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History of Mesopotamia | Two types of chronologies can be distinguished: a relative chronology and an absolute chronology. The former establishes the order of phases, periods, cultures and reigns, whereas the latter establishes their absolute age expressed in years. In archaeology, relative chronologies are established by carefully excavating ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia |
Antisemitism | Physical assaults against Jews in Europe have included beatings, stabbings, and other violence, which increased markedly, sometimes resulting in serious injury and death. A 2015 report by the US State Department on religious freedom declared that "European anti-Israel sentiment crossed the line into anti-Semitism."
Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism |
Israeli settlement | Land in the Gaza Strip available to its Palestinian inhabitants has historically been limited as a result of Israeli land confiscation and the establishment of settlements. Settlement growth in the Gaza Strip before 1977 was limited, as the Israeli labor party's policy of containment preferred the establishment of a co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement |
Non-denominational Muslim | After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, two conflicting views emerged about who should succeed him as the leader of the Muslim community. Some Muslims, who believed that Muhammad never clearly named his successor, resorted to the Arabian tradition of electing their leader by a council of influential members of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim |
Neo-Ottomanism | Neo-Ottomanism has been used to describe Turkish foreign policy under the Justice and Development Party which took power in 2002 under Erdoğan, who subsequently became Prime Minister. Neo-Ottomanism is a dramatic shift from the traditional Turkish foreign policy of the Kemalist ideology, which emphasized looking westwa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism |
Proclamation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | On September 18, 1932, King Abdulaziz ibn Saud issued a royal decree that read:Royal Decree, No. 2716
September 18th, 1932
Having placed our reliance on God, and in accordance with the telegrams with which our various subjects in the Kingdom of Hejaz, Nejd and its Dependencies have petitioned us, and in compliance with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia |
Morisco | Because conversions to Christianity were decreed by law rather than by their own will, most Moriscos still genuinely believed in Islam. Because of the danger associated with practicing Islam, however, the religion was largely practiced clandestinely. A legal opinion, called "the Oran fatwa" by modern scholars, circulat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisco |
Six-Day War | Israel was to gain almost total control of the West Bank by the evening of 7 June, and began its military occupation of the West Bank on that day, issuing a military order, the "Proclamation Regarding Law and Administration (The West Bank Area) (No. 2)—1967", which established the military government in the West Bank a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War |
Chronology of the ancient Near East | At least as far back as the reign of Thutmose I, Egypt took a strong interest in the ancient Near East. At times they occupied portions of the region, a favor returned later by the Assyrians. Some key synchronisms:
Battle of Kadesh, involving Ramses II of Egypt ("Year 5 III Shemu day 9") and Muwatalli II of the Hittit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_ancient_Near_East |
Moroccan architecture | Moroccan cities and towns were supplied with water through a number of different mechanisms. As elsewhere, most settlements were built near existing water sources such as rivers and oases. However, further engineering was necessary in order to supplement natural sources and in order to distribute the water across the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_architecture |
Anti-Sunnism | Since the 1979 Iranian Revolution, Sunni minority in Iran has essentially been treated as second-class citizens through sectarian policies by Iran's Khomeinist government. Sunni-majority provinces are neglected by the government, leading to socio-economic disenfranchisement and high rates of poverty. Iran's first Supre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Sunnism |
Tuareg people | Traditionally, Tuareg society is hierarchical, with nobility and vassals. The linguist Karl-Gottfried Prasse (1995) indicates that the nobles constitute the highest caste. They are known in the Tuareg language as imušaɣ/imuhaɣ/imajăɣăn the proud and free".
