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Chagatai Khanate | In the west, Mahmud Khan ruled from Tashkent over the Yarkent Khanate. In 1488, the Timurids of Samarkand tried to recover Tashkent but were defeated by Mahmud. In 1487, Mahmud gave refuge to Muhammad Shaybani, who then seized Bukhara and Samarkand from the Timurids in 1500, making himself ruler of Transoxania. Muhamma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate |
Cobalt | Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to impart a rich blue color to glass, glazes, and ceramics. Cobalt has been detected in Egyptian sculpture, Persian jewelry from the third millennium BC, in the ruins of Pompeii, destroyed in 79 AD, and in China, dating from the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD) and the Ming dynast... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt |
LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia | The Saudi government censors the media. Fines, imprisonment and, for foreigners, deportation are imposed on any person possessing, importing, distributing or producing media without governmental approval. Media content, including advertising, cannot be seen as insulting the royal family or conflicting with Islamic teac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Reconquista | In 1139, after an overwhelming victory in the Battle of Ourique against the Almoravids, Afonso Henriques was proclaimed the first King of Portugal by his troops. According to the legend, Christ announced from heaven Afonso's great deeds, whereby he would establish the first Portuguese Cortes at Lamego and be crowned by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista |
Unaizah | The city has been ruled by the Al Sulaim family (Sons of Sulaiman Al-Zamil) since 1818. They came to power when Prince Yehya Al-Sulaim in 1822 killed the governor appointed by the Ottoman emperor, Abdullah Al-Jamei. This dynasty still rules the city according to a written treaty between them and the Saudi royal family.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unaizah |
Francis Marrash | Francis Marrash was born in Aleppo, a city of Ottoman Syria (present-day Syria), to an old Melkite family of merchants known for their literary interests. Having earned wealth and standing in the 18th century, the family was well established in Aleppo, although they had gone through troubles: a relative of Francis, But... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Marrash |
History of Islam | Islam first reached Maritime Southeast Asia through traders from Mecca in the 7th century, particularly via the western part of what is now Indonesia. Arab traders from Yemen already had a presence in Asia through trading and travelling by sea, serving as intermediary traders to and from Europe and Africa. They traded ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam |
Somali Bantus | In 1999, the United States classified the Bantu refugees from Somalia as a priority and the United States Department of State first began what has been described as the most ambitious resettlement plan ever from Africa, with thousands of Bantus scheduled for resettlement in America. In 2003, the first Bantu immigrants ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Bantus |
Kharijites | According to Rudolf Ernst Brünnow (1858–1917), the first academic historian to systematically study the Kharijites, the qurra supported the arbitration proposal because, as pious believers in the Qur'an, they felt obliged to respond to the call of making the Qur'an the arbitrator. The people who objected to the treaty ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharijites |
Muslim conquest of the Maghreb | It is recorded by Ibn Abd al-Hakam that during the siege of Tripoli by Amr ibn al-As, seven of his soldiers from the clan of Madhlij, sub branch of Kinana, unintentionally found a section on the western side of Tripoli beach that was not walled during their hunting routine. These seven soldiers managed to infiltrate th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb |
1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine | The Arab Liberation Army was, in theory, financed and equipped by the Arab League. A budget of one million pounds sterling had been promised to them, due to the insistence of Ismail Safwat. In reality, though, funding never arrived, and only Syria truly supported the Arab volunteers in concrete terms.
Syria bought fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine |
Khidr | Al-Khiḍr is a figure in Islamic tradition who is believed to have the appearance of a young adult but with a long, white beard. According to some authors, al-Khiḍr is Xerxes, a 6th-century Sasanian prince who disappeared after finding the fountain of life and sought to live his remaining life in service of God. There a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khidr |
American Mission Hospital | AMH Island Classic Golf Tournament is an annual fixture in the sporting calendar of Bahrain, usually around October–November. It is held under the patronage of King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, at his private golf course in Saffriya.
