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5726e985dd62a815002e94db | Pharmacy | In the U.S. federal health care system (including the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing authority. In some states such North Carolina and New Mexico these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority. In 2011... | In what states are pharmacist clinicians given prescriptive and diagnostic authority? | {
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"North Carolina and New Mexico",
"North Carolina and New Mexico",
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} | In what states are pharmacist clinicians given prescriptive and diagnostic authority? | [
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5726e985dd62a815002e94dc | Pharmacy | In the U.S. federal health care system (including the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing authority. In some states such North Carolina and New Mexico these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority. In 2011... | When was ambulatory care pharmacy approved as its own certification? | {
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5726e985dd62a815002e94dd | Pharmacy | In the U.S. federal health care system (including the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing authority. In some states such North Carolina and New Mexico these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority. In 2011... | What will a pharmacist who passes the ambulatory pharmacist exam be called? | {
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-0.19811551272869... | The Third (1919–23) and Fourth Aliyahs (1924–29) brought an additional 100,000 Jews to Palestine. Finally, the rise of Nazism and the increasing persecution of Jews in 1930s Europe led to the Fifth Aliyah, with an influx of a quarter of a million Jews. This was a major cause of the Arab revolt of 1936–39 during which t... | The word pharmacy is derived from its root word pharma which was a term used since the 15th–17th centuries. However, the original Greek roots from pharmakos imply sorcery or even poison. In addition to pharma responsibilities, the pharma offered general medical advice and a range of services that are now performed sole... | Hospital pharmacies can often be found within the premises of the hospital. Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications, than would be feasible in the community setting. Most hospital medications are unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacist... | Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist | 94,008 |
5726e985dd62a815002e94de | Pharmacy | In the U.S. federal health care system (including the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing authority. In some states such North Carolina and New Mexico these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority. In 2011... | What entities are included in the federal health care system? | {
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5726ea985951b619008f8261 | Pharmacy | Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review (i.e. "cognitive services") than on actual dispensing of drugs. Consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes, but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings. Traditionally consultant pharmacists ... | What is consultant pharmacy mainly concerned with? | {
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5726ea985951b619008f8262 | Pharmacy | Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review (i.e. "cognitive services") than on actual dispensing of drugs. Consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes, but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings. Traditionally consultant pharmacists ... | Where do a majority of consultant pharmacists tend to work? | {
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5726ea985951b619008f8263 | Pharmacy | Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review (i.e. "cognitive services") than on actual dispensing of drugs. Consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes, but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings. Traditionally consultant pharmacists ... | What are some large pharmacy management companies? | {
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} | What are some large pharmacy management companies? | [
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5726ea985951b619008f8264 | Pharmacy | Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review (i.e. "cognitive services") than on actual dispensing of drugs. Consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes, but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings. Traditionally consultant pharmacists ... | What is the main reason consulting pharmacists are increasingly working directly with patients? | {
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"because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings",
"many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings",
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5726ea985951b619008f8265 | Pharmacy | Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review (i.e. "cognitive services") than on actual dispensing of drugs. Consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes, but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings. Traditionally consultant pharmacists ... | What do some community pharmacies do? | {
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"employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services",
"employ consultant pharmacists",
"employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services"
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5726eb4b5951b619008f826b | Pharmacy | Since about the year 2000, a growing number of Internet pharmacies have been established worldwide. Many of these pharmacies are similar to community pharmacies, and in fact, many of them are actually operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door. The pr... | When did internet pharmacies begin to come into being? | {
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} | When did internet pharmacies begin to come into being? | [
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5726eb4b5951b619008f826c | Pharmacy | Since about the year 2000, a growing number of Internet pharmacies have been established worldwide. Many of these pharmacies are similar to community pharmacies, and in fact, many of them are actually operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door. The pr... | Who often operates internet pharmacies? | {
