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Madinat al-Zahra | Located 4 miles (6.4 km) west of Córdoba in the foothills of the Sierra Morena, oriented north-to-south on the slopes of Jabal al-Arus (meaning Bride Hill), and facing the valley of the Guadalquivir river, is Madinat az-Zahra, billed as the Versailles of the Middle Ages. It was chosen for its outstanding landscape valu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinat_al-Zahra |
Inanna | Inanna and her brother Utu were regarded as the dispensers of divine justice, a role which Inanna exemplifies in several of her myths. Inanna and Ebih (ETCSL 1.3.2), otherwise known as Goddess of the Fearsome Divine Powers, is a 184-line poem written by the Akkadian poet Enheduanna describing Inanna's confrontation wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna |
Julian (emperor) | Julian, whose full name was Flavius Claudius Julianus, was born at Constantinople, probably in 331, into the family of the reigning emperor, Constantine I, and was the first attested individual to be born in that city after its refounding. His father was Julius Constantius, Constantine's younger half-brother, and his m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_(emperor) |
Arab–Israeli conflict | In June 2006, Hamas militants infiltrated an army post near the Israeli side of the Gaza Strip and abducted Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit. Two IDF soldiers were killed in the attack, while Shalit was wounded after his tank was hit with an RPG. Three days later Israel launched Operation Summer Rains to secure the release... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict |
Al Jazeera Arabic | The original Al Jazeera channel is available worldwide through various satellite and cable systems. For availability info of the Al Jazeera network's other TV channels, see their respective articles. Segments of Al Jazeera English are uploaded to YouTube or at Breaking News, World News and Video from Al Jazeera.
Europe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic |
Syrian Armed Forces | Because of the violence against the people by the Syrian Army and the detention of a great number of people, some soldiers from different religions and sects (Sunni, Shia, Druze and Christian) defected in protest at orders to kill protesters in April 2011. By 2014, the number of defecting officers had reached approxima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces |
Battle of Karameh | On 4 March, Jordanian intelligence began to detect Israeli activity near the border, as IDF troops began to concentrate near the Allenby Bridge (known now as King Hussein Bridge) and Damia Bridge (known now as Adam Bridge). Jordan ordered the 1st Infantry Division to take up positions near those bridges and around Kar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh |
Maspero demonstrations | According to an official statement by the Egyptian military, it was the protesters who first attacked the army resulting in the death of three police officers. They claim to have responded by firing blank cartridges, and that military personnel were being pulled out of their armoured vehicles and attacked by rioters, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations |
Ziya Bunyadov | Bunyadov researched ancient and medieval Azerbaijani historiography, specializing in Caucasian Albania and Azerbaijan during the Arab caliphate rule, concentrating on events from the 7th–19th centuries AD. In different areas, Bunyadov's work has met severe criticism. According to journalist Thomas de Waal:
Buniatov's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziya_Bunyadov |
Saadi Sultanate | The 16th century during which the Saadians rose to power also saw many social and demographic changes in Morocco. The existing population was joined by large waves of emigrants and refugees from the Iberian Peninsula after the fall of Granada in 1492, the last Muslim emirate of Al-Andalus, and the subsequent expulsion ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate |
Islam in Romania | By the 17th century, according to the notes of traveler Evliya Çelebi, Dobruja was also home to a distinct community of people of mixed Turkish and Wallachian heritage. Additionally, a part of the Dobrujan Roma community has traditionally adhered to Islam; it is believed that it originated with groups of Romani people ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Romania |
Barghawata | Few details are known about Barghawata. Most of the historical sources are largely posterior to their rule and often present a contradictory and confused historical context. However, one tradition appears more interesting. It comes from Córdoba in Spain and its author is the Large Prior of Barghawata and the Barghawata... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barghawata |
M60 tank | Development
Due to the rapidly developing advancements in anti-armor capabilities and solid-state electronics of the 1970s, along with the general dissatisfaction of the M60A2, an upgrade of the M60A1 was needed. In 1976 work began on the M60A3 variant which featured a number of technological enhancements.
