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Contents Reddit Reddit (/หrษdษชt/ โ RED-it, formerly stylized reddit) is an American proprietary social news aggregation and forum social media platform. Registered users (commonly referred to as "redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down ("upvoted" or "downvoted") by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "subreddits". Submissions with more upvotes appear towards the top of their subreddit and, if they receive enough upvotes, ultimately on the site's front page. Reddit administrators moderate the communities. Moderation is also conducted by subreddit-specific moderators, who are unpaid volunteers. It is operated by Reddit, Inc., based in San Francisco. As of December 2025, Reddit is one of the most-visited websites in the world. According to data provided by Similarweb, 51.75% of the website traffic comes from the United States, followed by Canada at 7.01%, the United Kingdom at 6.97%, Australia at 3.97%, Germany at 3%, and the remaining 28.37% split among other countries. Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in June 2005, who were joined by Aaron Swartz that November. Condรฉ Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006. In 2011, Reddit became an independent subsidiary of Condรฉ Nast's parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit debuted on the stock market on the morning of March 21, 2024, with the ticker symbol RDDT. The current market cap as of July 2024 is US$10 billion. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, particularly in the United States, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. It has received praise for many of its features, such as the ability to create several subreddits for niche communities. It has been criticized for the spread of misinformation and its voting system which can encourage online echo chambers. History The idea and initial development of Reddit originated with college roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005, who attended a lecture by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham in Boston during their spring break from University of Virginia. After speaking with Huffman and Ohanian following the lecture, Graham invited the two to apply to his startup incubator Y Combinator. Their initial idea, My Mobile Menu, was unsuccessful, and was intended to allow users to order food by SMS text messaging. During a brainstorming session to pitch another startup, the idea was created for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet". For that idea, Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class. Supported by the funding from Y Combinator, Huffman coded the site in Common Lisp and together with Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005. Embarrassed by an empty-looking site, the founders created hundreds of fake users for their posts to make it look more populated. The team expanded to include Christopher Slowe in November 2005. Between November 2005 and January 2006, Reddit merged with Aaron Swartz's company Infogami, and Swartz became an equal owner of the resulting parent company, Not A Bug. Swartz then helped rewrite the software running Reddit using web.py, a web framework he developed. The passage from Aaron Swartz's blog post "Rewriting Reddit" reveals that the switch from Lisp to Python, specifically using the web.py framework developed by Swartz, was driven by a desire for simplicity, maintainability, and performance. Despite facing skepticism and critique from the Lisp community, the change was justified by the efficiency and clarity Python provided for the project. This initiative not only influenced the technical evolution of Reddit but also contributed to the broader web development community by inspiring other frameworks and remaining a significant part of Reddit's history. In 2011, Ohanian claimed that rather than Swartz being a co-founder, the correct description would be that Swartz's company was acquired by Reddit six months after the website was founded. Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condรฉ Nast Publications, owner of Wired, on October 31, 2006, for a reported $10 million to $20 million and the team moved to San Francisco. In November 2006, Swartz posted to his blog, complaining about the new corporate environment, criticizing its level of productivity. In January 2007, Swartz was fired for undisclosed reasons. Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit in 2009. Huffman went on to co-found Hipmunk with Adam Goldstein, and later recruited Ohanian and Slowe to the new company. After Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit, Erik Martin, who joined the company as a community manager in 2008 and later became general manager in 2011, played a role in Reddit's growth. VentureBeat noted that Martin was "responsible for keeping the site going" under Condรฉ Nast's ownership. Yishan Wong joined Reddit as CEO in 2012. Wong resigned from Reddit in 2014, citing disagreements about his proposal to move the company's offices from San Francisco to nearby Daly City, but also the "stressful and draining" nature of the position. Ohanian credited Wong with the company's newfound success as its user base grew from 35 million to 174 million. Wong oversaw the company as it raised $50 million in funding and spun off as an independent company. Also during this time, Reddit began accepting the digital currency Bitcoin for its Reddit Gold subscription service through a partnership with bitcoin payment processor Coinbase in February 2013. Ellen Pao replaced Wong as interim CEO in 2014 and resigned in 2015 amid a user revolt over the firing of a popular Reddit employee. During her tenure, Reddit initiated an anti-harassment policy, banned involuntary sexualization, and banned several forums that focused on bigoted content or harassment of individuals. After five years away from the company, Ohanian and Huffman returned to leadership roles: Ohanian became the full-time executive chairman in November 2014 following Wong's resignation, while Pao's departure on July 10, 2015, led to Huffman's return as the company's chief executive. After Huffman rejoined Reddit as CEO, he launched Reddit's iOS and Android apps, improved Reddit's mobile website, and created A/B testing infrastructure. The company launched a major redesign of its website in April 2018. Huffman said new users were turned off from Reddit because it had looked like a "dystopian Craigslist". Reddit also instituted several technological improvements, such as a new tool that allows users to hide posts, comments, and private messages from selected redditors in an attempt to curb online harassment, and new content guidelines. These new content guidelines were aimed at banning content inciting violence and quarantining offensive material. Slowe, the company's first employee, rejoined Reddit in 2017 as chief technology officer. Ohanian resigned as a member of the board on June 5, 2020 in response to the George Floyd protests and requested to be replaced "by a Black candidate". Michael Seibel, then-CEO of Y Combinator, was subsequently named to the board. On March 5, 2021, Reddit announced that it had appointed Drew Vollero, who had worked at Snapchat's parent company, Snap Inc., as its first chief financial officer (CFO) weeks after the site was thrust into the spotlight due to its role in the GameStop trading frenzy. Vollero's appointment spurred speculation of an initial public offering, a move that senior leaders have considered publicly. As of August 2021[update], Reddit was valued at more than $10 billion following a $410 million funding round. The company was looking to hire investment bankers and lawyers to assist in making an initial public offering. However, CEO Steve Huffman said the company had not decided on the timing for when to go public. In December 2021, Reddit revealed that it had confidentially filed for an initial public offering with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Reddit's initial public offering opened on March 20, 2024, at $34 per share and a $6.4 billion valuation. They went public the next day on the New York Stock Exchange at $47 per share and rose to $50.44 at market close on their first day of trading, reaching a market cap of $9.5 billion. The market cap as of July 2024 was $10 billion. Site overview Reddit is a website comprising user-generated contentโincluding photos, videos, links, and text-based postsโand discussions of this content in what is essentially a bulletin board system. The name "Reddit" is a play-on-words with the phrase "read it", i.e., "I read it on Reddit." According to Reddit, in 2019, there were approximately 430 million monthly users, who are known as "redditors". The site's content is divided into categories or communities known on-site as "subreddits", of which there are more than 138,000 active communities. As a network of communities, Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users. Users can comment on others' posts to continue the conversation. A key feature to Reddit is that users can cast positive or negative votes, called upvotes and downvotes respectively, for each post and comment on the site. The number of upvotes or downvotes determines the posts' visibility on the site, so the most popular content is displayed to the most people. Users can also earn "karma" for their posts and comments, a status that reflects their standing within the community and their contributions to Reddit. Posts are sometimes automatically archived after six months, meaning they can no longer be commented or voted on. The most popular posts from the site's numerous subreddits are visible on the front page to those who browse the site without an account. By default for those users, the front page will display the subreddit r/popular, featuring top-ranked posts across all of Reddit, excluding not-safe-for-work communities and others that are most commonly filtered out by users (even if they are safe for work). The subreddit r/all originally did not filter topics, but as of 2021 it does not include not-safe-for-work content. Registered users who subscribe to subreddits see the top content from the subreddits to which they subscribe on their personal front pages. Additionally, some subreddits have a karma and account age requirement to discourage bots and spammers from posting. Front-page rankโfor both the general front page and for individual subredditsโis determined by a combination of factors, including the age of the submission, positive ("upvoted") to negative ("downvoted") feedback ratio, and the total vote-count. Registering an account with Reddit is free and requires an email address. In addition to commenting and voting, registered users can also create their own subreddit on a topic of their choosing. In Reddit style, usernames begin with "u/". Noteworthy redditors include u/Poem_for_your_sprog, who responds to messages across Reddit in verse, u/Shitty_Watercolour who posts paintings in response to posts, and u/spez, the CEO of Reddit (Steve Huffman). Subreddits are overseen by moderators, Reddit users who earn the title by creating a subreddit or being promoted by a current moderator. Reddit users may also request to moderate a sub that has no moderators or very inactive ones in r/redditrequest. These requests are reviewed by the Reddit admins. Moderators are volunteers who manage their communities, set and enforce community-specific rules, remove posts and comments that violate these rules, and often work to keep discussions in their subreddit on topic. Admins, by contrast, are employees of Reddit. Early on, Reddit implemented shadow banning, purportedly to address spam accounts, while saying, "it's still the only tool we have to punish people who break the rules". In 2015, Reddit added an account suspension feature which they said would replace sitewide shadowbans, however, moderators are still able to shadowban users or their individual posts. Reddit releases transparency reports annually which have information like how many posts have been taken down by moderators and for what reason. It also details information about requests law enforcement agencies have made for information about users or to take down content. In 2020, Reddit removed 6% of posts made on the platform (approx. 233 million). More than 99% of removals were marked as spam; the remainder made up of a mix of other offensive content. Around 131 million posts were removed by the automated moderator (~56 %) and the rest were taken down manually. It is estimated that Reddit's moderators work 466 hours every day, which is $3.4 million in unpaid work each year. That roughly equates to 2.8% of the company's annual revenue. Subreddits (officially called communities) are user-created areas of interest where discussions on Reddit are organized. There are about 138,000 active subreddits (among a total of 1.2 million) as of July 2018[update]. Subreddit names begin with "r/"; for instance, "r/science" is a community devoted to discussing scientific publications, while "r/gaming" is a community devoted to discussing video games, and "r/worldnews" is for posting news articles from around the world. In a 2014 interview with Memeburn, Erik Martin, then the general manager of Reddit, remarked that their "approach is to give the community moderators or curators as much control as possible so that they can shape and cultivate the type of communities they want". Subreddits often use themed variants of Reddit's alien mascot, Snoo, in the visual styling of their communities. Today subreddits exist not only for interests and topics but also for organizations. The Wayanad Literature Festival has a subreddit where they host discussions based on the sessions they host and encourage people to post about literature, politics and media. Reddit Premium (formerly Reddit Gold) is a premium membership that allows users to view the site ad-free. Until 2023, subscribers could also use coins to award posts or comments they valued, generally due to humorous or high-quality content. Reddit Premium unlocks several features not accessible to regular users, such as comment highlighting, exclusive subreddits such as r/lounge, a personalized Snoo (known as a "snoovatar"), and a Reddit premium trophy that can be displayed on the user's profile. Reddit Gold was renamed to Reddit Premium in 2018. In addition to gold coins, users were able to gift silver and platinum coins to other users as rewards for quality content. On the site, redditors commemorate their "cake day" once a year, on the anniversary of the day their account was created. Cake day adds an icon of a small slice of cake next to the user's name for 24 hours. In August 2021, the company introduced a TikTok-like short-form video feature for iOS that lets users rapidly swipe through a feed of short video content. In December 2021, the company introduced a Spotify Wrapped-like feature called Reddit Recap that recaps various statistics from January 1 to November 30 about each individual user, such as how much time they spent on Reddit, which communities they joined, and the topics that they engaged with, and allows the user to view it. On July 7, 2022, Reddit announced "blockchain-backed Collectible Avatars", customizable avatars which are available on the subreddit r/CollectibleAvatars for purchase separate from Reddit Premium. The avatars were created by independent artists who post work on other subreddits, and who receive a portion of the profits. They use Reddit's Polygon blockchain-powered digital wallet the Vault. Richard Lawler of The Verge described them as "non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that are available for purchase in the Reddit Avatar Builder". In 2017, Reddit developed its own real-time chat software for the site. While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit. Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of a given subreddit were rolled out in 2018. Reddit Talk was announced in April 2021 as a competitor to Clubhouse. Reddit Talk lets subreddit moderators start audio meeting rooms that mimic Clubhouse in design. In 2022, Reddit Talk was updated to support recording audio rooms and work on the web version of Reddit. A desktop app is reportedly slated for a late February release. Reddit Chat replaced the Reddit private messaging system in June 2025. Reddit acquired MeaningCloud, a natural language processing company in June 2022. In February 2024, Reddit announced a partnership with Google in a deal worth about $60 million per year, to license its real-time user content to train Google's AI model. The partnership also lets Reddit get access to Google's "Vertex AI" service which would help improve search results on Reddit. It was announced that Reddit and OpenAI had reached a deal that will allow OpenAI access to the Reddit API to train its models, while Reddit will receive certain AI tools for moderators and users. In December 2024, Reddit announced Reddit Answers, an AI search tool that summarizes conversations in response to a question from the user. Reddit's search function has had many iterations; the one on the new site currently uses Lucidworks Fusion, while the search on old reddit uses Reddit's own in-house search In 2009, Reddit released their official mobile app, called iReddit. This app was sparsely updated, and was superseded by a new mobile website in 2010. For several years, most Redditors relied on third-party apps to access Reddit on mobile devices. In October 2014, Reddit acquired one of them, Alien Blue, which became the official iOS Reddit app. Reddit removed Alien Blue and released its official application, Reddit: The Official App, on Google Play and the iOS App Store in April 2016. The company released an app for Reddit's question-and-answer Ask Me Anything subreddit in 2014. The app allowed users to see active Ask Me Anythings, receive notifications, ask questions and vote. As of September 2025, all versions of the iReddit and Alien Blue apps still work on older versions of iOS; they were not affected by the API shutdown due to both of them being official Reddit apps. The 2010 mobile site, however, was shut down in 2024. The site has undergone several products and design changes since it originally launched in 2005. When it initially launched, there were no comments or subreddits. Comments were added in 2005 and interest-based groups (called 'subreddits') were introduced in 2008. Allowing users to create subreddits has led to much of the activity that redditors would recognize that helped define Reddit. These include subreddits "WTF", "funny", and "AskReddit". Reddit rolled out its multireddit feature, the site's biggest change to its front page in years, in 2013. With the multireddits, users see top stories from a collection of subreddits. In 2015, Reddit enabled embedding and as a result users could share Reddit content on other sites. In 2016, Reddit began hosting images using a new image uploading tool, a move that shifted away from the uploading service Imgur that had been the de facto service. Users still can upload images to Reddit using Imgur. Reddit's in-house video uploading service for desktop and mobile launched in 2017. Previously, users had to use third-party video uploading services, which Reddit acknowledged was time-consuming for users. Reddit released its "spoiler tags" feature in January 2017. The feature warns users of potential spoilers in posts and pixelates preview images. Reddit unveiled changes to its public front page, called r/popular, in 2017; the change creates a front page free of potentially adult-oriented content for unregistered users. In late 2017, Reddit declared it wanted to be a mobile-first site, launching several changes to its apps for iOS and Android. The new features included user-to-user chat, a theater mode for viewing visual content, and mobile tools for the site's moderators. "Mod mode" lets moderators manage content and their subreddits on mobile devices. Reddit launched its redesigned website in 2018, with its first major visual update in a decade. Development for the new site took more than a year. It was the result of an initiative by Huffman upon returning to Reddit, who said the site's outdated look deterred new users. The new site features a hamburger menu to help users navigate the site, different views, and new fonts to better inform redditors if they are clicking on a Reddit post or an external link. The nominal goal was not only for Reddit to improve its appearance, but also to make it easier to accommodate a new generation of Reddit users. Additionally Reddit's growth had strained the site's back end; Huffman and Reddit Vice President of Engineering Nick Caldwell told The Wall Street Journal's COI Journal that Reddit needed to leverage artificial intelligence and other modern digital tools. Users can opt-out of the redesign by using the old.reddit.com domain. On May 15, 2024, the dedicated login flow was removed from the old domain, although site admins said they had "no plans" to remove the old domain entirely. In November 2023, Fast Company reported that Reddit began rolling out a comprehensive rebrand, including a new logo, typeface, brand colors, and an updated version of its mascot Snoo, as part of its preparation for a potential 2024 IPO and in response to its expanding user base and global reach. Reddit's logo consists of a time-traveling alien named Snoo and the company name stylized as "reddit". The alien has an oval head, pom-pom ears, and an antenna. Its colors are black, white, and orange-red. The mascot was created in 2005 while company co-founder Alexis Ohanian was an undergraduate at the University of Virginia. Ohanian drew a doodle of the creature while he was bored during a marketing class. Originally, Ohanian sought to name the mascot S'new, a play on "What's new?", to tie the mascot into Reddit's premise as the "front page of the Internet". Eventually, the name Snoo was chosen. In 2011, Ohanian outlined the logo's evolution with a graphic that showcased several early versions, including various spellings of the website name, such as "Reditt". Snoo is genderless, so the logo is moldable. Over the years, the Reddit logo has frequently changed for holidays and other special events. Many subreddits have a customized Snoo logo to represent the subreddit. Redditors can also submit their own logos, which sometimes appear on the site's front page, or create their own customized versions of Snoo for their communities (or "subreddits"). When Reddit revamped its website in April 2018, the company imposed several restrictions on how Snoo can be designed: Snoo's head "should always appear blank or neutral", Snoo's eyes are orange-red, and Snoo cannot have fingers. Snoo's purpose is to discover and explore humanity. Discontinued features Starting in 2023 with the discontinuation of the Reddit API's free tier, Reddit has been silently discontinuing legacy features and reducing the functionalities of the old site. All of these changes have been met with significant backlash by the Reddit community. Reddit's private messaging system, which had been present on the site ever since its launch in 2005, was discontinued in 2025 in favor of Reddit Chat. Reddit discontinued its free API tier for commercial applications in April 2023. This was met with significant backlash by the community, leaving the website in a state of disarray for months. In early 2023, Reddit silently discontinued its legacy mobile site, known as i.reddit, and reddit compact and previously accessible at i.reddit.com. This was despite a Reddit admin stating that iReddit was "here to stay". The original 2017 redesign of Reddit, also known as new.reddit and old new Reddit and previously accessible at new.reddit.com, was discontinued on December 11, 2024. No changes were made to the pre-2017 legacy desktop site, still accessible at old.reddit.com. In 2023, the Reddit coin and award system was discontinued in favor of a "golden upvote". This was deeply unpopular, and Reddit added awards back under a new implementation a few months later. However, these new awards are not accessible or viewable on the legacy desktop site. On June 4, 2025, Reddit announced that they would be removing custom emoji from comments. Login: Login functionality was removed from the old site sometime in 2024. You can still log in to the old site, but you must do it through the new site. Age trophies: Account age trophies past Year 15 are not visible on the old site. Private messaging: Sending a private message (like a modmail) now requires you to use the new site. FAQ, terms, and official Wiki pages: All official information pages were migrated from the legacy site's wiki to the new site sometime in 2020. Reddit notifications: Official Reddit notifications were moved from the legacy inbox to the Notifications section, which is only accessible on the new site. The Reddit Public Access Network, commonly known as RPAN, was a live streaming service run by Reddit. Viewers interacted with streams by upvoting or downvoting, chatting, and giving paid awards. During the off-air hours, 24/7 streaming was possible to the dedicated subreddits, but with limited slots and capabilities. On August 19, 2019, Reddit announced RPAN. It was said to be in testing, but they were experimenting with making it a permanent program, as well as a way to increase revenue for the platform. Later, a five-day testing period began. During the testing period, streaming was for a select group of users, allowing 30 minutes of streaming per person and 100 slots. On July 1, 2020, RPAN Studio was released, an application that allows users to broadcast live from desktop computers. RPAN Studio has been built on top of OBS, an open-source streaming and recording program. On January 28, 2021, Reddit permanently increased streaming times to three hours. RPAN was officially discontinued on November 15, 2022. Corporate affairs Reddit is a public company based in San Francisco. In 2023, it downsized from an office in the Mid-Market neighborhood to an office in the South of Market neighborhood. Reddit doubled its headcount in 2017; as of 2018[update], it employed approximately 350 people. In 2017, the company was valued at $1.8 billion during a $200 million round of new venture funding. The company was previously owned by Condรฉ Nast, but was spun off as an independent company. As of April 2018[update], Advance Publications, Condรฉ Nast's parent company, retained a majority stake in Reddit. Reddit's key management personnel includes co-founder and CEO Steve Huffman, Chief Technology Officer Chris Slowe, who was the company's original lead engineer, and Chief Operating Officer Jen Wong, a former president of digital and chief operating officer at Time Inc. Reddit does not disclose its revenue figures. The company generates revenue in part through advertising and premium memberships that remove ads from the site. As part of its company culture, Reddit operates on a no-negotiation policy for employee salaries. The company offers new mothers, fathers, and adoptive parents up to 16 weeks of parental leave. Advertising Reddit launched two different ways of advertising on the site in 2009. The company launched sponsored content and a self-serve ads platform that year. Reddit launched its Reddit Gold benefits program in July 2010, which offered new features to editors and created a new revenue stream for the business that did not rely on banner ads. On September 6, 2011, Reddit became operationally independent of Condรฉ Nast, operating as a separate subsidiary of its parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit's users tend to be more privacy-conscious than on other websites, often using tools like ad-blocking software and proxies, and they dislike "feeling manipulated by brands" but respond well to "content that begs for intelligent viewers and participants." Lauren Orsini writes in ReadWrite that "Reddit's huge community is the perfect hype machine for promoting a new movie, a product release, or a lagging political campaign" but there is a "very specific set of etiquette. Redditors don't want to advertise for you, they want to talk to you." Journalists have used the site as a basis for stories, though they are advised by the site's policies to respect that "reddit's communities belong to their members" and to seek proper attribution for people's contributions. Reddit announced that they would begin using VigLink to redirect affiliate links in June 2016. Since 2017, Reddit has partnered with companies to host sponsored AMAs and other interactive events, increased advertising offerings, and introduced efforts to work with content publishers. In 2018, Reddit hired Jen Wong as COO, responsible for the company's business strategy and growth, and introduced native mobile ads. Reddit opened a Chicago office to be closer to major companies and advertising agencies located in and around Chicago. In 2019, Reddit hired former Twitter ad director Shariq Rizvi as its vice president of ad products and engineering. Community and culture The website is known for its open nature and diverse user community that generate its content. Its demographics allows for wide-ranging subject areas, as well as the ability for smaller subreddits to serve more niche purposes. The user base of Reddit has given birth to other websites, including image sharing community and image host Imgur, which started in 2009 as a gift to Reddit's community. In its first five months, it jumped from a thousand hits per day to a million total page views. Data collected by Pew Research Center in 2013 found that Reddit users were much more likely to be from urban communities than rural ones. Women were greatly under-represented on the website. Reddit's userbase had a disproportionately high number of Hispanic users. With regards to education, high school dropouts were over-represented among Reddit users. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. Statistics from Google Ad Planner suggest that 74% of Reddit users are male. In 2016, the Pew Research Center published research showing that 4% of U.S. adults use Reddit, of which 67% are men, while 78% of users get news from Reddit. Users tend to be significantly younger than average with less than 1% of users being 65 or over. Politically, 43% of Reddit users surveyed by Pew Research Center in 2016 identified as liberal, with 38% identifying as moderate and 19% as conservative. Reddit is known in part for its passionate user base, which has been described as "offbeat, quirky, and anti-establishment". Similar to the "Slashdot effect", the Reddit effect occurs when a smaller website crashes due to a high influx of traffic after being linked to on Reddit; this is also called the Reddit "hug of death". Users have used Reddit as a platform for their charitable and philanthropic efforts. Redditors raised more than $100,000 for charity in support of comedians Jon Stewart's and Stephen Colbert's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear; more than $180,000 for Haiti earthquake relief efforts; and delivered food pantries' Amazon wish lists. In 2010, Christians, Muslims, and atheists held a friendly fundraising competition, where the groups raised more than $50,000. A similar donation drive in 2011 saw the atheism subreddit raise over $200,000 for charity. In February 2014, Reddit announced it would donate 10% of its annual ad revenue to non-profits voted upon by its users. As a result of the campaign, Reddit donated $82,765 each to each of the selected recipients. Reddit has been used for a wide variety of political engagement including the presidential campaigns of Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, and Bernie Sanders. It has also been used for self-organizing sociopolitical activism such as protests, communication with politicians and active communities. Reddit has become a popular place for worldwide political discussions. The March for Science originated from a discussion on Reddit over the deletion of all references to climate change from the White House website, about which a user commented that "There needs to be a Scientists' March on Washington". On April 22, 2017, more than 1 million scientists and supporters participated in more than 600 events in 66 countries across the globe. Reddit users have been engaged in the defense of Internet privacy, net neutrality and Internet anonymity. Reddit created an Internet blackout day and was joined by Wikipedia and other sites in 2012 in protest of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP acts. On January 18, Reddit participated in a 12-hour sitewide blackout to coincide with a congressional committee hearing on the measures. During that time, Reddit displayed a message on the legislation's effects on Reddit, in addition to resources on the proposed laws. In May 2012, Reddit joined the Internet Defense League, a group formed to organize future protests. The site and its users protested the Federal Communications Commission as it prepared to scrap net neutrality rules. In 2017, users upvoted "Battle for the Net" posts enough times that they filled up the entire front page. On another day, the front page was overtaken by posts showcasing campaign donations received by members of Congress from the telecommunications industry. Reddit CEO Steve Huffman has also advocated for net neutrality rules. In 2017, Huffman told The New York Times that without net neutrality protections, "you give internet service providers the ability to choose winners and losers". On Reddit, Huffman urged redditors to express support for net neutrality and contact their elected representatives in Washington, D.C. Huffman said that the repeal of net neutrality rules stifles competition. He said he and Reddit would continue to advocate for net neutrality. As a response to Glenn Beck's August 28, 2010, Restoring Honor rally, in September 2010 Reddit users started a movement to persuade satirist Stephen Colbert to have a counter-rally in Washington, D.C. The movement, which came to be called "Restoring Truthiness", was started by user mrsammercer, in a post where he described waking up from a dream in which Stephen Colbert was holding a satirical rally in D.C. Over $100,000 was raised for charity to gain the attention of Colbert. The campaign was mentioned on-air several times, and when the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was held in Washington, D.C., on October 30, 2010, thousands of redditors made the journey. During a post-rally press conference, Reddit co-founder Ohanian asked, "What role did the Internet campaign play in convincing you to hold this rally?" Jon Stewart responded by saying that, though it was a very nice gesture, he and Colbert had already thought of the idea and the deposit for using the National Mall was already paid during the summer, so it acted mostly as a "validation of what we were thinking about attempting". In a message to the Reddit community, Colbert later added, "I have no doubt that your efforts to organize and the joy you clearly brought to your part of the story contributed greatly to the turnout and success." Reddit has been blocked in multiple countries due to Internet censorship performed by the governments of some countries. As of October 2023, Reddit is blocked in Indonesia, China, North Korea, Turkey, and partially blocked in Bangladesh. Reddit was blocked in Russia in 2015 and later unblocked. Since May 2014, Reddit has been blocked in Indonesia by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology for hosting content containing nudity. In August 2015, the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia determined that Reddit was promoting conversations about psychedelic drugs. The Roskomnadzor banned the website, citing advice on how to grow magic mushrooms as the reason. The Russian government had asked Reddit before to remove drug-related posts to no response. The site was later unblocked. ISPs in India were found to be blocking traffic over Reddit for intermittent periods in some regions in 2019. In July 2025, Reddit began requiring age verification in order to access certain features, to comply with the UK's Online Safety Act 2023, using a service called Persona. Content covered includes sexually explicit material, encouragement of suicide and eating disorders, and expressions of hatred based on race, religion, or sexual orientation. Over the years, Reddit has done multiple pranks and events for April Fools' Day. Since 2013, they have often taken the form of massive social experiments. Noteworthy events include The Button in 2015, which included a global "button" that could only be clicked once per user. It attracted more than a million clicks. 2017's experiment r/place involved making a collaborative pixel art. Millions of users worked together in communities to place pixels one at a time to create a larger canvas. This experiment was very successful and repeated in 2022's April Fools experiment and in 2023. AMAs, or "Ask Me Anything" interviews, during an AMA on r/IAmA and other subreddits, users can ask questions to interviewees. Notable participants include former-United States President Barack Obama (while campaigning for the 2012 election), Bill Gates (multiple times), and Donald Trump (also while campaigning). AMAs have featured CEO Steve Huffman, as well as figures from entertainment industries around the world (including Priyanka Chopra and George Clooney), literature (Margaret Atwood), space (Buzz Aldrin), privacy (Edward Snowden), fictional characters (including Borat and Cookie Monster) and others, such as experts who answered questions about the transgender community. The Atlantic wrote that an AMA "imports the aspirational norms of honesty and authenticity from pseudonymous Internet forums into a public venue". RedditGifts was a program that offers gift exchanges throughout the year. The fan-made RedditGifts site was created in 2009 for a Secret Santa exchange among Reddit users, which has since become the world's largest and set a Guinness World record. In 2009, 4,500 redditors participated. For the 2010 holiday season, 92 countries were involved in the secret Santa program. There were 17,543 participants, and $662,907.60 was collectively spent on gift purchases and shipping costs. In 2014, about 200,000 users from 188 countries participated. Several celebrities have participated in the program, including Bill Gates, Alyssa Milano, and Snoop Dogg. Eventually, the secret Santa program expanded to various other occasions through RedditGifts, which Reddit acquired in 2011. As with most public online forums, Reddit is vulnerable to the use of disruptive or manipulative practices by its members, from sources such as troll farms, click farms and astroturfing. Another example is brigading, notable in the case of Reddit as it is often cited as the origin of the practice and use of the word in this context. Though all of these examples are in some form, against the rules of Reddit's content policy, at least in the case of brigading, they are not always malicious in intent. A notable example is the case of "Mr. Splashy Pants", when organized brigading of another website, by redditors, appears to have been tacitly encouraged by the Reddit administration. In the aftermath, the target of this vote brigading appeared to take it in good humor. Reddit communities occasionally coordinate Reddit-external projects such as skewing polls on other websites, like the 2007 incident when Greenpeace allowed web users to decide the name of a humpback whale it was tracking. Reddit users voted en masse to name the whale "Mister Splashy Pants", and Reddit administrators encouraged the prank by changing the site logo to a whale during the voting. In December of that year, Mister Splashy Pants was announced as the winner of the competition. Criticism and controversies In general, the website grants subreddit moderators discretion in deciding what content is and is not allowed on their subreddits, so long as site-wide rules are not being violated. This relative freedom has allowed for a wide diversity of subreddits to exist, and some of them have attracted controversy. Many of the default subreddits are highly moderated, with the "science" subreddit banning climate change denialism, and the "news" subreddit banning opinion pieces and columns. Reddit has changed its site-wide editorial policies several times, sometimes in reaction to controversies. Reddit has historically been a platform for objectionable but legal content, and in 2011, news media covered the way that jailbait was being shared on the site before the site changed their policies to explicitly ban "suggestive or sexual content featuring minors". Reddit also received controversy over hosting misogynistic content, including the doxing of erotic models and revenge porn. Following some controversial incidents of Internet vigilantism, Reddit introduced a strict rule against the online publication of non-public personally-identifying information (a common internet harassment tool colloquially known as doxxing) via the site. Those who break the rule are subject to a site-wide ban, which can result in the deletion of their user-generated content. Due to Reddit's decentralized moderation, user anonymity, and lack of fact-checking systems, the platform is highly prone to spreading misinformation and disinformation. It has been suggested that those who use Reddit should exercise caution in taking user-created unsourced content as fact. Concerns have been raised in particular about dangerous medical misinformation on the platform. A 2022 study of 300 comments and posts discussing urinary tract infections found that fewer than 1% cited a source for their content, and several contained harmful medical misinformation that may dissuade readers from seeking medical care or lead to dangerous self-medication, such as proposing fasting as a cure for UTIs. Reddit communities exhibit the echo chamber effect, in which repeated unsourced statements come to be accepted among the community as fact, leading to distorted worldviews among users. It has been suggested that since 2019, Russian state-sponsored troll accounts and bots have engaged in a broad campaign to take over subreddits, such as r/antiwar. After the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013, Reddit faced criticism after users wrongly identified a number of people as suspects in the subreddit r/FindBostonBombers. Notable among misidentified bombing suspects was Sunil Tripathi, a student reported missing before the bombings took place. A body reported to be Sunil's was found in Providence River in Rhode Island on April 25, according to Rhode Island Health Department. The cause of death was not immediately known, but authorities said they did not suspect foul play. The family later confirmed Tripathi's death was a result of suicide. Reddit general manager Erik Martin later issued an apology for this behavior, criticizing the "online witch hunts and dangerous speculation" that took place on the website. The incident was later referenced in the season 5 episode of the CBS TV series The Good Wife titled "Whack-a-Mole", as well as The Newsroom. In August, private sexual photos from the celebrity photo hack were widely disseminated across the site. A dedicated subreddit, "TheFappening", was created for this purpose, and contained links to most if not all of the criminally obtained explicit images. Some images of McKayla Maroney and Liz Lee were identified by redditors and outside commentators as child pornography because the photos were taken when the women were underage. The subreddit was banned on September 6. The scandal led to wider criticisms concerning the website's administration from The Verge and The Daily Dot. After Ellen Pao became CEO in 2014, she was initially a target of criticism by users who objected to the deletion of content critical of herself and her husband. Later on June 10, 2015, Reddit shut down the 150,000-subscriber "fatpeoplehate" subreddit and four others citing issues related to harassment. This move was seen as very controversial; some commenters said that the bans went too far, while others said that the bans did not go far enough. One of the latter complaints concerned a subreddit that was "expressing support" for the perpetrator of the Charleston church shooting. Responding to the accusations of "skewed enforcement", Reddit reaffirmed their commitment to free expression and stated, "There are some subreddits with very little viewership that get highlighted repeatedly for their content, but those are a tiny fraction of the content on the site." On July 2, Reddit began experiencing a series of blackouts as moderators set popular subreddit communities to private, in an event dubbed "AMAgeddon", a portmanteau of AMA ("ask me anything") and Armageddon. This was done in protest of the recent firing of Victoria Taylor, an administrator who helped organize citizen-led interviews with famous people on the popular AMA subreddit. Organizers of the blackout also expressed resentment about the recent severance of the communication between Reddit and the moderators of subreddits. The blackout intensified on July 3 when former community manager David Croach gave an AMA about being fired. Before deleting his posts, he stated that Ellen Pao dismissed him with one year of health coverage when he had cancer and did not recover quickly enough. Following this, a Change.org petition to remove Pao as CEO of Reddit Inc. reached over 200,000 signatures. Pao posted a response on July 3 as well as an extended version of it on July 6 in which she apologized for bad communication and not delivering on promises. She also apologized on behalf of the other administrators and noted that problems already existed over the past several years. On July 10, Pao resigned as CEO and was replaced by former CEO and co-founder Steve Huffman. In August, Steve Huffman introduced a policy which led to the banning of several offensive and sexual communities. Included in the ban was lolicon, to which Huffman referred as "animated CP [child porn]". Some subreddits had also been "quarantined" due to having "highly-offensive or upsetting content" such as r/European, r/swedenyes, r/drawpeople, r/kiketown, r/blackfathers, r/greatapes, and r/whitesarecriminals. In April 2023, Reddit announced its intentions to charge large fees for its application programming interface (API), a feature of the site that has existed for free since 2008, causing an ongoing dispute. The move forced multiple third-party applications to shut down and threatened accessibility applications and moderation tools. On May 31, Apollo developer Christian Selig stated that Reddit's pricing would force him to cease development on the app. The resulting outcry from the Reddit community ultimately led to a planned protest from June 12 to 14 in which moderators for the site would make their communities private or restricted posting. Following the release of an internal memo from Reddit CEO Steve Huffman and defiance from Reddit, some moderators have continued their protest. Alternate forms of protest have emerged in the days following the initial blackout. Upon reopening, users of r/pics, r/gifs, and r/aww voted to exclusively post about comedian John Oliver. Multiple subreddits labeled themselves as not safe for work (NSFW), affecting advertisements and resulting in administrators removing the entire moderation team of some subreddits. The protest has been compared to a strike. /r/place had its third launch on July 20, 2023; however, the launch was heavily protested by users and developers due to the event following the 2023 Reddit API controversy; Reddit CEO Steve Huffman's decision to make it prohibitively expensive for third-party app developers drew widespread condemnation. In February 2017, Reddit banned the alt-right subreddit r/altright for violating its terms of service, more specifically for attempting to share private information about the man who attacked alt-right figure Richard B. Spencer. The forum's users and moderators accused Reddit administrators of having political motivations for the ban. After the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Reddit banned the subreddit r/DonaldTrump in response to repeated policy violations and alluding to the potential influence the community had on those who participated in or supported the storming. The move followed similar actions from social media platforms, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok and more. The ban was criticized by those who believed it furthered an agenda and censorship of conservative ideologies. The subreddit had over 52,000 members just before it was banned. In May 2016, CEO Steve Huffman said in an interview at the TNW Conference that, unlike Facebook, which "only knows what [its users are] willing to declare publicly", Reddit knows its users' "dark secrets" at the same time that the website's "values" page was updated regarding its "privacy" section. The video reached the top of the website's main feed. Shortly thereafter, announcements concerning new advertisement content drew criticism on the website. In September, a user named "mormondocuments" released thousands of administrative documents belonging to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an action driven by the ex-Mormon and atheist communities on Reddit. Previously, on April 22, the same user had announced his plans to do so. Church officials commented that the documents did not contain anything confidential. On November 23, Huffman admitted to having replaced his username with the names of r/The_Donald moderators in many insulting comments. He did so by changing insulting comments made towards him and made it appear as if the insult were directed at the moderators of r/The_Donald. On November 24, The Washington Post reported Reddit had banned the "Pizzagate" conspiracy board from their site, stating it violated their policy of posting personal information of others, triggering a wave of criticism from users on r/The_Donald, who felt the ban amounted to censorship. After the forum was banned from Reddit, the words "we don't want witchhunts on our site" now appears on the former page of the Pizzagate subreddit. On November 30, Huffman announced changes to the algorithm of Reddit's r/all page to block "stickied" posts from a number of subreddits, such as r/The_Donald. In the announcement, he also apologized for personally editing posts by users from r/The_Donald, and declared intentions to take actions against "hundreds of the most toxic users" of Reddit and "communities whose users continually cross the line". In March 2018, it was revealed that Huffman had hidden Russian troll activity from users. In February 2019, Chinese company Tencent invested $150 million into Reddit. This resulted in a large backlash from Reddit users, who were worried about potential censorship. Many posts featuring subjects censored in China, such as Tiananmen Square, Tank Man, and Winnie the Pooh, received popularity on Reddit. In late August 2021, more than 70 subreddits went private to protest against COVID-19 misinformation on Reddit, as well as Reddit's refusal to delete subreddits undermining the severity of the pandemic. A 2021 letter from the United States Senate to Reddit CEO Steve Huffman expressed concern about the spread of COVID-19 misinformation on the platform. In January 2025, over 100 Reddit communities banned users from posting links from the X social media site after Elon Musk, its CEO, made an arm gesture at a speech which critics claimed was a Nazi salute. The Verge reported that Musk had "privately pressur[ed]" the CEO of Reddit Steve Huffman to moderate content critical of him and the Trump administration, and that after their exchange, Reddit took action and temporarily banned r/WhitePeopleTwitter due to "policy violations". On March 5, 2025, Reddit announced that they will be issuing warnings to users who upvote "violent content", and "may consider" taking other actions against the users. The Verge reported two days later that Reddit's automatic moderation tool has been flagging the word "Luigi" as "potentially violent", including in comments or context unrelated to Luigi Mangione, the suspect in the killing of the UnitedHealthcare CEO. The moderator of r/popculture, a subreddit with over 125,000 members, stated that Reddit's AutoModerator system flagged a comment about Nintendo video game Luigi's Mansion because it included the word "Luigi", and instructed them to "check for violence"; other comments that mentioned "Luigi", even in non-violent context, were also flagged. On July 12, 2018, the creator and head moderator of the GamerGate subreddit, r/KotakuInAction, removed all of the moderators and set the forum to private, alleging it to have become "infested with racism and sexism". A Reddit employee restored the forum and its moderators an hour later. During the George Floyd protests in early June 2020, over 800 moderators signed an open letter demanding a policy banning hate speech, a shutdown of racist and sexist subreddits, and more employee support for moderation. Bloomberg News pointed out the company's slow reaction to r/watchpeopledie, a subreddit dedicated to videos of people dying in accidents and other situations, and the harassment that accompanied new unmoderated features like icons for purchase and public chats. On June 29, 2020, Reddit updated its content policy and introduced rules aimed at curbing the presence of communities they believed to be "promoting hate", and banned approximately 2,000 subreddits that were found to be in violation of the new guidelines on the same day. Larger subreddits affected by the bans included r/The_Donald, r/GenderCritical (the platform's largest and most active anti-transgender radical feminist subreddit), and r/ChapoTrapHouse (a far-left subreddit originally created by fans of the podcast Chapo Trap House). Some media outlets and political commentators also condemned the banning of the r/The_Donald and r/ChapoTrapHouse subreddits as a violation of the right to free political expression. A 2025 TIMES article listed Reddit "The Most Xenophobic Social Media Site" after the Anti-Defamation League denounced Reddit for allowing public communities to engage in racism, antisemitism, and routine hate speech without consequence. In February 2013, Betabeat published a post that recognized the influx of multinational corporations like Costco, Taco Bell, Subaru, and McDonald's posting branded content on Reddit that was made to appear as if it was original content from legitimate Reddit users. PAN Communications wrote that marketers want to "infiltrate the reddit community on behalf of their brand," but emphasized that "self-promotion is frowned upon" and Reddit's former director of communications noted that the site is "100 percent organic." She recommended that advertisers design promotions that "spark conversations and feedback." She recommended that businesses use AMAs to get attention for public figures but cautioned "It is important to approach AMAs carefully and be aware that this may not be a fit for every project or client." Nissan ran a successful branded content promotion offering users free gifts to publicize a new car, though the company was later ridiculed for suspected astroturfing when the CEO only answered puff piece questions on the site. Taylor described these situations as "high risk" noting: "We try hard to educate people that they have to treat questions that may seem irreverent or out of left field the same as they would questions about the specific project they are promoting." In March 2021, Reddit users discovered that Aimee Challenor, an English politician who had been suspended from two UK political parties, was hired as an administrator for the site. Her first suspension from the Green Party came for retaining her father as her campaign manager after his arrest on child sexual abuse charges. She was later suspended from the Liberal Democrats after tweets describing pedophilic fantasies were discovered on her partner's Twitter account. Reddit banned a moderator for posting a news article which mentioned Challenor, and some Reddit users alleged that Reddit were removing all mention of Challenor. Many subreddits, including r/Music, which had 27 million subscribers, and 46 other subreddits with over 1 million subscribers, went private in protest. On March 24, Reddit's CEO Steve Huffman said that Challenor had been inadequately vetted before being hired and that Reddit would review its relevant internal processes. Huffman attributed user suspensions to over-indexing on anti-harassment measures. Challenor was also removed from her role as a Reddit admin. The GameStop short squeeze was primarily organized on the subreddit r/wallstreetbets in January 2021. In October 2023, Reddit Moons (a site-specific cryptocurrency launched in May 2020) had seen a surge of value in 2023, at one point in mid-2023 rising past 50 cents per moon, but it crashed by more than 90% after it was announced on October 17 that the token would be "wound down" on November 8, allegedly due to scaling and regulatory issues; Reddit-centric coins DONUT and BRICK also crashed upon the news. In June 2023, The BlackCat hacker gang claimed responsibility for a February 2023 breach of Reddit's systems. On its data leak site, it claimed that it stole 80 GB of compressed data and demanded a $4.5 million ransom from Reddit. This attack did not involve data encryption like typical ransomware campaigns. In September 2024, the Federal Trade Commission released a report summarizing nine company responses (including from Reddit) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to identity theft, stalking, unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and mental health issues, social stigma, and reputational harm. In 2025, researchers from the University of Zurich conducted a experiment on the debate subreddit r/changemyview. The researchers deployed AI-run Reddit accounts to pose as humans and actively push desired viewpoints in order to study how AI could influence opinions among human participants. The experiment was run without the consent or knowledge of the subreddit moderators for four months until one of the researchers informed them. Critics of the experiment argued it was unethical as it involved impersonation and involuntarily used Redditors as experiment participants. On December 2025, Reddit filed a lawsuit in an attempt to overturn Australia's social media ban for children, as Australia was one of Reddit's biggest markets, and the ban would prevent people under 16 from accessing the site. See also Notes References Further reading External links |