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} | Who often operates internet pharmacies? | [
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5726eb4b5951b619008f826d | Pharmacy | Since about the year 2000, a growing number of Internet pharmacies have been established worldwide. Many of these pharmacies are similar to community pharmacies, and in fact, many of them are actually operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door. The pr... | What are internet pharmacies also called? | {
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} | What are internet pharmacies also called? | [
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5726eb4b5951b619008f826e | Pharmacy | Since about the year 2000, a growing number of Internet pharmacies have been established worldwide. Many of these pharmacies are similar to community pharmacies, and in fact, many of them are actually operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door. The pr... | What is one reason a patient might choose an internet pharmacy? | {
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} | What is [MASK] reason a patient might choose an internet pharmacy? | [
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5726eb4b5951b619008f826f | Pharmacy | Since about the year 2000, a growing number of Internet pharmacies have been established worldwide. Many of these pharmacies are similar to community pharmacies, and in fact, many of them are actually operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door. The pr... | What is the main difference between online pharmacies and community pharmacies? | {
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} | What is the main difference between online pharmacies and community pharmacies? | [
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5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00c | Pharmacy | While most Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription, some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were ... | Why might customers order from internet pharmacies? | {
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5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00d | Pharmacy | While most Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription, some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were ... | Who has criticized ordering from online pharmacies that don't require prescriptions? | {
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5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00e | Pharmacy | While most Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription, some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were ... | What is a criticism of online pharmacies that issue drugs without a prescription? | {
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5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f00f | Pharmacy | While most Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription, some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were ... | What practice do some internet pharmacies engage in? | {
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5726ed6cf1498d1400e8f010 | Pharmacy | While most Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription, some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were ... | What do most online pharmacies do? | {
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5726edecdd62a815002e957e | Pharmacy | Of particular concern with Internet pharmacies is the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone) via the Internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship. There are many... | What is one problem with internet pharmacies? | {
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5726edecdd62a815002e957f | Pharmacy | Of particular concern with Internet pharmacies is the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone) via the Internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship. There are many... | What conditions must be met for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid? | {
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5726ef73f1498d1400e8f05f | Pharmacy | Of particular concern with Internet pharmacies is the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone) via the Internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship. There are many... | What conditions must be met to prescribe a controlled substance? | {
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5726ef73f1498d1400e8f060 | Pharmacy | Of particular concern with Internet pharmacies is the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone) via the Internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship. There are many... | What is the obligation of a pharmacy filling a prescription? | {
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5726ef73f1498d1400e8f061 | Pharmacy | Of particular concern with Internet pharmacies is the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone) via the Internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship. There are many... | Who defines what constitutes a patient-doctor relationship? | {
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5726ef73f1498d1400e8f062 | Pharmacy | Of particular concern with Internet pharmacies is the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone) via the Internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship. There are many... | What is an example of a controlled substance? | {
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5726f0e35951b619008f82f7 | Pharmacy | In the United States, there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs. While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted a... | What is a reason for the movement to legalize importing medicines from other countries? | {
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5726f0e35951b619008f82f8 | Pharmacy | In the United States, there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs. While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted a... | What is one country that has been suggested for importation of medicines? | {
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5726f0e35951b619008f82f9 | Pharmacy | In the United States, there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs. While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted a... | Who are FDA laws against importing medications aimed at? | {
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5726f0e35951b619008f82fa | Pharmacy | In the United States, there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs. While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted a... | Has there ever been anyone charged with importing drugs from Canada for personal medicinal use? | {