In 1997, the hospital's growth necessitated the construction of a new building and also a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mission_Hospital |
Syria–Lebanon campaign | The British plan of attack devised by Wilson called for four lines of invasion, in Damascus and Beirut, in Palestine, in northern Syria and Palmyra, in central Syria, from Iraq, and in Tripoli (in northern Lebanon) also from Iraq. The 5th Indian Brigade Group (Brigadier Wilfrid Lewis Lloyd) was ordered to cross the Syr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign |
Saudi Arabia–United States relations | In October 2018, the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi put the U.S. into a difficult situation as Trump and his son-in-law Jared Kushner share a strong personal and official bond with Mohammad bin Salman. During an interview, Trump vowed to get to the bottom of the case and that there would be "severe punishment" if the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations |
Capital punishment | Opponents of the death penalty argue that this punishment is being used more often against perpetrators from racial and ethnic minorities and from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, than against those criminals who come from a privileged background; and that the background of the victim also influences the outcome. Resea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment |
Göbekli Tepe | Before being documented by archaeologists, the hill Göbekli Tepe stands on, known locally in Kurdish as Girê Mirazan or Xerabreşkê (Girê Mirazan meaning 'Wish Hill'), was considered a sacred place.
The archaeological site was first noted in a survey conducted by Istanbul University and the University of Chicago in 1963... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe |
Posts and telecommunications in Lebanon | Television broadcasting kicked off in Lebanon as a commercial enterprise from the start, initiated by businessmen Wissam Ezzedine and Joe Arida. On 9 April 1956, they signed an agreement with the government to establish the Compagnie Libanaise de Télévision (CLT). Board members included scions of some of the country's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posts_and_telecommunications_in_Lebanon |
Islamic art | Medieval Islamic metalwork offers a complete contrast to its European equivalent, which is dominated by modelled figures and brightly coloured decoration in enamel, some pieces entirely in precious metals. In contrast surviving Islamic metalwork consists of practical objects mostly in brass, bronze, and steel, with sim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_art |
Farouk of Egypt | Upon his coronation, the 16-year-old King Farouk made a public radio address to the nation, the first time a sovereign of Egypt had ever spoken directly to his people in such a way:And if it is God's will to lay on my shoulders at such an early age the responsibility of kingship, I on my part appreciate the duties that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt |
State religion | The State of Deseret was an unrecognised provisional state of the United States, proposed in 1849, by Mormon settlers in Salt Lake City. The provisional state existed for slightly over two years, but attempts to gain recognition by the United States government floundered for various reasons. The Utah Territory which wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion |
Shia Islam | The Idrisids (Arabic: الأدارسة) were Arab Zaydī Shias whose dynasty, named after its first sultan, Idris I, ruled in the western Maghreb from 788 to 985 CE. Another Zaydī State was established in the region of Gilan, Deylaman, and Tabaristan (northern Iran) in 864 CE by the Alavids; it lasted until the death of its lea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam |
Battle of Chains | Expecting Khalid ibn al-Walid to come though Kazima, Hormozd marched from Uballa to Kazima. At Kazima there were no signs of the Muslim army. Soon information was given by scouts that Khalid ibn Walid was moving towards Hufeir. As Hufeir was only 21 miles from Uballa, this endangered Hormozd’s base. Uballa which was an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chains |
Qatar | Bianco, C. (2020a). The GCC monarchies: Perceptions of the Iranian threat amid shifting geopolitics. The International Spectator, 55(2), 92–107.
Bianco, C. (2020b). A Gulf apart: How Europe can gain influence with the Gulf Cooperation Council. European Council on Foreign Relations, February 2020. Available at [1].
