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Insulation can keep a house cool on a hot day. | (A) true (B) false | A | One way to retain your own thermal energy on a cold day is to wear clothes that trap air. Thats because air, like other gases, is a poor conductor of thermal energy. The particles of gases are relatively far apart, so they dont bump into each other or into other things as often as the more closely spaced particles of l... |
Thermal energy is always transferred from cooler to warmer objects. | (A) true (B) false | B | Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between substances. Thermal energy is the kinetic energy of moving particles of matter, measured by their temperature. Thermal energy always moves from matter with greater thermal energy to matter with less thermal energy, so it moves from warmer to cooler substances. You can see ... |
Land and sea breezes are examples of convection currents. | (A) true (B) false | A | Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by particles moving through a fluid. Particles transfer energy by moving from warmer to cooler areas. Thats how energy is transferred in the soup in Figure 18.7. Particles of soup near the bottom of the pot get hot first. They have more energy so they spread out and become l... |
Only hot objects radiate thermal energy. | (A) true (B) false | B | Both conduction and convection transfer energy through matter. Radiation is the only way of transferring energy that doesnt require matter. Radiation is the transfer of energy by waves that can travel through empty space. When the waves reach objects, they transfer energy to the objects, causing them to warm up. This i... |
A pot resting on a hot stovetop heats up because of | (A) convection (B) conduction (C) radiation (D) all of the above | B | If you fill a pot with cool tap water and place the pot on a hot stovetop, the water heats up. Heat energy travels from the stovetop to the pot, and the water absorbs the energy from the pot. What happens to the water next? |
Your hand feels cold when you hold an ice cube because | (A) the ice radiates cold to your hand (B) the ice conducts cold to your hand (C) your hand cools down by convection (D) your hand transfers thermal energy to the ice | D | Think about how you would make ice cubes in a tray. First you would fill the tray with water from a tap. Then you would place the tray in the freezer compartment of a refrigerator. The freezer is very cold. What happens next? |
In which of the following materials does conduction occur most quickly? | (A) iron (B) wood (C) plastic (D) oxygen | A | Conduction is usually faster in liquids and certain solids than in gases. Materials that are good conductors of thermal energy are called thermal conductors. Metals are excellent thermal conductors. They have freely moving electrons that can transfer energy quickly and easily. Thats why the metal pot in Figure 18.5 soo... |
Examples of thermal insulators include | (A) down feathers (B) Styrofoam (C) air (D) all of the above | D | One way to retain your own thermal energy on a cold day is to wear clothes that trap air. Thats because air, like other gases, is a poor conductor of thermal energy. The particles of gases are relatively far apart, so they dont bump into each other or into other things as often as the more closely spaced particles of l... |
The transfer of thermal energy by convection occurs only in | (A) gases (B) solids (C) fluids (D) liquids | C | Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by particles moving through a fluid (either a gas or a liquid). Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of moving particles of matter, and the transfer of thermal energy is called heat. Convection is one of three ways that thermal energy can be transferred (the other ways... |
Thermal energy is transferred throughout the ocean by | (A) radiation (B) conduction (C) thermal conductors (D) convection currents | D | Convection currents transfer thermal energy through many fluids, not just hot water in a pot. For example, convection currents transfer thermal energy through molten rock below Earths surface, through water in the oceans, and through air in the atmosphere. Convection currents in the atmosphere create winds. You can see... |
A sea breeze blows | (A) toward the land (B) toward the sea (C) only at night (D) during both day and night | A | Ocean water is slower to warm up and cool down than land. So the sea surface is cooler than the land in the daytime. It is also cooler than the land in the summer. The opposite is also true. The water stays warmer than the land during the night and the winter. These differences in heating cause local winds known as lan... |
Conduction occurs only between particles that collide. | (A) true (B) false | A | To understand how conduction works, you need to think about the tiny particles that make up matter. The particles of all matter are in constant random motion, but the particles of warmer matter have more energy and move more quickly than the particles of cooler matter. When particles of warmer matter collide with parti... |
Wood is an example of a good thermal conductor. | (A) true (B) false | B | Conduction is usually faster in liquids and certain solids than in gases. Materials that are good conductors of thermal energy are called thermal conductors. Metals are excellent thermal conductors. They have freely moving electrons that can transfer energy quickly and easily. Thats why the metal pot in Figure 18.5 soo... |
