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A stretched rubber band has mechanical energy. | (A) true (B) false | A | Potential energy due to an objects shape is called elastic potential energy. This energy results when elastic objects are stretched or compressed. Their elasticity gives them the potential to return to their original shape. For example, the rubber band in Figure 17.6 has been stretched, but it will spring back to its o... |
When you plug in a lamp, electromagnetic energy is converted to light energy. | (A) true (B) false | B | If youre like most people, you dont give it a thought when you flick a switch to turn on a lightat least not until the power goes out and youre left in the dark! When you flick on a light switch, electricity normally flows through the light, and some type of light bulb converts the electrical energy to visible light. T... |
Kinetic and potential energy add up to mechanical energy. | (A) true (B) false | A | Mechanical energy is the energy of an object that is moving or has the potential to move. It is the sum of an objects kinetic and potential energy. In Figure 17.9, the basketball has mechanical energy because it is moving. The arrow in the same figure has mechanical energy because it has the potential to move due to th... |
There is stored chemical energy in food. | (A) true (B) false | A | Chemical energy that organisms need comes from food. The nearly universal food for life is the sugar glucose. Glucose is a simple carbohydrate with the chemical formula C6 H12 O6 . The glucose molecule stores chemical energy in a concentrated, stable form. In your body, glucose is the form of energy that is carried in ... |
A lightning bolt is a powerful discharge of light energy. | (A) true (B) false | B | So much energy collects in cumulonimbus clouds that a huge release of electricity, called lightning, may result (Figure 1.4). The electrical discharge may be between one part of the cloud and another, two clouds, or a cloud and the ground. Lightning heats the air so that it expands explosively. The loud clap is thunder... |
Most of the electrical energy we use is produced in power plants. | (A) true (B) false | A | Electricity originates in power plants. They have electric generators that produce electricity by electromagnetic induction. In this process, a changing magnetic field is used to generate electric current. The generators convert kinetic energy to electrical energy. The kinetic energy may come from flowing water, burnin... |
The sun produces nuclear energy when hydrogen nuclei undergo fusion. | (A) true (B) false | A | Nuclear fusion of hydrogen to form helium occurs naturally in the sun and other stars. It takes place only at extremely high temperatures. Thats because a great deal of energy is needed to overcome the force of repulsion between positively charged nuclei. The suns energy comes from fusion in its core, where temperature... |
Some of the suns energy travels through space to heat and light Earth. | (A) true (B) false | A | Almost all energy on Earth comes from the Sun. The Suns energy heats the planet and the air around it. Sunlight also powers photosynthesis and life on Earth. |
The atoms that make up matter are in constant motion. | (A) true (B) false | A | The particles that make up matter are also constantly moving. They have kinetic energy. The theory that all matter consists of constantly moving particles is called the kinetic theory of matter. You can learn more about it at the URL below. |
Radio waves are a type of sound waves. | (A) true (B) false | B | Radio waves are the broad range of electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies. In Figure 21.7, you can see that the wavelength of radio waves may be longer than a soccer field. With their low frequencies, radio waves have the least energy of electromagnetic waves, but they still are extre... |
Energy rarely changes from one form to another. | (A) true (B) false | B | Energy changes form when something happens. But the total amount of energy always stays the same. The Law of Conservation of Energy says that energy cannot be created or destroyed. Scientists observed that energy could change from one form to another. They also observed that the overall amount of energy did not change.... |
One form of energy cannot change into two or more different forms of energy. | (A) true (B) false | B | Energy changes form when something happens. But the total amount of energy always stays the same. The Law of Conservation of Energy says that energy cannot be created or destroyed. Scientists observed that energy could change from one form to another. They also observed that the overall amount of energy did not change.... |
Which form of energy does your body use to stay warm? | (A) light energy (B) sound energy (C) chemical energy (D) none of the above | C | Mammals have a variety of ways to keep their body temperature stable. |
Which type of energy is stored in wood? | (A) thermal energy (B) light energy (C) chemical energy (D) two of the above | C | Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms that make up compounds. This energy is called chemical energy, and it is a form of potential energy. If the bonds between atoms are broken, the energy is released and can do work. The wood in the fireplace in Figure 17.10 has chemical energy. The energy is released as thermal... |