Bian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar |
Mappila Muslims | Kerala has been a major spice exporter since 3000 BCE, according to Sumerian records and it is still referred to as the "Garden of Spices" or as the "Spice Garden of India".: 79 Kerala's spices attracted ancient Arabs, Babylonians, Assyrians and Egyptians to the Malabar Coast in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. Phoenici... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mappila_Muslims |
Mary, mother of Jesus | During the Age of Martyrs and at the latest in the fourth century, the majority of the most essential ideas of Marian devotion already appeared in some form – in the writings of the Church Fathers, apocrypha and visual arts. The lack of sources makes it unclear whether the devotion to Mary played a role in liturgical u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus |
Mehmed II | In 1456, Peter III Aaron agreed to pay the Ottomans an annual tribute of 2,000 gold ducats to ensure his southern borders, thus becoming the first Moldavian ruler to accept the Turkish demands. His successor Stephen the Great rejected Ottoman suzerainty and a series of fierce wars ensued. Stephen tried to bring Wallach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II |
Surah | The idea of textual relation between the verses of a chapter has been discussed under various titles such as nazm (Arabic: ﻧَﻈﻢ) and munasabah (Arabic: مناسبة) in literature of the Islamic sphere and 'Coherence', 'text relations', 'intertextuality', and 'unity' in English literature. There are two points of view regard... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surah |
Women in Islam | In answering the question of how "Islamic" female circumcision is, Haifaa A. Jawad – an academic specialising in Islamic thought and the author of The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach – has concluded that "the practice has no Islamic foundation whatsoever. It is nothing more than an ancient custom which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Islam |
Arabic | Egyptian Arabic is spoken by 67 million people in Egypt. It is one of the most understood varieties of Arabic, due in large part to the widespread distribution of Egyptian films and television shows throughout the Arabic-speaking world
Levantine Arabic is spoken by about 44 million people in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Pal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic |
Pistachio | Archaeological evidence shows that pistachio seeds were a common food as early as 6750 BCE. The earliest evidence of pistachio consumption goes back to the Bronze Age Central Asia and comes from Djarkutan, modern Uzbekistan.
Pistachio trees were introduced from Asia to Europe in the first century AD by the Romans. They... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistachio |
United Arab Emirates | The armed forces of the United Arab Emirates consist of 44,000 active personnel in the Army, 2,500 personnel and 46 ships in the Navy, 4,500 personnel and 386 aircraft in the Air Force, and 12,000 personnel in the Presidential Guard. In 2022 the country spent US$20.4 billion on defense, which is 4% of its GDP. The UAE ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates |
Al Daayen | In 2010, 81.7% of the population was economically active. Construction was the primary industry worked in by most of the working population at 21,702 employees, followed by public administration and defense (2,336) and agriculture and fishing (1,294).
The MEEZA Data Center is an IT center south of Umm Qarn. Inaugurated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Daayen |
Jebel Akhdar War | The sultan's army was reorganised under the British soldier, Colonel David Smiley. The Batinah Force was renamed to Northern Frontier Regiment (NFR) and the remnants of the Muscat and Oman Field Force were merged into the new Muscat Regiment (MR). Within each unit and sub-unit, Baluchi and Arab soldiers were mixed. Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War |
Yemeni Armed Forces | The origins of the modern-day Yemeni military can be traced back to the late 19th century when Turkish Ottomans began recruiting tribal levies to create four battalions of gendarmerie and three cavalry regiments. In 1906, the Italians recruited thousands of Yemenis and gave them military training in Italian Somaliland ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Armed_Forces |
Fez, Morocco | Up until the 19th century, the al-Qarawiyyin dominated the intellectual life of the city and of the country around it. Literature was focused on religious scholarship, philosophy, and poetry.: 475–476 The city's largest library was located at the Qarawiyyin Mosque, while others were attached to other major mosques. Un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco |
Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby | Allenby was promoted to temporary lieutenant general on 10 October 1914. As the BEF was expanded in size to two armies, he was rewarded by being made commander of the Cavalry Corps. On 6 May 1915, Allenby voluntarily left the Cavalry Arm to take up command of V Corps which was engaged at that moment in severe fighting ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Allenby,_1st_Viscount_Allenby |
Honor killing | Widney Brown, the advocacy director of Human Rights Watch, said that the practice "goes across cultures and religions".
