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Kuwait Armed Forces | In 1966, the headquarters of the Kuwait Military Hospital was opened. In 1967, the Chief of General Staff Major General Mubarak Abdullah Al-Jaber Al-Sabah appointed his deputy Brigadier General Saleh Mohammed Al-Sabah as acting commander of a hand-picked brigade from the Kuwait Armed Forces, mainly the elite of the Kuw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_Armed_Forces |
Mustafa Wahbi Tal | Tal died in 1949 without publishing any collections of his poems, which he used to sign using the pseudonym Arar, a reference to the son of Amro bin Sha, a figure in Arab and Islamic history. Tal gathered his poems in 1933 and named his Diwan, poem collection, Ashiyyat Wadi Al-Yabis (The Nights of Al-Yabis Valley). The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Wahbi_Tal |
Akbar | Having established Mughal rule over northern India, Akbar turned his attention to the conquest of Rajputana, which was strategically important as it was a rival centre of power that flanked the Indo-Gangetic plains. The Mughals had already established domination over parts of northern Rajputana in Mewat, Ajmer, and Nag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar |
Modern history of Yemen | The 2011 Yemeni protests followed the initial stages of the Tunisian revolution and occurred simultaneously with the Egyptian Revolution and other mass protests in the Arab world in early 2011. The protests were initially against unemployment, economic conditions and corruption, as well as against the government's prop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_history_of_Yemen |
Atargatis | During the Roman era, eunuch priests worshipped Atargatis, similar to the Galli priests of Cybele. At the shrine in Hieropolis founded by Semiramis, eunuch priests served the image of a fish-tailed woman. Rituals to the goddess were accompanied by flute playing and rattle shaking. In one rite, young males castrated the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atargatis |
Arab Brazilians | Arab immigration to Brazil started in the 1890s as Lebanese and Syrian people fled the political and economic instability caused by the collapse of the Ottoman Empire; the majority were Christian but there were also many Muslims. Immigration peaked around World War II. Arab immigrants were among the largest non-Europea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Brazilians |
Lebanon national rugby league team | Despite wanting to host another Mediterranean Cup in 2005, Lebanon did not play another international until November 2006. With a place in the 2008 World Cup up for grabs, Lebanon were drawn in a group with Russia and Ireland. In Darren Maroon's first match as head coach, Lebanon beat Russia 22–8 in a tight and tense m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon_national_rugby_league_team |
Imaret | According to historian Amy Singer, the imaret is an institution that is "perhaps unique to the Ottomans in its proliferation and purpose." It was found throughout the Ottoman Empire and did not exist in the same manner elsewhere. The distribution of food to the public masses in times of emergency was known in the Middl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaret |
Emirate of Mount Lebanon | Fakhr-al-Din II (1591–1635) was the most renowned of the Maanid rulers, although his position was as precarious as that of his predecessors and his successors.
