113,
-0.1651204228401184,
0.00044881581561639905,
0.2077024132013321,
-0.2744756042957306,
0.0482724569737911... | Jerry Kurz also stepped down as commissioner of the AFL as he was promoted to be the AFL's first president. Former Foxwoods CEO Scott Butera was hired as his successor as commissioner. | Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinuc... | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the vira... | symbiotic relationship | 94,258 |
572a058aaf94a219006aa754 | Immune_system | When a T-cell encounters a foreign pathogen, it extends a vitamin D receptor. This is essentially a signaling device that allows the T-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin D, the steroid hormone calcitriol. T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D. Not only does the T-cell extend a vitamin D receptor,... | What gene is responsible for converting calcidiol into calcitriol? | {
"answer_start": [
433,
438,
433
],
"text": [
"gene CYP27B1",
"CYP27B1",
"gene CYP27B1"
]
} | What gene is responsible for converting calcidiol into calcitriol? | [
0.06498279422521591,
0.1835986077785492,
0.22103650867938995,
-0.0003329760511405766,
0.26669958233833313,
-0.08620025962591171,
0.01552207674831152,
-0.12087800353765488,
0.4773086905479431,
-0.30242952704429626,
-0.10948711633682251,
0.15563605725765228,
-0.21362225711345673,
0.361289471... | Rajasthani cooking was influenced by both the war-like lifestyles of its inhabitants and the availability of ingredients in this arid region. Food that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating was preferred. The scarcity of water and fresh green vegetables have all had their effect on the cooking.... | Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinuc... | Secretory diarrhea means that there is an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption. There is little to no structural damage. The most common cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions. Therefore, to maintain a char... | gene CYP27B1 | 94,259 |
572a058aaf94a219006aa755 | Immune_system | When a T-cell encounters a foreign pathogen, it extends a vitamin D receptor. This is essentially a signaling device that allows the T-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin D, the steroid hormone calcitriol. T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D. Not only does the T-cell extend a vitamin D receptor,... | Other than T cells, what other immune cells express CYP27B1? | {
"answer_start": [
767,
767,
767
],
"text": [
"dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages",
"dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages",
"dendritic cells"
]
} | Other than T cells, what other immune cells express CYP27B1? | [
0.242818221449852,
0.13075874745845795,
0.110634446144104,
-0.07163504511117935,
0.07165194302797318,
-0.003672278020530939,
0.22901372611522675,
-0.26657938957214355,
0.058126166462898254,
0.029249107465147972,
0.05571366474032402,
-0.22738094627857208,
-0.5627962946891785,
0.088611595332... | Walking is a popular recreational activity in London. Areas that provide for walks include Wimbledon Common, Epping Forest, Hampton Court Park, Hampstead Heath, the eight Royal Parks, canals and disused railway tracks. Access to canals and rivers has improved recently, including the creation of the Thames Path, some 28... | Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinuc... | Overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders. Here, the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self, and attacks part of the body. Under normal circumstances, many T cells and antibodies react with "self" peptides. One of the f... | dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages | 94,260 |
572a06af3f37b31900478667 | Immune_system | Pattern recognition receptors are proteins used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found in all animals and plants, and represent the main form of invertebrate systemic i... | What are the proteins that organisms use to identify molecules associated with pathogens? | {
"answer_start": [
0,
0,
0
],
"text": [
"Pattern recognition receptors",
"Pattern recognition receptors",
"Pattern recognition receptors"
]
} | What are the proteins that organisms use to identify molecules associated with pathogens? | [
0.15145383775234222,
0.3029250204563141,
0.10128619521856308,
-0.012995367869734764,
0.2024107575416565,
0.008197471499443054,
0.2650737166404724,
-0.2419905811548233,
0.09948644042015076,
-0.12797784805297852,
0.2570360600948334,
0.022560320794582367,
-0.4299236238002777,
0.29974183440208... | The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy,... | A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antige... | Chemical communications in animals rely on a variety of aspects including taste and smell. Chemoreception is the physiological response of a sense organ (i.e. taste or smell) to a chemical stimulus where the chemicals act as signals to regulate the state or activity of a cell. A semiochemical is a message-carrying chem... | Pattern recognition receptors | 94,261 |
572a06af3f37b31900478668 | Immune_system | Pattern recognition receptors are proteins used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found in all animals and plants, and represent the main form of invertebrate systemic i... | What are the antimicrobial peptides that are the main form of invertebrate systemic immunity called? | {
"answer_start": [
151,
151,
151
],
"text": [
"defensins",
"defensins",
"defensins"
]
} | What are the antimicrobial peptides that are the main form of invertebrate systemic immunity called? | [
0.016631176695227623,
-0.09233304858207703,
0.09028860926628113,
0.006847705692052841,
-0.0033347902353852987,
-0.11160865426063538,
0.5794638395309448,
-0.23957116901874542,
0.25517377257347107,
-0.04404383897781372,
-0.12005765736103058,
0.13285072147846222,
-0.5629414916038513,
-0.08794... | The origins of the Samoans are closely studied in modern research about Polynesia in various scientific disciplines such as genetics, linguistics and anthropology. Scientific research is ongoing, although a number of different theories exist; including one proposing that the Samoans originated from Austronesian predece... | A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antige... | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the vira... | defensins | 94,262 |
572a06af3f37b31900478669 | Immune_system | Pattern recognition receptors are proteins used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found in all animals and plants, and represent the main form of invertebrate systemic i... | What cell type is also used for immune response in most types of invertebrate life? | {
"answer_start": [
355,
355,
355
],
"text": [
"phagocytic cells",
"phagocytic",
"phagocytic cells"
]
} | What cell type is also used for immune response in most types of invertebrate life? | [
0.2420428991317749,
-0.06026599556207657,
-0.23990722000598907,
0.14053617417812347,
0.18387584388256073,
0.05270283669233322,
0.3828650116920471,
-0.015389122068881989,
0.07854913175106049,
-0.2156745046377182,
0.18821758031845093,
0.019873280078172684,
-0.48917898535728455,
-0.1852165013... | The mid 20th century saw a series of studies relying to the role of science in a social context, starting from Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962. It opened the study of science to new disciplines by suggesting that the evolution of science was in part sociologically determined and that posit... | A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antige... | A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antige... | phagocytic cells | 94,263 |
572a06af3f37b3190047866a | Immune_system | Pattern recognition receptors are proteins used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found in all animals and plants, and represent the main form of invertebrate systemic i... | What pathway that plays a role in immune response to viruses is present in all eukaryotes? | {
"answer_start": [
444,
444,
444
],
"text": [
"RNA interference pathway",
"RNA interference",
"RNA interference pathway"
]
} | What pathway that plays a role in immune response to viruses is present in all eukaryotes? | [
0.24663002789020538,
-0.11367809772491455,
-0.12020006030797958,
0.04098108410835266,
0.16870486736297607,
0.0204487144947052,
0.42278972268104553,
-0.05861062556505203,
-0.09458620101213455,
-0.28412842750549316,
0.10016178339719772,
-0.18425364792346954,
-0.46292996406555176,
-0.12865358... | The city struck fortune in the late 18th century with the inventions and industrial activity of Eli Whitney, a Yale graduate who remained in New Haven to develop the cotton gin and establish a gun-manufacturing factory in the northern part of the city near the Hamden town line. That area is still known as Whitneyville,... | A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antige... | Some viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA, and contain no DNA at all. Because they use RNA to store genes, their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription. On the other hand, RNA retroviruses, such as HIV, require the re... | RNA interference pathway | 94,264 |
572a07fc6aef0514001551dc | Immune_system | Evolution of the adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates. Many of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system (e.g., immunoglobulins and T cell receptors) exist only in jawed vertebrates. However, a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless v... | What molecules of the adaptive immune system only exist in jawed vertebrates? | {