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Contents Reddit Reddit (/หrษdษชt/ โ RED-it, formerly stylized reddit) is an American proprietary social news aggregation and forum social media platform. Registered users (commonly referred to as "redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down ("upvoted" or "downvoted") by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "subreddits". Submissions with more upvotes appear towards the top of their subreddit and, if they receive enough upvotes, ultimately on the site's front page. Reddit administrators moderate the communities. Moderation is also conducted by subreddit-specific moderators, who are unpaid volunteers. It is operated by Reddit, Inc., based in San Francisco. As of December 2025, Reddit is one of the most-visited websites in the world. According to data provided by Similarweb, 51.75% of the website traffic comes from the United States, followed by Canada at 7.01%, the United Kingdom at 6.97%, Australia at 3.97%, Germany at 3%, and the remaining 28.37% split among other countries. Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in June 2005, who were joined by Aaron Swartz that November. Condรฉ Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006. In 2011, Reddit became an independent subsidiary of Condรฉ Nast's parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit debuted on the stock market on the morning of March 21, 2024, with the ticker symbol RDDT. The current market cap as of July 2024 is US$10 billion. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, particularly in the United States, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. It has received praise for many of its features, such as the ability to create several subreddits for niche communities. It has been criticized for the spread of misinformation and its voting system which can encourage online echo chambers. History The idea and initial development of Reddit originated with college roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005, who attended a lecture by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham in Boston during their spring break from University of Virginia. After speaking with Huffman and Ohanian following the lecture, Graham invited the two to apply to his startup incubator Y Combinator. Their initial idea, My Mobile Menu, was unsuccessful, and was intended to allow users to order food by SMS text messaging. During a brainstorming session to pitch another startup, the idea was created for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet". For that idea, Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class. Supported by the funding from Y Combinator, Huffman coded the site in Common Lisp and together with Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005. Embarrassed by an empty-looking site, the founders created hundreds of fake users for their posts to make it look more populated. The team expanded to include Christopher Slowe in November 2005. Between November 2005 and January 2006, Reddit merged with Aaron Swartz's company Infogami, and Swartz became an equal owner of the resulting parent company, Not A Bug. Swartz then helped rewrite the software running Reddit using web.py, a web framework he developed. The passage from Aaron Swartz's blog post "Rewriting Reddit" reveals that the switch from Lisp to Python, specifically using the web.py framework developed by Swartz, was driven by a desire for simplicity, maintainability, and performance. Despite facing skepticism and critique from the Lisp community, the change was justified by the efficiency and clarity Python provided for the project. This initiative not only influenced the technical evolution of Reddit but also contributed to the broader web development community by inspiring other frameworks and remaining a significant part of Reddit's history. In 2011, Ohanian claimed that rather than Swartz being a co-founder, the correct description would be that Swartz's company was acquired by Reddit six months after the website was founded. Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condรฉ Nast Publications, owner of Wired, on October 31, 2006, for a reported $10 million to $20 million and the team moved to San Francisco. In November 2006, Swartz posted to his blog, complaining about the new corporate environment, criticizing its level of productivity. In January 2007, Swartz was fired for undisclosed reasons. Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit in 2009. Huffman went on to co-found Hipmunk with Adam Goldstein, and later recruited Ohanian and Slowe to the new company. After Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit, Erik Martin, who joined the company as a community manager in 2008 and later became general manager in 2011, played a role in Reddit's growth. VentureBeat noted that Martin was "responsible for keeping the site going" under Condรฉ Nast's ownership. Yishan Wong joined Reddit as CEO in 2012. Wong resigned from Reddit in 2014, citing disagreements about his proposal to move the company's offices from San Francisco to nearby Daly City, but also the "stressful and draining" nature of the position. Ohanian credited Wong with the company's newfound success as its user base grew from 35 million to 174 million. Wong oversaw the company as it raised $50 million in funding and spun off as an independent company. Also during this time, Reddit began accepting the digital currency Bitcoin for its Reddit Gold subscription service through a partnership with bitcoin payment processor Coinbase in February 2013. Ellen Pao replaced Wong as interim CEO in 2014 and resigned in 2015 amid a user revolt over the firing of a popular Reddit employee. During her tenure, Reddit initiated an anti-harassment policy, banned involuntary sexualization, and banned several forums that focused on bigoted content or harassment of individuals. After five years away from the company, Ohanian and Huffman returned to leadership roles: Ohanian became the full-time executive chairman in November 2014 following Wong's resignation, while Pao's departure on July 10, 2015, led to Huffman's return as the company's chief executive. After Huffman rejoined Reddit as CEO, he launched Reddit's iOS and Android apps, improved Reddit's mobile website, and created A/B testing infrastructure. The company launched a major redesign of its website in April 2018. Huffman said new users were turned off from Reddit because it had looked like a "dystopian Craigslist". Reddit also instituted several technological improvements, such as a new tool that allows users to hide posts, comments, and private messages from selected redditors in an attempt to curb online harassment, and new content guidelines. These new content guidelines were aimed at banning content inciting violence and quarantining offensive material. Slowe, the company's first employee, rejoined Reddit in 2017 as chief technology officer. Ohanian resigned as a member of the board on June 5, 2020 in response to the George Floyd protests and requested to be replaced "by a Black candidate". Michael Seibel, then-CEO of Y Combinator, was subsequently named to the board. On March 5, 2021, Reddit announced that it had appointed Drew Vollero, who had worked at Snapchat's parent company, Snap Inc., as its first chief financial officer (CFO) weeks after the site was thrust into the spotlight due to its role in the GameStop trading frenzy. Vollero's appointment spurred speculation of an initial public offering, a move that senior leaders have considered publicly. As of August 2021[update], Reddit was valued at more than $10 billion following a $410 million funding round. The company was looking to hire investment bankers and lawyers to assist in making an initial public offering. However, CEO Steve Huffman said the company had not decided on the timing for when to go public. In December 2021, Reddit revealed that it had confidentially filed for an initial public offering with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Reddit's initial public offering opened on March 20, 2024, at $34 per share and a $6.4 billion valuation. They went public the next day on the New York Stock Exchange at $47 per share and rose to $50.44 at market close on their first day of trading, reaching a market cap of $9.5 billion. The market cap as of July 2024 was $10 billion. Site overview Reddit is a website comprising user-generated contentโincluding photos, videos, links, and text-based postsโand discussions of this content in what is essentially a bulletin board system. The name "Reddit" is a play-on-words with the phrase "read it", i.e., "I read it on Reddit." According to Reddit, in 2019, there were approximately 430 million monthly users, who are known as "redditors". The site's content is divided into categories or communities known on-site as "subreddits", of which there are more than 138,000 active communities. As a network of communities, Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users. Users can comment on others' posts to continue the conversation. A key feature to Reddit is that users can cast positive or negative votes, called upvotes and downvotes respectively, for each post and comment on the site. The number of upvotes or downvotes determines the posts' visibility on the site, so the most popular content is displayed to the most people. Users can also earn "karma" for their posts and comments, a status that reflects their standing within the community and their contributions to Reddit. Posts are sometimes automatically archived after six months, meaning they can no longer be commented or voted on. The most popular posts from the site's numerous subreddits are visible on the front page to those who browse the site without an account. By default for those users, the front page will display the subreddit r/popular, featuring top-ranked posts across all of Reddit, excluding not-safe-for-work communities and others that are most commonly filtered out by users (even if they are safe for work). The subreddit r/all originally did not filter topics, but as of 2021 it does not include not-safe-for-work content. Registered users who subscribe to subreddits see the top content from the subreddits to which they subscribe on their personal front pages. Additionally, some subreddits have a karma and account age requirement to discourage bots and spammers from posting. Front-page rankโfor both the general front page and for individual subredditsโis determined by a combination of factors, including the age of the submission, positive ("upvoted") to negative ("downvoted") feedback ratio, and the total vote-count. Registering an account with Reddit is free and requires an email address. In addition to commenting and voting, registered users can also create their own subreddit on a topic of their choosing. In Reddit style, usernames begin with "u/". Noteworthy redditors include u/Poem_for_your_sprog, who responds to messages across Reddit in verse, u/Shitty_Watercolour who posts paintings in response to posts, and u/spez, the CEO of Reddit (Steve Huffman). Subreddits are overseen by moderators, Reddit users who earn the title by creating a subreddit or being promoted by a current moderator. Reddit users may also request to moderate a sub that has no moderators or very inactive ones in r/redditrequest. These requests are reviewed by the Reddit admins. Moderators are volunteers who manage their communities, set and enforce community-specific rules, remove posts and comments that violate these rules, and often work to keep discussions in their subreddit on topic. Admins, by contrast, are employees of Reddit. Early on, Reddit implemented shadow banning, purportedly to address spam accounts, while saying, "it's still the only tool we have to punish people who break the rules". In 2015, Reddit added an account suspension feature which they said would replace sitewide shadowbans, however, moderators are still able to shadowban users or their individual posts. Reddit releases transparency reports annually which have information like how many posts have been taken down by moderators and for what reason. It also details information about requests law enforcement agencies have made for information about users or to take down content. In 2020, Reddit removed 6% of posts made on the platform (approx. 233 million). More than 99% of removals were marked as spam; the remainder made up of a mix of other offensive content. Around 131 million posts were removed by the automated moderator (~56 %) and the rest were taken down manually. It is estimated that Reddit's moderators work 466 hours every day, which is $3.4 million in unpaid work each year. That roughly equates to 2.8% of the company's annual revenue. Subreddits (officially called communities) are user-created areas of interest where discussions on Reddit are organized. There are about 138,000 active subreddits (among a total of 1.2 million) as of July 2018[update]. Subreddit names begin with "r/"; for instance, "r/science" is a community devoted to discussing scientific publications, while "r/gaming" is a community devoted to discussing video games, and "r/worldnews" is for posting news articles from around the world. In a 2014 interview with Memeburn, Erik Martin, then the general manager of Reddit, remarked that their "approach is to give the community moderators or curators as much control as possible so that they can shape and cultivate the type of communities they want". Subreddits often use themed variants of Reddit's alien mascot, Snoo, in the visual styling of their communities. Today subreddits exist not only for interests and topics but also for organizations. The Wayanad Literature Festival has a subreddit where they host discussions based on the sessions they host and encourage people to post about literature, politics and media. Reddit Premium (formerly Reddit Gold) is a premium membership that allows users to view the site ad-free. Until 2023, subscribers could also use coins to award posts or comments they valued, generally due to humorous or high-quality content. Reddit Premium unlocks several features not accessible to regular users, such as comment highlighting, exclusive subreddits such as r/lounge, a personalized Snoo (known as a "snoovatar"), and a Reddit premium trophy that can be displayed on the user's profile. Reddit Gold was renamed to Reddit Premium in 2018. In addition to gold coins, users were able to gift silver and platinum coins to other users as rewards for quality content. On the site, redditors commemorate their "cake day" once a year, on the anniversary of the day their account was created. Cake day adds an icon of a small slice of cake next to the user's name for 24 hours. In August 2021, the company introduced a TikTok-like short-form video feature for iOS that lets users rapidly swipe through a feed of short video content. In December 2021, the company introduced a Spotify Wrapped-like feature called Reddit Recap that recaps various statistics from January 1 to November 30 about each individual user, such as how much time they spent on Reddit, which communities they joined, and the topics that they engaged with, and allows the user to view it. On July 7, 2022, Reddit announced "blockchain-backed Collectible Avatars", customizable avatars which are available on the subreddit r/CollectibleAvatars for purchase separate from Reddit Premium. The avatars were created by independent artists who post work on other subreddits, and who receive a portion of the profits. They use Reddit's Polygon blockchain-powered digital wallet the Vault. Richard Lawler of The Verge described them as "non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that are available for purchase in the Reddit Avatar Builder". In 2017, Reddit developed its own real-time chat software for the site. While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit. Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of a given subreddit were rolled out in 2018. Reddit Talk was announced in April 2021 as a competitor to Clubhouse. Reddit Talk lets subreddit moderators start audio meeting rooms that mimic Clubhouse in design. In 2022, Reddit Talk was updated to support recording audio rooms and work on the web version of Reddit. A desktop app is reportedly slated for a late February release. Reddit Chat replaced the Reddit private messaging system in June 2025. Reddit acquired MeaningCloud, a natural language processing company in June 2022. In February 2024, Reddit announced a partnership with Google in a deal worth about $60 million per year, to license its real-time user content to train Google's AI model. The partnership also lets Reddit get access to Google's "Vertex AI" service which would help improve search results on Reddit. It was announced that Reddit and OpenAI had reached a deal that will allow OpenAI access to the Reddit API to train its models, while Reddit will receive certain AI tools for moderators and users. In December 2024, Reddit announced Reddit Answers, an AI search tool that summarizes conversations in response to a question from the user. Reddit's search function has had many iterations; the one on the new site currently uses Lucidworks Fusion, while the search on old reddit uses Reddit's own in-house search In 2009, Reddit released their official mobile app, called iReddit. This app was sparsely updated, and was superseded by a new mobile website in 2010. For several years, most Redditors relied on third-party apps to access Reddit on mobile devices. In October 2014, Reddit acquired one of them, Alien Blue, which became the official iOS Reddit app. Reddit removed Alien Blue and released its official application, Reddit: The Official App, on Google Play and the iOS App Store in April 2016. The company released an app for Reddit's question-and-answer Ask Me Anything subreddit in 2014. The app allowed users to see active Ask Me Anythings, receive notifications, ask questions and vote. As of September 2025, all versions of the iReddit and Alien Blue apps still work on older versions of iOS; they were not affected by the API shutdown due to both of them being official Reddit apps. The 2010 mobile site, however, was shut down in 2024. The site has undergone several products and design changes since it originally launched in 2005. When it initially launched, there were no comments or subreddits. Comments were added in 2005 and interest-based groups (called 'subreddits') were introduced in 2008. Allowing users to create subreddits has led to much of the activity that redditors would recognize that helped define Reddit. These include subreddits "WTF", "funny", and "AskReddit". Reddit rolled out its multireddit feature, the site's biggest change to its front page in years, in 2013. With the multireddits, users see top stories from a collection of subreddits. In 2015, Reddit enabled embedding and as a result users could share Reddit content on other sites. In 2016, Reddit began hosting images using a new image uploading tool, a move that shifted away from the uploading service Imgur that had been the de facto service. Users still can upload images to Reddit using Imgur. Reddit's in-house video uploading service for desktop and mobile launched in 2017. Previously, users had to use third-party video uploading services, which Reddit acknowledged was time-consuming for users. Reddit released its "spoiler tags" feature in January 2017. The feature warns users of potential spoilers in posts and pixelates preview images. Reddit unveiled changes to its public front page, called r/popular, in 2017; the change creates a front page free of potentially adult-oriented content for unregistered users. In late 2017, Reddit declared it wanted to be a mobile-first site, launching several changes to its apps for iOS and Android. The new features included user-to-user chat, a theater mode for viewing visual content, and mobile tools for the site's moderators. "Mod mode" lets moderators manage content and their subreddits on mobile devices. Reddit launched its redesigned website in 2018, with its first major visual update in a decade. Development for the new site took more than a year. It was the result of an initiative by Huffman upon returning to Reddit, who said the site's outdated look deterred new users. The new site features a hamburger menu to help users navigate the site, different views, and new fonts to better inform redditors if they are clicking on a Reddit post or an external link. The nominal goal was not only for Reddit to improve its appearance, but also to make it easier to accommodate a new generation of Reddit users. Additionally Reddit's growth had strained the site's back end; Huffman and Reddit Vice President of Engineering Nick Caldwell told The Wall Street Journal's COI Journal that Reddit needed to leverage artificial intelligence and other modern digital tools. Users can opt-out of the redesign by using the old.reddit.com domain. On May 15, 2024, the dedicated login flow was removed from the old domain, although site admins said they had "no plans" to remove the old domain entirely. In November 2023, Fast Company reported that Reddit began rolling out a comprehensive rebrand, including a new logo, typeface, brand colors, and an updated version of its mascot Snoo, as part of its preparation for a potential 2024 IPO and in response to its expanding user base and global reach. Reddit's logo consists of a time-traveling alien named Snoo and the company name stylized as "reddit". The alien has an oval head, pom-pom ears, and an antenna. Its colors are black, white, and orange-red. The mascot was created in 2005 while company co-founder Alexis Ohanian was an undergraduate at the University of Virginia. Ohanian drew a doodle of the creature while he was bored during a marketing class. Originally, Ohanian sought to name the mascot S'new, a play on "What's new?", to tie the mascot into Reddit's premise as the "front page of the Internet". Eventually, the name Snoo was chosen. In 2011, Ohanian outlined the logo's evolution with a graphic that showcased several early versions, including various spellings of the website name, such as "Reditt". Snoo is genderless, so the logo is moldable. Over the years, the Reddit logo has frequently changed for holidays and other special events. Many subreddits have a customized Snoo logo to represent the subreddit. Redditors can also submit their own logos, which sometimes appear on the site's front page, or create their own customized versions of Snoo for their communities (or "subreddits"). When Reddit revamped its website in April 2018, the company imposed several restrictions on how Snoo can be designed: Snoo's head "should always appear blank or neutral", Snoo's eyes are orange-red, and Snoo cannot have fingers. Snoo's purpose is to discover and explore humanity. Discontinued features Starting in 2023 with the discontinuation of the Reddit API's free tier, Reddit has been silently discontinuing legacy features and reducing the functionalities of the old site. All of these changes have been met with significant backlash by the Reddit community. Reddit's private messaging system, which had been present on the site ever since its launch in 2005, was discontinued in 2025 in favor of Reddit Chat. Reddit discontinued its free API tier for commercial applications in April 2023. This was met with significant backlash by the community, leaving the website in a state of disarray for months. In early 2023, Reddit silently discontinued its legacy mobile site, known as i.reddit, and reddit compact and previously accessible at i.reddit.com. This was despite a Reddit admin stating that iReddit was "here to stay". The original 2017 redesign of Reddit, also known as new.reddit and old new Reddit and previously accessible at new.reddit.com, was discontinued on December 11, 2024. No changes were made to the pre-2017 legacy desktop site, still accessible at old.reddit.com. In 2023, the Reddit coin and award system was discontinued in favor of a "golden upvote". This was deeply unpopular, and Reddit added awards back under a new implementation a few months later. However, these new awards are not accessible or viewable on the legacy desktop site. On June 4, 2025, Reddit announced that they would be removing custom emoji from comments. Login: Login functionality was removed from the old site sometime in 2024. You can still log in to the old site, but you must do it through the new site. Age trophies: Account age trophies past Year 15 are not visible on the old site. Private messaging: Sending a private message (like a modmail) now requires you to use the new site. FAQ, terms, and official Wiki pages: All official information pages were migrated from the legacy site's wiki to the new site sometime in 2020. Reddit notifications: Official Reddit notifications were moved from the legacy inbox to the Notifications section, which is only accessible on the new site. The Reddit Public Access Network, commonly known as RPAN, was a live streaming service run by Reddit. Viewers interacted with streams by upvoting or downvoting, chatting, and giving paid awards. During the off-air hours, 24/7 streaming was possible to the dedicated subreddits, but with limited slots and capabilities. On August 19, 2019, Reddit announced RPAN. It was said to be in testing, but they were experimenting with making it a permanent program, as well as a way to increase revenue for the platform. Later, a five-day testing period began. During the testing period, streaming was for a select group of users, allowing 30 minutes of streaming per person and 100 slots. On July 1, 2020, RPAN Studio was released, an application that allows users to broadcast live from desktop computers. RPAN Studio has been built on top of OBS, an open-source streaming and recording program. On January 28, 2021, Reddit permanently increased streaming times to three hours. RPAN was officially discontinued on November 15, 2022. Corporate affairs Reddit is a public company based in San Francisco. In 2023, it downsized from an office in the Mid-Market neighborhood to an office in the South of Market neighborhood. Reddit doubled its headcount in 2017; as of 2018[update], it employed approximately 350 people. In 2017, the company was valued at $1.8 billion during a $200 million round of new venture funding. The company was previously owned by Condรฉ Nast, but was spun off as an independent company. As of April 2018[update], Advance Publications, Condรฉ Nast's parent company, retained a majority stake in Reddit. Reddit's key management personnel includes co-founder and CEO Steve Huffman, Chief Technology Officer Chris Slowe, who was the company's original lead engineer, and Chief Operating Officer Jen Wong, a former president of digital and chief operating officer at Time Inc. Reddit does not disclose its revenue figures. The company generates revenue in part through advertising and premium memberships that remove ads from the site. As part of its company culture, Reddit operates on a no-negotiation policy for employee salaries. The company offers new mothers, fathers, and adoptive parents up to 16 weeks of parental leave. Advertising Reddit launched two different ways of advertising on the site in 2009. The company launched sponsored content and a self-serve ads platform that year. Reddit launched its Reddit Gold benefits program in July 2010, which offered new features to editors and created a new revenue stream for the business that did not rely on banner ads. On September 6, 2011, Reddit became operationally independent of Condรฉ Nast, operating as a separate subsidiary of its parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit's users tend to be more privacy-conscious than on other websites, often using tools like ad-blocking software and proxies, and they dislike "feeling manipulated by brands" but respond well to "content that begs for intelligent viewers and participants." Lauren Orsini writes in ReadWrite that "Reddit's huge community is the perfect hype machine for promoting a new movie, a product release, or a lagging political campaign" but there is a "very specific set of etiquette. Redditors don't want to advertise for you, they want to talk to you." Journalists have used the site as a basis for stories, though they are advised by the site's policies to respect that "reddit's communities belong to their members" and to seek proper attribution for people's contributions. Reddit announced that they would begin using VigLink to redirect affiliate links in June 2016. Since 2017, Reddit has partnered with companies to host sponsored AMAs and other interactive events, increased advertising offerings, and introduced efforts to work with content publishers. In 2018, Reddit hired Jen Wong as COO, responsible for the company's business strategy and growth, and introduced native mobile ads. Reddit opened a Chicago office to be closer to major companies and advertising agencies located in and around Chicago. In 2019, Reddit hired former Twitter ad director Shariq Rizvi as its vice president of ad products and engineering. Community and culture The website is known for its open nature and diverse user community that generate its content. Its demographics allows for wide-ranging subject areas, as well as the ability for smaller subreddits to serve more niche purposes. The user base of Reddit has given birth to other websites, including image sharing community and image host Imgur, which started in 2009 as a gift to Reddit's community. In its first five months, it jumped from a thousand hits per day to a million total page views. Data collected by Pew Research Center in 2013 found that Reddit users were much more likely to be from urban communities than rural ones. Women were greatly under-represented on the website. Reddit's userbase had a disproportionately high number of Hispanic users. With regards to education, high school dropouts were over-represented among Reddit users. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. Statistics from Google Ad Planner suggest that 74% of Reddit users are male. In 2016, the Pew Research Center published research showing that 4% of U.S. adults use Reddit, of which 67% are men, while 78% of users get news from Reddit. Users tend to be significantly younger than average with less than 1% of users being 65 or over. Politically, 43% of Reddit users surveyed by Pew Research Center in 2016 identified as liberal, with 38% identifying as moderate and 19% as conservative. Reddit is known in part for its passionate user base, which has been described as "offbeat, quirky, and anti-establishment". Similar to the "Slashdot effect", the Reddit effect occurs when a smaller website crashes due to a high influx of traffic after being linked to on Reddit; this is also called the Reddit "hug of death". Users have used Reddit as a platform for their charitable and philanthropic efforts. Redditors raised more than $100,000 for charity in support of comedians Jon Stewart's and Stephen Colbert's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear; more than $180,000 for Haiti earthquake relief efforts; and delivered food pantries' Amazon wish lists. In 2010, Christians, Muslims, and atheists held a friendly fundraising competition, where the groups raised more than $50,000. A similar donation drive in 2011 saw the atheism subreddit raise over $200,000 for charity. In February 2014, Reddit announced it would donate 10% of its annual ad revenue to non-profits voted upon by its users. As a result of the campaign, Reddit donated $82,765 each to each of the selected recipients. Reddit has been used for a wide variety of political engagement including the presidential campaigns of Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, and Bernie Sanders. It has also been used for self-organizing sociopolitical activism such as protests, communication with politicians and active communities. Reddit has become a popular place for worldwide political discussions. The March for Science originated from a discussion on Reddit over the deletion of all references to climate change from the White House website, about which a user commented that "There needs to be a Scientists' March on Washington". On April 22, 2017, more than 1 million scientists and supporters participated in more than 600 events in 66 countries across the globe. Reddit users have been engaged in the defense of Internet privacy, net neutrality and Internet anonymity. Reddit created an Internet blackout day and was joined by Wikipedia and other sites in 2012 in protest of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP acts. On January 18, Reddit participated in a 12-hour sitewide blackout to coincide with a congressional committee hearing on the measures. During that time, Reddit displayed a message on the legislation's effects on Reddit, in addition to resources on the proposed laws. In May 2012, Reddit joined the Internet Defense League, a group formed to organize future protests. The site and its users protested the Federal Communications Commission as it prepared to scrap net neutrality rules. In 2017, users upvoted "Battle for the Net" posts enough times that they filled up the entire front page. On another day, the front page was overtaken by posts showcasing campaign donations received by members of Congress from the telecommunications industry. Reddit CEO Steve Huffman has also advocated for net neutrality rules. In 2017, Huffman told The New York Times that without net neutrality protections, "you give internet service providers the ability to choose winners and losers". On Reddit, Huffman urged redditors to express support for net neutrality and contact their elected representatives in Washington, D.C. Huffman said that the repeal of net neutrality rules stifles competition. He said he and Reddit would continue to advocate for net neutrality. As a response to Glenn Beck's August 28, 2010, Restoring Honor rally, in September 2010 Reddit users started a movement to persuade satirist Stephen Colbert to have a counter-rally in Washington, D.C. The movement, which came to be called "Restoring Truthiness", was started by user mrsammercer, in a post where he described waking up from a dream in which Stephen Colbert was holding a satirical rally in D.C. Over $100,000 was raised for charity to gain the attention of Colbert. The campaign was mentioned on-air several times, and when the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was held in Washington, D.C., on October 30, 2010, thousands of redditors made the journey. During a post-rally press conference, Reddit co-founder Ohanian asked, "What role did the Internet campaign play in convincing you to hold this rally?" Jon Stewart responded by saying that, though it was a very nice gesture, he and Colbert had already thought of the idea and the deposit for using the National Mall was already paid during the summer, so it acted mostly as a "validation of what we were thinking about attempting". In a message to the Reddit community, Colbert later added, "I have no doubt that your efforts to organize and the joy you clearly brought to your part of the story contributed greatly to the turnout and success." Reddit has been blocked in multiple countries due to Internet censorship performed by the governments of some countries. As of October 2023, Reddit is blocked in Indonesia, China, North Korea, Turkey, and partially blocked in Bangladesh. Reddit was blocked in Russia in 2015 and later unblocked. Since May 2014, Reddit has been blocked in Indonesia by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology for hosting content containing nudity. In August 2015, the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia determined that Reddit was promoting conversations about psychedelic drugs. The Roskomnadzor banned the website, citing advice on how to grow magic mushrooms as the reason. The Russian government had asked Reddit before to remove drug-related posts to no response. The site was later unblocked. ISPs in India were found to be blocking traffic over Reddit for intermittent periods in some regions in 2019. In July 2025, Reddit began requiring age verification in order to access certain features, to comply with the UK's Online Safety Act 2023, using a service called Persona. Content covered includes sexually explicit material, encouragement of suicide and eating disorders, and expressions of hatred based on race, religion, or sexual orientation. Over the years, Reddit has done multiple pranks and events for April Fools' Day. Since 2013, they have often taken the form of massive social experiments. Noteworthy events include The Button in 2015, which included a global "button" that could only be clicked once per user. It attracted more than a million clicks. 2017's experiment r/place involved making a collaborative pixel art. Millions of users worked together in communities to place pixels one at a time to create a larger canvas. This experiment was very successful and repeated in 2022's April Fools experiment and in 2023. AMAs, or "Ask Me Anything" interviews, during an AMA on r/IAmA and other subreddits, users can ask questions to interviewees. Notable participants include former-United States President Barack Obama (while campaigning for the 2012 election), Bill Gates (multiple times), and Donald Trump (also while campaigning). AMAs have featured CEO Steve Huffman, as well as figures from entertainment industries around the world (including Priyanka Chopra and George Clooney), literature (Margaret Atwood), space (Buzz Aldrin), privacy (Edward Snowden), fictional characters (including Borat and Cookie Monster) and others, such as experts who answered questions about the transgender community. The Atlantic wrote that an AMA "imports the aspirational norms of honesty and authenticity from pseudonymous Internet forums into a public venue". RedditGifts was a program that offers gift exchanges throughout the year. The fan-made RedditGifts site was created in 2009 for a Secret Santa exchange among Reddit users, which has since become the world's largest and set a Guinness World record. In 2009, 4,500 redditors participated. For the 2010 holiday season, 92 countries were involved in the secret Santa program. There were 17,543 participants, and $662,907.60 was collectively spent on gift purchases and shipping costs. In 2014, about 200,000 users from 188 countries participated. Several celebrities have participated in the program, including Bill Gates, Alyssa Milano, and Snoop Dogg. Eventually, the secret Santa program expanded to various other occasions through RedditGifts, which Reddit acquired in 2011. As with most public online forums, Reddit is vulnerable to the use of disruptive or manipulative practices by its members, from sources such as troll farms, click farms and astroturfing. Another example is brigading, notable in the case of Reddit as it is often cited as the origin of the practice and use of the word in this context. Though all of these examples are in some form, against the rules of Reddit's content policy, at least in the case of brigading, they are not always malicious in intent. A notable example is the case of "Mr. Splashy Pants", when organized brigading of another website, by redditors, appears to have been tacitly encouraged by the Reddit administration. In the aftermath, the target of this vote brigading appeared to take it in good humor. Reddit communities occasionally coordinate Reddit-external projects such as skewing polls on other websites, like the 2007 incident when Greenpeace allowed web users to decide the name of a humpback whale it was tracking. Reddit users voted en masse to name the whale "Mister Splashy Pants", and Reddit administrators encouraged the prank by changing the site logo to a whale during the voting. In December of that year, Mister Splashy Pants was announced as the winner of the competition. Criticism and controversies In general, the website grants subreddit moderators discretion in deciding what content is and is not allowed on their subreddits, so long as site-wide rules are not being violated. This relative freedom has allowed for a wide diversity of subreddits to exist, and some of them have attracted controversy. Many of the default subreddits are highly moderated, with the "science" subreddit banning climate change denialism, and the "news" subreddit banning opinion pieces and columns. Reddit has changed its site-wide editorial policies several times, sometimes in reaction to controversies. Reddit has historically been a platform for objectionable but legal content, and in 2011, news media covered the way that jailbait was being shared on the site before the site changed their policies to explicitly ban "suggestive or sexual content featuring minors". Reddit also received controversy over hosting misogynistic content, including the doxing of erotic models and revenge porn. Following some controversial incidents of Internet vigilantism, Reddit introduced a strict rule against the online publication of non-public personally-identifying information (a common internet harassment tool colloquially known as doxxing) via the site. Those who break the rule are subject to a site-wide ban, which can result in the deletion of their user-generated content. Due to Reddit's decentralized moderation, user anonymity, and lack of fact-checking systems, the platform is highly prone to spreading misinformation and disinformation. It has been suggested that those who use Reddit should exercise caution in taking user-created unsourced content as fact. Concerns have been raised in particular about dangerous medical misinformation on the platform. A 2022 study of 300 comments and posts discussing urinary tract infections found that fewer than 1% cited a source for their content, and several contained harmful medical misinformation that may dissuade readers from seeking medical care or lead to dangerous self-medication, such as proposing fasting as a cure for UTIs. Reddit communities exhibit the echo chamber effect, in which repeated unsourced statements come to be accepted among the community as fact, leading to distorted worldviews among users. It has been suggested that since 2019, Russian state-sponsored troll accounts and bots have engaged in a broad campaign to take over subreddits, such as r/antiwar. After the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013, Reddit faced criticism after users wrongly identified a number of people as suspects in the subreddit r/FindBostonBombers. Notable among misidentified bombing suspects was Sunil Tripathi, a student reported missing before the bombings took place. A body reported to be Sunil's was found in Providence River in Rhode Island on April 25, according to Rhode Island Health Department. The cause of death was not immediately known, but authorities said they did not suspect foul play. The family later confirmed Tripathi's death was a result of suicide. Reddit general manager Erik Martin later issued an apology for this behavior, criticizing the "online witch hunts and dangerous speculation" that took place on the website. The incident was later referenced in the season 5 episode of the CBS TV series The Good Wife titled "Whack-a-Mole", as well as The Newsroom. In August, private sexual photos from the celebrity photo hack were widely disseminated across the site. A dedicated subreddit, "TheFappening", was created for this purpose, and contained links to most if not all of the criminally obtained explicit images. Some images of McKayla Maroney and Liz Lee were identified by redditors and outside commentators as child pornography because the photos were taken when the women were underage. The subreddit was banned on September 6. The scandal led to wider criticisms concerning the website's administration from The Verge and The Daily Dot. After Ellen Pao became CEO in 2014, she was initially a target of criticism by users who objected to the deletion of content critical of herself and her husband. Later on June 10, 2015, Reddit shut down the 150,000-subscriber "fatpeoplehate" subreddit and four others citing issues related to harassment. This move was seen as very controversial; some commenters said that the bans went too far, while others said that the bans did not go far enough. One of the latter complaints concerned a subreddit that was "expressing support" for the perpetrator of the Charleston church shooting. Responding to the accusations of "skewed enforcement", Reddit reaffirmed their commitment to free expression and stated, "There are some subreddits with very little viewership that get highlighted repeatedly for their content, but those are a tiny fraction of the content on the site." On July 2, Reddit began experiencing a series of blackouts as moderators set popular subreddit communities to private, in an event dubbed "AMAgeddon", a portmanteau of AMA ("ask me anything") and Armageddon. This was done in protest of the recent firing of Victoria Taylor, an administrator who helped organize citizen-led interviews with famous people on the popular AMA subreddit. Organizers of the blackout also expressed resentment about the recent severance of the communication between Reddit and the moderators of subreddits. The blackout intensified on July 3 when former community manager David Croach gave an AMA about being fired. Before deleting his posts, he stated that Ellen Pao dismissed him with one year of health coverage when he had cancer and did not recover quickly enough. Following this, a Change.org petition to remove Pao as CEO of Reddit Inc. reached over 200,000 signatures. Pao posted a response on July 3 as well as an extended version of it on July 6 in which she apologized for bad communication and not delivering on promises. She also apologized on behalf of the other administrators and noted that problems already existed over the past several years. On July 10, Pao resigned as CEO and was replaced by former CEO and co-founder Steve Huffman. In August, Steve Huffman introduced a policy which led to the banning of several offensive and sexual communities. Included in the ban was lolicon, to which Huffman referred as "animated CP [child porn]". Some subreddits had also been "quarantined" due to having "highly-offensive or upsetting content" such as r/European, r/swedenyes, r/drawpeople, r/kiketown, r/blackfathers, r/greatapes, and r/whitesarecriminals. In April 2023, Reddit announced its intentions to charge large fees for its application programming interface (API), a feature of the site that has existed for free since 2008, causing an ongoing dispute. The move forced multiple third-party applications to shut down and threatened accessibility applications and moderation tools. On May 31, Apollo developer Christian Selig stated that Reddit's pricing would force him to cease development on the app. The resulting outcry from the Reddit community ultimately led to a planned protest from June 12 to 14 in which moderators for the site would make their communities private or restricted posting. Following the release of an internal memo from Reddit CEO Steve Huffman and defiance from Reddit, some moderators have continued their protest. Alternate forms of protest have emerged in the days following the initial blackout. Upon reopening, users of r/pics, r/gifs, and r/aww voted to exclusively post about comedian John Oliver. Multiple subreddits labeled themselves as not safe for work (NSFW), affecting advertisements and resulting in administrators removing the entire moderation team of some subreddits. The protest has been compared to a strike. /r/place had its third launch on July 20, 2023; however, the launch was heavily protested by users and developers due to the event following the 2023 Reddit API controversy; Reddit CEO Steve Huffman's decision to make it prohibitively expensive for third-party app developers drew widespread condemnation. In February 2017, Reddit banned the alt-right subreddit r/altright for violating its terms of service, more specifically for attempting to share private information about the man who attacked alt-right figure Richard B. Spencer. The forum's users and moderators accused Reddit administrators of having political motivations for the ban. After the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Reddit banned the subreddit r/DonaldTrump in response to repeated policy violations and alluding to the potential influence the community had on those who participated in or supported the storming. The move followed similar actions from social media platforms, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok and more. The ban was criticized by those who believed it furthered an agenda and censorship of conservative ideologies. The subreddit had over 52,000 members just before it was banned. In May 2016, CEO Steve Huffman said in an interview at the TNW Conference that, unlike Facebook, which "only knows what [its users are] willing to declare publicly", Reddit knows its users' "dark secrets" at the same time that the website's "values" page was updated regarding its "privacy" section. The video reached the top of the website's main feed. Shortly thereafter, announcements concerning new advertisement content drew criticism on the website. In September, a user named "mormondocuments" released thousands of administrative documents belonging to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an action driven by the ex-Mormon and atheist communities on Reddit. Previously, on April 22, the same user had announced his plans to do so. Church officials commented that the documents did not contain anything confidential. On November 23, Huffman admitted to having replaced his username with the names of r/The_Donald moderators in many insulting comments. He did so by changing insulting comments made towards him and made it appear as if the insult were directed at the moderators of r/The_Donald. On November 24, The Washington Post reported Reddit had banned the "Pizzagate" conspiracy board from their site, stating it violated their policy of posting personal information of others, triggering a wave of criticism from users on r/The_Donald, who felt the ban amounted to censorship. After the forum was banned from Reddit, the words "we don't want witchhunts on our site" now appears on the former page of the Pizzagate subreddit. On November 30, Huffman announced changes to the algorithm of Reddit's r/all page to block "stickied" posts from a number of subreddits, such as r/The_Donald. In the announcement, he also apologized for personally editing posts by users from r/The_Donald, and declared intentions to take actions against "hundreds of the most toxic users" of Reddit and "communities whose users continually cross the line". In March 2018, it was revealed that Huffman had hidden Russian troll activity from users. In February 2019, Chinese company Tencent invested $150 million into Reddit. This resulted in a large backlash from Reddit users, who were worried about potential censorship. Many posts featuring subjects censored in China, such as Tiananmen Square, Tank Man, and Winnie the Pooh, received popularity on Reddit. In late August 2021, more than 70 subreddits went private to protest against COVID-19 misinformation on Reddit, as well as Reddit's refusal to delete subreddits undermining the severity of the pandemic. A 2021 letter from the United States Senate to Reddit CEO Steve Huffman expressed concern about the spread of COVID-19 misinformation on the platform. In January 2025, over 100 Reddit communities banned users from posting links from the X social media site after Elon Musk, its CEO, made an arm gesture at a speech which critics claimed was a Nazi salute. The Verge reported that Musk had "privately pressur[ed]" the CEO of Reddit Steve Huffman to moderate content critical of him and the Trump administration, and that after their exchange, Reddit took action and temporarily banned r/WhitePeopleTwitter due to "policy violations". On March 5, 2025, Reddit announced that they will be issuing warnings to users who upvote "violent content", and "may consider" taking other actions against the users. The Verge reported two days later that Reddit's automatic moderation tool has been flagging the word "Luigi" as "potentially violent", including in comments or context unrelated to Luigi Mangione, the suspect in the killing of the UnitedHealthcare CEO. The moderator of r/popculture, a subreddit with over 125,000 members, stated that Reddit's AutoModerator system flagged a comment about Nintendo video game Luigi's Mansion because it included the word "Luigi", and instructed them to "check for violence"; other comments that mentioned "Luigi", even in non-violent context, were also flagged. On July 12, 2018, the creator and head moderator of the GamerGate subreddit, r/KotakuInAction, removed all of the moderators and set the forum to private, alleging it to have become "infested with racism and sexism". A Reddit employee restored the forum and its moderators an hour later. During the George Floyd protests in early June 2020, over 800 moderators signed an open letter demanding a policy banning hate speech, a shutdown of racist and sexist subreddits, and more employee support for moderation. Bloomberg News pointed out the company's slow reaction to r/watchpeopledie, a subreddit dedicated to videos of people dying in accidents and other situations, and the harassment that accompanied new unmoderated features like icons for purchase and public chats. On June 29, 2020, Reddit updated its content policy and introduced rules aimed at curbing the presence of communities they believed to be "promoting hate", and banned approximately 2,000 subreddits that were found to be in violation of the new guidelines on the same day. Larger subreddits affected by the bans included r/The_Donald, r/GenderCritical (the platform's largest and most active anti-transgender radical feminist subreddit), and r/ChapoTrapHouse (a far-left subreddit originally created by fans of the podcast Chapo Trap House). Some media outlets and political commentators also condemned the banning of the r/The_Donald and r/ChapoTrapHouse subreddits as a violation of the right to free political expression. A 2025 TIMES article listed Reddit "The Most Xenophobic Social Media Site" after the Anti-Defamation League denounced Reddit for allowing public communities to engage in racism, antisemitism, and routine hate speech without consequence. In February 2013, Betabeat published a post that recognized the influx of multinational corporations like Costco, Taco Bell, Subaru, and McDonald's posting branded content on Reddit that was made to appear as if it was original content from legitimate Reddit users. PAN Communications wrote that marketers want to "infiltrate the reddit community on behalf of their brand," but emphasized that "self-promotion is frowned upon" and Reddit's former director of communications noted that the site is "100 percent organic." She recommended that advertisers design promotions that "spark conversations and feedback." She recommended that businesses use AMAs to get attention for public figures but cautioned "It is important to approach AMAs carefully and be aware that this may not be a fit for every project or client." Nissan ran a successful branded content promotion offering users free gifts to publicize a new car, though the company was later ridiculed for suspected astroturfing when the CEO only answered puff piece questions on the site. Taylor described these situations as "high risk" noting: "We try hard to educate people that they have to treat questions that may seem irreverent or out of left field the same as they would questions about the specific project they are promoting." In March 2021, Reddit users discovered that Aimee Challenor, an English politician who had been suspended from two UK political parties, was hired as an administrator for the site. Her first suspension from the Green Party came for retaining her father as her campaign manager after his arrest on child sexual abuse charges. She was later suspended from the Liberal Democrats after tweets describing pedophilic fantasies were discovered on her partner's Twitter account. Reddit banned a moderator for posting a news article which mentioned Challenor, and some Reddit users alleged that Reddit were removing all mention of Challenor. Many subreddits, including r/Music, which had 27 million subscribers, and 46 other subreddits with over 1 million subscribers, went private in protest. On March 24, Reddit's CEO Steve Huffman said that Challenor had been inadequately vetted before being hired and that Reddit would review its relevant internal processes. Huffman attributed user suspensions to over-indexing on anti-harassment measures. Challenor was also removed from her role as a Reddit admin. The GameStop short squeeze was primarily organized on the subreddit r/wallstreetbets in January 2021. In October 2023, Reddit Moons (a site-specific cryptocurrency launched in May 2020) had seen a surge of value in 2023, at one point in mid-2023 rising past 50 cents per moon, but it crashed by more than 90% after it was announced on October 17 that the token would be "wound down" on November 8, allegedly due to scaling and regulatory issues; Reddit-centric coins DONUT and BRICK also crashed upon the news. In June 2023, The BlackCat hacker gang claimed responsibility for a February 2023 breach of Reddit's systems. On its data leak site, it claimed that it stole 80 GB of compressed data and demanded a $4.5 million ransom from Reddit. This attack did not involve data encryption like typical ransomware campaigns. In September 2024, the Federal Trade Commission released a report summarizing nine company responses (including from Reddit) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to identity theft, stalking, unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and mental health issues, social stigma, and reputational harm. In 2025, researchers from the University of Zurich conducted a experiment on the debate subreddit r/changemyview. The researchers deployed AI-run Reddit accounts to pose as humans and actively push desired viewpoints in order to study how AI could influence opinions among human participants. The experiment was run without the consent or knowledge of the subreddit moderators for four months until one of the researchers informed them. Critics of the experiment argued it was unethical as it involved impersonation and involuntarily used Redditors as experiment participants. On December 2025, Reddit filed a lawsuit in an attempt to overturn Australia's social media ban for children, as Australia was one of Reddit's biggest markets, and the ban would prevent people under 16 from accessing the site. See also Notes References Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_Now] | [TOKENS: 766] |