Sources of electrical energy include | (A) the sun (B) lightning (C) batteries (D) two of the above | D | Batteries like the one in Figure 23.11 are one of several possible sources of voltage needed to produce electric current. Sources of voltage include generators, chemical cells, and solar cells. Generators change the kinetic energy of a spinning turbine to electrical energy in a process called electromag- netic inductio... |
Nuclear power plants produce energy by | (A) burning fossil fuels (B) splitting atomic nuclei (C) causing chemical reactions (D) capturing kinetic energy of atoms | B | Nuclear energy is produced by splitting the nucleus of an atom. This releases a huge amount of energy. |
The thermal energy of an object depends on | (A) how quickly its atoms are moving (B) how much light it gives off (C) how many atoms it has (D) two of the above | D | The atoms that make up matter are in constant motion, so they have kinetic energy. All that motion gives matter thermal energy. Thermal energy is defined as the total kinetic energy of all the atoms that make up an object. It depends on how fast the atoms are moving and how many atoms the object has. Therefore, an obje... |
Electromagnetic waves include all of the following except | (A) light (B) sound (C) X rays (D) microwaves | B | Mid-wavelength electromagnetic waves are commonly called light. This range of electromagnetic waves has shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than radio waves, but not as short and high as X rays and gamma rays. Light includes visible light, infrared light, and ultraviolet light. If you look back at Figure 21.7, y... |
Sound waves can travel through all of the following except | (A) air (B) space (C) water (D) glass | B | Sound waves are mechanical waves, so they can travel only though matter and not through empty space. This was demonstrated in the 1600s by a scientist named Robert Boyle. Boyle placed a ticking clock in a sealed glass jar. The clock could be heard ticking through the air and glass of the jar. Then Boyle pumped the air ... |
Nonrenewable energy resources include | (A) fossil fuels (B) running water (C) radioactive elements (D) two of the above | D | Nonrenewable resources are natural resources that are limited in supply and cannot be replaced except over millions of years. Nonrenewable energy resources include fossil fuels and radioactive elements such as uranium. |
All of the following energy resources are fossil fuels except | (A) oil (B) coal (C) biomass (D) natural gas | C | Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas. Fossil fuels are the greatest energy source for modern society. Millions of years ago, plants used energy from the Sun to form carbon compounds. These compounds were later transformed into coal, oil, or natural gas. Fossil fuels take millions of years to form. For this r... |
Natural gas is used for energy in | (A) motor vehicles (B) water heaters (C) furnaces (D) all of the above | D | The largest natural gas reserves in the United States are located in the Rocky Mountain states, Texas, and the Gulf of Mexico region. California also has natural gas, mostly in the northern Sacramento Valley and the Sacramento Delta. Natural gas must be processed before it can be used as a fuel. Poisonous chemicals and... |
Petroleum is used to make | (A) heating oil (B) kerosene (C) gasoline (D) all of the above | D | Most of the compounds that come out of the refining process are fuels, such as gasoline, diesel, and heating oil. Because these fuels are rich sources of energy and can be easily transported, oil provides about 90% of the energy used for transportation around the world. The rest of the compounds from crude oil are used... |
All fossil fuels contain stored chemical energy that came originally from | (A) rocks below Earths surface (B) marine organisms (C) giant tree ferns (D) the sun | D | When ancient plants underwent photosynthesis, they changed energy in sunlight to stored chemical energy in food. The plants used the food and so did the organisms that ate the plants. After the plants and other organisms died, their remains gradually changed to fossil fuels as they were covered and compressed by layers... |
Which statement about uranium is true? | (A) It is nearly limitless in supply (B) It is a renewable energy resource (C) It is not as safe to use as solar energy (D) Using it for energy creates air pollution | C | The Figure 1.2 shows how nuclear fission of uranium-235 occurs. It begins when a uranium nucleus gains a neutron. This can happen naturally when a free neutron strikes it, or it can occur deliberately when a neutron is crashed into it in a nuclear power plant. In either case, the nucleus of uranium-235 becomes extremel... |
What is the function of a wind turbine? | (A) changing the kinetic energy of wind to electrical energy (B) capturing wind energy and using it to pump water (C) slowing down the wind so it causes less erosion (D) storing the energy of wind as thermal energy | A | Wind power uses moving air as a source of energy. Some types of wind power have been around for a long time. People have used windmills to grind grain and pump water for hundreds of years. Sailing ships have depended on wind for millennia. Wind is now used to generate electricity. Moving air can make a turbine spin, ju... |