In 1587, with the accession of Shah Abbas I, Safavid power began to revive, and the Ottoman–Persian Wars were soon resumed. In Syria, the Safavids could use loc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon |
Rationale for the Iraq War | Between 1991 and 1998, the United Nations Security Council tasked the United Nations Special Commission on Disarmament (UNSCOM) with finding and destroying Iraq's weapons of mass destruction. In 1996, UNSCOM discovered evidence of continued biological weapons research and supervised destruction of the Al Hakum biologic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War |
First Syrian Republic | After negotiations in March with Damien de Martel, the French High Commissioner in Syria, Hashim al-Atassi went to Paris heading a senior National Bloc delegation. The new Popular Front-led French government, formed in June 1936 after the April–May elections, had agreed to recognize the National Bloc as the sole legiti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Syrian_Republic |
Millet (Ottoman Empire) | Abu Jaber, Khaled S. (July 1967). "The Millet System in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Empire". The Muslim World. 57 (3): 212–223. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1967.tb01260.x. - Online on 3 April 2007
Barkey, Karen; George Gavrilis (2016). "The Ottoman Millet System: Non-Territorial Autonomy and its Contemporary Legacy". Et... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire) |
Isaaq | Historically (and presently to a degree), the wider Isaaq clan were relatively more disposed to trade than their tribal counterparts due in part to their centuries-old trade links with the Arabian Peninsula. In view of this imbalance in mercantile experience, other major Somali clans tended to resort to tribal slang te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq |
Delhemma | In its 1909 Cairo edition, the tale comprises 70 sections in seven volumes and 5,084 pages. The subject matter of the epic draws from the long history of Arab–Byzantine wars under the Umayyad and early Abbasid caliphs, until the reign of al-Wathiq in the mid-9th century, with elements from later events, focusing on the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhemma |
Moses | The Egyptian root msy ('child of') or mose has been considered as a possible etymology, arguably an abbreviation of a theophoric name with the god’s name omitted. The suffix mose appears in Egyptian pharaohs’ names like Thutmose ('born of Thoth') and Ramose ('born of Ra'). One of the Egyptian names of Ramesses was Ra-m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses |
Umayyad Caliphate | Under al-Walid I the Umayyad Caliphate reached its greatest territorial extent. The war with the Byzantines had resumed under his father after the civil war, with the Umayyads defeating the Byzantines at the Battle of Sebastopolis in 692. The Umayyads frequently raided Byzantine Anatolia and Armenia in the following ye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate |
Shilha language | The syllable structure of Shilha was first investigated by Dell and Elmedlaoui in a seminal article (1985). They describe how syllable boundaries can be established through what they call "core syllabification". This works by associating a nucleus with an onset, to form a core syllable CV or CC. Segments that are highe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilha_language |
Sunni Islam | The seeds of metamorphosis of caliphate into kingship were sown, as the second caliph Umar had feared, as early as the regime of the third caliph Uthman, who appointed many of his kinsmen from his clan Banu Umayya, including Marwān and Walid bin Uqba on important government positions, becoming the main cause of turmoil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Acehnese cuisine | Ayam tangkap, traditional fried chicken served with leaves such as temurui leaves and pandan leaves that are roughly chopped and fried crispy.
Gulai, curry dish with main ingredients might be poultry, goat meat, beef, mutton, various kinds of offal, fish and seafood, and also vegetables such as cassava leaves and unrip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine |
Pacorus II | Boyce, Mary (1984). Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Psychology Press. pp. 1–252. ISBN 9780415239028.
Chaumont, M. L. (1986). "Armenia and Iran ii. The pre-Islamic period". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4. pp. 418–438.
Chaumont, M. L.; Schippmann, K. (1988). "Balāš". Encyclopaedia Iranica, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacorus_II |
Galkayo | At its founding, the city was primarily inhabited by pastoralists, who sporadically fought in clan groups over resources like water and grazing land. In particular, the Darod, dominant in the north of the city, and the Hawiye, dominant in the south of the city, fought over the city due to their long-standing rivalry.
