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5726f8abf1498d1400e8f168 | Immune_system | Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease. The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bo... | Who came up with germ theory? | {
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5726f8abf1498d1400e8f169 | Immune_system | Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease. The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bo... | Who discovered the Yellow Fever virus? | {
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0.146816581... | Above the sessions exist presbyteries, which have area responsibilities. These are composed of teaching elders and ruling elders from each of the constituent congregations. The presbytery sends representatives to a broader regional or national assembly, generally known as the General Assembly, although an intermediate ... | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first use... | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first use... | Walter Reed | 94,111 |
5728f3724b864d1900165116 | Immune_system | Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease. The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bo... | Who won the Nobel Prize in 1905? | {
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5728f3724b864d1900165117 | Immune_system | Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease. The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bo... | What did Robert Koch prove was the cause of infectious disease? | {
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5728f3724b864d1900165118 | Immune_system | Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease. The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bo... | What virus did Walter Reed discover? | {
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0.284320890903... | When anti-German demonstrations erupted in Prague, Czechoslovakia, the Comintern ordered the Czech Communist Party to employ all of its strength to paralyze "chauvinist elements." Moscow soon forced the Communist Parties of France and Great Britain to adopt an anti-war position. On 7 September, Stalin called Georgi Dim... | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first use... | Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010). | yellow fever virus | 94,114 |
5728f3724b864d1900165119 | Immune_system | Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease. The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bo... | When was the first known historical reference to immunity? | {
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5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16e | Immune_system | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | What is another name for an immune system's improved response? | {
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5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16f | Immune_system | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | Which system comes after an organism's physical barriers? | {
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0.0438685417... | Three years later, PAIGC won a strong parliamentary majority, with 67 of 100 seats, in the parliamentary election held in November 2008. In November 2008, President Vieira's official residence was attacked by members of the armed forces, killing a guard but leaving the president unharmed. | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tiss... | the innate immune system | 94,117 |
5726f8aef1498d1400e8f170 | Immune_system | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | What protection comes after the innate response? | {
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} | What protection comes after the innate response? | [
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5728f6446aef0514001548e4 | Immune_system | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | What type of immune systems are found in all plants and animals? | {
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"text": [
"Innate immune systems",
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"Innate immune systems"
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} | What type of immune systems are found in all plants and animals? | [
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5728f6446aef0514001548e5 | Immune_system | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | What immune system is activated by the innate response? | {
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5728f6446aef0514001548e6 | Immune_system | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | What allows the adaptive immune system to react faster and more strongly each subsequent time a pathogen is encountered? | {
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"text": [
"immunological memory",
"immunological memory",
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} | What allows the adaptive immune system to react faster and more strongly each subsequent time a pathogen is encountered? | [
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0.019024485... | As of 2008[update], the population was 47.5% male and 52.5% female. The population was made up of 44,032 Swiss men (35.4% of the population) and 15,092 (12.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 51,531 Swiss women (41.4%) and 13,726 (11.0%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 39,008 or about 30.3% were born ... | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | Evolution of the adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates. Many of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system (e.g., immunoglobulins and T cell receptors) exist only in jawed vertebrates. However, a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless v... | immunological memory | 94,121 |
5728f6446aef0514001548e7 | Immune_system | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | What is the first line of defense against pathogens that prevents them from entering an organism? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"physical barriers",
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} | What is the [MASK] line of defense against pathogens that prevents them from entering an organism? | [
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5728f7774b864d190016512e | Immune_system | Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. In immunology, self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system. Conversely, non-self molecules are those recog... | The adaptive immune system must distinguish between what types of molecules? | {
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"text": [
"self and non-self",
"self and non-self",
"self and non-self molecules"
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} | The adaptive immune system must distinguish between what types of molecules? | [
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0.0052283033728... | Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp, but is one of the... | It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in t... | It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in t... | self and non-self | 94,123 |
5728f7774b864d190016512f | Immune_system | Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. In immunology, self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system. Conversely, non-self molecules are those recog... | What molecules are parts of the body of an organism in immunology? | {
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"text": [
"self molecules",
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"self molecules"
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} | What molecules are parts of the body of an organism in immunology? | [
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0.114936366677... | Bernanke explained that between 1996 and 2004, the U.S. current account deficit increased by $650 billion, from 1.5% to 5.8% of GDP. Financing these deficits required the country to borrow large sums from abroad, much of it from countries running trade surpluses. These were mainly the emerging economies in Asia and oil... | It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in t... | The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is "remembered" by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during a process ca... | self molecules | 94,124 |
5728f7774b864d1900165130 | Immune_system | Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. In immunology, self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system. Conversely, non-self molecules are those recog... | What molecules are recognized as foreign by the immune system? | {
"answer_start": [
286,
286,
286
],
"text": [
"non-self molecules",
"non-self",
"non-self molecules"
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} | What molecules are recognized as foreign by the immune system? | [
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0.348536878824... | Unsure of his future, he first contemplated returning to London to complete his studies, but decided to return to Boston as a teacher. His father helped him set up his private practice by contacting Gardiner Greene Hubbard, the president of the Clarke School for the Deaf for a recommendation. Teaching his father's syst... | It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in t... | Pattern recognition receptors are proteins used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found in all animals and plants, and represent the main form of invertebrate systemic i... | non-self molecules | 94,125 |
5728f7774b864d1900165131 | Immune_system | Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. In immunology, self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system. Conversely, non-self molecules are those recog... | What term is shorthand for antibody generators? | {
"answer_start": [
391,
391,
391
],
"text": [
"antigens",
"antigens",
"antigens"
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} | What term is shorthand for antibody generators? | [