The fossil fuel that produces the most carbon dioxide when burned is | (A) oil (B) coal (C) biomass (D) natural gas | B | Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas. Fossil fuels are the greatest energy source for modern society. Millions of years ago, plants used energy from the Sun to form carbon compounds. These compounds were later transformed into coal, oil, or natural gas. Fossil fuels take millions of years to form. For this r... |
A major drawback of nuclear energy is the production of | (A) air pollution (B) carbon dioxide (C) carbon monoxide (D) radioactive wastes | D | Nuclear energy is produced by splitting the nucleus of an atom. This releases a huge amount of energy. |
Geothermal energy | (A) comes from heat below Earths surface (B) cannot be used to produce electricity (C) is only used to heat homes (D) is nonrenewable | A | Geothermal energy comes the Earths internal heat. Hot springs and geysers are produced by water that is heated by magma or hot rock below the surface. At a geothermal power plant, engineers drill wells into the hot rocks. Hot water or steam may come up through the wells. Alternatively, water may be put down into the we... |
Renewable energy resources include | (A) wind (B) biomass (C) moving water (D) all of the above | D | Renewable resources are natural resources that can be replaced in a relatively short period of time or are virtually limitless in supply. Renewable energy resources include sunlight, moving water, wind, biomass, and geothermal energy. Each of these energy resources is described in Table 17.1. Resources such as sunlight... |
Solar cells convert solar energy to | (A) heat (B) steam (C) thermal energy (D) electrical energy | D | Solar cells convert the energy in sunlight to electrical energy. They contain a material such as silicon that absorbs light energy and gives off electrons. The electrons flow and create electric current. Figure 23.13 and the animation at the URL below show how a solar cell uses light energy to produce electric current ... |
All natural resources need to be conserved so they are not used up. | (A) true (B) false | B | Especially when it comes to nonrenewable resources, conserving natural resources is important. Using less of them means that they will last longer. It also means they will impact the environment less. Everyone can help make a difference. There are three basic ways that all of us can conserve natural resources. They are... |
Most of the electricity in the U.S. is generated by burning petroleum. | (A) true (B) false | B | Figure 20.11 shows the energy resources used in the U.S. The U.S. depends mainly on fossil fuels. Petroleum is used more than any other resource. Renewable energy resources, such as solar and wind energy, could provide all the energy we need, but they are not yet widely used in the U.S. |
The use of fossil fuels is a major cause of global warming. | (A) true (B) false | A | Recent global warming is due mainly to human actions. Burning fossil fuels adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Its one of several that human activities add to the atmosphere. An increase in greenhouse gases leads to greater greenhouse effect. The result is increased global warming... |
Nuclear energy is a renewable energy resource. | (A) true (B) false | B | Nuclear energy is produced by splitting the nucleus of an atom. This releases a huge amount of energy. |
Natural gas formed when the remains of swamp plants were pressed beneath layers of sediments. | (A) true (B) false | B | Natural gas forms under the same conditions that create oil. Organic material buried in the sediments harden to become a shale formation that is the source of the gas. Although natural gas forms at higher temperatures than crude oil, the two are often found together. The largest natural gas reserves in the United State... |
It takes millions of years for fossil fuels to form. | (A) true (B) false | A | Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas. Fossil fuels are the greatest energy source for modern society. Millions of years ago, plants used energy from the Sun to form carbon compounds. These compounds were later transformed into coal, oil, or natural gas. Fossil fuels take millions of years to form. For this r... |
Most of the electric power in the U.S. is generated from running water. | (A) true (B) false | B | Many of the suitable streams in the United States have been developed for hydroelectric power. Many streams worldwide also have hydroelectric plants. Hydropower is a major source of Californias electricity. It accounts for about 14.5 percent of the total. Most of Californias nearly 400 hydroelectric power plants are lo... |
The burning of fossil fuels leads to the formation of acid rain. | (A) true (B) false | A | Air pollution may also cause acid rain. This is rain that is more acidic (has a lower pH) than normal rain. Acids form in the atmosphere when nitrogen and sulfur oxides mix with water in air. Nitrogen and sulfur oxides come mainly from motor vehicle exhaust and coal burning. If acid rain falls into lakes, it lowers the... |
It takes a large amount of uranium to produce a small amount of nuclear energy. | (A) true (B) false | B | Nuclear energy is produced by splitting the nucleus of an atom. This releases a huge amount of energy. |
Renewable energy resources produce air pollution. | (A) true (B) false | B | Nonrenewable energy resources will run out before long. Using these energy resources also produces pollution and increases global warming. For all these reasons, we need to use less of these energy sources. We also need to use them more efficiently. |