G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galkayo |
Dawah | Modern daʿwah movements are varied in their objectives and activities. Examples include:
The Muslim Brotherhood has focused on a methodology of building grassroots institutions and funding welfare projects, which has helped it survive decades of repression under hostile governments in many Middle Eastern countries, wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawah |
Libya | After the Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912), Italy simultaneously turned the three regions into colonies. From 1912 to 1927, the territory of Libya was known as Italian North Africa. From 1927 to 1934, the territory was split into two colonies, Italian Cyrenaica and Italian Tripolitania, run by Italian governors. Some 150,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya |
Tatars | The Lipka Tatars are a group of Turkic-speaking Tatars who originally settled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the beginning of the 14th century. The first settlers tried to preserve their shamanistic religion and sought asylum amongst the non-Christian Lithuanians. Towards the end of the 14th century Grand Duke Vyta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars |
Cats in ancient Egypt | Mafdet was the first known cat-headed deity in ancient Egypt. During the First Dynasty, she was regarded as protector of the pharaoh's chambers against snakes, scorpions and evil. She was often also depicted with a head of a leopard (Panthera pardus) or a cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). She was particularly prominent durin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_in_ancient_Egypt |
Islamic–Jewish relations | In the course of Muhammad's proselytizing in Mecca, he initially viewed Christians and Jews (both of whom he referred to as "People of the Book") as natural allies, sharing the core principles of his teachings, and anticipated their acceptance and support. Ten years after his first revelation in Mount Hira, a delegatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations |
17 October Revolution | It was reported on 9 November 2019 that the dollar-rationing policies implemented by Lebanese banks were at risk of causing major shortages and price hikes in gasoline, petrol, food, and other vital supplies. Suleiman Haroun, the head of the Lebanese Syndicate of Hospitals, said that medical stocks in the country "will... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_October_Revolution |
Caliphate | In the immediate aftermath of the death of Muhammad, a gathering of the Ansar (natives of Medina) took place in the Saqifah (courtyard) of the Banu Sa'ida clan. The general belief at the time was that the purpose of the meeting was for the Ansar to decide on a new leader of the Muslim community among themselves, with t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate |
1948 Arab–Israeli War | Israel launched a series of military operations to drive out the Arab armies and secure the borders of Israel. However, invading the West Bank might have brought into the borders of the expanding State of Israel a massive Arab population it could not absorb. The Negev desert was an empty space for expansion, so the mai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War |
Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan | At the time the British withdrew from the Persian Gulf in 1971, Zayed oversaw the establishment of the Abu Dhabi Fund for Arab Economic Development; some of its oil riches were channeled to some forty less fortunate Islamic nations in Asia and Africa during the decades that followed.
Using the country's enormous oil re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayed_bin_Sultan_Al_Nahyan |
Tunisian Armed Forces | On June 30, 1956, the Tunisian army was officially founded by decree, in the form of a combined-arms regiment. The necessary equipment was made available to the young state from French stocks. The new army initially comprised 25 Tunisian officers, 250 NCOs and 1,250 men transferred from French Army service, plus 850 fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Armed_Forces |
North Yemen civil war | Imam Ahmad bin Yahya inherited the Yemeni throne in 1948. In 1955, Iraq-trained Colonel Ahmad Thalaya led a revolt against him. A group of soldiers under his command surrounded the royal palace of Al Urdhi at Taiz, a fortified stronghold where the Imam lived with his harem, the royal treasure, an arsenal of modern weap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war |
Texas | The state's two most widely recognized flagship universities are The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University, ranked as the 21st and 41st best universities in the nation according to 2020's latest Center for World University Rankings report, respectively. Some observers also include the University of Hou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas |
Saudi Arabia | The Central Department of Statistics & Information estimated the foreign population at the end of 2014 at 33% (10.1 million). The CIA Factbook estimated that as of 2013 foreign nationals living in Saudi Arabia made up about 21% of the population. Other sources report differing estimates. Indian: 1.5 million, Pakistani:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia |
Samaritans | According to Samaritan sources, Eastern Roman emperor Zeno (who ruled 474–491 and whom the sources call "Zait the King of Edom") persecuted the Samaritans. The Emperor went to Neapolis (Shechem), gathered the elders and asked them to convert to Christianity; when they refused, Zeno had many Samaritans killed, and re-bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans |
2012 Bahrain Grand Prix protests | The first team members arrived in Bahrain on 17 April amid reports that sixty Shi'ite protest leaders had been arrested ahead of the race. In preparing for their arrival in Bahrain, teams took additional security precautions including hiring local security experts and planning specialist routes from the capital Manama ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Bahrain_Grand_Prix_protests |
Sea of Galilee | The water level is monitored and regulated. There are three levels at which the alarm is rung:
The upper red line, 208.9 m (685 ft) below sea level (BSL), where facilities on the shore start being flooded.
