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George Habash | In 1964 he began reorganizing the ANM, regrouping the Palestinian members of the organization into a "regional command." After the Six-Day War in 1967, disillusion with Nasser became widespread. This prompted the foundation, led by Habash, of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) as a front of severa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Habash |
Democratic confederalism | Rejecting both the authoritarianism and bureaucratism of state socialism and the predation of capitalism, seen by Öcalan as most responsible for the economic inequalities, sexism and environmental destruction in the world, democratic confederalism defends a "type of organization or administration can be called non-sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_confederalism |
1990 FIFA World Cup | Most wins: Italy (6)
Fewest wins: Egypt, Netherlands, Republic of Ireland, South Korea, Sweden, United Arab Emirates, United States (0)
Most defeats: South Korea, Sweden, United Arab Emirates, United States (3)
Fewest defeats: Italy, West Germany (0)
First goal: François Omam Biyik (for Cameroon vs Argentina; Group B, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup |
Aisha | Islamic sources of the classical era list Aisha's age at the time of her marriage as six or seven and nine or ten at its consummation. In a hadith from Sahih al-Bukhari, Aisha recollects having been married at six years of age. Ibn Sa'd's biography holds her age at the time of marriage as between six and seven, and giv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha |
Abdul-Karim Qasim | Qasim had withdrawn Iraq from the pro-Western Baghdad Pact in March 1959 and established friendly relations with the Soviet Union. Iraq also abolished its treaty of mutual security and bilateral relations with the UK. Iraq also withdrew from the agreement with the United States that was signed by the Iraqi monarchy in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Karim_Qasim |
Women's literary salons and societies in the Arab world | Many of the Arab women who founded literary salons received at least part of their education in Europe or in European missionary schools, and were thus exposed to certain aspects of European culture, including the salon tradition. In this regard, the great impact of the colonial powers and the imposition of their cultu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_literary_salons_and_societies_in_the_Arab_world |
Ancient Carthage | Lingering mutual animosity and renewed tensions along their borderlands led to the Second Punic War (218-201 BC), which involved factions from across the western and eastern Mediterranean. The war is marked by Hannibal's surprising overland journey to Rome, particularly his costly and strategically bold crossing of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage |
Protestantism and Islam | The Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was known for his tolerance of the Christian and Jewish faiths within his dominions, whereas the King of Spain did not tolerate the Protestant faith. The Ottoman Empire was indeed known at that time for its religious tolerance. Various religious refugees, such as the Huguenots, some Ang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam |
Women in Islam | In answering the question of how "Islamic" female circumcision is, Haifaa A. Jawad – an academic specialising in Islamic thought and the author of The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach – has concluded that "the practice has no Islamic foundation whatsoever. It is nothing more than an ancient custom which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Islam |
2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum | Azerbaijan: A spokesman for Ministry of Foreign Affairs said in a statement, "The Republic of Azerbaijan recognizes and fully supports the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the Republic of Iraq. Azerbaijan supports the peaceful resolution of matters between the Central Government of Iraq and Iraq Kurdistan Regio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Kurdistan_Region_independence_referendum |
Coptic Orthodox Church | Under Pope Shenouda, from 1971–2012, the church underwent a large transformation. Writing in 2013, the theologian Samuel Tadros stated "Today's Coptic Church as an institution is built solely on his vision". For the first time in its history, the synod codiefied its internal laws. It also established numerous coptic in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church |
Crusader states | The military orders emerged as a new form of religious organisation in response to the unstable conditions at western Christendom's borderlands. The first of them, the Knights Templar, developed from a knightly brotherhood attached to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Around 1119, the knights took the monastic vows of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_states |
University of al-Qarawiyyin | Many scholars consider al-Qarawiyyin's high point as an intellectual and scholarly center to be in the 13th and 14th centuries, when the curriculum was at its broadest and its prestige had reached new heights after centuries of expansion and elite patronage.: 141 Among the subjects taught around this period or shortly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin |
Sabbateans | Joseph Escapa (1572–1662) was especially known for having been the teacher of Zevi and for having afterward excommunicated him.