Features
T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_tank |
Athena | Early Christian writers, such as Clement of Alexandria and Firmicus, denigrated Athena as representative of all the things that were detestable about paganism; they condemned her as "immodest and immoral". During the Middle Ages, however, many attributes of Athena were given to the Virgin Mary, who, in fourth-century p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena |
Karate | When Shō Tai, the last king of the Ryūkyū Kingdom, was ordered to move to Tokyo in 1879, he was accompanied by prominent karate masters such as Ankō Asato and Chōfu Kyan (father of Chōtoku Kyan). It is unknown if they taught karate to the Japanese in Tokyo, although there are records that Kyan taught his son karate.
In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate |
Islamism | Demographic transition (caused by the gap in time between the lowering of death rates from medical advances and the lowering of fertility rates), leads to population growth beyond the ability of housing, employment, public transit, sewer and water to provide. Combined with economic stagnation, urban agglomerations have... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism |
Seljuk Empire | Starting around the middle of the 12th century, there appears to have been a major increase in the number of artistic metalwork objects produced in the eastern Islamic world (roughly Iran and Central Asia). More of these objects have survived from after the 1140s than from before this period. The major centers of produ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire |
Muslim conquest of Persia | Under Umar and his immediate successors, the Arab conquerors attempted to maintain their political and cultural cohesion despite the attractions of the civilizations they had conquered. The Arabs initially settled in the garrison towns rather than on scattered estates.
The new non-Muslim subjects were protected by the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia |
History of Egypt | The first round of a presidential election was held in Egypt on 23 and 24 May 2012. Mohamed Morsi won 25% of the vote and Ahmed Shafik, the last prime minister under deposed leader Hosni Mubarak, 24%. A second round was held on 16 and 17 June. On 24 June 2012, the election commission announced that Mohamed Morsi had wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt |
Abd al-Rahman III | Despite having defeated only some of the rebels, Abd al-Rahman III considered himself powerful enough to declare himself Caliph of Córdoba on 16 January 929, effectively breaking his allegiance to, and ties with, the Fatimid and Abbasid caliphs. The caliphate was thought only to belong to the Emperor who ruled over the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III |
Islam in the United States | On the morning of April 5, 1865, near the end of the American Civil War, Union troops commanded by Col. Thomas M. Johnston set ablaze the University of Alabama; a copy of the Quran known as The Koran: Commonly Called The Alcoran was saved by one of the university's staff.
Estimates ranging from a dozen to two hundred a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States |
1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight | The dominance in Israel of the willing-flight Zionist narrative of the exodus began to be challenged by Israeli-Jewish societal institutions beginning mainly in the late 1970s. Many scholarly studies and daily newspaper essays, as well as some 1948 Jewish war veterans' memoirs have begun presenting the more balanced na... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight |
Seleucid Empire | The domain of the Seleucids stretched from the Aegean Sea to what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan, therefore including a diverse array of cultures and ethnic groups. Greeks, Assyrians, Armenians, Georgians, Persians, Medes, Mesopotamians, Jews, and more all lived within its bounds. The immense size of the empire gave ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire |
Rashid Rida | Rida's early exposure to the Hanbali school in Syria informed his vision of a puritanical renewal based on the revival of the values of the Salaf, the first three generations of Islam, and argued that Salafism was "an Islam purged of impurities and Western influences."
