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Conquest of Mecca | In 628, the Quraysh tribe of Mecca and the Muslims in Medina entered into a 10-year pact called the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. However, in 630 (8 A.H.), the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was breached as a result of the aggression of the Banu Bakr, a confederate of the Quraysh, against the Banu Khuza'ah, who had recently entered in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca |
Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist | In the 1960s, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was the leading cleric fighting the monarch (Shah) of the secularist Pahlavi dynasty.
In early 1970, when he was exiled to the holy Shia city of Najaf, he gave a series of lectures on how "Islamic Government" required Wilayat Al Faqih. Leading up to the revolution, a book base... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist |
History of slavery | During the 20th century the issue of slavery was addressed by the League of Nations, who founded commissions to investigate and eradicate the institution of slavery and slave trade worldwide. Their efforts continued the work of the first international attempt to address the issue made by the Brussels Anti-Slavery Confe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery |
Nūr (Islam) | To the Sufis, nūr is the first creation of Allah, and all other things and beings were gradually created from it.
The Andalusian scholar Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi (1076–1148) elaborated the concept that Muhammad existed before creation.
This is the doctrine of An-Nūr al-Muḥammadī, or the Muhammadan Light.
The light existe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam) |
Nabu-shuma-ishkun | His place in the sequence of Babylonian rulers is confirmed by an Assyrian Synchronistic Kinglist fragment. A contemporary source for information concerning his reign is found in an inscription of the governor of Borsippa, Nabû-šuma-imbi, which highlights his weakness and the autonomy of his regional officials. This ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun |
Yemeni civil war (2014–present) | When Islam first came to Yemen, it mostly took the form of Sunni & Ismaili Shia Islam, until the fall of the Hamdan tribe ruled Ismaili states in the 11th century Ayubid expansion, then the majority of Hamdan tribes converted to Zaydism, a Shia sect. It was not until the arrival of the Rasulids that Shafi'i Sunnism bec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present) |
Kuwait | Between 1946 and 1980, Kuwait experienced a period of prosperity driven by oil and its liberal cultural atmosphere; this period is called the "golden era of Kuwait". In 1946, crude oil was exported for the first time. In 1950, a major public-work programme began to enable Kuwaiti citizens to enjoy a luxurious standard ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait |
Saadi Sultanate | Upon Al-Qa'im's death in 1517 he was buried next to Al-Jazuli in Afughal. Al-Araj inherited his father's main position at Afughal, north of the Atlas Mountains, while his younger brother Muhammad al-Shaykh was in turn charged with the Sous, south of the mountains.: 350 These two amirs became the true founders of the S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate |
Spherical trigonometry | The Delambre analogies (also called Gauss analogies) were published independently by Delambre, Gauss, and Mollweide in 1807–1809.
sin
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_trigonometry |
LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia | In 2000, the Saudi Government reported that it had sentenced nine Saudi men to extensive prison terms with lashing for engaging in cross-dressing and homosexual relations.
In 2001, Saudi teacher and playwright Muhammad Al-Suhaimi was charged with promoting homosexuality and after a trial was sentenced to prison. In 200... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia |
East African campaign (World War II) | Admiral Mario Bonetti, the commander of the Italian Red Sea Flotilla and the garrison at Massawa, had 10,000 troops and about 100 tanks to defend the port. During the evening of 31 March, three of the last six destroyers at Massawa put to sea to raid the Gulf of Suez and then scuttle themselves. Leone ran aground and s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II) |
2011 South Sudanese independence referendum | The prerequisites for the referendum included a census, which was used to define how wealth and political power will be apportioned between regions. The census was the basis of a voter registration process, which was also used for the national elections in 2010, which in turn set the stage for the referendum. The censu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum |
Mudéjar art | With the re-establishment of Christian rule throughout the formerly Muslim controlled areas of Iberia came the different Mudéjar construction methods for creating a building using inexpensive materials like brick, wood, and stucco. It is generally accepted by scholars that Mudéjar art in architecture first appeared in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art |
Syrian Electronic Army | 20 April 2013: The Team Gamerfood homepage was defaced.