Aaron Lapapa (1590–1674) was the rabbi at Smyrna in 1665, when Zevi's movement was at its height there. He was one of the few rabbis to oppose and excommunicate Zevi. Zevi and his adherents ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbateans |
Battle of Mosul (2016–2017) | On 16 October 2016, Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi declared the beginning of the assault to recapture the city of Mosul. Officials reported howitzers firing on ISIL targets later that day. The Iraqi Armed Forces began the main assault on 17 October at approximately 6 a.m., local time, with shelling and the arriva... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017) |
Justice and Development Party (Turkey) | Controversies over whether the party remains committed to secular principles enshrined in the Turkish constitution have dominated Turkish politics since 2002. Turkey's constitution established the country as a secular state and prohibits any political parties that promote Islamism or shariah law.
Since coming to power,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey) |
Abdullah II of Jordan | The March 2011 outbreak of the Syrian Civil War forced masses of refugees across Jordan's border with Syria, about 3,000 refugees per day in the war's early stages. When asked about the Syrian conflict in an interview with the BBC in November 2011, Abdullah said that he would resign if he was in Bashar Al-Assad's shoes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan |
Zionism | In 1933, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, and in 1935 the Nuremberg Laws were enacted. Similar rules were applied by the many Nazi allies in Europe. The subsequent growth in Jewish migration fostered the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. Britain established the Peel Commission to investigate the situation. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism |
Names of God in Islam | Islamic tenets has detailed descriptions about to differentiate names with attributes (Arabic: صِفَة, romanized: ṣifāh plural of sˤi.faːt), which has literal abilities of their owns. Examples of the attributes are the name of "ar-Rahman" contains the attributes "mercifulness in general", or "fundamental mercy". Accordi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam |
List of Egyptian castles, forts, fortifications and city walls | 13th century BC The Way of Horus coastal and Sinai forts.
13th century BC Tharu castle.
13th century BC Boto Fort (by Seti I), (Qatia area), Sinai.
13th century BC Tel Habwa Fort (by Seti I), (Qantara area), Sinai
13th century BC Tel Kadwa Fort, Sinai
13th century BC Tel Al Hebr Fort, Sinai
13th century BC Kharouba For... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_castles,_forts,_fortifications_and_city_walls |
Egyptology | Various scholars have highlighted the role of colonial racism in shaping the attitudes of early Egyptologists, and criticised the continued over-representation of North American and European perspectives in the field. Cheikh Anta Diop in his work, "The African Origin of Civilization" argued that the prevailing views in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptology |
Sectarian violence in Iraq | In 1979, Saddam Hussein formally became the president of Iraq after Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr resigned due to health issues. Under Hussein's rule, the system in which citizens, organizations, and parties were monitored intensified in order to prevent losing political dominance over Iraq. Hussein assured full loyalty through... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Iraq |
Abraham in Islam | Ibrahim was born in a house of idolaters in the ancient city of Ur of the Chaldees, likely the place called 'Ur' in present-day Iraq, in which case, the idolaters would have been practitioners of the hypothesized Ancient Mesopotamian religion. His father Azar was a well-known idol-sculptor that his people worshiped. As... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam |
Isratin | Israel's capture of the West Bank from Jordan and the Gaza Strip from Egypt in the Six-Day War of 1967 recommenced the pre-1948 discourse concerning the one-state scenario, while at the same time giving the two-state solution arguably the only window of opportunity to become a reality.
Israel's victory over its neighbo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isratin |
Kashgar | On 31 October 1981, an incident occurred in the city due to a dispute between Uyghurs and Han Chinese in which three were killed. The incident was quelled by an army unit.