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5726f0e35951b619008f82fb | Pharmacy | In the United States, there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs. While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted a... | What is there a push for in the U.S. to reduce consumer drug costs? | {
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"text": [
"to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries",
"legalize importation of medications",
"legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries"
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} | What is there a push for in the [MASK] to reduce consumer drug costs? | [
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5726f2375951b619008f830f | Pharmacy | Pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies. As a practice area and speci... | What two things does pharmacy informatics bring together? | {
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"pharmacy practice science and applied information science",
"pharmacy practice science and applied information science",
"pharmacy practice science and applied information science"
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5726f2375951b619008f8310 | Pharmacy | Pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies. As a practice area and speci... | What fields may pharmacy informatics also work in? | {
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"information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies",
"information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies",
"information technology departments or for healthca... | What fields may pharmacy informatics also work in? | [
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5726f2375951b619008f8311 | Pharmacy | Pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies. As a practice area and speci... | Whose needs will the growth in pharmacy informatics meet? | {
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"major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals",
"major national and international patient information projects",
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} | Whose needs will the growth in pharmacy informatics meet? | [
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5726f2375951b619008f8312 | Pharmacy | Pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies. As a practice area and speci... | What areas are pharmacy informatics prepared to work in? | {
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"text": [
"medication management system development, deployment and optimization",
"medication management system development, deployment and optimization",
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} | What areas are pharmacy informatics prepared to work in? | [
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5726f2375951b619008f8313 | Pharmacy | Pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies. As a practice area and speci... | How fast is pharmacy informatics growing? | {
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"quickly",
"growing quickly",
"quickly"
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} | How fast is pharmacy informatics growing? | [
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5726f36cdd62a815002e95fe | Pharmacy | Specialty pharmacies supply high cost injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication can be brought in and filled, specialty ... | What is the fastest growing area in the pharmaceutical industry? | {
"answer_start": [
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"specialty pharmacies",
"specialty pharmacies",
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5726f36cdd62a815002e95ff | Pharmacy | Specialty pharmacies supply high cost injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication can be brought in and filled, specialty ... | How many drugs approved by the FDA in 2013 were specialty drugs? | {
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"19",
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} | How many drugs approved by the [MASK] in [MASK] were specialty drugs? | [
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5726f36cdd62a815002e9600 | Pharmacy | Specialty pharmacies supply high cost injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication can be brought in and filled, specialty ... | What types of diseases are specialty drugs often used against? | {
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"cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis",
"chronic and complex disease states",
"chronic and complex disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis"
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} | What types of diseases are specialty drugs often used against? | [
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5726f36cdd62a815002e9601 | Pharmacy | Specialty pharmacies supply high cost injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication can be brought in and filled, specialty ... | What types of medications do specialty pharmacies stock? | {
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"text": [
"novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed",
"novel medications",
"novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed"... | What types of medications do specialty pharmacies stock? | [
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5726f36cdd62a815002e9602 | Pharmacy | Specialty pharmacies supply high cost injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication can be brought in and filled, specialty ... | Besides drugs, what else do specialty pharmacies provide? | {
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"lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs",
"lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies",
"lab m... | Besides drugs, what else do specialty pharmacies provide? | [
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5726f48df1498d1400e8f0da | Pharmacy | In most jurisdictions (such as the United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payme... | How are pharmacists regulated in most jurisdictions? | {
"answer_start": [
77,
77,
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"separately from physicians",
"separately from physicians",
"separately from physicians"
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} | How are pharmacists regulated in most jurisdictions? | [