Fossil fuels provide most of the worlds energy. | (A) true (B) false | A | Fossil fuels provide about 85% of the worlds energy at this time. Worldwide fossil fuel usage has increased many times over in the past half century (coal - 2.6x, oil - 8x, natural gas - 14x) because of population increases, because of increases in the number of cars, televisions, and other fuel-consuming uses in the d... |
Coal and petroleum are often found together. | (A) true (B) false | B | Natural gas is often found along with coal or oil in underground deposits. This is because natural gas forms with these other fossil fuels. One difference between natural gas and oil is that natural gas forms at higher temperatures. |
Smog comes from the burning of fossil fuels. | (A) true (B) false | A | Most pollutants enter the air when fossil fuels burn. Some are released when forests burn. Others evaporate into the air. |
Using moving water to generate electricity never harms the environment. | (A) true (B) false | B | Water power does not burn a fuel. So it causes less pollution than many other kinds of energy. Water power is also a renewable resource. Water keeps flowing downhill. Although we use some of the energy from this movement, we are not using up the water. Water power does have problems. A large dam stops a streams flow, w... |
Wind turbines change the kinetic energy of wind to electrical energy. | (A) true (B) false | A | Wind power uses moving air as a source of energy. Some types of wind power have been around for a long time. People have used windmills to grind grain and pump water for hundreds of years. Sailing ships have depended on wind for millennia. Wind is now used to generate electricity. Moving air can make a turbine spin, ju... |
saving resources by using them more efficiently | (A) conservation (B) natural resource (C) fossil fuel (D) biomass energy (E) renewable resource (F) geothermal energy (G) nonrenewable resource | A | We can reduce our use of energy resources and the pollution they cause by conserving energy. Conservation means saving resources by using them more efficiently or not using them at all. Figure 17.24 shows several ways that people can conserve energy in their daily lives. You can find more energy-saving tips at the URL ... |
resource that is limited in supply and cannot be replaced | (A) conservation (B) natural resource (C) fossil fuel (D) biomass energy (E) renewable resource (F) geothermal energy (G) nonrenewable resource | G | Nonrenewable resources are natural resources that are limited in supply and cannot be replaced except over millions of years. Nonrenewable energy resources include fossil fuels and radioactive elements such as uranium. |
energy from plant materials | (A) conservation (B) natural resource (C) fossil fuel (D) biomass energy (E) renewable resource (F) geothermal energy (G) nonrenewable resource | D | Biomass is another renewable source of energy. Biomass includes wood, grains, and other plant materials or waste materials. People can burn wood directly for energy in the form of heat. Biomass can also be processed to make biofuel. Biofuel is a fairly new type of energy that is becoming more popular. Biomass is useful... |
mixture of hydrocarbons that formed from the remains of dead organisms | (A) conservation (B) natural resource (C) fossil fuel (D) biomass energy (E) renewable resource (F) geothermal energy (G) nonrenewable resource | C | Oil from the ground is called crude oil, which is a mixture of many different hydrocarbons. Crude oil is a thick dark brown or black liquid hydrocarbon. Oil also forms from buried dead organisms, but these are tiny organisms that live on the sea surface and then sink to the seafloor when they die. The dead organisms ar... |
heat from below Earths surface that can be used for energy | (A) conservation (B) natural resource (C) fossil fuel (D) biomass energy (E) renewable resource (F) geothermal energy (G) nonrenewable resource | F | Geothermal energy comes the Earths internal heat. Hot springs and geysers are produced by water that is heated by magma or hot rock below the surface. At a geothermal power plant, engineers drill wells into the hot rocks. Hot water or steam may come up through the wells. Alternatively, water may be put down into the we... |
anything people use that comes from nature | (A) conservation (B) natural resource (C) fossil fuel (D) biomass energy (E) renewable resource (F) geothermal energy (G) nonrenewable resource | B | Economically, there are many direct benefits of biodiversity. As many as 40,000 species of fungi, plants, and animals provide us with many varied types of clothing, shelter, medicines and other products. These include poisons, timber, fibers, fragrances, papers, silks, dyes, adhesives, rubber, resins, skins, furs, and ... |
resource that is virtually limitless in supply or can be replaced quickly | (A) conservation (B) natural resource (C) fossil fuel (D) biomass energy (E) renewable resource (F) geothermal energy (G) nonrenewable resource | E | From the table in the concept "Materials Humans Use," you can see that many of the resources we depend on are non-renewable. Non-renewable resources vary in their availability; some are very abundant and others are rare. Materials, such as gravel or sand, are technically non-renewable, but they are so abundant that run... |