In 1905 he spoke of the Salafis as a collective no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Rida |
Levantine Arabic | Levantine is seldom written, except for some novels, plays, and humorous writings. Most Arab critics do not acknowledge the literary dignity of prose in dialect. Prose written in Lebanese goes back to at least 1892 when Tannus al-Hurr published Riwāyat aš-šābb as-sikkīr ʾay Qiṣṣat Naṣṣūr as-Sikrī, 'The tale of the drun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Arabic |
Gurkha | Viceroy Commissioned Officers (VCOs) up to 1947 and Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs) from 1947:
Subedar Major/no equivalent
Subedar/no equivalent
Jemadar (now Naib Subedar)/no equivalent
Warrant officers
Regimental Havildar Major/Warrant Officer Class 1
Company Havildar Major/Warrant Officer Class 2
Non-commission... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurkha |
Glossary of Islam | Sabb (سَبّ)
blasphemy: insulting God (sabb Allah) or Muhammad (sabb ar-rasūl or sabb an-nabī).
Ṣabr (صبر)
patience, endurance, self-restraint
Ṣadaqah (صدقة)
charity; voluntary alms above the amount for zakat.
Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة) (sing. Ṣāḥib) (صاحب)
companions of Muhammad. A list of the best-known Companions can be found... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam |
Yazd | Archeological evidence 12 kilometers north of Yazd suggests that the area has been populated since the period of the Achaemenid Empire (550 BC–330 BC). In his Natural History, Pliny the Elder (died 79 AD) mentions a town in the Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD) named "Issatis", which is seemingly connected to the name of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazd |
Medicine in the medieval Islamic world | It is claimed that an important advance in the knowledge of human anatomy and physiology was made by Ibn al-Nafis, but whether this was discovered via human dissection is doubtful because "al-Nafis tells us that he avoided the practice of dissection because of the shari'a and his own 'compassion' for the human body".
T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Piracy | The fourth volume of the handbook: Best Management Practices to Deter Piracy off the Coast of Somalia and in the Arabian Sea Area (known as BMP4) is the current authoritative guide for merchant ships on self-defense against pirates. The guide is issued and updated by Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF), a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy |
WWE in Saudi Arabia | Sami Zayn did not participate in the Greatest Royal Rumble as Zayn is of Syrian descent, and Saudi Arabia had strained relations with Syria. Noam Dar, an Israeli wrestler on 205 Live, has never participated in any of the Saudi events due to the Arab League boycott of Israel and the Arab–Israeli conflict.
During Crown J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Gaza Strip evacuations | On 24 January 2024, Israel ordered a large area of Khan Younis to evacuate, affecting three hospitals, 24 United Nations shelters, and more than 500,000 people. On 25 January, IDF soldiers were reportedly detaining and searching young men fleeing from Khan Younis without explanation. Residents of western Khan Younis we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip_evacuations |
Stone Age | In the 1920s, South African archaeologists organizing the stone tool collections of that country observed that they did not fit the newly detailed Three-Age System. In the words of J. Desmond Clark:
It was early realized that the threefold division of culture into Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages adopted in the nineteenth ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age |
14 July Revolution | On 14 July 1958, a group that identified as the Free Officers, a secret military group led by Brigadier Abd al-Karim Qasim, overthrew the monarchy. This group was markedly Pan-Arab in character. King Faisal II, Prince Abd al-Ilah, and Nuri al-Said were all killed.
The Free Officers were inspired by and modelled after ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_July_Revolution |
Alhambra | The evidence for a Roman presence is unclear but archaeologists have found remains of ancient foundations on the Sabika hill. A fortress or citadel, probably dating from the Visigothic period, existed on the hill in the 9th century. The first reference to the Qal‘at al-Ḥamra was during the battles between the Arabs and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra |
Ancient Egyptian race controversy | Modern scholars who have studied ancient Egyptian culture and population history have responded to the controversy over the race of the ancient Egyptians in various ways.
