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Somalia | Owing to Somalia's proximity to the equator, there is not much seasonal variation in its climate. Hot conditions prevail year-round along with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall. Mean daily maximum temperatures range from 30 to 40 °C (86 to 104 °F), except at higher elevations along the eastern seaboard, whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia |
Al-Mansur Billah | During the army's return to Msila, they were attacked by some Zenata who had refused to submit along with their leader Ibn Khazar. According to Heinz Halm, this was "the last uprising against Fatimid rule in the central Maghreb". Even Abu Yazid's most determined partisans, the Banu Kamlan, soon submitted to Fatimid aut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_Billah |
Battle of Khafji | Earmarked for the offensive into Saudi Arabia was the Iraqi Third Corps, the 1st Mechanized Division from Fourth Corps and a number of commando units. Third Corps, commanded by Major General Salah Aboud Mahmoud (who would also command the overall offensive), had the 3rd Armored Division and 5th Mechanized Division, as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khafji |
History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt | In the 1980s, during Hosni Mubarak's presidency, many of the student Islamist activists joined the Brotherhood. The Brotherhood dominated the professional and student associations of Egypt and was famous for its network of social services in neighborhoods and villages. In order to quell the Brotherhood's renewed influe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt |
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 | Hezbollah came into existence in 1985 as a result of the Israeli occupation of South Lebanon which began in 1982 and lasted until 2000.
On 14 August, Hezbollah's leader, Hassan Nasrallah, said on Hezbollah's Al-Manar TV that he is not in favor of Hezbollah's disarmament, since the Lebanese army is not strong enough to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1701 |
Angham | After her separation from her father, Angham collaborated with music composer, Ameer Abdel Mageed. He worked subsequently on "Baollak Eih" (Tell You What) record in 1995 and musically composed all its tracks. The record was produced by Laser Records owned by Mustafa Dagher.
The track "Tekdar Aal Meshwar" ("Up for the J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angham |
Houthi takeover in Yemen | On July 30, 2014, the Yemeni government announced an increase in fuel prices as part of reforms to subsidy programs, which aimed at unlocking foreign funding and easing pressure on the budget. The lifting of subsidies came after pressure from the International Monetary Fund, which conditioned its continued financial as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen |
Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi | The government of Libya had in the past received criticism and trade restrictions from Western countries and organisations for allegedly providing several armed rebel groups with weapons, explosives and combat training.
Paramilitaries supported by Libya past and present include:
The Provisional Irish Republican Army (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi |
Israeli-occupied territories | The Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon took place after Israel invaded Lebanon during the 1982 Lebanon War and subsequently retained its forces to support the Christian South Lebanon Army militia in Southern Lebanon. In 1982, the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) and allied Free Lebanon Army Christian militias seized la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories |
Kaaba | The Qur'an contains several verses regarding the origin of the Kaaba. It states that the Kaaba was the first House of Worship for mankind, and that it was built by Ibrahim and Ismail on Allah's instructions:
Verily, the first House (of worship) appointed for mankind was that at Bakkah (Makkah), full of blessing, and a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba |
Government of Palestine | Since June 2007, the Fatah-led government has exercised authority in Ramallah, West Bank, and has been recognized as the official government of the Palestinian Authority; while since Hamas took control in the Gaza Strip, it has exercised de facto control there, ousting Fatah PNA representatives in June 2007.
Fatah gov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Palestine |
Multinational Force in Lebanon | Elements of BLT 2/8, fresh and eager after a successful operation in Grenada, began landing at Beirut International Airport on November 17. At that time, BLT 1/8 began to backload on Phibron 8 shipping. By 23:30 the next day, all members of the 24th MAU were re-embarked and ready to leave for home. Brigadier General Ji... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon |
Succession to the 52nd Dai al-Mutlaq | Mufaddal Saifuddin assumed this role as the successor of Mohammed Burhanuddin and his appointment was welcomed by the Dawoodi Bohra community. Together, Mohammed Burhanuddin and Mufaddal Saifuddin undertook the leadership after the affairs of the community.