The nobles originally had a monopoly on carrying arms and owni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people |
Mike Pompeo | After Joe Biden won the 2020 United States presidential election and Trump refused to concede while making false claims of fraud, Pompeo, when asked whether there would be a "smooth transition" to the Biden administration, responded on November 10, 2020: "There will be a smooth transition to a second Trump administrati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pompeo |
History of the Arabs |
Most Arabs in modern times live in the Arab world, which comprises 22 countries in Middle East, North Africa, and parts of the Horn of Africa. All are all modern states and became significant as distinct political entities. There is also a large Arab diaspora worldwide following the fall, defeat and dissolution of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs |
Middle Assyrian Empire | In the preceding Old Assyrian period, the Assyrian government was in many respects an oligarchy, with the king being a permanent, but not the only prominent, actor, presiding over the meetings of Assur's main administrative body, the city assembly. Perhaps partly inspired by the period of more autocratic rule when Assu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire |
National Liberation Front (Algeria) | Arab nationalism and Pan-Arabism are considered core principles of the FLN and Algerian nationalism. Arab themes were glorified as the foundation of Algerian nationalism that would fit into Pan-Arabism. Albert Camus argued that Algerian nationalism was closely tied to Nasserism and Pan-Arabism in an essay titled 'Alger... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria) |
Somalia | Until the collapse of the federal government in 1991, the organizational and administrative structure of Somalia's healthcare sector was overseen by the Ministry of Health. Regional medical officials enjoyed some authority, but healthcare was largely centralized. The socialist government of former President of Somalia ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia |
Ptolemaic Kingdom | The Ptolemies maintained a standing army throughout their reign, made up of both professional soldiers (including mercenaries) and recruits. From the very beginning the Ptolemaic army demonstrated considerable resourcefulness and adaptability. In his fight for control over Egypt, Ptolemy I had relied on a combination o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom |
Islamic eschatology | Jihadis of the Islamic State see the fulfillment of many of the "lesser signs" of the coming of Judgement Day in current events.
Its generally agreed that Israel Arab wars have been wars between Muslims and Jews (which were prophesied), and that moral standards have declined leading to rampant fornication, alcohol co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_eschatology |
Shah Alam II | In 1760, after Shah Alam's militia gaining control over pockets in Bengal, Bihar and parts of Odisha, Prince Ali Gauhar and his Mughal Army of 30,000 intended to overthrow Mir Jafar and Imad-ul-Mulk after they tried to capture or kill him by advancing towards Awadh and Patna in 1759. But the conflict soon involved the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Alam_II |
Yemen | The Ottomans had two fundamental interests to safeguard in Yemen: The Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina, and the trade route with India in spices and textiles—both threatened, and the latter virtually eclipsed, by the arrival of the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea in the early 16th century. Hadım S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen |
Arabic music | The majority of musical instruments used in European medieval and classical music have roots in Arabic musical instruments that were adopted from the medieval Arab world. They include the lute, which shares an ancestor with the oud; rebec (an ancestor of the violin) from rebab, guitar from qitara, naker from naqareh, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_music |
Ibn Butlan | Ibn Buṭlān was the favourite student of ibn al-Ṭayyib, a Church of the East leader, priest, and polymath, at al-ʿAḍudī Hospital. He taught him about philosophy and medicine. He instructed him in the works of Galen, Aristotle, and Hippocrates – additionally in those of Porphyry, Themistius, Pedanius Dioscorides, and mor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Butlan |
Salafi movement | The first phase of the Salafiyya movement emerged amidst the reform-minded ulema of the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire during the late nineteenth century. The movement relied primarily upon the works of Hanbali theologian Ahmad Ibn Taymiyya, whose call to follow the path of Salaf, inspired their name. The early p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Elam | Proto-Elamite civilization grew up east of the Tigris and Euphrates alluvial plains; it was a combination of the lowlands and the immediate highland areas to the north and east. At least three proto-Elamite states merged to form Elam: Anshan, Awan, and Shimashki. References to Awan are generally older than those to Ans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam |
Water conflict | Transboundary institutions can be designed to promote cooperation, overcome initial disputes and find ways of coping with the uncertainty created by climate change. The effectiveness of such institutions can also be monitored.