23 April 2013: The Associated Press Twitter account falsely claimed the White House had been bombed and President Barack Obama injured. This led to a US$136.5 billion decline in value of the S&P 500 the same day.
May 2013: The Twitter account of The Onion was comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Electronic_Army |
History of the Jews in Iraq | With Iraqi Jews enduring oppression and being driven into destitution, the Iraqi Zionist underground began smuggling Jews out of Iraq to Israel starting in November 1948. Jews were smuggled into Iran and from there proceeded to Israel. By 1949, the Iraqi Zionist underground had become well-established (despite many arr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq |
Islamic architecture | Based on the model of pre-existing Byzantine domes, Ottoman architecture developed a specific form of monumental, representative building: wide central domes with huge diameters were erected on top of a centre-plan building. Despite their enormous weight, the domes appear virtually weightless. Some of the most elaborat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture |
Khan Shaykhun chemical attack | On 6 September 2017, the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights' Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic concluded that a Syrian Air Force aircraft was responsible the sarin attack, saying "the Syrian air force used sarin in Khan Sheikhoun, Idlib, killing dozens, the maj... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack |
Petroleum Development Oman | Following a comprehensive review in 2002 that led to a sweeping change programme, PDO laid out ambitious production-recovery plans based not only on waterflooding but also on enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques: the application of heat, chemicals or gas solvents to alter the way oil or injected water flows in a rese... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_Development_Oman |
History of slavery | Slaves that escaped formed Maroon communities which played an important role in the histories of Brazil and other countries such as Suriname, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Jamaica. In Brazil, the Maroon villages were called palenques or quilombos. Maroons survived by growing vegetables and hunting. They also raided plantation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery |
Hibatullah Akhundzada | Akhundzada was born in the village of Sperwan in the Panjwayi District of Kandahar Province, Kingdom of Afghanistan. According to the then-director of the National Directorate of Security, Akhundzada was born c. 1959. However, he is believed to be in his 70s (as of March 2023). A Pashtun, he belongs to the Nurzai tribe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada |
Amin al-Husseini | Edward Said has described al-Husseini as "Palestine's national leader", who, as part of the Arab Higher Committee, "represented the Palestinian Arab national consensus, had the backing of the Palestinian political parties that functioned in Palestine, and was recognized in some form by Arab governments as the voice of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini |
Islam | Many daily practices fall in the category of adab, or etiquette. Specific prohibited foods include pork products, blood and carrion. Health is viewed as a trust from God and intoxicants, such as alcoholic drinks, are prohibited. All meat must come from a herbivorous animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Je... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam |
Arianism | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) teaches a nontrinitarian theology concerning the nature of the Godhead. Similarities between LDS doctrines and Arianism were alleged as early as 1846. However, there are a number of key differences between Arianism and Latter-day Saint theology. Whereas Arian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism |
Boeing AH-64 Apache | During the 1980s, McDonnell Douglas studied an AH-64B, featuring an updated cockpit, new fire control system and other upgrades. In 1988, funding was approved for a multi-stage upgrade program to improve sensor and weapon systems. Technological advance led to the program's cancellation in favor of more ambitious change... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_AH-64_Apache |
Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021) | The Draft Constitutional Charter (also known as the Draft Constitutional Declaration) that was agreed in August 2019 further detailed how this reform was to take place during a 39-month transitional period, and in which areas of law these were to be focused. Article 2 of the Charter specifies that:The Transitional Cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_transition_to_democracy_(2019%E2%80%932021) |
Fatwa | On November 14, 1914 the Ottoman sultan proclaimed a jihad to mark the official entry of the Ottoman Empire into World War I. The proclamation was supported by a fatwa issued by the Shaykh al-Islam. Contrary to the German hopes that the proclamation would trigger Muslim revolts in British and French colonies, it was ei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa |
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region | Like Marxists, Syrian Ba'athist ideologues viewed religion as a tool used by traditional elites to oppress the weaker sections of the society and reinforce their conservative social order. Anti-religious propaganda has been a common ideological theme in the literature published by Syrian Ba'ath party. Militant seculari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region |