Home insulation prevents the transfer of cold into the house. | (A) true (B) false | B | One way to retain your own thermal energy on a cold day is to wear clothes that trap air. Thats because air, like other gases, is a poor conductor of thermal energy. The particles of gases are relatively far apart, so they dont bump into each other or into other things as often as the more closely spaced particles of l... |
Warmer air rises because it is less dense than cooler air. | (A) true (B) false | A | Why does warm air rise (Figure 1.1)? Gas molecules are able to move freely, and if they are uncontained, as they are in the atmosphere, they can take up more or less space. When gas molecules are cool, they are sluggish and do not take up as much space. With the same number of molecules in less space, both air density ... |
All objects radiate thermal energy. | (A) true (B) false | A | Both conduction and convection transfer energy through matter. Radiation is the only way of transferring energy that doesnt require matter. Radiation is the transfer of energy by waves that can travel through empty space. When the waves reach objects, they transfer energy to the objects, causing them to warm up. This i... |
Convection currents carry thermal energy from the sun to Earth. | (A) true (B) false | B | Convection currents transfer thermal energy through many fluids, not just hot water in a pot. For example, convection currents transfer thermal energy through molten rock below Earths surface, through water in the oceans, and through air in the atmosphere. Convection currents in the atmosphere create winds. You can see... |
Fluid particles with more energy have greater density. | (A) true (B) false | B | Density, or the amount of mass in a given volume, is also related to the ability of an object to float. Thats because density affects weight. A given volume of a denser substance is heavier than the same volume of a less dense substance. For example, ice is less dense than liquid water. This explains why the giant ice ... |
Metals are excellent thermal conductors because they have freely moving electrons. | (A) true (B) false | A | Conduction is usually faster in liquids and certain solids than in gases. Materials that are good conductors of thermal energy are called thermal conductors. Metals are excellent thermal conductors. They have freely moving electrons that can transfer energy quickly and easily. Thats why the metal pot in Figure 18.5 soo... |
A land breeze is an example of a convection current. | (A) true (B) false | A | Ocean water is slower to warm up and cool down than land. So the sea surface is cooler than the land in the daytime. It is also cooler than the land in the summer. The opposite is also true. The water stays warmer than the land during the night and the winter. These differences in heating cause local winds known as lan... |
Thermal energy is transferred from a space heater to a person in front of it by conduction. | (A) true (B) false | B | Both conduction and convection transfer energy through matter. Radiation is the only way of transferring energy that doesnt require matter. Radiation is the transfer of energy by waves that can travel through empty space. When the waves reach objects, they transfer energy to the objects, causing them to warm up. This i... |
The function of a thermostat is to transfer thermal energy. | (A) true (B) false | B | A refrigerator is an example of a cooling system. Another example is an air conditioner. The purpose of any cooling system is to transfer thermal energy in order to keep things cool. A refrigerator, for example, transfers thermal energy from the cool air inside the refrigerator to the warm air in the kitchen. If youve ... |
What happens to hot water as it moves through a homes hot-water heating system? | (A) It transfers thermal energy to the rooms of the house (B) It cools down and returns to the boiler (C) It turns to steam (D) which runs the fan (E) d two of the above | D | A hot-water heating system produces thermal energy to heat water and then pumps the hot water throughout the building in a system of pipes and radiators. You can see a simple diagram of this type of heating system in the Figure 1.1. Water is heated in a boiler that burns a fuel such as natural gas or heating oil. The b... |
The water in a hot-water heating system is heated by a furnace. | (A) true (B) false | B | A hot-water heating system uses thermal energy to heat water and then pumps the hot water throughout the building in a system of pipes and radiators. You can see a diagram of this type of heating system in Figure 18.12. Typically, the water is heated in a boiler that burns natural gas or heating oil. There is usually a... |
In a warm-air heating system, cold air in each room | (A) enters an intake vent near the ceiling (B) blows out of a vent and across the room (C) leaves the house through the chimney (D) transfers thermal energy to the furnace | A | A warm-air heating system uses thermal energy to heat air. It then forces the warm air through a system of ducts. You can see a diagram of this type of heating system in Figure 18.13. Typically, the air is heated in a furnace that burns natural gas or heating oil. When the air is warm, a fan blows it through the ducts ... |
In a warm-air heating system, pipes carry thermal energy throughout the house. | (A) true (B) false | B | A warm-air heating system uses thermal energy to heat air. It then forces the warm air through a system of ducts. You can see a diagram of this type of heating system in Figure 18.13. Typically, the air is heated in a furnace that burns natural gas or heating oil. When the air is warm, a fan blows it through the ducts ... |