On 9 June 2011, then Chief Minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_to_the_52nd_Dai_al-Mutlaq |
Farouk of Egypt | Farouk fled Egypt in great haste, and his abandoned possessions—including a huge collection of pornography—became objects of curiosity and ridicule. On his exile from Egypt, Farouk settled first in Naples, and later in Rome. At his first press conference on 30 July 1952, on the island of Capri, Farouk took questions in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt |
Joseph | Chief Joseph (1840–1904), Nez Perce tribal leader
Joseph "Jo" Abbott (1840–1908), U.S. congressman from Texas
John Joseph Abercrombie (1798–1877), career U.S. Army officer
Joseph Arthur Ankrah (1915–1992), 2nd president of Ghana from 1966–1969
Joseph F. Baca (born 1936), chief justice of the New Mexico Supreme Court
Jo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph |
1948 Arab–Israeli War | The ceasefire was overseen by UN mediator Folke Bernadotte and a team of UN Observers made up of army officers from Belgium, United States, Sweden and France.
Bernadotte was voted in by the General Assembly to "assure the safety of the holy places, to safeguard the well-being of the population, and to promote 'a peacef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War |
Michel Aflaq | What liberty could be wider and greater than binding oneself to the renaissance of one's nation and its revolution? The liberty we seek is not opposed to legislative measures to curb the exploitations of feudalists, capitalists and opportunists. It is a new and strict liberty which stands against pressure and confusion... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Aflaq |
Jinn | Though discouraged by some teachings of modern Islam, cultural beliefs about jinn remain popular among Muslim societies and their understanding of cosmology and anthropology. Affirmation on the existence of jinn as sapient creatures living along with humans is still widespread in the Middle Eastern world and West Afric... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn |
Hurrians | The Hurrian culture made a great impact on the religion of the Hittites. From the Hurrian cult centre at Kummanni in Kizzuwatna, Hurrian religion spread to the Hittite people. Syncretism merged the Old Hittite and Hurrian religions. Hurrian religion spread to Syria, where Baal became the counterpart of Teshub. The Hurr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrians |
Reza Shah | Reza Shah initiated change in foreign affairs as well. He worked to balance British influence with other foreigners and generally to diminish foreign influence in Iran.
One of the first acts of the new government after the 1921 entrance into Tehran was to tear up the treaty with the Soviet Union.
In 1934 he made an off... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Shah |
Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile | On 1 January 2015, a video interview with SPLM-N commander Koko Idriss was released, Idriss claimed that during the past 3 weeks SPLM-N clashed with government troops in Balinga, Daldako, al-Atmoor and al-Ruseiris, Gardoud with the later falling under Sudanese control. The video displayed 44 Dushka cannons,13 Land Cru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile |
Belshazzar | Nabonidus left Babylon in May 553 BC to campaign in the west. He eventually led his forces into Arabia, conquering several cities, including the city of Tayma. Nabonidus made Tayma his provisional seat and he would stay there for about a decade, not returning to Babylon until September or October of 543 or 542 BC. Octo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belshazzar |
Harki | In 1962 the French government of Charles de Gaulle originally ordered officials and army officers to prevent the Harkis from following the Pieds-Noirs and seeking refuge in metropolitan France. William B. Cohen wrote:
There was little sympathy for the Harkis in the [French] government.... De Gaulle described the Harki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harki |
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B | Pre-Pottery Neolithic B fossils that were analysed for uniparentals via ancient DNA, were found to carry the Y-DNA (paternal) haplogroups E1b1b (2/7; ~29%), CT (2/7; ~29%), E(xE2,E1a,E1b1a1a1c2c3b1,E1b1b1b1a1,E1b1b1b2b) (1/7; ~14%), T(xT1a1,T1a2a) (1/7; ~14%), and H2 (1/7; ~14%). The CT clade was also observed in a Pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B |
Egypt in the Middle Ages | Jawhar as-Siqilli immediately began the building of a new city, Cairo, to furnish quarters for the army which he had brought. A palace for the Caliph and a mosque for the army were immediately constructed, which for many centuries remained the centre of Muslim learning. However, the Carmathians of Damascus under Hasan ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages |
2003 Casablanca bombings | The attacks led to a judicial purge against Salafia Jihadia, with Minister of Justice Mohamed Bouzoubaa announcing in 2004 that 2,112 indictments were filed against extremists leading to 903 convictions and 13 death sentences. Authorities also filed arrest warrants against 50 Moroccans and 12 foreign citizens.