Khalid ibn al-Walid | Athamina doubts the Islamic traditional narrative that Abu Bakr directed Khalid to launch a campaign in Iraq, citing Abu Bakr's disinterest in Iraq at a time when the Muslim state's energies were focused principally on the conquest of Syria. Unlike Syria, Iraq had not been the focus of Muhammad's or the early Muslims' ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid |
Malta | Phoenician traders colonised the islands under the name Ann (𐤀𐤍𐤍, ʾNN) sometime after 1000 BC as a stop on their trade routes from the eastern Mediterranean to Cornwall. Their seat of government was apparently at Mdina, which shared the island's name; the primary port was at Cospicua on the Grand Harbour, which the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta |
Muslim Brotherhood | Over the course of the war, the Brotherhood displayed pro-Axis sympathies. Worried, the British kept the Brotherhood under firm control by temporarily banning its newsletters, surveiling its meetings and arresting various provincial leaders. al-Banna himself was briefly taken into custody and eventually acknowledged hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood |
Timur | After the death of Abu Sa'id, ruler of the Ilkhanate, in 1335, there was a power vacuum in Persia. In the end, Persia was split amongst the Muzaffarids, Kartids, Eretnids, Chobanids, Injuids, Jalayirids, and Sarbadars. In 1383, Timur started his lengthy military conquest of Persia, though he already ruled over much of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur |
Hargeisa | According to traditional poetic (gabay) oral accounts, Hargeisa was founded by the Arap pas a watering and trading stop for passing nomads and caravans. It is believed that and the Habar Yoonis and the Eidagale subtribes were amongst the early settlers of Hargeisa. Hargeisa continued to grow with the arrival of Sheikh ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa |
Amda Seyon I | Emperor Amda Seyon's army was remarkably similar to the organization of the army during ancient Aksumite times. It consisted of two parts: the first, his central army, was very effective and closely attached to the Royal Court; the second was a much larger local militia raised in times of local crises. These local unit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I |
Algeria | In December 1991 the Islamic Salvation Front dominated the first of two rounds of legislative elections. Fearing the election of an Islamist government, the authorities intervened on 11 January 1992, cancelling the elections. Bendjedid resigned and a High Council of State was installed to act as the Presidency. It bann... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria |
Ottoman Egypt | Bonaparte returned from that ill-fated expedition at the beginning of June. Murad Bey and Ibrahim Bey had taken advantage of this opportunity to collect their forces and attempt a joint attack on Cairo, but Bonaparte arrived in time to defeat it. In the last week of July, he inflicted a crushing defeat on the Turkish a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt |
Water supply and sanitation in Tunisia | Compared to other North African countries, Tunisia has developed and adopted numerous laws and plans regarding its water resources not only recently. Water Master Plans (WMP) exist already since 1970, when a first WMP was drafted for the Northern part of Tunisia, as this is the region containing most of the resources a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Tunisia |
Islamic eschatology | "Dramatic and sensational stories" of the apocalypse first made an impact in the mid-1980s when Said Ayyub's Al-Masīh al-Dajjāl (The AntiChrist) started a whole new genre of Islamic "apocalyptic fiction" or "millenarian speculation" throughout the Arab world. The book was so successful Ayyub went on to write a half-doz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_eschatology |
Economy of Syria | Agriculture is a high priority in Syria's economic development plans, as the government seeks to achieve food self-sufficiency, increase export earnings, and halt rural out-migration. Thanks to sustained capital investment, infrastructure development, subsidies of inputs, and price supports, before the civil war Syria ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Syria |
Cleopatra | Ptolemy XII died sometime before 22 March 51 BC, when Cleopatra, in her first act as queen, began her voyage to Hermonthis, near Thebes, to install a new sacred Buchis bull, worshiped as an intermediary for the god Montu in the Ancient Egyptian religion. Cleopatra faced several pressing issues and emergencies shortly a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra |
Al-Azhar University | Historically, Al-Azhar had a membership that represented diverse opinions within Islam. The theological schools of al-Ash'ari and al-Maturidi were both represented. It has a long tradition of teaching all four schools of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi, and Hanbali). The chief mufti of each school o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_University |
United States Agency for International Development | The country programs are supported by USAID's headquarters in Washington, D.C., "USAID/Washington", where about half of USAID's Foreign Service Officers work on rotation from foreign assignments, alongside USAID's Civil Service staff and top leadership.