What happens when the refrigerant of a cooling system absorbs thermal energy? | (A) It melts (B) It thaws (C) It condenses (D) It evaporates | D | The key to how a refrigerator or other cooling system works is the refrigerant. A refrigerant is a substance such as FreonTM that has a low boiling point and changes between liquid and gaseous states as it passes through the refrigerator. As a liquid, the refrigerant absorbs thermal energy from the cool air inside the ... |
How are internal and external combustion engines similar? | (A) Both burn fuel in a cylinder (B) Both produce thermal energy (C) Both have a piston that moves in a cylinder (D) two of the above | D | A combustion engine is a complex machine that burns fuel to produce thermal energy and then uses the thermal energy to do work. There are two types of combustion engines: external and internal. A steam engine is an external combustion engine. |
Thermal energy from inside a refrigerator changes the refrigerant to a gas. | (A) true (B) false | A | The key to how a refrigerator or other cooling system works is the refrigerant. A refrigerant is a substance such as FreonTM that has a low boiling point and changes between liquid and gaseous states as it passes through the refrigerator. As a liquid, the refrigerant absorbs thermal energy from the cool air inside the ... |
A combustion engine burns fuel to produce thermal energy. | (A) true (B) false | A | A combustion engine is a complex machine that burns fuel to produce thermal energy and then uses the energy to do work. Two basic types of combustion engines are external and internal combustion engines. |
In a functioning combustion engine, the piston has | (A) kinetic energy (B) electrical energy (C) chemical energy (D) thermal energy | A | An internal combustion engine (see Figure 18.16) burns fuel internally, or inside the engine. This type of engine is found in most cars and other motor vehicles. It works in these steps, which keep repeating: 1. A mixture of fuel and air is pulled into a cylinder through a valve, which then closes. 2. The piston is pus... |
In any combustion engine, the engine does the work of moving a piston. | (A) true (B) false | A | An internal combustion engine (see Figure 18.16) burns fuel internally, or inside the engine. This type of engine is found in most cars and other motor vehicles. It works in these steps, which keep repeating: 1. A mixture of fuel and air is pulled into a cylinder through a valve, which then closes. 2. The piston is pus... |
In a warm-air heating system, warm-air vents are always placed near the ceiling. | (A) true (B) false | B | A warm-air heating system uses thermal energy to heat air. It then forces the warm air through a system of ducts. You can see a diagram of this type of heating system in Figure 18.13. Typically, the air is heated in a furnace that burns natural gas or heating oil. When the air is warm, a fan blows it through the ducts ... |
An air conditioner is an example of a cooling system. | (A) true (B) false | A | A refrigerator is an example of a cooling system. Another example is an air conditioner. The purpose of any cooling system is to transfer thermal energy in order to keep things cool. A refrigerator, for example, transfers thermal energy from the cool air inside the refrigerator to the warm air in the kitchen. If youve ... |
Refrigerant changes to a liquid in the condenser of a refrigerator. | (A) true (B) false | A | The key to how a refrigerator or other cooling system works is the refrigerant. A refrigerant is a substance such as FreonTM that has a low boiling point and changes between liquid and gaseous states as it passes through the refrigerator. As a liquid, the refrigerant absorbs thermal energy from the cool air inside the ... |
Steam ships have internal combustion engines. | (A) true (B) false | B | A combustion engine is a complex machine that burns fuel to produce thermal energy and then uses the thermal energy to do work. There are two types of combustion engines: external and internal. A steam engine is an external combustion engine. |
The purpose of a radiator in a heating system is to produce thermal energy. | (A) true (B) false | B | A hot-water heating system produces thermal energy to heat water and then pumps the hot water throughout the building in a system of pipes and radiators. You can see a simple diagram of this type of heating system in the Figure 1.1. Water is heated in a boiler that burns a fuel such as natural gas or heating oil. The b... |
substance that absorbs and releases thermal energy in a cooling system | (A) internal combustion engine (B) cooling system (C) refrigerant (D) warm-air heating system (E) external combustion engine (F) hot-water heating system (G) thermostat | C | The key to how a refrigerator or other cooling system works is the refrigerant. A refrigerant is a substance such as FreonTM that has a low boiling point and changes between liquid and gaseous states as it passes through the refrigerator. As a liquid, the refrigerant absorbs thermal energy from the cool air inside the ... |
Warm air moves through the ducts of heating system because of gravity. | (A) true (B) false | B | A warm-air heating system uses thermal energy to heat air. It then forces the warm air through a system of ducts. You can see a diagram of this type of heating system in Figure 18.13. Typically, the air is heated in a furnace that burns natural gas or heating oil. When the air is warm, a fan blows it through the ducts ... |