device for measuring temperature | (A) thermal energy (B) heat (C) temperature (D) thermometer (E) mass (F) Celsius (G) specific heat | D | Thermometers measure temperature. In an old-style mercury thermometer, mercury is placed in a long, very narrow tube with a bulb. Because mercury is temperature sensitive, it expands when temperatures are high and contracts when they are low. A scale on the outside of the thermometer matches up with the air temperature... |
What happens to water when you heat it? | (A) The particles of the water gain kinetic energy (B) The thermal energy of the water increases (C) The temperature of the water rises (D) all of the above | D | If you fill a pot with cool tap water and place the pot on a hot stovetop, the water heats up. Heat energy travels from the stovetop to the pot, and the water absorbs the energy from the pot. What happens to the water next? |
total kinetic energy of particles of matter | (A) thermal energy (B) heat (C) temperature (D) thermometer (E) mass (F) Celsius (G) specific heat | A | The particles that make up matter are also constantly moving. They have kinetic energy. The theory that all matter consists of constantly moving particles is called the kinetic theory of matter. You can learn more about it at the URL below. |
What causes the liquid in a thermometer to rise? | (A) The liquid expands (B) The liquid turns to a gas (C) The liquid increases in mass (D) The liquid has greater specific heat | A | Many thermometers measure temperature with a liquid that expands when it gets warmer and contracts when it gets cooler. Look at the common household thermometer pictured in the Figure 1.1. The red liquid rises or falls in the glass tube as the temperature changes. Temperature is read off the scale at the height of the ... |
amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 C | (A) thermal energy (B) heat (C) temperature (D) thermometer (E) mass (F) Celsius (G) specific heat | G | Specific heat is a measure of how much energy it takes to raise the temperature of a substance. It is the amount of energy (in joules) needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of the substance by 1 C. Specific heat is a property that is specific to a given type of matter. Thats why its called specific. |
When heat is transferred between objects of different temperatures, what is the end result? | (A) Both objects have a higher temperature (B) Both objects have a lower temperature (C) Both objects have the same temperature (D) The difference in temperature is greater | C | Something that has a high temperature is said to be hot. Does temperature measure heat? Is heat just another word for thermal energy? The answer to both questions is no. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects that have different temperatures. Thermal energy always moves from an object with a higher temp... |
Why does the sand on a beach get so much warmer than the water on a sunny day? | (A) The particles of sand are smaller (B) The sand has higher specific heat (C) The water has less thermal energy (D) The water has greater specific heat | D | The girls in Figure 18.4 are having fun at the beach. Its a warm, sunny day, and the sand feels hot under their bare hands and feet. The water, in contrast, feels much cooler. Why does the sand get so hot while the water does not? The answer has to do with specific heat. Specific heat is the amount of energy (in joules... |
average kinetic energy of particles of matter | (A) thermal energy (B) heat (C) temperature (D) thermometer (E) mass (F) Celsius (G) specific heat | C | The particles that make up matter are also constantly moving. They have kinetic energy. The theory that all matter consists of constantly moving particles is called the kinetic theory of matter. You can learn more about it at the URL below. |
scale for measuring temperature | (A) thermal energy (B) heat (C) temperature (D) thermometer (E) mass (F) Celsius (G) specific heat | F | The thermometer pictured in the Figure 1.1 measures temperature on two different scales: Celsius (C) and Fahrenheit (F). Although some scientists use the Celsius scale, the SI scale for measuring temperature is the Kelvin scale. If you live in the U.S., you are probably most familiar with the Fahrenheit scale. The Tabl... |
Specific heat is measured in | (A) grams (B) degrees (C) joules (D) newtons | C | Specific heat is a measure of how much energy it takes to raise the temperature of a substance. It is the amount of energy (in joules) needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of the substance by 1 C. Specific heat is a property that is specific to a given type of matter. Thats why its called specific. |
transfer of thermal energy between objects with different temperatures | (A) thermal energy (B) heat (C) temperature (D) thermometer (E) mass (F) Celsius (G) specific heat | B | Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy between particles of matter that are touching. Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of moving particles of matter, and the transfer of thermal energy is called heat. Conduction is one of three ways that thermal energy can be transferred (the other ways are convection a... |