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5726f48df1498d1400e8f0db | Pharmacy | In most jurisdictions (such as the United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payme... | Who do most jurisdictions say can give scheduled drugs to the public? | {
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} | Who do most jurisdictions say can give scheduled drugs to the public? | [
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5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dc | Pharmacy | In most jurisdictions (such as the United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payme... | What body has stated that physicians can also dispense drugs under specific conditions? | {
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5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dd | Pharmacy | In most jurisdictions (such as the United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payme... | What is the estimate of how many physicians give out drugs on their own? | {
"answer_start": [
590,
590,
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"text": [
"7 to 10 percent",
"7 to 10 percent",
"7 to 10 percent of American physicians"
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} | What is the estimate of how many physicians give out drugs on their own? | [
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5726f48df1498d1400e8f0de | Pharmacy | In most jurisdictions (such as the United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payme... | What are pharmacists forbidden to do? | {
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} | What are pharmacists forbidden to do? | [
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5726f635dd62a815002e9657 | Pharmacy | In some rural areas in the United Kingdom, there are dispensing physicians who are allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines to their patients from within their practices. The law requires that the GP practice be located in a designated rural area and that there is also a specified, minimum dis... | What is another country that permits physicians to give out drugs from within their practice? | {
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5726f635dd62a815002e9656 | Pharmacy | In some rural areas in the United Kingdom, there are dispensing physicians who are allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines to their patients from within their practices. The law requires that the GP practice be located in a designated rural area and that there is also a specified, minimum dis... | Where are some physicians permitted to prescribe and give out medications within their practices? | {
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5726f635dd62a815002e9658 | Pharmacy | In some rural areas in the United Kingdom, there are dispensing physicians who are allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines to their patients from within their practices. The law requires that the GP practice be located in a designated rural area and that there is also a specified, minimum dis... | What is the minimum distance between a patient's home and the nearest pharmacy that allows a physician to give out medication? | {
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5726f635dd62a815002e9659 | Pharmacy | In some rural areas in the United Kingdom, there are dispensing physicians who are allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines to their patients from within their practices. The law requires that the GP practice be located in a designated rural area and that there is also a specified, minimum dis... | What is the minimum distance between a patient's home and the nearest pharmacy that allows a physician in Austria to give out medicine? | {
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5726f7715951b619008f838d | Pharmacy | The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers. Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can then sell more medications to the patie... | Why is majority rule used? | {
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5726f7715951b619008f838e | Pharmacy | The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers. Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can then sell more medications to the patie... | Why might a physician diagnose a large number of conditions? | {
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5726f7715951b619008f838f | Pharmacy | The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers. Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can then sell more medications to the patie... | What do rules about conflict of interest involving doctors diagnosing patients resemble? | {
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5726f7715951b619008f8391 | Pharmacy | The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers. Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can then sell more medications to the patie... | How else might a physician take advantage of self-interest? | {
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5726f7715951b619008f8390 | Pharmacy | The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers. Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can then sell more medications to the patie... | Where might the doctor's self-interest be at odds with the patient's self-interest? | {
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5726f868dd62a815002e9684 | Pharmacy | In the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system. Rather than simply dispensing medication, pharmacists are increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills. In particular, Medication Therapy Management (MTM) includes the clinical services that p... | What will be the importance of the pharmacist in coming decades? | {
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5726f868dd62a815002e9685 | Pharmacy | In the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system. Rather than simply dispensing medication, pharmacists are increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills. In particular, Medication Therapy Management (MTM) includes the clinical services that p... | What responsibilities are pharmacists believed to be taking on more in the future? | {
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5726f868dd62a815002e9686 | Pharmacy | In the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system. Rather than simply dispensing medication, pharmacists are increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills. In particular, Medication Therapy Management (MTM) includes the clinical services that p... | What is included in Medication Therapy Management? | {