device in a heating system that controls the furnace or boiler | (A) internal combustion engine (B) cooling system (C) refrigerant (D) warm-air heating system (E) external combustion engine (F) hot-water heating system (G) thermostat | G | A thermostat, like the one seen in the Figure 1.3, is an important part of any home heating system. It is like the brain of the entire system. It constantly monitors the temperature in the home and tells the boiler or furnace when to turn on or off. The thermostat is set at a selected temperature, say 71 F. When the t... |
complex machine that produces thermal energy outside the machine and uses the thermal energy to do | (A) internal combustion engine (B) cooling system (C) refrigerant (D) warm-air heating system (E) external combustion engine (F) hot-water heating system (G) thermostat | E | A combustion engine is a complex machine that burns fuel to produce thermal energy and then uses the thermal energy to do work. There are two types of combustion engines: external and internal. A steam engine is an external combustion engine. |
The transfer of thermal energy can be used to keep things cool. | (A) true (B) false | A | Its easy to see how thermal energy can be used to keep things warm. But did you know that thermal energy can also be used to keep things cool? Cooling systems such as air conditioners and refrigerators transfer thermal energy in order to keep homes and cars cool or to keep food cold. In a refrigerator, for example, the... |
heating system that includes a boiler, pipes, and radiators | (A) internal combustion engine (B) cooling system (C) refrigerant (D) warm-air heating system (E) external combustion engine (F) hot-water heating system (G) thermostat | F | A hot-water heating system uses thermal energy to heat water and then pumps the hot water throughout the building in a system of pipes and radiators. You can see a diagram of this type of heating system in Figure 18.12. Typically, the water is heated in a boiler that burns natural gas or heating oil. There is usually a... |
Thermal energy naturally moves from a warmer area to a cooler area. | (A) true (B) false | A | A refrigerator is an example of a cooling system. Another example is an air conditioner. The purpose of any cooling system is to transfer thermal energy in order to keep things cool. A refrigerator, for example, transfers thermal energy from the cool air inside the refrigerator to the warm air in the kitchen. If youve ... |
The piston of a combustion engine moves because the crankshaft turns. | (A) true (B) false | B | In a car, the piston in the engine is connected by the piston rod to the crankshaft. The crankshaft rotates when the piston moves up and down. The crankshaft, in turn, is connected to the driveshaft. When the crankshaft rotates, so does the driveshaft. The rotating driveshaft turns the wheels of the car. |
complex machine that produces thermal energy inside the machine and uses the thermal energy to do work | (A) internal combustion engine (B) cooling system (C) refrigerant (D) warm-air heating system (E) external combustion engine (F) hot-water heating system (G) thermostat | A | A combustion engine is a complex machine that burns fuel to produce thermal energy and then uses the thermal energy to do work. There are two types of combustion engines: external and internal. A steam engine is an external combustion engine. |
refrigerator or air conditioner | (A) internal combustion engine (B) cooling system (C) refrigerant (D) warm-air heating system (E) external combustion engine (F) hot-water heating system (G) thermostat | B | The key to how a refrigerator or other cooling system works is the refrigerant. A refrigerant is a substance such as FreonTM that has a low boiling point and changes between liquid and gaseous states as it passes through the refrigerator. As a liquid, the refrigerant absorbs thermal energy from the cool air inside the ... |
heating system that includes a furnace, ducts, and vents | (A) internal combustion engine (B) cooling system (C) refrigerant (D) warm-air heating system (E) external combustion engine (F) hot-water heating system (G) thermostat | D | A warm-air heating system uses thermal energy to heat air. It then forces the warm air through a system of ducts. You can see a diagram of this type of heating system in Figure 18.13. Typically, the air is heated in a furnace that burns natural gas or heating oil. When the air is warm, a fan blows it through the ducts ... |
Types of home heating systems include | (A) warm-air heating systems (B) hot-water heating systems (C) solar heating systems (D) all of the above | D | Modern home heating systems keep us comfortable in cold weather. We may even depend on them for our survival. But we often take them for granted. Two common types of home heating systems are hot-water and warm-air heating systems. Both types are described below. Thermal energy is the total energy of moving particles of... |
How is thermal energy transferred in a refrigerator? | (A) from the warm kitchen to the cool refrigerator (B) from the cool refrigerator to the warm kitchen (C) from the cool refrigerator to the cold outdoors (D) two of the above | B | Its easy to see how thermal energy can be used to keep things warm. But did you know that thermal energy can also be used to keep things cool? Cooling systems such as air conditioners and refrigerators transfer thermal energy in order to keep homes and cars cool or to keep food cold. In a refrigerator, for example, the... |