"answer_start": [
159,
159,
159
],
"text": [
"immunoglobulins and T cell receptors",
"immunoglobulins and T cell receptors",
"immunoglobulins"
]
} | What molecules of the adaptive immune system only exist in jawed vertebrates? | [
0.10887305438518524,
0.32326799631118774,
-0.18554069101810455,
0.02535475604236126,
0.18011851608753204,
0.30994200706481934,
0.4697895348072052,
-0.34639987349510193,
0.11261586844921112,
-0.3095419108867645,
0.04978885501623154,
0.22838634252548218,
-0.4559675455093384,
-0.1480517387390... | The laws of the game are determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886 after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. FIFA, the international football b... | Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period. F... | Some paleontologists suggest that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago. Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of triploblastic worms, like metazoans, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earth... | immunoglobulins and T cell receptors | 94,265 |
572a07fc6aef0514001551dd | Immune_system | Evolution of the adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates. Many of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system (e.g., immunoglobulins and T cell receptors) exist only in jawed vertebrates. However, a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless v... | What are two examples of primitive jawless vertebrates? | {
"answer_start": [
340,
344,
340
],
"text": [
"the lamprey and hagfish",
"lamprey and hagfish",
"the lamprey and hagfish"
]
} | What are [MASK] examples of primitive jawless vertebrates? | [
0.15417508780956268,
0.435491144657135,
-0.4708113968372345,
0.22691644728183746,
0.3966993987560272,
0.6698031425476074,
0.22479811310768127,
-0.14296215772628784,
0.013477382250130177,
-0.39208734035491943,
-0.04742760211229324,
0.17433622479438782,
-0.27572301030158997,
0.01792503893375... | In 2015, the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites, and the 17th one within the new system. | Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period. F... | Today, all humans are classified as belonging to the species Homo sapiens and sub-species Homo sapiens sapiens. However, this is not the first species of homininae: the first species of genus Homo, Homo habilis, are theorized to have evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ago, and members of this species popul... | the lamprey and hagfish | 94,266 |
572a07fc6aef0514001551de | Immune_system | Evolution of the adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates. Many of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system (e.g., immunoglobulins and T cell receptors) exist only in jawed vertebrates. However, a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless v... | Primitive jawless vertebrates possess an array of receptors referred to as what? | {
"answer_start": [
421,
421,
421
],
"text": [
"Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs)",
"Variable lymphocyte receptors",
"Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs)"
]
} | Primitive jawless vertebrates possess an array of receptors referred to as what? | [
0.1445019543170929,
0.5520446300506592,
0.04676925390958786,
0.037564966827631,
0.17600856721401215,
0.4702988266944885,
0.27683037519454956,
-0.41246241331100464,
0.00340076326392591,
-0.21948328614234924,
-0.01952154003083706,
0.34026655554771423,
-0.27251312136650085,
-0.106223240494728... | At this time, Hal B. Wallis, who had latterly worked as a major producer at Paramount, moved over to Universal, where he produced several films, among them a lavish version of Maxwell Anderson's Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), and the equally lavish Mary, Queen of Scots (1971). Though neither could claim to be a big ... | Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period. F... | One of the primary functions of a brain is to extract biologically relevant information from sensory inputs. The human brain is provided with information about light, sound, the chemical composition of the atmosphere, temperature, head orientation, limb position, the chemical composition of the bloodstream, and more. I... | Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) | 94,267 |
572a07fc6aef0514001551df | Immune_system | Evolution of the adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates. Many of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system (e.g., immunoglobulins and T cell receptors) exist only in jawed vertebrates. However, a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless v... | Evolution of what part of the immune system occurred in the evolutionary ancestor of jawed vertebrates? | {
"answer_start": [
17,
17,
125
],
"text": [
"adaptive immune system",
"adaptive",
"the adaptive immune system"
]
} | Evolution of what part of the immune system occurred in the evolutionary ancestor of jawed vertebrates? | [
-0.06086757779121399,
0.16770750284194946,
-0.25964999198913574,
-0.09905095398426056,
0.21984799206256866,
0.23854364454746246,
0.38310742378234863,
-0.1501319855451584,
0.05321717634797096,
-0.3986104726791382,
0.1296311318874359,
0.1173570305109024,
-0.3539145290851593,
-0.0339309088885... | Throughout the course of its life, a number of peripherals were released which added to the functionality of the SNES. Many of these devices were modeled after earlier add-ons for the NES: the Super Scope is a light gun functionally similar to the NES Zapper (though the Super Scope features wireless capabilities) and t... | Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period. F... | The first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the enantiornithes, or "opposite birds", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array of ecological niches, from sand-probing shorebirds and fish-eaters to t... | adaptive immune system | 94,268 |
572a096e6aef0514001551e4 | Immune_system | It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in t... | Invertebrates do not generate what type of cells that are a part of the vertebrate adaptive immune system? | {
"answer_start": [
126,
126,
126
],
"text": [
"lymphocytes",
"lymphocytes",
"lymphocytes"
]
} | Invertebrates do not generate what type of cells that are a part of the vertebrate adaptive immune system? | [
0.15863247215747833,
0.11898311972618103,
-0.15257740020751953,
0.16747033596038818,
0.33584514260292053,
0.20095649361610413,
0.4258946180343628,
-0.2734029293060303,
-0.08295342326164246,
-0.16483686864376068,
0.05949293076992035,
0.24737806618213654,
-0.4429997503757477,
-0.176194697618... | "Junior" Laemmle persuaded his father to bring Universal up to date. He bought and built theaters, converted the studio to sound production, and made several forays into high-quality production. His early efforts included the critically mauled part-talkie version of Edna Ferber's novel Show Boat (1929), the lavish musi... | Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific... | All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganize... | lymphocytes | 94,269 |
572a096e6aef0514001551e5 | Immune_system | It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in t... | What is the main defense mechanism of bacteria known as? | {
"answer_start": [
418,
422,
422
],
"text": [
"the restriction modification system",
"restriction modification system",
"restriction modification system"
]
} | What is the main defense mechanism of bacteria known as? | [
0.20800986886024475,
0.1083541214466095,
-0.051598548889160156,
0.029575316235423088,
0.2412683218717575,
-0.051160890609025955,
0.333298921585083,
-0.2771871089935303,
-0.07155871391296387,
-0.1227109357714653,
-0.06391165405511856,
-0.06680180877447128,
-0.5483472347259521,
0.30158218741... | According to PolitiFact the top 400 richest Americans "have more wealth than half of all Americans combined." According to the New York Times on July 22, 2014, the "richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent". Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have becom... | Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific... | Bacteria, as asexual organisms, inherit identical copies of their parent's genes (i.e., they are clonal). However, all bacteria can evolve by selection on changes to their genetic material DNA caused by genetic recombination or mutations. Mutations come from errors made during the replication of DNA or from exposure to... | the restriction modification system | 94,270 |
572a096e6aef0514001551e6 | Immune_system | It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in t... | The restriction modification system is used by bacteria for protection from what pathogens? | {
"answer_start": [
505,
481,
505
],
"text": [
"bacteriophages",
"viral",
"bacteriophages"
]
} | The restriction modification system is used by bacteria for protection from what pathogens? | [
0.2657458484172821,
0.00580848241224885,
0.06648768484592438,
-0.037163492292165756,
0.273775190114975,
-0.0399925522506237,
0.22879581153392792,
-0.345885306596756,
0.0111703434959054,
-0.22351495921611786,
-0.08207198232412338,
0.0834079310297966,
-0.5460203289985657,