Contents ABC News Live ABC News Live is a U.S.-based streaming video news channel for breaking news, live events, newscasts, and longer-form reports and documentaries operated by ABC News since 2018. The channel is available through various streaming platforms such as Hulu, Disney+, YouTube TV and YouTube, DirecTV Stream, Sling TV, Pluto TV, Xumo, Tubi, FuboTV, Haystack News, The Roku Channel, Samsung TV Plus, and the news division's website and apps. Centaur Communications provides the channel to Belize. History After having attempted a 20-minute online news program three times a week hosted by Sam Donaldson in 1999, ABC News launched ABC News Now in March 2003. The service was fee-based except for the customers of America Online, Comcast, and a few other Internet providers. Later, mobile phone users could access the programming through Sprint's MobiTV. The ABCNN service launched on July 24, 2004, with extended coverage of the Democratic National Convention and Republican National Convention. It was offered via digital television, broadband and streaming video at ABCNews.com and on mobile phones. It delivered breaking news, headline news every half hour, and a wide range of entertainment and lifestyle programming. On January 31, 2005, ABC News removed ABC News Now from owned and operated and affiliated TV stations' subchannel as the channel ended its experimental phase, originally expected to end after election day but extended past inauguration. The channel would continue on the internet and wireless devices. 20/20 senior broadcast producer Mike Clemente was then hired as executive producer to head up the channel as a part of an increasing capacity being developed for the channel to return as a permanent channel in the Spring. The channel was relaunched as a digital terrestrial television network, cable channel, and broadband service in early April 2005. On November 5, 2007, Disney-ABC International Television announced plans to launch the channel in international territories, including Germany, Spain and Belgium in 2008 on IPTV service Zattoo, with more territories, including the United Kingdom, planned for the next 6 months. This marked the second international channel launched under ABC branding, the first being the United Kingdom general entertainment channel ABC1 which closed on September 26, 2007. On October 28, 2013, ABC News launched a new cable news channel, Fusion, as a joint venture with Univision and contributing its ABC News Now operations. In 2021, Fusion ceased operations. With news channels getting high ratings from the 2016 election and ABC News having exited its joint venture news channel, ABCNL launched exclusively on Roku in March 2018 then added to Facebook Watch and ABC apps and websites. Also on October 26, 2018, the channel was added to Hulu with Live TV followed by Hulu SVOD on March 20, 2020. On September 4, 2024, ABC News Live launched on Disney+. On April 21, 2020, ABC News Live launched on YouTube TV and Amazon's news app on Fire TV. On January 23, 2020, ABC News announced an expansion of staffing for the streaming channel and changes in programming to add newscasts, long-form reports, and documentaries being rolled out over a month. Justin Dial, formerly of Vice News Tonight, was hired as senior executive producer of ABC News Live. Tom Llamas (now at NBC News) would anchor breaking news coverage at the time of the Iowa caucuses, while Linsey Davis would anchor two weekday one-hour evening newscasts. ABC News planned, as of March 2020, that ABCNL would air 18 hours of programming daily. Programming References |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92] | [TOKENS: 14384] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืจื ืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื (ืืื ืืืืช: Hong Kong, ืืกืื ืืช ืืกืืจืชืืช ืืืกืื ืืช ืืคืืฉืืช: ้ฆๆธฏ[ื]) ืื ืืฉืื ืืจืฉืื, "ืืื ื ืงืื ื โ ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืขืืืืช ืฉื ืกืื" (ืืกืื ืืช ืืกืืจืชืืช: ไธญ่ฏไบบๆฐๅ
ฑๅๅ้ฆๆธฏ็นๅฅ่กๆฟๅ; ืืืื (ืื '): Jลซng'wร h Yร hnmร hn Guhng'wรฒhgwok Hฤunggรณng Dahkbiht Hร hngjingkฤui; ืืคืื-ืืื: Zhลnghuรก rรฉnmรญn gรฒnghรฉguรณ xiฤnggวng tรจbiรฉ xรญngzhรจngqลซ; ืืืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืช ืชืงื ืืช: [ษjรกล.kร ล tสฐษคฬ.pjฤ ษวล.สสษฬล.tษสฐรฝ], ืืืืื ืืงื ืืื ืืืช ืชืงื ืืช: [hลฬหล.kษฬหล tษฬkฬ.pรฌหtฬ hษฬล.tsฤล.kสฐษตฬy], โืืืื ืโโโพโ; ืืื ืืืืช: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China) ืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืขืืืืช ืฉื ืกืื. ืืงืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉื ื. ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื, ืืฆื ืืื ืงืืืืื ืืืืจืืืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืืช. ืืฆื ืืื ืงืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืืืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืฆืคืื, ืืืชืืืจืืช ืืฉืื ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืขืืืืช ืฉื ืกืื ืืขืืจ ืื ืืจ ืกื ืฆ'ืื. ืืกื ืืื, ืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื 236 ืืืื ืงืื ืื, ืฉืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืฉื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืืก ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื. ืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืค ืืื ืฆ'ืื ืฉืืื ื ืื ืืืจืืื ื ืืฉื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืขืืื ืืฆืคืืคืืช ืืืืืืกืืืชื ืืืจื ืืืื ืกื ืื ืงืจืื (ืื ืืืืช) ืฉืืงืืืืืืื. ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืจืืืืช ืขื 1 ืืืืื 1997, ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืจื ืืืฉืืจ ืืกืื ื, ืืคื ืืกืื ืืืื ื. ืชืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืจืฉืืืช ืฉื "ืืืื ื ืืืช, ืฉืชื ืฉืืืืช" ืงืืืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืื ืชืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืกืื ื, ืืืืฉืืื ืืงืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืฉืคื, ืืืืข, ืืืก ืืืืืจื ืืฉืื, ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืฆื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืืืฉ, ืืืงืืื ืืืืฉืืืช ืืจืืืืืช. ืจืง ืืขืจืืช ืืืื ื ืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืกืื ืืืืคืืืืืืื ื ืชืื ืื ืชืืช ืืกืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืื'ืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2020 ืืขืืืจื ืกืื ืืช "ืืืง ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื" ืฉืืืกืจ ืขื ืืืจืืื "ืืืชืืจ ืชืืช ืกืื", ืืงืืืฆืืช ืืืื ืืืื ื-ืงืื ื ืืขื ื ืฉืืืืง ืืกืื ืืช ืชืื ืชืงืืคืช "ืืืื ื ืืืช, ืฉืชื ืฉืืืืช". ืืืกืืืจืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืฉื ืืคื ืื ืจืื ืืืจ ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืืืืฉื. ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืชืงืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืฉืืช ืฆ'ืื, ืืฉืืืฉื ืืืกืืก ืืื ืืกืืจื ืืืฉื ืฉืืฉืืช ืืื ื ืืฉืืฉืืช ืกืื ื. ืืงืฉืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืขื ืืืืจืืคืืื ื ืืฆืจ, ืืืฉืจ ืขืื ืื ืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืจื ืื ืคืืจืืืืื ืืฉื ื'ืืจื'ื ืืืืืืจืฉ. ืืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืจืืืื ื ืืฆืจ ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืจื ืืืจืืืืช-ืืืืืช, ืฉืืื ืื ืืืจ ืกื ืืฃ ืืืืื ืื'ืืื, ืืืืืื ืืคืชืื ืกื ืืฃ ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืกืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1839, ืขืงื ืกืืจืืื ืฉื ืกืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืจืืืื ืืกืืืจ ืืืืคืืื ืืืืืจ, ืคืชืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืชื ืืืืืช ืืืืคืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื. ืืืืืื ืืกืชืืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืื, ืืกืื ืืืืฆื ืืืชืื ืขื ืืืื ื ืื ืงืื ื, ืื ืืืชืจื ื-1842 ืขื ืฉืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืื ืืฆืืืชืืช. ืืืงืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืืช ืืชืจ ืืจืืืืช, ืฉืืื ืชื ืืฉื "ืืขืืจ ืืืงืืืจืื". ืขืฉืจืื ืฉื ื ืืืจ ืื ื-1860, ืคืชืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืืืืื ื ืืกืคืช โ ืืืืืช ืืืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืื. ืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืฆืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืขื ืืขืืืื ื, ืืกืืคืื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืงืืืืื, ืืืกืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืืืขืืืช ืคืงืื. ื-1898 ืืืืฆื ืืจืืื ืื ืืช ืกืื ืืืืืืจ ืื ืฉืืืื ื ืืกืคืื ื-99 ืฉื ื. ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืจืืืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืืช. ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืืคืฉื ืืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืขืืจ ืกืืจ ืืืืืคืจืื ืืืจืืืืช. ืืืงืื ืืืกืืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืื ืืจืืืืช, ืื ืืงืืืื ืืกืื ืืช ืฉืืจื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืงืฉืจ ืืืขื ืืืื ืขื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืจืืคืืืช ืืขืฉืืจื. ืืฉื ืช 1941, ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืคืืฉื ืืคื ืืืื ื ืงืื ื. ืืกืืืื ืฉื ืงืจื ืืื ื ืงืื ื โ ืืคื ืฉืืื ื, ื ืื ืขื ืืืจืืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืคื ืืช. ืืืื ืืืคื ืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืงืื ื, ืืืจืืื ืจืืื ืกืืื ืืืืคืืช ืืืืืกืืจ ืืืืื. ืื ืืืื ืคืืฆืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื, ืขืงื ืืืืจื ืืืคื ื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืกืฃ ืืฉืืจืืช ืฆืืืืื. ืืืืืืกืืืช ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืฆืืืงื ื-1.6 ืืืืืื ืืืฉ ืืคื ื ืืฉืชืืืืช ืืคื, ื-600,000 ืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1945, ืขืช ืืืจืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืขืช ืืคื. ืืืืืืกืืืช ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืชืคืชืื ืืงืฆื ืืืืจ. ืคืืืืื ืจืืื ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืขืงื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืกืื ืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืืกืืื ืฉื ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืขืืืืช ืฉื ืกืื. ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืคืื ืืืฆืขื ืืืฆืืจืช ืงืฉืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืกืื ืขื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืจ ืืขืืื, ืขืงื ืืชืจืืงืืช ืืืืฉื ืืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืื ืืช ืืจืืช, ืืืืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืื"ื ืืืจืื ืืจื ืืืืื ืขื ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืขืืืืช ืฉื ืกืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืงืืจืืื. ืชืืช ืฉืืืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืฉืืฉืื ืืคืจืื. ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืคื ืืืจืื ืืกืืจ ืืืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืืืง ืืกืืืจืืช ืจืืืช ืขืืจื ืื ืืืจืื ืืืขืจื. ืืืจืืช ืจื ืืืืืืืช ืจืืืช ืืืงืื ืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืืืง ืืื ืืื ืืคืื ืืืจืื ืื ืงืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืจืกื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืื ืืืช ืืืจืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืจืืืง. ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ื-70, ืขื ืืชืงืจืืืชื ืฉื ืชืื ืืืขื ืืืืืจื ืฉื "ืืืจืืืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืืช", ืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืจืืื ืื ืืืฉืืฉ ืืืืกืจ-ืืืืืืืช ืืงืฉืจ ืืขืชืืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื, ืืืืฉืคืขืืช ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืขืืืืช ืฉื ืกืื ืืื ืืืชืืื ืจืืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืฉืื ืจืืืื ื ืกืื ื ืฉืฆืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืืืืชื, ืืกืืื ืืืืืจื ืขื ืืืจืืืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืฉืืื ืืจืืืช ืฉืื ืืงืืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืช. ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ื-24 ืืกืคืืืืจ 1982 ืืขืช ืืืงืืจื ืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืจืืื ืื ืืจืืจื ืชืืฆ'ืจ ืืืืื'ืื ื, ืืคืืืฉืชื ืขื ืื ืืื ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืขืืืืช ืฉื ืกืื, ืื ื ืฉืืืืคืื ื. ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืชืจื ืืจืืื ืื ืขื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืืขื ืคืงืืขืช ืืืืืจื ืขื ืืืจืืืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืืช, ืืืืื ืกืื ืืืืืื ืืชืช ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืชืืจ ืขื ืื ื ืืช ืืฉืืง ืืืืคืฉื ืืืื ื ืงืื ื, ืชืืช ืืืืชืจืช "ืืืื ื ืืืช ืฉืชื ืฉืืืืช". "ืืืฆืืจื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ืืกืื ืืช-ืืจืืืืช" ืฉืคืืจืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืฉืืืื ื ืืชืื ืืืื'ืื ืขื ืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉื ืฉืชื ืืืืื ืืช ื-19 ืืืฆืืืจ 1984. ืืืืจืช ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืฉืืืื ืืชื ืืื ืืืชืืื ื ื-1 ืืืืื 1997. ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืืข ืืฉืื, ืืืกืื, ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืืืจื, ืืขืจืืช ืืืงืื ื ืคืจืืช ืืืฃ ืืืงื ืชื ืืขื ืฉืื ืื ืฉืฉืืืจืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืื ืืื ืืฆื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืืืฉ (ืื ืืืื ืืกืื). ืกืื ืื ืื ืกื ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืืืื ืืกืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืจืืืืช ืืืื ื-ืงืื ื ืชืื ื ืืกืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืง ืืืืกืืจืช ืฉื ืคืชืืืืช ืืืืืงืจืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืืืื ืกืืฃ ืืฉืืืื ืืืจืืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2014 ืืชื ืืื ืืคืื ืืช ืจืืืืช ืืืงืฃ ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืชืืืขื ืืฉื ืืช ืืช ืฉืืืช ืืืืจืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืืคืื ืืืืืงืจืืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืืฉื ืฉืืืืขืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืฉืจื ืืจืืฉ ืขื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืกืื. ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืื ืฉืืขืืืจื ืกืื, ืืื ืืื "ืืืง ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื" ืฉื ืืงืง ืืฉื ืช 2020 ืืืืคื ืฉืขืืงืฃ ืืช ืืคืจืืื ื ืืืื ื-ืงืื ืื, ืืฉืืืกืจ ืขื ืืืจืืื "ืืืชืืจ ืชืืช ืกืื", ืกืืื ื ืืขืื ื ืจืืื ืืืืคืืื ืื ืืช ืชืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืขืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืื ื-ืงืื ื ืืกืื ืื-ืคืงืื. ืคืืืืืืงื ืืขืื ืืืืงื: ืขื ืคื ืืชืืงืื ืืืืงื ืืกืื ืืช ืืฉื ืช 1982 ืืขื ืคื ืืืฆืืจื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ืืกืื ืืช-ืืจืืืืช ืืฉื ืช 1984, ื ืงืืข ืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืชืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืกืืจืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืกืื (Special Administration Region, HKSAR). ืขื ืื ืช ืืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืงืืืื ืฉื 'ืืืื ื ืืืช-ืฉืชื ืฉืืืืช', ืืืฉืจื ืืืจืฅ 1990 ืขื ืืื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืขืืื ืืกืื ื 'ืืืืงื ืืงืื ื', ืืืง ืืกืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ื-1990. ื ืงืืข ืื ืืคืจืฉื ืืช ืืืืงื ืื ืชืื ืชื ืขื ืืื ืืขืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืฉื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืกืื ื (NPCSC) ืืื ืชืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืชืืื ืืืืืื (ืืืื ืืืืข ืืืกืืจ) ืืื ืืชืืื ืืคืืืืื ืืืืืช ืื, ืืืขื ืืขื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืขืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืื. ืืื ืื ืกืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืคืืืืืืืช, ืืฉืืคืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื, ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืืจื ืืื ืืคืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืฉื ื, ืืืืื 1997. ืืื 1997, ืืืจืขื ืืืืืืื ืคืืืืืืื ืจืืื ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ืื ืืืข ืืงืืืื ืืืืืงืจืืื ืื, ืืคืจืฉื ืืช ืืกืขืืฃ 23 ืืืืงื ืืืืจ ืชืงื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืจื, ืืืืช ืืฆืืขื ืืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืืงืช ืื ืืืื ืืคืจืฉ ืืช ืืืง ืืืกืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื. ืืืืืืืืื ืืคืืืืืืื ืืขืืงืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืงืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืคืจื-ืกืื ื ืืืื ื ืงืื ื. ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ืื ืื ืืืื ืช ืกืื ืืขืจืขืจ ืืช ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืื ืืืจืขื ืืืื ืืืืื 1997, ืื ืฆืขืื ื-700,000 ืืืฉ ืืจืืืืืช ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืขื ืืืืงืจืืื ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืชืขืจืืืช ืกืื ืืขืืืืช ืืืงืืงื ืืืื ื ืงืื ื. ื-1 ืืืืื 2007, ื ืขืจืื ืืจืื ืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืขืฉืืจ ืืืืจืช ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืจืืืื ืืช ืกืื ืืช. ืืืืืืืช ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืื ื ืฉืื ืกืื ืื ื'ืื ืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืกืื ืืืืฉื ืืฉืืฉืื ืืืงืคืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื. ื-2019 ืืชืืืื ืกืืจืช ืืคืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืฉืชืชืคืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืชืืฉืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืกืืจืช ืชืืฉืืื ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืกืื. ืืืคืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืคืคืช ืืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื, ืืืืืช ืืคืืฃ ืืืืง ืืกืื ื. ืืืฉืฉ ืืื ืฉืชืืฉืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืื ืืคืืคืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืฉืคื ืืืจืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืช, ืฉืชื ืฉืืืืช ืฉืืชืงืืืื ืขื ืขืืฉืื. ืืืืืืช ื ืคืฆืขื ืืืขืื ื-2,600 ืืืฉ ื-2 ื ืืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืืขื ืจืืฉ ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืฆืขืช ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื, ืงืืจื ืืื, ืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืฉื ืืช ืืช ืืืงื ืืืกืืจื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืืขื ืื "ืืืง ืืืกืืจื ืืช". ืืฉื ืช 2020 ืืขืืืจื ืกืื ืืช ืืืง ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืฉืืืกืจ ืขื ืืืืจืืื ืืืืื, ืืืกืืช ืื ืืืชืืจ ืชืืช ืกืื, ืืืคืืขื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืกืืจ ืืืจืืื ืฉืืคืืื ื ืืืขื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืกืื ืื ืืืืจืช ืืืืงืจืืืืฆืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืืื ืืฉืืฉืืช, ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืคืฉืืืช ืืืืชืจ ืืขืืื, ืืืืืกืกืช ืืืืื ืจืื ืขื ืกืืจ ืืื ืืืืื. ืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืงืื, ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืชืืคืกืช ืืช ืืืงืื ืืขืฉืืจื ืืขืืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืกืืจ ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืื ืงืืืช ื-11 ืืืืืื ืืขืืื. ืืืืืข ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ื ืงืื ืื. ืืชื"ื ืื ืคืฉ ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื, ืฉืฉืืขืืจื 56,322 ืืืืจ (2014) ืืืืจื ืืืงืื ื-11 ืืขืืื, ืืฉืืจื ืืืช ืขื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืขืจื ืืืจืืคื ืืืงืืื ืืช ืื ืฉื ืืคื, ืขืืืื ืืืืคืืช ืืช ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืขืฉืืจ ืืืืฉืช ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืชื"ื ืื ืคืฉ. ืืชื"ื ืื ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืขืจื ื-292.7 ืืืืืืจื ืืืืจ (2014), ืืืืื ืชื"ื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืงื ืืื (PPP) ืืื 400.6 ืืืืืืจื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจื ืืืงืื ื-45 ืืขืืื. ืืืื ืืคืืชืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืืงืืช ืืืงืื ื-24 ืืขืืื ืืืจื ืืจืื ืื ืืกืื ืืคืืจ ืืืคื ื ืืืื, ืงืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืจื ืชืงืืคื ืืจืืื ืฉื ืฆืืืื ืืืชื ื ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืื, ืืจื ืงืฆื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืจื ืืืืจื ืืฉืืืื ืกืื ื, ืืืืืื ืืขืงืืืช 1998 ืื ืืืืชื ืืจืืื ืฉื 5 ืืืื ืืชื"ื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืกืืจืก ืืฉื ืื 2001 โ ืืืฆืข 2003. ืืืจืืื ืฉืื ืื โ ืกืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืกืืจืก, ืืืชืืืฉืฉืืช ืืฉืืง ืืขืืืื ืืืืชืืื ืขื ืืกืื CEPA ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืง ืืืชืจ ืืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืกืื, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืืืืจืืื ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืฉื ืืืคืฉืืช ืืืชืจ ืืฉืืง ืืกืื ื ืืชืจืื ืืขืืืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืกืื ืืช ืืืื ื ืงืื ื โ ืืจืื ืืื ืฉืืฉืืขืช ืืจืืขืื ืื ืฉืืืจื ืืืฆืข 2003 ืืืืฉื ืืฆืืืื ืืงืฆื ืืืืฆืข ืฉื 6.8 ืืืื. ื ืืื ื-2024, ืืื ื ืงืื ื ื ืืฆืืช ืืืงืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืจืื ืืขืจืื ืืืงืจืืช ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืืจืช ืืืืขืืฅ ืืืืจืืงืืืช ืืจืกืจ. ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืขืืื ืฉื ืืืฉ, ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืื. ืืืชืื, ืืืืื ืืืืฆืื, ืืืื ืืฆืื ืืืืฉ, ืขืืื ืขื ืกื ืืชื"ื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื. ืืชืืฆืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืคืฉ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืชืงืืืืช ืืืืชืจ ืืืืจืืคื. ืขืืงืจ ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืืกืก ืขื ืกืืจ ืขื ืฃ, ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืจืช ืืื ืกืื, ืืืฉืจ ืฉืืขืืจ ืืขืืกืงืื ืืขื ืคื ืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืงืจืื ื-90 ืืืื ืืืื ืืชื"ื, ืืืฉืจ ืืืงื ืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืืฆืืจ ืืชืขืฉืืืชื ืืืื ืืงืื ืืืืจืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืืื ืจืื ืืกืื ืืืคื. ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืืงืฃ ืืจืื ืฉื ืคืขืืืืช ืื ืงืืืช ืืืชืจืื ืื, ืืฉืื ืฉืจืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืงืืช ืืช ืืืื ืืืกืืืชื ืฉืืื ืืื ืื. ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืื ื-ืงืื ื, ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืื ืืจืื ืืื-ืืง ืื ืืืืืกื ืช ืืืืช ืจืื ืฉื ืืืืข ืขื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืจื ื ืืื ืืขืืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืขืืจ ืืืื ื 2020 "ืืืง ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื" ืืกืื ื, ืฉืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืฉื ืืกืื ื ืืืฉื ืืืืืข ืืืืืืกื ืืืื ื-ืงืื ื, ืืืืืขื ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช, ืืื ืืื ืืืงืืืง, ืฉืืขืืืจื ืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืื ื-ืงืื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืข ืืืืืคืืช ืืืืข, ืืืืจืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืคืืืกืืืง, ืืืืืืจ, ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืืขื ืฉืืืืฆื ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืกื ืืืืข ืืืื ื-ืงืื ื. ื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2019 ืขืืจ ืืืืื ื ืืื ื-ืงืื ื ืืืืืงื ืืชืืืจ ืืขืืจ ืืืชืืืืจืช ืืขืืื ืืืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืฉื ืื, ืืืช ืขื ืืฃ ืืชืืืืช ืขืงืืืช ืืื ืกืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืช 2019, ืฉืืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืื ืฉื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืช ืืขืืจ. ืืืจืืช ืืืช, ืื ืืฉื ืช 2019 ืฉืืจื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืขื ืชืืืจื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ื-26 ืืืืืื ืชืืืจืื. ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืื ืืจืื ืขืกืงื ืืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืกืื, ืืจืืื ืืืืืงืจืื ืฉืืืืขืื ืืืื ืขืืฉืื ืืืช ืขื ืจืงืข ื ืกืืขื ืขืกืงืืช. ืืื ืืชืจื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืจืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ื ืื ืื ื ืื ืืืงืืืจืื, ืืืืจ ืืืื ืงืืืื ืคืื ื, ืงื ืืื ืืจืืืจ ืกืืื ืืฉืืง ืื ืฉืื. ืืืืืจ ืกื ืืจื ืฉืืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืชืืืจืจืื ืืืืขืกืงืื ืชืืฉืืื ืจืืื ืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืืืจ ืชืืื ืืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืฆืคืืคืืช. ืืื ืืืชืืืจ ืขื ืืืฉืื ืืืจ, ื ืื ื ืืืืจื 800 ืืืจืื, ืืจืื ืืข ืกื ืืจื - ืืื-ืืืืืก, ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืข ืืืจืื ืืืืชืจ ืืขืืื. ื ืื ืืชืขืืคื ืืงืืื, ื ืื ืืชืขืืคื ืงืื ืืืง, ืืื ืืืืงื ืืืจืื ืืขืืจ ืืกืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืจืืื, ืืืืืื ืกืื ื ืฉื ืืืฉ. ื ืื ืืชืขืืคื ืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื, ื ืื ืืชืขืืคื ืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืื ืื ืขื ืื ืืืืืืชื. ืืืืฉื ืื ืื ืืชืขืืคื ืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืจืืืช ืืืื, ืืืงืฉืจืช ืืช ื ืื ืืชืขืืคื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืงื ืืื ืืจื ืื ืืจื ืชืช-ืืืืช. ืืืืคืช ืืื ืืจื ืืชืช-ืืืืช ืืืขืืคื ืขื ืคื ื ืืฉืจ ืขืืื ืขื ืคื ื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืกื ืืืง ืื ืชืื ืืชืืืืจื ืืืื, ืืขืืืก ืืืืื. ืืืืืจืคืื ืืฉื "ืืื ื ืงืื ื" ืืืืกืก ืขื ืฉืื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืฉืืื ืกืื ืืืจืืื, ืืฉืืื ืขื ืฉืคื ื'ื ื'ืืื ื (ื ืืจ ืืคื ืื ื) ืืืจืื ืกืื. ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ื ืืืืื ืืฆื ืืื ืงืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื, ืืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื, ืืฉืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืืื 262 ืืืื. ืืืจืืืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืืช, ืืืืืืช ืืืขืฉื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืื ื-ืงืื ื, ืืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืงืืืืื, ืืืฆืคืื ืืกืื ืืขืืืืช, ืืืืจื ื ืืจ ืกื ืฆ'ืื (ื ืืจ ืฉื ื'ื). ืืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืฆื ืืื ืงืืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืื ืืืงืืืจืื, ืฉืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืืงืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืจืื ืกืื. ื ืืคื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืจืจื ืืืื, ืขื ืืืจืื ืืช ืชืืืืื, ืืฉืื ืงืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืื ื ืืฆืืช ืขื ืืจ ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืืืื 958 ืืืจืื. ืืฉืืขืืช ืืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืกืื ืืช ืืื "ืื ืื ืืจืืื ื". ืฉื ืื ื ืืชื ืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืงืื ื (ืืืืื ื ืืืื ืึฒืึถึผืจึฐืึดืื) ืืื ืืืืฆืืื ืขืฆืื ืจืืื ืืื. ืืื ื ืงืื ื ื ืืฆืืช ืืฆืืื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืฉืคื ื ืืจ ืืคื ืื ื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืืื ืช ืืฆืืื ืืืขืจืื. ืืฆืคืื ืฉืืื ืช ืืขืืจ ืฉื ื'ื ืฉืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืฉืืกืื. ืืืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื, 1,102 ืงื"ืจ, 25 ืืืื ืคืืชืื, ืืืืื 75 ืืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืคืืจืงืื ืืฉืืืจืืช ืืืข. ืืงืืืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืื ืืจืืคื ืืื ืกืื ื. ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืงืจืืจ ืืืืฉ ืืืืจืฃ, ืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืจืฅ, ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืงืืฅ, ืืื ืืคืจืื ืืกืคืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืฉ ืืกืชืื, ืืื ืืืงืืืืจ ืืืฆืืืจ. ืืื ื ืงืื ื ื ืืฆืืช ืขื ืืกืืืื ืฉื ืืืืคืื ืื ืืกืขืจืืช ืืจืืคืืืช. ื-18 ืืกืคืืืืจ 1906, ืืืฉื, ืคืืข ืฆืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืจืื ืื ื-10,000 ืืืฉ. ื-16 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2018 ืคืืข ืืืืืคืื "ืื ืืื" ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืข ืืืคืืืืคืื ืื, ืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืคืื ืื ืฉื 2,500,000 ืืืฉ. ืืืืืจืคืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืืจืืืื ืืขืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืกืื, ืืืชืืืจืจืื ืื ื-7.5 ืืืืืื ืชืืฉืืื. ืชืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืฆืขืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืื 85.51 ืฉื ืื: 82.8 ืืืืจ ื-88 ืืืืฉื. ืงืฆื ืืจืืืื ืืืืขื ืขืืื ืขื 0.4% ืืฉื ื, ืืืฉืจ ืฉืืขืืจ ืืคืจืืื ืขืืื ืขื 0.75 ืฆืืฆืืื ืืืืฉื. ืืืืืื ืืืืขื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืื ื ืงืื ื, ืืื ืืขืืจืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืกืื ืืืจืืื ืื ืืฉื ืช 1842. ืกืืืจืื ืืืืืื (ืืขืืงืจ ืืขืืจืืง, ืืืืืื ืืงืืืงืื) ืืขืืืจื ืืช ืืฉืจืืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืฉืื ื ืืืื ืื'ืืื, ืืื ืืคืชื ืืช ืื ืื ืืืืฉ. ืืฉื ืช 1857 ืื ื ืืกืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืงื ืฉืฉืื ืืช ืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืืื ื ืงืื ื, "ืืื ืืื", ืืืกื ืืช ืืงืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืื ืืืช ืงืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืงืื. ืคืจืืฆืชื ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืืืฉ ืืืคื ื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืฉืขื ืืืืคื ืืื ื ืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืจ. ืืฉืคืื ืืืืืช ื ืืกืคืช ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืื ืืฉืคืืช ืืืืจื, ืืฉืคืื ืืืืืืช ืขืืจืืงืืช ืฉืืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืข-ืขืฉืจื ืืืืจ-ืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ื-1880. ืืืื ืืชืฉืข-ืขืฉืจื ืฆืืจื ืืืฉืคืื ืืื ืขืชืง ืืกืืจ ืืืืคืืื, ื ืื"ื ืืฉืืจืืชืื. ืืืืจ 1949, ืืืขืืจ ืืจืื ืคืขืืืืชื ืืืื ื-ืงืื ื ืืื ืื ืืจืืืื ืืช ืขืกืงื ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืืื ืชืืืืื. ืขืกืงื ืืืฉืคืื, ืฉืืจืืฉื ืขืืื ืกืจ ืืืืงื ืืืืืืื ืืืืจื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืชื ืืืื ืืคืืืจืื, ืืืจืช ืืกืืงืื ืืืืืงืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืช ืืจืืื ืืขืืื, ืืื 35% ืืื ืืืช ืืืจืช CLP Holdings ืืืกืคืงืช 75% ืืชืฆืจืืืช ืืืฉืื ืฉื ืืื ื-ืงืื ื. ื-2007 ืืื ืืืืงื ืืืืจื ืืืืฉ ืืจืืืขื ืืืื ื ืืกืื. ืืื ืื ืืื ืฉื ืงืจื ืื ืืื ืืช ืข"ืฉ ืืืืจื ืืืฃ ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืฆืจืคืช. ืืืื ืงืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ืฉืืืฉ ืงืืืืืช ืืืจืชืืืืงืกืืืช: "ืืื ืืื", "ืงืืืืช ืฆืืื" ืืื"ื ืืืืืืืืืืฉ. ืืขืืจ ืืืืชื ืงืืืืช ืงืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืืฉื "ืฉืืื ืืฉืจืื", ืืื ืงืืืื ืจืคืืจืืืช. ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ืฉืืืฉ ืืกืขืืืช ืืฉืจืืช, ืืืช ืงืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืกืคืจ ืืืืื ืืฉื "ืืจืื" ืืืืื ืืจืืขื ืื ืื ืืฉืืื ื ืืืชืืช ืืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2010 ืืืงื ืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื "ืืืื". ืืขืืจ ืคืขื ืื ืชืืืื ืชืืจื ืืจืื ืฉืืืคืขื ืขื ืืื ืงืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืกืืจ ืืฉื ืช 2005. ืื ืืืช ืืกืคืจ "ืขืืืื ืฉืืื", ืฉืืืงื ืืืงืืื ืืื ืืกืคืง ืืขื ื ืืงืืืื ืืืจืืืช, ื ืกืืจ ืขืงื ืงืฉืืื ืืืืืืื. ืชืจืืืช ืชืจืืืช ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืฉืคืขืช ืืืชืจืืืช ืืกืื ืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืชืจืืืช ืืืขืจื ืฉืืืืื ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืจืืืืช ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืืืคืจืื ืืืจืืืืช. ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืืื ืืคืืฉ ืชืจืืืชื ืืื ืืกืืจืืช ืกืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืขืจืื. ืืคืืฉ ืชืจืืืชื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืงืื ืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืขืจื. ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ืคืืขืืืช ืืกืขืืืช ืืกืืจืชืืืช ืฉื ืืืจื ืืกืื (ืืื ืกืื, ืืืืื ืืกืื ื, ืืืคื ื, ืืืืื ืืขืื) ืืกืขืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช (ืืืื ืฆืจืคืชื ืืืืืืงื) ืืืกืขืืืช ืคืืื'ื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืงืืื ืืข ืืืื ื ืงืื ืื ื ืืืข ืืฃ ืืื ืืฉืืืืืื ืืื ืกืจืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืขืจืืืื, ืืืขืืงืจ, ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ื-60 ืื-70 ืืชืืงื ืืกืจืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืื. ืืกืคืจ ืฉืืงื ืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืงืืื ืืข ืืืื ื ืงืื ืื ืืืื ืืจืืก ืื ืื'ืงื ืฆ'ืื. ืืืื ื ืงืื ื ืคืืขืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืจืฉืช ืืื ื ืงืื ื, ืืืืืืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืืืื ืืช, ืืืืืืืื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื, ืืืืืืื ืืืืข ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื, ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื (ืืืฆืืืื ืืืืืจ ืฆืื ืฉื ืฆืื ืฉืืงืืืืื), ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืชื (ืืคืืจืง ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืฉืืื ืืื ื ืงืื ื), ืืืืื ืืืกื ืืื ื ืงืื ื (ืืืฆืื ืขื ืคืกืืช ืืืงืืืจืื) ืืืืืืืื ืืืงืืืจ ืกืื ืืื-ืกื (ืืืฆืื ืืืืืจ ืกื ืืจื). ืืืฉืืช ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืชืืืืช ืืืกืคืจ ืืืกืืืช ืชืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื, ืืชืืืืจืช ืืคืืืืจืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืื ื ืงืื ื. ืจืื ืื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://pop.education.gov.il/?utm_source=chatgpt.com#third_406037] | [TOKENS: 332] |
ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืืืชืจืืช? ืืืขืืื ืืคืชื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืื ืคืืจืื ืื ื ืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืชืืื ืืชืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื (ืืจืืืช ืคืจืกืืืืช) ืืื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืขืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืื. ืื ื ืชืงืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืืข ืืชืืื, ืืืคืฉืจืืชืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืจืื_ืืืจืฉืช_ืื ืื_ืืืื] | [TOKENS: 2852] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืจืฉืช ืื ืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืืจืฉืช ืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืื ืฆืื ืืืืืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืฉื, ืื ืื ืืืื, ืืคืืขื ืืืื "ืืืืง ืืื ืฆืืช ืืืจื ืฉื ืื ืื ืืืื", ืืชืฉื "ื-1998. ืืืจืื ืืืืงื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืื ื ืฉืืืงื ืืืืจื ืื. ืืืกืืืจืื ืืจืื ืืืจืฉืช ืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืคืขื ืืื ืฆืื ืืืืืืชื ืืืคืงื ืืืฆ"ื, ืื ืืื ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืจืื ืื ืฆืื ืืช ืืืจืฉืชื ืฉื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืคืขื ืืืขื ืืืจืืชื, ืขืชืืื ืืืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืขื ืืืืืื ืืืจืฆื. ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืชืฃ ืืื ืื, ืืฆืืคื ืื ืืจ ืฆืืื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืขืชืืงื ืฉื ืืจืืฉืืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืจืืืื, ืกืคืจืื ืืืืื ืืืงืจ. ืืืจืื ืืงืืื ืืืืคื ืกืืืจ ืคืขืืืืืืช ืื ืฆืื, ืืืงืจ, ืืื ืื ืืืกืืจื ืืงืฉืืจืืช ืืคืืขืื ืืืืืจืฉืชื ืฉื ืื ืื ืืืื. ืืื ืขืืจื ืกืืจืช ืืจืฆืืืช ืืืืฉืืืช ืืคื ืืืงืจืื ืืืืืืจืคืื ืืืืืช ืจืืฉื ืืืฉืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืขืืืื. ืืืจืื, ืฉืืืงื ื-1999, ืืืคืงื ืขื ืื ืฆืืช ืืืจืฉืชื ืืืืจื ืฉื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืช, ืื ืืื, ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืคืขื ืืืขื ืืืจืืชื, ืขืชืืื ืืืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืขื ืืืืืื ืืืจืฆื. ื-1998 ื ืงืืข ืืืืง ืืื ืฆืืช ืฉืงืืข ืืจืื ืืื ืฆืืช ืืืจื ืฉื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืืืง ืืฆืืื ื ืืขืฆืืืืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืชืจ ืืื ืฆืื ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืงืจ ืขื ืฉืื ืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืืจืื. ืืืจืื ืืืคืขืืื ืกืคืจืื ืืืจืืืื ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืืื ืืคืืขืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืืชืงืืืืื ืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืืจืฆืืืช ืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืฉืชื. ืืืจืื ื ืืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืกืืคืืจ ืืืื ืืืืจืฉืชื, ืืืกืืคืจืื ืืืืงื ืืงืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืขืฆืื. ืืืจืื ืืขื ืืง ืืื ืฉื ื, ืืื ื-2002 ืืช "ืคืจืก ืืืื", ืืืืื ืื ืืงืืืฆื, ืืืืช ืืืจื ืขื ืืขืฉื ืืืืื, ืชืจืืื ืื ืืืฉื ืืืขื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืคืจืก ืืืขื ืง ืขื ืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืจืืื ื ืกืืืข ืืฉืจืืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืฆืืืืื, ืืืืืก ืืืื ืืืื ืจืืื, ืืชืืฉืื ืฉืืจืืช, ืืฉืืืืช 13, ืืืจืืื ืจืื ื ืฆืืจ, ืืืจืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืืืืฉ, ืืขืื. ืืชืืื ืืืื ืื, ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืงืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืืฉืจ ื ืืขืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืขืจ ืืช ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืจืฉืชื ืฉื ืืืื. ืขืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืื, ืืคืขืื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืช "ืื ืกืช ืฆืขืืจื", ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืงื ืืช ืืชืืืืืื ืืช ืขืจืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืคืจืืื ืืจื ืืืฉื ืืช ืืช ืชืืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืื ื ืืชืืืืืื. ืืื ืื, ืืืจืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืื ื ื ืืขืจ ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืืจื ืชืื ืืชื ืกืืช ืขื ืืขืืืื ืืคืจืืื ืืจืืช. ืื ื ื ืืขืจ ืืืืงืจืื ืืืจืื ืืชืื ืกืื ืืืืืืืืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืืชืืืงืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืงืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืืืงืื ืืืืขืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืืื ืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืงืืงื. ืืืจืื ืืชืงืืืืื ืืื ืืกื ืชืจืืืช ืืกืืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืื ืืืจืืขื "ืชืจืืืช ืืื ื'" ืืืกืืจืช ืฆื"ื. ืื ืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืฆืื ืืืจื ืืืจืืืืฅ. ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืจืฆื ืืงืื, ืืฉืขืืจ ืื ืื ืืฉืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืฉื-ืจืืฉ ืืืช"ืจ ืืขืืืื. ื-29 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2014 ืืืฆืข ืืืจืื ืืืจืฉืช ืืืื ื ืืกืืื ืืืชื ืงืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืง, ืื ืขืช ืืฆื ืืืื ืก ืืฉื ืชื ืฉื ืคืขืืื ืืจ ืืืืช ืืฉืจ ื ืขืจื ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฉืช ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ื ืืจื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืืื ืืืืง ืขื ืืื ืคืืกืืื ื ืชืืฉื ืืื ืชืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฆื ืงืฉื ืืืื. ืืืชื ืงืฉ, ืืืขืชื ืืื'ืืื, ืขืื ืืฉื ื ืืืกืขืืช 'ืืจืกื' ืืคืืขืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ื ืืืชืื ืืจืื ืืืจืฉืช ืืืื ืืืื ืคืขืื ืื'ืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ื, ืืกืืจ ืืืืืื ื ืืฉืขืืจ ืฉืืฉื ืืืื ืืืขืื ืืขืฉืจ ืฉื ืื ืขื ืืฆืชืืช ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืืื ื ืืชืงืืคืช ืกืืืจืื ืืคื ืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืกืืื ื ืืืืื. ืืขืฉืจ ืฉืขืืช ืืืืจ ืชืงืืคืช ืืืืง ืืื ื ืืจื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืื"ื ืฉืคืขื ืืขืฆืจื ืืฉืืื ืช ืืื ืืืจ, ืืืืจ ืฉืืจื ืืขืืจ ืืืื. ื-24 ืื ืืืืืจ 2014 ืฉืืืจืจ ืืืืง ืืืืช ืืืืืื. ื-29 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2015, ืืื ืขืจื ืกืขืืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืชื ืืืืื. ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื โ |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืืืืื_ืืืืื_ืืฉืจืื] | [TOKENS: 1925] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื (ืืื ืืืืช: Friends Of Zion) ืืื ืืจืื ืืืงืจืื ืคืจืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืขืืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืจืืื ืจืืืืื. ืืืืืืืื ืืืงืืฉ ืืืืงืจืช ืืขื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืขืืื ืืฆืืื ืืชืืื ืืจืขืืื ืืฆืืื ื ืืืงืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืคืชื ืืช ืฉืขืจืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืกืคืืืืจ 2015 ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืจืืงืืืื, ืจืืฉืื ืืกืืื ืืืจืฅ. ืืืืืืืื ืืฆืื ื-16 ืฉืคืืช. ืืืืืจื ืืงืืช ืืืืืืืื ืขืืื ืืจืืื ื ืืฆืจื ืืืจืืงืื ืืื ืืืชื ืฉื ืืกืืคืจ ืืืคืขืื ืืืืื ืืืืกื ื"ืจ ืืืืง ืืืื ืก. ืืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืข ืื-7,000 ืชืืจืืื ืืจืืื ืืขืืื. ืืืืืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืช ืกืืคืืจื ืืืืจืช ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืชืืื ืฉืกืืืขื ืืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืฉื ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ืื, ืืืจื ืืจืืื, ื'ืืจื' ืืืฉ ืืืืืจ ืืืืงืจ ืืชื "ื. ืืืืืืืื ืืฉืชืจืข ืขื ืืจืืข ืงืืืืช, ืืืฉืจ ืื ืงืืื ืืฆืืื ืชืฆืืื ืืืจืช ืขื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจื ืืืืกืืืจืื, ืืื ืืืืื ื-19, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจืืื, ืืฉืืื ืืืงืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืื"ืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืื ืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืฉืขืืจ ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก. ืืจืืฉ ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืกื ืคืื, ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืจืื, ืืื ืื ืืืืฅ, ืงืืื ืืฉืจืช ืืขืื. ืชืขืจืืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืชืืช ืืืื, ืืกืื ืืืข, ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืจ ืงืืืืืช. ืืขืืืื ืขื ืืืืฆืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืฉืชืชืคื ืืืขืื ื-150 ืืื ืื ืืฉืจืืืื. ืืืืืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืชืขืจืืืืช, ืืืจืืืืืช ืืช ืืืืฆื ืืืืื ืืงืจืื "ืื ื ื". ืืืืืืืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืขื ืืืฆืืื ืืจืฆืื ืขื ืคื ื ืชืงืืคืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืกืืืจืื, ืืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืชื "ื ืืขื ืืงืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืื ืืืฆื ืืฆืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืฉืชืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืชืคืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืฆื ืืืืื ืช ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืื ืื ืืช ืืืกืืืืช ืืืงืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืื, ืืชืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืืื ืืช ืชืจืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืช: ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืจื ืืจืืื, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืจืืื ืื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืื ืกืืื ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ืื, ืืืจื ืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืืืืช ืืืกืงืจ ืฉืื ืืืจ, ืจืืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืฉืคืืช ืื ืืื, ืืฉืจ ืกืืื ื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืคืืืชืืื, ืืืขื ืืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ืจืืคื ืืจืืื ืืขืืื. ืคืจืก ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืืื ืืขื ืืง ืืื ืฉื ื ืืช ืคืจืก ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืฉืขืืื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืื. ืืงืืื ืืคืจืก ืืคื ืฉื ืื: ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืฉื ืช 2016 ืคืจืกื ืืืืกื ืืืืืืืื, ื"ืจ ืืืืง ืืืื ืก ืืื ืขื ืืืคืืคืืืจ ืคืจื ืฆืืกืงืืก ืืฆืืจื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช. ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service] | [TOKENS: 7734] |