The lower red line, 213.2 m (699 ft) BSL, where pumping should stop.
The black (low-level) line, 214.4 m (703 ft)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee |
2014 Gaza War | 17 journalists were killed in the conflict, of which five were off-duty and two (from Associated Press) were covering a bomb disposal team's efforts to defuse an unexploded Israeli artillery shell when it exploded. In several cases, the journalists were killed while having markings distinguishing them as press on their... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Gaza_War |
Suleiman the Magnificent | Suleiman's father had made war with Persia a high priority. At first, Suleiman shifted attention to Europe and was content to contain Persia, which was preoccupied by its own enemies to its east. After Suleiman stabilized his European frontiers, he now turned his attention to Persia, the base for the rival Shia Muslim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent |
2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests | About 30 to 50 people were arrested following 29 January Jeddah demonstration. On 18 February, the ten founding members of the Umma Islamic Party were arrested and ordered to withdraw demands for political reform in exchange for their release.
According to a Deutsche Presse-Agentur report on 2 March, Saudi activists ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests |
Outrigger boat | Double-outrigger boats are more prevalent in Southeast Asia, though single-outriggers and catamarans also exist. They have two outrigger floats connected to spars lashed across a single hull. They range in size from small vessels like the jukung, vinta, and the paraw; to medium-sized trading and fishing vessels like th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrigger_boat |
1952 Egyptian revolution | After the Anglo-Egyptian War, the United Kingdom was left in de facto control over the country, a state of affairs that became known as the veiled protectorate. In the years that followed, the United Kingdom would cement its political and military position in Egypt, and subsequently in Egypt's domains in Sudan, with th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution |
Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi | Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi is one of a number of Umayyad desert castles in the Syrian/Jordanian region. The site originally consisted of a palace complex, a bath house, industrial buildings for the production of olive oil, an irrigated garden and another building which scholars suggest may have been a caravanserai. Over th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasr_al-Hayr_al-Gharbi |
Dam | A dam is non-jurisdictional when its size (usually "small") excludes it from being subject to certain legal regulations. The technical criteria for categorising a dam as "jurisdictional" or "non-jurisdictional" varies by location. In the United States, each state defines what constitutes a non-jurisdictional dam. In th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam |
Ulama | The early Muslim conquests brought about Arab Muslim rule over large parts of the Hellenistic world. During the time of the Umayyad Caliphate, at latest, the scholars of the emerging Islamic society had become familiar with the classical philosophical and scientific traditions of the world they had conquered. The colle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama |
Western Neo-Aramaic | Western Neo-Aramaic is the sole surviving remnant of the once extensive Western Aramaic-speaking area, which also included the Palestine region and Lebanon in the 7th century. It is now spoken exclusively by the inhabitants of Maaloula and Jubb'adin, about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Damascus. The continuation o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic |
Muslim world | In technology, the Muslim world adopted papermaking from China. The knowledge of gunpowder was also transmitted from China via predominantly Islamic countries, where formulas for pure potassium nitrate were developed.
Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world |
Church of the East | Around the middle of the fifteenth century Patriarch Shemʿon IV Basidi made the patriarchal succession hereditary – normally from uncle to nephew. This practice, which resulted in a shortage of eligible heirs, eventually led to a schism in the Church of the East, creating a temporarily Catholic offshoot known as the Sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East |
Lebanon | Evidence dating back to an early settlement in Lebanon was found in Byblos, considered among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The evidence dates back to earlier than 5000 BC. Archaeologists discovered remnants of prehistoric huts with crushed limestone floors, primitive weapons, and burial jars le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon |
Muslim world | In technology, the Muslim world adopted papermaking from China. The knowledge of gunpowder was also transmitted from China via predominantly Islamic countries, where formulas for pure potassium nitrate were developed.
Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world |
Timeline of Middle Eastern history | 1789 to 1925 – Qajar Iran
1798 – Napoleon Bonaparte leads a campaign in Egypt and Syria
1828 to 1914 – Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire
1828 – Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya, oldest newspaper ever established in Egypt
1830 to 1950 – Nahda or "Arab cultural renaissance"
1831 to 1833 – First Egyptian-Ottoman War, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history |
Vandal Kingdom | The Vandal sack of Rome, piracy in the Mediterranean, and the Roman need to recover control of the grain trade made the destruction of the Vandal Kingdom a priority for the Roman Empire. The Western Roman Emperor Majorian began to organize an offensive in the summer of 458. A maritime force staged from Cartagena in His... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom |
History of seafood | Pictorial evidence of Roman fishing comes from mosaics. The Greco-Roman sea god Neptune is depicted as wielding a fishing trident. Fish was served only in earlier periods, and it remained more expensive than simpler meat types. Breeding was attempted in freshwater and saltwater ponds, but some kinds of fish could not b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_seafood |
Moroccan Jews | Moroccan Jews constitute an ancient community with possible origins dating back to before 70 CE. Concrete evidence of Jewish presence in Morocco becomes apparent in late antiquity, with Hebrew epitaphs and menorah-decorated lamps discovered in the Roman city of Volubilis, and the remains of a synagogue dating to the th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_Jews |
Geocentric model | In 1543, the geocentric system met its first serious challenge with the publication of Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres), which posited that the Earth and the other planets instead revolved around the Sun. The geocentric system was still held for many years aft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model |
State of Palestine | In 1947, the UN adopted a partition plan for a two-state solution in the remaining territory of the mandate. The plan was accepted by the Jewish leadership but rejected by the Arab leaders, and Britain refused to implement the plan. On the eve of final British withdrawal, the Jewish Agency for Israel, headed by David B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine |
Ministry of Tourism (Saudi Arabia) | SCTH foundation has passed through several stages before reaching to its current structure by becoming the only public administration authorized and responsible for tourism and national heritage in the Kingdom. These stages are as follows:
On 12/01/1421 AH, (16/04/2000), Saudi Council of Ministers issued Resolution No... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_(Saudi_Arabia) |
Sam Harris | Harris is generally a critic of religion, and is considered a leading figure in the New Atheist movement. Harris is particularly opposed to what he refers to as dogmatic belief, and says that "Pretending to know things one doesn't know is a betrayal of science – and yet it is the lifeblood of religion." While purported... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris |
History of the ancient Levant | In the Iron Age, the Levant was characterized by patches of scattered kingdoms and tribal confederations which originated from the same cultural and linguistic milieu. Occasionally, these peoples united against expansion from neighboring regions, notably in the Battle of Qarqar (853 BC) which saw an alliance of Aramaea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant |
Demon | The ancient Mesopotamians believed that the underworld was home to many demons, which are sometimes referred to as "offspring of arali". These demons could sometimes leave the underworld and terrorize mortals on earth. One class of demons that were believed to reside in the underworld were known as galla; their primary... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon |
Naskh (tafsir) | Another set of types of naskh are those divided by what is abrogated — ruling, text, or both. (John Burton calls these the three "modes" of the theory of naskh.)