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0.093499787151... | Detroit has struggled with high crime for decades. Detroit held the title of murder capital between 1985-1987 with a murder rate around 58 per 100,000. Crime has since decreased and, in 2014, the murder rate was 43.4 per 100,000, lower than in St. Louis, Missouri. Although the murder rate increased by 6% during the fir... | It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in t... | Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tiss... | antigens | 94,126 |
5728f7774b864d1900165132 | Immune_system | Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. In immunology, self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system. Conversely, non-self molecules are those recog... | Antigens bind to what in order to elicit a response of the immune system? | {
"answer_start": [
475,
491,
475
],
"text": [
"specific immune receptors",
"receptors",
"specific immune receptors"
]
} | Antigens bind to what in order to elicit a response of the immune system? | [
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0.17669762670... | Size, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure. The cerebral cortex is the par... | It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in t... | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | specific immune receptors | 94,127 |
5728f9882ca10214002dab5a | Immune_system | Microorganisms or toxins that successfully enter an organism encounter the cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system. The innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors, which recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms, or when... | What part of the innate immune system identifies microbes and triggers immune response? | {
"answer_start": [
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218,
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],
"text": [
"pattern recognition receptors",
"receptors",
"cells"
]
} | What part of the innate immune system identifies microbes and triggers immune response? | [
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5728f9882ca10214002dab5b | Immune_system | Microorganisms or toxins that successfully enter an organism encounter the cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system. The innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors, which recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms, or when... | For most organisms, what is the dominant system of defense? | {
"answer_start": [
656,
656,
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],
"text": [
"innate immune system",
"innate immune system",
"The innate immune"
]
} | For most organisms, what is the dominant system of defense? | [
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0.000465585006... | Because of the acceptance of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the binary polarization of society into black and white. In addition, it abolished slavery without a civil war. The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil. According to the 2010 census, 6.7% of Bra... | In humans, this response is activated by complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes or the binding of complement proteins to carbohydrates on the surfaces of microbes. This recognition signal triggers a rapid killing response. The speed of the response is a result of signal amplification that... | One adaptation helping both predators and prey avoid detection is camouflage, a form of crypsis where species have an appearance that helps them blend into the background. Camouflage consists of not only color but also shape and pattern. The background upon which the organism is seen can be both its environment (e.g., ... | innate immune system | 94,129 |
5728f9882ca10214002dab5c | Immune_system | Microorganisms or toxins that successfully enter an organism encounter the cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system. The innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors, which recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms, or when... | Pattern recognition receptors recognize components present in broad groups of what? | {
"answer_start": [
297,
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"text": [
"microorganisms",
"microorganisms",
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} | Pattern recognition receptors recognize components present in broad groups of what? | [
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0.045063946... | The Puget Sound Convergence Zone is an important feature of Seattle's weather. In the convergence zone, air arriving from the north meets air flowing in from the south. Both streams of air originate over the Pacific Ocean; airflow is split by the Olympic Mountains to Seattle's west, then reunited to the east. When the ... | In humans, this response is activated by complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes or the binding of complement proteins to carbohydrates on the surfaces of microbes. This recognition signal triggers a rapid killing response. The speed of the response is a result of signal amplification that... | The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators). Immunology res... | microorganisms | 94,130 |
5728f9882ca10214002dab5d | Immune_system | Microorganisms or toxins that successfully enter an organism encounter the cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system. The innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors, which recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms, or when... | The innate immune system responds in a generic way, meaning it is what? | {
"answer_start": [
507,
507,
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],
"text": [
"non-specific",
"non-specific",
"non-specific"
]
} | The innate immune system responds in a generic way, meaning it is what? | [
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5728fb002ca10214002dab6a | Immune_system | Several barriers protect organisms from infection, including mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers. The waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin are examples of mechanical barriers that are the first line of defense against infectio... | What is a mechanical barrier in insects that protects the insect? | {
"answer_start": [
145,
145,
145
],
"text": [
"exoskeleton",
"exoskeleton",
"exoskeleton"
]
} | What is a mechanical barrier in insects that protects the insect? | [
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5728fb002ca10214002dab6b | Immune_system | Several barriers protect organisms from infection, including mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers. The waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin are examples of mechanical barriers that are the first line of defense against infectio... | What is an example of a mechanical barrier on leaves? | {
"answer_start": [
108,
112,
112
],
"text": [
"The waxy cuticle",
"waxy cuticle",
"waxy cuticle"
]
} | What is an example of a mechanical barrier on leaves? | [
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-0.009210914373... | In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense... | In general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that de... | In addition to the use of sound for communication, a wide range of insects have evolved chemical means for communication. These chemicals, termed semiochemicals, are often derived from plant metabolites include those meant to attract, repel and provide other kinds of information. Pheromones, a type of semiochemical, ar... | The waxy cuticle | 94,133 |
5728fb002ca10214002dab6c | Immune_system | Several barriers protect organisms from infection, including mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers. The waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin are examples of mechanical barriers that are the first line of defense against infectio... | What responses protect the lungs by mechanically ejecting pathogens from the respiratory system? | {
"answer_start": [
515,
515,
515
],
"text": [
"coughing and sneezing",
"coughing and sneezing",
"coughing and sneezing"
]
} | What responses protect the lungs by mechanically ejecting pathogens from the respiratory system? | [
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5728fb002ca10214002dab6d | Immune_system | Several barriers protect organisms from infection, including mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers. The waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin are examples of mechanical barriers that are the first line of defense against infectio... | What is secreted by the respiratory tract to trap microorganisms? | {
"answer_start": [
695,
695,
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],
"text": [
"mucus",
"mucus",
"mucus"
]
} | What is secreted by the respiratory tract to trap microorganisms? | [
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0.18150931... | The European Central Bank had stepped up the buying of member nations debt. In response to the crisis of 2010, some proposals have surfaced for a collective European bond issue that would allow the central bank to purchase a European version of US Treasury bills. To make European sovereign debt assets more similar to a... | In general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that de... | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacl... | mucus | 94,135 |
5728fb002ca10214002dab6e | Immune_system | Several barriers protect organisms from infection, including mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers. The waxy cuticle of many leaves, the exoskeleton of insects, the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs, and skin are examples of mechanical barriers that are the first line of defense against infectio... | The flushing action of what expels pathogens from the eyes? | {
"answer_start": [
637,
637,
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],
"text": [
"tears",
"tears",
"tears"
]
} | The flushing action of what expels pathogens from the eyes? | [
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5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec7 | Immune_system | Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they b... | What are the anitmicrobial peptides secreted by the skin called? | {
"answer_start": [
124,
124,
124
],