The Indus River Commission and the 1960 Indus Water Treaty have survived two wars between Ind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conflict |
Ayyubid dynasty | Saladin went to Alexandria in 1171–72 and found himself facing the dilemma of having many supporters in the city, but little money. A family council was held there by the Ayyubid emirs of Egypt where it was decided that al-Muzaffar Taqi al-Din Umar, Saladin's nephew, would launch an expedition against the coastal regio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Houthi takeover in Yemen | On 18 January 2015, the Houthis kidnapped Ahmad Awad bin Mubarak, the president's chief of staff, in a dispute over changes proposed in a new constitution. The group rejected the proposed draft of the constitution, which internally organized Yemen into six federal regions, while imposing presidential term limits, creat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen |
Sulaymanid dynasty | The history of the Sulaymānid dynasty is poorly understood and historians have few chronological benchmarks. It begins according to Ibn Khaldūn with the flight of Sulaymān Ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmil towards the Maghreb after the Battle of Fakhkh in 786, then its takeover of Tlemcen then in the hand of the Zenata, (in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymanid_dynasty |
Sharia | The social fabric of pre-modern Islamic societies was largely defined by close-knit communities organized around kinship groups and local neighborhoods. Conflicts between individuals had the potential to escalate into a conflict between their supporting groups and disrupt the life of the entire community. Court litigat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Nuri al-Said | The Bakr Sidqi coup showed the extent to which Nuri had tied his fate to that of the British in Iraq: he was the only politician of the toppled government to seek refuge in the British Embassy, and his hosts sent him into exile in Egypt. He returned to Baghdad in August 1937 and began plotting his return to power in co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_al-Said |
Isma'ilism | Ismailism shares its beginnings with other early Shia sects that emerged during the succession crisis that spread throughout the early Muslim community. From the beginning, the Shia asserted the right of Ali, cousin of Muhammad, to have both political and spiritual control over the community. This also included his two... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism |
Israel–Hamas war | The 1948 Palestine war saw the establishment of Israel over most of what had been Mandatory Palestine, with the exception of two separated territories that became known as the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, which were held by Jordan and Egypt respectively. Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel occupied the Palestinian ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war |
Babylonia | In 620 BC Nabopolassar seized control over much of Babylonia with the support of most of the inhabitants, with only the city of Nippur and some northern regions showing any loyalty to the beleaguered Assyrian king. Nabopolassar was unable to utterly secure Babylonia, and for the next four years he was forced to contend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia |
Samanid Empire | Blair, Sheila, ed. (1992). The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana. Vol. V. E.J. Brill.
Bregel, Yuri (2003). An Historical Atlas of Central Asia. Vol. 9. Brill. ISBN 9789004123212.
Bosworth, C. E. (1968). "The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids". Iran. 6: 33–44. doi:10... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_Empire |
Prophethood (Ahmadiyya) | See also Criteria of True Prophet
A Hadith of Muhammad states that "124,000 Prophets" came before his advent . This is in accordance with many Qur'anic verses, namely:
"And there is no people to whom a Warner (Nazir) has not been sent." (35:25), "And there is a guide for every people." (13:8), "There are no people (in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophethood_(Ahmadiyya) |
Texas | Part of the state's tradition of cowboys is derived from the massive cattle drives which its ranchers organized in the nineteenth century to drive livestock to railroads and markets.
The first railroad to operate in Texas was the Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, opening in August 1853. The first railroad to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas |
Supercars Championship | In order to compete in the Supercars Championship, drivers are required to hold a CAMS National Circuit Competition Licence, or a licence of an equivalent or higher level. Each car entered is required to have a Teams Racing Charter (TRC), formerly known as a Racing Entitlements Contract (REC). A TRC is a contract betwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercars_Championship |
Zaydism | There was a difference of opinion among the companions and supporters of Zayd ibn 'Ali, such as Abu al-Jarud Ziyad ibn Abi Ziyad, Sulayman ibn Jarir, Kathir al-Nawa al-Abtar and Hasan ibn Salih, concerning the status of the first three Rashidun caliphs who succeeded to the political and administrative authority of Muha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydism |
One Thousand and One Nights | The main frame story concerns Shahryār, whom the narrator calls a "Sasanian king" ruling in "India and China". Shahryār is shocked to learn that his brother's wife is unfaithful. Discovering that his own wife's infidelity has been even more flagrant, he has her killed. In his bitterness and grief, he decides that all w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights |
Liberalism in Egypt | Under the parliamentary monarchy, Egypt reached the peak of its modern intellectual Renaissance that was started by Rifa'a el-Tahtawy nearly a century earlier. Among those who set the intellectual tone of a newly independent Egypt, in addition to Muhammad Abduh and Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed, were Qasim Amin, Muhammad Husayn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt |
Sogdia | The Sogdians practiced a variety of religious faiths. However, Zoroastrianism was most likely their main religion, as demonstrated by material evidence, such as the discovery in Samarkand, Panjakent and Er-Kurgan of murals depicting votaries making offerings before fire altars and ossuaries holding the bones of the dea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdia |
Battle of Khafji | On 31 January, the effort to retake the city began anew. The attack was launched at 08:30 hours, and was met by heavy but mostly inaccurate Iraqi fire; however, three Saudi Arabian V-150 armored cars were knocked out by RPG-7s at close range. The 8th battalion of the Saudi Arabian brigade was ordered to deploy to the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khafji |
Copts | Outside of the Coptic primary area of residence within parts of present-day Egypt (Copts in Egypt), Sudan (Copts in Sudan), and Libya (Copts in Libya), the largest Coptic diaspora population is located within the United States, Canada, and Australia.