On May 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Casablanca_bombings |
Levantine Arabic | Nouns are either masculine or feminine and singular, dual or plural. The dual is formed with the suffix ين- -ēn. Most feminine singular nouns end with ـة tāʼ marbūṭah, pronounced as –a or -e depending on the preceding consonant: -a after guttural (ح خ ع غ ق ه ء) and emphatic consonants (ر ص ض ط ظ), -e after other conso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Arabic |
Ottoman Empire | Several historians, such as British historian Edward Gibbon and the Greek historian Dimitri Kitsikis, have argued that after the fall of Constantinople, the Ottoman state took over the machinery of the Byzantine (Roman) state and that the Ottoman Empire was in essence a continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire under a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire |
First Bulgarian Empire | Around 870 the Bulgarian Church became an autonomous archbishopric. The decree of autonomy under the nominal ecclesiastical jurisdiction of Constantinople was far greater than could possibly have been achieved under the Papacy. Following the Fourth Council of Constantinople the Byzantine clergy was re-admitted to Bulga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire |
Egyptian Revival architecture | First Presbyterian Church in Nashville, Tennessee; designed by William Strickland from 1849 to 1851
Washington Monument in Washington, D.C.
Battle Monument in Baltimore, Maryland
New Jersey State Penitentiary in Trenton, New Jersey; designed by John Haviland from 1833 to 1836
Medical College at Richmond in Richmond, Vi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture |
Al Jazeera controversies and criticism | During the Second Intifada, Palestinians killed by Israelis were referred to as "martyrs"; Israelis killed by Palestinians were not.
Israel announced a "boycott" of the Arabic broadcaster on 13 March 2008, accusing it of bias in its coverage of the Gaza Strip conflict and toward Hamas. Israeli government employees decl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_controversies_and_criticism |
Kessab | In the early hours of 21 March 2014, Kessab and its surrounding villages saw a multi-pronged attack by forces opposed to the Syrian government. It was reported that the attackers, members of the al-Nusra Front, Sham al-Islam, and Ansar al-Sham, advanced directly from Turkish territory, were being supported by the Turki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessab |
Julian (emperor) | The Julian Romance is a late antique Syriac romance of Julian's reign from a hostile Christian perspective.
In 1681 Lord Russell, an outspoken opponent of King Charles II of England and his brother The Duke of York, got his chaplain to write a Life of Julian the Apostate. This work made use of the Roman Emperor's life ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_(emperor) |
Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan | The arrest of TLP leader Saad Rizvi in mid-April 2021 for inciting violence led to demonstrations by his supporters and the deaths of at least four police constables, the abduction of eleven other police personnel and the reported torture of a police deputy superintendent in Lahore.
On 12 April 2021, Khadim Hussain Ri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehreek-e-Labbaik_Pakistan |
Metropolitan Museum of Art | The Met's plein air painting collection, which it calls "unrivaled," was the last large section of the European Paintings collection to have a home at the museum. The sale of a Monet and the construction of small scale galleries ultimately resulted in the acquisition of 220 European paintings (most of them plein-air sk... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art |
God | The earliest written form of the Germanic word God comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus. The English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic *ǥuđan. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form *ǵhu-tó-m was likely based on the root *ǵhau(ə)-, which meant either "to call" or "to invoke". The German... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God |
Assyria | Knowledge of the ancient polytheistic Assyrian religion, referred to as "Ashurism" by some modern Assyrians, is mostly limited to state cults given that little can be ascertained of the personal religious beliefs and practices of the common people of ancient Assyria. The Assyrians worshipped the same pantheon of gods a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria |
Iron Age | Dates are approximate; consult particular article for details.