"text": [
"β-defensins",
"β-defensins",
"β-defensins"
]
} | What are the anitmicrobial peptides secreted by the skin called? | [
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5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec8 | Immune_system | Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they b... | What enzymes in saliva are antibacterial in nature? | {
"answer_start": [
153,
153,
153
],
"text": [
"lysozyme and phospholipase A2",
"lysozyme and phospholipase A2",
"lysozyme"
]
} | What enzymes in saliva are antibacterial in nature? | [
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0.149272799491882... | The Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area is served by one public television station and two public radio stations. KUHT (HoustonPBS) is a PBS member station and is the first public television station in the United States. Houston Public Radio is listener-funded and comprises two NPR member stations: KUHF ... | The mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated. The simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes (amino acids and/or sugars) on the surface of the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which mutates rap... | The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory), th... | lysozyme and phospholipase A2 | 94,138 |
5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ec9 | Immune_system | Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they b... | Semen contains what in order to kill pathogens? | {
"answer_start": [
364,
364,
364
],
"text": [
"defensins and zinc",
"defensins and zinc",
"defensins"
]
} | Semen contains what in order to kill pathogens? | [
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0.184331819... | Lack of meaningful alternatives, such as affordable schools and quality education, according to ILO, is another major factor driving children to harmful labour. Children work because they have nothing better to do. Many communities, particularly rural areas where between 60–70% of child labour is prevalent, do not poss... | The mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated. The simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes (amino acids and/or sugars) on the surface of the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which mutates rap... | Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tiss... | defensins and zinc | 94,139 |
5728fc2eaf94a219006a9eca | Immune_system | Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they b... | What compounds in the stomach protect against ingested pathogens? | {
"answer_start": [
418,
418,
418
],
"text": [
"gastric acid and proteases",
"gastric acid and proteases",
"gastric acid"
]
} | What compounds in the stomach protect against ingested pathogens? | [
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5728fc2eaf94a219006a9ecb | Immune_system | Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they b... | Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical protective barrier following what? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"menarche",
"menarche",
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} | Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical protective barrier following what? | [
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5728fd206aef05140015494c | Immune_system | Within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and, in some cases, by changing the conditions in their environment, such as pH or available iron. This reduces the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient... | What serves as a biological barrier by competing for space and food in the GI tract? | {
"answer_start": [
54,
54,
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],
"text": [
"commensal flora",
"commensal flora",
"commensal flora"
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} | What serves as a biological barrier by competing for space and food in the GI tract? | [
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0.071015402... | Serbo-Croatian was standardized in the mid-19th-century Vienna Literary Agreement by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists, decades before a Yugoslav state was established. From the very beginning, there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards, although both were based on the same Shtoka... | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the vira... | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, w... | commensal flora | 94,142 |
5728fd206aef05140015494d | Immune_system | Within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and, in some cases, by changing the conditions in their environment, such as pH or available iron. This reduces the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient... | Most antibiotics target bacteria and don't affect what class of organisms? | {
"answer_start": [
430,
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"text": [
"fungi",
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} | Most antibiotics target bacteria and don't affect what class of organisms? | [
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0.244418606... | In 2007, the Marshall Islands joined the International Labour Organization, which means its labour laws will comply with international benchmarks. This may impact business conditions in the islands. | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the vira... | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | fungi | 94,143 |
5728fd206aef05140015494e | Immune_system | Within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and, in some cases, by changing the conditions in their environment, such as pH or available iron. This reduces the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient... | What probiotic flora is found in unpasteurized yogurt? | {
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"text": [
"lactobacilli",
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} | What probiotic flora is found in unpasteurized yogurt? | [
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0.1528275310993... | DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software can often adjust clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of the dates and timings of DST may be confusing. | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the vira... | Some organizations have begun working with teachers, policymakers, and managed foodservice contractors to mandate improved nutritional content and increased nutritional resources in school cafeterias from primary to university level institutions. Health and nutrition have been proven to have close links with overall ed... | lactobacilli | 94,144 |
5728fd206aef05140015494f | Immune_system | Within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and, in some cases, by changing the conditions in their environment, such as pH or available iron. This reduces the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient... | Commensal flora can change what specific conditions of their environment in the gastrointestinal tract? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"pH or available iron",
"pH or available iron",
"balance of microbial populations"
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} | Commensal flora can change what specific conditions of their environment in the gastrointestinal tract? | [
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0.0549578517675399... | The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches w... | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the vira... | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the vira... | pH or available iron | 94,145 |
572900f73f37b31900477f69 | Immune_system | Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection. The symptoms of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue. Inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines, which are released by injured or infected cells. Eicosanoids incl... | What is one of the first responses the immune system has to infection? | {
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572900f73f37b31900477f6a | Immune_system | Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection. The symptoms of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue. Inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines, which are released by injured or infected cells. Eicosanoids incl... | What causes the symptoms of inflammation? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"increased blood flow into tissue",
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} | What causes the symptoms of inflammation? | [
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0.1086740866303... | Linking the information back together is the key to this system. In the relational model, some bit of information was used as a "key", uniquely defining a particular record. When information was being collected about a user, information stored in the optional tables would be found by searching for this key. For instanc... | The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In ma... | Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of whee... | increased blood flow into tissue | 94,147 |
572900f73f37b31900477f6b | Immune_system | Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection. The symptoms of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue. Inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines, which are released by injured or infected cells. Eicosanoids incl... | What compounds are released by injured or infected cells, triggering inflammation? | {
"answer_start": [
228,
228,
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"text": [
"eicosanoids and cytokines",
"eicosanoids and cytokines",
"eicosanoids"
]
} | What compounds are released by injured or infected cells, triggering inflammation? | [