0.20981617271900177... | The centre of Southampton is located above a large hot water aquifer that provides geothermal power to some of the city's buildings. This energy is processed at a plant in the West Quay region in Southampton city centre, the only geothermal power station in the UK. The plant provides private electricity for the Port of... | Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific... | Within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and, in some cases, by changing the conditions in their environment, such as pH or available iron. This reduces the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient... | bacteriophages | 94,271 |
572a096e6aef0514001551e7 | Immune_system | It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in t... | What is the system by which prokaryotes retain phage gene fragments that they have previously come in contact with? | {
"answer_start": [
592,
592,
592
],
"text": [
"CRISPR",
"CRISPR sequences",
"CRISPR"
]
} | What is the system by which prokaryotes retain phage gene fragments that they have previously come in contact with? | [
0.2097882628440857,
0.10374163836240768,
0.06334798038005829,
0.23560750484466553,
0.41777652502059937,
0.09032033383846283,
0.15476636588573456,
-0.06002878025174141,
0.04317079111933708,
-0.11992194503545761,
-0.20588260889053345,
-0.1860775202512741,
-0.32587531208992004,
0.275225013494... | A reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991–1996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files (Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3). It was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IEC technical ... | Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific... | The term "bacteria" was traditionally applied to all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes. However, molecular systematics showed prokaryotic life to consist of two separate domains, originally called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, but now called Bacteria and Archaea that evolved independently from an ancient common anc... | CRISPR | 94,272 |
572a0a686aef0514001551ec | Immune_system | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | What were the two main theories of immunity at the end of the 19th century? | {
"answer_start": [
317,
317,
317
],
"text": [
"\"cellular\" and \"humoral\" theories of immunity",
"\"cellular\" and \"humoral\"",
"\"cellular\" and \"humoral\" theories"
]
} | What were the [MASK] main theories of immunity at [MASK]? | [
-0.03709593415260315,
-0.02068282850086689,
-0.16846011579036713,
0.19867564737796783,
-0.1386292725801468,
0.2848495543003082,
0.5510785579681396,
-0.43922486901283264,
-0.12314342707395554,
0.0001236539101228118,
0.01705632545053959,
0.09850718826055527,
-0.2010863572359085,
-0.112371057... | In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); diffe... | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is "remembered" by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during a process ca... | "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity | 94,273 |
572a0a686aef0514001551ed | Immune_system | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | Who was the main proponent of the cellular theory of immunity? | {
"answer_start": [
439,
439,
439
],
"text": [
"Elie Metchnikoff",
"Elie Metchnikoff",
"Elie Metchnikoff"
]
} | Who was the main proponent of the cellular theory of immunity? | [
-0.07886193692684174,
-0.0404488742351532,
-0.3345576226711273,
-0.008795960806310177,
-0.017578452825546265,
0.11957156658172607,
0.50804603099823,
-0.5195868611335754,
-0.025244785472750664,
-0.08159742504358292,
0.1695532649755478,
-0.16685327887535095,
-0.5881378054618835,
-0.063075989... | LaserDiscs were initially cheaper than videocassettes to manufacture, because they lacked the moving parts and plastic outer shell that are necessary for VHS tapes to work, and the duplication process was much simpler. A VHS cassette has at least 14 parts including the actual tape while LaserDisc has one part with five... | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | Elie Metchnikoff | 94,274 |
572a0a686aef0514001551ee | Immune_system | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | Under Elie Metchnikoff's cellular theory, what cells were responsible for immune response? | {
"answer_start": [
488,
488,
488
],
"text": [
"phagocytes",
"phagocytes",
"phagocytes"
]
} | Under [MASK] cellular theory, what cells were responsible for immune response? | [
0.09333301335573196,
0.06013551354408264,
-0.013661034405231476,
-0.10121258348226547,
0.14881543815135956,
0.08884721994400024,
0.39080992341041565,
-0.31832170486450195,
0.03233398497104645,
0.03382221609354019,
0.18750369548797607,
-0.09279582649469376,
-0.548439085483551,
0.01267279498... | French-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Clémence Royer, but Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism. The intelligentsia in Russia had accepted the general phenome... | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that p... | phagocytes | 94,275 |
572a0a686aef0514001551ef | Immune_system | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | What two scientists were proponents of the humoral theory of immunity? | {
"answer_start": [
613,
613,
613
],
"text": [
"Robert Koch and Emil von Behring",
"Robert Koch and Emil von Behring",
"Robert Koch and Emil von Behring,"
]
} | What [MASK] scientists were proponents of the humoral theory of immunity? | [
-0.14172589778900146,
0.10045112669467926,
-0.08148927986621857,
0.15954720973968506,
-0.17618796229362488,
0.17326752841472626,
0.5233979821205139,
-0.30621445178985596,
0.019073178991675377,
-0.15453770756721497,
0.047088805586099625,
0.14919999241828918,
-0.45406293869018555,
-0.0448080... | During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court a... | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mo... | Robert Koch and Emil von Behring | 94,276 |
572a0a686aef0514001551f0 | Immune_system | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | According to the humoral theory of immunity, what were the bodies immune agents? | {
"answer_start": [
689,
689,
689
],
"text": [
"soluble components (molecules)",
"soluble components",
"soluble components (molecules)"
]
} | According to the humoral theory of immunity, what were the bodies immune agents? | [
-0.2113429307937622,
0.1374027132987976,
0.08282455801963806,
-0.002040195045992732,
-0.1737033575773239,
0.2631426751613617,
0.7569413185119629,
-0.2710177004337311,
0.009463132359087467,
-0.20436885952949524,
-0.01127616036683321,
0.006531578954309225,
-0.4862595200538635,
-0.13791532814... | Heading east, 27th Street passes through Chelsea Park between Tenth and Ninth Avenues, with the Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) on the corner of Eighth. On Madison Avenue between 26th and 27th streets, on the site of the old Madison Square Garden, is the New York Life Building, built in 1928 and designed by Cass ... | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body. | soluble components (molecules) | 94,277 |
572a0b0b6aef0514001551f6 | Immune_system | Clearly, some tumors evade the immune system and go on to become cancers. Tumor cells often have a reduced number of MHC class I molecules on their surface, thus avoiding detection by killer T cells. Some tumor cells also release products that inhibit the immune response; for example by secreting the cytokine TGF-β, wh... | Tumors that are able to evade the body's immune response can become what? | {
"answer_start": [
65,
65,
65
],
"text": [
"cancers",
"cancers",
"cancers"
]
} | Tumors that are able to evade the body's immune response can become what? | [
0.33212780952453613,
0.08181816339492798,
0.22351793944835663,
0.1887403279542923,
0.5696711540222168,
-0.019478464499115944,
0.2740708887577057,
-0.18823084235191345,
-0.24665343761444092,
-0.15748031437397003,
-0.15654462575912476,
-0.09024187922477722,
-0.3164767920970917,
0.29861518740... | The First Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept through Protestant Europe and British America, especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism. It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep person... | A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antige... | Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tiss... | cancers | 94,278 |
572a0b0b6aef0514001551f7 | Immune_system | Clearly, some tumors evade the immune system and go on to become cancers. Tumor cells often have a reduced number of MHC class I molecules on their surface, thus avoiding detection by killer T cells. Some tumor cells also release products that inhibit the immune response; for example by secreting the cytokine TGF-β, wh... | What receptors do tumor cells often have reduced concentrations of? | {
"answer_start": [
117,
117,
117
],
"text": [
"MHC class I molecules",
"MHC class I",
"MHC class I molecules"
]
} | What receptors do tumor cells often have reduced concentrations of? | [
0.000020507572116912343,
0.1810603141784668,
0.2773016393184662,
-0.02922162041068077,
0.2816769480705261,
0.020124714821577072,
0.18811677396297455,
-0.4896925389766693,
-0.05831042677164078,
-0.08432722836732864,
0.047794733196496964,
-0.09208611398935318,
-0.38696199655532837,