Resolution 1327 (2003) of the Council of Europe states that:
The Assembly notes that whilst so-called "honor crimes" emanate from cultural and not religious roots and are perpetrated worldwide (mainl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_killing |
Qays–Yaman rivalry | The Qays–Yaman feud persisted, but the caliphate remained stable and prosperous by the time of Hisham's death in 743. However, this situation unraveled as a result of the policies and incompetence of his successor, al-Walid II (r. 743–744). The latter left the state administration largely in the hands of Hisham's Qaysi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qays%E2%80%93Yaman_rivalry |
Sufism | Sufis believe the sharia (exoteric "canon"), tariqa ("order") and haqiqa ("truth") are mutually interdependent. Sufism leads the adept, called salik or "wayfarer", in his sulûk or "road" through different stations (maqāmāt) until he reaches his goal, the perfect tawhid, the existential confession that God is One. Ibn A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism |
Elagabalus (deity) | The cult stone or baetyl was taken to Rome by the Emperor Elagabalus, who, before his accession, was the hereditary high priest at Emesa and was commonly called Elagabalus after the deity. The Syrian deity was assimilated with the Roman sun god known as Sol and became known as Sol Invictus ("the unconquered Sun") among... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus_(deity) |
Islam | Shia Islam, or Shi'ism, is the second-largest Muslim denomination. Shias, or Shiites, maintain that Muhammad's successor as leader, must be from certain descendants of Muhammad's family known as the Ahl al-Bayt and those leaders, referred to as Imams, have additional spiritual authority. Shias are guided by the Ja'fari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam |
Ba'athism | According to Aflaq, the Arab Revolt (1916–1918) against the Ottoman Empire failed to unify the Arab world because it was led by a reactionary class. He believed the ruling class, who supported the monarchy as the leaders of the Arab Revolt did, were synonymous with a reactionary class. In Ba'athist ideology, the ruling... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athism |
2011 South Sudanese independence referendum | Talks on resolving the status and of the eligibility criteria for voters in the disputed Abyei region broke down in October 2010, although both the central ruling NCP and southern SPLM said their respective teams "will meet again in Ethiopia toward the end of October to continue their discussions. The parties continue ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum |
Blue Line (withdrawal line) | On 11 March 1978 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) operatives, led by Dalal Mugrabi, carried out the Coastal Road massacre within Israel which resulted in the deaths of 37 Israelis, including 13 children, and 76 wounded. In response, Israeli forces invaded southern Lebanon from which the PLO operated regularly du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(withdrawal_line) |
Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) | The remaking of the world map at the conferences gave birth to a number of critical conflict-prone contradictions internationally that would become some of the causes of World War II. The British historian Eric Hobsbawm claimed: [N]o equally systematic attempt has been made before or since, in Europe or anywhere else, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920) |
Harun al-Rashid | Harun's first wife was Zubaidah. She was the daughter of his paternal uncle, Ja'far and maternal aunt Salsal, sister of Al-Khayzuran. They married in 781–82, at the residence of Muhammad bin Sulayman in Baghdad. She had one son, Caliph Al-Amin. She died in 831. Another of his wives was Azizah, daughter of Ghitrif, brot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid |
Ajuran Sultanate | The European Age of Discovery brought Europe's then superpower the Portuguese Empire to the coast of East Africa, which enjoyed a flourishing trade with foreign nations. The southeastern city-states of Kilwa, Mombasa, Malindi, Pate and Lamu were all systematically sacked and plundered by the Portuguese. Tristão da Cunh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate |
Macedonia (ancient kingdom) | Philip II was twenty-four years old when he acceded to the throne in 359 BC. Through the use of deft diplomacy, he was able to convince the Thracians under Berisades to cease their support of Pausanias, a pretender to the throne, and the Athenians to halt their support of another pretender. He achieved these by bribing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom) |
Jewish exodus from the Muslim world | The British mandate over Iraq came to an end in June 1930, and in October 1932 the country became independent. The Iraqi government response to the demand of Assyrian autonomy (the Assyrians being the indigenous Eastern Aramaic-speaking Semitic descendants of the ancient Assyrians and Mesopotamians, and largely affilia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world |
Human rights in Syria | Among the scores of prisoners of conscience arrested in 2009, and hundreds of political prisoners already in prison, some of the more prominent prisoners were:
Kamal al-Labwani, a prisoner of conscience who had three years added to his 12-year sentence for allegedly "broadcasting false or exaggerated news which could ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria |
Natural gas in Qatar | In 1997, Qatar began exporting LNG when it sent 5.7 billion cubic feet (160 million cubic metres) of LNG to Spain. Qatar has become the world's leading LNG exporter next to Australia. In 2009, Qatar exported nearly 1.8 trillion cubic feet (51 billion cubic metres) of LNG. Japan, South Korea, and India were the primary ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Qatar |
Netanya | Neot Herzl
Located in the center of Netanya, near the Netanya interchange. It is a unification of four neighborhoods: Shikkun Sela, Gan Beracha, Amidar and Ramat Herzl. The neighborhood, like the main street of the city that runs nearby, was named after Benjamin Ze'ev Herzl. The old settlement of Umm Khalid is also loc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netanya |
Apostasy in Islam | Support among contemporary preachers and scholars
"The vast majority of Muslim scholars both past as well as present" consider apostasy "a crime deserving the death penalty", according to Abdul Rashided Omar, writing circa 2007. Some notable contemporary proponents include:
Abul A'la Maududi (1903–1979), who "by the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam |
Yemeni civil war (2014–present) | When Islam first came to Yemen, it mostly took the form of Sunni & Ismaili Shia Islam, until the fall of the Hamdan tribe ruled Ismaili states in the 11th century Ayubid expansion, then the majority of Hamdan tribes converted to Zaydism, a Shia sect. It was not until the arrival of the Rasulids that Shafi'i Sunnism bec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present) |
Hauran | The arrival of the Crusaders in the coastal regions of Bilad al-Sham in 1099 had repercussions for the Hauran and the region was periodically targeted by Crusaders in plundering campaigns. These occurred when the Crusaders captured Muslim-held fortresses in the Hauran or passed by the region after raids against Damascu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauran |
Hadith | Berg, H. (2000). The development of exegesis in early Islam: the authenticity of Muslim literature from the formative period. Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1224-0.
Brown, Daniel W. (1996). Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521570778. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
Brown, Jonathan A. C. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith |
Failed state | A relevant contribution to the field of failed states and its attributes was made by Jack Goldstone in his 2008 paper "Pathways to State Failure". He defines a failed state as one that has lost both its effectiveness and legitimacy. Effectiveness means the capability to carry out state functions such as providing secur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failed_state |
Sudan | On the turn of the fifth century the Blemmyes established a short-lived state in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia, probably centred around Talmis (Kalabsha), but before 450 they were already driven out of the Nile Valley by the Nobatians. The latter eventually founded a kingdom on their own, Nobatia.
By the sixth century th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan |
Delhi Sultanate | The tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (built 1320 to 1324) in Multan, Pakistan is a large octagonal brick-built mausoleum with polychrome glazed decoration that remains much closer to the styles of Iran and Afghanistan. Timber is also used internally. This was the earliest major monument of the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1413), buil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate |
Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate | Prince Bashir Shihab II had been ruling since 1788, and he consolidated his authority over the country by eliminating his rivals from the feudal lords. His political cunning always managed to absorb the resentment, and the Druze and Christians alike continued to willingly submit to him. At the end of the reign of Bashi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate |
Ibn Khaldun | Kitāb al-ʻIbar, (full title: Kitāb al-ʻIbar wa-Dīwān al-Mubtadaʼ wa-l-Khabar fī Taʼrīkh al-ʻArab wa-l-Barbar wa-Man ʻĀṣarahum min Dhawī ash-Shaʼn al-Akbār "Book of Lessons, Record of Beginnings and Events in the History of the Arabs and the Berbers and Their Powerful Contemporaries"); begun as a history of the Berbers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun |
History of the Spanish language | The development of Spanish phonology is distinguished from those of other nearby Romance languages (e.g. Portuguese, Catalan) by several features:
diphthongization of Latin stressed short E and O in closed syllables as well as open (tiempo, puerta vs. Portuguese tempo, porta)
devoicing and further development of the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Spanish_language |
Shirvanshahs | Amanat, Abbas (2019). "Remembering the Persianate". In Amanat, Abbas; Ashraf, Assef (eds.). The Persianate World: Rethinking a Shared Sphere. Brill. pp. 15–62. ISBN 978-90-04-38728-7.