Why must a cooling system do work to keep things cool? | (A) It transfers thermal energy from a cooler to a warmer place (B) It takes energy to reverse the normal direction of heat flow (C) It takes energy to maintain the normal direction of heat flow (D) two of the above | D | A refrigerator is an example of a cooling system. Another example is an air conditioner. The purpose of any cooling system is to transfer thermal energy in order to keep things cool. A refrigerator, for example, transfers thermal energy from the cool air inside the refrigerator to the warm air in the kitchen. If youve ... |
What happens to the refrigerant as it passes through a cooling system? | (A) It freezes and lowers the temperature of the system (B) It changes between liquid and gaseous states (C) It releases thermal energy into the refrigerator (D) It keeps evaporating and has to be replaced | B | The key to how a refrigerator or other cooling system works is the refrigerant. A refrigerant is a substance such as FreonTM that has a low boiling point and changes between liquid and gaseous states as it passes through the refrigerator. As a liquid, the refrigerant absorbs thermal energy from the cool air inside the ... |
In an external combustion engine, thermal energy is used directly to | (A) move the piston back and forth (B) move the piston up and down (C) turn water into steam (D) all of the above | C | What can you do to avoid infectious diseases? Eating well and getting plenty of sleep are a good start. These habits will help keep your immune system healthy. With a healthy immune system, you will be able to fight off many pathogens. Vaccines are available for some infectious diseases. For example, there are vaccines... |
What happens first in an internal combustion engine? | (A) Exhaust gases exit the cylinder (B) The piston moves up or down (C) A fuel-air mixture enters the cylinder (D) The piston rod turns the crankshaft | C | An internal combustion engine (see Figure 18.16) burns fuel internally, or inside the engine. This type of engine is found in most cars and other motor vehicles. It works in these steps, which keep repeating: 1. A mixture of fuel and air is pulled into a cylinder through a valve, which then closes. 2. The piston is pus... |
Thermal energy from a radiator travels throughout the air in a room by | (A) conduction (B) convection (C) radiation (D) all of the above | D | A hot-water heating system uses thermal energy to heat water and then pumps the hot water throughout the building in a system of pipes and radiators. You can see a diagram of this type of heating system in Figure 18.12. Typically, the water is heated in a boiler that burns natural gas or heating oil. There is usually a... |
You can start a surface wave by | (A) pushing and pulling on a spring (B) shaking a rope up and down (C) dropping a pebble in a pond (D) all of the above | C | A surface wave is a wave that travels along the surface of a medium. The medium is the matter through which the wave travels. Ocean waves are the best-known examples of surface waves. They travel on the surface of the water between the ocean and the air. Q: What do you think causes ocean waves? A: Most ocean waves are ... |
What is required for a mechanical wave to occur? | (A) a disturbance in matter (B) a source of energy (C) particles of matter (D) all of the above | D | A mechanical wave is a disturbance in matter that transfers energy from place to place. A mechanical wave starts when matter is disturbed. An example of a mechanical wave is pictured in Figure 19.1. A drop of water falls into a pond. This disturbs the water in the pond. What happens next? The disturbance travels outwar... |
The parts of a longitudinal wave where particles of matter are spread farthest apart are called | (A) crests (B) vibrations (C) rarefactions (D) compressions | C | Notice in the Figure 1.1 that the coils of the spring first crowd closer together and then spread farther apart as the wave passes through them. Places where particles of a medium crowd closer together are called compressions, and places where the particles spread farther apart are called rarefactions. The more energy ... |
The lowest parts of a transverse wave is are known as | (A) valleys (B) troughs (C) bottoms (D) media | B | A transverse wave is characterized by the high and low points reached by particles of the medium as the wave passes through. The high points are called crests, and the low points are called troughs. You can see both in the Figure below. |
What is an S wave? | (A) any transverse wave (B) a type of longitudinal wave (C) a wave generated by an earthquake (D) two of the above | C | Transverse waves called S waves occur during earthquakes. The disturbance that causes an earthquake sends transverse waves through underground rocks in all directions away from the disturbance. S waves may travel for hundreds of miles. An S wave is modeled in the Figure 1.3. |
A mechanical wave starts with a disturbance in matter. | (A) true (B) false | A | A mechanical wave is a disturbance in matter that transfers energy from place to place. A mechanical wave starts when matter is disturbed. An example of a mechanical wave is pictured in Figure 19.1. A drop of water falls into a pond. This disturbs the water in the pond. What happens next? The disturbance travels outwar... |
Particles of matter actually travel along with a mechanical wave. | (A) true (B) false | B | The energy of a mechanical wave can travel only through matter. This matter is called the medium (plural, media). The medium in Figure 19.1 is a liquid the water in the pond. But the medium of a mechanical wave can be any state of matter, including a solid or a gas. Its important to note that particles of matter in the... |