At the UNESCO "Symposium on the Peopling of Ancient Egypt and the Deciphering of the Meroitic script" in Cairo in 1974, the "Black Hypothesis" and th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy |
Moses in Islam | In Islam, Musa is revered as the receiver of a scripture known as the Torah (Tawrat). The Quran describes the Torah as “guidance and a light" for the Israelites and that it contains teachings about the Oneness of God (Tawhid), prophethood and the Day of Judgment. It is regarded as containing teachings and laws for the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_in_Islam |
History of Tunisia | The Corsican Murad Curso (d. 1631) had since his youth been sponsored by Ramdan Bey (d. 1613). Murad then followed his benefactor into the office of the Bey, which he exercised effectively; later he was also named Pasha, although his position remained inferior to the Dey. His son Hamuda (1631–1666) inherited both title... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tunisia |
2012 Benghazi attack | The Center for Media and Public Affairs at George Mason University described the conclusions of an unpublished study on November 2, 2012. Based on a textual analysis that tallied the occurrence of certain words and phrases in news reports during the days immediately following the attack, the study concluded that leadin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack |
Wadi Rum | Various human cultures have inhabited Wadi Rum since prehistoric times, with many cultures–including the Nabataeans–leaving their mark in the form of petroglyphs, inscriptions, and temple ruins. Currently, the majority is made up by the Zalabieh Bedouins who arrived to the region around 1980. The word "Bedouin" comes f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Rum |
Akkadian language | Akkadian is divided into several varieties based on geography and historical period:
Old Akkadian, 2500–1950 BC
Old Babylonian and Old Assyrian, 1950–1530 BC
Middle Babylonian and Middle Assyrian, 1530–1000 BC
Neo-Babylonian and Neo-Assyrian, 1000–600 BC
Late Babylonian, 600 BC–100 AD
One of the earliest known Akkadia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language |
Islam in China | According to Chinese Muslims' traditional accounts, Islam was first introduced to China in 616–18 by the Companions of Muhammad: Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, Wahab ibn Abu Kabcha and another. It is noted in other accounts that Wahab Abu Kabcha reached Canton by sea in 629 CE.
The introduction of Islam mainly happened through t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_China |
Red | Red is the most common color found in national flags, found on the flags of 77 percent of the 210 countries listed as independent in 2016; far ahead of white (58 percent); green (40 percent) and blue (37 percent). The British flag bears the colors red, white and blue; it includes the cross of Saint George, patron sain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red |
Kuwait | In the early to mid 1700s, Kuwait City was as a small fishing village. Administratively, it was a sheikhdom, ruled by local sheikhs from Bani Khalid clan. Sometime in the mid 1700s, the Bani Utbah settled in Kuwait City. Sometime after the death of the Bani Khalid's leader Barak bin Abdul Mohsen and the fall of the Ban... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | In September 2007, the Israeli cabinet voted to tighten the restrictions on the Gaza strip. The cabinet decision stated, "the movement of goods into the Gaza Strip will be restricted; the supply of gas and electricity will be reduced; and restrictions will be imposed on the movement of people from the Strip and to it."... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip |
Algeria–Morocco border | France occupied much of the northern coastal areas of Algeria in the period 1830–47, which had hitherto been subject to the nominal control of the Ottoman Empire. Morocco initially managed to maintain its independence throughout the 'Scramble for Africa' in the late 19th century, whereby European colonial control was e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Morocco_border |
Mardin | During the early Muslim conquests, the Byzantine city was captured in 640 by the Muslim commander Iyad ibn Ghanm. In many periods control of the city changed hands frequently between different dynasties. Hamdan ibn Hamdun captured the city in 885 and it remained under intermittent Hamdanid control until the second half... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin |
International sanctions against Iraq | Estimates of excess deaths during the sanctions vary widely, use different methodologies and cover different time frames. The figure of 500,000 child deaths was for a long period widely cited, but recent research has suggested that that figure was the result of survey data manipulated by the Saddam Hussein regime and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctions_against_Iraq |
Nuri al-Said | In November 1946, an oil workers' strike culminated in a massacre of the strikers by the police, and Nuri was brought back as premier. He briefly brought the Liberals and National Democrats into the cabinet, but soon reverted to the more repressive approach he generally favoured, ordering the arrest of numerous communi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_al-Said |
Tiraz | The notion of dress code in the Islamic world evolved early at the beginning of the expansion of the new empire. As the empire expanded, cultural divisions were established, each with its own dress code. The Arabs, a minority in their own empire, distinguished themselves by establishing a rule which would initiate diff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiraz |
Petra | In 1845, British poet John William Burgon won Oxford University's Newdigate Prize for his poem "Petra", containing the description "...a rose-red city half as old as time".