-0.073333... | On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July... | A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antige... | In addition to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation, sleep and the intertwined circadian system have been shown to have strong regulatory effects on immunological functions affecting both the innate and the adaptive immunity. First, during the early slow-wave-sleep stage, a sudden drop in blood levels of cort... | MHC class I molecules | 94,279 |
572a0b0b6aef0514001551f8 | Immune_system | Clearly, some tumors evade the immune system and go on to become cancers. Tumor cells often have a reduced number of MHC class I molecules on their surface, thus avoiding detection by killer T cells. Some tumor cells also release products that inhibit the immune response; for example by secreting the cytokine TGF-β, wh... | What is a chemical secreted by tumors that suppresses the immune response? | {
"answer_start": [
302,
302,
302
],
"text": [
"cytokine TGF-β",
"cytokine TGF-β",
"cytokine TGF-β"
]
} | What is a chemical secreted by tumors that suppresses the immune response? | [
0.1510920375585556,
0.3151465058326721,
0.12471254169940948,
-0.027274854481220245,
0.5229991674423218,
-0.19071677327156067,
0.1551259309053421,
-0.14110438525676727,
0.11210468411445618,
0.19639629125595093,
-0.13392381370067596,
0.14508135616779327,
-0.26636141538619995,
0.2358974665403... | Over 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City's over 120 higher education institutions, the highest number of any city in the United States, including over half million in the City University of New York (CUNY) system alone in 2014. In 2005, three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates, and one ou... | A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antige... | Phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria. The way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses, more specifically, bacteriophages. Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, are precisely bacterial viruses that i... | cytokine TGF-β | 94,280 |
572a0b0b6aef0514001551f9 | Immune_system | Clearly, some tumors evade the immune system and go on to become cancers. Tumor cells often have a reduced number of MHC class I molecules on their surface, thus avoiding detection by killer T cells. Some tumor cells also release products that inhibit the immune response; for example by secreting the cytokine TGF-β, wh... | Cytokine TBF-B suppresses the activity of what cell types? | {
"answer_start": [
351,
351,
351
],
"text": [
"macrophages and lymphocytes",
"macrophages and lymphocytes",
"macrophages and lymphocytes"
]
} | Cytokine TBF-B suppresses the activity of what cell types? | [
0.3237093389034271,
0.090612031519413,
0.19827504456043243,
-0.14540809392929077,
0.1675063818693161,
-0.30097103118896484,
0.4394199252128601,
-0.4288891553878784,
0.07273305952548981,
0.100102998316288,
-0.006246387492865324,
-0.1423415243625641,
-0.8048986792564392,
0.189268097281456,
... | On January 10, 2007, the National Archives and Fold3.com (formerly Footnote) launched a pilot project to digitize historic documents from the National Archives holdings. Allen Weinstein explained that this partnership would "allow much greater access to approximately 4.5 million pages of important documents that are cu... | A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antige... | In contrast, during wake periods differentiated effector cells, such as cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), peak in order to elicit an effective response against any intruding pathogens. As well during awake active times, anti-inflammatory molecules, such as cortisol and catecholamines, p... | macrophages and lymphocytes | 94,281 |
572a0bf96aef051400155204 | Immune_system | Hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body's own tissues. They are divided into four classes (Type I – IV) based on the mechanisms involved and the time course of the hypersensitive reaction. Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate or anaphylactic reaction, often associated with allergy. Symptoms can ... | What is the name for a response of the immune system that damages the body's native tissues? | {
"answer_start": [
0,
0,
0
],
"text": [
"Hypersensitivity",
"Hypersensitivity",
"Hypersensitivity"
]
} | What is the name for a response of the immune system that damages the body's native tissues? | [
-0.048957426100969315,
-0.026906048879027367,
-0.35863593220710754,
-0.131001815199852,
-0.011049263179302216,
0.22151704132556915,
0.6577107906341553,
-0.2344408929347992,
0.07880913466215134,
-0.2058359980583191,
-0.23845134675502777,
0.15728358924388885,
-0.2782728970050812,
0.188639342... | In June 1986, Madonna released her third studio album, True Blue, which was inspired by and dedicated to Sean Penn. Rolling Stone magazine was generally impressed with the effort, writing that the album "sound[s] as if it comes from the heart". It resulted in three singles making it to number-one on the Billboard Hot 1... | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihel... | Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers that respond to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity (nociceptors), and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation. The most common categories are "thermal" (e.g. heat or cold), "mechanical" (e.g. crushing, tearing, s... | Hypersensitivity | 94,282 |
572a0bf96aef051400155205 | Immune_system | Hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body's own tissues. They are divided into four classes (Type I – IV) based on the mechanisms involved and the time course of the hypersensitive reaction. Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate or anaphylactic reaction, often associated with allergy. Symptoms can ... | How many classes of immune hypersensitivity are there? | {
"answer_start": [
98,
98,
98
],
"text": [
"four classes (Type I – IV)",
"four",
"four classes"
]
} | How many classes of immune hypersensitivity are there? | [
0.12588685750961304,
-0.0757087841629982,
0.07218287885189056,
-0.050759974867105484,
-0.2731735408306122,
0.24010592699050903,
0.5348954796791077,
-0.29232707619667053,
-0.04227573424577713,
-0.3349249064922333,
-0.01061116624623537,
0.1200481727719307,
-0.6405380964279175,
-0.06187191978... | Elsewhere, remnants of the medieval water supply system devised by the friars can still be seen today. Constructed in 1290, the system carried water from Conduit Head (remnants of which survive near Hill Lane, Shirley) some 1.7 kilometres to the site of the friary inside the town walls. The friars granted use of the wa... | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihel... | The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators). Immunology res... | four classes (Type I – IV) | 94,283 |
572a0bf96aef051400155206 | Immune_system | Hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body's own tissues. They are divided into four classes (Type I – IV) based on the mechanisms involved and the time course of the hypersensitive reaction. Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate or anaphylactic reaction, often associated with allergy. Symptoms can ... | What type of hypersensitivity is associated with allergies? | {
"answer_start": [
210,
210,
210
],
"text": [
"Type I",
"Type I",
"Type I hypersensitivity"
]
} | What type of hypersensitivity is associated with allergies? | [
0.011042676866054535,
0.06528628617525101,
-0.14531303942203522,
0.1056516170501709,
-0.24369102716445923,
-0.033470675349235535,
0.5566105246543884,
-0.003612267319113016,
0.08509358763694763,
-0.24413485825061798,
-0.20750053226947784,
-0.1979556679725647,
-0.6561222672462463,
0.10039749... | The placing of the nails in the hands, or the wrists is also uncertain. Some theories suggest that the Greek word cheir (χειρ) for hand includes the wrist and that the Romans were generally trained to place nails through Destot's space (between the capitate and lunate bones) without fracturing any bones. Another theory... | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihel... | Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap. Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus. Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar, is the treatment of ... | Type I | 94,284 |
572a0bf96aef051400155207 | Immune_system | Hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body's own tissues. They are divided into four classes (Type I – IV) based on the mechanisms involved and the time course of the hypersensitive reaction. Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate or anaphylactic reaction, often associated with allergy. Symptoms can ... | What is the chemical that mediates Type 1 hypersensitivity? | {
"answer_start": [
396,
396,
396
],
"text": [
"IgE",
"IgE",
"IgE"
]
} | What is the chemical that mediates Type 1 hypersensitivity? | [
-0.10268036276102066,
0.082013800740242,
0.09874062240123749,
0.07185632735490799,
-0.1188114732503891,
-0.21790076792240143,
0.4875677824020386,
-0.21028916537761688,
0.13185521960258484,
-0.17123034596443176,
-0.29814547300338745,
-0.19990627467632294,
-0.6618061661720276,
0.110518082976... | The attitude of the Air Ministry was in contrast to the experiences of the First World War when a few German bombers caused physical and psychological damage out of all proportion to their numbers. Around 280 short tons (250 t) (9,000 bombs) had been dropped, killing 1,413 people and injuring 3,500 more. Most people ag... | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihel... | Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils. Symptoms are u... | IgE | 94,285 |