Contents United States Secret Service The United States Secret Service (USSS or Secret Service) is a federal law enforcement agency under the Department of Homeland Security tasked with conducting criminal investigations and providing protection to American political leaders, their families, and visiting heads of state or government. The Secret Service was, until 2003, part of the Department of the Treasury, due to their initial mandate of combating counterfeiting of U.S. currency. The agency has protected U.S. presidents and presidential candidates since 1901. Primary missions The Secret Service is mandated by Congress with two distinct and critical national security missions: protecting the nation's leaders and safeguarding the financial and critical infrastructure of the United States. The Secret Service is tasked with ensuring the safety of the president, the vice president, the president-elect, the vice presidentโelect, and their immediate families; former presidents, their spouses and their children under the age of 16; those in the presidential line of succession, major presidential and vice-presidential candidates and their spouses; and visiting foreign heads of state and heads of government. By custom, it also provides protection to the secretary of the treasury and secretary of homeland security, as well as other people as directed by the president (usually the White House chief of staff and national security advisor, among others). Former Secret Service director Kimberly Cheatle told the congressional oversight committee that as of July 22, 2024 the secret service has a total of 36 protectees. By federal statute, the president and vice president may not refuse this protection. The Secret Service also provides physical security for the White House Complex; the neighboring Treasury Department building; the vice president's residence; the principal private residences of the president, vice president and former presidents; and all foreign diplomatic missions in Washington, D.C. The protective mission includes protective operations to coordinate manpower and logistics with state and local law enforcement in the US, protective advances to conduct site and venue assessments for protectees, and protective intelligence to investigate all manners of threats made against protectees. The Secret Service is the lead agency in charge of the planning, coordination, and implementation of security operations for events designated as National Special Security Events (NSSE). As part of the service's mission of preventing an incident before it occurs, the agency relies on advance work and threat assessments developed by its Intelligence Division to identify potential risks to protectees. The Secret Service is tasked with safeguarding the payment and financial systems of the United States from a wide range of financial and cyber-based crimes. Financial investigations include counterfeit U.S. currency, bank and financial institution fraud, mail fraud, wire fraud, illicit financing operations, and major conspiracies. Cyber investigations include cybercrime, network intrusions, identity theft, access device fraud, credit card fraud, and intellectual property crimes. The Secret Service is also a member of the FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF), which investigates and combats terrorism on a national and international scale. Also, the Secret Service investigates missing and exploited children and is a partner of the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC). The Secret Service's initial responsibility was to investigate the counterfeiting of U.S. currency, which was rampant following the American Civil War. The agency then evolved into the United States' first domestic intelligence and counterintelligence agency. Many of the agency's missions were later taken over by subsequent agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF), and IRS Criminal Investigation Division (IRS-CI). The Secret Service is also tasked with investigating reports of the existence of specimens of the extremely rare 1933 double eagle gold coin, as only a single example of the thirteen known survivors from this mintage year is authorized to be owned or sold. The Secret Service combines the two responsibilities into a dual objective. The two core missions of protection and investigation synergize with each other, providing benefits to special agents during the course of their careers. Skills developed during the course of investigations which are also used in an agent's protective duties include but are not limited to: Protection of the nation's highest elected leaders and other government officials is one of the primary missions of the Secret Service. After the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley, Congress directed the Secret Service to protect the president of the United States. The Secret Service investigates thousands of incidents each year of individuals threatening the president of the United States. The Secret Service is authorized by 18 U.S.C. ยง 3056(a) to protect: In addition to the above, the Secret Service can also protect other individuals by executive order of the president. Under Presidential Policy Directive 22, "National Special Security Events", the Secret Service is the lead agency for the design and implementation of operational security plans for events designated an NSSE by the secretary of homeland security. There have been changes to the protection of former presidents over time. Under the original Former Presidents Act, former presidents and their spouses were entitled to lifetime protection, subject to limited exceptions. In 1994, this was amended to reduce the protection period to 10 years after a former president left office, starting with presidents assuming the role after January 1, 1997. On January 10, 2013, President Barack Obama signed legislation reversing this limit and reinstating lifetime protection to all former presidents. This change impacted Presidents Obama and G. W. Bush, as well as all future presidents. Protection of government officials is not solely the responsibility of the Secret Service, with many other agencies, such as the United States Capitol Police, Supreme Court Police and Diplomatic Security Service, providing personal protective services to domestic and foreign officials. However, while these agencies are nominally responsible for services to other officers of the United States and senior dignitaries, the Secret Service provides protective services at the highest-level โ i.e. for heads of state and heads of government. The Secret Service's other primary mission is investigative; to protect the payment and financial systems of the United States from a wide range of financial and electronic-based crimes including counterfeit U.S. currency, bank and financial institution fraud, illicit financing operations, cybercrime, identity theft, intellectual property crimes, and any other violations that may affect the United States economy and financial systems. The agency's key focus is on large, high-dollar economic impact cases involving organized criminal groups. Financial criminals include embezzling bank employees, armed robbers at automatic teller machines, heroin traffickers, and criminal organizations that commit bank fraud on a global scale. The USSS plays a leading role in facilitating relationships between other law enforcement entities, the private sector, and academia. The service maintains the Electronic Crimes Task Forces, which focus on identifying and locating international cyber criminals connected to cyber intrusions, bank fraud, data breaches, and other computer-related crimes. Additionally, the Secret Service runs the National Computer Forensics Institute (NCFI), which provides law enforcement officers, prosecutors, and judges with cyber training and information to combat cybercrime. In the face of budget pressure, hiring challenges and some high-profile lapses in its protective service role in 2014, the Brookings Institution and some members of Congress are asking whether the agency's focus should shift more to the protective mission, leaving more of its original mission to other agencies. History Following the Civil War, counterfeiting of U.S. currency was a problem. Abraham Lincoln established a commission to make recommendations to remedy the problem. According to a Clinton White House archive, the day that Abraham Lincoln signed the approval of starting the Secret Service, Lincoln was shot. The Secret Service was later established on July 5, 1865, in Washington, D.C., Chief William P. Wood was sworn in by Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch. It was commissioned in Washington, D.C., as the "Secret Service Division" of the Department of the Treasury with the mission of suppressing counterfeiting. At the time, the only other federal law enforcement agencies were the U.S. Post Office Department's Office of Instructions and Mail Depredations (originally created by the first postmaster general Benjamin Franklin in 1772 as the position of surveyor and becoming an agency in 1830, now known as the United States Postal Inspection Service since 1954), United States Customs Service (formed July 31, 1789), the United States Marshals Service (formed September 24, 1789) and the United States Park Police (originally formed in 1791 as the Park Watchman by George Washington & becoming the Park Police on December 14, 1919). In 1867 Secret Service responsibilities were broadened to include "detecting persons perpetrating frauds against the government" with them investigating the Ku Klux Klan, illegal distillers, smugglers, mail theft and land fraud. In 1870 Secret Service headquarters was moved to New York City but was returned to Washington D.C. four years later in 1874, where it remains to this day. After the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901, Congress informally requested that the Secret Service provide presidential protection. A year later, the Secret Service assumed full-time responsibility for presidential protection. In 1902, William Craig became the first Secret Service agent to die while on duty, in a road accident while riding in the presidential carriage. The Secret Service was the first U.S. domestic intelligence and counterintelligence agency. Domestic intelligence collection and counterintelligence responsibilities were later vested in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). In 1909, President William H. Taft agreed to meet with Mexican president Porfirio Dรญaz in El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juรกrez, Chihuahua, the first meeting between a U.S. and a Mexican president and also the first time an American president visited Mexico. The historic summit resulted in serious assassination threats and other security concerns for the nascent Secret Service, so the Texas Rangers, 4,000 U.S. and Mexican troops, BOI agents, U.S. Marshals, and an additional 250-man private security detail led by Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated scout, were all called in by Chief John Wilkie to provide added security. On October 16, the day of the summit, Burnham discovered a man holding a concealed palm pistol standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route. The man was captured and disarmed only a few feet from Dรญaz and Taft. The first unofficial female special agent was Florence Bolan. She joined the service in 1917. In 1924, Bolan was promoted to operative (the title preceding special agent) where she performed duties, such as searching female prisoners and engaging in occasional fieldwork. The Secret Service assisted in arresting Japanese American leaders and in the Japanese American internment during World War II. In 1950, President Harry S. Truman was residing in Blair House while the White House, across the street, was undergoing renovations. On November 1, 1950, two Puerto Rican nationalists, Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola, approached Blair House with the intent to assassinate President Truman. Collazo and Torresola opened fire on Private Leslie Coffelt and other White House Police officers. Though mortally wounded by three shots from a 9 mm German Luger to his chest and abdomen, Private Coffelt returned fire, killing Torresola with a single shot to his head. Collazo was also shot, but survived his injuries and served 29 years in prison before returning to Puerto Rico in late 1979.[citation needed] Coffelt is the only member of the Secret Service killed while protecting a US president against an assassination attempt (Special Agent Tim McCarthy stepped in front of President Ronald Reagan during the assassination attempt of March 30, 1981, and took a bullet to the chest but made a full recovery). In 1968, as a result of Robert F. Kennedy's assassination, Congress authorized protection of major presidential and vice presidential candidates and nominees. In 1965 and 1968, Congress also authorized lifetime protection of the spouses of deceased presidents unless they remarry and of the children of former presidents until age 16. In 1970, Phyllis Shantz became the first female officer sworn into the United States Secret Service Uniformed Division, then called the Executive Protective Service. In 1971, the first five official female Special Agents were sworn in - Laurie Anderson, Sue Baker, Kathryn Clark, Holly Hufschmidt, and Phyllis Shantz. In 1984, the US Congress passed the Comprehensive Crime Control Act, which extended the Secret Service's jurisdiction over credit card fraud and computer fraud. In 1990, the Secret Service initiated Operation Sundevil, which they originally intended as a sting against malicious hackers, allegedly responsible for disrupting telephone services across the entire United States. The operation, which was later described by Bruce Sterling in his book The Hacker Crackdown, affected a great number of people unrelated to hacking, and led to no convictions. The Secret Service, however, was sued and required to pay damages.[citation needed] On March 1, 1990, the Secret Service served a search warrant on Steve Jackson Games, a small company in Austin, Texas, seizing three computers and over 300 floppy disks. In the subsequent lawsuit, the judge reprimanded the Secret Service, calling their warrant preparation "sloppy." In 1994 and 1995, it ran an undercover sting called Operation Cybersnare. The Secret Service has concurrent jurisdiction with the FBI over certain violations of federal computer crime laws. They have created 24 Electronic Crimes Task Forces (ECTFs) across the United States. These task forces are partnerships between the service, federal/state and local law enforcement, the private sector and academia aimed at combating technology-based crimes. In 1998, President Bill Clinton signed Presidential Decision Directive 62, which established National Special Security Events (NSSE). That directive made the Secret Service responsible for security at designated events. In 1999, the United States Secret Service Memorial Building was dedicated in DC, granting the agency its first headquarters. Prior to this, the agency's different departments were based in office space around the DC area. The General Services Administration acquired the United States Secret Service Memorial Building's adjoining property, the Webster School, for the Secret Service. The New York City Field office was located at 7 World Trade Center. Immediately after the World Trade Center was attacked as part of the September 11 attacks, Special Agents and other New York Field office employees were among the first to respond with first aid. 67 Special Agents in New York City, at and near the New York Field Office, helped to set up triage areas and evacuate the towers. One Secret Service employee, Master Special Officer Craig Miller, died during the rescue efforts. On August 20, 2002, Director Brian L. Stafford awarded the Director's Valor Award to employees who assisted in the rescue attempts. Effective March 1, 2003, the Secret Service transferred from the Treasury to the newly established Department of Homeland Security. The USA Patriot Act, signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001, mandated the Secret Service to establish a nationwide network of ECTFs in addition to the one already active in New York. As such, this mandate expanded on the agency's first ECTFโthe New York Electronic Crimes Task Force, formed in 1995โwhich brought together federal, state and local law enforcement, prosecutors, private-industry companies, and academia. These bodies collectively provide necessary support and resources to field investigations that meet any one of the following criteria: significant economic or community impact; participation of organized criminal groups involving multiple districts or transnational organizations; or use of schemes involving new technology. The network prioritizes investigations that meet the following criteria: Investigations conducted by ECTFs include crimes such as computer generated counterfeit currency; bank fraud; virus and worm proliferation; access device fraud; telecommunications fraud; Internet threats; computer system intrusions and cyberattacks; phishing/spoofing; assistance with Internet-related child pornography and exploitation; and identity theft. On July 6, 2009, the U.S. Secret Service expanded its fight on cybercrime by creating the first European Electronic Crime Task Force, based on the successful U.S. domestic model, through a memorandum of understanding with Italian police and postal officials. Over a year later, on August 9, 2010, the agency expanded its European involvement by creating its second overseas ECTF in the United Kingdom. Both task forces are said to concentrate on a wide range of "computer-based criminal activity," including: In September 2014, the United States Secret Service came under criticism following two high-profile incidents involving intruders at the White House. One such intruder entered the East Room of the White House through an unlocked door. In 2017, it was reported that the United States Secret Service is able to decode printer tracking dots. On April 15, 2020, the ICE Homeland Security Investigations unit launched "Operation Stolen Promise" that targets COVID-19 related fraud. The operation conscripted resources from various branches of law enforcement and the government, including the U.S. Secret Service. About $2 trillion in the relief package known as the CARES Act were earmarked by law in March 2020, bringing unemployment benefits and loans to millions of Americans. However, as Secret Service spokesmen subsequently pointed out, the Act also opened up opportunities for criminals to fraudulently apply for aid. By the end of 2021, nearly two years into the COVID-19 pandemic, the Secret Service had seized more than $1.2 billion in relief funds appropriated by fraudsters. On June 1, 2020, during a peaceful protest outside Lafayette Square, the U.S. Secret Service acted contrary to an operational plan and began advancing seven minutes before U.S. Park Police gave any dispersal warnings. This early deployment increased tensions between law enforcement and the protesters. They faced resistance and used pepper spray in response to eggs and bottles being thrown. Attorney General William Barr spoke with the U.S. Park Police operational commander seven minutes before the Secret Service began advancing, and again later, before President Trump visited a nearby Parish House to pose for a photo while holding a Bible. The U.S. Secret Service later apologized but Joseph Cuffari, the Department of Homeland Security Inspector General, prevented career officials from investigating the role U.S. Secret Service played in the Trump administrationโs controversial use of force to remove protesters that day. In August 2020, a Secret Service officer shot a man once in the chest at the corner of 17th Street and Pennsylvania during one of then-President Trumpโs press conferences. The president was evacuated but returned later and told the White House press corps that the man had a gun. However, according to court documents, the man was actually holding a comb, told the officers he was armed and took a shooting stance before being shot. The man is schizophrenic and was charged with simple assault of a law enforcement officer. A day before the January 6 United States Capitol attack in 2021, the Secret Service warned Capitol Police of threats of violence that Capitol Police officers could face violence at the hands of supporters of President Donald Trump. On January 6, Secret Service agents provided security in and around the United States Capitol, as well as evacuating Vice President Mike Pence during the riot. Testimony in Congress indicates Pence was concerned his security detail would remove him from the Capitol, stopping him from completing his duty to oversee the final count of electoral college votes. At the center of the controversy surrounding the Secret Service and January 6 investigations is Anthony M. Ornato, who had been the head of Trump's security detail, but took the unprecedented step of leaving the Secret Service to become deputy White House chief of staff and becoming a "key part of Trumpโs effort to get reelected." The Secret Service assisted in the seizure of hacker forum RaidForums in 2022. In April 2022, four Secret Service agents, one of whom was assigned to First Lady Jill Biden, were placed on leave after accepting lavish gifts, rent free apartments, and other bribes from two men ultimately convicted of impersonating federal officers. On August 24, 2022, President Joe Biden named Kimberly Cheatle, the senior director of global security at PepsiCo, as the agency's new director. Cheatle was in the Secret Service for 27 years and became the first woman to serve as assistant director of protective operations, a department tasked with protecting the president and dignitaries. On November 12, 2023, a Secret Service agent guarding Naomi Biden fired shots at three people seen breaking into an unoccupied government vehicle in Georgetown. On July 13, 2024, Secret Service agents protecting former President Donald Trump at a campaign rally in Butler, Pennsylvania in advance of his presumptive Republican candidacy in the 2024 United States presidential election, shot and killed Thomas Matthew Crooks during an assassination attempt on Trump. Crooks, armed with an AR-15โstyle rifle, had shot at Trump from an elevated position near the venue. Trump was injured in his right ear and quickly rushed to hospital, while Crooks was killed by a Secret Service counter-sniper. One other attendee, 50-year-old Corey Comperatore, was also killed by Crooks and several others in attendance were injured. On July 23, 2024, Kimberly Cheatle resigned from her position as the director of the Secret Service just one day after she testified before the United States House Committee on Oversight and Accountability about the assassination attempt and acknowledged it was "the most significant operational failure at the Secret Service in decades". Attacks on presidents Since the 1960s, presidents John F. Kennedy (killed), Gerald Ford (twice attacked, but uninjured), Ronald Reagan (seriously wounded), and Donald Trump (injured) have been attacked while appearing in public. Agents on scene, though not injured, during attacks on presidents include William Greer and Roy Kellerman. One of the agents was Robert DeProspero, the Special Agent In Charge (SAIC) of Reagan's Presidential Protective Division (PPD) from January 1982 to April 1985. DeProspero was deputy to Jerry Parr, the SAIC of PPD during the Reagan assassination attempt on March 30, 1981. The Kennedy assassination spotlighted the bravery of two Secret Service agents. First, an agent protecting Mrs. Kennedy, Clint Hill, was riding in the car directly behind the presidential limousine when the attack began. While the shooting continued, Hill leaped from the running board of the car he was riding on and jumped onto the back of the president's moving car and guided Mrs. Kennedy from the trunk back into the rear seat of the car. He then shielded the president and the first lady with his body until the car arrived at the hospital. Rufus Youngblood was riding in the vice-presidential car. When the shots were fired, he vaulted over the front seat and threw his body over Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson. That evening, Johnson called Secret Service Chief James J. Rowley and cited Youngblood's bravery. Youngblood would later recall some of this in his memoir, Twenty Years in the Secret Service. The period following the Kennedy assassination was the most difficult in the modern history of the agency. Press reports indicated that morale among the agents was "low" for months following the assassination. The agency overhauled its procedures in the wake of the Kennedy killing. Training, which until that time had been confined largely to "on-the-job" efforts, was systematized and regularized. The Reagan assassination attempt also involved several Secret Service agents, particularly agent Tim McCarthy, who spread his stance to protect Reagan as six bullets were being fired by the would-be assassin, John Hinckley Jr. McCarthy survived a .22-caliber round in the abdomen. For his bravery, McCarthy received the NCAA Award of Valor in 1982. Jerry Parr, the agent who pushed President Reagan into the limousine, and made the critical decision to divert the presidential motorcade to George Washington University Hospital instead of returning to the White House, was also honored with U.S. Congress commendations for his actions that day. Significant investigations One significant Secret Service investigation was the arrest and indictment of Max Ray Butler, co-founder of the Carders Market carding website. Butler was indicted by a federal grand jury in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, after his September 5, 2007 arrest, on wire fraud and identity theft charges. According to the indictment, Butler hacked into computers at financial institutions and credit card processing centers over the Internet and sold the tens of thousands of credit card numbers that he acquired in the process. In October 2004, 28 suspectsโlocated across eight U.S. states and six countriesโwere arrested on charges of identity theft, computer fraud, credit-card fraud, and conspiracy. Nearly 30 national and foreign field offices of the U.S. Secret Service, including the newly established national ECTFs, and countless local enforcement agencies from around the globe, were involved in this operation. Collectively, the arrested suspects trafficked in at least 1.7 million stolen credit card numbers, which amounted to $4.3 million of losses to financial institutions. However, authorities estimated that prevented loss to the industry was in the hundreds of millions of dollars. The operation, which started in July 2003 and lasted for more than a year, led investigators to identify three cybercriminal groups: Shadowcrew, Carderplanet, and Darkprofits. From the investigation, there was the arrest and indictment of Albert Gonzalez and 11 other individuals: three U.S. citizens, one from Estonia, three from Ukraine, two from the People's Republic of China, one from Belarus, and one known only by an online alias. They were arrested on August 5, 2008, for the theft and sale of more than 40 million credit and debit card numbers from major U.S. retailers, including TJX Companies, BJ's Wholesale Club, OfficeMax, Boston Market, Barnes & Noble, Sports Authority, Forever 21, and DSW. Gonzalez, the main organizer of the scheme, was charged with computer fraud, wire fraud, access device fraud, aggravated identity theft, and conspiracy for his leading role in the crime. Personnel As of 2010, the service had over 6,500 employees: 3,200 Special Agents, 1,300 Uniformed Division Officers, and 2,000 technical and administrative employees. Special agents serve on protective details and investigate financial, cyber, and homeland security-related crimes. The Secret Service's most familiar personnel are the plain-clothes investigators and personal protectors, who form almost half their total number. This special agent position is highly selective, with for example in 2011, the service accepting less than 1% of its 15,600 special agent applicants. At a minimum, a prospective agent must be a U.S. citizen, possess a current valid driver's license, be in excellent health and physical condition, possess visual acuity no worse than 20/100 uncorrected or correctable to 20/20 in each eye, and be between age 21โ37 at the time of appointment, but eligible veterans may apply past age 37. In 2009, the Office of Personnel Management issued implementation guidance on the Isabella v. Department of State court decision: OPM Letter. Prospective agents must also qualify for a TS/SCI (Top Secret / Sensitive Compartmented Information) clearance, and undergo an extensive background investigation, to include in-depth interviews, drug screening, medical diagnosis, and full-scope polygraph examination. Special agents receive training in two locations, totaling approximately 31 weeks. The first phase, the Criminal Investigator Training Program (CITP) is conducted at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers (FLETC) in Glynco, Georgia, lasting approximately 13 weeks. The second phase, the Special Agent Training Course (SATC) is conducted at the Secret Service Academy, James J. Rowley Training Center (JJRTC), just outside Washington, D.C. in Laurel, Maryland, lasting approximately 18 weeks. A typical special agent career path, depending upon performance and promotions that affect individual assignments, begins with the first six to eight years on the job assigned to a field office. Applicants are directed to list their office location preference during the application process, and upon receiving a final job offer, usually have several locations to choose from. After their field office experience, agents are usually transferred to a protective assignment where they will stay for three to five years. Following their protective assignment, many agents return to a field office for the rest of their careers, or opt for a headquarters based assignment located in Washington, D.C. During their careers, agents also have the opportunity to work overseas in one of the agency's international field offices. This typically requires foreign language training to ensure language proficiency when working alongside the agency's foreign law enforcement counterparts. Special agents are hired at the GL-07, GL-09, or GS-11 grade level, depending on individual qualifications and/or education. Agents are eligible for promotion on a yearly basis, from GL-07, to GL-09, to GS-11, to GS-12, to GS-13. The full performance grade level for a journeyman field agent is GS-13, which a GL-07, GL-09, or GS-11 agent may reach in as little as four, three, or two years respectively. GS-13 agents are eligible for competitive promotion to supervisory positions, which encompasses the GS-14, GS-15, and SES grade levels. Higher ranks continue to use variations on the "Special Agent" title, as with several other Federal agencies with a plainclothes or investigatory role. GS-13 agents who wish to remain as rank-and-file field agents, will continue to advance the GS-13 step level, capping at GS-13 Step 10. Special agents also receive Law Enforcement Availability Pay (LEAP), a type of premium overtime pay which provides them with an additional 25% bonus pay on top of their salary, as agents are required to work an average workweek of 50 hours as opposed to 40. As of 2026, an agent living in the Washington, DC area (DC, VA, MD) will earn an annual salary of $84,060 (GL-07), $93,748 (GL-09), $109,767 (GS-11), $131,563 (GS-12), $156,447 (GS-13), $184,873 (GS-14), and $197,200 (GS-15). Journeyman field agents at GS-13 Step 10 are also paid a salary of $197,200. Due to the nature of their work, Secret Service agents are regularly eligible for overtime pay in addition to LEAP, and are compensated up to $228,000 per year (Level II of the Executive Schedule). The Secret Service Police is similar to the U.S. Capitol Police or DHS Federal Protective Service, with "police" rather than "agent"-style ranks. It is in charge of protecting the physical White House grounds and foreign diplomatic missions in the Washington, D.C. area. Established in 1922 as the White House Police, this organization was fully integrated into the Secret Service in 1930. In 1970, the protection of foreign diplomatic missions was added to the force's responsibilities, and its name was changed to the Executive Protective Service. The name United States Secret Service Uniformed Division was adopted in 1977. In December 2025 the Uniformed Division was formally renamed as the U.S. Secret Service Police. Secret Service Police officers provide protection for the White House Complex, the vice president's residence, the main Treasury Building and Annex, and foreign diplomatic missions and embassies in the Washington, D.C., area. Additionally, Unifor officers travel in support of presidential, vice presidential and foreign head of state government missions. Officers may, as their careers progress, be selected to participate in one of several specialized units, including the: Weapons and equipment Since the agency's inception, a variety of weapons have been carried by its agents. As a non-lethal option, Special Agents, Special Officers, and Uniformed Division Officers are armed with the ASP 16" expandable baton, and Uniformed Division officers also carry pepper spray. Special agents and special officers of the Secret Service wear attire that is appropriate for their surroundings, in order to blend in as much as possible. In most circumstances, the attire of a close protection shift is a conservative suit, but it can range from a tuxedo to casual clothing as required by the environment. Stereotypically, Secret Service agents are often portrayed wearing reflective sunglasses and a communication earpiece. Often their attire is customized to conceal the wide array of equipment worn in service. Agents wear a distinctive lapel pin that identifies them to other agents. The attire for Uniformed Division Officers includes standard police uniforms or utility uniforms and ballistic/identification vests for members of the counter-sniper team, Emergency Response Team (ERT), and canine officers. The shoulder patch of the Uniformed Division consists of the U.S. coat of arms on white or black, depending on the garment. Also, the shoulder patch is embroidered with "U.S. Secret Service Uniformed Division Police" around the emblem. When transporting the president in a motorcade, the Secret Service uses a fleet of custom-built armored Cadillac Limousines, the newest and largest version of which is known as "The Beast". Armored Chevrolet Suburbans are also used when logistics require such a vehicle or when a more low-profile appearance is required. For official movement, the limousine is affixed with U.S. and presidential flags and the presidential seal on the rear doors. For unofficial events, the vehicles are left sterile and unadorned. Government audits have criticized the Secret Service for a "slow embrace of technology", according to The New York Times. Field offices The Secret Service has agents assigned to 136 field offices and field agencies, and the headquarters in Washington, D.C. The service's offices are located in cities throughout the United States and the world. The offices in Lyon (France) and The Hague (Netherlands) are respectively responsible for liaison with the headquarters of Interpol and Europol, located in those cities. Misconduct On April 14, 2012, the U.S. Secret Service placed 11 agents on administrative leave as the agency investigated allegations that the men brought prostitutes to their hotel rooms in Cartagena, Colombia, while on assignment to protect President Obama and that a dispute ensued with one of the women over payment the following morning. After the incident was publicized, the Secret Service implemented new rules for its personnel. The rules prohibit personnel from visiting "non-reputable establishments" and from consuming alcohol less than ten hours before starting work. Additionally, they restrict who is allowed in hotel rooms. In 2015, two inebriated senior Secret Service agents drove an official car into the White House complex and collided with a barrier. Chairperson of the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform that investigated the incident was Jason Chaffetz. In September 2015, it was revealed that 18 Secret Service employees or supervisors, including Assistant Director Ed Lowery, accessed an unsuccessful 2003 application by Chaffetz for employment with the agency and discussed leaking the information to the media in retaliation for Chaffetz' investigations of agency misconduct. The confidential personal information was later leaked to The Daily Beast. Agency Director Joe Clancy apologized to Chaffetz and said that disciplinary action would be taken against those responsible. In March 2017, a member of Vice President Mike Pence's detail was suspended after the agent was caught visiting a prostitute at a hotel in Maryland. In July 2022, during President Biden's trip to the Middle East, a Secret Service agent was sent back to the United States from Israel after indiscriminately assaulting a woman who was walking in the street, next to a bar in Machane Yehuda. A Secret Service spokesman said in a statement that the agency was informed of the encounter, and the agent, who was working in Israel, was "briefly detained and questioned by Israeli police, who released him without charges." On July 15, 2022, The Intercept reported that a letter from the Department of Homeland Security revealed the Secret Service had erased text messages from the day before and day of the January 6 insurrection, shortly after those messages were requested by oversight officials investigating the agencyโs response to the US Capitol riots. The agency claimed that the messages โwere erased as part of a device-replacement program,โ although the agency is bound by regulation to preserve all records of its activity (including text messages, emails, and other electronic communications). According to Politico on July 19, 2022, as new material becomes available to the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack, "a potential second round of hearings gets slated for the fall [of 2022]". Such related new materials may include further details regarding โthe potential unauthorized deletionโ of text messages, particularly those from around January 5 and 6, 2021, by the Secret Service, then headed by Director James M. Murray, an appointee by then-President Trump in 2019. The Department of Homeland Securityโs inspector general has initiated a criminal investigation into the erasure of text messages exchanged by Secret Service agents relating to the January 6 Capitol breach. See also References Bibliography Further reading External links |
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ืงืืืฅ:Krishna holding flute.jpg ืืืกืืืจืืืช ืืงืืืฅ ื ืืชื ืืืืืฅ ืขื ืชืืจืื/ืฉืขื ืืื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืืงืืืฅ ืืคื ืฉื ืจืื ืืืืชื ืืื. ืฉืืืืฉ ืืงืืืฅ ืืืคืื ืืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืงืืืฅ ืื: ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืงืืืฅ ืืชืจื ืืืืืงื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืงืืืฅ ืื: ืืืึพื ืชืื ืื ืงืืืฅ ืื ืืืื ืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ, ืฉืื ืจืื ืืืืข ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืืืืช ืื ืืกืืจืง ืฉืืื ืืงืืืฅ ื ืืฆืจ ืื ืขืืจ ืืืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืงืืืฅ ืฉืื ื ืืืฆืื ืืจืืฉืื ื, ืืื ืืื ืชืื ืื ืืืื ืขืืืืื ืฉืื ืืฉืงืฃ ืืืืคื ืืื ืืช ืืงืืืฅ ืื ืืืื. |
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Contents Office of Inspector General (United States) In the United States, Office of Inspector General (OIG) is a generic term for the oversight division of a federal or state agency aimed at preventing inefficient or unlawful operations within their parent agency. Such offices are attached to many federal executive departments, independent federal agencies, as well as state and local governments. Each office includes an inspector general (or IG) and employees charged with identifying, auditing, and investigating fraud, waste, abuse, embezzlement and mismanagement of any kind within the executive department. History In the United States, other than in the military departments, the first Office of Inspector General was established by act of Congress in 1976 under the Department of Health and Human Services to eliminate waste, fraud, and abuse in Medicare, Medicaid, and more than 100 other departmental programs. With approximately 1,600 employees, the HHS-OIG performs audits, investigations, and evaluations to recommend policy for decision-makers and the public. Ronald Reagan terminated 16 inspectors general when he entered into office in 1981. His administration explained that Reagan intended to hire his own selections. After Congress objected, Reagan rehired five of those terminated. George H. W. Bush also attempted to dismiss all the inspectors general when he became president in 1989, but relented after the inspectors general and Congress objected. Barack Obama dismissed Corporation for National and Community Service inspector general Gerald Walpin citing a lack of confidence in him. After Congress objected to his lack of explanation, the Obama administration cited that Walpin had shown "troubling and inappropriate conduct", and pointed to an incident that year when Walpin was "disoriented" during a board meeting of the corporation, because of which the board requested Walpin's dismissal. Walpin sued for reinstatement, but the courts ruled against him. In 2020, Donald Trump dismissed or replaced five inspectors general within six weeks. Two permanent inspectors general were dismissed and three acting inspectors general were replaced. Just after firing intelligence inspector general Michael Atkinson, Trump criticized Atkinson as having done a "terrible job" and that he "took a fake report and he brought it to Congress", in reference to the whistleblower complaint of the TrumpโUkraine scandal, which other testimony and evidence largely verified. Trump also described Atkinson as "not a big Trump fan". Around one month before Trump replaced Christi Grimm as acting health inspector general, he had called her report of shortages of medical supplies in American hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic "wrong", "fake", and "her opinion", despite the report being based on a survey of 323 hospitals. Trump also questioned Grimm's motives for the report. In 2025, during his second presidency, Donald Trump summarily fired as many as seventeen U.S. inspectors general late the night of January 24. The individuals affected came from positions in the Pentagon, departments of State, Veterans Affairs and Interior. Trump did not provide Congress with 30 daysโ advance notice or a written explanation of the rationale behind the firing, as required by the Inspector General Act of 1978 and the Securing Inspectors General Act of 2022. On February 12, eight of the inspectors general fired by Trump opened lawsuits arguing that the firings violated federal statutes and requesting to be reinstated to their positions. Authority The Inspector General Act of 1978 created 12 departmental inspectors general. Thirty years later, in October 2008, the Inspector General Reform Act of 2008 added IGs in various other areas. As of July 2014[update], there were 72 statutory IGs. The offices employ special agents (criminal investigators, often armed) and auditors. In addition, federal offices of inspectors general employ forensic auditors, or "audigators", evaluators, inspectors, administrative investigators, and a variety of other specialists. Their activities include the detection and prevention of fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement of the government programs and operations within their parent organizations. Office investigations may be internal, targeting government employees, or external, targeting grant recipients, contractors, or recipients of the various loans and subsidies offered through the thousands of federal domestic and foreign assistance programs. The Inspector General Reform Act of 2008 (IGRA) amended the 1978 act by increasing pay and various powers and creating the Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency (CIGIE). Some inspectors general, the heads of the offices, are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. For example, both the inspector general of the U.S. Department of Labor and the inspector general of the U.S. Agency for International Development are presidentially appointed. The remaining inspectors general are designated by their respective agency heads, such as the U.S. Postal Service inspector general. Presidentially appointed IGs can only be removed, or terminated, from their positions by the President of the United States, whereas designated inspectors general can be terminated by the agency head. However, in both cases Congress must be notified of the termination, removal, or reassignment. While the IG Act of 1978 requires that inspectors general be selected based upon their qualifications and not political affiliation, presidentially appointed inspectors general are considered political appointees and are often selected, if only in part and in addition to their qualifications, because of their political relationships and party affiliation. An example of the role political affiliation plays in the selection of an inspector general, and the resulting pitfalls, can be seen in the 2001 Republican appointment (and resignation under fire) of Janet Rehnquist (daughter of former Chief Justice of the United States, William Rehnquist) to the post of inspector general for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. While all of the federal offices of inspectors general operate separately from one another, they share information and some coordination through the Council of Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency. As of 2010[update], the CIGIE comprised 68 offices. In addition to their inspector general members, the CIGIE includes non-inspector general representatives from the federal executive branch, such as executives from the Office of Management and Budget, the Office of Personnel Management, the Office of Government Ethics, the Office of Special Counsel, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The CIGIE also provides specialized training to the inspector general community. Further evidence of coordination between federal offices of inspectors general can be seen by the public through the offices' shared website, and the use of shared training facilities and resources, such as the Inspector General Criminal Investigator Academy (IGCIA), and their Inspector General Community Auditor Training Team (IGCATS), which are hosted by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC). Evidence of the offices' return on investment to taxpayers can be seen through their semi-annual reports to Congress, most of which are available on each office's website. Since the post-9/11 enactment of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, resulting in the amendment of the IG Act of 1978, Section 6e, most presidentially appointed IG special agents have had full law enforcement authority to carry firearms, make arrests, and execute search warrants. Prior to this time, most presidentially appointed IG and some designated IG special agents had the equivalent law enforcement authorities as a result of other statutes or annually required deputation by the U.S. Marshals Service. The 2002 amendment to the IG Act of 1978 made most deputation of presidentially appointed IG special agents unnecessary. Some designated IG special agents, however, still have full law enforcement authority today by virtue of this continued deputation. Some OIGs employ no criminal investigators and rely solely on administrative investigators, auditors, and inspectors. Lists of inspectors general Announced nominations for unfilled PAS IGs awaiting confirmation in the Senate. Acting: January 27, 2023 - June 3, 2023 Acting: April 27, 2020 โ February 17, 2021 Acting: March 1, 2023 - June 28, 2023 Within the United States Armed Forces, the position of inspector general is normally part of the personal staff serving a general or flag officer in a command position. The inspector general's office functions in two ways. To a certain degree they are ombudsmen for their branch of service. However, their primary function is to ensure the combat readiness of subordinate units in their command. An armed services inspector general also investigates noncriminal allegations and some specific criminal allegations, to include determining if the matter should be referred for criminal investigation by the service's criminal investigative agency. The Air Force Inspector General Complaints Program was established to address the concerns of Air Force active duty, reserve, and Guard members, civilian employees, family members, and retirees, as well as the interest of the Air Force. One of the first responsibilities of the Air Force inspector general is to operate a credible complaints program that investigates personnel complaints: Fraud, Waste, and Abuse (FWA) allegations; congressional inquiries; and issues involving the Air Force mission. Personnel complaints and FWA disclosures to the IG help commanders correct problems that affect the productivity, mission accomplishment, and morale of assigned personnel, which are areas of high concern to Air Force leaders at all levels. Stark Law and Anti-Kickback Statute enforcement HHS-OIG develops and distributes resources to assist the health care industry in its efforts to comply with the nation's fraud and abuse laws and to educate the public about fraudulent schemes so that it can protect itself and report suspicious activities. As of 2015, HHS-OIG had targeted hospitals and healthcare systems for Stark Law and Anti-Kickback Statute violations pertaining to the management of physician compensation arrangements. In 2015, a fraud alert was issued to publicize the OIG's intent to further regulate such non-compliance. In light of such efforts and consequent record-breaking settlements, healthcare experts have begun to call for the transition from paper-based physician time logging and contract management to automated solutions. Reception Glenn Fine argues that inspectors general save taxpayers billions of dollars a year and have the potential to save much more if given more resources and independence as well as more independent oversight of the inspectors general themselves. He also argues that the Supreme Court of the United States and all other institutions need independent and nonpartisan inspectors general. In the Thomas Andrews Drake case, some complainants to the Pentagon's OIG over NSA's Trailblazer Project were later raided by the FBI and threatened with criminal prosecution.[needs update] See also Explanatory notes Citations Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืื ื_ื ืืืืจืืืช] | [TOKENS: 582] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืื ื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืื ื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืื ื ืฉืืื ื ืชืืืืช ืืฆื ืืืฉืื ืืกืืกืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืช. ืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืฅ ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืชืืจ ืืช ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืขืืจืืืช ืืกืืกืืืื ืฆืืืืื. ืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืช ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืฅ ืืืชื ืืืืื. ืจืขืืื ืื ืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืกืืืืืช, ืืืช ืืชืืืจื ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืฆืืืื ืืกืืกืื ืื ืืืืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืืชื ืืืื ื. ืชืคืืกื ืจืืื ืืืชืจ ืฉื ื ืืืืจืืืืช ืืื ืืชื ืืืืช ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืง ืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืจืืืืจืืืช ืื ืืืืจืืืืช ืื ืืกื ืืืื ืช ืืื ืืฉื ืช 1907. ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืจืืืืช ืจืฉืืื ืืืงืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืจืืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืขืืื, ื ืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ื-21 ืื: ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืช_ืืืจืฉืช_ืืฆ"ื] | [TOKENS: 9422] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืืช ืืึผืจื ืฆึฐืึดื (ืื: ืืืช ืืฆ"ื, ืืืช ืืืจืฉืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืจืื ืืจื) ืืื ืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืชืจืืืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืงืืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืฆืืจื ืืืฉืจืื. ืงืจืื ืขื ืฉื ืืืฉืืจืจ ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืจืื ืืจื. ืืืงื ืืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืกื ืืืืงืืฉ ืืื ืฆืืชื ืฉื ืืฆ"ื, ืืื ืืืื ืื, ืืืืช ืืืฆืืจื ืืจืื ืืืจืฉืชื. ืืืจืื ืืงืืื ืืืจืืขืื ืกืคืจืืชืืื, ืชืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืงืฆืืขืืืช ืืืืชืืื, ืืืชืืช ืืืื, ืขืจืื ืกืคืืงื ืืืจื, ืกืื ืืืช ืืชืืื, ืชืขืจืืืืช, ืกืืืจืื ืืืืืืืื ืืขืืจ, ืขืจืื ืขืืื ืืืืคืขืื ืฉืื ืื. ืืืืง ืืจืืื ืืคืขืืืืชื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืช ืืืึผ 'ืืืืชืื', ืืืืช ืืืชืืื ืฉื ืืขืื ืืืคื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืฉื ืืชืืืช ืฉืืจื, ืคืืืื ืืืช, ืคืจืืื, ืฉืืจื ืืืืืจืช, ืืืืืืช, ืคืืืืืฆืืกืืืงื ืืืชืืื ืืงืืืืช. ืึฐึผืืื 2019 ืขืชืื ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืืฉืืง ืืช ืืชื ืืขืช "ืืื" ืืืฆืืจื ืืืฉืืจื ืคืืืืืืช ืืื ืืกืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืชืงืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืกืื ืืืช ืืืชื ืกืคืจ, ืืชื ืืขืืช ื ืืขืจ, ืืืจืืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืช, ืืงืื ืืจืื, ืืืืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืกืืืื ืืื. ืืคืขืืืืืืชืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืช ืจืืื ืืืงืกืคืจืกืืื ืืกืืืช ืืืืงืืืืืกืืืช ืฉื ืืฆ"ื, ืืืคืขืื ืขื ืคื ืืขืจืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืืฉืืช, ืืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืคืืืืืช. ืืคืขืืืืืืช ื ืขืจืืืช ืืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืขืืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืงืืืืช ื ืืกืคืื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืืื ืืืจืฅ. ืืืกืืืจืื ื-1996, ื-15 ืฉื ื ืืืืจ ืคืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืจืื ืืจื, ืืงืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืขืืืชื ืืื ืฆืืช ืืืจื. ืชืืืฉืชื ืืืืชื ืฉืืืฉืืจืจ ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืฉืื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืชืจืืืชื ืืืจืฅ ืขื ืจืงืข ืืขืืชืื ืืคืืืืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืงืฉื ืืชืงื ืืืช. ืืื ืคื ืชื ืืืืฉื ืฆืืืืจ ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืชืฃ ืืืชื ืืื ืืืช ืืขืืืชื, ืืื ืืื: ืืืืืฃ ืืืื' ืืืกื ืื-ืื ื, ืฉืืื ืืคืงื ืืืืืืืช ืืฆื"ื, ืืืขื ืื-ืื, ืืืืืช ืื"ื ืืฉืขืืจ. ืืื ื-1998, ืขืื ืืืจื ื ืืกื ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืขืฆืื, ืงืืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืจืืขืื, ืืจืฆืืืช ืืขืจืื ืงืจืืื ืืืจืืืืืช ืคืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืื, ืืงืืคืืก ืืจ ืืฆืืคืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืฃ ืืืืช ืื ืฉืื. ืืื ืืืจืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืืคืขืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืฉ ืืืื ืื ืืืกืืคืจ ืืื ืกืืืื ืืืืฅ'. ืืืืจ ืืงืืช ืืขืืืชื ืคื ืชื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจื, ืจืืฉ ืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืชื ืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืงืฆื ืขืืืจ ืืืช ืืืืจืฉืช ืืื ืืืื ื ืืจืืื ืืคื. ืืืื ืื ืงืืืื ืืขืืืชื ืจืืืช ืืคืขืืืืืืชืื, ืฉืืืคื ื ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืืฉืจื, ืืืืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืขืืืื ืืืืจื ืจืืกืืช. ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ื ืืื ืืคืืขื ืืื ืืฉื ืื 1999 ื-2015 ืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื, ืืกืืืขื ืฉื ืฆืืืช ืงืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืืฆืืืช ืืืืจืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืืฆืืืช ืืื. ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2016 ืืจืืื ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืช ืืคืืงื ืืคืขืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืคื ืืช ืืงืืืื ืจืืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืืฆืืจื ื ืจืืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืืฆืจืื ืืืืืชืืื ืฆืขืืจืื ืืืกืืจืช ืกืื ืืืช ืืชืืื ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืฉืจืช ืืืชืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2016 ืืืฆืข ืืืงืื ืฉืืคืืฅ ืืงืืฃ, ืฉืืื ืขืืฆืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืฉ, ืืฉืืฉืช ืืื ื ืืกืฃ ืืืืืื ืืกืืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืืกืคืจืืื. ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืขื ืืื ืืกืฃ ืืจืงื, ืื"ืจ ืืืืขื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืืขืื ืืจืืค ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืจืฉื ืืชืืื . ืืืื ื ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืฉืืื ืืจืืื ืืคื 34, ืกืืื ืื ืืืช ืฉืืขื ืืืืืืจ ืฆืืื, ืืืจืื ืืขืืจ ืืจืืฉืืื. ืงืืืืื ืืืืช ืฉื ื ืืืื ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจืืขืื, ืืืืื ื-100 ืืงืืืืช ืืฉืืื. ืืกืคืจืืืช ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืจืืืืื ืืืืฆืขืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืงืื ืื ืืชืื ืืฆืดื ืืืืืชื, ืืื ืืืกืฃ ื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืกืคืจื ืฉืืจื ืขืืจืืช, ืืืกืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืช, ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืงืจ. ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืฆืืช ืชืขืจืืืช ืงืืข ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืฉืืื ืงืื ืจ, ืฉืืฆืจ ืคืกืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืช ืฉืืจืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืจืื ืืจื. ืืื ืื ืคืืขืืช ืืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืื ืืช ืกืคืจืื. ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืืืฉืืจืจ ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืจืื ืืจื ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืงืจืื ืขื ืฉืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืจืจ, ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืจื ืื ืืชืืืจืจ ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืจืื ืืจื, ืืื ืืืืกื ืชืจืืืช ืืืืงืฉ ืืคืขืื ืืืฉืจืืชื ืืืจืืื. ืชืคืืกืชื ืฉื ืืืืกื ืงืืฉืจืช ืืื ืืืืืืจืคืื ืืืืืคืืื ืื ืืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฆ"ื ืืืฆืืจืชื ืืืื ืืคืขืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืืื. ืืืฉื, ืืืืจ ืืขืืืื ืฉืืฆ"ื ืืืืข ืืืจืฅ ืืขืืื ืืืฉ ืืกืจ ืืืฆืขืื, ืื ืืกื ืืกืืื ืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืกืคืจืืชืืช, ืืขื ืืง ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืกืืืข ืืืืฆืจืื ืขืืืื, ืืื ืืกืืืข ืืืืื ืื ืืชืขื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืคืืงืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืืชืคืจื ืก ืืื; ืืฆ"ื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืฆืืจืชื ืืืื ืืืขืืจืช ืืกืจืื ืืืืฆืื ืืืชืจื ืืื, ืื ืจืืฃ ืขื ืื. ืืืืจ ืืืช ืืขืืื ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืชืืื ืืงืืืืืกืืืช. ืคืขืืืืืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืคืืขื ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืชืืื ืืืงืื ืืช ืืืฆืืจื ืืืืืฆืจืื ืืชืืื ืืกืคืจืืช ืืืฉืืจื. ืืืืช ืืชืงืืืืื ืืืจืืขืื ืกืคืจืืชืืื, ืขืจืื ืืงืจืื, ืชืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืงืฆืืขืืืช ืืืืชืืื, ืกืื ืืืช ืืชืืื, ืืืชืืช ืืื, ืืคืืฉื ืชืจืืื, ืชืขืจืืืืช, ืืฉืงืืช ืกืคืจืื, ืืืคืขืื ืืืื ืขืืื. ืืื ืื ืคืืขื ืืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืื ืืืืชืื โ ืืจืื ืขืืืื ืืฉืืชืฃ ืืืืชืืื. ืืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืชืงืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืข ืืืจืืขืื ืกืคืจืืชืืื ืืชืจืืืชืืื ืฉืื ืื: ืืฉืงืืช ืฉื ืกืคืจื ืฉืืจื, ืกืืืคืืืืื ืื ืื ืืฉืื ืกืคืจืืช, ืชืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืช, ืขืจืื ืฉืืจื ืืืืืื. ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืืื, ืืื ืืืคื ืฉื ืืืจืืขื ืกืคืจืืช ืื ืืกืื ืืืกืืจืชื ืืืชืจ, ืืชืงืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืื ืขืจืื ืคืจืคืืจืื ืก, ืืืคืขื ืกืคืืงื ืืืจื, ืขืจืื ืืื ืคืชืืื ืืืืชืืื ืืขืื. ืืื ืืืืจืืขืื ืฉืืชืงืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ื ืืชื ืืื ืืช ืืช ืืฉืงืช ืกืคืจื ืฉื ืืืืขื ืืื "ืืืจ ืืืจื ืืืจืข", ืืฉืงืช ืืืกืืคื "ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืฉื - ืืื ืืืืืคืื ืืืืกืืืคืื", ืกืืจืช ืืจืฆืืืช ืขื ืืชืืื ืืืฉื ืชื ืืืืกืืืช-ืงืืืืช ืฉื ืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืขืคืื ืืืคืืฉ ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืจืื ื. ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืงืืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืฉืจืช ืืืชืืื, ืืชื ืืืจืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืืชืืื, ืืืชืืช ืืื ืืกืื ืืืช ืืชืืื ืื'ืื ืจืื ืฉืื ืื: ืฉืืจื, ืกืืคืืจืช, ืืืืืืช, ืกืคืืงื ืืืจื ืืขืื. ืืชืืื ืืืช, ืืืืคืขืืืช ืืืืคื ืฉืืืฃ ืืืชืขืืื ืืช ืืขืช ืืขืช, ืคืืชืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืื ืฆืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืขื ืืง ืืจืื ืคืืชืื ืืฉืืชืฃ ืืืืฆืจืื ืืืืงืฉืื ืืืฉืืฃ ืืช ืืฆืืจืชื ืืงืื ืืจืื. ืชืืื ืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืื ืชืืื ืืช "ืืืื" โ ืืืช ืืืจืฉ ืืืืชืืื ืืืืืฆืจื ืกืคืืงื ืืืจื. ืืืืืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืฉืง ืืฉื ืช 2018, ืืืื ื-20 ืืืชืืื ืืคืจืคืืจืืจืื ืืชืืืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืฉืงืืืื ืืคืืฉื ืืืืื ืืชืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืฉื ื. ืงืืืฆืช ืืืื ืืขืืชื ืืืคืขืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืคืจืืืงื, ืืืืืจ ืกืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืคืืข ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืช"ื. ืืืืคืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืงืจืืช ืฉืืจื, ืคืจืืคืจืื ืก ืืืงืจื ืช ืกืจืืื ื ืืืืื-ืคืืืืจื ืืงืืจืืื. ื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2019 ืืงืืืฆื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืคืืข ืืื ืกืืื ืืขืื ืฉืืืืฆืจืื ืขืฆืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืคืขืืืืช ืืื ืืชืืืช ืื ืืืืืืื. ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ื ืืกืคืช ืืืกืืจืช ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืฉืื ืืช ืืคืืชืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืื ืกืื ืช ืกืคืืงื ืืืจื ืืืืฆืจืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืจืื. ืืชืืื ืืช, ืฉืืชืงืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืคืขื ืืคืืก, ืืฉืชืชืคื ื-15 ื ืฉืื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืืืืื ืื ืชืื ืืืจืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืืืืจืช ืชืื ืื ืืืืืืืื ืืงืื ืืืจืื, ืฉืื ื ืฉืืข ืื ืขื ืื. ืืืืื ืืคืจืืืงื ื ืืกืฃ ืฉืงืืื ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืชืืื ืืืฉืจืช ืืืืชืืื ืืื ืชืืื ืืช "ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืฉื - ืืื ืืืืืคืื ืืืืกืืืคืื", ืืืกืืจืชื ื ืคืืฉื ืืืชืืื ืืืืคื ืงืืืข ืืืคืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืชืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืฆืืจ ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืกืืคืืจืื ืงืฆืจืื, ืืืืืคืืื ืืืกืืืคืืื, ืฉืืืืงื ืฉืืื ืขืืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืกืืคื ืืฆืื ืืืืจ ื-2018. ื-2016 ืงืืื ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ ืขื ืืืช ืืกืคืจ "ืืืกืจืจื" ืืช ืคืจืืืงื "ืคืืืืคืืืืืงื #6" - ืืืช ืืืจืฉ ืืฉืืชืฃ ืืืฉืืจืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืื'ืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืืคืืงื ืืื ืชืขืจืืื ืฉืืืื ืฆืืืืืื, ืขืืืืืช ืืจืคืืงื, ืฉืืจืื ืืืืคืกืื ืืงืืืคืื ืฉื ืฉืืจื ืืืืืจืช ืืืฉืจืืช ืืฆืืจืชื ืฉื ืืฆ"ื. ืืขืืจ ืืื ืืงืืื ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืืืื ืืงืืฅ ืืช ื"ื ืืคืฉืืจ" โ ืืื ื ืงืืฅ ืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืขืจ ืืืฆืจ. ืชืืื ืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืืชืืงืืช ืืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื, ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืชืื ืฉื ืืืืกืืช ืืืืช, ืืืืื ืืื. ืืื "ืืืืชืื" ืืื ืืจืื ืขืืืื ืืฉืืชืฃ ืืืืชืืื, ืจืืฉืื ืืกืืื ืืืจืฅ, ืฉื ืืขื ืืงืื ืืืชืืื ืืืืชืืื ืืืืฆืืจืชื ืืฉืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืืชืืื ืฉืืื. ืืืงืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืื ืขืืืื ืคืืกื ืืืชืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืชืืื ืืขืืืื ืืงืืืฆืืช ืืืืจ ืืฉืืืืช ืืืขืืื. ืืกืื ืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืชืื ืืืืช ืืชืช ืืขื ื ืืืชืืจืื ืขืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืืชืืื: ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืคืื ืืืกืื ืืชืืื, ืกืืืื ืฉืืจืช ืืชืืื, ืืืืฉืคืืช ืื'ืื ืจืื ืฉืื ืื ืืงืืื ืืกืืจืช ืชืืืืช ืืชืืืื ืืืฆืืจื. ืืืื ืืืฆืขืื ืฉืืจืืชื ืื ืืืจืื ื ืืชืืืืื ืชืืืื-ืืชืืื ืืืื: ืขืจืืื, ืืืื, ืขืืฆืื, ื ืืงืื ืืื ืืืฆืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืืืฉืช ืืงืฉืืช ืชืืืื ืฉืื ืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืคืกืืืืืื ืฉืื ืื. ืืืืชืืื ืืืฆืขืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืืช ืืืฉืืคืช ืืืฆืืจื ืฉืืื: ืขืจืื ืืื ืคืชืืื ืืืชืงืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืฉ, ืคืจืกืื ืืืฆืืจืืช ืืืชื ืืขืช 'ืืื', ืงืืื ืืฆืืืช ืืืืคืขืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืืขืื. ืืกืคืจืืื ืืืฆืืื ืกืคืจื ืฉืืจื, ืืกืคืจื ืืืงืจ ืืขืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืจืชื ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืจืื ืืจื, ืกืคืจื ืืืืช ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืืฆืขืื ืืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืืื. ืกืื ืช ืืชืจืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืชืืงืืช ืืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื. ืืืฉื ื-14 ืฉื ื ื ืคืืฉืช ืงืืืฆืช ืืฉืืจืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืจืืช ืืืืขืฆืืช ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืฉืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืจืื ืืจื ืืืชืจืืืื ืืฉืคื ืืจืืกืืช, ืืื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืกืืืื ืืืืฅ'. ืขื ืื ืชืืจืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืจืื ืืฉื ืืืฉืืจืจ ืืขืืจืืช ืืจืืกืืช, ืืืจืกืืืช ืฉืื ืืช. ืืชืจืืืืื ืืชืคืจืกืืื ืืืชื ืืขืช ืื ืงืจื "ืืืจืืฉืืื", ืืฉืจ ืืชืคืจืกื ืืฉืคื ืืจืืกืืช. ืืืืจืืขื ืืกืื ื ืืืืขืื ืกืืคืจืื, ืืฉืืจืจืื ืืืืืืงืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืจืืกืืช ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืืจืืขืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืื ืืืืืื ืืฆืคืืื ืืืชืขื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืงืจื ืงืื ืืืืจ ืจืืกืืช ืืืืฅ ืืืจืฅ. ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืฆืืข ืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืขืืืช ืืงืืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืื: ืืื ืขืืื, ืกืื ืืืช ืืกืืืจืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืชืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืงืื ืืจืื ืืืงืืืฆืืช ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืื ืืชื ืกืคืจ, ืชื ืืขืืช ื ืืขืจ, ืืจืืื ืื ืฆืืืืจืืื, ืืืื ืืช ืงืื-ืฆืืืืืช, ืืืืืืช ืฆื"ื, ืืงืื ืืืจืื ืืืกืืืื ืืื. ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืืกื ืืฉื ืช 2023, ืืืฆืื ืืืืจ, ืืกืคืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืฆื ืืืืจ ืืืืฆืื ืืื ืกืคืจ ืืฉืืจื 'ืืืฆืืื ืืืฉืื', ืฉื ืืืฉืืจืจ ืืืกื ืกืืืื, ืืขืจืืืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืืจืจ ืืืขืืจื ืืืื ืกืืืืื. ืคืจืก ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืืกื ื-2023 ืืช ืคืจืก ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืฉืืจื ืขืืจืืช. ืืคืจืก ืืืขื ืง ืืชืืืืช ืืฉืคืืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืืจืจ ืืืชืืืืช ืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืฉืืื. ืฆืืืช ืืฉืืคืืื ืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืช ืืืฉืืจืจืื ืฆืืจ ืืจืืื ืืืืจืื ื. ืืืืงืกืื. ืืืืืื ืืคืจืก ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืฉื ืช 2023 ืื ืืืฉืืจืจ ืื ืฆื ืืืืืฉืืืื, ืขื ืกืคืจื 'ืืืืืจ ืชืืื', ืืืฉืืจืจ ืืืกืฃ ืขืืืจ, ืขื ืกืคืจื 'ืืกืื ืืืืื', ืืืืฉืืจืจืช ืกืืขืืช ืืืจ, ืขื ืกืคืจื 'ืจืงืืช ืื ืืชืืง'. ืืืืืื ืืคืจืก ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืฉื ืช ื'ืชืฉืค"ื ืื ืืืฉืืจืจ ืืืจื ืืง, ืขื ืกืคืจื 'ืกืืฃ ืืขืจื', ืืืฉืืจืจืช ืจืืื ืงืืื, ืขื ืกืคืจื 'ืืืืช ืืืฉื', ืืฆืืง ืืื ืขื ืกืคืจื 'ืืื ืื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืฉืื ื'. ืืืืื ืืืคืืจ ืืงืง ืืืจืฆื ืืงืง ืืื ืืคืจืก ืืืคืขื ืืืื ืกืคืจืืชื. ืืชื ืืขืช ืืื ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืงืื ืืืืง ืืคืขืืืืชื ืืช "ืืื", ืืชื ืขืช ืจืืขืื ื ืืฉืืจื, ืกืคืจืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืคืืืืืืช. ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืจื ืืืืืคืกืช ืคืืขืืื ืืชืจ ืืื ืืจื ื ืืขืืื ืคืืืกืืืง, ืืื ืืคืืจืกืืืช ืืฆืืจืืช ืคืืืืืืช-ืคืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืกืืก ืืืื, ืืื ืืื ื ืืงืฉืช ืืืืื ืืชืืช ืืืคืืืืืืช. ืืชื ืืขืช ื ืืขื ืืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืจืืืืช ืืคืจืกืื ืืืื ืืช ืคืืืืืืช, ืืชืื ืชืคืืกืช ืืงืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืขื ืืคืืื ืื ืืจื ืคืืืืื ืืืฉืื โ ืืืฃ ืงืืจื ืืคืจืกืื ืฉื ืฉืืจื ืคืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืฉืงืคืืช โ ืืืงืฉ ืืชื ืืขืช ืืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืืงืืืืช ืคืืืืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืงืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืชืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืฉื ืงืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืื. ืืช ืืชื-ืืขืช ืขืืจื ืืืฉืืจืจ ืืืื ืกืืืืื, ืืืืืจื ืืขืจืืช ืืฉืืฉืื ืฆืืจ ืืจืืื, ืืืืื ืฆืืคืจ, ืจืื ืืฅ ืกืืืืื ืืืืกื ืกืืืื. 'ืืื' ืืืงืฉ ืืคืขืื ืืจืืื ืฉื ืืฆ"ื, ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืฆืืจืช ืืื ืืืืคืฉืจืช ืคืชืืื ืคื ืืงืืืืช ืคืืืืืืื ืจืืืงืืืื, ืฉืืืืจื ืืืฉืื ืืืจืืื, ืืื ืืขืืฆืืื ืืืืฉื ื ืฉื ืืชื ืืขืช ืืืืื ื ืืจืคืืช, ืืืฉืจืืช ืืฆ"ื, ืฉืืงื ื ืืฉืืืืช ืืคื ืืืจืคื ืืืืืจื ื ืฉื ืกืคืจืื. ืืืืื ืคืืืืื ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ื ืืกื ืืื ืฆืืชื ืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืฆ"ื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืืจืจ ืคืืืืื, ืืืฃ ื ืื ืชืคืงืื ืืืืจื ืืคืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืชื ืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืขื "ืืจืืช". ืืืืข ืืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืช ืืืจื ืฆืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืฆืืจืชื ืืืคืืขืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืจืจ ืืืชื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืื ืฆืื. ืขื ืืืช, ืืืืกื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืขื ืืฃ ืืคืืื ืื ืืจื ืคืืืืืืช ืืืืืจืช. ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืคืขืื ืืืืจ ืืขืจืืื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืืฆืืจืชื ืฉื ืืฆ"ื ืืืืืฉืืืชื ืืคืจืฉื ืืช ืืจืืื ืืืืชืจ, ืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืกืืืื ืืช ืืืืงืืจืชืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืขืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืฆืืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช. ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://pop.education.gov.il/?utm_source=chatgpt.com#third_406038] | [TOKENS: 332] |
ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืืืชืจืืช? ืืืขืืื ืืคืชื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืื ืคืืจืื ืื ื ืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืชืืื ืืชืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื (ืืจืืืช ืคืจืกืืืืช) ืืื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืขืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืื. ืื ื ืชืงืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืืข ืืชืืื, ืืืคืฉืจืืชืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit#cite_ref-ZDNet_Tencent_327-0] | [TOKENS: 12221] |
Contents Reddit Reddit (/หrษdษชt/ โ RED-it, formerly stylized reddit) is an American proprietary social news aggregation and forum social media platform. Registered users (commonly referred to as "redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down ("upvoted" or "downvoted") by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "subreddits". Submissions with more upvotes appear towards the top of their subreddit and, if they receive enough upvotes, ultimately on the site's front page. Reddit administrators moderate the communities. Moderation is also conducted by subreddit-specific moderators, who are unpaid volunteers. It is operated by Reddit, Inc., based in San Francisco. As of December 2025, Reddit is one of the most-visited websites in the world. According to data provided by Similarweb, 51.75% of the website traffic comes from the United States, followed by Canada at 7.01%, the United Kingdom at 6.97%, Australia at 3.97%, Germany at 3%, and the remaining 28.37% split among other countries. Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in June 2005, who were joined by Aaron Swartz that November. Condรฉ Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006. In 2011, Reddit became an independent subsidiary of Condรฉ Nast's parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit debuted on the stock market on the morning of March 21, 2024, with the ticker symbol RDDT. The current market cap as of July 2024 is US$10 billion. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, particularly in the United States, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. It has received praise for many of its features, such as the ability to create several subreddits for niche communities. It has been criticized for the spread of misinformation and its voting system which can encourage online echo chambers. History The idea and initial development of Reddit originated with college roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005, who attended a lecture by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham in Boston during their spring break from University of Virginia. After speaking with Huffman and Ohanian following the lecture, Graham invited the two to apply to his startup incubator Y Combinator. Their initial idea, My Mobile Menu, was unsuccessful, and was intended to allow users to order food by SMS text messaging. During a brainstorming session to pitch another startup, the idea was created for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet". For that idea, Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class. Supported by the funding from Y Combinator, Huffman coded the site in Common Lisp and together with Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005. Embarrassed by an empty-looking site, the founders created hundreds of fake users for their posts to make it look more populated. The team expanded to include Christopher Slowe in November 2005. Between November 2005 and January 2006, Reddit merged with Aaron Swartz's company Infogami, and Swartz became an equal owner of the resulting parent company, Not A Bug. Swartz then helped rewrite the software running Reddit using web.py, a web framework he developed. The passage from Aaron Swartz's blog post "Rewriting Reddit" reveals that the switch from Lisp to Python, specifically using the web.py framework developed by Swartz, was driven by a desire for simplicity, maintainability, and performance. Despite facing skepticism and critique from the Lisp community, the change was justified by the efficiency and clarity Python provided for the project. This initiative not only influenced the technical evolution of Reddit but also contributed to the broader web development community by inspiring other frameworks and remaining a significant part of Reddit's history. In 2011, Ohanian claimed that rather than Swartz being a co-founder, the correct description would be that Swartz's company was acquired by Reddit six months after the website was founded. Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condรฉ Nast Publications, owner of Wired, on October 31, 2006, for a reported $10 million to $20 million and the team moved to San Francisco. In November 2006, Swartz posted to his blog, complaining about the new corporate environment, criticizing its level of productivity. In January 2007, Swartz was fired for undisclosed reasons. Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit in 2009. Huffman went on to co-found Hipmunk with Adam Goldstein, and later recruited Ohanian and Slowe to the new company. After Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit, Erik Martin, who joined the company as a community manager in 2008 and later became general manager in 2011, played a role in Reddit's growth. VentureBeat noted that Martin was "responsible for keeping the site going" under Condรฉ Nast's ownership. Yishan Wong joined Reddit as CEO in 2012. Wong resigned from Reddit in 2014, citing disagreements about his proposal to move the company's offices from San Francisco to nearby Daly City, but also the "stressful and draining" nature of the position. Ohanian credited Wong with the company's newfound success as its user base grew from 35 million to 174 million. Wong oversaw the company as it raised $50 million in funding and spun off as an independent company. Also during this time, Reddit began accepting the digital currency Bitcoin for its Reddit Gold subscription service through a partnership with bitcoin payment processor Coinbase in February 2013. Ellen Pao replaced Wong as interim CEO in 2014 and resigned in 2015 amid a user revolt over the firing of a popular Reddit employee. During her tenure, Reddit initiated an anti-harassment policy, banned involuntary sexualization, and banned several forums that focused on bigoted content or harassment of individuals. After five years away from the company, Ohanian and Huffman returned to leadership roles: Ohanian became the full-time executive chairman in November 2014 following Wong's resignation, while Pao's departure on July 10, 2015, led to Huffman's return as the company's chief executive. After Huffman rejoined Reddit as CEO, he launched Reddit's iOS and Android apps, improved Reddit's mobile website, and created A/B testing infrastructure. The company launched a major redesign of its website in April 2018. Huffman said new users were turned off from Reddit because it had looked like a "dystopian Craigslist". Reddit also instituted several technological improvements, such as a new tool that allows users to hide posts, comments, and private messages from selected redditors in an attempt to curb online harassment, and new content guidelines. These new content guidelines were aimed at banning content inciting violence and quarantining offensive material. Slowe, the company's first employee, rejoined Reddit in 2017 as chief technology officer. Ohanian resigned as a member of the board on June 5, 2020 in response to the George Floyd protests and requested to be replaced "by a Black candidate". Michael Seibel, then-CEO of Y Combinator, was subsequently named to the board. On March 5, 2021, Reddit announced that it had appointed Drew Vollero, who had worked at Snapchat's parent company, Snap Inc., as its first chief financial officer (CFO) weeks after the site was thrust into the spotlight due to its role in the GameStop trading frenzy. Vollero's appointment spurred speculation of an initial public offering, a move that senior leaders have considered publicly. As of August 2021[update], Reddit was valued at more than $10 billion following a $410 million funding round. The company was looking to hire investment bankers and lawyers to assist in making an initial public offering. However, CEO Steve Huffman said the company had not decided on the timing for when to go public. In December 2021, Reddit revealed that it had confidentially filed for an initial public offering with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Reddit's initial public offering opened on March 20, 2024, at $34 per share and a $6.4 billion valuation. They went public the next day on the New York Stock Exchange at $47 per share and rose to $50.44 at market close on their first day of trading, reaching a market cap of $9.5 billion. The market cap as of July 2024 was $10 billion. Site overview Reddit is a website comprising user-generated contentโincluding photos, videos, links, and text-based postsโand discussions of this content in what is essentially a bulletin board system. The name "Reddit" is a play-on-words with the phrase "read it", i.e., "I read it on Reddit." According to Reddit, in 2019, there were approximately 430 million monthly users, who are known as "redditors". The site's content is divided into categories or communities known on-site as "subreddits", of which there are more than 138,000 active communities. As a network of communities, Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users. Users can comment on others' posts to continue the conversation. A key feature to Reddit is that users can cast positive or negative votes, called upvotes and downvotes respectively, for each post and comment on the site. The number of upvotes or downvotes determines the posts' visibility on the site, so the most popular content is displayed to the most people. Users can also earn "karma" for their posts and comments, a status that reflects their standing within the community and their contributions to Reddit. Posts are sometimes automatically archived after six months, meaning they can no longer be commented or voted on. The most popular posts from the site's numerous subreddits are visible on the front page to those who browse the site without an account. By default for those users, the front page will display the subreddit r/popular, featuring top-ranked posts across all of Reddit, excluding not-safe-for-work communities and others that are most commonly filtered out by users (even if they are safe for work). The subreddit r/all originally did not filter topics, but as of 2021 it does not include not-safe-for-work content. Registered users who subscribe to subreddits see the top content from the subreddits to which they subscribe on their personal front pages. Additionally, some subreddits have a karma and account age requirement to discourage bots and spammers from posting. Front-page rankโfor both the general front page and for individual subredditsโis determined by a combination of factors, including the age of the submission, positive ("upvoted") to negative ("downvoted") feedback ratio, and the total vote-count. Registering an account with Reddit is free and requires an email address. In addition to commenting and voting, registered users can also create their own subreddit on a topic of their choosing. In Reddit style, usernames begin with "u/". Noteworthy redditors include u/Poem_for_your_sprog, who responds to messages across Reddit in verse, u/Shitty_Watercolour who posts paintings in response to posts, and u/spez, the CEO of Reddit (Steve Huffman). Subreddits are overseen by moderators, Reddit users who earn the title by creating a subreddit or being promoted by a current moderator. Reddit users may also request to moderate a sub that has no moderators or very inactive ones in r/redditrequest. These requests are reviewed by the Reddit admins. Moderators are volunteers who manage their communities, set and enforce community-specific rules, remove posts and comments that violate these rules, and often work to keep discussions in their subreddit on topic. Admins, by contrast, are employees of Reddit. Early on, Reddit implemented shadow banning, purportedly to address spam accounts, while saying, "it's still the only tool we have to punish people who break the rules". In 2015, Reddit added an account suspension feature which they said would replace sitewide shadowbans, however, moderators are still able to shadowban users or their individual posts. Reddit releases transparency reports annually which have information like how many posts have been taken down by moderators and for what reason. It also details information about requests law enforcement agencies have made for information about users or to take down content. In 2020, Reddit removed 6% of posts made on the platform (approx. 233 million). More than 99% of removals were marked as spam; the remainder made up of a mix of other offensive content. Around 131 million posts were removed by the automated moderator (~56 %) and the rest were taken down manually. It is estimated that Reddit's moderators work 466 hours every day, which is $3.4 million in unpaid work each year. That roughly equates to 2.8% of the company's annual revenue. Subreddits (officially called communities) are user-created areas of interest where discussions on Reddit are organized. There are about 138,000 active subreddits (among a total of 1.2 million) as of July 2018[update]. Subreddit names begin with "r/"; for instance, "r/science" is a community devoted to discussing scientific publications, while "r/gaming" is a community devoted to discussing video games, and "r/worldnews" is for posting news articles from around the world. In a 2014 interview with Memeburn, Erik Martin, then the general manager of Reddit, remarked that their "approach is to give the community moderators or curators as much control as possible so that they can shape and cultivate the type of communities they want". Subreddits often use themed variants of Reddit's alien mascot, Snoo, in the visual styling of their communities. Today subreddits exist not only for interests and topics but also for organizations. The Wayanad Literature Festival has a subreddit where they host discussions based on the sessions they host and encourage people to post about literature, politics and media. Reddit Premium (formerly Reddit Gold) is a premium membership that allows users to view the site ad-free. Until 2023, subscribers could also use coins to award posts or comments they valued, generally due to humorous or high-quality content. Reddit Premium unlocks several features not accessible to regular users, such as comment highlighting, exclusive subreddits such as r/lounge, a personalized Snoo (known as a "snoovatar"), and a Reddit premium trophy that can be displayed on the user's profile. Reddit Gold was renamed to Reddit Premium in 2018. In addition to gold coins, users were able to gift silver and platinum coins to other users as rewards for quality content. On the site, redditors commemorate their "cake day" once a year, on the anniversary of the day their account was created. Cake day adds an icon of a small slice of cake next to the user's name for 24 hours. In August 2021, the company introduced a TikTok-like short-form video feature for iOS that lets users rapidly swipe through a feed of short video content. In December 2021, the company introduced a Spotify Wrapped-like feature called Reddit Recap that recaps various statistics from January 1 to November 30 about each individual user, such as how much time they spent on Reddit, which communities they joined, and the topics that they engaged with, and allows the user to view it. On July 7, 2022, Reddit announced "blockchain-backed Collectible Avatars", customizable avatars which are available on the subreddit r/CollectibleAvatars for purchase separate from Reddit Premium. The avatars were created by independent artists who post work on other subreddits, and who receive a portion of the profits. They use Reddit's Polygon blockchain-powered digital wallet the Vault. Richard Lawler of The Verge described them as "non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that are available for purchase in the Reddit Avatar Builder". In 2017, Reddit developed its own real-time chat software for the site. While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit. Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of a given subreddit were rolled out in 2018. Reddit Talk was announced in April 2021 as a competitor to Clubhouse. Reddit Talk lets subreddit moderators start audio meeting rooms that mimic Clubhouse in design. In 2022, Reddit Talk was updated to support recording audio rooms and work on the web version of Reddit. A desktop app is reportedly slated for a late February release. Reddit Chat replaced the Reddit private messaging system in June 2025. Reddit acquired MeaningCloud, a natural language processing company in June 2022. In February 2024, Reddit announced a partnership with Google in a deal worth about $60 million per year, to license its real-time user content to train Google's AI model. The partnership also lets Reddit get access to Google's "Vertex AI" service which would help improve search results on Reddit. It was announced that Reddit and OpenAI had reached a deal that will allow OpenAI access to the Reddit API to train its models, while Reddit will receive certain AI tools for moderators and users. In December 2024, Reddit announced Reddit Answers, an AI search tool that summarizes conversations in response to a question from the user. Reddit's search function has had many iterations; the one on the new site currently uses Lucidworks Fusion, while the search on old reddit uses Reddit's own in-house search In 2009, Reddit released their official mobile app, called iReddit. This app was sparsely updated, and was superseded by a new mobile website in 2010. For several years, most Redditors relied on third-party apps to access Reddit on mobile devices. In October 2014, Reddit acquired one of them, Alien Blue, which became the official iOS Reddit app. Reddit removed Alien Blue and released its official application, Reddit: The Official App, on Google Play and the iOS App Store in April 2016. The company released an app for Reddit's question-and-answer Ask Me Anything subreddit in 2014. The app allowed users to see active Ask Me Anythings, receive notifications, ask questions and vote. As of September 2025, all versions of the iReddit and Alien Blue apps still work on older versions of iOS; they were not affected by the API shutdown due to both of them being official Reddit apps. The 2010 mobile site, however, was shut down in 2024. The site has undergone several products and design changes since it originally launched in 2005. When it initially launched, there were no comments or subreddits. Comments were added in 2005 and interest-based groups (called 'subreddits') were introduced in 2008. Allowing users to create subreddits has led to much of the activity that redditors would recognize that helped define Reddit. These include subreddits "WTF", "funny", and "AskReddit". Reddit rolled out its multireddit feature, the site's biggest change to its front page in years, in 2013. With the multireddits, users see top stories from a collection of subreddits. In 2015, Reddit enabled embedding and as a result users could share Reddit content on other sites. In 2016, Reddit began hosting images using a new image uploading tool, a move that shifted away from the uploading service Imgur that had been the de facto service. Users still can upload images to Reddit using Imgur. Reddit's in-house video uploading service for desktop and mobile launched in 2017. Previously, users had to use third-party video uploading services, which Reddit acknowledged was time-consuming for users. Reddit released its "spoiler tags" feature in January 2017. The feature warns users of potential spoilers in posts and pixelates preview images. Reddit unveiled changes to its public front page, called r/popular, in 2017; the change creates a front page free of potentially adult-oriented content for unregistered users. In late 2017, Reddit declared it wanted to be a mobile-first site, launching several changes to its apps for iOS and Android. The new features included user-to-user chat, a theater mode for viewing visual content, and mobile tools for the site's moderators. "Mod mode" lets moderators manage content and their subreddits on mobile devices. Reddit launched its redesigned website in 2018, with its first major visual update in a decade. Development for the new site took more than a year. It was the result of an initiative by Huffman upon returning to Reddit, who said the site's outdated look deterred new users. The new site features a hamburger menu to help users navigate the site, different views, and new fonts to better inform redditors if they are clicking on a Reddit post or an external link. The nominal goal was not only for Reddit to improve its appearance, but also to make it easier to accommodate a new generation of Reddit users. Additionally Reddit's growth had strained the site's back end; Huffman and Reddit Vice President of Engineering Nick Caldwell told The Wall Street Journal's COI Journal that Reddit needed to leverage artificial intelligence and other modern digital tools. Users can opt-out of the redesign by using the old.reddit.com domain. On May 15, 2024, the dedicated login flow was removed from the old domain, although site admins said they had "no plans" to remove the old domain entirely. In November 2023, Fast Company reported that Reddit began rolling out a comprehensive rebrand, including a new logo, typeface, brand colors, and an updated version of its mascot Snoo, as part of its preparation for a potential 2024 IPO and in response to its expanding user base and global reach. Reddit's logo consists of a time-traveling alien named Snoo and the company name stylized as "reddit". The alien has an oval head, pom-pom ears, and an antenna. Its colors are black, white, and orange-red. The mascot was created in 2005 while company co-founder Alexis Ohanian was an undergraduate at the University of Virginia. Ohanian drew a doodle of the creature while he was bored during a marketing class. Originally, Ohanian sought to name the mascot S'new, a play on "What's new?", to tie the mascot into Reddit's premise as the "front page of the Internet". Eventually, the name Snoo was chosen. In 2011, Ohanian outlined the logo's evolution with a graphic that showcased several early versions, including various spellings of the website name, such as "Reditt". Snoo is genderless, so the logo is moldable. Over the years, the Reddit logo has frequently changed for holidays and other special events. Many subreddits have a customized Snoo logo to represent the subreddit. Redditors can also submit their own logos, which sometimes appear on the site's front page, or create their own customized versions of Snoo for their communities (or "subreddits"). When Reddit revamped its website in April 2018, the company imposed several restrictions on how Snoo can be designed: Snoo's head "should always appear blank or neutral", Snoo's eyes are orange-red, and Snoo cannot have fingers. Snoo's purpose is to discover and explore humanity. Discontinued features Starting in 2023 with the discontinuation of the Reddit API's free tier, Reddit has been silently discontinuing legacy features and reducing the functionalities of the old site. All of these changes have been met with significant backlash by the Reddit community. Reddit's private messaging system, which had been present on the site ever since its launch in 2005, was discontinued in 2025 in favor of Reddit Chat. Reddit discontinued its free API tier for commercial applications in April 2023. This was met with significant backlash by the community, leaving the website in a state of disarray for months. In early 2023, Reddit silently discontinued its legacy mobile site, known as i.reddit, and reddit compact and previously accessible at i.reddit.com. This was despite a Reddit admin stating that iReddit was "here to stay". The original 2017 redesign of Reddit, also known as new.reddit and old new Reddit and previously accessible at new.reddit.com, was discontinued on December 11, 2024. No changes were made to the pre-2017 legacy desktop site, still accessible at old.reddit.com. In 2023, the Reddit coin and award system was discontinued in favor of a "golden upvote". This was deeply unpopular, and Reddit added awards back under a new implementation a few months later. However, these new awards are not accessible or viewable on the legacy desktop site. On June 4, 2025, Reddit announced that they would be removing custom emoji from comments. Login: Login functionality was removed from the old site sometime in 2024. You can still log in to the old site, but you must do it through the new site. Age trophies: Account age trophies past Year 15 are not visible on the old site. Private messaging: Sending a private message (like a modmail) now requires you to use the new site. FAQ, terms, and official Wiki pages: All official information pages were migrated from the legacy site's wiki to the new site sometime in 2020. Reddit notifications: Official Reddit notifications were moved from the legacy inbox to the Notifications section, which is only accessible on the new site. The Reddit Public Access Network, commonly known as RPAN, was a live streaming service run by Reddit. Viewers interacted with streams by upvoting or downvoting, chatting, and giving paid awards. During the off-air hours, 24/7 streaming was possible to the dedicated subreddits, but with limited slots and capabilities. On August 19, 2019, Reddit announced RPAN. It was said to be in testing, but they were experimenting with making it a permanent program, as well as a way to increase revenue for the platform. Later, a five-day testing period began. During the testing period, streaming was for a select group of users, allowing 30 minutes of streaming per person and 100 slots. On July 1, 2020, RPAN Studio was released, an application that allows users to broadcast live from desktop computers. RPAN Studio has been built on top of OBS, an open-source streaming and recording program. On January 28, 2021, Reddit permanently increased streaming times to three hours. RPAN was officially discontinued on November 15, 2022. Corporate affairs Reddit is a public company based in San Francisco. In 2023, it downsized from an office in the Mid-Market neighborhood to an office in the South of Market neighborhood. Reddit doubled its headcount in 2017; as of 2018[update], it employed approximately 350 people. In 2017, the company was valued at $1.8 billion during a $200 million round of new venture funding. The company was previously owned by Condรฉ Nast, but was spun off as an independent company. As of April 2018[update], Advance Publications, Condรฉ Nast's parent company, retained a majority stake in Reddit. Reddit's key management personnel includes co-founder and CEO Steve Huffman, Chief Technology Officer Chris Slowe, who was the company's original lead engineer, and Chief Operating Officer Jen Wong, a former president of digital and chief operating officer at Time Inc. Reddit does not disclose its revenue figures. The company generates revenue in part through advertising and premium memberships that remove ads from the site. As part of its company culture, Reddit operates on a no-negotiation policy for employee salaries. The company offers new mothers, fathers, and adoptive parents up to 16 weeks of parental leave. Advertising Reddit launched two different ways of advertising on the site in 2009. The company launched sponsored content and a self-serve ads platform that year. Reddit launched its Reddit Gold benefits program in July 2010, which offered new features to editors and created a new revenue stream for the business that did not rely on banner ads. On September 6, 2011, Reddit became operationally independent of Condรฉ Nast, operating as a separate subsidiary of its parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit's users tend to be more privacy-conscious than on other websites, often using tools like ad-blocking software and proxies, and they dislike "feeling manipulated by brands" but respond well to "content that begs for intelligent viewers and participants." Lauren Orsini writes in ReadWrite that "Reddit's huge community is the perfect hype machine for promoting a new movie, a product release, or a lagging political campaign" but there is a "very specific set of etiquette. Redditors don't want to advertise for you, they want to talk to you." Journalists have used the site as a basis for stories, though they are advised by the site's policies to respect that "reddit's communities belong to their members" and to seek proper attribution for people's contributions. Reddit announced that they would begin using VigLink to redirect affiliate links in June 2016. Since 2017, Reddit has partnered with companies to host sponsored AMAs and other interactive events, increased advertising offerings, and introduced efforts to work with content publishers. In 2018, Reddit hired Jen Wong as COO, responsible for the company's business strategy and growth, and introduced native mobile ads. Reddit opened a Chicago office to be closer to major companies and advertising agencies located in and around Chicago. In 2019, Reddit hired former Twitter ad director Shariq Rizvi as its vice president of ad products and engineering. Community and culture The website is known for its open nature and diverse user community that generate its content. Its demographics allows for wide-ranging subject areas, as well as the ability for smaller subreddits to serve more niche purposes. The user base of Reddit has given birth to other websites, including image sharing community and image host Imgur, which started in 2009 as a gift to Reddit's community. In its first five months, it jumped from a thousand hits per day to a million total page views. Data collected by Pew Research Center in 2013 found that Reddit users were much more likely to be from urban communities than rural ones. Women were greatly under-represented on the website. Reddit's userbase had a disproportionately high number of Hispanic users. With regards to education, high school dropouts were over-represented among Reddit users. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. Statistics from Google Ad Planner suggest that 74% of Reddit users are male. In 2016, the Pew Research Center published research showing that 4% of U.S. adults use Reddit, of which 67% are men, while 78% of users get news from Reddit. Users tend to be significantly younger than average with less than 1% of users being 65 or over. Politically, 43% of Reddit users surveyed by Pew Research Center in 2016 identified as liberal, with 38% identifying as moderate and 19% as conservative. Reddit is known in part for its passionate user base, which has been described as "offbeat, quirky, and anti-establishment". Similar to the "Slashdot effect", the Reddit effect occurs when a smaller website crashes due to a high influx of traffic after being linked to on Reddit; this is also called the Reddit "hug of death". Users have used Reddit as a platform for their charitable and philanthropic efforts. Redditors raised more than $100,000 for charity in support of comedians Jon Stewart's and Stephen Colbert's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear; more than $180,000 for Haiti earthquake relief efforts; and delivered food pantries' Amazon wish lists. In 2010, Christians, Muslims, and atheists held a friendly fundraising competition, where the groups raised more than $50,000. A similar donation drive in 2011 saw the atheism subreddit raise over $200,000 for charity. In February 2014, Reddit announced it would donate 10% of its annual ad revenue to non-profits voted upon by its users. As a result of the campaign, Reddit donated $82,765 each to each of the selected recipients. Reddit has been used for a wide variety of political engagement including the presidential campaigns of Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, and Bernie Sanders. It has also been used for self-organizing sociopolitical activism such as protests, communication with politicians and active communities. Reddit has become a popular place for worldwide political discussions. The March for Science originated from a discussion on Reddit over the deletion of all references to climate change from the White House website, about which a user commented that "There needs to be a Scientists' March on Washington". On April 22, 2017, more than 1 million scientists and supporters participated in more than 600 events in 66 countries across the globe. Reddit users have been engaged in the defense of Internet privacy, net neutrality and Internet anonymity. Reddit created an Internet blackout day and was joined by Wikipedia and other sites in 2012 in protest of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP acts. On January 18, Reddit participated in a 12-hour sitewide blackout to coincide with a congressional committee hearing on the measures. During that time, Reddit displayed a message on the legislation's effects on Reddit, in addition to resources on the proposed laws. In May 2012, Reddit joined the Internet Defense League, a group formed to organize future protests. The site and its users protested the Federal Communications Commission as it prepared to scrap net neutrality rules. In 2017, users upvoted "Battle for the Net" posts enough times that they filled up the entire front page. On another day, the front page was overtaken by posts showcasing campaign donations received by members of Congress from the telecommunications industry. Reddit CEO Steve Huffman has also advocated for net neutrality rules. In 2017, Huffman told The New York Times that without net neutrality protections, "you give internet service providers the ability to choose winners and losers". On Reddit, Huffman urged redditors to express support for net neutrality and contact their elected representatives in Washington, D.C. Huffman said that the repeal of net neutrality rules stifles competition. He said he and Reddit would continue to advocate for net neutrality. As a response to Glenn Beck's August 28, 2010, Restoring Honor rally, in September 2010 Reddit users started a movement to persuade satirist Stephen Colbert to have a counter-rally in Washington, D.C. The movement, which came to be called "Restoring Truthiness", was started by user mrsammercer, in a post where he described waking up from a dream in which Stephen Colbert was holding a satirical rally in D.C. Over $100,000 was raised for charity to gain the attention of Colbert. The campaign was mentioned on-air several times, and when the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was held in Washington, D.C., on October 30, 2010, thousands of redditors made the journey. During a post-rally press conference, Reddit co-founder Ohanian asked, "What role did the Internet campaign play in convincing you to hold this rally?" Jon Stewart responded by saying that, though it was a very nice gesture, he and Colbert had already thought of the idea and the deposit for using the National Mall was already paid during the summer, so it acted mostly as a "validation of what we were thinking about attempting". In a message to the Reddit community, Colbert later added, "I have no doubt that your efforts to organize and the joy you clearly brought to your part of the story contributed greatly to the turnout and success." Reddit has been blocked in multiple countries due to Internet censorship performed by the governments of some countries. As of October 2023, Reddit is blocked in Indonesia, China, North Korea, Turkey, and partially blocked in Bangladesh. Reddit was blocked in Russia in 2015 and later unblocked. Since May 2014, Reddit has been blocked in Indonesia by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology for hosting content containing nudity. In August 2015, the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia determined that Reddit was promoting conversations about psychedelic drugs. The Roskomnadzor banned the website, citing advice on how to grow magic mushrooms as the reason. The Russian government had asked Reddit before to remove drug-related posts to no response. The site was later unblocked. ISPs in India were found to be blocking traffic over Reddit for intermittent periods in some regions in 2019. In July 2025, Reddit began requiring age verification in order to access certain features, to comply with the UK's Online Safety Act 2023, using a service called Persona. Content covered includes sexually explicit material, encouragement of suicide and eating disorders, and expressions of hatred based on race, religion, or sexual orientation. Over the years, Reddit has done multiple pranks and events for April Fools' Day. Since 2013, they have often taken the form of massive social experiments. Noteworthy events include The Button in 2015, which included a global "button" that could only be clicked once per user. It attracted more than a million clicks. 