Prehistoric (or Proto-historic) Iron Age Historic Iron Age
In China, Chinese bronze inscriptions are found around 1200 BC, preceding the development of iron metallurgy, which was known by the 9th century BC. The large seal script is identified with a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age |
Great Seljuk architecture | The most important religious monument from the Great Seljuk period is the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan, which was expanded and modified by various Seljuk patrons in the late 11th century and early 12th century. Two major and innovative domed chambers were added to it in the late 11th century: the south dome (in front of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture |
Abu Musab al-Zarqawi | According to NBC News, the Pentagon had pushed to "take out" Zarqawi's operation at least three times prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, but had been vetoed by the National Security Council. The NSC reportedly made its decision in an effort to convince other countries to join the U.S. in a coalition against Iraq. "Peo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi |
Arab nationalism | After the Second World War, Gamal Abdel Nasser, the leader of Egypt, was a significant player in the rise of Arab nationalism. Opposed to the British control of the Suez Canal Zone and concerned at Egypt becoming a Cold War battleground Nasser pushed for a collective Arab security pact within the framework of the Arab ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_nationalism |
Yemeni civil war (2014–present) | After several weeks of street protests against the Hadi administration, which made cuts to fuel subsidies that were unpopular with the group, the Houthis fought the Yemen Army forces under the command of General Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar. In a battle that lasted only a few days, Houthi fighters seized control of Sanaa, the Y... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present) |
Baruch Spinoza | Few of Spinoza's letters are extant, and none before 1661. Nearly all the contents are philosophical and technical because the original editors of Opera Posthuma—a collection of his works published posthumously—Lodewijk Meyer, Georg Hermann Schuller, and Johannes Bouwmeester, excluded personal matters and letters due t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza |
Faten Hamama | Throughout Hamama's career, she received numerous accolades for best actress, and was nominated for the Cannes Film Festival’s Prix International for her role in 1951's Your Day Will Come.
She received her first award in 1951 for her role in I'm the Past, which was presented to her by different venues, including the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faten_Hamama |
Caliphate | Rashidun ("Righteously Guided")
Abu Bakr, first Rashidun caliph. Subdued rebel tribes in the Ridda wars.
Umar (Umar ibn al-Khattab), second Rashidun caliph. During his reign, the Islamic empire expanded to include Egypt, Jerusalem and Persia.
Uthman, (Uthman ibn Affan) third Rashidun caliph, When Caliph Umar died in of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate |
United Arab Emirates Armed Forces | In 2015, UAE participated in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen to influence the outcome of the Yemeni Civil War (2015–). During this war, Emirati special forces conducted an amphibious assault on Aden, which, according to the Economist, impressed observers in the West. On 4 September 2015, 52 UAE soldiers (to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Armed_Forces |
1978 South Lebanon conflict | In response to the invasion, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 425 and Resolution 426 calling for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon were both adopted on 19 March 1978. The UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) was created to enforce this mandate, specifically "for the purpose of confirming the withd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_South_Lebanon_conflict |
Banque du Liban | Aug. 22, 2013, Central Bank of Lebanon issued the new investment policy called "Circular No. 331". This aim to support Lebanon's knowledge economy by providing support to the thriving startup ecosystem. With this audacious move, Lebanon's Central Bank hopes to increase the country's GDP, decrease unemployment and posit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_du_Liban |
Mu'tazilism | Mu'tazila relied on a synthesis between reason and revelation. That is, their rationalism operated in the service of scripture and Islamic theological framework. They, as the majority of Muslim jurist-theologians, validated allegorical readings of scripture whenever necessary. Justice ʿAbd al-Jabbar (935–1025) said in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27tazilism |
Paul Kraus (Arabist) | Paul Kraus was born in Prague. Kraus was educated in Prague, Berlin (where he met his first wife, Bettina, and received his doctorate in 1929) and Paris.