In 1986, the Chinese government designated Kashgar a "city of historical and cultural significance". Kashgar and surrounding regions have been the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashgar |
Kingdom of Yemen | The Idrisis rebelled against Saudi Arabia and Saudi Arabia soon suppressed the rebellion. Emir Idrisi took refuge in Yemen. That's why Yemen-Saudi Arabia relations began to become tense. Imam Yahya did not comply with the agreement and attacked Najran. Imam Yahya demanded that the administration in Asir be left to al-I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen |
Criticism of Muhammad | Western criticism has focused especially on the marriage of Muhammad to his first cousin Zaynab bint Jahsh, the divorced wife of Zayd ibn Harithah, an ex-slave whom Muhammad had adopted as his son. Orientalists and critics have criticized the marriage, questioning its motivations and implications, while some have viewe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad |
Varieties of Arabic | Arabic is characterized by a wide number of varieties; however, Arabic speakers are often able to manipulate the way they speak based on the circumstances. There can be a number of motives for changing one's speech: the formality of a situation, the need to communicate with people with different dialects, to get social... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic |
Islamic Golden Age | Astronomy in Islam was able to grow greatly because of several key factors. One factor was geographical: the Islamic world was close to the ancient lands of the Greeks, which held valuable ancient knowledge of the heavens in Greek manuscripts. During the new Abbasid Dynasty after the movement of the capital in 762 AD t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age |
Tayy | Throughout the 6th century, the Tayy continued their relations with the Sassanids and their chief Arab clients, the Lakhmids of Mesopotamia. Towards the end of the 6th century, a Tayyid chief named Hassan assisted the Sassanid king Khosrow II when the latter fled from his usurper, Bahram Chobin, by giving Khosrow a hor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayy |
History of the Middle East | While the Byzantine Roman and Sassanid Persian empires were both weakened by warfare (602–628), a new power in the form of Islam grew in the Middle East. In a series of rapid Muslim conquests, Arab armies, led by the Caliphs and skilled military commanders such as Khalid ibn al-Walid, swept through most of the Middle E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East |
Ibn al-Haytham | Alhazen was a Muslim and most sources report that he was a Sunni and a follower of the Ash'ari school. Ziauddin Sardar says that some of the greatest Muslim scientists, such as Ibn al-Haytham and Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, who were pioneers of the scientific method, were themselves followers of the Ashʿari school of Islamic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham |
Order of Assassins | The Assassins were founded by Hassan-i Sabbah. The state was formed in 1090 after the capture of Alamut Castle in the Alborz mountain range of Persia, which served as the Assassins' headquarters. The Alamut and Lambsar castles became the foundation of a network of Isma'ili fortresses throughout Persia and Syria that fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Assassins |
Assyrian Church of the East | In 1780, at the beginning of the patriarchal tenure of Eliya XII (XIII) (1778–1804), a group seceded from the Eliya line in Alqosh and elected Yohannan Hormizd, who entered full communion with the Catholic Church and was officially appointed Archbishop of Mosul and patriarchal administrator of the Chaldean Catholic Chu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East |
Art Deco | There was no section set aside for painting at the 1925 Exposition. Art deco painting was by definition decorative, designed to decorate a room or work of architecture, so few painters worked exclusively in the style, but two painters are closely associated with Art Deco. Jean Dupas painted Art Deco murals for the Bord... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco |
Islam in Azerbaijan | There is a certain rise of religious extremism across Azerbaijan as a result of continued problems such as corruption, poverty, and government rule, combined with disillusionment with the West and support of religious sects from different countries. However it works against a headwind of traditional secularism. Accordi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan |
Qaboos bin Said | Austria:
Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (31 March 2001)
Bahrain:
Member 1st Class of the Order of Al Khalifa
Brunei:
Member of the Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei (15 December 1984)
Egypt:
Grand Collar of the Order of the Nile (1976)
France:
Grand Cros... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaboos_bin_Said |
Medieval philosophy | The period from the middle of the eleventh century to the middle of the fourteenth century is known as the 'High medieval' or 'scholastic' period. It is generally agreed to begin with Saint Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109) an Italian philosopher, theologian, and church official who is famous as the originator of the on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_philosophy |
Classical Ottoman architecture | Early Ottoman mosques up to the early and mid 15th century were generally of three types: the single-domed mosque, the "T-plan" mosque, and the multi-domed mosque. A major step towards the style of later Ottoman mosques was the Üç Şerefeli Mosque in Edirne, begun by Murad II in 1437 and finished in 1447. The overall fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Ottoman_architecture |
Aşıklı Höyük | At Aşıklı Höyük the hearths are rectangular and usually placed in one of the corners of the rooms, ranging in size from 2.97 to 0.48 square metres (32.0 to 5.2 sq ft).