Babayan, Kathryn (2009). "Jonayd". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XV/1: Joči–Judeopersian communities of Iran V... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshahs |
Battle of Tripoli (2011) | At just after 8:00pm, the uprising within Tripoli began when a group of rebels took over the Ben Nabi Mosque, and began calling the signal of Iftar (إفطار) – the moment Muslims observing Ramadan break their evening fast. Prominent opposition members confirmed that the rebels had been shipping weapons into Tripoli for s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(2011) |
Northwest Semitic languages | Blau, J. 1968. "Some Difficulties in the Reconstruction of 'Proto-Hebrew' and 'Proto-Canaanite'," in In Memoriam Paul Kahle. BZAW, 103. pp. 29–43
Cross, F. M. 1965. “The Development of the Jewish Scripts,” in The Bible and the Ancient Near East: Essays in Honor of W. F. Albright, ed. G. E. Wright. New York. Rep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages |
Middle East | Middle Eastern economies range from being very poor (such as Gaza and Yemen) to extremely wealthy nations (such as Qatar and UAE). Overall, as of 2007, according to the CIA World Factbook, all nations in the Middle East are maintaining a positive rate of growth.
According to the International Monetary Fund, the three l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East |
History of slavery | Slavery was commonly used in the parts of the Caribbean controlled by France and the British Empire. The Lesser Antilles islands of Barbados, St. Kitts, Antigua, Martinique and Guadeloupe, which were the first important societies of slaves in the Caribbean, began the widespread use of enslaved Africans by the end of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery |
Kerkennah Islands | The whole archipelago is an important wintering area for migratory birds. BirdLife international classifies the Kerkennah islands as an Important Bird Area (code TN026) particularly critical as it constitutes a major migration bottleneck (category A4i) and in that it hosts at time significant populations of some specie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerkennah_Islands |
Santur | Duchesne-Guillemin, Marcelle (1980). "Sur la restitution de la musique hourrite". Revue de Musicologie 66, no. 1 (1980): 5–26.
Duchesne-Guillemin, Marcelle (1984). A Hurrian Musical Score from Ugarit: The Discovery of Mesopotamian Music, Sources from the Ancient Near East, vol. 2, fasc. 2. Malibu, CA: Undena Publicatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santur |
Papyrus | Papyrus was made from the stem of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus. The outer rind was first removed, and the sticky fibrous inner pith is cut lengthwise into thin strips about 40 cm (16 in) long. The strips were then placed side by side on a hard surface with their edges slightly overlapping, and then another layer ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus |
Fez, Morocco | After Morocco regained its independence in 1956, many of the trends begun under colonial rule continued and accelerated. Much of Fez's bourgeois classes moved to the growing metropolises of Casablanca and the capital, Rabat.: 26 : 40 The Jewish population was particularly depleted, either moving to Casablanca or emigr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco |
Tarawih | The Sunni prayer Tarawih has been mentioned in traditions as Qiyam al-Layl min Ramadan ("Standing of night in Ramadan") and Qiyam al-Ramadan ("Standing of Ramadan"). Some Sunni Muslims regard the Tarawih prayers as confirmed traditional prayer (sunnat al-mu'akkadah). Other Sunni Muslims believe Tarawih is an optional p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarawih |
Sudan | On the turn of the fifth century the Blemmyes established a short-lived state in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia, probably centred around Talmis (Kalabsha), but before 450 they were already driven out of the Nile Valley by the Nobatians. The latter eventually founded a kingdom on their own, Nobatia.