Kraus was known for his fluency in many oriental languages, including Hebrew, Aramaic, Amharic (Ethiopian), Accadian, Greek, Latin and Persian.
In 1925, as a young Z... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kraus_(Arabist) |
Christendom | "Christendom" has referred to the medieval and renaissance notion of the Christian world as a polity. In essence, the earliest vision of Christendom was a vision of a Christian theocracy, a government founded upon and upholding Christian values, whose institutions are spread through and over with Christian doctrine. In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom |
Islamic banking and finance | Following Islamic principles, "Islamic banks were supposed to adopt new financing policies and to explore new channels of investments" to encourage development and raise the standard of living of "small scale traders", but Taqi Usmani complains "very few Islamic banks and financial institutions have paid attention to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance |
History of timekeeping devices | The invention of the mainspring in the early 15th century—a device first used in locks and for flintlocks in guns— allowed small clocks to be built for the first time. The need for an escapement mechanism that steadily controlled the release of the stored energy, led to the development of two devices, the stackfreed (w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices |
Dilmun | It seems that, at least from 1500 BC, Dilmun was under the rule of the Akkadian-speaking Mesopotamian Sealand Dynasty. The Sealand-Dynasty King Ea-gamil is mentioned in a text found at Qal'at al-Bahrain. Ea-gamil was the last ruler of the Sealand Dynasty. After his reign, Dilmun came under the rule of the Babylonian Ka... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilmun |
Soil fertility | Bioavailable phosphorus (available to soil life) is the element in soil that is most often lacking. Nitrogen and potassium are also needed in substantial amounts. For this reason these three elements are always identified on a commercial fertilizer analysis. For example, a 10-10-15 fertilizer has 10 percent nitrogen, 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_fertility |
Cleopatra VI | The identity of Cleopatra VI Tryphaena or rather her familial relationship to Ptolemy XII Auletes and Berenice IV Epiphaneia, is far from clear. Reconstructing a family tree for the later generations of her family, the Ptolemaic Dynasty, cannot be accomplished with any certainty. Records for the Ptolemies of this perio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VI |
Bahrain | Education is compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 14. Education is free for Bahraini citizens in public schools, with the Bahraini Ministry of Education providing free textbooks. Coeducation is not used in public schools, with boys and girls segregated into separate schools.
At the beginning of the 20th ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain |
Pepi I Meryre | Pepi's main pyramid was constructed in the same fashion as royal pyramids since the reign of Djedkare Isesi some 80 years earlier: a core built six steps high from small roughly dressed blocks of limestone bound together using clay mortar encased with fine limestone blocks. The pyramid, now destroyed, had a base length... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre |
Delhi | Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated in 1192 by Muhammad Ghori in the second battle of Tarain. Qutb-ud-din Aibak, was given the responsibility of governing the conquered territories of India after Ghori returned to his capital, Ghor. When Ghori died without an heir in 1206 CE, Qutb-ud-din assumed control of Ghori's Indian p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi |
Nasir Khusraw | Nasir is the subject of many tales, including a fake autobiography that bears his name and has been passed around between Isma'ilis and non-Isma'ilis for many centuries. The writings of Nasir that are still in existence offer insightful information about his life and philosophy. Yet, it appears that the majority of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw |
Women in Islam | Classical Islamic scholars have written extensively about the art and desirability of husband and wife attaining simultaneous orgasms; Al-Ghazali gives the following counsel in his key work, The Revival of the Religious Sciences (Iḥiyāʾ ʿulūm ad-dīn):
"When he has come to his orgasm (inzal), he should wait for his wife... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Islam |
University of al-Qarawiyyin | Some scholars suggest that some teaching and instruction probably took place at al-Qarawiyyin Mosque from a very early period: 453 or from its beginning.: 287 : 71 Major mosques in the early Islamic period were typically multi-functional buildings where teaching and education took place alongside other religious and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin |
Philosophy | Attempts to provide more precise definitions of philosophy are controversial and are studied in metaphilosophy. Some approaches argue that there is a set of essential features shared by all parts of philosophy. Others see only weaker family resemblances or contend that it is merely an empty blanket term. Precise defini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy |
Asceticism | In Jain monastic practice, the monks and nuns take ascetic vows, after renouncing all relations and possessions. The vows include a complete commitment to nonviolence (Ahimsa). They travel from city to city, often crossing forests and deserts, and always barefoot. Jain ascetics do not stay in a single place for more th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticism |
Iraq and weapons of mass destruction | Since the 2003 invasion of Iraq, several reported finds of chemical weapons were announced, including half a dozen incidents during the invasion itself.