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0.107386507093906... | Both intensive and free-range farming have animal welfare concerns. In intensive systems, cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking can be common, with some farmers using beak trimming as a preventative measure. Diseases can also be common and spread rapidly through the flock. In extensive systems, the birds are ex... | The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In ma... | Anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to control the effects of inflammation. Glucocorticoids are the most powerful of these drugs; however, these drugs can have many undesirable side effects, such as central obesity, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and their use must be tightly controlled. Lower doses of anti-inflammato... | eicosanoids and cytokines | 94,148 |
572900f73f37b31900477f6c | Immune_system | Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection. The symptoms of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue. Inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines, which are released by injured or infected cells. Eicosanoids incl... | Eicosanoids include what compounds that result in fever and blood vessel dilation? | {
"answer_start": [
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324,
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"text": [
"prostaglandins",
"prostaglandins",
"prostaglandins"
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} | Eicosanoids include what compounds that result in fever and blood vessel dilation? | [
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0.09232591092... | Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked o... | The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In ma... | Although asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstruction in asthma... | prostaglandins | 94,149 |
572900f73f37b31900477f6d | Immune_system | Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection. The symptoms of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue. Inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines, which are released by injured or infected cells. Eicosanoids incl... | What cytokines are responsible for communication between white blood cells? | {
"answer_start": [
517,
517,
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],
"text": [
"interleukins",
"interleukins",
"interleukins"
]
} | What cytokines are responsible for communication between white blood cells? | [
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0.265706330537796... | In June 2013, West and television personality Kim Kardashian announced the birth of their first child, North. In October 2013, the couple announced their engagement to widespread media attention. November 2013, West stated that he was beginning work on his next studio album, hoping to release it by mid-2014, with produ... | The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In ma... | A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antige... | interleukins | 94,150 |
572905ce1d04691400778f83 | Immune_system | Phagocytosis is an important feature of cellular innate immunity performed by cells called 'phagocytes' that engulf, or eat, pathogens or particles. Phagocytes generally patrol the body searching for pathogens, but can be called to specific locations by cytokines. Once a pathogen has been engulfed by a phagocyte, it be... | What type of cells engulf or eat pathogens and foreign particles? | {
"answer_start": [
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],
"text": [
"phagocytes",
"phagocytes",
"phagocytes"
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} | What type of cells engulf or eat pathogens and foreign particles? | [
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0.339053720... | Balansiyya had a rebirth of sorts with the beginning of the Taifa of Valencia kingdom in the 11th century. The town grew, and during the reign of Abd al-Aziz a new city wall was built, remains of which are preserved throughout the Old City (Ciutat Vella) today. The Castilian nobleman Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El ... | Parasitoids are organisms living in or on their host and feeding directly upon it, eventually leading to its death. They are much like parasites in their close symbiotic relationship with their host or hosts. Like the previous two classifications parasitoid predators do not kill their hosts instantly. However, unlike p... | During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing popu... | phagocytes | 94,151 |
572905ce1d04691400778f84 | Immune_system | Phagocytosis is an important feature of cellular innate immunity performed by cells called 'phagocytes' that engulf, or eat, pathogens or particles. Phagocytes generally patrol the body searching for pathogens, but can be called to specific locations by cytokines. Once a pathogen has been engulfed by a phagocyte, it be... | Phagocytes can be called to a specific location by what? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"cytokines",
"cytokines",
"cytokines"
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} | Phagocytes can be called to a specific location by what? | [
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-0.0512253269... | International human rights organisations including Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and the American Association for the Advancement of Science have repeatedly documented and condemned widespread human rights violations in Myanmar. The Freedom in the World 2011 report by Freedom House notes, "The military junt... | Parasitoids are organisms living in or on their host and feeding directly upon it, eventually leading to its death. They are much like parasites in their close symbiotic relationship with their host or hosts. Like the previous two classifications parasitoid predators do not kill their hosts instantly. However, unlike p... | The success of any pathogen depends on its ability to elude host immune responses. Therefore, pathogens evolved several methods that allow them to successfully infect a host, while evading detection or destruction by the immune system. Bacteria often overcome physical barriers by secreting enzymes that digest the barri... | cytokines | 94,152 |
572905ce1d04691400778f85 | Immune_system | Phagocytosis is an important feature of cellular innate immunity performed by cells called 'phagocytes' that engulf, or eat, pathogens or particles. Phagocytes generally patrol the body searching for pathogens, but can be called to specific locations by cytokines. Once a pathogen has been engulfed by a phagocyte, it be... | When a pathogen has been eaten by a phagocyte it becomes trapped in what vesicle? | {
"answer_start": [
371,
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"text": [
"phagosome",
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} | When a pathogen has been eaten by a phagocyte it becomes trapped in what vesicle? | [
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0.32419848... | European maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in J... | Parasitoids are organisms living in or on their host and feeding directly upon it, eventually leading to its death. They are much like parasites in their close symbiotic relationship with their host or hosts. Like the previous two classifications parasitoid predators do not kill their hosts instantly. However, unlike p... | Another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumors. This is called immune surveillance. The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on normal cells. To the immune system, these antigens appear foreign, and their presence causes immune cells to attack the transformed ... | phagosome | 94,153 |
572905ce1d04691400778f86 | Immune_system | Phagocytosis is an important feature of cellular innate immunity performed by cells called 'phagocytes' that engulf, or eat, pathogens or particles. Phagocytes generally patrol the body searching for pathogens, but can be called to specific locations by cytokines. Once a pathogen has been engulfed by a phagocyte, it be... | What is formed when a phagosome fuses with a lysosome? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"phagolysosome",
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"phagolysosome"
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} | What is formed when a phagosome fuses with a lysosome? | [
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572905ce1d04691400778f87 | Immune_system | Phagocytosis is an important feature of cellular innate immunity performed by cells called 'phagocytes' that engulf, or eat, pathogens or particles. Phagocytes generally patrol the body searching for pathogens, but can be called to specific locations by cytokines. Once a pathogen has been engulfed by a phagocyte, it be... | Phagocytosis first evolved as means of doing what? | {
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5729081d3f37b31900477fab | Immune_system | Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens. Neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes. During the acute phase of inflammation, partic... | What are two types of phagocytes that travel through the body to find invading pathogens? | {
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5729081d3f37b31900477fac | Immune_system | Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens. Neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes. During the acute phase of inflammation, partic... | What are the most abundant kind of phagocyte? | {
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5729081d3f37b31900477fad | Immune_system | Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens. Neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes. During the acute phase of inflammation, partic... | What percentage of leukocytes do neutrophils represent? | {
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5729081d3f37b31900477fae | Immune_system | Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens. Neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes. During the acute phase of inflammation, partic... | What is the process in which neutrophils move towards the site of inflammation called? | {
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5729081d3f37b31900477faf | Immune_system | Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens. Neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes. During the acute phase of inflammation, partic... | What is a regulatory factor produced by macrophages? | {