Petra appeared in the novels Bartleby; Left Behind Series; Appointment with Death; The Eagle in the Sand; The Red Sea Sharks, the nineteenth book i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra |
Ibn Saud | Ibn Saud positioned Saudi Arabia as neutral in World War II, but was generally considered to favor the Allies. However, in 1938, when an attack on a main British pipeline in the Kingdom of Iraq was found to be connected to the German Ambassador, Fritz Grobba, Ibn Saud provided Grobba with refuge. It was reported that h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud |
Islamic philosophy | Philosophy has not been without criticism amongst Muslims, both contemporary and past. The imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, for whom the Hanbali school of thought is named, rebuked philosophical discussion, once telling proponents of it that he was secure in his religion, but that they were "in doubt, so go to a doubter and argu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy |
Greater and Lesser Tunbs | In 1835, the Bani Yas attacked a British ship off Greater Tonb. In the ensuing maritime peace arranged by the British Political Resident Samuel Hennell, a restrictive line was established between Abu Musa and Sirri islands, and pledges were obtained from the tribes of the lower Persian Gulf not to venture their war boa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_and_Lesser_Tunbs |
Circassian genocide | As Russia made it clear that it would not try hard to keep deported Circassians alive, and provide few ships for the effort, the Ottomans sent their navy to carry the Circassians. As the deportations increased, there were not enough Ottoman vessels to carry all the deportees, even when warships were recruited for the j... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassian_genocide |
Libyan genocide | Estimates of the total number of deaths vary substantially, and range between 20,000 and 100,000.. The total population of Cyrenaica declined by around one third, a decrease of approximately 83,000. In addition to the deaths in the camps and during deportation, 12,000 people were executed on suspicion of being rebels i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_genocide |
Al-Mutawakkil | El-Hibri, Tayeb (1999). "Al-Mutawakkil: an encore of the family tragedy". Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Hārūn al-Rashı̄d and the Narrative of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. pp. 178–215. ISBN 0-521-65023-2.
Gordon, Matthew S. (2001). The Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil |
History of the Jews in Iraq | Abraham, the patriarch of the Hebrews, originated from Mesopotamia. The Ten Israelite Tribes from the northern Kingdom of Israel were exiled to Assyria from 730 BCE.
In the Bible, Babylon and the country of Babylonia are not always clearly distinguished; in most cases, the same word is used in reference to both places.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq |
Iraqi Armed Forces | The Iraqi Air Force (IQAF or IrAF) (Arabic: القوات الجوية العراقية, Al Quwwat al Jawwiya al Iraqiya) is the aerial warfare service branch of the Iraqi Armed Forces, responsible for the policing of international borders and surveillance of national assets. The Air Force also supports the Iraqi Navy and the Iraqi Army.
T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces |
Hermann Burchardt | Burchardt, born in Berlin in 1857 to a Jewish family, gave up his unwanted merchant profession at the age of 30, following the death of his father who left him with a large inheritance. Around this time, Burchardt who had developed a keen interest in photography, chose to become a privateer - that is, a man who travell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Burchardt |
Pashtuns | Before Islam there were various different beliefs which were practiced by Pashtuns such as Zoroastrianism, Buddhism and Hinduism.
The overwhelming majority of Pashtuns adhere to Sunni Islam and belong to the Hanafi school of thought. Small Shia communities exist in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Paktia. The Shias belong to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns |
Robert Fisk | Fisk lived in Beirut from 1976, remaining throughout the Lebanese Civil War. He was one of the first Western journalists to report on the Sabra and Shatila massacre in Lebanon, as well as the Hama Massacre in Syria. His book on the Lebanese conflict, Pity the Nation, was published in 1990.