Large stones with a suitable flat shape were used to create an upright edge that stood approximately 20 cm (7.9 in) above the level of the floor. On ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk |
Philistines | A study carried out on skeletons at Ashkelon in 2019 by an interdisciplinary team of scholars from the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History and the Leon Levy Expedition found that human remains at Ashkelon, associated with Philistines during the Iron Age, derived most of their ancestry from the local L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistines |
Caliphate | The members of the Ahmadiyya community believe that the Ahmadiyya Caliphate (Arabic: Khilāfah) is the continuation of the Islamic caliphate, first being the Rāshidūn (rightly guided) Caliphate (of Righteous Caliphs). This is believed to have been suspended with Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad and re-established with th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate |
Wahhabi War | Although Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, the leader of the Wahhabi movement, had indirectly expressed critiques on Ottoman dynasty in his letters, he had decided not to publicly challenge the legitimacy of the empire as a precautionary measure. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab did not acknowledge their Caliphate claims, an assertion ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabi_War |
Esarhaddon | Vassals who had hoped to use the unstable political climate in Assyria to free themselves, perhaps believing that the new king hadn't yet consolidated his position well enough to stop them, and foreign powers eager to expand their territory soon realized that (despite Esarhaddon's distrust) the governors and soldiers o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esarhaddon |
Tannourine | Tannourine was inhabited since the Phoenician and Roman times. However, there is no conclusive evidence that it was a continuous presence or a discontinued one. Nor is there any evidence to prove whether this presence left an impact biologically and genetically on other people who came later to Tannourine. Based on the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannourine |
Lebanese people | The Lebanese diaspora consists of approximately 4- 14 million, both Lebanese-born living abroad and those born-abroad of Lebanese descent. The majority of the Lebanese in the diaspora are Christians, disproportionately so in the Americas where the vast majority reside. An estimate figure show that they represent about ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_people |
Mujahideen | Arguably the best-known mujahideen outside the Islamic world are the various, loosely aligned Afghan opposition groups who initially rebelled against the government of the pro-Soviet Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) during the late 1970s. At the DRA's request, the Soviet Union brought forces into the country to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideen |
Gog and Magog | The Book of Ezekiel records a series of visions received by the prophet Ezekiel, a priest of Solomon's Temple, who was among the captives during the Babylonian exile. The exile, he tells his fellow captives, is God's punishment on Israel for turning away, but God will restore his people to Jerusalem when they return to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magog |
Mogadishu | Mogadishu traditionally served as a commercial and financial centre. Before the importation of mass-produced cloth from Europe and America, the city's textiles were forwarded throughout the interior of the continent, as well as to the Arabian Peninsula and as far as the Persian coast.
Mogadishu's economy has grown rapi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu |
Grand Egyptian Museum | On 5 January 2002, then-Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak laid the foundation stone of the Grand Egyptian Museum.
In 2006, the 3,200 years old Statue of Ramesses II was relocated from Ramses Square in Cairo to the Grand Egyptian Museum site, near that Giza Plateau. It was moved to the atrium of the museum in January 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum |
Borders of Israel | Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim (1988). "Territorially-based Nationalism and the Politics of Negation". In Edward Said and Christopher Hitchens (ed.). Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question. Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-340-6.