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"interleukin 1",
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572908c13f37b31900477fbd | Immune_system | Leukocytes (white blood cells) act like independent, single-celled organisms and are the second arm of the innate immune system. The innate leukocytes include the phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells), mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and natural killer cells. These cells identify and eliminate ... | What are white blood cells known as? | {
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572908c13f37b31900477fbe | Immune_system | Leukocytes (white blood cells) act like independent, single-celled organisms and are the second arm of the innate immune system. The innate leukocytes include the phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells), mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and natural killer cells. These cells identify and eliminate ... | What cells are the second arm of the innate immune system? | {
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572908c13f37b31900477fbf | Immune_system | Leukocytes (white blood cells) act like independent, single-celled organisms and are the second arm of the innate immune system. The innate leukocytes include the phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells), mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and natural killer cells. These cells identify and eliminate ... | Innate cells can act as mediators in the activation of what branch of the immune system? | {
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572908c13f37b31900477fc0 | Immune_system | Leukocytes (white blood cells) act like independent, single-celled organisms and are the second arm of the innate immune system. The innate leukocytes include the phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells), mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and natural killer cells. These cells identify and eliminate ... | What are three kinds of phagocytes? | {
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5729efab3f37b319004785cf | Immune_system | Dendritic cells (DC) are phagocytes in tissues that are in contact with the external environment; therefore, they are located mainly in the skin, nose, lungs, stomach, and intestines. They are named for their resemblance to neuronal dendrites, as both have many spine-like projections, but dendritic cells are in no way ... | What are the phagocytes that are located in tissues in contact with the external environment called? | {
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5729efab3f37b319004785d0 | Immune_system | Dendritic cells (DC) are phagocytes in tissues that are in contact with the external environment; therefore, they are located mainly in the skin, nose, lungs, stomach, and intestines. They are named for their resemblance to neuronal dendrites, as both have many spine-like projections, but dendritic cells are in no way ... | Dendritic cells are named that because they resemble what? | {
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"neuronal dendrites",
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} | Dendritic cells are named that because they resemble what? | [
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5729efab3f37b319004785d1 | Immune_system | Dendritic cells (DC) are phagocytes in tissues that are in contact with the external environment; therefore, they are located mainly in the skin, nose, lungs, stomach, and intestines. They are named for their resemblance to neuronal dendrites, as both have many spine-like projections, but dendritic cells are in no way ... | What are one of the key cell types of the adaptive immune system? | {
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"text": [
"T cells",
"T cells",
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5729efab3f37b319004785d2 | Immune_system | Dendritic cells (DC) are phagocytes in tissues that are in contact with the external environment; therefore, they are located mainly in the skin, nose, lungs, stomach, and intestines. They are named for their resemblance to neuronal dendrites, as both have many spine-like projections, but dendritic cells are in no way ... | Dendritic cells present antigens to what cells of the adaptive nervous system? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"T cells",
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} | Dendritic cells present antigens to what cells of the adaptive nervous system? | [
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5729f06f1d04691400779674 | Immune_system | Natural killer cells, or NK cells, are a component of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invading microbes. Rather, NK cells destroy compromised host cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells, recognizing such cells by a condition known as "missing self." This term describes cells with low... | Natural killer cells recognize cells that should be targeted by a condition known as what? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"missing self",
"missing self",
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} | Natural killer cells recognize cells that should be targeted by a condition known as what? | [
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5729f06f1d04691400779673 | Immune_system | Natural killer cells, or NK cells, are a component of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invading microbes. Rather, NK cells destroy compromised host cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells, recognizing such cells by a condition known as "missing self." This term describes cells with low... | What is one part of the innate immune system that doesn't attack microbes directly? | {
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0,
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"Natural killer cells",
"Natural killer cells",
"Natural killer cells"
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5729f06f1d04691400779675 | Immune_system | Natural killer cells, or NK cells, are a component of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invading microbes. Rather, NK cells destroy compromised host cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells, recognizing such cells by a condition known as "missing self." This term describes cells with low... | Missing self desribes cells that only have small amounts of what cell-surface marker? | {
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"text": [
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5729f06f1d04691400779676 | Immune_system | Natural killer cells, or NK cells, are a component of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invading microbes. Rather, NK cells destroy compromised host cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells, recognizing such cells by a condition known as "missing self." This term describes cells with low... | MHC antigens on normal body cells are recognized by what receptor on NK cells? | {
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993,
993,
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],
"text": [
"killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR",
"killer cell immunoglobulin",
"killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR)"
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} | MHC antigens on normal body cells are recognized by what receptor on NK cells? | [
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5729f12e3f37b319004785e1 | Immune_system | The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is "remembered" by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during a process ca... | In what types of organisms did the adaptive immune system first evolve? | {
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} | In what types of organisms did the adaptive immune system first evolve? | [
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5729f12e3f37b319004785e2 | Immune_system | The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is "remembered" by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during a process ca... | The adaptive immune system recognizes non-self antigens during a process called what? | {
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5729f12e3f37b319004785e3 | Immune_system | The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is "remembered" by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during a process ca... | Antigen specificity allows responses that are specific to certain types of what? | {
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"text": [
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"pathogens",
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5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d3 | Immune_system | Both B cells and T cells carry receptor molecules that recognize specific targets. T cells recognize a "non-self" target, such as a pathogen, only after antigens (small fragments of the pathogen) have been processed and presented in combination with a "self" receptor called a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mole... | What are the two major subtypes of T cells? | {
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371,
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"text": [
"killer T cell and the helper T cell",
"killer T cell and the helper T cell",
"the killer T cell and the helper T cell"
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5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d4 | Immune_system | Both B cells and T cells carry receptor molecules that recognize specific targets. T cells recognize a "non-self" target, such as a pathogen, only after antigens (small fragments of the pathogen) have been processed and presented in combination with a "self" receptor called a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mole... | What kind of T cells have the purpose of modulating the immune response? | {
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"text": [
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"regulatory",
"regulatory T cells"
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} | What kind of T cells have the purpose of modulating the immune response? | [