Fisk also reported on the Sov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fisk |
Fatimid Caliphate | The Shi'a opposed the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, whom they considered usurpers. Instead, they believed in the exclusive right of the descendants of Ali through Muhammad's daughter Fatima, to lead the Muslim community. This manifested itself in a line of imams, descendants of Ali via al-Husayn, whom their followers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate |
Traditional African medicine | During the HIV/AIDS epidemic traditional healers' methods were criticised by practitioners of modern medicine, and in particular the use of certain herbal treatments for HIV/AIDS. According to Edward Mills, herbal remedies are used as a therapy for HIV-symptoms such as "dermatological disorders, nausea, depression, ins... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_medicine |
Saadi Sultanate | Now the sole ruler of the Saadian realm, Muhammad al-Shaykh turned his attention to the Wattasids. In 1545 he defeated and captured Ahmad al-Wattasi near Wadi Derna. Ahmad al-Wattasi was released two years later, in 1547, and ceded Meknes to the Saadians. Al-Shaykh nonetheless laid siege to Fes, the Wattasid capital, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate |
Women in Islam | As well as elected heads of state, a number of other elected female politicians have attained exceptional levels of notability within the OIC in the twenty-first century. These include Louisa Hanoune, the head of Algeria's Workers' Party and the first woman to be a presidential candidate in an Arab country (2004; Hanou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Islam |
United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 | The representative for India stated to the Security Council:
It is our understanding that the draft resolution, if approved by the Council, will commit it to the application of the principle of total withdrawal of Israel forces from all the territories – I repeat, all the territories – occupied by Israel as a result o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_242 |
Tawhid | Against the polytheism of pre-Islamic Arabia, the Qur'an argues that the knowledge of God as the creator of everything rules out the possibility of lesser gods since these beings must be themselves created. For the Qur'an, God is an immanent and transcendent deity who actively creates, maintains and destroys the univer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid |
Palmyra | Palmyra became part of the Roman Empire when it was conquered and paid tribute early in the reign of Tiberius, around 14 AD. The Romans included Palmyra in the province of Syria, and defined the region's boundaries. Pliny the Elder asserted that both the Palmyrene and Emesene regions were contiguous; a marker at the Pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra |
Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah | Sabah was a regional and international mediator due in part to his place in the Gulf Cooperation Council's leadership order and his 40 years of service as Foreign Minister and Prime Minister. Under his leadership, Kuwait acted as a go-between for Pakistan and Bangladesh, Turkey and Bulgaria, the Palestinian Authority a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah |
Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir | The organisation as of February 2019 has been banned for a 5-year period under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act. The notification said that the Jamaat was in close touch with militant organisations and was expected to "escalate its subversive activities" including attempts to carve out an Islamic State out of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Kashmir |
Syrian Army | In August 1945, the Syrian Army was formed mainly from Army of the Levant. As Syria gained independence in 1946, its leaders envisioned a division-sized army. On June 19, 1947, the Syrian Army took the survivors of Pan Am Flight 121 to the Presbyterian mission hospital at Deir ez-Zor. The 1st Brigade was ready by the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Army |
Cave of the Patriarchs | Following the Israeli occupation of the West Bank in the Six-Day War, Hebron came under Jewish control for the first time in 2,000 years, though restrictions on visits by Jews were to continue. According to the autobiography of the Chief Rabbi of the Israel Defense Forces, Major general Rabbi Shlomo Goren, during the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs |
Sunni Islam | Later Sunni scholars also present the Sunnis as the center of Muslim community. The idea already appears to some extent in the Ashʿarite ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādī, who emphasizes on several dogmatic questions that the Sunnis hold a position that lies in the middle between the positions of the other Islamic groups. An e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Quran | The word qur'ān appears about 70 times in the Quran itself, assuming various meanings. It is a verbal noun (maṣdar) of the Arabic verb qara'a (قرأ) meaning 'he read' or 'he recited'. The Syriac equivalent is qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), which refers to 'scripture reading' or 'lesson'. While some Western scholars consider the word... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran |
Panchatantra | It was the Panchatantra that served as the basis for the studies of Theodor Benfey, the pioneer in the field of comparative literature. His efforts began to clear up some confusion surrounding the history of the Panchatantra, culminating in the work of Hertel (Hertel 1908, Hertel 1912a, Hertel 1912b, Hertel 1915) and E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantra |
Thomas Young (scientist) | Young made significant contributions to the decipherment of ancient Egyptian writing systems. He started his Egyptology work rather late, in 1813, when the work was already in progress among other researchers.