The first Coptic Orthodox church in North America is St. Mark in Toro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts |
The Guardian | In recent decades, The Guardian has been accused of biased criticism of Israeli government policy and of bias against the Palestinians. In December 2003, columnist Julie Burchill cited "striking bias against the state of Israel" as one of the reasons she left the paper for The Times.
Responding to these accusations, a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian |
Sudanese literature | Literature in contemporary Sudan is either recited orally or written in the Arabic language, with certain types also in local languages, such as poetry in the Fur language of western Sudan. As in other African countries, both written literature and genres of oral tradition, such as folk tales, proverbs or poems, are co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_literature |
Dome | Cultures from pre-history to modern times constructed domed dwellings using local materials. Although it is not known when the first dome was created, sporadic examples of early domed structures have been discovered. The earliest discovered may be four small dwellings made of Mammoth tusks and bones. The first was foun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome |
Sharia | The Islamic revival of the late 20th century brought the topic of Sharia to international attention in the form of numerous political campaigns in the Muslim world calling for full implementation of Sharia. A number of factors have contributed to the rise of these movements, classified under the rubric of Islamism or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
World War I | The Ottomans threatened Russia's Caucasian territories and Britain's communications with India via the Suez Canal. As the conflict progressed, the Ottoman Empire took advantage of the European powers' preoccupation with the war and conducted large-scale ethnic cleansing of the indigenous Armenian, Greek, and Assyrian C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I |
Arab Peace Initiative | The Initiative has also obtained the support of a large number of leading commentators on Middle East issues. On April 9, 2007, Noam Chomsky, offered the following thoughts shortly after the Beirut Declaration was readopted by the League of Arab States:
The Arab League plan goes beyond earlier versions of the internat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative |
Haratin | In Mauritania, the Haratin form one of the largest ethnic groups and account for as much as 40% of the Mauritanians. They are sometimes referred to as "Black Moors", in contrast to Beidane, or "White Moors". The Haratin of Mauritania also primarily spoke Hassaniya Arabic.
The Haratin of Mauritania, according to anthro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haratin |
Jordan | The oldest known evidence of hominid habitation in Jordan dates back at least 200,000 years. Jordan is a rich source of Paleolithic human remains (up to 20,000 years old) due to its location within the Levant, where various migrations of hominids out of Africa converged, and its more humid climate during the Late Pleis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan |
Arameans | The emergence of the Arameans occurred during the Bronze Age collapse (1200–900 BCE), which saw great upheavals and mass movements of peoples across the Middle East, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, the East Mediterranean, North Africa, Ancient Iran, Ancient Greece and the Balkans and led to the genesis of new peoples and pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arameans |
Battle of Siffin | Historical materials are abundant about the Battle of Siffin but they often describe disconnected episodes of the war. Lecker and Wellhausen have thus found it impossible to establish the course of the battle. Nevertheless, it can be said with some certainty that the battle began on Wednesday, 26 July 657, and continue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin |
Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi | Kitab al-talwihat
Kitab al-moqawamat
Kitab al-mashari' wa'l-motarahat, Arabic texts edited with introduction in French by H. Corbin, Tehran: Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy, and Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve, 1976; vol II: I. Le Livre de la Théosophie oriental
(Kitab Hikmat al-ishraq) 2. Le Symbole de foi des philos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi |
Abdul Hamid II | In 1898, U.S. Secretary of State John Hay asked United States Minister to the Ottoman Empire Oscar Straus to request that Abdul Hamid, in his capacity as caliph, write a letter to the Sulu Muslims, a Moro subgroup, of the Sulu Sultanate in the Philippines, ordering them not to join the Moro Rebellion and submit to Amer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II |
Roman Empire | Most apartments in Rome lacked kitchens, though a charcoal brazier could be used for rudimentary cookery. Prepared food was sold at pubs and bars, inns, and food stalls (tabernae, cauponae, popinae, thermopolia). Carryout and restaurants were for the lower classes; fine dining appeared only at dinner parties in wealthy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire |
Thabo Mbeki | While president, Mbeki was also criticised for his public messaging on HIV/AIDS. He was viewed as sympathetic to or influenced by the views of a small minority of scientists who challenged the scientific consensus that HIV caused AIDS and that antiretroviral drugs were the most effective means of treatment. In an April... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki |
Acre, Israel | Around 37 BC, the Romans conquered the Hellenized Phoenician port-city called Akko. It became a colony in southern Roman Phoenicia, called Colonia Claudia Felix Ptolemais Garmanica Stabilis. Ptolemais stayed Roman for nearly seven centuries until 636 AD, when it was conquered by the Muslim Arabs. Under Augustus, a gymn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel |
Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting | We do not understand exactly how Renaissance artists thought about the Oriental carpets they were depicting. We know that the Venetian Piazza San Marco was adorned with carpets hanging from the windows of the surrounding palaces and houses on special occasions. Like the beautiful ladies looking out of the windows, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting |
Al-Hafiz | Arriving in Cairo soon after the murder of Hasan, Bahram al-Armani, although a Christian, was named vizier on 4 April 1135 and received the title of 'Sword of Islam' (Sayf al-Islām). The appointment of a Christian to the post of vizier provoked much opposition among the Muslims, as the office was seen as the representa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hafiz |
Ptolemaic Kingdom | The Ptolemies maintained a standing army throughout their reign, made up of both professional soldiers (including mercenaries) and recruits. From the very beginning the Ptolemaic army demonstrated considerable resourcefulness and adaptability. In his fight for control over Egypt, Ptolemy I had relied on a combination o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom |
Cherchell | Eventually, Ottoman Turks managed to successfully reconquer the city from Spanish occupation in the 16th century, using the city primarily as a fortified port. In 1520, Hayreddin Barbarossa captured the town and annexed the Algerian Pashalic. His elder brother Oruç Reis built a fort over the town. Under Turkish occupat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell |
Raqqada | The remains of the historic palaces at Raqqada have only been partially excavated.: 25 Remains have been found across a site of approximately 9 square kilometers, suggesting that the city grew fairly large at the time.: 3 Fragments of carved stucco decoration similar to that of Abbasid Samarra have been found at the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqada |
Habib Bourguiba | When he returned to Tunisia, Bourguiba decided to start a campaign to regain control of the party. From November 1949 to March 1950, Bourguiba visited cities such as Bizerte, Medjez el-Bab and Sfax and saw his popularity increase, thanks to his charisma and oratory skills. Once he had achieved his goals, he reappeared ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba |
Failed state | According to U.S. Department of Justice Trial Attorney Dan E. Stigall, "the international community is confronted with an increasing level of transnational crime in which criminal conduct in one country has an impact in another or even several others. Drug trafficking, human trafficking, computer crimes, terrorism, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failed_state |
Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) | The Conference formally opened on 18 January 1919 at the Quai d'Orsay in Paris. This date was symbolic, as it was the anniversary of the proclamation of William I as German Emperor in 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles, shortly before the end of the Siege of Paris – a day itself imbued with signi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920) |
Islamic glass | This is the 'Golden Age' of Islamic glassmaking, despite the fractious nature of the Islamic world. Persia and Mesopotamia (along with parts of Syria for some time) came under control of the Seljuq Turks, and later the Mongols, while in the Eastern Mediterranean, the Ayyubid and Mamluk Dynasties held sway. Furthermore,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_glass |
1969 Libyan revolution | In view of the lack of internal resistance, it appeared that the chief danger to the new government lay in the possibility of a reaction inspired by the absent King Idris or his designated heir, Hasan ar Rida, who had been taken into custody at the time of the coup along with other senior civil and military officials o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution |
Legal system of Saudi Arabia | Sharia (or Islamic law), the primary source of law in modern Saudi Arabia, was developed gradually by Muslim judges and scholars between the seventh and tenth centuries. From the time of the Abbasid Caliphate in the 8th century, the developing Sharia was accepted as the basis of law in the towns of the Muslim world, in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia |
Sharifian Army | The Sharifian Army consisted of about 5,000 regular forces and many thousands of irregular forces. Many of the regular forces were former Arab members of the Ottoman military who defected and joined the Arab Revolt. Irregular forces refer to largely untrained Arabs who joined the revolt for a short period of time whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharifian_Army |