Transverse waves travel only through solid matter. | (A) true (B) false | B | As you can see in the Figure 1.3, the electric and magnetic fields that make up an electromagnetic wave are perpendicular (at right angles) to each other. Both fields are also perpendicular to the direction that the wave travels. Therefore, an electromagnetic wave is a transverse wave. However, unlike a mechanical tran... |
Ocean waves travel deep below the surface of the water. | (A) true (B) false | B | A surface wave is a wave that travels along the surface of a medium. It combines a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave. Ocean waves are surface waves. They travel on the surface of the water between the ocean and the air. In a surface wave, particles of the medium move up and down as well as back and forth. This gi... |
Earthquakes cause longitudinal waves. | (A) true (B) false | A | Earthquakes cause longitudinal waves as well as transverse waves. The disturbance that causes an earthquake sends longitudinal waves through underground rocks in all directions from the disturbance. Earthquake waves that travel this way are called primary, or P, waves. They are illustrated in Figure 19.7. |
The medium of a mechanical wave must be a solid or liquid. | (A) true (B) false | B | The energy of a mechanical wave can travel only through matter. This matter is called the medium (plural, media). The medium in Figure 19.1 is a liquid the water in the pond. But the medium of a mechanical wave can be any state of matter, including a solid or a gas. Its important to note that particles of matter in the... |
In a surface wave, particles of the medium move only up and down. | (A) true (B) false | B | A surface wave is a combination of a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave. A transverse wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move up and down perpendicular to the direction of the wave. A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move parallel to the direction of the wave. In a surface ... |
Ocean waves crash on shore when the bottoms of the waves slow down due to friction. | (A) true (B) false | A | Figure 14.10 shows what happens to waves near shore. As waves move into shallow water, they start to touch the bottom. The base of the waves drag and slow. Soon the waves slow down and pile up. They get steeper and unstable as the top moves faster than the base. When they reach the shore, the waves topple over and brea... |
In a surface wave, particles of matter move in a circular motion. | (A) true (B) false | A | A surface wave is a combination of a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave. A transverse wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move up and down perpendicular to the direction of the wave. A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move parallel to the direction of the wave. In a surface ... |
All waves transfer energy from one place to another. | (A) true (B) false | A | All waves are the way energy travels through matter. Ocean waves are energy traveling through water. They form when wind blows over the surface of the ocean. Wind energy is transferred to the sea surface. Then, the energy is carried through the water by the waves. Figure 10.11 shows ocean waves crashing against rocks o... |
A primary (P) wave is a longitudinal wave. | (A) true (B) false | A | Earthquakes cause longitudinal waves as well as transverse waves. The disturbance that causes an earthquake sends longitudinal waves through underground rocks in all directions from the disturbance. Earthquake waves that travel this way are called primary, or P, waves. They are illustrated in Figure 19.7. |
All waves must travel through matter. | (A) true (B) false | B | The energy of a mechanical wave can travel only through matter. This matter is called the medium (plural, media). The medium in Figure 19.1 is a liquid the water in the pond. But the medium of a mechanical wave can be any state of matter, including a solid or a gas. Its important to note that particles of matter in the... |
All mechanical waves are either transverse or longitudinal waves. | (A) true (B) false | B | There are three types of mechanical waves: transverse, longitudinal, and surface waves. They differ in how particles of the medium move. You can see this in the Figure 1.1. In a transverse wave, particles of the medium vibrate up and down perpendicular to the direction of the wave. In a longitudinal wave, particles of ... |
Some waves do not require a medium. | (A) true (B) false | A | Unlike a mechanical transverse wave, which requires a medium, an electromagnetic transverse wave can travel through space without a medium. Waves traveling through a medium lose some energy to the medium. However, when an electromagnetic wave travels through space, no energy is lost, so the wave doesnt get weaker as it... |
A source of energy is needed to start a mechanical wave. | (A) true (B) false | A | A mechanical wave is a disturbance in matter that transfers energy from place to place. A mechanical wave starts when matter is disturbed. An example of a mechanical wave is pictured in Figure 19.1. A drop of water falls into a pond. This disturbs the water in the pond. What happens next? The disturbance travels outwar... |
disturbance in matter that transfers energy from place to place | (A) longitudinal wave (B) trough (C) mechanical wave (D) medium (E) surface wave (F) rarefaction (G) transverse wave | C | A mechanical wave is a disturbance in matter that transfers energy from place to place. A mechanical wave starts when matter is disturbed. An example of a mechanical wave is pictured in Figure 19.1. A drop of water falls into a pond. This disturbs the water in the pond. What happens next? The disturbance travels outwar... |