He began by using an Egyptian demotic alphabet of 29 letters built up by Johan David Åkerblad in 1802 (14 turn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist) |
Seleucia | Over sixty years later a new city, Veh-Ardashir, was built across the river by Persian emperor Ardashir I. This new city was long believed to be located at Seleucia but was shown by Italian excavations to be a fresh construction separate from Seleucia and Ctesiphon. There were active Christian churches in Mesopotamia f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucia |
Ottoman Empire | The Ottoman Empire was founded c. 1299 by Osman I as a small beylik in northwestern Asia Minor just south of the Byzantine capital Constantinople. In 1326, the Ottomans captured nearby Bursa, cutting off Asia Minor from Byzantine control. The Ottomans first crossed into Europe in 1352, establishing a permanent settleme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire |
Oriental rug | The field, or sections of it, can also be covered with smaller design elements. The overall impression may be homogeneous, although the design of the elements themselves can be highly complicated. Amongst the repeating figures, the boteh is used throughout the “carpet belt”. Boteh can be depicted in curvilinear or rect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_rug |
Takaful | el-Gamal, Mahmoud A. (2006). Islamic Finance : Law, Economics, and Practice (PDF). New York, NY: Cambridge. ISBN 9780521864145. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-03. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
Jamaldeen, Faleel (2012). Islamic Finance For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118233900. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
Kha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaful |
Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC) | To avoid the destruction of Jerusalem, King Jehoiakim of Judah, in his third year, changed his allegiance from Egypt to Babylon. He paid tribute from the treasury in Jerusalem, and Nebuchadnezzar took some temple artifacts and some of the royal family and nobility as hostages. In 601 BC, during the fourth year of his r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC) |
Ayyubid dynasty | By the 12th century, Islam was the dominant religion in the Middle East. It is not certain, however, if it was the religion of the majority outside the Arabian Peninsula. Arabic was the language of high culture and of the urban population, although other languages dating to pre-Islamic rule were still being used to a c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Tomb of Ahmad Sanjar | Ashkan, Maryam and Ahmad, Yahaya. "Significance of Conical and Polyhedral Domes in Persia and Surrounding Areas: Morphology, Typologies, and Geometric Characteristics." Nexus Network Journal 14, no. 2, (2012): 275-289. https://doi.org/10.26687
Bayne Fisher, William, et al. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Ahmad_Sanjar |
Caliphate | The members of the Ahmadiyya community believe that the Ahmadiyya Caliphate (Arabic: Khilāfah) is the continuation of the Islamic caliphate, first being the Rāshidūn (rightly guided) Caliphate (of Righteous Caliphs). This is believed to have been suspended with Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad and re-established with th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate |
Egypt | Islam is the state religion of Egypt, and the country has the largest Muslim population in the Arab world and the world's sixth largest Muslim population, accounting for five percent of all Muslims worldwide. Egypt also has the largest Christian population in the Middle East and North Africa. Official data about religi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt |
Sasanian Empire | Although Middle Persian was the native language of the Sasanians (who, however, were not originally from Pars), it was only a minority spoken-language in the vast Sasanian Empire; it only formed the majority of Pars, while it was widespread around Media and its surrounding regions. However, there were several different... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby | Allenby's official proclamation of martial law following the fall of Jerusalem on 9 December 1917 read as follows:
Allenby received Christian, Jewish and Muslim community leaders in Jerusalem and worked with them to ensure that religious sites of all three faiths were respected. Allenby sent his Indian Muslim soldier... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Allenby,_1st_Viscount_Allenby |