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5726f868dd62a815002e9687 | Pharmacy | In the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system. Rather than simply dispensing medication, pharmacists are increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills. In particular, Medication Therapy Management (MTM) includes the clinical services that p... | What are examples of clinical services that pharmacists can provide? | {
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5726f868dd62a815002e9688 | Pharmacy | In the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system. Rather than simply dispensing medication, pharmacists are increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills. In particular, Medication Therapy Management (MTM) includes the clinical services that p... | What are outcomes expected with Medication Therapy Management? | {
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-0.3699701130... | A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive... | Depending on a number of considerations, a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug, or the process of producing the drug, granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years. However, only after rigorous study and testing, which takes 10 to 15 years on average, will governmental authorities gran... | A number of meta-analyses have found clinical hypnosis to be effective in controlling pain associated with diagnostic and surgical procedures in both adults and children, as well as pain associated with cancer and childbirth. A 2007 review of 13 studies found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of ch... | a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system | 94,065 |
5726f96ddd62a815002e9698 | Pharmacy | This shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance, pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In Canada, pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights (as in Alberta and British Columbia) or are remu... | Which provinces in Canada limit the rights of pharmacists in prescribing? | {
"answer_start": [
279,
279,
279
],
"text": [
"Alberta and British Columbia",
"Alberta and British Columbia",
"Alberta and British Columbia"
]
} | Which provinces in [MASK] limit the rights of pharmacists in prescribing? | [
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5726f96ddd62a815002e9699 | Pharmacy | This shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance, pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In Canada, pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights (as in Alberta and British Columbia) or are remu... | Who pays Australian pharmacists for doing Home Medicines Reviews? | {
"answer_start": [
117,
121,
117
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"text": [
"the Australian Government",
"Australian Government",
"the Australian Government"
]
} | Who pays [MASK] pharmacists for doing Home Medicines Reviews? | [
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... | Everton were relegated to the Second Division two years later during internal turmoil at the club. However, the club was promoted at the first attempt scoring a record number of goals in the second division. On return to the top flight in 1931–32, Everton wasted no time in reaffirming their status and won a fourth Leag... | The clinical pharmacist's role involves creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems, identifying goals of therapy, and reviewing all prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration to the patient. The review process often involves an evaluation of the appropriateness of the dr... | The word pharmacy is derived from its root word pharma which was a term used since the 15th–17th centuries. However, the original Greek roots from pharmakos imply sorcery or even poison. In addition to pharma responsibilities, the pharma offered general medical advice and a range of services that are now performed sole... | the Australian Government | 94,067 |
5726f96ddd62a815002e969a | Pharmacy | This shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance, pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In Canada, pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights (as in Alberta and British Columbia) or are remu... | What are pharmacists in the United Kingdom being increasingly paid for? | {
"answer_start": [
630,
630,
630
],
"text": [
"medicine use reviews",
"medicine use reviews",
"medicine use reviews"
]
} | What are pharmacists in [MASK] being increasingly paid for? | [
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5726f96ddd62a815002e969b | Pharmacy | This shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance, pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In Canada, pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights (as in Alberta and British Columbia) or are remu... | What fields have increased in influence on pharmacy in the United States? | {
"answer_start": [
965,
965,
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],
"text": [
"pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy",
"pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy",
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]
} | What fields have increased in influence on pharmacy in [MASK]? | [
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5726f96ddd62a815002e969c | Pharmacy | This shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance, pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In Canada, pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights (as in Alberta and British Columbia) or are remu... | What degree is now mandatory in the U.S. in order to be a licensed pharmacist? | {
"answer_start": [
1079,
1079,
1075
],
"text": [
"Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.)",
"Doctor of Pharmacy",
"the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.) degree"
]
} | What degree is now mandatory in the [MASK] in order to be a licensed pharmacist? | [
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5726fa525951b619008f83f7 | Pharmacy | The two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy in English-speaking countries are the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character, which is often written as "Rx" in typed text. The show globe was also used until the early 20th century. Pharmacy organizations often use other symbols, such as the Bowl of Hygi... | What are the two symbols that signify pharmacy in English-speaking countries? | {
"answer_start": [
89,
93,
89
],
"text": [
"the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character",
"mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character",
"the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character"
]
} | What are the [MASK] symbols that signify pharmacy in [MASK]- speaking countries? | [
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5726fa525951b619008f83f8 | Pharmacy | The two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy in English-speaking countries are the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character, which is often written as "Rx" in typed text. The show globe was also used until the early 20th century. Pharmacy organizations often use other symbols, such as the Bowl of Hygi... | What symbol was employed until early in the 20th century? | {
"answer_start": [
189,
193,
193
],
"text": [
"The show globe",
"show globe",
"show globe"
]
} | What symbol was employed until [MASK]? | [
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0.17898... | The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Demo... | Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the ... | During the period between 1582, when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar, and 1923, when the last European country adopted it, it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar, for example, "10/21 February 1750/51", where the dual year ac... | The show globe | 94,072 |
5726fa525951b619008f83f9 | Pharmacy | The two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy in English-speaking countries are the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character, which is often written as "Rx" in typed text. The show globe was also used until the early 20th century. Pharmacy organizations often use other symbols, such as the Bowl of Hygi... | What country uses the Bowl of Hygieia as a symbol of pharmacy? | {
"answer_start": [
347,
347,
347
],
"text": [
"the Netherlands",
"the Netherlands",
"the Netherlands"
]
} | What country uses [MASK] as a symbol of pharmacy? | [
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5726fa525951b619008f83fa | Pharmacy | The two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy in English-speaking countries are the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character, which is often written as "Rx" in typed text. The show globe was also used until the early 20th century. Pharmacy organizations often use other symbols, such as the Bowl of Hygi... | What countries use a red stylized A to signify pharmacy? | {
"answer_start": [
648,
648,
648
],
"text": [
"Germany and Austria",
"Germany and Austria",
"Germany and Austria"
]
} | What countries use a red stylized A to signify pharmacy? | [
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0.3653553724... | The biggest change in this year's census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting the race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded a... | Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the ... | In Europe there are old pharmacies still operating in Dubrovnik, Croatia, located inside the Franciscan monastery, opened in 1317; and in the Town Hall Square of Tallinn, Estonia, dating from at least 1422. The oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221 in the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy, which ... | Germany and Austria | 94,074 |
5726fa525951b619008f83fb | Pharmacy | The two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy in English-speaking countries are the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character, which is often written as "Rx" in typed text. The show globe was also used until the early 20th century. Pharmacy organizations often use other symbols, such as the Bowl of Hygi... | Which countries use the green Greek cross as a symbol of pharmacy? | {
"answer_start": [
487,
487,
487
],
"text": [
"France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India",
"France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India",
"France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and... | Which countries use the green [MASK] cross as a symbol of pharmacy? | [
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0.3168474137783... | Mathematics: From the earliest the Chinese used a positional decimal system on counting boards in order to calculate. To express 10, a single rod is placed in the second box from the right. The spoken language uses a similar system to English: e.g. four thousand two hundred seven. No symbol was used for zero. By the 1s... | Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the ... | In many non-US western countries a 'fourth hurdle' of cost effectiveness analysis has developed before new technologies can be provided. This focuses on the efficiency (in terms of the cost per QALY) of the technologies in question rather than their efficacy. In England and Wales NICE decides whether and in what circum... | France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India | 94,075 |
5726e65e708984140094d53d | Immune_system | The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In ma... | What is the immune system? | {
"answer_start": [
21,
23,
21,
21
],
"text": [
"a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease",
"system of many biological structures and processes",
"a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism",
... | What is the immune system? | [
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5726e65e708984140094d53e | Immune_system | The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In ma... | What does the immune system protect against? | {
"answer_start": [
175,
115,
115,
107
],
"text": [
"a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms",
"disease",
"disease",
"against disease"
]
} | What does the immune system protect against? | [
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5726e65e708984140094d53f | Immune_system | The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In ma... | What are two of its subsystems? | {
"answer_start": [
393,
397,
456,
397
],
"text": [
"the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system",
"innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system",
"humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity",
"innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system"
]... | What are [MASK] of its subsystems? | [