572a0bf96aef051400155208 | Immune_system | Hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body's own tissues. They are divided into four classes (Type I – IV) based on the mechanisms involved and the time course of the hypersensitive reaction. Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate or anaphylactic reaction, often associated with allergy. Symptoms can ... | Antibody-dependent hypersensitivity belongs to what class of hypersensitivity? | {
"answer_start": [
488,
488,
488
],
"text": [
"Type II hypersensitivity",
"Type II",
"Type II hypersensitivity"
]
} | Antibody-dependent hypersensitivity belongs to what class of hypersensitivity? | [
0.0809071958065033,
-0.07018736749887466,
0.18783222138881683,
0.05528499558568001,
-0.34144484996795654,
-0.2385398894548416,
0.4538123905658722,
-0.4327346086502075,
0.11361149698495865,
-0.2131125032901764,
-0.08991788327693939,
-0.1802387237548828,
-0.7582767605781555,
0.11348327994346... | It is admitted that the doctrine as defined by Pius IX was not explicitly mooted before the 12th century. It is also agreed that "no direct or categorical and stringent proof of the dogma can be brought forward from Scripture". But it is claimed that the doctrine is implicitly contained in the teaching of the Fathers. ... | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihel... | Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic). While... | Type II hypersensitivity | 94,286 |
572a0ce11d046914007796fd | Immune_system | An evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system is to hide within the cells of their host (also called intracellular pathogenesis). Here, a pathogen spends most of its life-cycle inside host cells, where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells, antibodies and complement. Som... | What is the process by which pathogens evade the immune system by hiding inside the host cells called? | {
"answer_start": [
135,
135,
135
],
"text": [
"intracellular pathogenesis",
"intracellular pathogenesis",
"intracellular pathogenesis"
]
} | What is the process by which pathogens evade the immune system by hiding inside the host cells called? | [
0.36365967988967896,
0.04064059257507324,
-0.12022917717695236,
-0.021065091714262962,
0.4643312990665436,
0.16720573604106903,
0.8387136459350586,
-0.264784038066864,
-0.14459258317947388,
-0.07794598489999771,
-0.29043135046958923,
-0.13642962276935577,
-0.2995460033416748,
0.10810361057... | On November 21, 1789, North Carolina became the twelfth state to ratify the Constitution. In 1840, it completed the state capitol building in Raleigh, still standing today. Most of North Carolina's slave owners and large plantations were located in the eastern portion of the state. Although North Carolina's plantation ... | Within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and, in some cases, by changing the conditions in their environment, such as pH or available iron. This reduces the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient... | Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/commu... | intracellular pathogenesis | 94,287 |
572a0ce11d046914007796fe | Immune_system | An evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system is to hide within the cells of their host (also called intracellular pathogenesis). Here, a pathogen spends most of its life-cycle inside host cells, where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells, antibodies and complement. Som... | What food bacteria is an example of intracellular pathogenesis? | {
"answer_start": [
404,
404,
404
],
"text": [
"Salmonella",
"Salmonella",
"Salmonella"
]
} | What food bacteria is an example of intracellular pathogenesis? | [
0.1643424779176712,
0.09495493769645691,
0.029335543513298035,
-0.09881599992513657,
0.3822133541107178,
0.12147320806980133,
0.2959783375263214,
0.0629371851682663,
0.05268163979053497,
-0.5317555665969849,
0.11712807416915894,
-0.24867014586925507,
-0.44222375750541687,
0.227467313408851... | Orly Airport, located in the southern suburbs of Paris, replaced Le Bourget as the principal airport of Paris from the 1950s to the 1980s. Charles de Gaulle Airport, located on the edge of the northern suburbs of Paris, opened to commercial traffic in 1974 and became the busiest Parisian airport in 1993. Today it is th... | Within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and, in some cases, by changing the conditions in their environment, such as pH or available iron. This reduces the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient... | Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationshi... | Salmonella | 94,288 |
572a0ce11d046914007796ff | Immune_system | An evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system is to hide within the cells of their host (also called intracellular pathogenesis). Here, a pathogen spends most of its life-cycle inside host cells, where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells, antibodies and complement. Som... | What is the eukaryotic parasite responsible for malaria known as? | {
"answer_start": [
464,
464,
464
],
"text": [
"Plasmodium falciparum",
"Plasmodium falciparum",
"Plasmodium falciparum"
]
} | What is the eukaryotic parasite responsible for malaria known as? | [
0.2270643413066864,
0.08268611133098602,
-0.27197471261024475,
0.13920433819293976,
0.21902050077915192,
-0.1349700391292572,
0.3676968216896057,
0.1818506270647049,
0.10102146863937378,
-0.20000573992729187,
-0.017595063894987106,
-0.5573873519897461,
-0.6532087326049805,
0.23069769144058... | The Great Exhibition was organised by Prince Albert, Henry Cole, Francis Fuller and other members of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. The Great Exhibition made a surplus of £186,000 used in creating an area in the South of Kensington celebrating the encouragement of the arts, ... | Within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and, in some cases, by changing the conditions in their environment, such as pH or available iron. This reduces the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient... | Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens. Neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes. During the acute phase of inflammation, partic... | Plasmodium falciparum | 94,289 |
572a0ce11d04691400779700 | Immune_system | An evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system is to hide within the cells of their host (also called intracellular pathogenesis). Here, a pathogen spends most of its life-cycle inside host cells, where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells, antibodies and complement. Som... | What bacteria lives inside a protective capsule that serves to prevent cell lysis? | {
"answer_start": [
548,
548,
548
],
"text": [
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis",
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis",
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis"
]
} | What bacteria lives inside a protective capsule that serves to prevent cell lysis? | [
0.1608777493238449,
0.2265084981918335,
0.20662766695022583,
-0.00983444694429636,
0.7004151940345764,
-0.019632671028375626,
0.21727266907691956,
-0.25520405173301697,
0.06468258798122406,
0.015563000924885273,
-0.22017839550971985,
-0.006506951060146093,
-0.4237452745437622,
0.1390409022... | Humbert is at the center of ascetic writers in the Dominican Order. In this role, he added significantly to its spirituality. His writings are permeated with "religious good sense," and he used uncomplicated language that could edify even the weakest member. Humbert advised his readers, "[Young Dominicans] are also to ... | Within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and, in some cases, by changing the conditions in their environment, such as pH or available iron. This reduces the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient... | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 94,290 |
572a0ce11d04691400779701 | Immune_system | An evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system is to hide within the cells of their host (also called intracellular pathogenesis). Here, a pathogen spends most of its life-cycle inside host cells, where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells, antibodies and complement. Som... | What protein does Staphylococcus aureus produce to make antibodies ineffective? | {
"answer_start": [
1166,
1139,
1116
],
"text": [
"protein A",
"G",
"Streptococcus (protein G)"
]
} | What protein does Staphylococcus aureus produce to make antibodies ineffective? | [
0.30482256412506104,
0.32388579845428467,
0.10036472976207733,
-0.07262368500232697,
0.08660642802715302,
-0.08110280334949493,
0.4393255412578583,
-0.06941855698823929,
0.455828994512558,
-0.13141976296901703,
-0.08370184898376465,
0.14993590116500854,
-0.4992145001888275,
0.0836577564477... | The peaceful introduction of Islam in the early medieval era of Somalia's history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia. This had the effect of stimulating a shift in construction from drystone and other related materials to coral stone, sundried bricks, and the widespread use of limestone in ... | Within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and, in some cases, by changing the conditions in their environment, such as pH or available iron. This reduces the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient... | It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, BCG is administered only to those people at high risk. Part of the reasoni... | protein A | 94,291 |