USAID is headed by an Administrator. The current Administrator, Sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development |
Khalafiyya Shia | The Khalafiyya Shia had the following beliefs:
They believed that the Imams after Zayd ibn Ali ibn Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abī Ṭālib are as follows (in chronological order):
Abd al-Samad (a client of Zayd ibn Ali, although the Khalafiyya Shia claim he was a son of Zayd), then
Khalaf ibn Abd al-Samad (who fled from the Umay... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalafiyya_Shia |
Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad | With the political decline of Mu'tazilism and the victory of orthodoxy, Ibn Abi Du'ad was criticised for his doctrinal beliefs and the prosecution of the mihnah. Sunni writers often made no attempt to conceal their hostility toward him, and passed severe judgement on his tenure in office. The trial and flogging of Ahma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Du%27ad |
Qatna | The political and military balance in the region changed dramatically during the reign of Amut-piʾel II; Shamshi-Adad I had died by about 1775 BC, and his empire disintegrated, while Yasmah-Adad was removed from his throne and replaced with Zimri-Lim. Yarim-Lim I gained the upper hand and turned his kingdom into the su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatna |
Sasanian Empire | The second golden era began after the second reign of Kavad I. With the support of the Hephthalites, Kavad launched a campaign against the Romans. In 502, he took Theodosiopolis in Armenia, but lost it soon afterwards. In 503 he took Amida on the Tigris. In 504, an invasion of Armenia by the western Huns from the Cauca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah | The proclamation of al-Mahdi as caliph was the culmination of the decades-long efforts of the Isma'ili da'wa, and the first time since the caliphate of Ali ibn Abi Talib (656–661) that a member of the Family of Muhammad governed a major part of the Muslim world. The establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate was part of a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah |
Posts and telecommunications in Lebanon | Starting in the 1950s, an economically affluent Lebanon started investing in developing its telephone network by installing automatic exchanges, not least in partnership with Ericsson, which assumed a key role in the following decades. (Ericsson had long been a pioneer in telecommunications in the Arab world, setting u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posts_and_telecommunications_in_Lebanon |
Ebla | The archive period, which is designated "Mardikh IIB1", lasted from c. 2400 BC until c. 2300 BC. The end of the period is known as the "first destruction", mainly referring to the destruction of the royal palace (called palace "G" and built over the earlier "G2"), and much of the acropolis. During the archive period, E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla |
Palestinian territories | The international community regards the Palestinian territories, meaning the West Bank including East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip, as territories occupied by Israel. Israel has withdrawn its military forces from the Gaza strip, but it continues to be designated the occupying power in the Gaza Strip by the United Natio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_territories |
Battle of Ain Jalut | Hulagu Khan ordered the execution of the last Ayyubid emir of Aleppo and Damascus, An-Nasir Yusuf, and his brother, who were in captivity, after he heard the news of the defeat of the Mongol army at Ain Jalut. However, the Mamluks captured Damascus five days later after Ain Jalut, followed by Aleppo within a month.
On ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut |
English Tangier | In 1680, the pressure from the Moroccans increased, as the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail joined forces with the Chief of Fez in order to pursue a war against all foreign troops in his land. Reinforcements were needed at the Garrison, which was raised to 3,000 in number. The Royal Scots, shortly followed by a further (n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Tangier |
Seyyed Hossein Nasr | After receiving his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1958, Nasr was offered the position of associate professor at MIT, as well as a three-year research position as a junior fellow followed by a formal teaching position at Harvard, but he decided to return to Iran. That same year, Tehran University hired him as associate professo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr |
Emir Abdelkader | In 1830, Algeria was invaded by France; French colonial domination over Algeria eventually supplanted domination by the Ottoman Empire and the Kouloughlis. There was a lot of pent-up resentment against the Ottomans when the French arrived, and due to numerous rebellions in the early 19th century, the Algerians could no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader |
Egypt national football team | Egypt has qualified for the FIFA World Cup three times: in 1934, in 1990 and for the 2018 editions. Egypt was the first African country to qualify for the World Cup, beating Mandatory Palestine. They lost to Hungary 4–2 in their first and only match in 1934, the two goals scored by Egypt's forward Abdulrahman Fawzi.
I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team |
Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi | Al-Farahidi's eschewing of material wealth has been noted by a number of biographers. In his old age, the son of Habib ibn al-Muhallab and reigning governor of the Muhallabids offered al-Farahidi a pension and requested that the latter tutor the former's son. Al-Farahidi declined, stating that he was wealthy though pos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khalil_ibn_Ahmad_al-Farahidi |
Humayun | Humayun fled to the refuge of the Safavid Empire in Persia, marching with 40 men, his wife Bega Begum, and her companion through mountains and valleys. Among other trials the Imperial party were forced to live on horse meat boiled in the soldiers' helmets. These indignities continued during the month it took them to re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humayun |
Iznik pottery | From the late 15th century, potters in Iznik began producing wares that were decorated in cobalt blue on a white fritware body under a clear glaze. Both the manufacturing technique and the underglaze designs were very different from that used in the production of Miletus ware. Fritware had been made in the Near East fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iznik_pottery |
Morality in Islam | Islamic teaching and law calls for tolerance to be cultivated at personal, familial, social, and religious levels. It is the teaching of Islam that when faced with ill-treatment by any unwise person, a sensible person should not be provoked to seek vengeance, but be tolerant. During the initial years of Islam, Muslims... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality_in_Islam |
World War I | The years before 1914 were marked by a series of crises in the Balkans, as other powers sought to benefit from the Ottoman decline. While Pan-Slavic and Orthodox Russia considered itself the protector of Serbia and other Slav states, they preferred the strategically vital Bosporus straits to be controlled by a weak Ott... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I |
Arabic language influence on the Spanish language | babucha: Slippers. From French babouche, derived from Persian "papoosh" (پاپوش) literally meaning "foot covering" via Arabic baboush (بابوش). The transition from Persian "p" to Arabic "b" occurs due to lack of the letter p in the Arabic alphabet. "Pa-" in Persian means foot and "poosh" means covering. Persian "pa" or f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language_influence_on_the_Spanish_language |
Roman–Persian Wars | The sources for the history of Parthia and the wars with Rome are scant and scattered. The Parthians followed the Achaemenid tradition and favored oral historiography, which assured the corruption of their history once they had been vanquished. The main sources of this period are thus Roman (Tacitus, Marius Maximus, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars |
Sudan | On the turn of the fifth century the Blemmyes established a short-lived state in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia, probably centred around Talmis (Kalabsha), but before 450 they were already driven out of the Nile Valley by the Nobatians. The latter eventually founded a kingdom on their own, Nobatia.