Christian denomination | The Latin portion of the Catholic Church, along with Protestantism, comprise the three major divisions of Christianity in the Western world. Catholics do not describe themselves as a denomination but rather as the original Church, from which all other branches broke off in schism. The Baptist, Methodist, and Lutheran c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denomination |
Rashidun Caliphate | After Khalid consolidated his control of Iraq, Abu Bakr sent four armies to Syria on the Byzantine front under four different commanders: Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah (acting as their supreme commander), Amr ibn al-As, Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan and Shurhabil ibn Hasana. However, their advance was halted by a concentration of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate |
Golden jackal | The golden jackal may have once been tamed in Neolithic Turkey 11,000 years ago, as there is a sculpture of a man cradling a jackal found in Göbekli Tepe. French explorers during the 19th century noted that people in the Levant kept golden jackals in their homes. The Kalmyk people near the Caspian Sea were known to fre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_jackal |
Islamic revival | A global wave of Islamic revivalism emerged starting from the end of 1970s owing in large part to popular disappointment with the secular nation states and Westernized ruling elites, which had dominated the Muslim world during the preceding decades, and which were increasingly seen as authoritarian, ineffective and lac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_revival |
Saffron | The domesticated saffron crocus, Crocus sativus, is an autumn-flowering perennial plant unknown in the wild. It probably descends from the eastern Mediterranean autumn-flowering Crocus cartwrightianus which is also known as "wild saffron" and is native to mainland Greece, Euboea, Crete, Skyros and some islands of the C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffron |
Naskh (tafsir) | While abrogation by the same type of revelation — i.e. varieties #1 and #2 — are accepted by all scholars (i.e. all who support the orthodox theory of abrogation), abrogation between types of revelation — #3 and #4 — are not.
The scope of Naskh doctrine between sources has been one of the major differences between the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir) |
Slavery | Slavery was widespread in Africa, which pursued both internal and external slave trade. In the Senegambia region, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was enslaved. In early Islamic states of the western Sahel, including Ghana, Mali, Segou, and Songhai, about a third of the population were enslav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery |
Idris of Libya | After the Regio Esercito (the Italian Royal Army) invaded Cyrenaica in 1913 as part of their wider invasion of Libya, the Senussi Order fought back against them. When the Order's leader, Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi, abdicated his position, he was replaced by Idris, who was his cousin. Pressured to do so by the Ottoman Empi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_of_Libya |
2015 European migrant crisis | The refugee crisis polarized European society. In Western Europe, large majorities supported accepting refugees fleeing violence and war, while Eastern Europeans were generally more ambivalent. At the same time, however, large majorities also disapproved of the EU's handling of the refugee wave.
As southeastern Europe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis |
Muraqqa | The Mughal dynasty in the Indian subcontinent was rather later in establishing a large court atelier, which did not begin until after the exile in Persia of the second emperor, Humayun, who on his return was joined from about 1549 by Persian artists including Abd as-Samad. The Mughal style developed under the next emp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muraqqa |
Lebanon | On 12 July 2006, Hezbollah launched a series of rocket attacks and raids into Israeli territory, where they killed three Israeli soldiers and captured two others. Israel responded with airstrikes and artillery fire on targets in Lebanon, and a ground invasion of southern Lebanon, resulting in the 2006 Lebanon War. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon |
Foreign relations of Qatar | Qatar's international aid program has expanded dramatically since the beginning of 2010, and focuses heavily on the Arab world, most notably in the humanitarian crises in Syria and Gaza.
According to the UN OCHA's Financial Tracking Service, Qatar's international aid increased from less than $10 million annually in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Qatar |
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