1. naskh al-hukm dūna al-tilāwa , also 'supersession' or ibdal. The types of naskh mentioned above involve abrogation of an Islamic regulation/ruling (hukm),... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir) |
Manama | There is evidence of human settlement on the northern coastline of Bahrain dating back to the Bronze Age. The Dilmun civilisation inhabited the area in 3000 BC, serving as a key regional trading hub between Mesopotamia, Magan and the Indus Valley civilisation. Approximately 100,000 Dilmun burial mounds were found acros... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manama |
Khartoum massacre | On 4 June, the Transitional Military Council (TMC) cancelled all agreements reached during talks with the main opposition alliance on setting up a transitional administration. The sides had agreed on forming a parliament and a government that would prepare for elections after three years. The leaders of the Declaration... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_massacre |
All-Palestine Government | An Egyptian Ministerial order dated 1 June 1948 declared that all laws in force during the Mandate would continue to be in force in the Gaza Strip. On 8 July 1948, the Arab League decided to set up a temporary civil administration in Palestine, to be directly responsible to the Arab League. This plan was strongly oppos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Palestine_Government |
Ctesiphon | Ctesiphon was founded in the late 120s BC. It was built on the site of a military camp established across from Seleucia by Mithridates I of Parthia. The reign of Gotarzes I saw Ctesiphon reach a peak as a political and commercial center. The city became the Empire's capital circa 58 BC during the reign of Orodes II. Gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesiphon |
Percy Cox | Cox was Secretary to the Government of India, its chief civil servant, and third in order of precedence. He was despatched to the Gulf as Chief Political Officer with the rank of honorary major-general. The arrival of General Nixon from Simla was "shabby...jobbing" as the military build-up enclosing India's plan to ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Cox |
University of al-Qarawiyyin | Many scholars consider al-Qarawiyyin's high point as an intellectual and scholarly center to be in the 13th and 14th centuries, when the curriculum was at its broadest and its prestige had reached new heights after centuries of expansion and elite patronage.: 141 Among the subjects taught around this period or shortly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin |
University of al-Qarawiyyin | The Marinids, who were responsible for building many of the madrasas around Fez, made various contributions to the mosque. In 1286 they restored and protected the 10th-century minaret, which had been made from deteriorating poor-quality stone with whitewash. At its southern foot, they also built the Dar al-Muwaqqit, a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin |
OPEC | On 21 December 1975, Saudi Arabia's Ahmed Zaki Yamani, Iran's Jamshid Amuzegar, and the other OPEC oil ministers were taken hostage at their semi-annual conference in Vienna, Austria. The attack, which killed three non-ministers, was orchestrated by a six-person team led by Venezuelan terrorist "Carlos the Jackal", and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC |
Cleopatra | Although almost 50 ancient works of Roman historiography mention Cleopatra, these often include only terse accounts of the Battle of Actium, her suicide, and Augustan propaganda about her personal deficiencies. Despite not being a biography of Cleopatra, the Life of Antonius written by Plutarch in the 1st century AD pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra |
Umm Al Nar culture | The Ubaid period (5,000-3,800 BCE) followed the neolithic Arabian bifacial era. Pottery vessels of the period already show contact with Mesopotamia.
The Hafit period followed the Ubaid period. During the Hafit period (3200 - 2600 BCE) burial cairns with the appearance of a beehive appeared, consisting of a small chambe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Al_Nar_culture |
Caste | In the opinion of W. Lloyd Warner, discrimination in the Southern United States in the 1930s against Blacks was similar to Indian castes in such features as residential segregation and marriage restrictions. In her 2020 book Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents, journalist Isabel Wilkerson used caste as an analogy to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste |
Ptolemaic Kingdom | The Ptolemaic Kingdom was considered a major naval power in the eastern Mediterranean. Some modern historians characterize Egypt during this period as a thalassocracy, owing to its innovation of "traditional styles of Mediterranean sea power", which allowed its rulers to "exert power and influence in unprecedented ways... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom |
2003 invasion of Iraq | The Iraqi port city of Umm Qasr was the first British obstacle. A joint Polish-British-American force ran into unexpectedly stiff resistance, and it took several days to clear the Iraqi forces out. Farther north, the British 7 Armoured Brigade ("The Desert Rats"), fought their way into Iraq's second-largest city, Basra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq |
Algerian War | Death toll estimates vary. Algerian historians and the FLN estimated that nearly eight years of revolution caused 1.5 million Algerian deaths. Some other French and Algerian sources later put the figure at approximately 960,000 dead, while French officials and historians estimated it at around 350,000, but this was reg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War |