By the sixth century th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan |
Zionism | Critics of anti-Zionism have argued that opposition to Zionism can be hard to distinguish from antisemitism, and that criticism of Israel may be used as an excuse to express viewpoints that might otherwise be considered antisemitic. In discussion of the relationship between antisemitism and anti-Zionism, "one theory ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism |
Ogaden War | The greatest single victory of the SNA-WSLF was the assault on Jijiga in mid-September 1977. Undaunted by their setback at Dire Dawa, the reinforced Somalis redirected their efforts towards the third-largest provincial town. On September 2, they launched a forceful attack, employing artillery, mortar, and tanks. A rene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden_War |
Yemeni revolution | On 3 June, a bombing at the presidential palace left Saleh injured and seven other top government officials wounded. Saleh, the prime minister, the deputy prime minister, the parliament chief, the governor of Sanaʽa and a presidential aide were wounded while they were praying at a mosque inside the palace compound. Sal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_revolution |
Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist | Wilāyat al-Faqīh/velayat-e faqih is often used to mean Ayatollah Khomeini's vision of velayat-e faqih as essential to Islamic government, giving no further qualification, with those supporting limited non-governmental guardianship of faqih, being described as "rejecting" velayat-e faqih. This is common particularl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist |
Somali Civil War | In 2000, the Transitional National Government (TNG) was established. The Transitional Federal Government (TFG) was formed in Nairobi in 2004. Selection of members of parliament was underway by June, over two hundred members of parliament (MPs) took the oath of office in August, and Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed was elected pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War |
Al-Maqrizi | A direct student of Ibn Khaldun, al-Maqrīzī was born in Cairo and spent most of his life in Egypt. When he presents himself in his books he usually stops at the 10th forefather although he confessed to some of his close friends that he can trace his ancestry to al-Mu‘izz li-Dīn Allāh – first Fatimid caliph in Egypt and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maqrizi |
Abdullah II of Jordan | In an interview with Der Spiegel in May 2020, Abdullah criticized Donald Trump's plans for peace in the Middle East including Israel annexing parts of the West Bank. He stated, "The two-state solution is the only way for us to be able to move forward", and noted a possible Israeli annexation of the West Bank causes con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan |
1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight | This period of the exodus was characterized by Israeli military accomplishments; Operation Yoav, in October, this cleared the road to the Negev, culminating in the capture of Beersheba; Operation Ha-Har that same month which cleared the Jerusalem Corridor from pockets of resistance; Operation Hiram, at the end of Octob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight |
Dhu al-Kifl | Some identify Dhu al-Kifl is Ezekiel. When the exile, monarchy, and state were annihilated, political and national life was no longer possible. In conformity with the two parts of his book, his personality and his preaching are alike, and the title Dhu al-Kifl means "the one to double" or "to fold."
In a story repeated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhu_al-Kifl |
Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina | Born in 1934 at M'Sila, Algeria, Lakhdar began his studies in his native country. He first became interested in the world of cinema at the Lycée Carnot in Cannes, France. After beginning studies of agriculture and law at French universities, he deserted the French Army in 1958 and joined the anti-French Algerian Resist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Lakhdar-Hamina |
Maimonides | Maimonides wrote on theodicy (the philosophical attempt to reconcile the existence of a God with the existence of evil). He took the premise that an omnipotent and good God exists. In The Guide for the Perplexed, Maimonides writes that all the evil that exists within human beings stems from their individual attributes,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides |
Late Bronze Age collapse | Ancient Syria had been initially dominated by a number of indigenous Semitic-speaking peoples. The East Semitic-speaking polities of Ebla and the Akkadian Empire and the Northwest Semitic-speaking Amorites ("Amurru") and the people of Ugarit were prominent among them. Syria during this time was known as "The land of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse |
Alavi Bohras | During the 11th century AD, when 18th Fatimid Imam Al-Mustansir Billah was in power in Cairo, the region of Khambhat, Patan and Siddhpur saw extensive activities of Isma’ili Da’wat and then after the concealment of the 21st Fatimid Imam At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim in 532 AH/1138 AD, the holy preachers and propagandists worke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alavi_Bohras |
Piracy | Pirates had a system of hierarchy on board their ships determining how captured money was distributed. However, pirates were more egalitarian than any other area of employment at the time. In fact, pirate quartermasters were a counterbalance to the captain and had the power to veto his orders. The majority of plunder w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy |
Mixed-sex education | If the sexes were educated together, we should have the healthy, moral and intellectual stimulus of sex ever quickening and refining all the faculties, without the undue excitement of senses that results from novelty in the present system of isolation.