Temple Mount | Around 19 BCE, Herod the Great further expanded the Temple Mount and rebuilt the temple. The ambitious project, which involved the employment of 10,000 workers, more than doubled the size of the Temple Mount to approximately 36 acres (150,000 m2). Herod leveled the area by cutting away rock on the northwest side and ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Mount |
Reason | Since classical antiquity a question has remained constant in philosophical debate (sometimes seen as a conflict between Platonism and Aristotelianism) concerning the role of reason in confirming truth. People use logic, deduction, and induction to reach conclusions they think are true. Conclusions reached in this way ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason |
Persecution of Baháʼís | Starting in the twentieth century, in addition to repression that impacted individual Baháʼís, centrally-directed campaigns that targeted the entire Baháʼí community and institutions were initiated. Some of these persecutions were recorded by missionaries who were in the areas at the time of the massacres. In one case ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs |
Boko Haram | Until the 1990s, the Nigerian military was seen as a force for stability across the region. But by 2014, it was short of basic equipment, including radios and armoured vehicles. Morale was said to be low. Senior officers were allegedly skimming military procurement and budget funds which were intended to pay for the st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram |
Banu Tujib | The accession of emir Abdullah led to shuffling of the court, and the father of Ahmad al-Qurashi, who had been the visier, fell out of favor. The new emir then encouraged the Tujibies to take action against the governor. In events concluding in January 890, ʿAbd al-Rahman and his son Muhammad carried out a plot in wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Tujib |
Babur | Kabul was ruled by Babur's paternal uncle Ulugh Beg II, who died leaving only an infant as heir. The city was then claimed by Mukin Begh, who was considered to be a usurper and was opposed by the local populace. In 1504, Babur was able to cross the snowy Hindu Kush mountains and capture Kabul from the remaining Arghuni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur |
Umayyad Mosque | The Sunni Muslim Seljuk Turks gained control of the city in 1078 and restored the nominal rule of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Seljuk ruler Tutush (r. 1079–1095) initiated the repair of damage caused by the 1069 fire. In 1082, his vizier, Abu Nasr Ahmad ibn Fadl, had the central dome restored in a more spectacular form; ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque |
Wedding | A traditional Jewish wedding usually follows this format:
Before the ceremony, the couple formalize a written ketubah (marriage contract), specifying the obligations of husband to the wife and contingencies in case of divorce. The ketubah is signed by two witnesses and later read under the chuppah (wedding canopy).
Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding |
Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia | The Eastern Province was home to the Dilmun civilization for several millennia which was an important trading center from the late fourth millennium BC to 800 BC. At the height of its power, Dilmun controlled the Persian Gulf trading routes. Dilmun was very prosperous during the first 300 years of the second millennium... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia |
Furniture | Historical knowledge of Greek furniture is derived from various sources, including literature, terracotta, sculptures, statuettes, and painted vases. Some pieces survive to this day, primarily those constructed from metals, including bronze, or marble. Wood was an important and common material in Greek furniture, both ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniture |
Roman Egypt | In the administrative provincial capitals of the nomoi, the mētropoleis mostly inherited from the Pharaonic and Ptolemaic period, Roman public buildings were erected by the governing strategos and the local gymnasiarch.: 189 In most cases, these have not survived and evidence of them is rare, but it is probable that m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt |
World War I | Though Italy joined the Triple Alliance in 1882, a treaty with its traditional Austrian enemy was so controversial that subsequent governments denied its existence and the terms were only made public in 1915. This arose from nationalist designs on Austro-Hungarian territory in Trentino, the Austrian Littoral, Rijeka an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I |
Jair Bolsonaro | On 30 June 2023, the Brazilian Superior Electoral Court barred Bolsonaro from running for public office until 2030 as a result of his attempts to undermine the validity of Brazil's 2022 democratic election, as well as for abuse of power with regards to using government channels to promote his campaign. The decision app... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro |
Ibn al-Haytham | Two major theories on vision prevailed in classical antiquity. The first theory, the emission theory, was supported by such thinkers as Euclid and Ptolemy, who believed that sight worked by the eye emitting rays of light. The second theory, the intromission theory supported by Aristotle and his followers, had physical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham |
2006 Lebanon War | In the aftermath of the conflict US President George Bush said that Hezbollah was responsible for starting the war, and that the group suffered a defeat at the hands of Israel. He dismissed claims of victory by Hezbollah leaders, asking: "how can you claim victory when at one time you were a state within a state, safe ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War |
Avicenna | Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul"). Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the Flying Man argu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reported that the Gaza humanitarian crisis is significant and should not be understated. It also states that the situation is a "human dignity crisis" in the Gaza strip, entailing "a massive destruction of livelihoods and a significant deterioration... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
Charles de Gaulle | De Gaulle made 31 regional tours during his presidency, visiting every French department; for many small towns, the visit was an important moment in history. He enjoyed entering the welcoming crowds; an aide noted how often people said, "he saw me" or "he touched me", and another recalled how a mother begged de Gaulle ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle |
Military dictatorship | Military dictatorships may rule directly, implementing a specific ideology and vision, or they may rule as arbitrators that see themselves as protectors of the nation and the government. These arbitrator dictatorships tend only to last until civilian government can be restored, while direct rulers seek to consolidate t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship |
Pella, Jordan | On the plain of the Jordan Valley below Pella, a historically decisive battle took place in January 635 CE (13 AH) between a Muslim army and the Byzantine forces stationed at Pella and Scythopolis (Beit She'an; Beisan). This encounter, one of the earliest between Muslims and Byzantines, came to be known as the Battle o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pella,_Jordan |
Champa | In the Cham–Vietnamese War (1471), Champa suffered serious defeats at the hands of the Vietnamese, in which 120,000 people were either captured or killed. 50 members of the Cham royal family and some 20–30,000 were taken prisoners and deported, including the king of Champa Tra Toan, who died along his way to the north ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champa |
Atharism | Several terms are used to refer to Athari theology or Atharism. They are used inconsistently, and some of them have been subject to criticism.
The designation Traditionalist Theology is derived from the word "tradition" in its technical meaning as translation of the Arabic term ḥadīth. This term is found in a number of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharism |
Jonah ibn Janah | Ibn Janah died in approximately 1055, his works quickly became popular among Hebrew scholars in Spain. They were initially inaccessible in other parts of Europe, where they did not know Arabic. However, in the late twelfth century, Spanish-Jewish scholars in Italy and the sages of Occitania in southern France spread ib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_ibn_Janah |
Late Bronze Age collapse | Egyptian evidence shows that from the reign of Horemheb (ruled either 1319 or 1306 to 1292), wandering Shasu were more problematic than the earlier Apiru. Ramesses II (r. 1279–1213) campaigned against them, pursuing them as far as Moab, where he established a fortress, after a near defeat at the Battle of Kadesh. Durin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse |
Khosrow II | After the capture of Dastagird, the son of Khosrow, Sheroe, was released by the feudal families of the Sasanian Empire, which included the Ispahbudhan spahbed Farrukh Hormizd and his two sons Rostam Farrokhzad and Farrukhzad. Shahrbaraz of the Mihran family, the Armenian faction represented by Varaztirots II Bagratuni,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrow_II |
Libya | Libya's foreign policies have fluctuated since 1951. As a Kingdom, Libya maintained a definitively pro-Western stance, and was recognized as belonging to the conservative traditionalist bloc in the League of Arab States (the present-day Arab League), of which it became a member in 1953. The government was also friendly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya |
Al-Walid I | Al-Walid turned the example of his father's construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem into a wide-scale building program. His patronage of great mosques in Damascus, Jerusalem and Medina underlined his political legitimacy and religious credentials. The mosque he founded in Damascus, later known as the Umayyad ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Walid_I |
Umayyad state of Córdoba | The elite political and social circles that formed around the Umayyads in Córdoba were known as the khāṣṣa (Arabic: الخاص). They were largely Arab, though they were also joined by individuals of non-Arab origin who climbed through the political ranks. Among the latter were various mawālī (sing. mawlā), or "clients" spo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_state_of_C%C3%B3rdoba |
Equatorial Guinea | Since its independence in 1968, the main official language of Equatorial Guinea has been Spanish (the local variant is Equatoguinean Spanish), which acts as a lingua franca among its different ethnic groups. In 1970, during Macías' rule, Spanish was replaced by Fang, the language of its majority ethnic group, to which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea |
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