In April 2003, US Marines stumbled across a number of buildings which emitted unusual levels of radiation. Upon close inspection the troops uncovered "many, many drums... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction |
Abul A'la Maududi | Maududi believed that sharia was not just a crucial command that helped define what it meant to be a Muslim, but something without which a Muslim society could not be Islamic:
That if an Islamic society consciously resolves not to accept the sharia, and decides to enact its own constitution and laws or borrow them fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi |
Hadad | In Akkadian, Adad is also known as Rammanu ("Thunderer") cognate with Imperial Aramaic: רעמא Raˁmā and Hebrew: רַעַם Raˁam, a byname of Hadad. Many scholars formerly took Rammanu to be an independent Akkadian god, but he was later identified with Hadad.
Though originating in northern Mesopotamia, Adad was identified by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad |
Songkok | Traditionally, songkok is usually associated as a cap worn by Muslim men, during religious or formal state occasions. However, in Indonesia, the songkok has become the national headress with secular nationalist connotations made popular by Sukarno. Numbers of Indonesian nationalist movement activist in early 20th centu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkok |
Islam in Europe | Overthrown by the Abbasids, the deposed Umayyad caliph Abd al-Rahman I fled the city of Damascus in 756 and established an independent Emirate of Córdoba in al-Andalus. His dynasty consolidated the presence of Islam in al-Andalus. By the time of the reign of Abd al-Rahman II (822–852), Córdoba was becoming one of the b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Europe |
Muslim World League | The General Islamic Conference is the highest policy making body that expresses the feelings and aspirations of Muslim peoples around the world. It is the source of the League's legitimacy and capacity as the spokesman of Muslims worldwide. The GIC consists of leading Islamic preachers and activists who meet annually t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_World_League |
Israeli occupation of the West Bank | The primary value developed by Palestinians to resist the occupation from 1967 has been ṣumūd, hanging on stubbornly, a steadfast perseverance in remaining on one's land, even if it turns into a prison, in the face of Jewish hitnahalut (settlement). The word itself was consistently repressed from Palestinian papers by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank |
History of Morocco | The Spanish enclave of Ifni in the south became part of the new state of Morocco in 1969, but other Spanish possessions in the north, including Ceuta, Melilla and Plaza de soberanía, remained under Spanish control, with Morocco viewing them as occupied territory.
In August 1974, Spain formally acknowledged the 1966 Uni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco |
Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad | In 1934 Mahmood Ahmad claimed to have been divinely inspired to launch a twofold scheme for the establishment of foreign missions and the moral upbringing of Ahmadis. This initiative called upon members to volunteer themselves for missionary work, and to donate money towards a special fund for propagation in foreign co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Basheer-ud-Din_Mahmood_Ahmad |
Mogadishu | Roads leading out of Mogadishu connect the city to other localities in Somalia as well as to neighbouring countries. The capital itself is cut into several grid layouts by an extensive road network. In October 2013, major construction began on the 23-kilometer road leading to the airport. Overseen by Somali and Turkish... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu |
Capital punishment | Most nations, including almost all developed countries, have abolished capital punishment either in law or in practice; notable exceptions are the United States, Japan, Taiwan, and Singapore. Additionally, capital punishment is also carried out in China, India, and most Islamic states.