measure that affects the thermal energy of matter but not its temperature | (A) thermal energy (B) heat (C) temperature (D) thermometer (E) mass (F) Celsius (G) specific heat | E | If two objects have the same mass, the object with the higher temperature has greater thermal energy. Temperature affects thermal energy, but temperature isnt the same thing as thermal energy. Thats because an objects mass also affects its thermal energy. The examples in Figure 18.1 make this clear. In the figure, the ... |
The particles of all matter are in constant random motion. | (A) true (B) false | A | The particles that make up matter are also constantly moving. They have kinetic energy. The theory that all matter consists of constantly moving particles is called the kinetic theory of matter. You can learn more about it at the URL below. |
Objects with the same temperature always have the same total kinetic energy. | (A) true (B) false | B | The atoms that make up matter are in constant motion, so they have kinetic energy. All that motion gives matter thermal energy. Thermal energy is defined as the total kinetic energy of all the atoms that make up an object. It depends on how fast the atoms are moving and how many atoms the object has. Therefore, an obje... |
A thermometer measures temperature relative to two reference temperatures. | (A) true (B) false | A | Thermometers measure temperature. In an old-style mercury thermometer, mercury is placed in a long, very narrow tube with a bulb. Because mercury is temperature sensitive, it expands when temperatures are high and contracts when they are low. A scale on the outside of the thermometer matches up with the air temperature... |
Heat is always transferred from a larger object to a smaller object. | (A) true (B) false | B | Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between substances. Thermal energy is the kinetic energy of moving particles of matter, measured by their temperature. Thermal energy always moves from matter with greater thermal energy to matter with less thermal energy, so it moves from warmer to cooler substances. You can see ... |
Differences in the specific heat of land and water affect climate. | (A) true (B) false | A | When a place is near an ocean, the water can have a big effect on the climate. |
Only warm or hot objects have thermal energy. | (A) true (B) false | B | Something that has a high temperature is said to be hot. Does temperature measure heat? Is heat just another word for thermal energy? The answer to both questions is no. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects that have different temperatures. Thermal energy always moves from an object with a higher temp... |
If particles of an object start to move more quickly, the objects temperature rises. | (A) true (B) false | A | No doubt you already have a good idea of what temperature is. You might say that its how warm or cool something feels. In physics, temperature is defined as the average kinetic energy of the particles of matter. When particles of matter move more quickly, they have more kinetic energy, so their temperature is higher. W... |
Temperature is the same thing as thermal energy. | (A) true (B) false | B | Something that has a high temperature is said to be hot. Does temperature measure heat? Is heat just another word for thermal energy? The answer to both questions is no. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects that have different temperatures. Thermal energy always moves from an object with a higher temp... |
An object with a higher temperature always has greater thermal energy than an object with a lower | (A) true (B) false | B | If two objects have the same mass, the object with the higher temperature has greater thermal energy. Temperature affects thermal energy, but temperature isnt the same thing as thermal energy. Thats because an objects mass also affects its thermal energy. The examples in Figure 18.1 make this clear. In the figure, the ... |
On the Celsius scale, the boiling point of water is 32 C. | (A) true (B) false | B | The SI scale for measuring temperature is the Kelvin scale. However, some scientists use the Celsius scale instead. If you live in the U.S., you are probably more familiar with the Fahrenheit scale. Table 2.3 compares all three temperature scales. What is the difference between the boiling and freezing points of water ... |
Most types of matter expand to some degree when they get warmer. | (A) true (B) false | A | Temperature is measured with a thermometer. A thermometer shows how hot or cold something is relative to two reference temperatures, usually the freezing and boiling points of water. Scientists often use the Celsius scale for temperature. On this scale, the freezing point of water is 0C and the boiling point is 100C. T... |
Temperature is a physical property of matter. | (A) true (B) false | B | Matter has many properties. Some are physical properties. Physical properties of matter are properties that can be measured or observed without matter changing to a different substance. For example, whether a given substance normally exists as a solid, liquid, or gas is a physical property. Consider water. It is a liqu... |
Thermal energy always moves from an object with a higher temperature to an object with a lower | (A) true (B) false | A | Something that has a high temperature is said to be hot. Does temperature measure heat? Is heat just another word for thermal energy? The answer to both questions is no. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects that have different temperatures. Thermal energy always moves from an object with a higher temp... |