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5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d5 | Immune_system | Both B cells and T cells carry receptor molecules that recognize specific targets. T cells recognize a "non-self" target, such as a pathogen, only after antigens (small fragments of the pathogen) have been processed and presented in combination with a "self" receptor called a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mole... | Killer T cells can only recognize antigens coupled to what kind of molecules? | {
"answer_start": [
548,
548,
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],
"text": [
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"Class I MHC",
"Class I MHC molecules"
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} | Killer T cells can only recognize antigens coupled to what kind of molecules? | [
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5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d6 | Immune_system | Both B cells and T cells carry receptor molecules that recognize specific targets. T cells recognize a "non-self" target, such as a pathogen, only after antigens (small fragments of the pathogen) have been processed and presented in combination with a "self" receptor called a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mole... | Helper and regulatory T cells can only recognize antigens coupled to what kind of molecules? | {
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650,
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"text": [
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5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d7 | Immune_system | Both B cells and T cells carry receptor molecules that recognize specific targets. T cells recognize a "non-self" target, such as a pathogen, only after antigens (small fragments of the pathogen) have been processed and presented in combination with a "self" receptor called a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mole... | What class of T cells recognizes intact antigens that are not associated with MHC receptors? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"γδ T cells",
"γδ",
"γδ T cells"
]
} | What class of T cells recognizes intact antigens that are not associated with MHC receptors? | [
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5729f39a6aef05140015514c | Immune_system | Killer T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. As with B cells, each type of T cell recognizes a different antigen. Killer T cells are activated when their T cell receptor (TCR) binds to this specific antigen in ... | What kind of T cells kill cells that are infected with pathogens? | {
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"text": [
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5729f39a6aef05140015514e | Immune_system | Killer T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. As with B cells, each type of T cell recognizes a different antigen. Killer T cells are activated when their T cell receptor (TCR) binds to this specific antigen in ... | What co-receptor on the T cell helps in recognizing the MHC-antigen complex? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"CD8",
"CD8",
"CD8"
]
} | What co-receptor on the T cell helps in recognizing the MHC-antigen complex? | [
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5729f39a6aef05140015514d | Immune_system | Killer T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. As with B cells, each type of T cell recognizes a different antigen. Killer T cells are activated when their T cell receptor (TCR) binds to this specific antigen in ... | What is the receptor that killer T cells use to bind to specific antigens that are complexed with the MHC Class 1 receptor of another cell? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"T cell receptor (TCR)",
"T cell receptor",
"T cell receptor (TCR)"
]
} | What is the receptor that killer T cells use to bind to specific antigens that are complexed with the MHC Class 1 receptor of another cell? | [
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0.11105707287788391... | The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh w... | The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is "remembered" by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during a process ca... | Complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be compared to that ... | T cell receptor (TCR) | 94,183 |
5729f39a6aef051400155150 | Immune_system | Killer T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. As with B cells, each type of T cell recognizes a different antigen. Killer T cells are activated when their T cell receptor (TCR) binds to this specific antigen in ... | What toxin induces apoptosis in the target cell? | {
"answer_start": [
797,
797,
797
],
"text": [
"granulysin",
"granulysin",
"granulysin (a protease)"
]
} | What toxin induces apoptosis in the target cell? | [
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5729f39a6aef05140015514f | Immune_system | Killer T cells are a sub-group of T cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. As with B cells, each type of T cell recognizes a different antigen. Killer T cells are activated when their T cell receptor (TCR) binds to this specific antigen in ... | When an activated killer T cell finds cells where the MHC 1 receptor has specific antigens, it releases cytotoxins such as what? | {
"answer_start": [
656,
656,
656
],
"text": [
"perforin",
"perforin",
"perforin"
]
} | When an activated killer T cell finds cells where the MHC 1 receptor has specific antigens, it releases cytotoxins such as what? | [
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0.1267859339714050... | The war had also brought to an end the "Old System" of alliances in Europe, In the years after the war, under the direction of Lord Sandwich, the British did try to re-establish this system. But after her surprising grand success against a coalition of great powers, European states such as Austria, The Dutch Republic, ... | The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is "remembered" by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during a process ca... | Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection. The symptoms of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue. Inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines, which are released by injured or infected cells. Eicosanoids incl... | perforin | 94,185 |
5729f4b41d0469140077968b | Immune_system | Helper T cells express T cell receptors (TCR) that recognize antigen bound to Class II MHC molecules. The MHC:antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell's CD4 co-receptor, which recruits molecules inside the T cell (e.g., Lck) that are responsible for the T cell's activation. Helper T cells have a weaker ass... | What co-receptor recruits molecules inside the T cell that are responsible for cell activation? | {
"answer_start": [
166,
166,
166
],
"text": [
"CD4 co-receptor",
"CD4",
"CD4 co-receptor"
]
} | What co-receptor recruits molecules inside the T cell that are responsible for cell activation? | [
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5729f4b41d0469140077968c | Immune_system | Helper T cells express T cell receptors (TCR) that recognize antigen bound to Class II MHC molecules. The MHC:antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell's CD4 co-receptor, which recruits molecules inside the T cell (e.g., Lck) that are responsible for the T cell's activation. Helper T cells have a weaker ass... | How many receptors on a helper T cell must be bound to a MHC:antigen complex in order for the cell to be activated? | {
"answer_start": [
416,
416,
416
],
"text": [
"around 200–300",
"around 200–300",
"around 200–300"
]
} | How many receptors on a helper T cell must be bound to a MHC:antigen complex in order for the cell to be activated? | [
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0.08659678697586... | The "Big Five" game animals of Africa, that is the lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant, can be found in Kenya and in the Masai Mara in particular. A significant population of other wild animals, reptiles and birds can be found in the national parks and game reserves in the country. The annual animal migrat... | The clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with... | When suffering from sleep deprivation, active immunizations may have a diminished effect and may result in lower antibody production, and a lower immune response, than would be noted in a well-rested individual. Additionally, proteins such as NFIL3, which have been shown to be closely intertwined with both T-cell diffe... | around 200–300 | 94,187 |
5729f4b41d0469140077968d | Immune_system | Helper T cells express T cell receptors (TCR) that recognize antigen bound to Class II MHC molecules. The MHC:antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell's CD4 co-receptor, which recruits molecules inside the T cell (e.g., Lck) that are responsible for the T cell's activation. Helper T cells have a weaker ass... | The receptors on a killer T cell must bind to how many MHC: antigen complexes in order to activate the cell? | {
"answer_start": [
578,
580,
578
],
"text": [
"a single MHC:antigen molecule",
"single",
"a single MHC:antigen molecule"
]
} | The receptors on a killer T cell must bind to how many MHC: antigen complexes in order to activate the cell? | [
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0.07603543251752... | The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play, though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart. Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their body (notably, "heading" with the fo... | The clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with... | Microorganisms or toxins that successfully enter an organism encounter the cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system. The innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors, which recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms, or when... | a single MHC:antigen molecule | 94,188 |