572a0e4b6aef051400155214 | Immune_system | The mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated. The simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes (amino acids and/or sugars) on the surface of the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which mutates rap... | What is the process by which the adaptive immune system is evaded by the chainging of non-essential epitopes called? | {
"answer_start": [
263,
263,
263
],
"text": [
"antigenic variation",
"antigenic variation",
"antigenic variation"
]
} | What is the process by which the adaptive immune system is evaded by the chainging of non-essential epitopes called? | [
0.050078630447387695,
-0.20577169954776764,
-0.11650940775871277,
-0.13882513344287872,
0.23247671127319336,
0.15395870804786682,
0.5383433103561401,
-0.3966759741306305,
-0.07498221844434738,
-0.03018808551132679,
-0.2608429789543152,
0.0916600152850151,
-0.503176212310791,
0.152007311582... | Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic compl... | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | Overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders. Here, the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self, and attacks part of the body. Under normal circumstances, many T cells and antibodies react with "self" peptides. One of the f... | antigenic variation | 94,292 |
572a0e4b6aef051400155215 | Immune_system | The mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated. The simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes (amino acids and/or sugars) on the surface of the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which mutates rap... | What is an example of a virus that uses antigenic variation? | {
"answer_start": [
298,
298,
298
],
"text": [
"HIV",
"HIV",
"HIV"
]
} | What is an example of a virus that uses antigenic variation? | [
0.3758014440536499,
-0.10768938064575195,
-0.21059876680374146,
-0.16355377435684204,
0.06328988075256348,
0.21006722748279572,
0.34808823466300964,
0.006363552063703537,
-0.06451310217380524,
-0.4425957500934601,
0.03680033981800079,
-0.262368381023407,
-0.6323518753051758,
0.337307602167... | Knowledge, for Popper, was objective, both in the sense that it is objectively true (or truthlike), and also in the sense that knowledge has an ontological status (i.e., knowledge as object) independent of the knowing subject (Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, 1972). He proposed three worlds: World One, be... | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In ma... | HIV | 94,293 |
572a0e4b6aef051400155216 | Immune_system | The mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated. The simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes (amino acids and/or sugars) on the surface of the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which mutates rap... | What is an example of a parasite that used the antigenic variation strategy to evade destruction? | {
"answer_start": [
553,
553,
553
],
"text": [
"Trypanosoma brucei",
"Trypanosoma brucei",
"Trypanosoma brucei"
]
} | What is an example of a parasite that used the antigenic variation strategy to evade destruction? | [
0.11808905005455017,
-0.3415071368217468,
-0.23082327842712402,
-0.12862367928028107,
-0.0682075098156929,
0.1933438628911972,
0.5866531133651733,
-0.3073202073574066,
-0.14531469345092773,
-0.28839823603630066,
0.13426725566387177,
-0.24098163843154907,
-0.5686519145965576,
0.288265764713... | Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Nāgārjuna, Dignaga, Candrakīrti, Āryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Āndhra.... | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host's lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont–the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size. This is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination. While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcr... | Trypanosoma brucei | 94,294 |
572a0e4b6aef051400155217 | Immune_system | The mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated. The simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes (amino acids and/or sugars) on the surface of the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which mutates rap... | What compounds can be masked with the molecules of the host cell in order for a virus to evade detection? | {
"answer_start": [
728,
728,
728
],
"text": [
"antigens",
"antigens",
"antigens"
]
} | What compounds can be masked with the molecules of the host cell in order for a virus to evade detection? | [
0.42789074778556824,
0.17980417609214783,
0.057360585778951645,
0.07708664238452911,
0.3838805854320526,
-0.217570960521698,
0.4441772401332855,
-0.2735406458377838,
0.087041474878788,
-0.20590296387672424,
-0.06563463807106018,
-0.004936754237860441,
-0.48385706543922424,
0.09445624798536... | Japanese seismologist Yuji Yagi at the University of Tsukuba said that the earthquake occurred in two stages: "The 155-mile Longmenshan Fault tore in two sections, the first one ripping about seven yards, followed by a second one that sheared four yards." His data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minute... | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a... | antigens | 94,295 |
572a0f073f37b3190047867f | Immune_system | Another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumors. This is called immune surveillance. The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on normal cells. To the immune system, these antigens appear foreign, and their presence causes immune cells to attack the transformed ... | What is the process by which the immune system identifies tumors called? | {
"answer_start": [
96,
96,
96
],
"text": [
"immune surveillance",
"immune surveillance",
"immune surveillance"
]
} | What is the process by which the immune system identifies tumors called? | [
0.20028358697891235,
0.18658152222633362,
-0.032360631972551346,
0.048846837133169174,
0.6130747199058533,
0.20806868374347687,
0.16402779519557953,
-0.21676680445671082,
-0.036386121064424515,
-0.10224884748458862,
-0.013620642013847828,
0.08700671046972275,
-0.011568128131330013,
0.25219... | In South Africa, a "two apex" system existed from 1994 to 2013. The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters. The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutional Court, which is the hi... | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the vira... | A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antige... | immune surveillance | 94,296 |
572a0f073f37b31900478680 | Immune_system | Another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumors. This is called immune surveillance. The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on normal cells. To the immune system, these antigens appear foreign, and their presence causes immune cells to attack the transformed ... | What is the virus in humans that causes cervical cancer? | {
"answer_start": [
433,
433,
433
],
"text": [
"human papillomavirus",
"human papillomavirus",
"human papillomavirus"
]
} | What is the virus in humans that causes cervical cancer? | [
0.1522463709115982,
0.09778724610805511,
-0.003708996344357729,
0.12040246278047562,
0.5129510164260864,
-0.021596241742372513,
0.09720106422901154,
0.21958822011947632,
-0.12543779611587524,
0.07917758822441101,
-0.048970386385917664,
-0.1723027378320694,
-0.08491501957178116,
0.236696362... | Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% ... | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the vira... | Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body. | human papillomavirus | 94,297 |
572a0f073f37b31900478681 | Immune_system | Another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumors. This is called immune surveillance. The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on normal cells. To the immune system, these antigens appear foreign, and their presence causes immune cells to attack the transformed ... | What is an example of an enzyme that can transform skin cells into tumors when expressed at high levels? | {
"answer_start": [
641,
641,
641
],
"text": [
"tyrosinase",
"tyrosinase",
"tyrosinase"
]
} | What is an example of an enzyme that can transform skin cells into tumors when expressed at high levels? | [
0.06793936342000961,
-0.0371721051633358,
0.1641891598701477,
0.04032466933131218,
0.5883320569992065,
-0.08907560259103775,
0.20699135959148407,
-0.299896776676178,
-0.033353958278894424,
-0.1514059156179428,
0.051488179713487625,
0.16076123714447021,
-0.2928330898284912,
-0.0278891269117... | Although spoken Tibetan varies according to the region, the written language, based on Classical Tibetan, is consistent throughout. This is probably due to the long-standing influence of the Tibetan empire, whose rule embraced (and extended at times far beyond) the present Tibetan linguistic area, which runs from north... | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the vira... | Killer T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. As with B cells, each type of T cell recognizes a different antigen. Killer T cells are activated when their T cell receptor (TCR) binds to this specific antigen in ... | tyrosinase | 94,298 |