For years, a question many educators, parents, and researchers have... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-sex_education |
Sharia | The spread of codified state laws and Western-style legal education in the modern Muslim world has displaced traditional muftis from their historical role of clarifying and elaborating the laws applied in courts. Instead, fatwas have increasingly served to advise the general public on other aspects of Sharia, particula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe | A number of technologies in the Islamic world were adopted in European medieval technology. These included various crops; various astronomical instruments, including the Greek astrolabe which Arab astronomers developed and refined into such instruments as the Quadrans Vetus, a universal horary quadrant which could be u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe |
Sudan | In 1504 the Funj are recorded to have founded the Kingdom of Sennar, in which Abdallah Jamma's realm was incorporated. By 1523, when Jewish traveller David Reubeni visited Sudan, the Funj state already extended as far north as Dongola. Meanwhile, Islam began to be preached on the Nile by Sufi holy men who settled there... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan |
Palestinian territories | In 1922, after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire that ruled Greater Syria for four centuries (1517–1917), the British Mandate for Palestine was established. Large-scale Jewish immigration from abroad, mainly from Eastern Europe took place during the British Mandate, though Jewish immigration started during the Ottoman... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_territories |
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation | On 21 August 1969, a fire was started in the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. Amin al-Husseini, the former Mufti of Jerusalem, called the arson a "Jewish crime" and called for all Muslim heads of state to convene a summit. The fire, which "destroyed part of the old wooden roof and an 800-year-old pulpit" was blamed on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation |
Libyan civil war (2014–2020) | Algeria – Early in May 2014, the Algerian military said it was engaged in an operation aimed at tracking down militants who infiltrated the country's territory in Tamanrasset near the Libyan border, during which it announced that it managed to kill 10 "terrorists" and seized a large cache of weapons near the town of Ja... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020) |
Islamic glass | The Late Islamic Period is dominated by three main empires and areas of glass production; the Ottomans in Turkey, the Safavid (and later the Zand and Qajar) Dynasty in Persia, and the Mughals in northern India. The most important over-riding characteristic of glass production in this period is the "direct influence of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_glass |
Nineveh | In the Hebrew Bible, Nineveh is first mentioned in Genesis 10:11: "Ashur left that land, and built Nineveh". Some modern English translations interpret "Ashur" in the Hebrew of this verse as the country "Assyria" rather than a person, thus making Nimrod, rather than Ashur, the founder of Nineveh. Sir Walter Raleigh's n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh |
Egyptian Army | After the 1967 disaster, two field armies, the Second Army and the Third Army, both stationed on the Suez, were established.
The armed forces also fought in the 1969–1970 War of Attrition against Israeli positions especially in the Sinai. The October War of 1973 began with a massive and successful Egyptian crossing of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Army |
History of mathematical notation | The Chinese used numerals that look much like the tally system. Numbers one through four were horizontal lines. Five was an X between two horizontal lines; it looked almost exactly the same as the Roman numeral for ten. Nowadays, the huama system is only used for displaying prices in Chinese markets or on traditional h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mathematical_notation |
Culture of Qatar | Ramadan, the ninth and most revered month of the Islamic calendar, holds profound significance for Muslims worldwide. This period is characterized by the obligatory observation of fasting (sawm), wherein adherents abstain from consuming food and beverages from dawn until dusk. In Qatar, the commencement and culmination... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Qatar |
Theatre of Saudi Arabia | The General Presidency of Youth Welfare (currently known as the Ministry of Sport) oversaw the management of sports clubs and contributed to reviving theater through various sports clubs. It established the Theatrical Arts Department and later supervised literary clubs and the Saudi Arabian Society for Culture and Arts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Saudi_Arabia |
Religion in Algeria | Christianity came to North Africa in the Roman era. Its influence declined during the chaotic period of the Vandal invasions but was strengthened in the succeeding Byzantine period, only to disappear gradually after the Arab invasions of the seventh century.