5729f4b41d0469140077968e | Immune_system | Helper T cells express T cell receptors (TCR) that recognize antigen bound to Class II MHC molecules. The MHC:antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell's CD4 co-receptor, which recruits molecules inside the T cell (e.g., Lck) that are responsible for the T cell's activation. Helper T cells have a weaker ass... | Activation of a helper T cell causes it to release what chemicals that influence cell activity? | {
"answer_start": [
774,
774,
774
],
"text": [
"cytokines",
"cytokines",
"cytokines"
]
} | Activation of a helper T cell causes it to release what chemicals that influence cell activity? | [
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5729f4b41d0469140077968f | Immune_system | Helper T cells express T cell receptors (TCR) that recognize antigen bound to Class II MHC molecules. The MHC:antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell's CD4 co-receptor, which recruits molecules inside the T cell (e.g., Lck) that are responsible for the T cell's activation. Helper T cells have a weaker ass... | What is a ligand on the cell surface that is upregulated after helper T cell activation? | {
"answer_start": [
1078,
1078,
1078
],
"text": [
"CD40 ligand",
"CD40",
"CD40 ligand"
]
} | What is a ligand on the cell surface that is upregulated after helper T cell activation? | [
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5729f5a03f37b31900478605 | Immune_system | Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) possess an alternative T cell receptor (TCR) as opposed to CD4+ and CD8+ (αβ) T cells and share the characteristics of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. The conditions that produce responses from γδ T cells are not fully understood. Like other 'unconventional' T cell subse... | Gamma delta T cells share the characteristics of what other types of T cells? | {
"answer_start": [
152,
152,
152
],
"text": [
"helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells",
"helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells",
"helper T cells"
]
} | Gamma delta T cells share the characteristics of what other types of T cells? | [
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5729f5a03f37b31900478606 | Immune_system | Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) possess an alternative T cell receptor (TCR) as opposed to CD4+ and CD8+ (αβ) T cells and share the characteristics of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. The conditions that produce responses from γδ T cells are not fully understood. Like other 'unconventional' T cell subse... | Gamma delta T cells have a different version of what receptor? | {
"answer_start": [
44,
56,
56
],
"text": [
"alternative T cell receptor (TCR)",
"T cell",
"T cell receptor (TCR)"
]
} | Gamma delta T cells have a different version of what receptor? | [
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5729f5a03f37b31900478607 | Immune_system | Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) possess an alternative T cell receptor (TCR) as opposed to CD4+ and CD8+ (αβ) T cells and share the characteristics of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. The conditions that produce responses from γδ T cells are not fully understood. Like other 'unconventional' T cell subse... | What type of T cells help with both innnate and adaptive immunity? | {
"answer_start": [
395,
395,
395
],
"text": [
"γδ T cells",
"γδ",
"γδ T cells"
]
} | What type of T cells help with both innnate and adaptive immunity? | [
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5729f5a03f37b31900478608 | Immune_system | Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) possess an alternative T cell receptor (TCR) as opposed to CD4+ and CD8+ (αβ) T cells and share the characteristics of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. The conditions that produce responses from γδ T cells are not fully understood. Like other 'unconventional' T cell subse... | Gamma delta T cells rearrange TCR genes to produce what? | {
"answer_start": [
564,
564,
564
],
"text": [
"receptor diversity",
"receptor diversity",
"receptor diversity"
]
} | Gamma delta T cells rearrange TCR genes to produce what? | [
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5729f5a03f37b31900478609 | Immune_system | Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) possess an alternative T cell receptor (TCR) as opposed to CD4+ and CD8+ (αβ) T cells and share the characteristics of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. The conditions that produce responses from γδ T cells are not fully understood. Like other 'unconventional' T cell subse... | What kind of human T cells respond to common molecules produced by microbes? | {
"answer_start": [
822,
822,
822
],
"text": [
"Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells",
"Vγ9/Vδ2",
"Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells"
]
} | What kind of human T cells respond to common molecules produced by microbes? | [
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5729f69caf94a219006aa6f9 | Immune_system | A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antige... | What kind of cell identifies pathogens when the antibodies on its surface complex with a specific foreign antigen? | {
"answer_start": [
2,
2,
0
],
"text": [
"B cell",
"B",
"A B cell"
]
} | What kind of cell identifies pathogens when the antibodies on its surface complex with a specific foreign antigen? | [
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5729f69caf94a219006aa6fa | Immune_system | A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antige... | What is the process by which the antigen/antibody complex is processed in to peptides? | {
"answer_start": [
170,
170,
170
],
"text": [
"proteolysis",
"proteolysis",
"proteolysis"
]
} | What is the process by which the antigen/antibody complex is processed in to peptides? | [
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0.373954445123... | Montana has a larger Native American population numerically and percentage-wise than most U.S. states. Although the state ranked 45th in population (according to the 2010 U.S. Census), it ranked 19th in total native people population. Native people constituted 6.5 percent of the state's total population, the sixth high... | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | A typical protein-coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.:6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic function, and ... | proteolysis | 94,197 |
5729f69caf94a219006aa6fb | Immune_system | A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antige... | What does the matching helper T cell release when it binds with the MHC:antigen complex of the B cell? | {
"answer_start": [
372,
372,
372
],
"text": [
"lymphokines",
"lymphokines",
"lymphokines"
]
} | What does the matching helper T cell release when it binds with the MHC:antigen complex of the B cell? | [
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0.223722666501... | The Czechs' language separated from other Slavic tongues into what would later be called Old Czech by the thirteenth century, a classification extending through the sixteenth century. Its use of cases differed from the modern language; although Old Czech did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction, decle... | The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | Newborn infants have no prior exposure to microbes and are particularly vulnerable to infection. Several layers of passive protection are provided by the mother. During pregnancy, a particular type of antibody, called IgG, is transported from mother to baby directly across the placenta, so human babies have high levels... | lymphokines | 94,198 |
5729f799af94a219006aa707 | Immune_system | When B cells and T cells are activated and begin to replicate, some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again. This is "adaptive" because it occ... | When B cells and T cells begin to replicate, what do some of their offspring cells become? | {
"answer_start": [
94,
94,
94
],
"text": [
"long-lived memory cells",
"long-lived memory cells",
"long-lived memory cells"
]
} | When B cells and T cells begin to replicate, what do some of their offspring cells become? | [
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0.32532289... | In the 1990s and the new millennium, the city has produced a number of influential hip hop artists, including Eminem, the hip-hop artist with the highest cumulative sales, hip-hop producer J Dilla, rapper and producer Esham and hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse. The city is also home to rappers Big Sean and Danny Brown. T... | Cognitive neuroscientists consider memory as the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation. The term of internal representation implies that such definition of memory contains two components: the expression of memory at the behavioral or conscious level, and the u... | Newborn infants have no prior exposure to microbes and are particularly vulnerable to infection. Several layers of passive protection are provided by the mother. During pregnancy, a particular type of antibody, called IgG, is transported from mother to baby directly across the placenta, so human babies have high levels... | long-lived memory cells | 94,199 |
5729f799af94a219006aa708 | Immune_system | When B cells and T cells are activated and begin to replicate, some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again. This is "adaptive" because it occ... | The function of long-lived memory cells is an example of what kind of immune response? | {
"answer_start": [
296,
296,
236
],
"text": [
"adaptive",
"adaptive",
"strong response"
]
} | The function of long-lived memory cells is an example of what kind of immune response? | [
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5729f799af94a219006aa709 | Immune_system | When B cells and T cells are activated and begin to replicate, some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again. This is "adaptive" because it occ... | Immunological memory can take what two forms? | {
"answer_start": [
514,
514,
514
],
"text": [
"passive short-term memory or active long-term memory",
"passive short-term memory or active long-term memory",
"passive short-term memory or active long-term memory"
]