By the sixth century th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan |
Ancient Carthage | Since at least the reign of Mago I in the early sixth century BC, Carthage regularly utilized its military to advance its commercial and strategic interests. According to Polybius, Carthage relied heavily, though not exclusively, on foreign mercenaries, especially in overseas warfare. Modern historians regard this as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage |
Umar | On his deathbed, Umar vacillated on his succession. However, it has been reported that he said that if Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, Khalid ibn Walid or Salim, the mawla and freed Persian slave, were alive he would have appointed one of them his successor. Umar finally appointed a committee of six persons to choose a cali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar |
BP | Oil spill caused damages across a range of species and habitats in the Gulf. Researchers say the oil and dispersant mixture, including PAHs, permeated the food chain through zooplankton. Toxicological effects have been documented in benthic and pelagic fish, estuarine communities, mammals, birds and turtles, deep-water... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP |
Battle of Khartoum (2023–present) | On 26 April, two shells fell on the al-Roomy medical center in Omdurman, injuring twenty people. The RSF also attacked Kober prison in Bahri the same day, where many putschists from the 1989 Sudanese coup d'état were imprisoned, but the attack failed, and the SAF took control of the prison. Later, several pro-Bashir ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khartoum_(2023%E2%80%93present) |
Sultanate of Zanzibar | In 1886, the British government encouraged William Mackinnon, who already had an agreement with the Sultan and whose shipping company traded extensively in the African Great Lakes, to increase British influence in the region. He formed a British East Africa Association which led to the Imperial British East Africa Comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar |
Atharism | Muslim historians and jurists theorized that the companion Zubayr ibn al-Awwam was one of the earliest traditionalist and textualist scholars who influenced later Athari scholasticism. Zubair's method of proto-textualism precedently influenced the scholars of Ahl al-Ḥadīth. This was characterized by their approach to l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharism |
Egyptian nationalism | Both the Arabic language and the ancient Egyptian language are Afroasiatic languages sharing a common origin. The rule of Muhammad Ali of Egypt led Egypt to a more advanced level of industrialization in comparison with Egypt's neighbors, along with more discoveries of relics of ancient Egyptian civilization. The Urabi ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism |
Mass media in Iraq | After the end of full state control in 2003, a period of considerable growth occurred in Iraq's broadcast media. Immediately, the ban on satellite dishes was no longer in place, and by mid-2003, according to a BBC report, there were 20 radio stations, 15-17 Iraqi-owned television stations, and 200 Iraqi-owned and opera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iraq |
Iraqi cuisine | The earliest known recipe for cake comes from ancient Mesopotamia. Believed to be primarily for consumption at the palace or temple, the cake was made from fat, white cheese, dates and raisins. Another recipe dating to the reign of Hammurabi (1792 BCE–1750 BCE) includes similar basic ingredients with the addition of gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine |
Shia Islam | The Shia, originally known as the "partisans" of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, Muhammad's cousin and Fatima's husband, first emerged as a distinct movement during the First Fitna from 656 to 661 CE. Shia doctrine holds that ʿAlī was meant to lead the community after Muhammad's death in 632. Historians dispute over the origins of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam |
Sultanate of Egypt | Soon after the start of the First World War, Khedive Abbas II of Egypt was removed from power by the British due to his pro-Ottoman positions. He was replaced by his uncle Hussein Kamel, who declared Egypt's independence from the Ottoman Empire and proclaimed himself as Sultan. Though presented as the re-establishment ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt |
Levantine Arabic | Levantine is not recognized in any state or territory. MSA is the sole official language in Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria; it has a "special status" in Israel under the Basic Law. French is also recognized in Lebanon. In Turkey, the only official language is Turkish. Any variation from MSA is considered a "dial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Arabic |
Zionism | Some Christians actively supported the return of Jews to Palestine even prior to the rise of Zionism, as well as subsequently. Anita Shapira, a history professor emerita at Tel Aviv University, suggests that evangelical Christian restorationists of the 1840s "passed this notion on to Jewish circles". Evangelical Christ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism |
Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba | The original mosque had a roughly square floor plan measuring 74 or 79 square meters per side, equally divided between a hypostyle prayer hall to the south and an open courtyard (sahn) to the north.: 40 : 19 As the mosque was built on a sloping site, a large amount of fill would have been necessary to create a level g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque%E2%80%93Cathedral_of_C%C3%B3rdoba |
Temporal finitism | Kant's argument for finitism has been widely discussed, for instance Jonathan Bennett points out that Kant's argument is not a sound logical proof: His assertion that "Now the infinity of a series consists in the fact that it can never be completed through successive synthesis. It thus follows that it is impossible for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_finitism |
Head of state | A head of state is often, by virtue of holding the highest executive powers, explicitly designated as the commander-in-chief of that nation's armed forces, holding the highest office in all military chains of command.