Alsberg, Paul Avraham [in German] (1973). קביעת הגבול המזרחי של ארץ ישראל [De... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_Israel |
Health in the United Arab Emirates | A number of surveys have been conducted contributing in establishing comprehensive health promotion program and chalking out prevention and curative strategies.
On 27 June 2010, The Dubai Health Authority (DHA) and Dubai Statistics Centre (DSC) collaboratively completed first most comprehensive Dubai Household Health ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates |
Sasanian Empire | While successful at its first stage (from 602 to 622), the campaign of Khosrau II had actually exhausted the Persian army and treasuries. In an effort to rebuild the national treasuries, Khosrau overtaxed the population. Thus, while his empire was on the verge of total defeat, Heraclius (610–641) drew on all his dimini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
René Guénon | Introduction générale à l'étude des doctrines hindoues, Paris, Marcel Rivière, 1921, many editions.
Le Théosophisme, histoire d'une pseudo-religion, Paris, Nouvelle Librairie Nationale, 1921, many editions.
L'Erreur spirite, Paris, Marcel Rivière, 1923, many editions including: Éditions Traditionnelles. ISBN 2-7138-005... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non |
Arameans | The first certain reference to the Arameans appears in an Assyrian inscription of Tiglath-Pileser I (1115–1077 BCE), which refers to subjugating the "Ahlamû-Arameans" (Ahlame Armaia). Shortly afterward, the Ahlamû disappear from Assyrian annals and are replaced by the Arameans (Aramu, Arimi). That indicates that the Ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arameans |
Arab Christians | The designation "Greek" in the Greek Orthodox Church and Melkite Greek Catholic Church refers to the use of Koine Greek in liturgy, used today alongside Arabic. As a result, the Greek dominated clergy was commonplace serving the Arabic speaking Christians, the majority who couldn't speak Greek. Some viewed Greek rule a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Christians |
Zoroastrianism | According to the Zoroastrian creation myth, there is one universal, transcendent, all-good, and uncreated supreme creator deity Ahura Mazda, or the "Wise Lord" (Ahura meaning "Lord" and Mazda meaning "Wisdom" in Avestan). Zoroaster keeps the two attributes separate as two different concepts in most of the Gathas yet so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism |
Carolingian Empire | Almost every year between the accession of Charles Martel and the conclusion of the wars with the Saxons Frankish forces went on campaign or expedition, often into enemy territory. Charlemagne would, for many years, gather an assembly around Easter and launch a military effort that would typically take place through th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire |
Islam and blasphemy | In September 2005, in the tense aftermath of the assassination of Dutch film director Theo van Gogh, killed for his views on Islam, Danish news service Ritzau published an article discussing the difficulty encountered by the writer Kåre Bluitgen to find an illustrator to work on his children's book The Qur'an and the l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy |
Young Turks | Akçam, Taner (2006), A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility.
Akçam, Taner (2007), A Shameful Act, London: Macmillan.
Balakian, Peter (2003), The Burning Tigris: the Armenian Genocide and America's response.