} | Immunological memory can take what [MASK] forms? | [
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0.1040550693869... | Not all introduced species are invasive, nor all invasive species deliberately introduced. In cases such as the zebra mussel, invasion of US waterways was unintentional. In other cases, such as mongooses in Hawaii, the introduction is deliberate but ineffective (nocturnal rats were not vulnerable to the diurnal mongoos... | Cognitive neuroscientists consider memory as the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation. The term of internal representation implies that such definition of memory contains two components: the expression of memory at the behavioral or conscious level, and the u... | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens th... | passive short-term memory or active long-term memory | 94,201 |
5729f799af94a219006aa70a | Immune_system | When B cells and T cells are activated and begin to replicate, some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again. This is "adaptive" because it occ... | Long-lived memory cells can remember previous encounters with what? | {
"answer_start": [
190,
199,
185
],
"text": [
"specific pathogen",
"pathogen",
"each specific pathogen"
]
} | Long-lived memory cells can remember previous encounters with what? | [
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0.0006946474... | By the opening of the 2008 General Conference, total UMC membership was estimated at 11.4 million, with about 7.9 million in the U.S. and 3.5 million overseas. Significantly, about 20% of the conference delegates were from Africa, with Filipinos and Europeans making up another 10%. During the conference, the delegates ... | Cognitive neuroscientists consider memory as the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation. The term of internal representation implies that such definition of memory contains two components: the expression of memory at the behavioral or conscious level, and the u... | Sensory memory holds sensory information less than one second after an item is perceived. The ability to look at an item and remember what it looked like with just a split second of observation, or memorization, is the example of sensory memory. It is out of cognitive control and is an automatic response. With very sho... | specific pathogen | 94,202 |
5729f8516aef05140015516c | Immune_system | Newborn infants have no prior exposure to microbes and are particularly vulnerable to infection. Several layers of passive protection are provided by the mother. During pregnancy, a particular type of antibody, called IgG, is transported from mother to baby directly across the placenta, so human babies have high levels... | Newborns are vulnerable to infection because they have no previous exposure to what? | {
"answer_start": [
42,
42,
42
],
"text": [
"microbes",
"microbes",
"microbes"
]
} | Newborns are vulnerable to infection because they have no previous exposure to what? | [
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0.069511882960... | The Washington National Records Center (WNRC), located in Suitland, Maryland is a large warehouse type facility which stores federal records which are still under the control of the creating agency. Federal government agencies pay a yearly fee for storage at the facility. In accordance with federal records schedules, d... | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | Immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive. The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly, with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence. In developed countries, o... | microbes | 94,203 |
5729f8516aef05140015516d | Immune_system | Newborn infants have no prior exposure to microbes and are particularly vulnerable to infection. Several layers of passive protection are provided by the mother. During pregnancy, a particular type of antibody, called IgG, is transported from mother to baby directly across the placenta, so human babies have high levels... | What antibody is transported from the mother to baby across the placenta? | {
"answer_start": [
218,
218,
218
],
"text": [
"IgG",
"IgG",
"IgG"
]
} | What antibody is transported from the mother to baby across the placenta? | [
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0.1283468455... | As of 2013, the global advertising agencies of Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group, both based in Manhattan, had combined annual revenues of approximately US$21 billion, reflecting New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry, which is metonymously referred to as "Madison Avenue". The city... | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. In immunology, self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system. Conversely, non-self molecules are those recog... | IgG | 94,204 |
5729f8516aef05140015516e | Immune_system | Newborn infants have no prior exposure to microbes and are particularly vulnerable to infection. Several layers of passive protection are provided by the mother. During pregnancy, a particular type of antibody, called IgG, is transported from mother to baby directly across the placenta, so human babies have high levels... | Antibodies are transferred to the gut of the infant through what means? | {
"answer_start": [
412,
412,
412
],
"text": [
"Breast milk or colostrum",
"Breast milk",
"Breast milk or colostrum"
]
} | Antibodies are transferred to the gut of the infant through what means? | [
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5729f8516aef05140015516f | Immune_system | Newborn infants have no prior exposure to microbes and are particularly vulnerable to infection. Several layers of passive protection are provided by the mother. During pregnancy, a particular type of antibody, called IgG, is transported from mother to baby directly across the placenta, so human babies have high levels... | Antibodies transported from the mother to an infant via the placenta is an example of what type of short-lived immunity? | {
"answer_start": [
726,
726,
726
],
"text": [
"passive immunity",
"passive",
"passive immunity"
]
} | Antibodies transported from the mother to an infant via the placenta is an example of what type of short-lived immunity? | [
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0.029836472... | Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate... | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | Hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body's own tissues. They are divided into four classes (Type I – IV) based on the mechanisms involved and the time course of the hypersensitive reaction. Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate or anaphylactic reaction, often associated with allergy. Symptoms can ... | passive immunity | 94,206 |
5729f9953f37b3190047861f | Immune_system | Hormones can act as immunomodulators, altering the sensitivity of the immune system. For example, female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. ... | Hormones can alter the sensitivity of the immune system, so they can be referred to as what? | {
"answer_start": [
20,
20,
20
],
"text": [
"immunomodulators",
"immunomodulators",
"immunomodulators"
]
} | Hormones can alter the sensitivity of the immune system, so they can be referred to as what? | [
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-0.095700815320... | In January 1953, Nasser overcame opposition from Naguib and banned all political parties, creating a one-party system under the Liberation Rally, a loosely structured movement whose chief task was to organize pro-RCC rallies and lectures, with Nasser its secretary-general. Despite the dissolution order, Nasser was the ... | When a T-cell encounters a foreign pathogen, it extends a vitamin D receptor. This is essentially a signaling device that allows the T-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin D, the steroid hormone calcitriol. T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D. Not only does the T-cell extend a vitamin D receptor,... | Psychoactive drugs can impair the judgment of time. Stimulants can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals, while depressants can have the opposite effect. The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine may be the reason for this. Such chemicals will either ... | immunomodulators | 94,207 |
5729f9953f37b31900478620 | Immune_system | Hormones can act as immunomodulators, altering the sensitivity of the immune system. For example, female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. ... | Female sex hormones are immunostimulators of which immune responses? | {
"answer_start": [
154,
149,
154
],
"text": [
"adaptive and innate immune responses",
"both adaptive and innate",
"adaptive and innate immune responses"
]
} | Female sex hormones are immunostimulators of which immune responses? | [
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5729f9953f37b31900478621 | Immune_system | Hormones can act as immunomodulators, altering the sensitivity of the immune system. For example, female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. ... | What is an autoimmune disease that affects women preferentially? | {
"answer_start": [
225,
225,
225
],
"text": [
"lupus erythematosus",
"lupus erythematosus",
"lupus erythematosus"
]
} | What is an autoimmune disease that affects women preferentially? | [
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0.0296927597... | Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to f... | When a T-cell encounters a foreign pathogen, it extends a vitamin D receptor. This is essentially a signaling device that allows the T-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin D, the steroid hormone calcitriol. T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D. Not only does the T-cell extend a vitamin D receptor,... | In humans, this response is activated by complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes or the binding of complement proteins to carbohydrates on the surfaces of microbes. This recognition signal triggers a rapid killing response. The speed of the response is a result of signal amplification that... | lupus erythematosus | 94,209 |
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