Specific heat is a property that is specific to a given type of matter. | (A) true (B) false | A | Specific heat is a measure of how much energy it takes to raise the temperature of a substance. It is the amount of energy (in joules) needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of the substance by 1 C. Specific heat is a property that is specific to a given type of matter. Thats why its called specific. |
Most metals have a very high specific heat. | (A) true (B) false | B | The Table 1.1 compares the specific heat of four different substances. Metals such as iron have low specific heat. It doesnt take much energy to raise their temperature. Thats why a metal spoon heats up quickly when placed in a cup of hot coffee. Sand also has a relatively low specific heat. Water, on the other hand, h... |
If two objects have the same mass, the object with the higher temperature always | (A) has greater thermal energy (B) has higher specific heat (C) feels warmer (D) two of the above | D | If two objects have the same mass, the object with the higher temperature has greater thermal energy. Temperature affects thermal energy, but temperature isnt the same thing as thermal energy. Thats because an objects mass also affects its thermal energy. The examples in Figure 18.1 make this clear. In the figure, the ... |
Which of the following statements about temperature is true? | (A) Temperature measures heat (B) Temperature measures kinetic energy (C) Temperature is the same thing as heat (D) Temperature is the same thing as thermal energy | B | No doubt you already have a good idea of what temperature is. You might say that its how warm or cool something feels. In physics, temperature is defined as the average kinetic energy of the particles of matter. When particles of matter move more quickly, they have more kinetic energy, so their temperature is higher. W... |
If a bucket full of water and a cup full of water have the same temperature, then the water in the | (A) bucket and cup have the same thermal energy (B) bucket has greater thermal energy (C) cup has lower average kinetic energy (D) cup has lower specific heat | B | Temperature is measured with a thermometer. A thermometer shows how hot or cold something is relative to two reference temperatures, usually the freezing and boiling points of water. Scientists often use the Celsius scale for temperature. On this scale, the freezing point of water is 0C and the boiling point is 100C. T... |
The thermal energy of an object depends on its | (A) mass (B) temperature (C) specific heat (D) two of the above | D | The atoms that make up matter are in constant motion, so they have kinetic energy. All that motion gives matter thermal energy. Thermal energy is defined as the total kinetic energy of all the atoms that make up an object. It depends on how fast the atoms are moving and how many atoms the object has. Therefore, an obje... |
If you put a cool spoon into a cup of hot coffee, the temperature of the spoon rises because | (A) thermal energy is transferred from the coffee to the spoon (B) specific heat is transferred from the coffee to the spoon (C) particles of the spoon gain kinetic energy (D) two of the above | D | Figure 18.3 illustrates an example of thermal energy transfer. Before the spoon was put into the steaming hot coffee, it was cool to the touch. Once in the coffee, the spoon heated up quickly. The fast-moving particles of the coffee transferred some of their energy to the slower-moving particles of the spoon. The spoon... |
Which of the following materials has the greatest specific heat? | (A) iron (B) sand (C) wood (D) water | D | The Table 1.1 compares the specific heat of four different substances. Metals such as iron have low specific heat. It doesnt take much energy to raise their temperature. Thats why a metal spoon heats up quickly when placed in a cup of hot coffee. Sand also has a relatively low specific heat. Water, on the other hand, h... |
A material with greater specific heat | (A) warms up more quickly (B) requires less energy to get hot (C) always has a higher temperature (D) none of the above | D | The Table 1.1 compares the specific heat of four different substances. Metals such as iron have low specific heat. It doesnt take much energy to raise their temperature. Thats why a metal spoon heats up quickly when placed in a cup of hot coffee. Sand also has a relatively low specific heat. Water, on the other hand, h... |
material that allows little if any conduction of thermal energy | (A) conduction (B) thermal conductor (C) convection (D) thermal insulator (E) radiation (F) convection current (G) density | D | Particles of gases are farther apart and have fewer collisions, so they are not good at transferring thermal energy. Materials that are poor thermal conductors are called thermal insulators. Figure 18.7 shows several examples. Fluffy yellow insulation inside the roof of a home is full of air. The air prevents the trans... |
Conduction is usually slowest in | (A) gases (B) solids (C) liquids (D) flames | A | Conduction is usually faster in liquids and certain solids than in gases. Materials that are good conductors of thermal energy are called thermal conductors. Metals are excellent thermal conductors. They have freely moving electrons that can transfer energy quickly and easily. Thats why the metal pot in Figure 18.5 soo... |