Demonian, Hripsimé (1996), The Sick Men of Europe, Gyumri State Pedagog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turks |
Justinian I | Justinian was a prolific builder; the historian Procopius bears witness to his activities in this area. Under Justinian's reign, the San Vitale in Ravenna, which features two famous mosaics representing Justinian and Theodora, was completed under the sponsorship of Julius Argentarius. Most notably, he had the Hagia Sop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I |
Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world | Arabic mathematics, particularly algebra, developed significantly during the medieval period. Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwārizmī's (Arabic: محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي; c. 780 – c. 850) work between AD 813 and 833 in Baghdad was a turning point. He introduced the term "algebra" in the title of his book, "Kitab al-jabr wa al-muq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Christianity in Syria | Christians spread throughout Syria and have sizable populations in some cities/areas; important cities/areas are:
Aleppo – has the largest Christian population of various denominations (mostly ethnic Armenians and Assyrian/Syriac. Also members of Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and Melkite Catholic Church)
Damascus –... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria |
International propagation of Salafism | For Salafists, working with grassroots non-Salafi Islamist groups and individuals had significant advantages, because outside of Saudi Arabia the audience for Salafi doctrines were limited to the elites and "religiously conservative milieus," and majority of people followed popular folk culture associated with local va... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism |
Modern Arabic literature | The musical plays of Lebanese Maroun Naccache from the mid-1800s are considered as the birth of not only theatre in Lebanon, but also of modern Arabic theatre. Modern Arabic drama began to be written in the 19th century chiefly in Egypt and mainly influenced and in imitation of French works. It was not until the 20th c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Arabic_literature |
History of the Middle East | The Arabian Tectonic Plate was part of the African Plate during much of the Phanerozoic Eon (Paleozoic–Cenozoic), until the Oligocene Epoch of the Cenozoic Era. Red Sea rifting began in the Eocene, but the separation of Africa and Arabia occurred in the Oligocene, and since then the Arabian Plate has been slowly moving... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East |
Funeral prayer (Islam) | It is preferable that those praying divide themselves into odd rows with one person as an imam standing alone in front and while facing the qiblah. The body is placed in front of the Imam. If there is more than one body, then these should be put in front of the other. The spoken part of the prayer involves quietly rec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_prayer_(Islam) |
Supercars Championship | Discussions about parity had returned in 2000, with 100 millimetres (3.9 in) trimmed from the front spoiler of the Commodore after Holden, in particular, the Holden Racing Team, had dominated in 1998 and 1999. This was in response to the 300 millimetres (12 in) removed from the Falcon in previous seasons, and coincided... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercars_Championship |
1983–1988 Kuwait terror attacks | On 12 December 1983, a truck laden with 45 large cylinders of gas connected to plastic explosives broke through the front gates of the American Embassy in Kuwait City and rammed into the embassy's three-story administrative annex, demolishing half the structure. The shock blew out windows and doors in distant homes and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%931988_Kuwait_terror_attacks |
Malays (ethnic group) | The traditional Malay apparel and textile has been continuously morphed since the time of antiquity. Historically, the ancient Malays were chronicled to incorporate various natural materials as a vital source for fabrics, clothing and attire. The common era however, witnessing the early arrivals the merchants from east... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group) |
Corpus separatum (Jerusalem) | During the negotiations in 1947 of proposals for a resolution for peace in Mandate Palestine, the Vatican, Italy and France revived their historic claims over the Christian holy places that they had lost in 1914 but expressed them as a call for a special international regime for the city of Jerusalem. The Vatican suppo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Jerusalem) |
Suez Crisis | The operation, aimed at taking control of the Suez Canal, Gaza, and parts of Sinai, was highly successful for the invaders from a military point of view, but was a disaster from a political point of view, resulting in international criticism and diplomatic pressure. Along with the Suez crisis, the United States was als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis |
Battle of Salamis (306 BC) | Demetrius landed on the Karpasia Peninsula on the northeast of the island and established a fortified encampment, protected by a palisade and a moat. From there he began raiding the area, and captured the towns of Karpasia and Urania. Leaving his fleet there, he then marched on land against the city of Salamis. Menelau... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC) |