572a0f073f37b31900478682 | Immune_system | Another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumors. This is called immune surveillance. The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on normal cells. To the immune system, these antigens appear foreign, and their presence causes immune cells to attack the transformed ... | What are cancerous tumors of the skin known as? | {
"answer_start": [
757,
757,
757
],
"text": [
"melanomas",
"melanomas",
"melanomas"
]
} | What are cancerous tumors of the skin known as? | [
0.2111319899559021,
0.1533176153898239,
0.10605013370513916,
0.001148825278505683,
0.5422000288963318,
0.15789230167865753,
0.14845086634159088,
0.01197753008455038,
-0.15699502825737,
-0.3029782772064209,
-0.02983364649116993,
-0.041515789926052094,
-0.2705977261066437,
0.0959102958440780... | The Chamorros, Guam's indigenous people, settled the island approximately 4,000 years ago. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan was the first European to visit the island on March 6, 1521. Guam was colonized in 1668 with settlers, like Diego Luis de San Vitores, a Catholic missionary. Between the 1500s and the 1700s,... | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the vira... | Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection. The symptoms of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue. Inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines, which are released by injured or infected cells. Eicosanoids incl... | melanomas | 94,299 |
572a0f073f37b31900478683 | Immune_system | Another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumors. This is called immune surveillance. The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on normal cells. To the immune system, these antigens appear foreign, and their presence causes immune cells to attack the transformed ... | What are the skin cells that can be transformed into tumors known as? | {
"answer_start": [
725,
725,
725
],
"text": [
"melanocytes",
"melanocytes",
"melanocytes"
]
} | What are the skin cells that can be transformed into tumors known as? | [
0.36703935265541077,
0.07445821911096573,
0.20274868607521057,
0.17459897696971893,
0.5672803521156311,
0.19846592843532562,
0.17657634615898132,
-0.15851593017578125,
-0.219181627035141,
-0.2866346538066864,
-0.08321226388216019,
0.08309900760650635,
-0.289022296667099,
0.0630175694823265... | Lossless data compression algorithms usually exploit statistical redundancy to represent data without losing any information, so that the process is reversible. Lossless compression is possible because most real-world data exhibits statistical redundancy. For example, an image may have areas of colour that do not chang... | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the vira... | For multicellular organisms, typically the embryo is engineered which grows into the adult genetically modified organism. However, the genomes of cells in an adult organism can be edited using gene therapy techniques to treat genetic diseases. | melanocytes | 94,300 |
572a10cd6aef051400155222 | Immune_system | Larger drugs (>500 Da) can provoke a neutralizing immune response, particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly, or in larger doses. This limits the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins (which are typically larger than 6000 Da). In some cases, the drug itself is not immunogenic, but may... | At what size and larger can drugs elicit a neutralizing immune response? | {
"answer_start": [
14,
14,
14
],
"text": [
">500 Da",
">500 Da",
">500 Da"
]
} | At what size and larger can drugs elicit a neutralizing immune response? | [
0.05739818885922432,
0.1252562403678894,
0.059762295335531235,
-0.12724865972995758,
0.06790650635957718,
0.029209492728114128,
0.11650136113166809,
-0.7196460962295532,
-0.12902775406837463,
-0.30512094497680664,
0.10033728182315826,
0.0666833147406578,
-0.2997439503669739,
0.126965597271... | The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India, although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period. The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas, still sacred to Hindus, which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the oldest exta... | While most Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription, some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were ... | The success of any pathogen depends on its ability to elude host immune responses. Therefore, pathogens evolved several methods that allow them to successfully infect a host, while evading detection or destruction by the immune system. Bacteria often overcome physical barriers by secreting enzymes that digest the barri... | >500 Da | 94,301 |
572a10cd6aef051400155223 | Immune_system | Larger drugs (>500 Da) can provoke a neutralizing immune response, particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly, or in larger doses. This limits the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins (which are typically larger than 6000 Da). In some cases, the drug itself is not immunogenic, but may... | What kind of amino acids are overrepresented in epitope regions? | {
"answer_start": [
749,
749,
749
],
"text": [
"hydrophilic amino acids",
"hydrophilic",
"hydrophilic amino acids"
]
} | What kind of amino acids are overrepresented in epitope regions? | [
0.05516648665070534,
-0.06409621983766556,
-0.212052583694458,
0.2648470103740692,
0.3569740355014801,
0.5908542275428772,
0.016924461349844933,
-0.06160435825586319,
-0.08599083125591278,
-0.42600154876708984,
-0.04056176543235779,
-0.18107658624649048,
-0.41739898920059204,
0.14198048412... | Pioneer Electronics also entered the optical disc market in 1977 as a 50/50 joint-venture with MCA called Universal-Pioneer and manufacturing MCA designed industrial players under the MCA DiscoVision name (the PR-7800 and PR-7820). For the 1980 launch of the first Universal-Pioneer player, the VP-1000 was noted as a "l... | While most Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription, some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were ... | Recent years have seen increasing applications of genetic and genomic techniques to the study of the brain and a focus on the roles of neurotrophic factors and physical activity in neuroplasticity. The most common subjects are mice, because of the availability of technical tools. It is now possible with relative ease ... | hydrophilic amino acids | 94,302 |
572a10cd6aef051400155224 | Immune_system | Larger drugs (>500 Da) can provoke a neutralizing immune response, particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly, or in larger doses. This limits the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins (which are typically larger than 6000 Da). In some cases, the drug itself is not immunogenic, but may... | What is the study of proteins involved in immune response known as? | {
"answer_start": [
1257,
1257,
1257
],
"text": [
"Immunoproteomics",
"Immunoproteomics",
"Immunoproteomics"
]
} | What is the study of proteins involved in immune response known as? | [
0.21681207418441772,
0.08658703416585922,
-0.00844095554202795,
-0.16947953402996063,
0.1532498002052307,
-0.05627235770225525,
0.2334478497505188,
-0.31933122873306274,
-0.21994060277938843,
-0.10037774592638016,
-0.14787888526916504,
0.032008565962314606,
-0.3086582124233246,
-0.04089846... | In the Middle Ages, the site of the future palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury (also called Eia). The marshy ground was watered by the river Tyburn, which still flows below the courtyard and south wing of the palace. Where the river was fordable (at Cow Ford), the village of Eye Cross grew. Ownership of the site c... | While most Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription, some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were ... | A broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins or RNA) rather... | Immunoproteomics | 94,303 |
572a10cd6aef051400155225 | Immune_system | Larger drugs (>500 Da) can provoke a neutralizing immune response, particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly, or in larger doses. This limits the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins (which are typically larger than 6000 Da). In some cases, the drug itself is not immunogenic, but may... | There is a public database of epitopes for pathogens known to be recognizable by what cells? | {
"answer_start": [
1142,
1142,
1142
],
"text": [
"B cells",
"B",
"B cells"
]
} | There is a public database of epitopes for pathogens known to be recognizable by what cells? | [
0.23875728249549866,
0.1381654143333435,
-0.11109926551580429,
0.02694578282535076,
0.24957457184791565,
0.0701795220375061,
0.20156024396419525,
-0.13353712856769562,
-0.150614395737648,
-0.2852134108543396,
0.04975046589970589,
-0.16239432990550995,
-0.5193148255348206,
0.116317369043827... | Advaita literally means "not two, sole, unity". It is a sub-school of Vedanta, and asserts spiritual and universal non-dualism. Its metaphysics is a form of absolute monism, that is all ultimate reality is interconnected oneness. This is the oldest and most widely acknowledged Vedantic school. The foundational texts of... | While most Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription, some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were ... | As cellular metabolism/energy production requires oxygen, potentially damaging (e.g., mutation causing) compounds known as free radicals can form. Most of these are oxidizers (i.e., acceptors of electrons) and some react very strongly. For the continued normal cellular maintenance, growth, and division, these free radi... | B cells | 94,304 |