transfer of thermal energy by waves that can travel through space | (A) conduction (B) thermal conductor (C) convection (D) thermal insulator (E) radiation (F) convection current (G) density | E | Radiation is the transfer of energy by waves. Energy can travel as waves through air or empty space. The Suns energy travels through space by radiation. After sunlight heats the planets surface, some heat radiates back into the atmosphere. |
Which of the following materials is a thermal insulator? | (A) plastic (B) iron (C) copper (D) steel | A | Particles of gases are farther apart and have fewer collisions, so they are not good at transferring thermal energy. Materials that are poor thermal conductors are called thermal insulators. Figure 18.7 shows several examples. Fluffy yellow insulation inside the roof of a home is full of air. The air prevents the trans... |
flow of particles in a fluid due to differences in temperature and density | (A) conduction (B) thermal conductor (C) convection (D) thermal insulator (E) radiation (F) convection current (G) density | F | The Figure 1.1 shows how convection occurs, using hot water in a pot as an example. When particles in one area of a fluid (in this case, the water at the bottom of the pot) gain thermal energy, they move more quickly, have more collisions, and spread farther apart. This decreases the density of the particles, so they r... |
In which substance can thermal energy be transferred by convection? | (A) air (B) sand (C) wood (D) two of the above | A | Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by particles moving through a fluid (either a gas or a liquid). Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of moving particles of matter, and the transfer of thermal energy is called heat. Convection is one of three ways that thermal energy can be transferred (the other ways... |
Thermal energy is transferred through the ocean by | (A) currents (B) waves (C) winds (D) tides | A | Convection currents transfer thermal energy through many fluids, not just hot water in a pot. For example, convection currents transfer thermal energy through molten rock below Earths surface, through water in the oceans, and through air in the atmosphere. Convection currents in the atmosphere create winds. You can see... |
material that is good at transferring thermal energy by conduction | (A) conduction (B) thermal conductor (C) convection (D) thermal insulator (E) radiation (F) convection current (G) density | B | Conduction is usually faster in liquids and certain solids than in gases. Materials that are good conductors of thermal energy are called thermal conductors. Metals are excellent thermal conductors. They have freely moving electrons that can transfer energy quickly and easily. Thats why the metal pot in Figure 18.5 soo... |
amount of mass in a given volume of matter | (A) conduction (B) thermal conductor (C) convection (D) thermal insulator (E) radiation (F) convection current (G) density | G | The density of matter is actually the amount of matter in a given space. The amount of matter is measured by its mass. The space matter takes up is measured by its volume. Therefore, the density of matter can be calculated with this formula: Density = mass volume Assume, for example, that a book has a mass of 500 g and... |
Matter is not needed for the transfer of thermal energy by | (A) conduction (B) convection (C) radiation (D) two of the above | C | Both conduction and convection transfer energy through matter. Radiation is the only way of transferring energy that doesnt require matter. Radiation is the transfer of energy by waves that can travel through empty space. When the waves reach objects, they transfer energy to the objects, causing them to warm up. This i... |
transfer of thermal energy between particles of matter that are touching | (A) conduction (B) thermal conductor (C) convection (D) thermal insulator (E) radiation (F) convection current (G) density | A | Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy between particles of matter that are touching. Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of moving particles of matter, and the transfer of thermal energy is called heat. Conduction is one of three ways that thermal energy can be transferred (the other ways are convection a... |
transfer of thermal energy by particles moving through a fluid | (A) conduction (B) thermal conductor (C) convection (D) thermal insulator (E) radiation (F) convection current (G) density | C | Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by particles moving through a fluid (either a gas or a liquid). Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of moving particles of matter, and the transfer of thermal energy is called heat. Convection is one of three ways that thermal energy can be transferred (the other ways... |
Conduction occurs when particles of matter flow. | (A) true (B) false | B | Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy between particles of matter that are touching. When energetic particles collide with nearby particles, they transfer some of their thermal energy. From particle to particle, like dominoes falling, thermal energy moves throughout a substance. In Figure 18.5, conduction occurs... |
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