History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes | The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem seems to have had a wooden dome in two shells up to the 12th century, with some interruptions. After their establishing control of the city, the crusaders added a choir with a dome next to the existing rotunda. The French Romanesque addition replaced the eastern apse of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes |
Algeria | In 1516, the Turkish privateer brothers Aruj and Hayreddin Barbarossa, who operated successfully under the Hafsids, moved their base of operations to Algiers. They succeeded in conquering Jijel and Algiers from the Spaniards with help from the locals who saw them as liberators from the Christians, but the brothers even... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria |
Setnakhte | Setnakhte was not the son, brother or a direct descendant of either Twosret or Merneptah Siptah—the immediately preceding two pharaohs—nor that of Siptah's predecessor Seti II, whom Ramesses III, Setnakhte's son, formally considered the last legitimate ruler in his Medinet Habu kinglist. Setnakhte was a man of unknown... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setnakhte |
Date palm | In Ancient Rome, the palm fronds used in triumphal processions to symbolize victory were most likely those of P. dactylifera. The date palm was a popular garden plant in Roman peristyle gardens, though it would not bear fruit in the more temperate climate of Italy. It is recognizable in frescoes from Pompeii and elsewh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_palm |
Yazidis | Yezidis came into contact with the Ottomans for the first time in the early 16th century and lived as semi-independent entities under the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans had conquered Kurdish regions and installed their own governors in Diyarbekir, Urfa, Shingal and Mosul. In 1516 AD, Sultan Selim the Grim launched an inv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis |
Carthage | The merchants of Carthage were in part heirs of the Mediterranean trade developed by Phoenicia, and so also heirs of the rivalry with Greek merchants. Business activity was accordingly both stimulated and challenged. Cyprus had been an early site of such commercial contests. The Phoenicians then had ventured into the w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage |
Middle East Media Research Institute | MEMRI's work is organized into projects, each with a specific focus. The main subjects the organization addresses are jihad and terrorism; relations between the U.S. and Middle East; pro-democracy and pro-civil rights views; inter-Arab relations; and anti-Semitism.
The Reform Project, according to MEMRI, focuses on mon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Media_Research_Institute |
Iraq Museum | A few days later, agents of the FBI were sent to Iraq to search for stolen Museum property. UNESCO organized an emergency meeting of antiquities experts on April 17, 2003, in Paris to deal with the aftermath of the looting and its effects on the global art and antiquities market.
On April 18, 2003, the Baghdad Museum P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Museum |
Science in classical antiquity | The first institution of higher learning in Ancient Greece was founded by Plato (c. 427 – c. 347 BC), an Athenian who—perhaps under Pythagorean influence—appears to have identified the ordering principle of the universe as one based on number and geometry. A later account has it that Plato had inscribed at the entrance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_classical_antiquity |
Deir Yassin massacre | A number of sources alleged there had been instances of rape. Levi wrote on April 13: "LHI members tell of the barbaric behavior of the IZL toward the prisoners and the dead. They also relate that the IZL men raped a number of Arab girls and murdered them afterward (we don't know if this is true)" Another source of ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre |
Qarmatians | According to Farhad Daftary, the catalyst of the collapse of Qarmatian movement as a whole happened in the year 931, when Abu Tahir al-Janabi, the Qarmatian leader in Bahrain, handed over the reins of the state in Bahrain to Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani, a young Persian man who had been believed by the Qarmatians to be the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarmatians |
Syrian Democratic Forces | On 12 October 2015, the Pentagon confirmed U.S. C-17 transport aircraft dropped 100 pallets with 45 tons of arms and ammunition over SDF-controlled territory in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria. Polat Can, spokesman of the SDF component militia People's Protection Units (YPG), identified the freigh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces |
Kharijites | According to Rudolf Ernst Brünnow (1858–1917), the first academic historian to systematically study the Kharijites, the qurra supported the arbitration proposal because, as pious believers in the Qur'an, they felt obliged to respond to the call of making the Qur'an the arbitrator. The people who objected to the treaty ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharijites |
Fatah–Hamas conflict | Facing international sanctions, the Hamas-led Palestinian Authority depended on the import of large amounts of cash to pay its debts. On 14 December 2006, Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh, carrying tens of millions in donations, was denied by Israel entry into Gaza via the Rafah Border Crossing. Angry Hamas militants stor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict |
Crusades | According to the historian Joshua Prawer no major European poet, theologian, scholar or historian settled in the crusader states. Some went on pilgrimage, and this is seen in new imagery and ideas in western poetry. Although they did not migrate east themselves, their output often encouraged others to journey there on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades |
Qays–Yaman rivalry | Though the Abbasid Revolution was "hotly pro-Yaman and anti-Qays", once the Abbasids consolidated power they "took up the tribal balancing policy of the defunct Umayyad regime", according to historian Khalid Yahya Blankinship. Much of the Qaysi leaders of Upper Mesopotamia and the Byzantine and Armenian frontiers, incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qays%E2%80%93Yaman_rivalry |
Arab citizens of Israel | Some Israeli politicians advocate land-swap proposals in order to assure a continued Jewish majority within Israel. A specific proposal is that Israel transfer sovereignty of part of the Arab-populated Wadi Ara area (west of the Green Line) to a future Palestinian state, in return for formal sovereignty over the major ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel |
Bible | Critics view certain biblical texts to be morally problematic. The Bible neither calls for nor condemns slavery outright, but there are verses that address dealing with it, and these verses have been used to support it. Some have written that supersessionism begins in the book of Hebrews where others locate its beginni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible |
Sufism | Sufi mysticism has long exercised a fascination upon the Western world, and especially its Orientalist scholars. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, European orientalists treated Sufism and Islam as distinct subjects, leading to "an over-emphasis on the translation of classical Sufi mystical literature" in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism |
Champa | Several granite tablets and inscriptions from My Son, Tra Kieu, Hue, Khanh Hoa dated 653–687 report a Cham king named Jaya Prakāśadharma who ascended the throne of Champa as Vikrantavarman I (r. 653–686). Prakāśadharma had thorough knowledge of Sanskrit learning, Sanskrit literature, and Indian cosmology. He authorized... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champa |
Zirid dynasty | The Zirids renounced the Fatimids and recognized the Abbasid Caliphs in 1048-49, or sometime between 1041 and 1051. The recognition of the Abbasids was nominal, as the Abbasids themselves were in political decline and could not impose direct authority in the region. In retaliation against the Zirids, the Fatimids sent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirid_dynasty |
2008 invasion of Anjouan | Bacar managed to escape to Mayotte by speedboat, and reports on March 26 confirmed his presence on the island and stated he had requested political asylum in France. The Associated Press reported from Paris that France was considering the request for political asylum but Comoran leaders and anti-French protesters in Co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_invasion_of_Anjouan |
Syrians in Lebanon | While both Lebanon and Syria were under Ottoman rule until 1918, what was then known as Mount Lebanon became home to Maronite Christian and Druze minorities who immigrated from all over the region, including modern day Syria. These religious differences, as well as the relative isolation due to the mountainous terrain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrians_in_Lebanon |
History of the Spanish language | The mention of "influences" on the Spanish language refers primarily to lexical borrowing. Throughout its history, Spanish has accepted loanwords, first from pre-Roman languages (including Basque, Iberian, Celtiberian and Gallaecian), and later from Greek, from Germanic languages, from Arabic, from neighboring Romance ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Spanish_language |
Salah Jadid | Jadid was born in 1926 in the village of Dweir Baabda, near the coastal city of Jableh, to an Alawite family of the Haddadin tribe. However, there is another report stating his birth year as 1924. He studied at the Homs Military Academy, and entered the Syrian Army in 1946. Jadid was originally a member of the Syrian S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_Jadid |
Tajikistan | After the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in an attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a 4-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population suppressed. Soviet authorities started a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan |
Imamate in Zaydi doctrine | Early Zaydis were divided in two camps, the moderate Batriyya, that was closer to proto-Sunnism and prevailed in the 8th century, and the more radical Jarudiyya, which leaned far more towards early Shi'a doctrines, and eventually became the dominant strain by the 9th century. In common with all Shi'a groups, the Batriy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine |
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