572a10cd6aef051400155226 | Immune_system | Larger drugs (>500 Da) can provoke a neutralizing immune response, particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly, or in larger doses. This limits the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins (which are typically larger than 6000 Da). In some cases, the drug itself is not immunogenic, but may... | What is the field of studying immunogenicity through bioinformatics known as? | {
"answer_start": [
1238,
1238,
1238
],
"text": [
"immunoinformatics",
"immunoinformatics",
"immunoinformatics"
]
} | What is the field of studying immunogenicity through bioinformatics known as? | [
0.28475549817085266,
-0.01886584423482418,
0.23449377715587616,
-0.15802550315856934,
0.18673956394195557,
-0.045783042907714844,
0.15701773762702942,
-0.2788222134113312,
0.1297108680009842,
-0.31415340304374695,
-0.13535840809345245,
0.016713425517082214,
-0.34324911236763,
0.12673403322... | The competition is open to any eligible club down to Levels 10 of the English football league system - all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League and Football League (Levels 1 to 4), and several hundred "non-league" teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System (Levels 5 to 10). A record 763 clubs competed i... | While most Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription, some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were ... | Because of their ability to quickly grow and the relative ease with which they can be manipulated, bacteria are the workhorses for the fields of molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry. By making mutations in bacterial DNA and examining the resulting phenotypes, scientists can determine the function of genes, enzy... | immunoinformatics | 94,305 |
572a12386aef051400155234 | Immune_system | In addition to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation, sleep and the intertwined circadian system have been shown to have strong regulatory effects on immunological functions affecting both the innate and the adaptive immunity. First, during the early slow-wave-sleep stage, a sudden drop in blood levels of cort... | Drop in the blood levels of cortisol and epinephrine results in increase levels of what hormones? | {
"answer_start": [
404,
404,
404
],
"text": [
"leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin",
"leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin",
"leptin"
]
} | Drop in the blood levels of cortisol and epinephrine results in increase levels of what hormones? | [
0.08248205482959747,
0.14578531682491302,
0.22214195132255554,
0.0472201369702816,
0.21584385633468628,
-0.06039219722151756,
0.21693122386932373,
-0.3258005678653717,
-0.0458051860332489,
-0.09281424432992935,
0.034660156816244125,
0.18720535933971405,
-0.3256368339061737,
-0.010153291746... | For the finals, American Idol debuted a new state-of-the-art set and stage on March 11, 2008, along with a new on-air look. David Cook's performance of "Billie Jean" on top-ten night was lauded by the judges, but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook's own even... | Several lines of evidence indicate lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin function (i.e., insulin resistance) as a decisive factor in many disease states. For example, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are strongly linked to chronic inflammation, which in turn is strongly linked to a variety of ad... | Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) possess an alternative T cell receptor (TCR) as opposed to CD4+ and CD8+ (αβ) T cells and share the characteristics of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. The conditions that produce responses from γδ T cells are not fully understood. Like other 'unconventional' T cell subse... | leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin | 94,306 |
572a12386aef051400155235 | Immune_system | In addition to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation, sleep and the intertwined circadian system have been shown to have strong regulatory effects on immunological functions affecting both the innate and the adaptive immunity. First, during the early slow-wave-sleep stage, a sudden drop in blood levels of cort... | Hormones released during sleep support the interaction of T-cells and what species? | {
"answer_start": [
1069,
1069,
1069
],
"text": [
"APCs",
"APCs",
"APCs"
]
} | Hormones released during sleep support the interaction of T-cells and what species? | [
0.5383909344673157,
-0.09250456094741821,
0.060925036668777466,
-0.12009388953447342,
0.46305397152900696,
-0.02199946530163288,
0.19135650992393494,
-0.28139492869377136,
-0.005758943501859903,
-0.17994694411754608,
-0.05758267641067505,
0.1798473298549652,
-0.47966358065605164,
-0.287226... | The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṅghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. The Dipavamsa of the Theravāda says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute br... | Several lines of evidence indicate lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin function (i.e., insulin resistance) as a decisive factor in many disease states. For example, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are strongly linked to chronic inflammation, which in turn is strongly linked to a variety of ad... | It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of electrical signaling. Th... | APCs | 94,307 |
572a12386aef051400155236 | Immune_system | In addition to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation, sleep and the intertwined circadian system have been shown to have strong regulatory effects on immunological functions affecting both the innate and the adaptive immunity. First, during the early slow-wave-sleep stage, a sudden drop in blood levels of cort... | Sleep hormones shift the cytokine balance to which cytokine? | {
"answer_start": [
1153,
1135
],
"text": [
"Th1",
"one that supports Th1"
]
} | Sleep hormones shift the cytokine balance to which cytokine? | [
0.2760731875896454,
-0.06473877280950546,
0.33895060420036316,
-0.042484305799007416,
0.2853706479072571,
0.1380278468132019,
0.0455794483423233,
-0.24520230293273926,
-0.12290201336145401,
-0.22609302401542664,
-0.1306362897157669,
-0.034421391785144806,
-0.29131561517715454,
0.1040436103... | North Carolina became one of the English Thirteen Colonies and with the territory of South Carolina was originally known as the Province of Carolina. The northern and southern parts of the original province separated in 1729. Originally settled by small farmers, sometimes having a few slaves, who were oriented toward s... | Several lines of evidence indicate lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin function (i.e., insulin resistance) as a decisive factor in many disease states. For example, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are strongly linked to chronic inflammation, which in turn is strongly linked to a variety of ad... | The SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles. An important component of the system is the reticular formation, a group of neuron-clusters scattered diffusely through the core of the lower brain. Reticular neurons send signals to the ... | Th1 | 94,308 |
572a12386aef051400155237 | Immune_system | In addition to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation, sleep and the intertwined circadian system have been shown to have strong regulatory effects on immunological functions affecting both the innate and the adaptive immunity. First, during the early slow-wave-sleep stage, a sudden drop in blood levels of cort... | Sleep hormone release supports formation of immune memory by initiating what immune response? | {
"answer_start": [
1356,
1356,
1356
],
"text": [
"Th1 immune responses",
"Th1",
"Th1 immune responses"
]
} | Sleep hormone release supports formation of immune memory by initiating what immune response? | [
-0.03967947140336037,
-0.12525810301303864,
0.41698363423347473,
-0.17495928704738617,
0.23625591397285461,
0.06342770159244537,
0.2546634376049042,
-0.3836640417575836,
-0.09241600334644318,
-0.12867461144924164,
-0.29825758934020996,
0.1341530978679657,
-0.06305645406246185,
-0.208134412... | Pfizer, once the city's second largest employer, operated a large pharmaceutical research facility on the northeast side of Ann Arbor. On 22 January 2007, Pfizer announced it would close operations in Ann Arbor by the end of 2008. The facility was previously operated by Warner-Lambert and, before that, Parke-Davis. In ... | Several lines of evidence indicate lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin function (i.e., insulin resistance) as a decisive factor in many disease states. For example, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are strongly linked to chronic inflammation, which in turn is strongly linked to a variety of ad... | There are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin, for example—the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids—comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the Raphe nuclei. Norepineph... | Th1 immune responses | 94,309 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.