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0.186894714832... | On the other hand, the lack of an effective royal justice system in the Kingdom led to the social conflict known as the Guerras Irmandiñas ('Wars of the brotherhoods'), when leagues of peasants and burghers, with the support of a number of knights, noblemen, and under legal protection offered by the remote king, topple... | Several barriers protect organisms from infection, including mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers. The waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin are examples of mechanical barriers that are the first line of defense against infectio... | The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). | the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system | 94,078 |
5726e65e708984140094d540 | Immune_system | The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In ma... | What is the subsystem that protects the human brain? | {
"answer_start": [
651,
655,
655,
655
],
"text": [
"the neuroimmune system",
"neuroimmune system",
"neuroimmune system",
"neuroimmune system"
]
} | What is the subsystem that protects the human brain? | [
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5728eff82ca10214002daadc | Immune_system | The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In ma... | The immune system protects organisms against what? | {
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5728eff82ca10214002daadd | Immune_system | The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In ma... | What are the agents the immune system detects known as? | {
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5728eff82ca10214002daade | Immune_system | The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In ma... | Which part of the immune system protects the brain? | {
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5728eff82ca10214002daadf | Immune_system | The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In ma... | What separates the neuroimmune system and peripheral immune system in humans? | {
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572a14af3f37b319004786c1 | Immune_system | The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In ma... | What are the agents detected by the immune system called? | {
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572a14af3f37b319004786c3 | Immune_system | The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In ma... | What are the two major subsystems of the immune system? | {
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"innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system",
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572a14af3f37b319004786c2 | Immune_system | The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In ma... | What are the two different types of immunity? | {
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572a14af3f37b319004786c4 | Immune_system | The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In ma... | What is the immune system of the brained known as? | {
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5726eb785951b619008f8275 | Immune_system | Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that p... | How do pathogens avoid detection? | {
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5726eb785951b619008f8276 | Immune_system | Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that p... | What kind of immune system do bacteria have? | {
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5726eb785951b619008f8277 | Immune_system | Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that p... | Which other ancient organism formed basic immune mechanisms? | {
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5726eb785951b619008f8278 | Immune_system | Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that p... | How does adaptive/acquired immunity help in the future? | {
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572a135daf94a219006aa79f | Immune_system | Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that p... | The immune systems of bacteria have enzymes that protect against infection by what kind of cells? | {
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572a135daf94a219006aa7a0 | Immune_system | Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that p... | What are antimicrobial peptides that evolved as immune defense in eukaryotes called? | {
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572a135daf94a219006aa7a1 | Immune_system | Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that p... | The idea of acquired immunity in jawed vertebrates is the basis of what medical treatment? | {
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572a135daf94a219006aa7a2 | Immune_system | Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that p... | What is the ability to recognize and adapt to new specific pathogens called? | {
"answer_start": [
779,
779,
779
],
"text": [
"Adaptive (or acquired) immunity",
"Adaptive (or acquired) immunity",
"Adaptive (or acquired) immunity"
]
} | What is the ability to recognize and adapt to new specific pathogens called? | [
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0.135501772165... | This boom was reflected in the growth of artistic and cultural pursuits. Some of the most emblematic buildings of the city were built during this period, including the Serranos Towers (1392), the Lonja (1482), the Miguelete and the Chapel of the Kings of the Convent of Santo Domingo. In painting and sculpture, Flemish ... | When B cells and T cells are activated and begin to replicate, some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again. This is "adaptive" because it occ... | Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Many types of bacteriophage exist, some simply infect and lyse their host bacteria, while others insert into the bacterial chromosome. A bacteriophage can contain genes that contribute to its host's phenotype: for example, in the evolution of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and... | Adaptive (or acquired) immunity | 94,098 |
5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe2 | Immune_system | Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe ... | What can result from disorders of the immune system? | {
"answer_start": [
45,
45,
45
],
"text": [
"autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer",
"autoimmune diseases",
"autoimmune diseases"
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} | What can result from disorders of the immune system? | [
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0.07053057104349... | The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their i... | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of... | When suffering from sleep deprivation, active immunizations may have a diminished effect and may result in lower antibody production, and a lower immune response, than would be noted in a well-rested individual. Additionally, proteins such as NFIL3, which have been shown to be closely intertwined with both T-cell diffe... | autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer | 94,099 |