Since World War II, there has be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment |
Samanid Empire | During the 9th and 10th centuries, there was a large amount of growth in literature, mostly in poetry. It was during the Samanid period that Persian literature appeared in Transoxiana and was formally recognized. The advancement of an Islamic New Persian literature thus started in Transoxiana and Khorasan instead of Fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_Empire |
First Bulgarian Empire | Despite the treaty and the largely peaceful era that followed, the strategic position of the Bulgarian Empire remained difficult. The country was surrounded by aggressive neighbours – the Magyars to the north-west, the Pechenegs and the growing power of Kievan Rus' to the north-east, and the Byzantine Empire to the sou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire |
Salah al-Din al-Bitar | Bitar's second cabinet was composed largely of Ba'athists and independents, however, six ministerial portfolios were left vacant for a possible reconciliation with the Nasserites. Hafiz was appointed deputy prime minister and also continued as interior minister. Unionist Ba'ath officials—such as Zuhur, Jamal al-Atassi ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar |
Mode (music) | While the term "mode" is still most commonly understood to refer to Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, or Locrian modes, in modern music theory the word is often applied to scales other than the diatonic. This is seen, for example, in melodic minor scale harmony, which is based on the seven rotation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_(music) |
Ibn Taymiyya | Ibn Taymiyya's own relationship, as a religious scholar, with the ruling apparatus was not always amicable. It ranged from silence to open rebellion. On occasions when he shared the same views and aims as the ruling authorities his contributions were welcomed, but when Ibn Taymiyya went against the status quo, he was s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya |
Somali Civil War (2009–present) | 19 March, Mohammed wali Odowa, spokesman of Hizbul Islam's Hiraan administration in Beledweyne, threatened that Hizbul Islam forces would attack any Ethiopian forces which entered Hizbul Islam controlled territories in Hiraan.
20 May, Ethiopian forces seized control of the previously al-Shabaab held towns of Yeed and E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present) |
Aden | Aden has a number of historical and natural sites of interest to visitors. These include:
The historical British churches, one of which lies empty and semi-derelict in 2019.
The Zoroastrian Temple
The Cisterns of Tawila—an ancient water-catchment system located in the sub-centre of Crater
Sira Fort
The Aden Minaret
Li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden |
LGBT rights in Bahrain | The press in Bahrain has, since the 1990s, generally been allowed to discuss the subject of homosexuality, without being punished by the government. Initially, the discussion was focused on people and events happening outside of Bahrain, especially in the field of entertainment or the AIDS-HIV pandemic. In the early pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bahrain |
Islam in Somalia | Because Muslims believe that their faith was revealed in its complete form to Muhammad, Bidʻah, is seen as a major sin. One response was to stress a return to orthodox Muslim traditions and to oppose Westernization totally. The Sufi brotherhoods were at the forefront of this movement, personified in Somalia by Mohammed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia |
Hirak (Algeria) | Women created the feminist collective Femmes algériennes pour un changement vers l'égalité on 16 March 2019, which pioneered the feminist square in the Friday Algiers protests to strengthen the political role of women in the protests. Citizens' associations and individuals created the Dynamiques de la société civile al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirak_(Algeria) |
Ancient Carthage | To facilitate their commercial ventures, the Phoenicians established numerous colonies and trading posts along the coasts of the Mediterranean. Organized in fiercely independent city-states, the Phoenicians lacked the numbers or even the desire to expand overseas; most colonies had fewer than 1,000 inhabitants, and onl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage |
Ibadi theology | Ibāḍī theology emphasizes the unintelligible and impersonal nature of the divine essence, and asserts that God's being is inseparable from His essence. God's being, however, becomes concrete when it is connected to the Divine names and Divine properties that are made manifest in the moral and physical order of the worl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadi_theology |
Sand cat | The sand cat's fur is of a pale, sandy, isabelline colour, but much lighter on the lower part of the head, around the nose, throat, and on the belly. A faint reddish line runs from the outer corner of each eye across the cheeks. There are dark brown to blackish bars on the limbs, and the tail has a black tip with two o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_cat |
Arabic literature | The Arab Islamic philosophers, Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) and Ibn al-Nafis, were pioneers of the philosophical novel as they wrote the earliest novels dealing with philosophical fiction. Ibn Tufail wrote the first Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) as a response to Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_literature |
Battle of the Yarmuk | Phase 1: On 16 August, Vahan decided in a council of war to launch his attack just before dawn, to catch the Muslim force unprepared as they conducted their morning prayers.