part of a longitudinal wave where particles of the medium are spread farthest apart | (A) longitudinal wave (B) trough (C) mechanical wave (D) medium (E) surface wave (F) rarefaction (G) transverse wave | F | A longitudinal wave can be characterized by the compressions and rarefactions of the medium. This is illustrated in Figure 19.6. Compressions are the places where the coils are crowded together, and rarefactions are the places where the coils are spread apart. |
wave in which particles of the medium vibrate at right angles to the direction that the wave travels | (A) longitudinal wave (B) trough (C) mechanical wave (D) medium (E) surface wave (F) rarefaction (G) transverse wave | G | A transverse wave is a wave in which particles of the medium vibrate at right angles, or perpendicular, to the direction that the wave travels. Another example of a transverse wave is the wave that passes through a rope with you shake one end of the rope up and down, as in the Figure 1.1. The direction of the wave is d... |
combined transverse and longitudinal wave | (A) longitudinal wave (B) trough (C) mechanical wave (D) medium (E) surface wave (F) rarefaction (G) transverse wave | E | A surface wave is a combination of a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave. A transverse wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move up and down perpendicular to the direction of the wave. A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move parallel to the direction of the wave. In a surface ... |
part of a transverse wave where particles of the medium are lowest | (A) longitudinal wave (B) trough (C) mechanical wave (D) medium (E) surface wave (F) rarefaction (G) transverse wave | B | A transverse wave is characterized by the high and low points reached by particles of the medium as the wave passes through. The high points are called crests, and the low points are called troughs. You can see both in the Figure below. |
wave in which particles of the medium vibrate in the same direction that the wave travels | (A) longitudinal wave (B) trough (C) mechanical wave (D) medium (E) surface wave (F) rarefaction (G) transverse wave | A | A surface wave is a combination of a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave. A transverse wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move up and down perpendicular to the direction of the wave. A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move parallel to the direction of the wave. In a surface ... |
matter through which a mechanical wave travels | (A) longitudinal wave (B) trough (C) mechanical wave (D) medium (E) surface wave (F) rarefaction (G) transverse wave | D | The energy of a mechanical wave can travel only through matter. The matter through which the wave travels is called the medium (plural, media). The medium in the water wave pictured above is water, a liquid. But the medium of a mechanical wave can be any state of matter, even a solid. Q: How do the particles of the med... |
Types of mechanical waves include | (A) longitudinal waves (B) transverse waves (C) surface waves (D) all of the above | D | There are three types of mechanical waves. They differ in how they travel through a medium. The three types are transverse, longitudinal, and surface waves. All three types are described in detail below. |
The medium of a mechanical wave can be a | (A) gas (B) solid (C) liquid (D) any of the above | D | The energy of a mechanical wave can travel only through matter. This matter is called the medium (plural, media). The medium in Figure 19.1 is a liquid the water in the pond. But the medium of a mechanical wave can be any state of matter, including a solid or a gas. Its important to note that particles of matter in the... |
The crests of a transverse wave are like the | (A) crests of a primary wave (B) troughs of a longitudinal wave (C) rarefactions of a secondary wave (D) compressions of a longitudinal wave | D | A transverse wave is characterized by the high and low points reached by particles of the medium as the wave passes through. The high points are called crests, and the low points are called troughs. You can see both in the Figure below. |
Examples of mechanical waves include all of the following except | (A) ocean waves (B) sound waves (C) waves in a rope (D) electromagnetic waves | D | There are three types of mechanical waves. They differ in how they travel through a medium. The three types are transverse, longitudinal, and surface waves. All three types are described in detail below. |
Waves that an earthquake sends through rocks underground include | (A) tsunami waves (B) transverse waves (C) longitudinal waves (D) two of the above | D | Earthquakes cause longitudinal waves as well as transverse waves. The disturbance that causes an earthquake sends longitudinal waves through underground rocks in all directions from the disturbance. Earthquake waves that travel this way are called primary, or P, waves. They are illustrated in Figure 19.7. |
Which of the following statements about ocean waves is true? | (A) They travel on the surface of the water (B) They travel deep underwater (C) They are secondary waves (D) They are primary waves | A | All waves are the way energy travels through matter. Ocean waves are energy traveling through water. They form when wind blows over the surface of the ocean. Wind energy is transferred to the sea surface. Then, the energy is carried through the water by the waves. Figure 10.11 shows ocean waves crashing against rocks o... |