5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe3 | Immune_system | Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe ... | When does immunodeficiency occur? | {
"answer_start": [
124,
124,
124
],
"text": [
"when the immune system is less active than normal",
"when the immune system is less active than normal",
"when the immune system is less active than normal"
]
} | When does immunodeficiency occur? | [
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0.25010931491851... | When interviewed for Mojo magazine the band said the most amazing sight at Live Aid was to see the audience clapping to "Radio Ga Ga". Brian May stated: "I'd never seen anything like that in my life and it wasn't calculated either. We understood our audience and played to them but that was one of those weird accidents ... | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of... | Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap. Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus. Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar, is the treatment of ... | when the immune system is less active than normal | 94,100 |
5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe4 | Immune_system | Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe ... | What does immunodeficiency cause? | {
"answer_start": [
188,
188,
289
],
"text": [
"recurring and life-threatening infections",
"recurring and life-threatening infections.",
"genetic disease"
]
} | What does immunodeficiency cause? | [
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5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe5 | Immune_system | Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe ... | Name one of the causes of immunodeficiency. | {
"answer_start": [
289,
289,
375
],
"text": [
"genetic disease",
"genetic disease",
"HIV/AIDS"
]
} | Name [MASK] of the causes of immunodeficiency. | [
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0.3289382159709930... | Digimon hatch from types of eggs which are called Digi-Eggs (デジタマ, Dejitama?). In the English iterations of the franchise there is another type of Digi-Egg that can be used to digivolve, or transform, Digimon. This second type of Digi-Egg is called a Digimental (デジメンタル, Dejimentaru?) in Japanese. (This type of Digi-Egg... | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of... | In 15–20% of active cases, the infection spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB. These are collectively denoted as "extrapulmonary tuberculosis". Extrapulmonary TB occurs more commonly in immunosuppressed persons and young children. In those with HIV, this occurs in more than 50% of cases. Notable extrapu... | genetic disease | 94,102 |
5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe6 | Immune_system | Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe ... | Name a common autoimmune disease. | {
"answer_start": [
616,
591,
591
],
"text": [
"rheumatoid arthritis",
"Hashimoto's thyroiditis",
"Hashimoto's thyroiditis"
]
} | Name a common autoimmune disease. | [
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5728f2e26aef051400154896 | Immune_system | Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe ... | What happens when the immune system less active than normal? | {
"answer_start": [
100,
100,
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],
"text": [
"Immunodeficiency",
"Immunodeficiency",
"Immunodeficiency occurs"
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} | What happens when the immune system less active than normal? | [
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5728f2e26aef051400154897 | Immune_system | Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe ... | What is the term for a hyperactive immune system that attacks normal tissues? | {
"answer_start": [
442,
442,
442
],
"text": [
"autoimmunity",
"autoimmunity",
"autoimmunity"
]
} | What is the term for a hyperactive immune system that attacks normal tissues? | [
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5728f2e26aef051400154898 | Immune_system | Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe ... | What field involves the study of the immune system? | {
"answer_start": [
698,
698,
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"text": [
"Immunology",
"Immunology",
"Immunology"
]
} | What field involves the study of the immune system? | [
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5728f2e26aef051400154899 | Immune_system | Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe ... | What acquired condition results in immunodeficiency in humans? | {
"answer_start": [
375,
375,
375
],
"text": [
"HIV/AIDS",
"HIV/AIDS",
"HIV/AIDS"
]
} | What acquired condition results in immunodeficiency in humans? | [
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0.182516872882... | The board consists of nine directors. Michael Dell, the founder of the company, serves as chairman of the board and chief executive officer. Other board members include Don Carty, William Gray, Judy Lewent, Klaus Luft, Alex Mandl, Michael A. Miles, and Sam Nunn. Shareholders elect the nine board members at meetings, an... | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of... | If bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms, they are classed as pathogens. Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and disease and cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, cholera, foodborne illness, leprosy and tuberculosis. A pathogenic cause for a known m... | HIV/AIDS | 94,107 |
5726f8abf1498d1400e8f166 | Immune_system | Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease. The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bo... | What even is the earliest known reference to immunity? | {
"answer_start": [
227,
227,
216
],
"text": [
"plague of Athens in 430 BC",
"plague of Athens in 430 BC",
"during the plague of Athens in 430 BC"
]
} | What even is the earliest known reference to immunity? | [
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5726f8abf1498d1400e8f167 | Immune_system | Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease. The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bo... | Which animal's venom did Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis work with? | {
"answer_start": [
483,
483,
483
],
"text": [
"scorpion",
"scorpion",
"scorpion venom"
]
} | Which animal 's venom did [MASK] work with? | [
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