Shihab dynasty | Emir Haydar's coming to power brought about an immediate effort on the part of Sidon's governor, Bashir Pasha, a relative of Arlsan Mehmed Pasha, to roll back Shihab authority in the province. To that end, the governor directly appointed Zahir al-Umar, Umar al-Zaydani's son, as the tax farmer of Safad, and directly app... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_dynasty |
Divorce in Islam | Changing social conditions have led to increasing dissatisfaction with traditional Islamic law of divorce since the early 20th century. Various reforms have been undertaken in an attempt to restrict the husband's right of unilateral repudiation and give women greater ability to initiate divorce. These reforms have util... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam |
Deira, Dubai | Deira is one of the oldest and most established areas of Dubai, its origins date back to the mid-1700s, it developed along the canal called Dubai Creek, this saltwater canal separates Deira from Bur Dubai. The canal enabled the area to develop in importance; it facilitated the sea trade, which is still operational toda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deira,_Dubai |
Isis | Isis is part of the Ennead of Heliopolis, a family of nine deities descended from the creator god, Atum or Ra. She and her siblings—Osiris, Set, and Nephthys—are the last generation of the Ennead, born to Geb, god of the earth, and Nut, goddess of the sky. The creator god, the world's original ruler, passes down his au... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis |
Egyptian Army | During Muhammad Ali Pasha's reign, the Egyptian army became a much more strictly regimented and professional army. The recruits were separated from daily civilian life and a sense of impersonal law was imposed. Muhammad Ali Pasha previously attempted to create an army of Sudanese slaves and Mamluks, but most died under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Army |
Sumerian language | The key to reading logosyllabic cuneiform came from the Behistun inscription, a trilingual cuneiform inscription written in Old Persian, Elamite and Akkadian. (In a similar manner, the key to understanding Egyptian hieroglyphs was the bilingual [Greek and Egyptian with the Egyptian text in two scripts] Rosetta stone an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_language |
Berlin–Baghdad railway | Besirli, Mehmet (1999). Die europäische Finanzkontrolle im Osmanischen Reich der Zeit von 1908 bis 1914. Die Rivalitäten der britischen, französischen und deutschen Hochfinanz und der Diplomatie vor dem ersten Weltkrieg am Beispiel der türkischen Staatsanleihen und der Bagdadbahn (in German). Berlin: Mensch & Buch Verl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Baghdad_railway |
Islamic modernism | Many orthodox, fundamentalist, puritan, and traditionalist Muslims strongly opposed modernism as bid'ah and the most dangerous heresy of the day, for its association with Westernization and Western education, although some orthodox/traditionalist Muslims, and Muslim scholars agree that going back to the Qur'an and the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_modernism |
Baghdad | Administratively, Baghdad Governorate is divided into districts which are further divided into sub-districts. Municipally, the governorate is divided into 9 municipalities, which have responsibility for local issues. Regional services, however, are coordinated and carried out by a mayor who oversees the municipalities.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad |
Halabja massacre | The U.S. State Department, in the immediate aftermath of the incident, took the official position that Iran was partly to blame. A preliminary Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) study at the time reported that Iran was responsible for the attack, an assessment which was used subsequently by the Central Intelligence Agen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halabja_massacre |
Wild boar | Managing wild boar is a pressing task in both native and invasive contexts as they can be disruptive to other systems when not addressed. Wild boar find their success through adaptation of daily patterns to circumvent threats. They avoid human contact through nocturnal lifestyles, despite the fact that they are not evo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar |
Revival of the Hebrew language | By the time Israel was established in 1948, 80.9% of Jews who had been born in Palestine spoke Hebrew as their only language in daily life, and another 14.2% of Palestine-born Jews used it as a first among two or more languages. The small minority of Jews who had been born in Palestine but did not use Hebrew as a first... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language |
Dongola | In the medieval period the region was controlled by the Christian kingdom of Makuria, which until the mid-14th century had its capital at Old Dongola further south. Subsequently Old Dongola became the capital of a smaller kingdom which was integrated into the Islamic Funj Sultanate in the 16th century, which ruled the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongola |
Borders of Israel | A border between the Ottoman Empire and British controlled Khedivate of Egypt was drawn in the Ottoman–British agreement of October 1, 1906, after a military crisis earlier that year.