In a constitutional monarchy or non-executive presidency, the head of state may de jure hold ultimate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state |
Hussein of Jordan | The 1950s became known as the Arab Cold War, due to the conflict between states led by Nasserist Egypt and traditionalist kingdoms led by Saudi Arabia. Egypt and Syria formed the United Arab Republic (UAR) on 1 February 1958, with the Republic's presidency occupied by Nasser. As a counterweight, Hussein and his cousin,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan |
Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) | In June 2012, Mohamed Morsi won the presidential election with 51.7% of the vote in a run-off against army-backed candidate Ahmed Shafik, who served under Mubarak as prime minister. Morsi, a leading member of the Muslim Brotherhood and the Freedom and Justice Party, resigned from both organizations and was sworn in as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014) |
Egyptian Revival architecture | New after the Napoleonic invasion was a sudden increase of the number of works of art and the fact that, for the first time, entire buildings began to be built to resemble those of ancient Egypt. In France and Britain this was at least partially inspired by successful war campaigns undertaken by each country while in E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture |
Freedom of religion in Sudan | The country has an area of 967,500 square miles (2,510,000 km2) and a population of 40.2 million. Demographic data are estimates. Two-thirds to three-fourths of the population live in the 15 states of the north, and are generally from Arabic speakers. The remaining one-fourth to one-third of the population live in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Sudan |
History of Islamic economics | Early forms of mercantilism and capitalism are thought to have developed in the Islamic Golden Age from the 9th century.
Early Islamic commerce applied a number of concepts and techniques, including bills of exchange, forms of partnership (mufawada) such as limited partnerships (mudaraba), and early forms of capital (a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics |
History of modern Tunisia | An independence movement lasting many decades eventually prevailed, leading to the end of the French protectorate (commenced in 1881). In 1954 the Tunisian struggle and consequent civil disturbances resulted in the start of negotiations for autonomy between France and the Neo Destour political party (essentially under ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_modern_Tunisia |
Yasser Arafat | In accordance with the terms of the Oslo agreement, Arafat was required to implement PLO authority in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. He insisted that financial support was imperative to establishing this authority and needed it to secure the acceptance of the agreements by the Palestinians living in those areas. However... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat |
Syrian civil war | United Nations authorities have estimated that the war in Syria has caused destruction reaching to about $400 billion. SNHR reported in 2017 that the war has rendered around 39% of Syrian mosques unserviceable for worship. More than 13,500 mosques were destroyed in Syria between 2011 and 2017. Around 1,400 were dismant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war |
Al-Fihrist | The Fihrist, written in 987, exists in two manuscript traditions, or "editions": the more complete edition contains ten maqalat ("discourses" - Devin J. Stewart chose to define maqalat as Book when considering the structure of Ibn al-Nadim's work). The first six are detailed bibliographies of books on Islamic subjects:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fihrist |
Zenobia | The invasion of Egypt is sometimes explained by Zenobia's desire to secure an alternative trade route to the Euphrates, which was cut because of the war with Persia. This theory ignores the fact that the Euphrates route was only partially disrupted, and overlooks Zenobia's ambition. The date of the campaign is uncertai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenobia |
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