He planned to engage his two central armies with the Muslim centre in an effort to stall them while the main thrusts would be against the wings of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yarmuk |
Israeli Ground Forces | The IDF traces its roots to Jewish paramilitary organizations in the New Yishuv, starting with the Second Aliyah (1904 to 1914). The first such organization was Bar-Giora, founded in September 1907. Bar-Giora was transformed into Hashomer in April 1909, which operated until the British Mandate of Palestine came into be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Ground_Forces |
Nabopolassar | It is probable that Nabopolassar held some high office in Uruk before his rebellion against Assyria, possibly following the family tradition and serving as the city's governor. In early 626 BC, he rose in rebellion against Sinsharishkun. Fighting for the control of Babylonia would drag on for about ten years, and which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabopolassar |
Alawites | In older sources, Alawis are often called "Ansaris." According to Samuel Lyde, who lived among the Alawites during the mid-19th century, this was a term they used among themselves. Other sources indicate that "Ansari" is simply a Western error in the transliteration of "Nusayri." Alawites historically self-identified a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites |
Criticism of Islamism | Hijab, or covering of a woman's head and body, is arguably "the most distinctive emblem of Islam". Compulsory wearing of the hijab is also a hallmark of Islamist states such as Iran and famously the Taliban Afghanistan. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Prosecutor-General, Abolfazl Musavi-Tabrizi has been quoted as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism |
Al-Mu'tadid | In the Islamic East, the Caliph was forced to acknowledge the reality of the Saffarids' domination and established a modus vivendi with them, perhaps hoping, according to Kennedy, to harness them in a partnership analogous to that which the Tahirids had enjoyed in previous decades. Consequently, the Saffarid ruler Amr ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid |
Chaldea | Neriglissar succeeded Amel-Marduk. It is unclear as to whether he was in fact an ethnic Chaldean or a native Babylonian nobleman, as he was not related by blood to Nabopolassar's descendants, having married into the ruling family. He conducted successful military campaigns against the Hellenic inhabitants of Cilicia, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldea |
Islam in Ethiopia | Salafism/Wahhabism is derived from al-salaf, signifying a link back to what is known as pure and authentic Islam. The main aspect of Salafism is the emphasis on the idea that there is only one God. In Ethiopia, the concept of Salafism applies to the resistance of pilgrimages to local shrines, celebration of the Prophet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia |
Al-Mansur Billah | While al-Mansur remained at Kairouan, in the north al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Kalbi had gathered fresh Kutama forces at Constantine and recaptured Béja and Tunis, securing the caliph's northern flank. Reinforced with a thousand cavalry from the Cyrenaica, al-Mansur set out from Kairouan on 24 October in the direction of Sbiba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_Billah |
Carolingian Empire | Lothar received the imperial title, the kingship of Italy, and the territory between the Rhine and Rhone Rivers, collectively called the Central Frankish Realm. Louis was guaranteed the kingship of all lands to the east of the Rhine and to the north and east of Italy, which was called the Eastern Frankish Realm which w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire |
Mohammed bin Salman | Some have called Mohammed the architect of the war in Yemen. On 10 January 2016, The Independent reported that "the BND, the German intelligence agency, portrayed...Saudi defence minister and Deputy Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman...as a political gambler who is destabilising the Arab world through proxy wars in Yemen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman |
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