You generate a longitudinal wave when you | (A) shake a spring up and down (B) shake a rope up and down (C) push and pull a spring (D) two of the above | C | A longitudinal wave is a type of mechanical wave. A mechanical wave is a wave that travels through matter, called the medium. In a longitudinal wave, particles of the medium vibrate in a direction that is parallel to the direction that the wave travels. You can see this in the Figure 1.1. The persons hand pushes and pu... |
The less compressed particles of matter become in a longitudinal wave, the greater the waves amplitude. | (A) true (B) false | B | Wave amplitude is the maximum distance the particles of a medium move from their resting position when a wave passes through. The resting position is where the particles would be in the absence of a wave. In a transverse wave, wave amplitude is the height of each crest above the resting position. The higher the crests ... |
In a longitudinal wave, amplitude is a measure of | (A) how many waves pass a fixed point each second (B) how close together particles of the medium become (C) how quickly the wave travels a given distance (D) how far apart adjacent compressions are | B | The height of a wave is its amplitude. Another measure of wave size is wavelength. Both wave amplitude and wave- length are described in detail below. Figure 19.11 shows these wave measures for both transverse and longitudinal waves. You can also simulate waves with different amplitudes and wavelengths by doing the int... |
The distance between two adjacent compressions of a longitudinal wave is its wavelength. | (A) true (B) false | A | A longitudinal wave can be characterized by the compressions and rarefactions of the medium. This is illustrated in Figure 19.6. Compressions are the places where the coils are crowded together, and rarefactions are the places where the coils are spread apart. |
If two waves have the same amplitude, the wave with more energy is the wave with the | (A) shorter wavelength (B) lower frequency (C) denser medium (D) slower speed | A | A wave caused by a disturbance with more energy has greater amplitude. Imagine dropping a small pebble into a pond of still water. Tiny ripples will move out from the disturbance in concentric circles. The ripples are low- amplitude waves with very little energy. Now imagine throwing a big boulder into the pond. Very l... |
The frequency of a wave is the same as the frequency of the vibrations that caused the wave. | (A) true (B) false | A | The frequency of a wave is the same as the frequency of the vibrations that caused the wave. For example, to generate a higher-frequency wave in a rope, you must move the rope up and down more quickly. This takes more energy, so a higher-frequency wave has more energy than a lower-frequency wave with the same amplitude... |
If two waves have the same speed, the wave with a higher frequency must have a | (A) shorter wavelength (B) longer wavelength (C) greater amplitude (D) two of the above | A | The frequency of a wave is the same as the frequency of the vibrations that caused the wave. For example, to generate a higher-frequency wave in a rope, you must move the rope up and down more quickly. This takes more energy, so a higher-frequency wave has more energy than a lower-frequency wave with the same amplitude... |
Wave speed is a product of | (A) wavelength and frequency (B) wavelength and amplitude (C) frequency and amplitude (D) none of the above | A | Wave speed is the distance a wave travels in a given amount of time, such as the number of meters it travels per second. Wave speed (and speed in general) can be represented by the equation: Speed = Distance Time |
Wave speed measures the same thing as wave frequency. | (A) true (B) false | B | Wave speed is related to both wavelength and wave frequency. Wavelength is the distance between two correspond- ing points on adjacent waves. Wave frequency is the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time. This equation shows how the three factors are related: Speed = Wavelength x Wave Frequenc... |
Wavelength equals wave speed multiplied by wave frequency. | (A) true (B) false | B | The equation for wave speed (above) can be rewritten as: Frequency = Speed Wavelength or Wavelength = Speed Frequency Therefore, if you know the speed of a wave and either the wavelength or wave frequency, you can calculate the missing value. For example, suppose that a wave is traveling at a speed of 2 meters per seco... |
What is the frequency of a wave that has a wavelength of 2 m and a speed of 2 m/s? | (A) 4 Hz (B) 2 Hz (C) 1 Hz (D) 12 Hz | C | The equation for wave speed (above) can be rewritten as: Frequency = Speed Wavelength or Wavelength = Speed Frequency Therefore, if you know the speed of a wave and either the wavelength or wave frequency, you can calculate the missing value. For example, suppose that a wave is traveling at a speed of 2 meters per seco... |
The resting position of particles in a longitudinal wave is where the particles are most spread out. | (A) true (B) false | B | Wave amplitude is the maximum distance the particles of the medium move from their resting positions when a wave passes through. The resting position of a particle of the medium is where the particle would be in the absence of a wave. The Figure 1.1 show the amplitudes of two different types of waves: transverse and lo... |
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