The Roman Catholic Church was reintroduced after the French ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria |
Nous | Of the later Greek and Roman writers Plotinus, the initiator of neoplatonism, is particularly significant. Like Alexander of Aphrodisias and Themistius, he saw himself as a commentator explaining the doctrines of Plato and Aristotle. But in his Enneads he went further than those authors, often working from passages whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nous |
Sharia | A judge (qadi) was in charge of the qadi's court (mahkama), also called the Sharia court. Qadis were trained in Islamic law, though not necessarily to a level required to issue fatwas. Court personnel also included a number of assistants performing various roles. Judges were theoretically independent in their decisions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Macedonia (ancient kingdom) | The Classical Greek historians Herodotus and Thucydides reported the legend that the Macedonian kings of the Argead dynasty were descendants of Temenus, king of Argos, and could therefore claim the mythical Heracles as one of their ancestors as well as a direct lineage from Zeus, chief god of the Greek pantheon. Contra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom) |
The Mauritanian | In November 2001, Mohamedou Ould Slahi is in Mauritania, two months after the September 11 attacks. A Mauritanian policeman tells Mohamedou that Americans want to have a talk with him. Mohamedou agrees to go with them.
In Albuquerque, New Mexico, in February 2005, lawyer Nancy Hollander is told by French lawyer Emmanue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mauritanian |
Arabs | The Nabataeans were nomadic Arabs who settled in a territory centred around their capital of Petra in what is now Jordan. Their early inscriptions were in Aramaic, but gradually switched to Arabic, and since they had writing, it was they who made the first inscriptions in Arabic. The Nabataean alphabet was adopted by A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs |
Nabopolassar | In May 615 BC, Nabopolassar and the Babylonians assaulted Assur, the ceremonial and religious center of Assyria and the Assyrian Empire's southernmost remaining city. Sinsharishkun swiftly rallied his army and counterattacked, lifting the siege of Assur and forcing Nabopolassar to retreat to the city of Takrit. There, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabopolassar |
Persian art | The study and dating of ceramics under Shah Ismail and Shah Tahmasp is difficult because there are few pieces which are dated or which mention the place of production. Chinese porcelain was collected by the elite and more highly valued than the local productions; Shah Abbas I donated much of the royal collection to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_art |
History of the Middle East | Geographically, the Middle East can be thought of as Western Asia with the addition of Egypt (which is the non-Maghreb region of Northern Africa) and with the exclusion of the Caucasus. The Middle East was the first to experience a Neolithic Revolution (c. the 10th millennium BCE), as well as the first to enter the Bro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East |
Islamic philosophy | The pioneering development of the scientific method by the Arab Ash'ari polymath Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) was an important contribution to the philosophy of science. In the Book of Optics (c. 1025 CE), his scientific method was very similar to the modern scientific method and consisted of the following procedures:
Obs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy |
Angel | The Torah uses the Hebrew terms מלאך אלהים (mal'āk̠ 'ĕlōhîm; "messenger of God"), מלאך יהוה (mal'āk̠ Yahweh; "messenger of the Lord"), בני אלהים (bənē 'ĕlōhîm; "sons of God") and הקודשים (haqqôd̠əšîm; "the holy ones") to refer to beings traditionally interpreted as angels. Later texts use other terms, such as העליונים ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel |
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