According to the personal documents of the British colonel Wilfed A. Jennings Bramley, who influenced the negotiations, the border mainl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_Israel |
Salafi jihadism | The Egyptian Islamist movements of 1950s are generally considered to be the precursors of contemporary Salafi-Jihadist movements. The theological doctrines of the Syrian-Egyptian Islamic scholar Sayyid Rashid Rida (1865–1935 CE) greatly influenced these movements. Amongst his notable ideas included reviving the traditi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_jihadism |
Education in Lebanon | Tertiary education in Lebanon is composed of Technical and Vocational Institutes, University colleges, University Institutes and Universities. The Lebanese University is the only public institution. The Ministry of Education and Higher Education administrates the private and public sectors and Technical and Vocational ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon |
Arabian Peninsula | In antiquity, the term "Arabia" encompassed a larger area than the current term "Arabian Peninsula" and included the Arabian desert and large parts of the Syrian-Arabian desert. During the Hellenistic period, the area was known as Arabia or Aravia (Greek: Αραβία). The Romans named three regions with the prefix "Arabia"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula |
List of free-trade zones in the United Arab Emirates | The UAE has a number of free zones across Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Fujairah, Ajman, Ras al-Khaimah and Umm al-Quwain. Free zones may be broadly categorized as seaport free zones, airport free zones, and mainland free zones. Free-trade zone exemptions are:
100% foreign ownership of the enterprise
100% import and expo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free-trade_zones_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates |
Hatshepsut | Upon the death of Thutmose II, the underage Thutmose III became the pharaoh of Egypt. Hatshepsut was thought of by early modern scholars to have only served as regent alongside him. However, modern scholars agree that, while Hatshepsut initially served as regent for young Thutmose III from his accession in c. 1479 BC, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut |
Sheep | In antiquity, symbolism involving sheep cropped up in religions in the ancient Near East, the Mideast, and the Mediterranean area: Çatalhöyük, ancient Egyptian religion, the Cana'anite and Phoenician tradition, Judaism, Greek religion, and others. Religious symbolism and ritual involving sheep began with some of the fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep |
Siad Barre | Part of Barre's time in power was characterized by oppressive dictatorial rule, including persecution, jailing and torture of political opponents and dissidents. The United Nations Development Programme stated that "the 21-year regime of Siyad Barre had one of the worst human rights records in Africa." In January 1990,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siad_Barre |
Tunisian independence | On 13 January 1952, the new Resident General Jean de Hauteclocque arrived in Tunis on board the cruiser Le Mercure. He asked for his first audience with the Bey to take place without his ministers present, but Lamine Bey refused this request and it took place with the full Chenik cabinet in attendance. Hautecloque was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_independence |
Qira'at | In the meantime, before the variations were finally committed entirely to writing, the Quran was preserved by recitation from one generation to the next. Doing the reciting were prominent reciters of a style of narration who had memorized the Quran (known as hafiz). According to Csaba Okváth,
It was during the period... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qira%27at |
Al-Mutawakkil | Al-Mutawakkil was unlike his brother and father in that he was not known for having a thirst for knowledge, but he had an eye for magnificence and a hunger to build. The Great Mosque of Samarra was, at its time, the largest mosque in the world; its minaret is a vast spiraling cone 55 m high with a spiral ramp. The mosq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil |
United Arab Emirates | The UAE offers businesses a strong enabling environment: stable political and macroeconomic conditions, a future-oriented government, good general infrastructure and ICT infrastructure. Moreover, the country has made continuous and convincing improvements to its regulatory environment and is ranked as the 26th best cou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates |
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