2017's experiment r/place involved making a collaborative pixel art. Millions of users worked together in communities to place pixels one at a time to create a larger canvas. This experiment was very successful and repeated in 2022's April Fools experiment and in 2023. AMAs, or "Ask Me Anything" interviews, during an AMA on r/IAmA and other subreddits, users can ask questions to interviewees. Notable participants include former-United States President Barack Obama (while campaigning for the 2012 election), Bill Gates (multiple times), and Donald Trump (also while campaigning). AMAs have featured CEO Steve Huffman, as well as figures from entertainment industries around the world (including Priyanka Chopra and George Clooney), literature (Margaret Atwood), space (Buzz Aldrin), privacy (Edward Snowden), fictional characters (including Borat and Cookie Monster) and others, such as experts who answered questions about the transgender community. The Atlantic wrote that an AMA "imports the aspirational norms of honesty and authenticity from pseudonymous Internet forums into a public venue". RedditGifts was a program that offers gift exchanges throughout the year. The fan-made RedditGifts site was created in 2009 for a Secret Santa exchange among Reddit users, which has since become the world's largest and set a Guinness World record. In 2009, 4,500 redditors participated. For the 2010 holiday season, 92 countries were involved in the secret Santa program. There were 17,543 participants, and $662,907.60 was collectively spent on gift purchases and shipping costs. In 2014, about 200,000 users from 188 countries participated. Several celebrities have participated in the program, including Bill Gates, Alyssa Milano, and Snoop Dogg. Eventually, the secret Santa program expanded to various other occasions through RedditGifts, which Reddit acquired in 2011. As with most public online forums, Reddit is vulnerable to the use of disruptive or manipulative practices by its members, from sources such as troll farms, click farms and astroturfing. Another example is brigading, notable in the case of Reddit as it is often cited as the origin of the practice and use of the word in this context. Though all of these examples are in some form, against the rules of Reddit's content policy, at least in the case of brigading, they are not always malicious in intent. A notable example is the case of "Mr. Splashy Pants", when organized brigading of another website, by redditors, appears to have been tacitly encouraged by the Reddit administration. In the aftermath, the target of this vote brigading appeared to take it in good humor. Reddit communities occasionally coordinate Reddit-external projects such as skewing polls on other websites, like the 2007 incident when Greenpeace allowed web users to decide the name of a humpback whale it was tracking. Reddit users voted en masse to name the whale "Mister Splashy Pants", and Reddit administrators encouraged the prank by changing the site logo to a whale during the voting. In December of that year, Mister Splashy Pants was announced as the winner of the competition. Criticism and controversies In general, the website grants subreddit moderators discretion in deciding what content is and is not allowed on their subreddits, so long as site-wide rules are not being violated. This relative freedom has allowed for a wide diversity of subreddits to exist, and some of them have attracted controversy. Many of the default subreddits are highly moderated, with the "science" subreddit banning climate change denialism, and the "news" subreddit banning opinion pieces and columns. Reddit has changed its site-wide editorial policies several times, sometimes in reaction to controversies. Reddit has historically been a platform for objectionable but legal content, and in 2011, news media covered the way that jailbait was being shared on the site before the site changed their policies to explicitly ban "suggestive or sexual content featuring minors". Reddit also received controversy over hosting misogynistic content, including the doxing of erotic models and revenge porn. Following some controversial incidents of Internet vigilantism, Reddit introduced a strict rule against the online publication of non-public personally-identifying information (a common internet harassment tool colloquially known as doxxing) via the site. Those who break the rule are subject to a site-wide ban, which can result in the deletion of their user-generated content. Due to Reddit's decentralized moderation, user anonymity, and lack of fact-checking systems, the platform is highly prone to spreading misinformation and disinformation. It has been suggested that those who use Reddit should exercise caution in taking user-created unsourced content as fact. Concerns have been raised in particular about dangerous medical misinformation on the platform. A 2022 study of 300 comments and posts discussing urinary tract infections found that fewer than 1% cited a source for their content, and several contained harmful medical misinformation that may dissuade readers from seeking medical care or lead to dangerous self-medication, such as proposing fasting as a cure for UTIs. Reddit communities exhibit the echo chamber effect, in which repeated unsourced statements come to be accepted among the community as fact, leading to distorted worldviews among users. It has been suggested that since 2019, Russian state-sponsored troll accounts and bots have engaged in a broad campaign to take over subreddits, such as r/antiwar. After the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013, Reddit faced criticism after users wrongly identified a number of people as suspects in the subreddit r/FindBostonBombers. Notable among misidentified bombing suspects was Sunil Tripathi, a student reported missing before the bombings took place. A body reported to be Sunil's was found in Providence River in Rhode Island on April 25, according to Rhode Island Health Department. The cause of death was not immediately known, but authorities said they did not suspect foul play. The family later confirmed Tripathi's death was a result of suicide. Reddit general manager Erik Martin later issued an apology for this behavior, criticizing the "online witch hunts and dangerous speculation" that took place on the website. The incident was later referenced in the season 5 episode of the CBS TV series The Good Wife titled "Whack-a-Mole", as well as The Newsroom. In August, private sexual photos from the celebrity photo hack were widely disseminated across the site. A dedicated subreddit, "TheFappening", was created for this purpose, and contained links to most if not all of the criminally obtained explicit images. Some images of McKayla Maroney and Liz Lee were identified by redditors and outside commentators as child pornography because the photos were taken when the women were underage. The subreddit was banned on September 6. The scandal led to wider criticisms concerning the website's administration from The Verge and The Daily Dot. After Ellen Pao became CEO in 2014, she was initially a target of criticism by users who objected to the deletion of content critical of herself and her husband. Later on June 10, 2015, Reddit shut down the 150,000-subscriber "fatpeoplehate" subreddit and four others citing issues related to harassment. This move was seen as very controversial; some commenters said that the bans went too far, while others said that the bans did not go far enough. One of the latter complaints concerned a subreddit that was "expressing support" for the perpetrator of the Charleston church shooting. Responding to the accusations of "skewed enforcement", Reddit reaffirmed their commitment to free expression and stated, "There are some subreddits with very little viewership that get highlighted repeatedly for their content, but those are a tiny fraction of the content on the site." On July 2, Reddit began experiencing a series of blackouts as moderators set popular subreddit communities to private, in an event dubbed "AMAgeddon", a portmanteau of AMA ("ask me anything") and Armageddon. This was done in protest of the recent firing of Victoria Taylor, an administrator who helped organize citizen-led interviews with famous people on the popular AMA subreddit. Organizers of the blackout also expressed resentment about the recent severance of the communication between Reddit and the moderators of subreddits. The blackout intensified on July 3 when former community manager David Croach gave an AMA about being fired. Before deleting his posts, he stated that Ellen Pao dismissed him with one year of health coverage when he had cancer and did not recover quickly enough. Following this, a Change.org petition to remove Pao as CEO of Reddit Inc. reached over 200,000 signatures. Pao posted a response on July 3 as well as an extended version of it on July 6 in which she apologized for bad communication and not delivering on promises. She also apologized on behalf of the other administrators and noted that problems already existed over the past several years. On July 10, Pao resigned as CEO and was replaced by former CEO and co-founder Steve Huffman. In August, Steve Huffman introduced a policy which led to the banning of several offensive and sexual communities. Included in the ban was lolicon, to which Huffman referred as "animated CP [child porn]". Some subreddits had also been "quarantined" due to having "highly-offensive or upsetting content" such as r/European, r/swedenyes, r/drawpeople, r/kiketown, r/blackfathers, r/greatapes, and r/whitesarecriminals. In April 2023, Reddit announced its intentions to charge large fees for its application programming interface (API), a feature of the site that has existed for free since 2008, causing an ongoing dispute. The move forced multiple third-party applications to shut down and threatened accessibility applications and moderation tools. On May 31, Apollo developer Christian Selig stated that Reddit's pricing would force him to cease development on the app. The resulting outcry from the Reddit community ultimately led to a planned protest from June 12 to 14 in which moderators for the site would make their communities private or restricted posting. Following the release of an internal memo from Reddit CEO Steve Huffman and defiance from Reddit, some moderators have continued their protest. Alternate forms of protest have emerged in the days following the initial blackout. Upon reopening, users of r/pics, r/gifs, and r/aww voted to exclusively post about comedian John Oliver. Multiple subreddits labeled themselves as not safe for work (NSFW), affecting advertisements and resulting in administrators removing the entire moderation team of some subreddits. The protest has been compared to a strike. /r/place had its third launch on July 20, 2023; however, the launch was heavily protested by users and developers due to the event following the 2023 Reddit API controversy; Reddit CEO Steve Huffman's decision to make it prohibitively expensive for third-party app developers drew widespread condemnation. In February 2017, Reddit banned the alt-right subreddit r/altright for violating its terms of service, more specifically for attempting to share private information about the man who attacked alt-right figure Richard B. Spencer. The forum's users and moderators accused Reddit administrators of having political motivations for the ban. After the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Reddit banned the subreddit r/DonaldTrump in response to repeated policy violations and alluding to the potential influence the community had on those who participated in or supported the storming. The move followed similar actions from social media platforms, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok and more. The ban was criticized by those who believed it furthered an agenda and censorship of conservative ideologies. The subreddit had over 52,000 members just before it was banned. In May 2016, CEO Steve Huffman said in an interview at the TNW Conference that, unlike Facebook, which "only knows what [its users are] willing to declare publicly", Reddit knows its users' "dark secrets" at the same time that the website's "values" page was updated regarding its "privacy" section. The video reached the top of the website's main feed. Shortly thereafter, announcements concerning new advertisement content drew criticism on the website. In September, a user named "mormondocuments" released thousands of administrative documents belonging to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an action driven by the ex-Mormon and atheist communities on Reddit. Previously, on April 22, the same user had announced his plans to do so. Church officials commented that the documents did not contain anything confidential. On November 23, Huffman admitted to having replaced his username with the names of r/The_Donald moderators in many insulting comments. He did so by changing insulting comments made towards him and made it appear as if the insult were directed at the moderators of r/The_Donald. On November 24, The Washington Post reported Reddit had banned the "Pizzagate" conspiracy board from their site, stating it violated their policy of posting personal information of others, triggering a wave of criticism from users on r/The_Donald, who felt the ban amounted to censorship. After the forum was banned from Reddit, the words "we don't want witchhunts on our site" now appears on the former page of the Pizzagate subreddit. On November 30, Huffman announced changes to the algorithm of Reddit's r/all page to block "stickied" posts from a number of subreddits, such as r/The_Donald. In the announcement, he also apologized for personally editing posts by users from r/The_Donald, and declared intentions to take actions against "hundreds of the most toxic users" of Reddit and "communities whose users continually cross the line". In March 2018, it was revealed that Huffman had hidden Russian troll activity from users. In February 2019, Chinese company Tencent invested $150 million into Reddit. This resulted in a large backlash from Reddit users, who were worried about potential censorship. Many posts featuring subjects censored in China, such as Tiananmen Square, Tank Man, and Winnie the Pooh, received popularity on Reddit. In late August 2021, more than 70 subreddits went private to protest against COVID-19 misinformation on Reddit, as well as Reddit's refusal to delete subreddits undermining the severity of the pandemic. A 2021 letter from the United States Senate to Reddit CEO Steve Huffman expressed concern about the spread of COVID-19 misinformation on the platform. In January 2025, over 100 Reddit communities banned users from posting links from the X social media site after Elon Musk, its CEO, made an arm gesture at a speech which critics claimed was a Nazi salute. The Verge reported that Musk had "privately pressur[ed]" the CEO of Reddit Steve Huffman to moderate content critical of him and the Trump administration, and that after their exchange, Reddit took action and temporarily banned r/WhitePeopleTwitter due to "policy violations". On March 5, 2025, Reddit announced that they will be issuing warnings to users who upvote "violent content", and "may consider" taking other actions against the users. The Verge reported two days later that Reddit's automatic moderation tool has been flagging the word "Luigi" as "potentially violent", including in comments or context unrelated to Luigi Mangione, the suspect in the killing of the UnitedHealthcare CEO. The moderator of r/popculture, a subreddit with over 125,000 members, stated that Reddit's AutoModerator system flagged a comment about Nintendo video game Luigi's Mansion because it included the word "Luigi", and instructed them to "check for violence"; other comments that mentioned "Luigi", even in non-violent context, were also flagged. On July 12, 2018, the creator and head moderator of the GamerGate subreddit, r/KotakuInAction, removed all of the moderators and set the forum to private, alleging it to have become "infested with racism and sexism". A Reddit employee restored the forum and its moderators an hour later. During the George Floyd protests in early June 2020, over 800 moderators signed an open letter demanding a policy banning hate speech, a shutdown of racist and sexist subreddits, and more employee support for moderation. Bloomberg News pointed out the company's slow reaction to r/watchpeopledie, a subreddit dedicated to videos of people dying in accidents and other situations, and the harassment that accompanied new unmoderated features like icons for purchase and public chats. On June 29, 2020, Reddit updated its content policy and introduced rules aimed at curbing the presence of communities they believed to be "promoting hate", and banned approximately 2,000 subreddits that were found to be in violation of the new guidelines on the same day. Larger subreddits affected by the bans included r/The_Donald, r/GenderCritical (the platform's largest and most active anti-transgender radical feminist subreddit), and r/ChapoTrapHouse (a far-left subreddit originally created by fans of the podcast Chapo Trap House). Some media outlets and political commentators also condemned the banning of the r/The_Donald and r/ChapoTrapHouse subreddits as a violation of the right to free political expression. A 2025 TIMES article listed Reddit "The Most Xenophobic Social Media Site" after the Anti-Defamation League denounced Reddit for allowing public communities to engage in racism, antisemitism, and routine hate speech without consequence. In February 2013, Betabeat published a post that recognized the influx of multinational corporations like Costco, Taco Bell, Subaru, and McDonald's posting branded content on Reddit that was made to appear as if it was original content from legitimate Reddit users. PAN Communications wrote that marketers want to "infiltrate the reddit community on behalf of their brand," but emphasized that "self-promotion is frowned upon" and Reddit's former director of communications noted that the site is "100 percent organic." She recommended that advertisers design promotions that "spark conversations and feedback." She recommended that businesses use AMAs to get attention for public figures but cautioned "It is important to approach AMAs carefully and be aware that this may not be a fit for every project or client." Nissan ran a successful branded content promotion offering users free gifts to publicize a new car, though the company was later ridiculed for suspected astroturfing when the CEO only answered puff piece questions on the site. Taylor described these situations as "high risk" noting: "We try hard to educate people that they have to treat questions that may seem irreverent or out of left field the same as they would questions about the specific project they are promoting." In March 2021, Reddit users discovered that Aimee Challenor, an English politician who had been suspended from two UK political parties, was hired as an administrator for the site. Her first suspension from the Green Party came for retaining her father as her campaign manager after his arrest on child sexual abuse charges. She was later suspended from the Liberal Democrats after tweets describing pedophilic fantasies were discovered on her partner's Twitter account. Reddit banned a moderator for posting a news article which mentioned Challenor, and some Reddit users alleged that Reddit were removing all mention of Challenor. Many subreddits, including r/Music, which had 27 million subscribers, and 46 other subreddits with over 1 million subscribers, went private in protest. On March 24, Reddit's CEO Steve Huffman said that Challenor had been inadequately vetted before being hired and that Reddit would review its relevant internal processes. Huffman attributed user suspensions to over-indexing on anti-harassment measures. Challenor was also removed from her role as a Reddit admin. The GameStop short squeeze was primarily organized on the subreddit r/wallstreetbets in January 2021. In October 2023, Reddit Moons (a site-specific cryptocurrency launched in May 2020) had seen a surge of value in 2023, at one point in mid-2023 rising past 50 cents per moon, but it crashed by more than 90% after it was announced on October 17 that the token would be "wound down" on November 8, allegedly due to scaling and regulatory issues; Reddit-centric coins DONUT and BRICK also crashed upon the news. In June 2023, The BlackCat hacker gang claimed responsibility for a February 2023 breach of Reddit's systems. On its data leak site, it claimed that it stole 80 GB of compressed data and demanded a $4.5 million ransom from Reddit. This attack did not involve data encryption like typical ransomware campaigns. In September 2024, the Federal Trade Commission released a report summarizing nine company responses (including from Reddit) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to identity theft, stalking, unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and mental health issues, social stigma, and reputational harm. In 2025, researchers from the University of Zurich conducted a experiment on the debate subreddit r/changemyview. The researchers deployed AI-run Reddit accounts to pose as humans and actively push desired viewpoints in order to study how AI could influence opinions among human participants. The experiment was run without the consent or knowledge of the subreddit moderators for four months until one of the researchers informed them. Critics of the experiment argued it was unethical as it involved impersonation and involuntarily used Redditors as experiment participants. On December 2025, Reddit filed a lawsuit in an attempt to overturn Australia's social media ban for children, as Australia was one of Reddit's biggest markets, and the ban would prevent people under 16 from accessing the site. See also Notes References Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืคืืช_ืคืืจืืืจ] | [TOKENS: 2889] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืคืืช ืคืืจืืืจ ืืืคืืช ืคืืจืืืจ ืฉื 1917 ืืืืืคืจืื ืืจืืกืืช ืืืืชื ืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืคืื ืืจืืกืืช. ืชืืฆืืชื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืชื ืืืชืืจื ืฉื ืืฆืืจ ื ืืงืืืื ืืฉื ื ืขื ืืก ืืืืืื ืืจืืกืื. ืชืืืืืชืื ืฉื ืืืืคืื ืขื ืืืืจืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืืคืื ืื ื ืื ื ืืืกืจ ืฉืืืขืืช ืืจืฆืื ืืืจื ื ืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืื ืืฆืืจ, ืืืขืืงืจ ืืืฉืชืชืคืืชื ืฉื ืจืืกืื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื. ืืืืคืื ื ืขืฉืชื ืืืืฆืขืืช ื ืืืืช ืกืืืืืืชืื ืฉื ืืฆืืจ. ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืฉ ืืกืชืื ืขื ืืจืืช ืืื ืืืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืกืืฆืืืืืกืืื ืฉืจืฆื ืืืืื ืจืคืืจืื ืคืืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืจืฉืืช ืืืฆืขืช ืืืกืคื ื ืืืจืช ืฉืืืืืจื ืืืืคื ืืืืงืจืื. ืืคืื ืช ื ืฉืื ืืคืืจืืืจื ืืงืจืืื ื"ืืื ืืฉืืื" ืืืืื ืืืืคืื ืขืืืืช ื ืจืืืช ืฉืืืืจื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืฆืืจื. ืืืืฆืืช ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ืืืืฉ ืคืืจืืืจ ืืจื ืืืกืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืคืืจืืืจื. ื-18 ืืคืืจืืืจ (ืขื ืคื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ื ืืืฉื, 3 ืืืจืฅ ืขื ืคื ืืืื ืืืจืืืจืืื ื) ืืืจืืื ืขืืืื ืืืช ืืืจืืฉืช ืืืืื ืืขืืจ, "ืืืช ืืจืืฉืช ืคืืืืืื", ืขื ืฉืืืชื; ืืฉืืืชืื ืคืืืจื ืืืื ืื ืืืืช ื ืกืืจื, ืืืืืจ ืขืืจืจ ืชืกืืกื ืืืคืขืืื ืืืจืื. ื-23 ืืคืืจืืืจ (ืืคื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ื. ื-8 ืืืจืฅ ืืคื ืืืจืืืจืืื ื) ื ืขืจืื ืคืืืฉืืช ืืืกืคืืช ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืจืื ืืืคื ืคืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืื ื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืชืงืืืืืช, ืืื ืจืืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืจื ืืงืฆืื ืืื ืื ืขืจืงื ืืืฆืืจืคื ืืืชืงืืืืื. ืืื ืืจืืจ ืฉืืฆืืจ ืืืื ืืืขื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ื. ืืงืืจืืื ืคื ื ืืืื ืืืงืฉื ืืืืชืจ ืขื ืืืก ืืืืืช ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืกื ืืจืืืืฅ'. ืืฆืืจ ื ืืงืืืื ืืฉื ื ื ืฉืืข ืืื, ืื-2 ืืืจืฅ (ืืื ืืืืืื ื, 15 ืืืจืฅ ืืื ืืจืืืจืืื ื) ืืืชืจ ืขื ืืกืื. ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืืืื ืกืืจื ืืงืื ืขืืื ืืช ืืืืืื. ืืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืจืืช ืกืืืืืืชืื, ืืืื ืขืืจื ืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืขืืจ. ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืขืืจ ืฉืืืืืคื ืืช ืืฆืืจ ืขืื ืืชืืืื ืืจืืกืืืงืจื ืืืืจืื, ืื ืกืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืชืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืชื ืืืืืฃ ืืืื ืืกืืฆืืืืืกื ืืืืกื ืืจ ืงืจื ืกืงื. ืืืื ืงืจื ืกืงื ืืืกืืคื ืจืืกืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื, ืืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืขืืืช ืฉืขืืื ืืคื ืื. ืืืืฆืื ืืืืื (ืืฆื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืื ืฉืขืืื ืืืืืจื ืคืจืฉืช ืงืืจื ืืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืคืืื ืฆืืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืืชื ืชืงืืคื) ืืืฉืืื (ืืขืืงืจ ืืืื ืืืืืฉืืืงืื) ืืงืฉื ืืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื. ื-1 ืืืจืฅ 1917 ืคืจืกื "ืกืืืืื ืคืืจืืืจื ืฉื ื ืฆืืื ืืคืืขืืื ืืืืืืจืื" ืืช "ืืืจืื ืืก' 1", ืฉืืืจืชื ืืฆืื ืืืืฉืืข ืืืืจืืืชืื ืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืขืืจ. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืคืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืืคืืช ืืืงืืืืจ. ืืืจืืขื ืืืืคืื ืชืืืืช ืืืืืง ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืชืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืื. ืืฆืื ืืื ื ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืขืจื ืืฆืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืจืง ืื ืืคืงื ืืฆืื ืืืืจืฉ ืืืฉืชืื ืขื ืืืฆื ืืขืืจ ืขื ืืืืจืช. ืืคื ืฆื ืงืืกืจื ืืืคืกืงื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืื. ืืขืจื, ืืืฉืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืืงืืืื ืืืืืฆืื, ืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืฆื ืืืจืื ืฆืืื ืืขืืจ. ืกืืื ืืฉืขื 2 ืืฆืืจืืื ืืืคืืื ืื ื ืื ืกืื ืืืจืืื ืืืจืืฆ'ืกืงื ืฉืื ืืชืงืืืืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืื. ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืชืืขืื ืืืืจืืข ืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืืคืื ืื ืืืืฉืืจ ื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืจ. ืืคื ืืืืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืืื. ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืงื ืกืืืืื ืคืืจืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืืงืืืื ืฆ'ืืืืืื ืืกืื ื ืืืืกื ืืจ ืงืจื ืกืงื. ืืกืืืืื ืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืช. ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืืงืืืื ืืืืืฆืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืง ืื ืืฆืืจ ืืืืืืืขื ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืื ื ืฉืืืืช ืืืฆื ืืืฆืืขื ืืืชืคืืจ. ืกืืืืื ืคืืจืืืจื ืืคืจืกื ืืช "ืคืงืืื ืืก' 1" ืืืคืื ืืฆืื ืืคืืฃ ืืกืืืืื. ืืคืืื ืคืืจืฅ ืชืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ื ืืืืื ื: ืืกืืืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืช ืงืืืืื ืืขืช ืืืช. ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืขืืจ ืืจืืกืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืื. ืจืื ืื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืืืืื_ืืืืืช_ืืืืืื] | [TOKENS: 1758] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืฉื ืฉืืื ืืืืืจืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืกื ืืฉืืืืจ ืืืจืฉืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืชืจืืืชื, ืฉื ืคืชื ืืฉื ืช 1983 ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืืืืืื ืืืืงื ืืืื ื ืฉืืืงื ื-1885 ืืฉืืืฉ ืืขืืจ ืืช ืืืช ืืกืคืจ "ืฉืืืื" ืืืช ืืืืกื ืื ืืขืืื ืจืื ืืจืื ืื ืงืชืืืื. ืืืืืืืื ืืืฆืจ ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืจืืช ืืชืจืืืชืืื ืืืจืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืจื ืกืื ืก ืืขื ืืืื ื. ืืขืืืช ืืคืจืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืชืจืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืืฉื ืืช ืืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืืฉืื ืืืืฆืข ืืฆืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืข ืืืขืฉื ืืช ืืจืืกืชื ืืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืขืืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช-ืืืืืงืืืช. ืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืคืขืืืืช ืื, ืฉืืื ืขื ืขื ืืื ื"ืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืืจืื ื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ื ืืืจืช ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืขื ืจืืฉื ืืงืืืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืืืชื ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืช ืงืืืฉ ืฉืืืฆืื ืืืชื ืื ืกืช ืฉืื ืื ืืืจืฅ, ืืืืฉืื ืืืฆืืช ืืืืช ืคืจืืืื, ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืกืฃ ืืืืืืื. ืืืืืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืืืงืืฉืื ืื ืืกื ืืชืจืืืช ืฉื ืืงืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืขื ืืฉืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืฉืืืืจ ืืืจื ืืืืจืฉืชื ืืขืฉืืจื ืฉื ืงืืืืืช ืืื. ืืืืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืกืืื ืืขืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืกืฃ ืฉื ืืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืื. ืืืืกืฃ ืืืืกืฃ ืืืืืืืื ืืฆืืืื ืคืจืืื ืืืืืืงื ืจืืื, ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืชืืืจ ืืืืืืืื ืืชืืืืชื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืชืืง ืฉื ืงืื ืืืื ื, ืื ืื, ืฉื ืื ื ืืฉื ืช 1701. ืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืื ืืืชืคืงื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ื-20 ืื ืื ื ืืชืจื ืืืืืื ืืงืื ืืืื ื. ืืืืขืื ืืฉืืืืชื ืืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืช 1952. ืืจืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืขืชืืง ืืืชืจ ืืฉืืจ ืืงืืฉืืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืฉื ืืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืืืื ืืืงืืฉ ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืจื ื ืชื ืืืืืื ืื, ืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืื ืืงืื ืืืื ื, ืื ืคืืจ ืืขืจื ืืฉื ืช 1652. ืืืช ืื ืกืช ืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืืช ืื ืกืช ืคืขืื ืืฉืืชืืช ืืืืื ืืืชืคืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืคื ืื ืื ืื ื ืจืืื. ืืืกืฃ ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืช ืงืืืฉ, ืชืฉืืืฉื ืงืืืฉื ืืืคืฆื ืืืืืืงื, ืืกืืืื, ืกืคืจืื ืืืชืื ืื, ืคืจืืื ืืืืฉ, ืืคืฆื ืืื ืืช ืืืคืฆื ืืืึพืืื. ืืขืื ืฉืืืืกืฃ ืืืืกืก ืขื ืืคืจืืืื ืฉืืืขืื ืืจืฆื ืืฉื ืืช ืืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืชืืื ืคืจืืืื ืจืืื, ืืจืืืช ืืฆืืจืืช ืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืงืื ืืืืืช ืขืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืื ืงืื ืืื ื. ืชืขืจืืืืช ืขืืจ (ืืืงื) ืคืจืืืื ืืืืืกืฃ ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืขืื_ืื-ืคืชืื_ืื-ืืืจืืื] | [TOKENS: 1187] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืขืื ืื-ืคืชืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืืื ื ื ืื ืจื ืขืื ืื-ืคืชืื ืขืื ื-ืจืืืื ืื-ืืืจืืื (ืืขืจืืืช: ุนุจุฏ ุงููุชุงุญ ุนุจุฏ ุงูุฑุญู
ู ุงูุจุฑูุงู; ืืชืขืชืืง ืืืืืง: ืขืื ืืืคืชืื ืขืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืจืืื; ื ืืื ื-11 ืืืืื 1960) ืืื ืืืฉ ืฆืื ืืคืืืืืืงืื ืกืืืื ื ืืืืื ื ื ืื ืจื ืืฆืื ืกืืืื ืืืฉืืฉ ืื ืฉืื ืืืขืฆืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืกืืืื, ื ืฉืืืืช ืฉืืชืืคืืช ืืื ืืช, ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืืฉื ืงืฆืื ืื ืืืจืืขื ืืืจืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืื ื ืืืคืจืื 2019 ืืฉืงืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืืื ืจื ืืืื ืขืืื ืื ืขืืฃ. ืืื 12 ืืืคืจืื ื-21 ืืืืืืกื 2019 ืฉืืืฉ ืื ืฉืื ืืืืขืฆื ืืฆืืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืกืืืื. ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืงืืื ืืืคืงื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืฆืื ืืกืืืื ื. ืื-ืืืจืืื ื ืืฉื ืื ืงื ืืืชืจ ืืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืกืืืื ื ืืขืืืช ืื ืจืืื ืืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืกืืืื 2018โ2019 ืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืขื ืืืคืืื ืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืงืืจืืชืืื ืืืคื ืืืฉืืจ. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช, ืืืืจ ืขืืืืชื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืขืืื ืื ืขืืฃ, ืฉืจ ืืืื ื ืืืืืืคื ืฉื ืขืืืจ ืื-ืืฉืืจ, ืืขื ืืจืฉ ืืช ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืืื, ืื ืฉืืื ืขืืฃ ืฉืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืื ืฉืื. ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืื, ืืฆืืืืจ ืืจืฉ ืืืืจืืช ืืืืงืจืืืืช ืืชืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืฆืื ืืื ืื ืงืื ืืื ืงืฉื ืืืชืจ ื ืื ืืืคืืื ืื. ืื-ืืืจืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืืืืื ืื ืขื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ื-3 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2020, ืฆืขื ืฉืืืกืชืจ ืืืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืกืคื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืช ืืืืื ื. ืืืืฉื, ืืฃ ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืช ืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืื ืื ื ืฉื ืืกืื ืืฉืจืืโืกืืืื, ืฉื ืืชื ืืื ืืืจ 2021. ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States] | [TOKENS: 3064] |
Contents Public policy of the United States The policies of the United States of America comprise all actions taken by its federal government. The executive branch is the primary entity through which policies are enacted, however the policies are derived from a collection of laws, executive decisions, and legal precedents. Public development The primary method of developing public policy is through the legislative process outlined in Article One of the United States Constitution. Members of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives propose and vote on bills that describe changes to the law of the United States. These bills may be created on the initiative of the legislator, or they may take up causes proposed by their constituents. The President of the United States may also suggest legislative policy goals through executive communication, which can then be taken up by members of Congress. Once a bill is introduced by a member of Congress, it is assigned to one or more congressional committees dedicated to that area of policy. The committee evaluates, amends, and sets public hearings for the bill before deciding whether to report favorably on the bill and have Congress vote on it. Once both chambers of Congress vote in favor of a bill, the president may sign it to make it law. Congress can also develop policy through resolutions, which declare the intent of Congress. Resolutions may be used to amend pending bills, modify Congressional procedure, or to make an official statement. Other ways that Congress can develop public policy include the budgeting process undertaken by the House of Representatives and the power of advice and consent granted to the Senate. The executive branch of the United States is responsible for enacting and enforcing the policy created by the legislative branch. It also plays a role in the legislative process, as the president plays a role in advocating policies and often has the final say as to whether a bill is vetoed. The Constitution gives the president powers regarding foreign policy and military policy, though these are subject to Congressional oversight. There are three ways that a president can unilaterally influence policy. An executive order is an instruction given to government agencies and government employees, and these orders have the force of law so long as they comply with the powers granted to the president under the law. A presidential proclamation is an official statement made by the president, and while these do not have force of law, they may announce the use of presidential powers. A presidential memorandum is an informal statement made by the president. Agricultural The agricultural policy of the United States is the governing policy for agriculture in the United States and is composed primarily of the periodically renewed federal U.S. farm bills. In "A New Agricultural Policy for the United States," authors Dennis Keeney and Long Kemp summarize the agricultural policy of the United States as follows: "Because of its unique geography, weather, history and policies, the United States has an agriculture that has been dominated by production of commodity crops for use in animal, industrial and export enterprises. Over time agricultural policies evolved to support an industrialized, commodity-based agriculture. This evolution resulted in farmers leaving the land with agriculture moving to an industrial structure." Cultural The cultural policy of the United States funds and preserves American arts and heritage. The United States does not have a comprehensive cultural policy, and cultural aspects are typically governed by the states. The Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate American copyright law, and the arts are supported through the National Endowment for the Arts. American heritage sites, such as parks and historic places, are protected by the National Park Service in the Department of the Interior. Heritage sites of Native American tribes are overseen by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs in the Department of State runs cultural exchange programs with other countries. The Institute of Museum and Library Services oversees federal museum and library policy, including the distribution of grants and facilitation of research. The National Endowment for the Humanities is also responsible for supporting museums and libraries financially. The United States does not govern sports at the federal level, though college athletics are subject to federal education laws. Drug policy The drug policy of the United States encompasses the regulation of drugs in the United States and eradication of the illegal drug trade. Since 1971, American drug policy has constituted the war on drugs. The framework of American drug policy was established by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, which regulates the production of drugs in the United States and establishes the classes of illicit drugs. Prior to the war on drugs, American drug policy included completely unregulated drugs in the 19th century and a total prohibition on alcohol between 1920 and 1933. Executive drug policy is coordinated by the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP). The ONDCP's stated objectives include combating substance use disorder, organizing the National Drug Control Budget, and providing support to law enforcement agencies in combating drug trafficking. The Food and Drug Administration is responsible for regulating consumer and prescription drugs while the Drug Enforcement Administration is responsible for combating the illegal drug trade. Economic policy The monetary policy of the United States regulates the supply of the United States dollar. Monetary policy is governed by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. The Federal Reserve is the central bank of the United States and serves as the monetary authority. The Federal Reserve is responsible for regulating government loans and bonds and has the power to set reserve requirements and interest rates. The Department of the Treasury is responsible for the production of coinage and Federal Reserve Notes. The Federal Reserve, Treasury, and Securities and Exchange Commission took several steps on September 19, 2007 to intervene in the Great Recession. To stop the potential run on money market mutual funds, the Treasury also announced on September 19 a new $50 billion program to insure the investments, similar to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) program. Part of the announcements included temporary exceptions to section 23A and 23B (Regulation W), allowing financial groups to more easily share funds within their group. The exceptions would expire on January 30, 2009, unless extended by the Federal Reserve Board. The Securities and Exchange Commission announced termination of short-selling of 799 financial stocks, as well as action against naked short selling, as part of its reaction to the mortgage crisis. Education policy Congress does not have direct authority over education, and education policy is primarily set by state and local governments. Federal education policy is built around federal funding; the federal government allocates funding for schools, but they must comply with federal regulations to receive it. The Department of Education is responsible for carrying out the federal education policy of the U.S. The earliest federal education policy involved the establishment of schools in federally controlled territory in the 18th century. By the mid-20th century, the federal government had begun providing federal funding for schools. Elementary and secondary education in the United States is governed by the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). This act authorizes the Title I program to provide federal funding for public schools in the United States in order to support underprivileged communities. Several acts have reauthorized and modified the ESEA, including the Improving America's Schools Act of 1994, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2002, and the Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015. Schools that receive federal funding are also subject to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, which provides protections for students with disabilities. Foreign policy The foreign policy of the United States governs how the American government interacts with the governments of other countries. The president has the power to engage in executive agreements and may negotiate treaties to be ratified by Congress. The Department of State carries out diplomatic activity, and the Department of Defense carries out military activity. The Central Intelligence Agency is the foreign intelligence service of the United States, responsible for the collection and analyzation of national security information from foreign countries. The United States is a member of several international organizations, including the United Nations, NATO, and the Group of Seven, and the World Trade Organization. The United States recognizes all members of the United Nations, and maintains foreign relations with most of them. American defense policy prioritizes the use of mutually-beneficial alliances to deter attacks against the United States and its allies. As of 2022, the Department of Defense recognizes China as the greatest threat to this cause. The United States also considers Russia, North Korea, Iran, and violent extremist organizations to be major foreign threats. Climate change and pandemics have been recognized as major intangible threats to American security. During much of the 19th century, American foreign policy was dictated by the Monroe Doctrine, which held Latin America to be the sphere of influence of the United States. Following World War I, President Woodrow Wilson moved away from isolationism toward interventionist Wilsonianism. During the Cold War, American foreign policy focused on combating the spread of Communism. Following the September 11 attacks, the war on terror directed American foreign policy. Immigration policy The immigration policy in the United States is set by the United States Congress. The Constitution enumerates the power to regulate naturalization, and the Supreme Court has ruled that the foreign policy powers of Congress extend to immigration regulations. Under the Homeland Security Act of 2002, immigration policy is carried out by the Department of Homeland Security. Customs and Border Protection is responsible for border control, the Immigration and Customs Enforcement is responsible for enforcement of laws against illegal immigration., and the Citizenship and Immigration Services is responsible for processing legal immigration and naturalization. Naturalization and immigration were historically regulated by a series of Naturalization Acts and Immigration Acts. The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868, granting birthright citizenship through the Citizenship Clause. The immigration policy of the 19th century was one of open borders, but naturalization was restricted on the basis of race. The Chinese Exclusion Act implemented a ban on immigrants from China in 1882. A quota system was implemented by the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 to limit immigration from different countries. Immigration and naturalization policy was reformed by the Immigration and Nationality Acts of 1952 and 1965. The Refugee Act of 1980 established American asylum policy. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 reformed how the United States addresses illegal immigration. The United States requires that prospective immigrants or others visitors apply for and be granted a travel visa before entering the United States. Immigrants approved for permanent residency in the United States are granted a green card that indicates their status as lawful permanent residents of the United States. The most common reason for receiving a green card is having a relative that resides in the United States. Other possible reasons include employment in the United States, refugee status, or being selected for the Diversity Immigrant Visa. Visitors seeking temporary residence in the United States, such as for employment or tourism, receive a temporary visa that authorizes residence in the United States for a set period of time. Infrastructure policy The Constitution authorizes Congress to develop infrastructure under its authority over interstate commerce and national defense. Early infrastructure policy focused on internal improvements to construct methods of interstate transportation, such as roads and canals. Telecommunications policy is governed by the Communications Act of 1934 and the Telecommunications Act of 1996, and it is overseen by the Federal Communications Commission. The energy policy of the United States addresses issues of energy production, distribution, and consumption, such as building codes and gas mileage standards. Federal United States energy policy is governed by energy acts passed by Congress. The Department of Energy is responsible for implementing and overseeing American energy policy. Its stated mission is "to ensure America's security and prosperity by addressing its energy, environmental, and nuclear challenges through transformative science and technology solutions." Sustainable energy is a priority in modern American energy policy. As of 2019, 80% of energy in the United States comes from fossil fuels. Energy independence is also prioritized by American energy policy. The Strategic Petroleum Reserve was created by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975, while the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 implemented several provisions seeking greater energy independence and energy efficiency. The United States utilizes energy subsidies to facilitate the production of energy and promote a shift to renewable energy sources. In 2016, $10.9 billion in subsidies supported renewable energy, $4.6 billion supported fossil fuel energy, and $2.7 billion went to improvement in energy efficiency. The environmental policy of the United States consists of efforts by the government to limit pollution and climate change in the United States and other countries. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for overseeing and carrying out American environmental policy. Issues overseen by the EPA include air pollution, climate change, toxic chemicals, sustainability, and water pollution. Major environmental laws in the United States include the Clean Air Act. the National Environmental Policy Act, the Clean Water Act, FIFRA, the Endangered Species Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, and CERCLA. Congress is empowered by the Constitution to regulate interstate commerce through the Commerce Clause and to establish post roads through the Postal Clause. The Department of Transportation is responsible for carrying out transportation policy. The Department of Homeland Security oversees transportation security. Many offices within the Department of Transportation regulate different aspects of transportation, including the Federal Aviation Administration for aviation, the Maritime Administration for maritime transportation, the Federal Railroad Administration for rail, and the Federal Highway Administration for roads. Early transportation policy in the United States involved the regulation of maritime transportation through admiralty law. As the United States expanded westward in the 19th century, the transcontinental railroad was constructed with oversight by the federal government. The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 established the foundation of rail policy. The Interstate Highway System was developed in the 1950s to facilitate interstate travel by road. Science policy The science policy of the United States directs funding for scientific research and incentivizes research in specific areas. Science policy has direct implications for other fields, including defense policy, energy policy, and health policy. In 2015, $135 billion were allocated to research and development, with nearly half of these funds going to the Department of Defense. Dozens of federal agencies exist for the purposes of research and development. The Office of Science and Technology Policy is responsible for informing the president on scientific issues. The space policy of the United States involves the civilian and military use of outer space. Civilian space policy is overseen and carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The United States Space Force is the outer space division of the United States Armed Forces. The United States is subject to several international treaties that influence its space policy. This include the Outer Space Treaty, which defines international space law and regulates many aspects of activity in outer space. American space policy began to develop in the 1950s when the Space Race began between the United States and the Soviet Union. The policy objective in the 1960s was to undertake a successful Moon landing, which was accomplished by the Apollo 11 mission in 1969. This was succeeded by the Space Shuttle program and participation in the International Space Station. Citation |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื ืืืื_ื ืชื ืืื#cite_note-226] | [TOKENS: 76002] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืึดึผื ึฐืึธืึดืื (ืึดึผืืึดึผื) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐืึธืืึผ (ื ืืื ื-21 ืืืืงืืืืจ 1949, ื"ื ืืชืฉืจื ื'ืชืฉ"ื) ืืื ืคืืืืืืงืื ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืคืืืช "ืืืืืื" ืืืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื (ืื ืคืงืื). ืืฉื ืื 1984โ1988 ืืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืื"ื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืชืื ืขืฉืจื ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ. ื-1993 ื ืืืจ ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ืืืื ืฉืฉ ืืืื ืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืฉืืืฉ ืชืงืืคืืช ืื ืจืฆืืคืืช: ืืื 1996โ1999 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืืข; ืืื 2009โ2021 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืชืืื, ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืฉ, ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืจืืข ืืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ; ืืืื ืืฆืืืจ 2022 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ, ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชืคืงืืืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืืงื ืืืงืืื ืืืืื ืืชืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืง ืืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื, ืืืขื ืืฉื ืื 1999โ2002 ืืื ืคืจืฉ ืืืคืืืืืืงื. ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ืืชืฉืขืื ืืชื ืขื ืืกืื ืืืจืื ืืืกืื ืืืื ืขื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืืื ืืฉื ืื 2003โ2005, ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืจืคืืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืงืืื ืืคืจืื, ืืืจืืช ืืืกืื ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืฉื ืช 2018, ืืืขืืจื ืืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉืืช, ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020, ื ืืชืื ืืกืืื ืืืจืื. ืืืื ื ืื ืืชืืจืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืคืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืจืขื ืืืฆืข ืขืืื ืขื ื, ืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื, ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช. ื-2023 ืืืจืข ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ ืฉืืืืื ืืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื, ืื-2025 ืชืงืคื ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืฆืข ืขื ืืืืื. ืืืจืืขืื ืืืืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืกืชื ื ืืช ืืืคืจืืงื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื 2005 ื-2013 ืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืโืืฆืจืื, ืืืืื ืืืืจืชืืช ืืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืช 2011, ืืชืคืจืฆืืช ืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2020, ืงืืืื "ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช" ืืฉื ืช 2023 ืืืืืื ืืขืืืืช ืื ืจืืืช ืืขืงืืืชืื. ื-24 ืืืื 2020 ืืืืฉื ื ืืื ืืชืื ืืืฉืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืชื ืื ื ืืื ืืฉืคื ืคืืืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืฉืื ืืช: ืชืืง 1000, ืชืืง 2000 ืืชืืง 4000. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืฉืคื ืคืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืชื. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2024 ืืืืืข ืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื (ICC) ืื ืืืฆืื ืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืืื, ืื ืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืืื ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื. ืจืืฉืืช ืืืื, ืฉืืจืืชื ืืฆืืื ืืืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืฉืช ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฆืืื (ืืืืช ืกืื; 1912โ2000) ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืื ืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื (1910โ2012) ืื ืงืจื ืขื ืฉื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืคืจืืกื ืื ืืืื ืกืื. ืืื ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื ืช ืชืืคืืืช ืื-1955 ืืงืืืื. ืืงืืจ ืืฉื "ืืืื" ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื, ืื ืืืื ืจืื. ืืืืชื ื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืื[ื] ืืืืจ ืืฉืื "ืื" ืืงืจืืืช ืืืจื ืืืืชื. ืืืื ืื ืืืง ืจืืฉืืช ืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ื-50 ืืชืืืืช ื-60 ืืืืชื ืืืฉืคืื ืืกืืจืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื, ืขื ืฉืืฉืคืืชื ืขืืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉื ืช 1963, ืืขืงืืืช ืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืื. ืืืฉืคืื ืืจื ืืฆ'ืืื ืื, ืคืจืืืจ ืฉื ืคืืืืืคืื ืฉืืคื ืกืืืื ืื, ืฉื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืื ืคืขืื ืืืืขืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืชืืืื, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ื-1967 ืืื ืืืชืืืืก ืืฆื"ื, ืืขืื ืฉืืฉืคืืชื ื ืฉืืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉื ืฉื ืชืืื ื ืืกืคืืช. ืืื ืฉืืจืช ืืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื, ืฉืื ืฉืืจืช ืื ืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉื ืื ืืืื ืขืื. ืืื ืขืืจ ืืกืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืื ืืืืคืงื ืืืชื ืชืืช ืคืืงืืื ืฉื ืขืืืจื ืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืืง ืงืืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืฆืข ืชืฉืืจื, ืืืืฆืข ืชืืคืช ืืืืืฆืข ืืืืืืก 4 ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืชืฉื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืข, ืืืืจ ืฉืืฆืื ืืืฆืจื ืคืชื ืืืฉ ืขื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืขื ืฉืืืืช 13, ืืขืช ืฆืืืืช ืชืขืืช ืกืืืฅ ืขื ืืื ืกืืจืืช ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช, ืฉืืืืชื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืฆืจืืื. ืืืืฉื, ืกืืื ืงืืจืก ืงืฆืื ื ืื"ืจ ืืืฆืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืืคืงื ืฆืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืคืงื ืฆืืืช ืืฉืชืชืฃ ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืืืฆืข ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืขื ืืืืก "ืกืื ื", ืฉืขืืื ืคืืงื ืืคืงื ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืง. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืคืฆืข ืืคืขืืื ืื ืืคืืืืช ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืืืื. ืืคืขื ืืืจืช, ืืืืจื ืืคืขืืื ืกืืืืช ืืกืืจืื, ื ืชืงืข ืืฆืืืช ืฉืขืืื ืคืืงื ืืืจื ืืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืชืฉืืฉืืช ืืืงืืจ. ืืคืงื ืคืืืชื, ืขืืื ืืืื, ืืฉ ืืขืืจืชื ืืืืืฅ ืืืชื. ืืงืืฅ 1972 ืืฉืชืืจืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆื"ื ืืืจืืช ืกืจื. ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืจื ืืฆื"ื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช MIT ืฉืืืกืฆ'ืืกืืก. ืขื ืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1973, ืฉื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืงืืืฆื ืืืืืชืจืช ืฉื "ืืืืจืื" ืืืืืืื, ืฉืฉืืจื ืขื ืื ืืื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืงืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืื, ืืืฉืืืข ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืชื ืืืขืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืฆืคืื. ืืคื ืืืืืืื, ื ืจืื ืื ืคืืงื ืขื ืืืฆืข ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฆืคืื. ืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืฉืจืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืคืืืช ืขื 1981. ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืคืืจ, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืฉื ืงืืื ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืืจืืืืืช (B.S.A.D) ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช MIT ื-1974, ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืื ืื ืขืกืงืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืื ืืืื MIT ืกืืืื ื-1976. ืขืืืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืฃ ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืฆืืจ, ืืื ืืืืช ืืกืืจ ืชืืจื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืื ืึพMIT ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจืืืืจื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืืขื ืืืืื ื. ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืืื, ืขืื ืืฉื ืชืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืขืืฅ ืขืกืงื, "ืืืกืืื ืงืื ืกืืืื ื ืืจืืค". ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืื ื ืขืฆืื "ืื ื'ืืื ื ืืชืื" ืื "ืื ื ืืชืื". ื ืืชืื ืืื ืฉื ืืขื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืขืืชืื ืขื ืืืืจืื. ื-1976 ืฉืื ืืช ืืืื, ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืื ืืืฆืข ืื ืืื, ืืขืช ืืืืชื ืืคืงื ืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื. ืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1977 ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืกืืฃ 1976 ืืขื 1980 ืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืงืจ ืืืจืืจ, ืฉืขืจื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืกืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืจืืจ. ื-1980 ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืขืื ืืคืจืก ื'ืืืืื ืกืงื ืืกืคืจืืช ืืืืืงืจ, ืืขืืืจ ืืืฆืืช ืืืชืื ืืื ื. ืืื 1979โ1982 ืขืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืง ืฉื ืืืจืช ืืจืืืืื "ืจืื ืชืขืฉืืืช". ืืืกืืจืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืงืจ ืืืจืืจ, ืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืืืืืืงืืื, ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉื ืืจื ืก, ืฉืืื ืืกืึน ืืคืืืืืืงื ืืืืืืฅ ืืื ืืชื ืืฆืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื. ืกื., ืชืคืงืื ืฉืืืื ืืื 1982โ1984. ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืจื ืก ืืฉืืจืืจ, ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืงืืื, ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืจ ืจืืื ืืชืคืงืื. ืืื 1984โ1988 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืื"ื ืืืื ืืืืคืขืืชืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืขืืืืืช. ืืืจื ืฉืืงืื ืืจืก ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืฉืฃ ืืช ืขืืจื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืื"ื, ืงืืจื ืืืืืืื, ืฉืฉืืจืช ืืงืฆืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืชืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื"ื, ืืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ืืฆืืื, ืืืฉืืฃ ืืกืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืขืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืคืืฉืขื ืืืืื ื ืืฆืื ื ืืกืคืื. ื-1988 ืืืขื ืง ืื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืจ ืืืงืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจ-ืืืื. ืงืจืืืจื ืคืืืืืืช ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืชืื ืขืฉืจื ื-1988, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช "ืืืืืื". ืืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืชื ืืขืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืืฆื ืืืงืื ืืชืฉืืขื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื, ืฉืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืืืืฅ. ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ื-12, ืืืชืื ื ืืกืื ื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืฉื ืืจื ืก, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื. ืืื ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืื ื ืืฆืจ ืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืฆืฆื ื ืืฆื ื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืืชืขืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืื. ืืื ืืชืคืงืืื ืืื"ื, ืื ืืชืคืงืื ืื ืืชืืื ืืืืคืขืืชืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืชืืืช. ื-1991 ื ืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืจืืฉืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืืง ืฉืืืจ. ืืืืจ ืืืืขืืื, ืขืงื ืืืชื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื, ืขืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื, ืฉื ืขืจืื ื-1992, ืืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืืฉื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืคืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคืจืืฉืชื ืฉื ืฉืืืจ, ืืชืืืื ื-1993 ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื. ืืืืื ืืกืข ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช, ืืชืคืจืกืื "ืคืจืฉืช ืืงืืืช ืืืืืืช". ืืืืคืขื ืืืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืจืช ืืื ืืืืฉืืช, ืืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืื "ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืืืจืช ืคืืฉืขืื" ื ืืกื ืืกืืื ืืืชื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืจืืืืช ืืืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชื. ืืจืืืื ืืืคื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืื ืืคืจืฉื, ืืขืืืงื ืืช ืืงืจืข ืืื ืืฉื ืืื. ืืงืืืช ืื ืืืฆืื ืืขืืื, ืืืืืื ืืชื ืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืคื ืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื, ืื ื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืงืฆื, ืืืื ื-52.1% ืืืงืืืืช (72,705 ืืชืื 139,522 ืงืืืืช ืืฉืจืื). ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืคืืช ืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืื ื-1993 ืืืืืืจ ืฉืืืกืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืจ ืืืคื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืื ืืืงืจ ืืืืจืืช ืคืืืืขื ืืจืืจ ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืื, ืงืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช, ื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื. ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืชื ืืคืื ืช ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืฆืืื ื ืื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืืกืื ืืืกืื ื', ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1995. ืืฉืชืชืคืืชื ืืืคืื ื ืืฆืืืช ืจืขื ื ื ืฉืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืชืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืจืื ืงืืืจื ืฉืขืืื ืืืืชืื "ืจืืื ืงืืืจ ืืช ืืฆืืื ืืช", ืืืชื ืืคืจืกืื ืจื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืขื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื. ื-29 ืืืื 1996 ื ืขืจืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืจืืข-ืขืฉืจื, ืืคื ืฉืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืฉืืจื. ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก, ืฉืืืืืฃ ืืช ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืฆืื, ืืจืื ืืืืง ืฉื ื-29,000 ืงืืืืช. ื ืืฆืืื ื ืืชืงืื ืืืคืชืขื ืืงืจื ืืคืจืฉื ืื. ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืจืืฅ ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืฆื ืคืจืก ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื 1.4%, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืงื ืฉื ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืคื ืืช ืืืงืจ ืืชืืคืื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืืช ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืกืืจ ืฉื ืืชื ืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืืชืืกืก ืขื ืชืืืฉืช ืืืกืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืขืงื ืืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืขืช ืคืืืืขื ืืชืืืืืช, ืืฆื ืืืืืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืื ืฉื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉืื. ืื ืืืขื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืจ ืคืขื ืืจืขืช ืคืจืก, ืขืงื ืืขืืื ืืกืืืืช ืืืฉืคืขื ืืจืืฉืืช ืฉื ืจืฆื ืจืืื, ืืืชื ืืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืชืืจืื ืืช, ืืืชื ื ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืกืืขืืช ืืืชืืจืืช ื"ืืืืืื-ืืฉืจ-ืฆืืืช". ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืคืจืก ืืืคืืข ืขืืืฃ ืื ืจืื, ืื ืฉืคืืข ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืืืจื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืชื ืืขืืช ืืืฆืืขื ืืงืจื ืืืืขืืืื ืคืขืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืขืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืขืจืืืช ื ืื ืขื ืืืชืืื ืืืืฉืื, ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฆืข "ืขื ืื ืืขื" ืืืืคืืื ืขื ืืคืจ ืงืื ื ืืืื ืื, ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืขื ืชืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืื ืงืืคืืื ืฆืขืืจื ืืืืืช ืื"ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืง: "ื ืชื ืืื. ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื", ืืืืจืืช ืืจื ืืจื ืฉื, ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืฆืืืข ืื ืชื ืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืขืฅ ืืจืชืืจ ืคืื ืงืืฉืืืื ืืงืืคืืื ื ืืืืื ืขื ืกืืกืืืืช ืงืืืืืช ืืื "ืคืจืก ืืืืง ืืช ืืจืืฉืืื", ืฉืืื ืืคืงืืืื ืืืฆืืจืช ื ืืืืจ ืืืคื ืืฉืืื ืืงืจื ืขืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจืืื. ื ืืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืชื ืืืื 47 ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืขืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืจ ืงืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืึพ18 ืืืื ื 1996 ืขื ืึพ6 ืืืืื 1999. ืืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืื-ืคืืกืืื ื. ืืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืกืืื ืืืกืื, ืชืื ืืฆืืจื ืขื ืขืืงืจืื ืืคืื ืืงืืื ืืชืืืืืืืืช ืื ืกืืืืช ืจืง ืืืงืืื ืืงืืื ืืชืืืืืืืืชืื ืฉื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืืชืื ืืื, ืืชืขืืื ืืกืืจืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืืช, ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืฉืืจื ื ืืกืจื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืชืื ืืืกืืื ืืืกืื ื'. ืืชืืืืช ืกืคืืืืจ 1996 ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช ืืืขืืจ ืืจื, ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืคืืืฉื ืืกืืืืช. ื-24 ืืกืคืืืืจ 1996 ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืคืชืืืช ืื ืืจืืช ืืืืชื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืจืฆื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืจืช ืืืืชื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืฆืคืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืื ื ืืจืื 17 ืืืืื ืฆื"ื ืืืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืืจืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื. ืืืืืืืช ืืชืคืชืื ืืขืงืืืช ืคืชืืืช ืืคืชื ืืฆืคืื ื ืฉื ืื ืืจืช ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืจืืืข ืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืฉืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืขื ื ืฉืืฉืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืชืืช ืืกืืื ืืจ ืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืขืจืขืจ ืืืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืง ืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืฉื ืชื ืืคืชืืืช ืคืชื ืืื ืืจื ืืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืขืช ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืคืฉืจืช "ื ืืืขื ืืกืืข ืงืืืื ื". ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจืืข ืืืืืื ื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืื ืืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืืื ืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืคืืกืืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืคืืช ืฉื ืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืืคืจืืช ืกืืจ ืืขืจืื ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืขืจืื ืืืขืืจืืืช, ืฉื ืคืกืงื ืชืื ืืืื ืกืคืืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืงืจื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืงืืื ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืขืจืคืืช ืืคืกืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื, ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืกืืื ืืื ืืจืื. ืืคืกืื ืกืืื ืืช ืืืจื ืืืชืืืช "ืืกืื ืืืจืื" ืืื ืืืจ 1997. ืืืกืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืช ืืจืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืื, ืืืขื ืืืืจ ืืขืจืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืจืื ืกืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืื ืืืืืืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืืื. ืืื ืื ืืชืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ืฉืชื ื ืกืืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืฉืืืื ืขื ืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืงืจืื "ืฉืืืฉ ืืคืขืืืืช". ืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฆืขื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ. ืืงืืฅ 1997 ืืชืจืืฉื ืฉื ื ืคืืืืขื ืืชืืืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืขืงืืืชืืื ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืชื ืงืฉืืช ืื'ืืื ืืฉืขื, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืืก ืืืจืื. ืืคืขืืื ืื ืขืืชื ืืคื ืืกืืื ื "ืืืืกื" ืฉืืืฆืขื ืืืชื ื ืชืคืกื. ืืชืืืจื ืืฉืืจืืจื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืจืื ืชืจืืคืช ื ืื ืฉืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืขื ืืฉืืจืจื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืกืืจืื ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืจืืฉื ืฉืืื' ืืืื ืืืกืื. ืงืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืฉ ืืช ืืกืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืกื ืืื ืืจืืืง, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืก ืฉืืืจืฉ ืืืจืื ืื ืขืฆืจ ืื ืืืชืชื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืฉืฉ ืฉืืฉืคืื ืืขืืจืจ ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืืฉ ืืช ืืคืืืืขืื. ืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉื ื ืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืืคื ืื, ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก ืืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืจืง ืืืจืืื ืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 1999, ืฉื ืช ืืืื ืชื ืืืืจืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ื ืจืฆืื 4 ืื ืฉืื ืืคืืืืขืื, ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืชืืคืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืขื 2008. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืช ืืืืืฃ ืืื ืขืืจื. ืืงืืช ืืืืขืฆื ื ืขืฉืชื ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆื ืฉื ืืชื ื ืืืกืืจืช ืืคืงืช ืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืคืืขื ืขื ืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืงืืื ืื. ืืืืจ ืชืงืืคื ืืจืืื ืฉื ืงืืคืืื, ืฉืืืืืื ืืจืฉื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืชืืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืชื ื ืืืกืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืกืื ืืืจืื ืื ืกืืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช, ืืื ืก ืื ืฉืื ืงืืื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืืช ืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1998. ืืืืขืืื ืืกืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉืืชืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืคืืจ, ืื ืกืืื ื ืืกืคืช, ืฉืืืื 13% ืืฉืืื C ืฉืืืื ืฉืืืขืืจื ืืฉืืื A ื-B,โ 1% ื-12% ืืืชืืื, ืืืคืชืืืช ื ืื ืชืขืืคื ืืื-ืืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืกืขืืคื ืืืื ื ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืงืืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืื ืืชืื ืกื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืขืื ืื ืืืืืช ืื ืฉืื ืงืืื ืืื, ืืืื ืื ืคืืจืกื ื ืืกื ืืืฉ ืฉื ืืืื ื ืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืกืขืืคืื ืืงืืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืจื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฆืขื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืจืง ืืืง ืงืื ืืื ืกืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืจื: โืืชื ื โ ืืงืืื, ืื ืืชื ื โ ืื ืืงืืื.โ ืชืงืืคื ืื ืืชืืคืืื ื ืืืชืืงืืืืืช ืืจืืืืช ืื ืกืืืืช ื"ืคืขืืืืช" ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืคืขื. ืืืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื, ืื ืงืืคืืื ืืืืขืื ืขื ืกืืจืื, ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืืื ืจืื ืืืืืจ, ื ืฉืื ืืืขืื ืืกืืจืื. ืืืขื ืช ืื ืืก ืจืืก ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืง, ืืืืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืจืื, ืืืืชื ืืืกืืืชื, ืืืื ื ืกืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืงื ืขื ืืกืืก ืืืืืืช 1967, ืชืื ืฉืชืืืื ืืงื ืืืืืืง ืืืงืืข ืืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืื. ืืืขื ืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืืชืขืงืฉ ืขื ืื ืฉืงื ืืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืงืืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืชืจ. ืฉืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืงืืจืื ืืช ืจืืื, ืืื: ืืกืื ืืืกืืงืื (4 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1997), ืืืช ืฉืืืฉื ืงืฆืื ืื ืืกืืืจืช ืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืชืงืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืื (23 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1997) ืืืกืื ืืฉืืืืช (5 ืืกืคืืืืจ 1997) ืฉืื ื ืืจืื 12 ืืืืื ืฉืืืืช 13 ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืื. ืืกืื ืืืกืืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืกืืจ ืืืื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืช ืืคืงืคืืง ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืงืืช ืืจืืื ืืจืืข ืืืืืช ืฉืคืขืื ืื ืกืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื. ืืขืงืืืช ื ืคืืืช ืืงืฆืื ืื ืืืืืข ืื"ืจ ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืง, ืขื ืืชืืืืืืชื ืืฆืืช ืืืื ืื ืชืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืืจื, ืขืืืฃ ืชืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืกืืจืื. ืชืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืช ืืืชืช ืขื ืื ืกืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืื ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืืืจ ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ, ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืืื ืื ืืฆืจื ืืฉืืจื ื ืืืืจืืงื ื. ืคืขืืืืช ืื, ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื'ืจื ืคืืืืื (ืื ') ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืฆืจื, ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืงืจื ืืืืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ื ืฉืืืฉื ืฉืจื ืืืฆืจ: ืื ืืจืืืืจ, ืืขืงื ื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืช โ ืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืคืจืง ืืื ืฉื ืืฉื ื. ืืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืื ืืจืืืืจ, ืื ืืฉื "ืจืฆืืขืช ืืืืืกืื" ืืืืื ืืืชืคืืจืืช ืืืืจืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื. ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืื ืืื ืคืจืฉ ืืืื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืฆืขืืื ืืืืืืืื[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื] ืฉื ืงื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉืืช 1998, ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืฉืืื ืจืขืืขืื ืขืื. ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืกืืืืช ืฉืืง ืืืคืฉื, ืืขืื ืขื ื ืก ืืช ืขืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืคืฉืืช ืืืช ืืืคืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืฉ ืชืคืืกื ืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืืืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืคืืฆืื ืืืคืืชืช ืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืืื. ืืืฉืืชื ืืืฆืขื ืืคืจืื ืฉื ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืชืืืช ืืืืืจืืืืฆืื ืืืืืข ืืืืฅ, ืืืื ืืืืื "ืจืฆืืขืช ืืืืืกืื", ืืืื ืฉืืจื ืืืชืคืืจืืชื ืฉื ืื ืืจืืืืจ ืืชืคืงืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจื ืจืคืืจืื ืืคื ืกืื ืฉืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืคื ืกืื ืชืงืฆืืืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืฆืืืจืช, ืืืจืืืช ืืขืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืฆืืืืจื. ืืื ืื ืืืกืคืช ืืคืขืื ืกืืืืจื ืฉืืืฉื, ืชืืืืช ืฉืืจืืชื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืช "Yes" ืืืืกืคืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉืืง ืฉืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืืช. ืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืงื ืืขืืช ืืจืืคืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืื ืขื ืืขืื ืืจืืชื ืืคืืืืืืื ืึปืึผืึผ ืืขืืชืื ืืืจืืงืืช ืืฆืจืืืืช. ืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืืกื ืื ืืืง ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืืืืจื ืฉืืคืฉืจื ืืช ืจืฆื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื. ืืกืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืง ืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืืขืื ืฉืืคืืืืช ืืฉืืื ื ืื ืขื ืืืกืคืง ืื ืจืฉืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืกืื, ืืืขืงืืืช ืืชืงืคื ืฉืื ืขืืืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืืขืืื. ืืฉ ืืืืขื ืื ืื ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืคืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืขื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืจืืช ืืืคื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉ ืืืืขื ืื[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื] ืื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืขืงืืืช ืืชืจืกืืชืื ืืืคื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืื ื.[ื] ืขื ืืืช, ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืืจืชื. ืืืคืขืชื ืืชืงืฉืืจืชืืช ืืืืืืฉืช ืืืืื ืื ืชืืืืื, ืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืื ืขืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื. ืืืชืืจืืจืืช ืขื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืจืื ืื. ืืชืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ื-21 ืืืฆืืืจ 1998 ืืฆืืืขื ืืื ืกืช ืืงืจืืื ืฉืืืฉืืช ืขื ืคืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืจื ืกืืื ืชืืจืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืงืืจื, ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืขืช ืื-ืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืขื ืืฃ ื ืืกืืื ืืชืื ืืื ืืข ืืช ืืืฆืืขื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืชื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืง, ืืืขืื ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื; ืืฆืืง ืืจืืื, ืฉืืืชื ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืจืืฅ ื ืืื; ืื ื ืืืื, ืฉืขืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืขืืื ืืฉืืจื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืคืจืฉื ืืจืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืจืืฅ, ืืืื ืชืื ืืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืชืืื ืืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืจืง, ืฉื ืืฆื ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืื 1999, ืืฉืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 56% ืืงืืืืช ืืืืืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืืืกืชื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืคืจืกืื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืกืืคืืืช ืืืืืืข ืขื ื ืืืืช ืคืกืง ืืื ืืืคืืืืืืงื, ืืฉืืฆืืื ืขืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉืืืฆื ืืืืืืคื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืชืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ื ืืงืื ืฆืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืฉืื ืืงืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืื ืฉืืขืจ ืขื ืืื ืขืืืงืื ืืงืจืข ืืขื ืืืืื ื ืฉืจืืฉ ืื ืืฉืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืจ ืฉืืคืกืื ืืืืืจืืช 1999, ืคืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืชื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืืืืกื 1999 ืืื ื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืืจืช ืืืื ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชืงืืืช ืืืืืจืช "ืืืงืืจืืง ืคืืื". ืขื ื ืคืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืจืง ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2000, ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืคื ืืืืืจ ืืคืืืืืืงื. ืขื ืคื ืืืง, ืืชืคืืจืืช ืืจืง ืืืืจื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืฉืืชืงืืืื ืื ืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืืจืช ืื ืชืชืืคืฉืจ ืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืฆืืื. ืืคืืืช ืฉ"ืก, ืฉืื ืจืฆืชื ืืืกืชืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืื, ืกืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืคืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช, ืื ืกืืืขื ืืืขืืจืช ืืืง ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืชืืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืขืืืืชื ืืืคืชืืขื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉื ืืฉื ืืืืชื ืขืช ื"ืืืชื ืืืืจ" ืืืคืืคืืืจื ืคืืืช ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืจื ืืืฆืข "ืืืืช ืืื", ืชืงืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจืื ืืื ืืคืืืืขืื ืืงืจื ืืื ืืกืช ืฆื"ื ืืขืจืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืืช. ืืื ืงืจื ืื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืคืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืขืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืคื ืฉืื ืืืขืชื ืฆืจืืื ืืืชืืฆืข ืืคืจืื ืืืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ, ืขื ืคืืจืืง ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืคืจืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2002 ืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืคืืืฉ ืืขืืจืืง. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืขื ืืืื ืืคืืืฉื ืืื ืืขืืช ืืคืืงืื ืืืจืคืืจืื ืฉื ืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืขืืืชื ืืขืจืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื "ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื, ืคืขืืืืชืื ืืืชืงืืืืชื ืฉื ืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืืคืืชืื ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื" ืืืืกืืฃ ืื ืชืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ื ืฉื ืกืืื, ืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืชืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืขืฆืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืื. ืืคืืขื ืืชืืจืจ ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืขืืจืืง ืื ืืืื ืขืืจืืง ืื ืืื ืื ื ืฉืง ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืจืืื ืืขืจืืืื ืื ืืฉืคืขืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืืชื ืฉืืืืืช ืืกื ืืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2002 ืืฆืืจืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ. ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืื ืฉืจืื ืขื ืื ืืืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืืคืกืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื 24%. ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืช ืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืืืืช 2003, ืืืฆืข ืื ืชื ืืื ืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ. ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉืืคืฅ ืืชืืง ืืืืฅ, ืกืืจื ืชืืืื, ืื ืืืกืืฃ ืงืืื ืืช ืืชืคืงืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืคืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืงืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฆืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืก ืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืง ืืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืฉื ืชืืื ืืืฆื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืฆืจ, ืขืจื ืจืคืืจืืืช ืืจืืืงืืช ืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืื ืืืืกืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื. ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืงืคืืืืืกืืืช ืชืงืืคื, ืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืคืืชืช ืืืฆืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืงืืฆืืฆืื ื ืจืืืื ืืชืงืฆืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืคืจืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืชืืืช. ืืื ืืืืจ ืจืืืช ืขื ืืฆืืจื ืืงืฆืฅ ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืฉืง ื"ืืืฉ ืืจืื (ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืื) ืืกืืื ืขื ืืื ืืช ืืืืฉ ืืฉืื (ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื)". ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืชื, ืืืืฅ ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืฉืืื ืื ืงืืืื, ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืืคืืชืช ืฉืืขืืจื ืืก ืืืื ืกื. ืืืงืืื ืืจืืื ืืช ืืกืืก ืืืก ืืืืื ืคืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืก ืืชืืฉืื ืืชื ืืืืืืช. ืืืืฆืข 2004 ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืคืืชื ืืืจืืชืืช ืื ืื ืืก ืืืื ืกื ืืืก ืืืืจืืช (25% ืืขืืืช 36%) ืขื ืฉื ืช 2010 ืืืคืืชืช ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืืื (44% ืืขืืืช 50%). (ืืืื ืืืช ืืฉืชื ืชื ืืขืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืช 2012 โ ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืขืื ื-48% ืื-50% ืืฉื ืช 2013, ืืืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืืก ืืืื ืกื ืขื ื-40,000 ืฉ"ื ืืืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจืช.) ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืื ืืคืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืฉืืจ ื ืืื, ืื ืืชืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืจืง ืขื ืืขืื ืืื ืกื ืืื ืื ืืช ืืืขืื. ืขืจืื ืฉื ื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืก ืืื ืกื ืืืงืคื ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืืืืช. ืืืกืืจืช ืชืืงืื 147 ืืคืงืืืช ืืก ืืื ืกื, ืืืขืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืก ื-15% ื-20% ืขื ืจืืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื, ืืจืืืช ืื ืืืช ืืืืจืกื ืืจืืืืืช ืขื ืคืืงืืื ืืช, ืืืื ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืื ืขื ืฉืื ืืงืจืงืขืื. ืืชืืืืช 2004 ืืืืื ืงืืฆืืฅ ืืืืกืื ืขื ืงืฉืช ืจืืื ืฉื ืืืฆืจื ืฆืจืืื, ืืืงืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืืข"ื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืฉื 17%. ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืช ืืงืจืืืจืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืงืฆืืืืช ืจืืืื ("ืชืฉืืืื ืืขืืจื") ืืืืื ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืช ืื ื ืืขืื, ืืืืจืื, ืืขืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืฆืืช ืืขืืืื. ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืจืืฃ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืฉืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืืืืคื ืืกืืจืชื ืคืขืื ืืืืืืช ืงืฆืื ืื (ืืืืืื ืืืง ืืืคืจื), ืื ืืื ืืืง ืืืงืืืืืฆืื. ืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืงืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืคืืขื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืขืจืื, ืฉืืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืกืืช. ืงืืฆืืฆืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืงืฆืืืืช ืคืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืื-ืืืจืืืช, ืืืืืืืื ืืืงืฉืืฉืื ืืขืืจืจื ืื ืฉื ืฉืืืชืืช ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืืืืช, ืืืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืืงื ืงื ืคื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื, ืืืขืืจื ืืืจืืช ืจืืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืคืื ืคืจืืืื. ื-2003 ืืื ืคืงื ืืืืจืกื ืื ืืืช "ืื ืขื", ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืงืืืฆืช "ืื ืคืืื" ืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืืฅ ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจื. ืืชืืืืช 2004 ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืช ืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืคื ืืช "ืฆืื" (50% ืืืืืจื) ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืขืืคืจ ืชืืืจืช ืืืฆื ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื. ืืืืื, ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืืงื ืจืืื ืื "ืขืกืงืช ืืฉืงืฉืืงื", ืขืืจืจ ืืืงืืจืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ืจืื, ืื ืืชืื ืขืืื ืืขืจื ืืื"ื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื. ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืง ืืืกืงืื ื ื ืืืจ ืืงืืืฆืช ืืฉืงืืขืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืชืื ืืจืื ืคืื, ืชืืืจืช 1.3 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื, ื-80% ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืง, ืขื ืคื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืกืืจื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืืจืกื. ืืืจืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช "ืืืง" ื ืืืจื ืืงืืืฆื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืกืื ืืืืืคืงืก, ืืืืืจ ืืงืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืกืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืงืืืืื ืืืืืืคืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืง ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืืฉื ืช 2008 ืื ืืื ืืื ืง ืืืืืื ืคืจืืืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืคืืืช ื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืืืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืฆืืจ ืชืืจืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืขืื. ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืขืืืืื, ืฉืื ืชืืืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืกืื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืชืืช ืขืืืจ ืื ื ืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2009, ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืื ืืืช ืืจืคืืจืื, ืืืฉืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืคืจืืฉืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืงืืข ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืื ืืจืคืืจืื ื ืืฉืื. ืืื ืืื ืคืชืจืื ืืืฉืืจ ืงืจื ืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืช, ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืงืจื ืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืืืืืจืช ืืงืจื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืช, ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืจืืช ืืืืืื. ืชืืื ืืช ืืกืืืข ืืคืฉืจื ืืงืจื ืคืืขืื ืืื ืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืคืจืขืื, ืืช ืชืฉืืื ืืคื ืกืื ืืืืจืื. ืฆืขื ืื ืืืื ืืืขืืื ื ืืืจืช ืฉื ืืคืจืฉืืช ืืขืืืชืื ืืงืจื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืช ืืืขืืืืืื ืืฆืืฆืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืืชืื. ืืงืจืืช ืกืืฃ ืืืื ืชื ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช "ืืขืืช ืืืจ". ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆืืชืื, ืฉืืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ื ืืืฆื ืืื ืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืงืืคืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืงืจื ืืช ืื ืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืขืืืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืจืชืืื ืืฉื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืื ืืื-ืฉืืืืื ืืืฉืง. ืขื-ืคื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืขืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืื 2002 ื-2004 ืขืื ืื-10%, ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืขื ืืืช ืขืื ื-12%. ืืจืืื ื ืจืืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืขืืืื ืืืจืืฉืช ืื ืืงืงืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจืืคืืช, ืื ืืงืจื ืืืจืืื ืฉืืฉืชืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืขืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืงืจื ืืืจืืื ืขืืืืื ืื ืคื ืกืืื ืจืื. ืืขืื ื ืืชืจืื ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืฆืื ืืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืชืฉืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืงืฆืืืืช. ืืฆื ืืืืงืืจืช, ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืชืคืจื ืืืืคื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืง ืืืฉืจืื: ืืกืืฃ 2002 ืืชืงืฉืชื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืก ืืกืฃ ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืช, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืืื ืืืืคื ื ืืืจ. ืืื"ื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืคืื ื ืกืืช ืฉื ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2003 ืฆืืื ืื ืฉืืคืืจ ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืคืื ื ืกืืื ื ืืข, ืืื ืืฉืืจ, ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืฉื, ืืฆืืื ืืืขืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืชืงืฆืื (ืืฃ ืฉืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืขืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉื ื), ืืืช ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืขืืื, ืงืืืช ืืขืจืืืืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืืช ืืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืคืจืกืื ืืืืงืช ืืืืงืจ ืฉื ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืงืจื-ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืคื, ืืจืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืืืฆืืืื ืืืฉืง ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฆืื ืืื, ืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืืืืืื ื ืืฆืืืืช ืืกืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืจืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืืฆืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืืก ืื-ืขืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืชืงืืช. ืืื ืชืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืืข ืืขืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืงืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืืง ืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืื ืกืช. ืขื ืืืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืข ืืกืชืืืืืืืช, ืืคืจื ืื ืกืืื ืืฆืืจ ืคืืืืืคื ืืืฆืืข ืขืจืืืช ืืฉืื ืขื, ืืฃ ืื ืืฆืืืจ ืฉืืืฉืื ืืฆืืืข ืืขื ืืชืื ืืช. ืืฉืขืืชื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืืฆืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืื, ืื ืืฆืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืคืื ืืชืคืืจ ืื ืื ืืืืฆืข ืืฉืื ืขื. ืืืืฉื ื ืกืื ืื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืื ืืชืงืืื ืืฉืื ืขื. ืืช ืืชื ืขืจืืชื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืฉืืฆืื, ืืืืก ืืืืจืคืช ืืฆืื ืืจืคืืื ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช. ืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืชืืข ืงืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืขื, ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืฆืืืข ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืขื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืขืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืกืช. ื-7 ืืืืืืกื 2005, ืขืจื ืืืฆืืข ืืคืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ืคืื ืื ืฉืืืฉืช ืืืืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืชืคืืจืืชื. ืืื ื ืืืง ืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืชืคืืจ ืืืฉืฉื ืฉืืขืื ืฆืคืื ืืงืื "ืืกืืก ืืจืืจ ืฉืืกืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื" ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ืจืคืืจืืช ืืืจ" ืืื ืงืื ืืฉืืืื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืืืช ืฉืืืงืฉ ืืขืจืื ืืืกืืจืช ืชืคืงืืื. ื-30 ืืืืืืกื 2005 ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืืขืืืืชื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืืจื ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืกืคืืจืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืขืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืขืืืืชื ืืชืคืงืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืชืงืืฃ ืืช ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืื "ืฉืืืื ืืืจืฆ". ืืกืคืืืืจ ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืขื ืื ืืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืชื ืืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืฉืจืื, ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืืืจืช ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืคืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืจืื ืืชืคืงืืื. ืืืฆืขื ื ืืืชื ืขื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืคืจืฉ ืงืืืืช ืงืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืชืคืงืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืชื ืืขื. ืืชืืืืช ืืฆืืืจ 2005, ืืขืงืืืช ืคืจืืฉืชื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื ืืืคืืื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืฉื "ืงืืืื", ืืคื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืข ืขืฉืจื. ืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืฅ ืืืฉื ืคืืืืืื. ืขืืื ืื ืืื, ืฉืืชืืืื ืืชืืืื, ืืกืืจ ืืช ืืืขืืืืชื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืชืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคื, ืฉืืชืืืื ืืชืืืื ืื ืืื, ืขืืจ ืืืคืืืช "ืงืืืื". ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ื ืขืจืื ื-19 ืืืฆืืืจ 2005, ืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื ืขื 44% ืื ืืงืืืืช (ืืื 33% ืืฉืืื, 12% ืืคืืืืืื ื-9% ืืืฅ). ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2006 ืืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืขืชื ืืืืขืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื ืืืคืืื ืืืืจื ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืคืชืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืืขื. ืืื ื ืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืคืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืชื ืืขื, ืฉื ืืฉื ืืฉื ืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืงืืจ ืืฉืืืชืืช ืืชื ืืขื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ]. ืืชืืืืืช ืืฆืขื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืืื ืืขืืจืืืช, ืืื ืืื ืืชืฉืืืืช ืขื ืฉื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืคืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืขื ื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืชืืงืื ืงืืกืืื ืืืื, ืืืฆืืืขื ืขื ืืขืืืื ืื ืืฆืขื ื ื ืงื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจ ื ืืืจื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ื-17, ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืฆื ืืงืืืืชื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช. ืืคืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ื"ืฆืขื ืงืืกืืื" ืืืชื ืืื ืคืจืืืืจืื ืจืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืืขื ืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-17 ืืืืื ืขืื ืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉืืื ื-12 ืื ืืืื, ืืืช ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืืขืื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืฃ ืขืืืืช ืืืืก ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืจืื, ืฉื ืจืื ืืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืืง ืืช ืืืคืืื. ืื ืืื ืืชืืืกื, ืงืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืืช, ืฉืคืืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช, ืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืืจืืช, ืื ืงืืข ืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืืช ืืืขื ืืฆืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืข ืฉืืืฉืื ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืชื ืืขื. ืืื ืกืช ื-17 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืกืื ื ืื ืฉืงืคืช ืืืืจืื ืืืชืืืฉืช ืืคืฆืฆืช ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืช. ืืฉื ืช 2008 ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืคืจืืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืขืกืงื ืืืืกืืจ ืืฉืงืขื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืจืื. ื-14 ืืืืืืกื 2007 ื ืขืจืื ืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื. ืืจืืื ืืขืืงืจื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืืื, ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืคืจืฉ ืืืคืื ืชืืืช ืืืืจืืฅ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื, ืชืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืขืืงืจื ืืืื ืืื ืคืขืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืคืืื, ืืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 72.8% ืืืืกืก ืืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืขืื ืืืคืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืงืืจืื, ืืืคืืจ ืืงืื ืืก, ืืืืืงืชื ืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืขืืืื ืืืงืื ื-36, ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืืืงืื ื-20. ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื ื ืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืฉื ืชืคืกื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืฉืืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืืงืืช ืืขืืช ืืงืืจื ืืืืืชืืช ืืืงืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจื ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืขืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืกืืคื ืืชืคืืจ. ืืืืืคืชื, ืฆืืคื ืืืื ื, ืืฉืื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืคืืืจื ืืื ืกืช. ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืื ื ืขืฉืจื ืืื ืืจื ืืงืกืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืก ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืข ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืช ืขืืืชื ืฉืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืืฉ ืืืคืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขื ืืชืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืฆืข. ืืงืืคืืื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืคื ืืื ื ืืกืืกืืืืช ืืื "ืืืง ืืืืืืื, ืืืง ืืืืืื". ื-3 ืืคืืจืืืจ, ืืฉืืืขืืื ืืืจื ืชืื ืืืฆืข "ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื", ื ืคืื ืืืฉืงืืื ืจืงืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืงืจ ืืขืืจ, ืืืืื ืฉืืืฉืืชื ืชืคืขื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขื, ืืชืงืฃ ืืช ืืืฉืืช ืงืืืื ืขื ืื ืฉืื ืขืฉืชื ืืืช. ืืฉืจืื ืืืจ, ืฉืืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืกืืจืืื ืฉื ืืงืืคืืื, ืกืืคืจ ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืชื ื-2020 ืฉืืืืืื ืืืฆืืจื ืืืืชื ืฉืื, ืขืงื ืกืงืจืื ืคื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืขื ืืชืืืงืืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื ืืฉืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืจ ืืื, ืืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืฉืชืื ืข. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-18 ืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ื-27 ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืกืืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืจื ืงืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืฆืืคื ืืื ื ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื. ืืืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ื-ืืชื, ืฉืืืืืฅ ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืจืื ืืื ืกืช (65 ื"ืืื), ืื ืฉืื ืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืื ืงืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืืจืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื, ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืฉ"ืก, ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ื-31 ืืืจืฅ 2009 ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืงืื ืืืื 30 ืฉืจืื ื-9 ืกืื ื ืฉืจืื. ืืืื ื 2009 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช "ื ืืื ืืจ-ืืืื", ืฉืืืจืืื ืืืืข ืืกืืื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืงืืช ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืชื ืืช ืืคืืจืืื, ืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืขื ืืืืืื, ืืืชืืจ ืขื ืืืืช ืืฉืืื. ืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืขืฉืจื ืืืื ืืืืจ ื ืืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืจ, ืืืื ืงืฉืืจ ืืืืขืื ืขื ืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืืคื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ-ืืืื ื ืชืคืก ืืฆืืืืจ ืืชืคื ืืช ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืก ืืขืืืืชืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืืคื ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2010 ืืืืืื ืืขืืช ืฉืจืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืืืฅ ืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืฉืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื ืืฆืืง ืืืจืื ืืืืฅ' ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืขื ืืฆืจืื ืืขืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืืจื ืืืฆื ืฉ"ื. ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื "ืงืืืืชื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืืืืืื... ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืกืืจืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืงืจืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื". ืืขืงืืืช ืฆืขื ืื ืคืกืงื ืืืกืชื ื ืืช ืืืขื ืืืืจื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืืจืืฃ ืืืฉืืจ ืืืชืืฉื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืจืงืื, ืืฉืืจ ืฉืืื ืืขืช ืืืื ืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื, ืืืืจ ืืืฆืข ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื, ืืืืจืืฃ ืืชืงืืคืช ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉื ืืขืื ืืกืืฃ ืืื 2010. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2010, ืืขืงืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืืขืื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืื ืก ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืคืชืืจ ืืช ืืกืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืื-ืคืืกืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืฉืชื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉื ื ืขืืื ืืชืื ืืกืชืืืืืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืก, ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืขื ืืืืืื. ืืืงืืื, ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืฆื ืืืฉื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืชืงืืคื ืฉื 10 ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืืืกื 2011 ืืืจืขื ืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืืื ืืคืืืืข ืงืืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืจื ืกืื ื, ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืงืคืช ืจืงืืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืจืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2011, ืื ืืื ืืื"ื, ืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืจืืฉ ืืืื"ื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืงืจื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืฆืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืงืืื, ืคืขื ืืืืืจื ืืงืืขืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืจืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืจืฃ ืคืขืืืืช ืืื, ื-29 ืื ืืืืืจ 2012 ืืืฉืจื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืจืื ืืืื (ืืืืืื 67/19 ืฉืื) ืืช ืืืืจื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืื ื ืืฉืงืืคื ืฉืืื ื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืื"ื. ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืืื ืืคืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก, ืืคืืขื ืืืจ ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืง ืืืชื. ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืข ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืกืืจ ืงืืข. ื-11 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2011 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืช ืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืก - ืืืกืืจืชื ืฉืืืจืจ ืืืขื ืฉืืื ืชืืืจืช 1,027 ืืกืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2012 ืืืกื ืฆื"ื ืืช ืืืื ื'ืขืืจื, ืจืืฉ ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืก, ืืขืงืืืช ืืจื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืคืชืืืช ืืืฆืข ืขืืื ืขื ื, ืฉื ืืขื ืืื ืืข ืืจื ืจืงืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืฆืข, ืืคืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืกืชื ืฉื ื'ืืื ืืฉืขื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืืจื ืขืืื ืืจื, ืฉืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขื 2011, ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืข ืืกืืจืื, ืืชืืืื ืืืจืืงืื, ืืกืื ืืืืื ื ืกืืื ืืืงืืช ืืจืืช ืืืืื, ืชืื ืืฉืืจืช ืจืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืื ืืจืื ืืืงืืื. ืืคื ืืืฆืขื ืืจืื ืชืืกืืจ ืืกืืจืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืจืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืชืืฆืข ืืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ืื ืขื ืกืขืืืื. ืืืฆืขื ืืืชื ืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืื ื ืืืชื ืขื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืกืืจืื. ืกืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืื ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืื ืกืืืืืช ืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ืืชืงื ื ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื. ืขื ืกืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืจืืข ืืืจ ื-1993. ืืคืชืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืืจืฃ ืฉื ืืื ืกืช, ื-31 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2011, ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืื โืืืจืื ืืจืขืื ืืช ืชืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืขื ืืขืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืื ืขืืื ืโ. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืจืขื ืืืืืช ืืืชืงื ืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืืื 3, ืืืงื ืืืืกื ื"ืืืกื", ืฉืืื ืขื ืืจืืื ื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืื ืื, ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืืืคื ืืฉืื ืื ืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช. ื-27 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2012 ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื"ื. ืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืชืืืข ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืขืฉืจ ืืจืื ืฉื 90% ืชืืื ืื ื ืงืืืช ืืื-ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืงื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืืืข ืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืฉ ื"ืฉืจ ืืืกืืจืืืื ืืืืืืช". ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืฆื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืกืืช ืืืกืื, ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืชื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืชื, ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืขืจื ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืื 2010 ืืืขืื ืื ืืืก ืขื ืกืืืจืืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืืื ืืช ืขื ืื"ืจ ืืืกืชืืจืืช, ืขืืคืจ ืขืื ื, ืขื ืขืกืงืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืง. ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืฉืืืฉืง ืฉืื ืฆืื ืืขืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื. ืืืื ืคืืฆืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช. ืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉืืขืืชื. ืืฉืงื ืืชืืืง ืืื ืืืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืงื ืืืช ืขืชืืืืช ืื"ื ืืฉื ืื ืืขืช ืืืกืืฃ. ืืืื ืืืช ืืืจืืจืืกืคืงืืืื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืขืช ืืืฉืืจ, ืืืืืช ืืฆืืืชื ืืื ืืขื ื ืจืืืช ืฉื ืคืืืขื ืืืฉืง ืืืืื ืืงื ืืื ืืืฉืจืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืกื ืืงืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืง ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืงื ืขื ืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืื ืืื. ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืืขืงืืืช "ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืืื ื", ืืืฉืฉืืช ืื ืืืข ืืืจื ืคืขืืืชื ืฉื ืืขืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืคืื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื. ืืืื 2010 ืืฆืืจืคื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืคืืชืื ืืืืื (OECD). ืืืืื-ืืืืืกื 2011 ืคืจืฆื ืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืช ืืจืืื ืืจื ืืืืืืฉ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืคืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืื ืฉืขืื ืืืืื, ืืืืืฅ ืืช ืจืื ืืืืฆืืชืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืฅ ืืืืืฆืืช, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืื 3, ืืืขืื ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืข"ื, ืืก ืงื ืืื ืขื ืืืง ืืืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืก ืืื ืกื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2012 ืืืืข ืืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ื-39 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื, ืืคืืืื ืืืืชืืื ื. ืืืจืขืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืขืืืืช ืืืกืื ื ืืกืคืืช. ืืืชืื ืืืกืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ื, ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืฉืจ ืืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืืชื ืืืขื ืืง ืืช ืืกืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืกืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ืขืชืืจื ืฉื ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืจืคืืืืช ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืกืืจ ืื ื ืืืชื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืคืช ืฉืคืขืช ืืืืืจืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืืฉ ืืืกืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืคืขืช ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืชืืฉืื ืืืืื ื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืชืืกื ื ืจืง ื-700,000 ืืฉืจืืืื (ื-10%) ืืืืืื ื ื ืืชืจื ืขื ืขืืืฃ ืฉื ื-4.5 ืืืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืกืื. ืืฉื ืช 2010 ืคืจืฆื ืืฉืจืคื ืืืจืื ืื ื ืกืคื 44 ืื ื ืืื, ื-17,000 ืืืฉ ืคืื ื ืืืชืืื ืืงืจืื ื-25 ืงื"ืจ (25,000 ืืื ื) ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ื ืขืฆืื ืขืื ืืืฉ. ืฉืจืคื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืกืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืฉืืชืจืืฉ ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืชื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2011 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืื ื, ืฉืขืกืงื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืงืืช ืืขืืืช ืืงืืจื ืืืืืชืืืช ืืืขืืืจ ืืช ืกืืืืืืชืื ืืืืฃ ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2012 ืืืงื ืืื ืืกืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืจื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืื ืขืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืกืืืืจ, ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืขืื ืฉืขืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืฃ ืืืื' ืืฆืืง ืื ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืชืืคืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชืื ืืื ืชืืงืฆืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืืจืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืื ืืจืืื ืื"ืค ืกืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืฉืืข. ืืกืืฃ ืื ืืืจ 2012 ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืคื ืืืืืช ืขื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืคืืืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืืงืื ื-36 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช 2008, ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ-ืื ืกืช. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืชืคืงืื, ืืฉืืฆืืืขื ืื ื-75% ืืืืชืคืงืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ 2012 ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืขื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืชืืืืช 2013, ืืืื ืฉืงืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืืงืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืคืืืืช "ืืืืืื" ื"ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืจืฉืืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉืืื ืชื "ืืืืืื ืืืชื ื" ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืืจืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืชื ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ื-31 ืื ืืืื, ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-19 ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืชื ืืฉืืืฉืืช. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืขื ืื ืืืืืจ 2013. ืืืจืฅ 2013 ืืืืกืืจืช ื ืืกืืื ืืช ืชืืืื ืฉื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืจืง ืืืืื - ืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืจืงืื, ืจื'ืค ืืืืค ืืจืืืื ืขื ืืฉืืช ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืชืืงืื ื, ืืืจื ืฉื ืงืืขื ืืืฉืืจ ืืขืงืืืช ืืืจืืขื ืืืฉื ืืขืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืชื ืฆื ืขื ืืืจืืขื ืืืฉื, ืืฉื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืกืืืืช, ืฉืืืคืจืื 2014 ื ืจืื ืืงืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืชืืื ืขื ืืกืื, ืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื, ืืืืกืื ืืืจืืจื ืฉืื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืชืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืคื ืืจืืฃ ื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืืจืงืื ื ืขืจืื ืืคืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืืชืงืคื ืื ืื ืืืช ืืฉืืจืืจืืช, ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืฉืคืืืช ืืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืคืจืกืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืข ืืืืจืงืื. ืืืืง ืืืืกื ืืจืื ืืโืืฉืจืื ืืืืกื ืืฉืจืืโืืฆืจืื ืืกืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืช ืฆืืืืืช ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืจืื ืื ืืืฆืจืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ื-ืกืืกื. ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืกืื ืืืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืคืช ืืจืฆื ืฉืืืฉื ื ืขืจืื ืืืืืื ื-12 ืืืื ื 2014 ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืก, ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืคืชืื ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืชืืจ ืืืืืคืื ืืืคืืืขื ืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืก ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืฆืข ื ืขืฆืจื ืืืขืื ื-400 ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืจืืืชื ืื ืฉื ืืืืก, ืืจืืืช ื-50 ืืกืืจืื ืฉืฉืืืจืจื ืืืืื ืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื. ืืื ืื, ื ืืฉืคื ืขืฉืจืืช ืกืืืงืื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืขืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฆืจื ืขืฉืจืืช ืจืืืื ืื ืืืืขื ืื. ื-8 ืืืืื 2014 ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื ืืชืืืื ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืกื ืงืจืงืขืืช ืืืจืืง ืฉื ื-3 ืงืืืืืืจืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืชืงืคืืืช ืฉืื ื ืืืืก. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืจื ืืืืก ืืืคื ืจืงืืืช ืืคืฆืฆืืช ืืจืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืฉืจืื. ื-30 ืืืืื ื ืืืคื ืืืคืืชืืื ืฉื ืกืื ืจืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืกืื ืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืงืจื ืฉื'ืืขืืื, ืื-7 ืืืืืืกื ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืงืฉ ืืื ื ืืกืืืข ืืืฉืืช ืืืคืืชืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืข ืืืชืื ืืช ืืืกืืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช ืืืคืกืงืืช ืืฉ ืฉืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืื ืืฆืจืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืฉืจ ืืืฆื ืืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ื ืชืืื ืืืืจืคืช ืืืขืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ื ืืืจื ืืชืืืืช ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืจืง ืืืืื. ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืจืฉ ืืืฉืจืื ืืืกืืื ืืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืืืงืื ืืช ืืืจืงืื ืืงืืจ ืืืชืืืืืช ืืกืืกืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื, ืื ืืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืฆืข ืืกืชืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืขื ืฉืืืขืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ื-26 ืืืืืืกื, ืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืคืกืงืช ืืืฉ ืืกืืื ืืืืฆืข ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืฆืืขื ืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื-ืืืืืื ื, ืฉืื ืื ืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืฆืข, ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืขื ืื ืืฆืื ืืกืคืงืช ืืงืืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืชืงืืคื ืืคื ื ืืืืฆืข. ืืืืื 2014 ืืื ืขืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืคืืืืขื ืืจืืจ ืืฆื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืฆืขื ืืืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืคืืืืขืื ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืืคืืืืข ืืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืงืืืืช ืื ื ืชืืจื ืืืื ื ืจืฆืื 6 ืืฉืจืืืื. ื-3 ืืืจืฅ 2015 ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืจืืข ืืคื ื ืืืกืื ืืืชืืืฉ ืืื ืืืขืฆืืืช ืืืืจืื, ืืืกืืจ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช. ืืขืฆื ื ืฉืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืชืืื ืื ืืื ื ืื ืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืจืง ืืืืื. ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืงืื ืืจืก. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืจืขืื ืฉื 40 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืฆืจ ืืฉื ืช 2012, ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืืช ืืฆืคื ืืืืจืขืื ืชืงืฆืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 4.9% ืืฉื ืช 2013, ืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืชืงืฆืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืกืื, ืืืงื ื-2013 ืืืืงื ื-2014. ืืืคืจืื 2013 ืืืฉืจื ืจืคืืจืืช ืืฉืืื ืืคืชืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืกืืช ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืขืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืฉืจ ืืืง ืืจืืืืืืืช ืืคื ืืกืงื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืืชืืจืืชืืืช ืืืฉืง. ืืืื 2014 ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืื ืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืฃ ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืงืจ, ืืฉื ืืืื ืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืฆืืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืื ื 2015, ืืื ืฉืงืืคืืช, ืฆืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืงืืข ืืจืคืืจืื ืืคื ืกืืืช. ืืื ื ืชืงืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืจืืคื ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืืจืืื"ื ืืื ืืืื ืงืื. ื-2 ืืืฆืืืจ 2014 ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืฆืืคื ืืื ื ืืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืจืฉื ืืืืืฉืื ืืชืจ ืฉืจื "ืืฉ ืขืชืื" ืืืื ืกืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ื-17 ืืืจืฅ 2015. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืขืฉื ืืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ื ืชืื ื ื "ืคืืืฉ" ืฉื ืืขื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืคืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืจ ืื ืขืฉื ืืืช ืืขืงืืืช ืชืืืืชื ืืืืง "ืืฉืจืื ืืืื". ืืืืื ืืกืคืจื "ืืืื: ืกืืคืืจ ืืื" ืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืื ืขื ืฉืคืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืคืื ืืืื ื "ืขื ืกืื ืฉืืืขื ืงืื ืกืคืืจืืืืืช ืฉืืกืจื ืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืคืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืื ื ืื ื ืืื ืคืืืฉ". ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืคืืืชื ืืืืืื ื-30 ืื ืืืื. ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช, ืืืจ ืฉืืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืฆืจื ืืฉื ืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืคืืกื ืฉืคืจืกื ืืืฃ ืืคืืืกืืืง ืฉืื ืืชื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืฉืืชืคืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืขื ืืฆืืง ืืจืฆืื ืืืื ื, ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืืืืืชืืจ ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืืืฆืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืืืืืชืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืจืืช, ืืืืง ืืงืืคืืื ืืืจืฆืช ืืืฆืืขื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืื, ืคืจืกื ืกืจืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืขืืื ืืื ืืืจ: โืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืกืื ื. ืืืฆืืืขืื ืืขืจืืื ื ืขืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืงืืคื. ืขืืืชืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชื ืืืืืืืืกืื. ืจืืืชืื ืื ื ืืื V15, ืืฉ ืื ื "ืฆื 8", ืืฉ ืื ื ืจืง ืืชืื, ืฆืื ืืงืืคืโ. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืข ืฆืขืจ ืขื ืฉืืืจืื ืคืืขื ืืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืกืืฃ ืฉืืขืฉืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, "ืืืื ืืืฉืงืขืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืืขืืืื", ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืื ืืื. ื-14 ืืืื 2015, ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ื-34 ืืจืืฉืืชื, ืืืฉืื ืฆืจื ืฉื ืฉืขื ื ืขื 61 ื"ืืื. ืืขืืืจ ืืฉื ื, ื-26 ืืืื 2016, ืืฆืืจืคื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืขืื ื-66. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืืืฃ ืืคืืจืืืจ 2017 ืืืืคื ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืฆืื ืื ืืื (ืจืื ืืืื). ืขื ืกืืฃ 2016 ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื, ืื ืืืืืฃ ืขื ืืื ืฆืื ืื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืฉืืืขืื "ืืืื" ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืืขืื ืืขืืื. ืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 2015 ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืคืืืืขืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืขื ื ืฉืืคืื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืืื ืช ืืคืืืข ืืืกืื ืื-ืืงืฆื, ืืืืืฉืื ืชืืืจื ืืช ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืืืืจื ืืช ืืขื ืืฉื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืจื ืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช ืืืงืืื ืืช. ืื ืืืจืืจ ืืขื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืฉ ืืจืฅ, ืืืกืืฃ ืืืืฉ ืืื ื ืขืื ืฉืื ืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื, ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืจืืืื. ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืืืขืืืช ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืฆืืื ื ืืขืืืื ื-37, ื-20 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2015, ืืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืื' ืืืื ืื-ืืืกืืื ื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืชืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืจืฉ ืืืชื, ืื ืืืืคืชื ืืืจ ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืขืฅ ืื ืืฉืจืืฃ ืืืชื. ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืขืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืฉืืชืื ืฉื ืืืืกืืืจืื, ืืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืกืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืืชื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืชืืืืชื ืฉื ืื-ืืืกืืื ื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืืจ. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืฆืข ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืืช ืชืงืืคืืช ืฉื ืฆื"ื ืืืืื ื, ืืืืจื ืืื ืืข ืืขืืจืช ื ืฉืง ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืฉ ืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืกืืจืื. ืืืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืกืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืืื ืชืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืกืื ืืืคืจื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืจ ืฉื ืฉืชื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืฉื ืื, ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืืืช, ืืื ืืกืคืืืืจ 2015, ืขื ื ืฉืื ืจืืกืื, ืืืืืืืจ ืคืืืื. ืืืื 2016 ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื, ืฉืืชืคืืจ ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืกืช ืืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืคืื "ื ืืจืจืช ืืืชืืืืช". ืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืชืคืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื. ื-2018 ืืกืืกืื ืืืืจืื ื-ืืฉืจืืื ืืคื ืืขืืืืช ืืฉืืจ ืขื ืืืืจืช ืื"ื ืืชืืื ืืืจืื ื ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืืจืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื T-4 ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืกื ื ืืชืืืืฉืช ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืฉ ืืคืจืื, ืืชืงืคืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืจืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืกืืืืืช ืืืืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืขืืืช. ื-30 ืืืคืจืื 2018 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืืฉืฃ ืืืืข ืืืจืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืคื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืกืืืื ืืงืืฆืื ืฉืืืฆืื "ืืืืกื" ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืื ื ืืกืชื ืืืกืชืืจ ืืช ืชืืื ืืืชืื ืืคืืชืื ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื. ืืืจืชื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื. ืืืื ืืจื ืืืืืฆืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืช 20 ืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืฆืื ืฆื"ื ืืืจืืื ืืืชืืืื ืชืงืฃ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืขืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2018 ืืื ืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืก. ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืชืจ ืฆื"ื ืฉืืจืช ืื ืืจืืช ืืจืืจ. ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืจืฅ 2018 ืืชืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืคืจืืช ืกืืจ ืืืื ืืืช ืขื ืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืกืืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืก. ืืืืืืืช ื ืืจืื ื-220 ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืจืืื ืคืขืืื ืืจืืจ. ืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืขืื ืืืฉ ืืืคื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืช ืืืืจืฉ ืืขืืืฃ ืขืื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืช ืขืคืืคืื ื ืชืืขืจื, ืืืื ื ืชืืขืจื ืื ืคืฅ ืืจืงืืืช ืฉืฉืืืจื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืื ืืจืฆืืขื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืืืช ืคืืงืื ืืฆืคืื, ืืื ืืื ืืกื ืืงืจืืืช ืืืืฃ ืืืืืืขืื ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืฆืคืื ื ืืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืจืืจ ืืชืงืคืืืช ืฉืืคืจ "ืืืืืืื" ืืฉืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืโืืื ืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืืกื ืฆื"ื, ืืืืฆืข ืืืืจื ืฉืืืจื, ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืื-ืขืื, ืืคืงื ืืืืจื ืืฆืคืื ืืช ืฉื "ืคืืืืืช ืื-ืงืืืก", ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื "ืื'ืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ื". ืืชืืืื ืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืืืช ืจืงืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืคืฆืืฅ ืืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืจื ืืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืืจ 2018 ืืืืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืขื ืืืืืก. ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืกืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืฉ ืฆืื ืืจ ืืืกืคืื ืืงืืจ ืขืืืจ ืืืืืก, ืื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืงืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืืืคื ืืฉืืจ ืืกืืื ืฉื ื-30 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืฉ, ืืืืขืื ืืคืื ืืขืืจืช ืืืกืฃ ืชืกืืืข ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืงืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืจืืงืื ืืืืฉื ืืจืืืค, ืกืืืื ืื ืืฆ'ืื, ืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืงืืจืื ืฉืืืกืคืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืก ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืจ. ืืจืืฉืืช 2019 ืืกืืืจ ืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืคื ืืจืืื ืืืืก: "ืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืกืื ืืงืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืืก ืืืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืืืืก. ืื ืืืง ืืืืกืืจืืืื ืฉืื ื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืขืื ืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื". ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืชืื ืชืคืืกื ืื ืืคืืืื ืืคื ืื ืคืืกืืื ื ืืื ืข ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืกืื ืฉืืื ืืืกืืจ ืืืื ื ืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื. ืืืืื ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืงืืจ ืืืืืก ืืชืคืืจ ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืคืืืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืจืืฉืืชื ืคืจืฉื ืืืงืืืืืฆืื. ืืฉื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืื ื-18 ืื ืืืืืจ 2018 ืืึพ17 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ืืชืคืืจ ืืชืคืงืื ืื ื-10 ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2019 ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืจืขื ืืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ื ืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืืข ืืื ืฉืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืก ืืฉืชืืืช ืขื ืืืง ืืืืกืฃ ืืงืืจื. ืืฉื ืช 2020 ืื"ื ืฆืืื ืื ืืคืืืช ืืจืืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืข ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืก ืืื ืืืืฉ. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2019 ืืืื ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืื ืขืืื ืืืืื ืขืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืื ืข ืืืืจืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืขื ืคืืจืืืจ 2019. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืช ืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืืืืช ืืืฉืื, ืืชืงืืื ืืืืื 2334 ืฉื ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื, ืืืืจืฉืช ืืขืืงืจ ืืคืกืงืช ืื ืืืช ืืชื ืืืืืืช "ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืืืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืื". ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืื ื ื ืงืื ืฆืขืืื ื ืื ืกื ืื, ื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืงืจืืื ื ืืืืคืกืงื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืกืืืช ืฉื ืืื"ื, ืฉืืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืืืืข ืขื ืืืจื ืืืคืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืชื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืืืืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืฉืืจืืจืืชื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื-14 ืืืื 2018 ื ืขืจื ืืงืก ืคืชืืืช ืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืจืืืค ืคืจืฉ ืืืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืคืขืื ืขืืื ืกื ืงืฆืืืช ืืืืืืืช, ืืคืกืืง ืืืืื ืืืกืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืจ"ื, ืคืจืฉ ืืืื ืกืง"ื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืกืืจ ืืช ืืงืื ืกืืืื ืืืืจืืงื ืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืช ืคืจืืฉืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ื, ืื ืืฉ ืืจืืืื ืืคืจืืฉื ืคืืืขื ืืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืขื ืฆื ืืืืจื ืืืจืืงืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืืืืช ืขื ืจืืช ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืช ืจืืืช ืืืืขื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืฆืขื ืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืฆืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉืื ("ืขืกืงืช ืืืื"). ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืช. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืชืงืจืจื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืจืืืค ืื ืชื ืืื. ื-4 ืืืืื 2017 ืืืงืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืื, ื ืจื ืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืง ืืงืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืกืืืข ืืฉืจืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ ืืืงืจ ืืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืคื. ืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืืคืจืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืฆืจืคืช ืขืื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืคืฉื, ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืื ืืจืื. ืืื ืืชื ืขื ืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืกืืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืื-ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืขืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฆืื ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืงืืจืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืงื: ืืืืื 2016 ืขืจื ืกืื ืืืงืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืจืื 40 ืฉื ื ืืืืฆืข ืื ืืื, ืืฆื ืคืกืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืงืืืืช, ืืืงืืจ ืืงื ืื ืขื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืืงืืจ ืืจืืื ืื ืืืืชืืืคืื. ืืืื ื 2017 ื ืื ืืคื ื ืืืืขืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืจื ืืคืจืืงื (ืื ') ืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืืื. ืืืืงืืจื ืืงื ืื ืื ืืืืืจ 2017 ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืจืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืขืช ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืจื ืงื ืืืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2017 ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืงืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืจืืงื ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืคืืฉ ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืื ื, ืงืืืืืืื ืืืงืกืืงื. ืืฉื ืืื ืืก ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืคืืฉ ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืื ืืืข ืืืฆื ืืืืืคืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช. ืืกืืฃ 2017 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืชืืื ืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืจืื ืืจืขื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื, ืืืขื ืืจืื, ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืชืงื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืฉ ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืฉืืืช ืืช ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืจืืชืจืืื ืืืกืืืื ืฉืืฉืจืื ื ืื ืขืช ืืืืืืืจื ืืืืืืชื ืืืชื ืืขื ืง ืืืืืจืฉืื ืืืืืื ื ืืงืืืืช. ื-2 ืืืคืจืื 2018 ืืืจื ืจืืื ืื ืืืกืืืชื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืืืจืฉืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืงืจื ืืืืฉื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืคืขืืื "ืืืฅ ืืืจืืคื ืขื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื ืื" ืืกืืช ืืืืกืื, ืื ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืื ืื ืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื ืื. ืืืงืื ืืืช, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืฉ ืขื ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื, ืืจืื ืืจืขื, ืืื ื ืฆืืืืช ืืื"ื ืืคืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืื ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจื ืืืจืืคื ืืขืื ืืืืงืืื ืืคืืจ ืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืชื ืืืืช ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืชืืื. ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืืื ืืืืืช ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืชืงื ืืืืืช, ืื ืืืชืงื ืื ืฉื ืืคืขืืืืช. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืคืืืืจ ืืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช.ืืืกืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืกืืขืืช ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืชืืื ืืจืคืืจืืืช ืืฉืืง ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืืืฉืื ืชืงืื ืื ืืกืจ ืขืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืงืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชื ืื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืงื ืงืฉืจืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืืืฅ' ืืืขืื ืืืง, ืืืืื ืืืืืืกื 2016 ืืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืื ืื ืืื ืืืคื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืง, ืืืคืืจืืืจ 2017 ืืคื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืขืงืืืช ืขืชืืจืืช ืืื"ืฅ ืื ืืฉื. ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืงืจื ืืฉืจ ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืงืืืข. ืืืืื 2015 ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืฉืืืืจ: ืืืืื ืืืจืช ืืืืืืืืื ืืืงืืช ืชืืืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืงืืื. ืืืื ืืชืืืืช 2017 ืคืขื ืืกืืืจืช ืืชืืืื ืื ืืืืงืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืกืคืื ืืืืื ืคืืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืชื ืื ืืชืืงืฃ ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืฉืืจ ืืืกืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืงืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืื ืชืืงื ืืืืฃ ื ืคืจื. ืชืืงืื ืืืงืืงื ืขืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืขืจื ืืงืืช ืืชืืืื, ืื ืืืงืคื ืืืื ืื"ืฅ (ืื-2018 ืืฃ ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืกืช), ืื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืืงื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืื ืืคืืขื ืืกืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ื ืืชื ื ืืกืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ืืืืืืกื 2015, ืืขืงืืืช ืขืชืืจื ืฉืืืืฉื ืกืืขืช "ืืฉ ืขืชืื", ืงืืข ืื"ืฅ ืื ืืืฆืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืขืื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืฉืจ. ืืขืงืืืช ืื, ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืื ืืชืืจื ืฉื "ืืืืืช ืืฉืจืื" ืืชืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ืืชืืืืช 2020 ื ืืจืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื. ืชืืืื ืืืคื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืจืคืืื ืฉื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืขืช ืืชืคืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืืื ืกืืจ ืืจืฆื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืืข ืชืืืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืื ืชื ืืืืขืืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืขื ืฆืขืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืืจืฉืื. ืืืืฉื ืฆืืฆื ืืช ืืืคืขืืชืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืืื ื-29.9 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2014, ื-54 ืืืืืืจื ืืืื ื 2019, ืืจืืื ืฉื 14 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืขืืืช ืืืขื ืืชืงืฆืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืชืืื ืืื, ืฉื ืืขื ืืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืคื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืช ืืื ืืืืขื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืคืจื ืกืืืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืื ืืคืื ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืจืื, ืืืฆืื, ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืืจื. ืืืืง ืืคืขืืืืชืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืชืืื ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืื. ื-27 ืืืจืฅ 2016, ืคืกื ืื"ืฅ ืืช ืกืขืืฃ ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืชืืื, ืื ื ืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืจืื ืฉื ืฉื ื ืืชืืงืื ื. ืืืื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืขืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื, ืขื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืกืขืืฃ ืื. ืืฉื ืช 2016, ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืกืื ืคืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2019, ืคืืจืกืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืจ ืืืงืืื ืื ืืืฉืจืื ืื ื ืืฆืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืขืจืืืช ืืชืืงืฆืืช ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืกืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ. ืืกืืฃ ืื ืืืจ 2016 ืืืฉืจ ืืืืฉืื "ืืชืืื ืืืืชื" ืืคืื ืืืืชื ืืืืจื ืืืชืจืื ืขืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืขืืช ืืชืคืืื ืืขืืจืืช, ืื ืืืื ืืืขืฆื ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ื ืฉืืช ืืืืชื. ืืืชืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืืืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืขืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืฉืช ืฉื ืืืชืืื, ืขื ืฉืืืงืคื ืืืื ื 2017. ืืชืืงืื ืืคืงืืืช ืืก ืืื ืกื ื ืงืืข ืฉืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืคืืืจ ืืืก ืืื ืกื ืืชืฉืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ื, ืฉืืื ื ืืฉืืืจืช ืื ืงืฆืื, ืืืืื ืืคืืืจ ืื ืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืจืฉืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืก ืขื ืืืืืช ืืกื 600,000 ืฉ"ื ืฉื ืืชื ื ืื ืืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืชืืืืงืช ืืืชื ืืคืจืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืืืืืื ืืขืืช ืืืกืคืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืชืืื ืจืืจืืืงืืืืืช ืืช ืืก ืืืื ืกื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืงืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืชืืงืื ืืงืืื. ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ 2015 ืืงืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื, ืืืงืฉืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื, ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืืขื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืจืืืง ืืืืชื ืืขืช. ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืจืฉืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจ 2016 ืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืืืืืืข ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืคืขื ื ืืกืคืช ืืชืคืงืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ื-24 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018, ืืืืจ ืคืจืืฉืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืขืงื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืืืืืคืงืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืจ ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-21. ื-26 ืืืฆืืืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืช ืคืืืืจื ืืงืืขื ืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืขืจืื ื-9 ืืืคืจืื 2019. ืืงืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืช, ืขืืื ืืช ืจืืฆืชื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืคืืืืช ืืืืื. ืืื ืืฃ ืฉืจืืื ืืช ืืืงืื ื-28 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืขื ืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืืชืงืืืื ื-9 ืืืคืจืื 2019, "ืืืืืื" ืืื ื-35 ืื ืืืื ืืงืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืจืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืช ืืชื ืืืื ืื ืื ืกืืช ืืืืงืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื. ืกืืื ืืคืงืืขืช ืคืจืง ืืืื ืฉื ืงืฆื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืช ืคืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืฉื ืื, ืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืขืืจ. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืชืืื ืฆืืจืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืคืืืช "ืืืื ื". ืื ืืกืฃ, ืฉืื ืข ืืช ืืคืืืช "ืืืืช" ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืืืืจืืช, ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืืช ืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืงื ืืืืก ืจืคืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจืืื ืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ื-32 ืื ืืืื, ืืขืืืช 38 ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืคืืืช "ืืืื ื" ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืื ืื-ืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืืืคืืืช "ืืืืช ืืืืืื". ื-25 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2019 ืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืจืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืจ ืฉื ืชืื ืืืื 55 ืืืจื ืื ืกืช, ืืขืืืช 54 ืฉืชืืื ืืืจืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืจืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ, ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืื ืืฃ ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื. ืืฉืื ืืชืคืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืขื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2019 ื ืขืจืื ืคืจืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืช "ืืืืืื", ืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ื-72.5% ืืืงืืืืช, ืืฉืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื, ืฉื ืขืจืื ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2020 ืืืืืื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื-36 ืื ืืืื, ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืฅ ืืื ืืืืืฆืชื ืฉื 61 ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืื ืขืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืจื ืกืืฃ ืชืงืืคืช ืืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืฅ, ืืขื ืจืงืข ืืชืคืจืฆืืช ืืงืืจืื ื, ื ืืชื ืืกืื ืงืืืืืฆืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื. ื-7 ืืืื, ืืืืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืชืืื ืฉื 72 ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืงืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืขืงืืืช ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืช ืืื ืื. ืืคื ื ืื ื ืืืชื ืขืชืืจื ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืืืช ืืื ืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืื ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืื ืคืืจืกื ืืกืืจ ืืื ืืขืช ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืืกืจ ืขืืื ืืขืกืืง ืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืืฉืคืื. ื-17 ืืืื 2020 ืืืฉืืข ืืงืื ืฆืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ. ืืืืชื ืืขืื ืืืฉืืข ืื ื ืื ืฅ ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืคื, ืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืฆื, ื-17 ืื ืืืืืจ 2021, ืื ืืืืืคื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืชืืืฉื. ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืง ืืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืืืืชืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืงืืืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืกืืืข ืืืขื ืงืื ืืืืจืืื. ืืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืชืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืกืืจืืืืืช ืืืฆืืื, ืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืฉืช ืืชืืืืื, ืฉืืืืืื ืืกืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืื ืชืฉืจื. ืืืงืืื ืืชืงืืืื ืืืืืช ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืขื ืจืงืข ื ืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืฉื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉื. ืืขืงืืืช ืขืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืืชืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืกืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ. ืืืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืื ืขื ืืืืจื ืืืจืื, ืื ื"ื ืคืืืืจ, ืขื ืจืืืฉืช ืืืกืื ืื. ืืจืืืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ื ืขื ื ืืงืจืืืืช ืืืชืืกื ืืืคืจืง ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืชืืกื ืื ืื ืคืฉ. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฆืขื ืฆืขืืื ืืกืืคืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืฅ ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืฉืืื ืชื "ืชืืื ืืช ืืืื". ืืืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืจืื ืืืคืจืง ืขื ืืชืืืช "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื" ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืืจืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืืืื ืขื ืืจืืงื ืืกืืื, ืื ืืืกืื ืขื ืกืืื ืื ืืชืืืฉ. ื-13 ืืืืืืกื 2020 ืืฆืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค, ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืื' ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื, ืืช ืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช-ืืฉืจืื ืื ืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช. ืืคื ืืคืจืกืืืื, ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืกืืคืื. ื-11 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020 ืืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืจืื ืืช ืืืกืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืื. ืืกืืืื ืืื ื ืงืจืื "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื". ืืืกืื ื ืืชื ื-15 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020 ืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช (ืืืชืืืืช) ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช, ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ื-10 ืืืฆืืืจ 2020 ืืืืจื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืื ืขื ืืจืืงื ืืืฆืืจืคืืชื ืืืกืืื ืืืจืื. ื-22 ืืืฆืืืจ 2020 ื ืืชื ืืจืืื ืืกืื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืงื. ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืฆืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืกืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืจื ืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืจืืงื ืืจื ืกืืืื. ื-24 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2020 (ืฉืขืื ืืฉืจืื), ืืืืืข ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืจืืฉ ืืืขืฆืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืกืืืื ืขืื ืื-ืคืชืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืขืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืคื ืจืฉืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืืืื ืืืื ื ื ืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ื-6 ืืื ืืืจ 2021 ืืชืื ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืขื ืืฆืืจืช "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื". ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2021 ืืืืืขื ืืชืืืขืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืขื ืืงืืจืช ืืืจืืขืื ืฉืืชืจืืฉื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืื ื-13 ืืืื ื 2014. ืืืื ื"ื ืืขืืืจ, ื"ื ืืืืืจ ื'ืชืฉืค"ื, 30 ืืืคืจืื 2021 ืืชืจืืฉ ืืกืื ืืืจืื, ืื ื ืกืคื 45 ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืคืฆืขื 102 ืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ื-6 ืืืจืฅ 2024 ืคืจืกืื ืืขืืช ืืืงืืจื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืงืจ ืืกืื ืืจ ืืืจืื ืืช ืืกืงื ืืชืื, ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืืช, ืืืื ืฉืืืข ืื ืืื ืืคืืืช ืืื ืขืืื ืืืขืช ืขื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืื ืฆืืื ื ืืืืฆื ืืขืฉืืช ืืฉื ืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืขืงื ืืขืืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื โ ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืจืงืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืฉืจืื, ืคืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช. ืืืงืืื ืืืืฆืข ืคืจืฆื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ื-23 ืืืจืฅ 2021 ืืชืงืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืจืืข, ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื"ืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจื ืืกืคืจ ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ื-36 ื-30, ืื ืืืคืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉ ืขืชืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืจ ืืคืื, ืขื 17 ืื ืืืื. ืื ืฉืื ืจืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืขื ืืง ืชืืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืคืื, ืฉืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื, ืืื ืขื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ื-13 ืืืื ื ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืฉ, ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืคืชืื ืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืคื ืืืื ืืกืชืืืื ืืืชืจ ื-12 ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ื ืจืฆืืคืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืจ ืืฉืืฉ ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื, ืืฉืจ ืชืืช ืื ืืืชื ื ืื ืขื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื ื ืืงืืคืื ืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืจืฉ ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืคืืืืืกืืจืื ืจืืื. ืืืจื ืื ืกืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืขืืจื, ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืคืืื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืื, ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืฆืืืขื ืื ื ืื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ืชืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืชืงื ืืช ืฉืขืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืืคืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืื ืื ืจืืฆืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืืจื ืฉื ืืคืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืื ืกืคืฆืืคืืื ืฉืืงืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืฆืื ื ืื ืข ืืืืืืข ืืขืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฆืข ืขืืืช ืืฉืืจ, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื. ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืคื ืืขืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืชืืจืืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืกืืืืช ืืขืื ืืกืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2021 ื ืื ื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ื-2019. ืืืงืก ืืื ืืื ืืืง ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ ืฉืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืฃ ืืช ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืฆืื ืืืจ ืื "ืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืจื", ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืืจ ืืฆืื ืืืื ืจืืื. ืืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ, ืืืงืจ ืืช ืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืคืจืกืืื. ืืื ืืฃ ืืฉืืืข ืืชืืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืื-ืืืืื ืืืกืื, ืืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืจืืื ืืช ืืชืืืืืืืชืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืช ื ืืงืื ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืกืืืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืืกืื. ื-29 ืืืฆืืืจ 2022, ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข. ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืืืจ ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืคืกืง ืื"ืฅ ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืจืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืงื ืืืืกืจ ืกืืืจืืช ืงืืฆืื ื, ืขื ืจืงืข ืขืืจื ืืคืืืื ืืืฉื ืืฆื ืฉืืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืคื ื ืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืช ืืื ื ืืขืืืจืืช ืืก. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืจืขื ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืชืคืงืืืื ืฉืืืขื ืื: ืืืฉื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ืึพ4 ืืื ืืืจ 2023 ืืืจืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืงืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืช ืคืกืืืช ืืืงืื ืืคืกืงืช ืืชืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืื ืกืช ืืจืื ืจืืื, ืืืืื ืขืืืช ืืกืืืจืืช, ืืืืจืช ืชืคืงืื ืืืืขืืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืืขืฅ ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื ืื ืฉืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืจืื ืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืคืจืกืื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืงืืขื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื, ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืข ืืืืชืขืจื ืื ืืืื ืืืงืืงื ืืจืื ืืขืงืจืื ืืช ืขืงื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื, ืืืืืชื ื ืชืื ืืืฉืคื ืคืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืงืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืช "ืืืง ืื ืืฆืจืืช", ืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืืืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฆืจืืช ืขืงื ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืืงืืงื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืื ืคืืืื. ืืจืคืืจืื ืฉืืืฆืขื ืืฆืจื ืืชื ืืืืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ื ืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืจืืืช ืืืงืฃ. ืืืืืื ืืขื ื ืฉืืืืื ืืืงืืงื ืืืืืื ืคืืืขื ืืขืฆืืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืฉืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืกื ืืืืืื ืืคืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืฉืชืืืื ืืช ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช, ืขื ืืื ืืคืืืชื ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืืื. ื ืฉืืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ืืกืชืจ ืืืืช ืืืงืืขื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืชืคืืข ืืจืฉืืช ืืฉืืคืืช. ืขื ืืฃ ืืืช, ืืืืฉืื ืื ืฆืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืฉืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืงื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืชืื ืืชืขืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืคืืืื ืงืฉื ืืขื. ืืืง ืืืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืจืฅ ืืงืืืฆืช ืงืฆืื ืื ืืฆื"ื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืชืืจืื ื ืืืื "ืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืื" ืฉืืืืื ืืืคืกืืง ืืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืืื. ื-25 ืืืจืฅ ืงืจื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืขืฆืืจ ืืช ืืงืืงืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืืืืจ ืืกืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืคืืืืจืื, ืขืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืขืฆืืช ืืืืื ืืืืคืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืกืคืื ืื ืืืช ืืจืืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืื ื "ืืื ืืื ื". ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืื ืืืืืขื ืขื ืืฆืืจืคืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืง. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืื ืืกื ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืืื ืชืืื ืคืืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืงืืื ืืฉืืืืช, ืงืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื "ืชืจืืื" ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืช ื ืฆืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื, ืขื ืืื ืืฆืืขื ื ืื ืื ืืืืขืืืื. ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืจืฉื ืฉืชืืืื ืืืืจืช ื ืฆืืืช ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืืขืื, ืืืชืื ืื ืืื. ืืืกืืฃ ื ืืืจื ื ืฆืืืช ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืงืจืื ืืืืจืจ, ืืชืืืื ืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจื ืงืืืืืฆืื, ืื ืืืขื ืขื ืืชืจืืื ืืืื ืืืงืคืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืช ืื ืฉืื. ืืชืืืื ืืืงืงื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืื ืขืืืช ืืกืืืจืืช, ืขืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืขืฉืจืช ืืืคืื ืืชื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืืคืกืงืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืจื ืืืจืืกื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืฉืื ื ืงืื ืืฆืขืืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืื ืืืคืืขืื. ืึพ9โ13 ืืืื, ืืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืฉืืืืจื ืจืงืืืช ืืขืืจ ืขืืืฃ ืขืื, ืืื ืฆื"ื ืืช ืืืฆืข ืืื ืืืฅ ืืกืืืื ืืืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืื-ืงืืืก. ืืกืืคื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืฆืข "ืฉืื ื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืจืชืขื". ืืืืื 2023 ืืืืจ ืขืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื ืืฆืคืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืืฆื ืฆื"ื ืืืืฆืข ืืืช ืืื ืืขืืจ ื'ื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืืืื ืฉืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2023 ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืก ืืงืืืื ืื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืขื ืกืขืืืื, ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืฆื ืืืจืฉ ืืขืฆืจ ืฉื ืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช, ืืืืื ืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืกืขืื. ืืช ืืืงืืจื ืืืื ืืืืืช ื ืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช. ื-26 ืืืฆืืืจ 2023 ืืืืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืืช ืฉื 60%. ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืงืื, ืืคื ืคืจืกืืืื ืืจืื, ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื. ืืชืืืืช 2024 ืคืืจืกื ืื ืืืจืื ืคืขืื ืื ืืืฉืฉื ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืจืืืืื ืื ืืจืฉืื ืืคืฆืฆื ืืจืขืื ืืช. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2023 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืื"ื, ืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืฉืจืื ื ืืฆืืช "ืขื ืกืืคื ืฉื ืคืจืืฆืช ืืจื - ืืกืื ืืืกืืืจื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืขืืืื" - ืืกืื ืฉืืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืฆืืื. ืืืื ื 2024 ืฉืืื ืืขืืช ืืจืื ืืก ืืืงืจ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืจืืขื ืืืฉืื ื ืืกืคืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืจืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืฆืืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืื. ืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืืืขืช ืืืืขืื: "ืืืชืืื ื ืืืฆืืืืจืช ืืคื ื ืืืืขืื ืืฉืื ืื ืขืืื, ืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืงืจืื ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืขืืืง ืืชืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืงืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืจื ืฉื ืกืืืืืช ืจืืืฉืืช. ืืืช, ืชืื ืืฆืืจืช ืกืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืื ืคืืืขื ืืืืกื ืืืืฅ ืืืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื". ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืคืจืกืื ืืืืขืื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืกื ืืื ืืกืชืืจื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืขื ืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืฆืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืจืช ืฆืืืืืช ืืืฆืจืื. ืื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืืฉ ืฉืืืฉ ืฆืืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืืขืืืช ืืงืืื ื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืืืชืืช. ืืืืื 2024 ืืืจืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืจืืช ืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืืช (ืืืื'ืก, ืคืืฅ' ืืกืื ืืจื ืื ื ืคืืจืก) ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื, ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืฉื ืช 1988. ืืื ืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืืฉ ืฉื S&P ืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืฉืืืืืช ืืฉื ืืกืืืื ืื ืืืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืฉื ืขืืืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืชืงืฆืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืช 2025. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2024 ืืืจืืื ืืืื'ืก ืืช ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉื ื ืืืืืคื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืชื ืืจืืืช. ืืฆืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืืกืื, ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืช ืืก ืขืจื ืืืกืฃ ื-17% ื-18%. ืขืื ืืคื ื ืืขืืืช ืืืืกืื, ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืคื ืืืขืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืืงืจื ืืืชืจ ื-38% ืืขืืืช ืืืืฆืข OECD. ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืงืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืฆืขืืื ืฉืงืฉืืจืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช. ืืืฉื, ืฉืื ืื ืืืง ืืกืื: ืืฉืคืืื ืฉืื ื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืงืื ืฉื ืืคืืืืืืงืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืคืืฃ ืืืกืืจ ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืกืจ ืขืืื ืืขืกืืง ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืชืืงืื ืืคืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ื ืืื. ืืืคืจืื 2025, ืืงืจืืช ืคืจืกืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉื ืืจืืืค, ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืขืงื ืืขืืืฃ ืืืกืืจื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช, ืืืืื ืืืืจืืงืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืก ืืืืื 17% ืขื ืกืืืจืืช ืืฉืจืืืืืช. ื-25 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืงืืขื ืืขืืช ืืจืื ืืก ืื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืจืืฉื ืฉื"ื ืืคืขืื ืืืืคื "ืฉืืื ื ืจืืื ืืืืืงืจืืื". ืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืฆืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืื ื-2018 ืงืืื ืืขืืจื ืืจื ืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืื ืงืื, ืืงืืจ ืืืื ืืืืก. ืืื ืืืชืจ ืฉืืื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืงืืจ ืืงืื ืืช ืืขืืจืช ืืืกืคืื ืืืืคื ืกืืืจ, ืืชืื ืืืื ื ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืกืืื. ืืืฉืืืช ืกืืขืช ืืืืื ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืขื: "ืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืกืื ืืงืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืก ืืืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืืืืก." ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจืจ ืฉืืชืคืืกื ืืฉืื. ืืชืื ืืืืฆืข, ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืจืื ืฉืืชืงืืื ืฉืงื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืจืช ืขืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืฆืขืช ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื, ื ืื ืืจืืื, ืืืกื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืก ืืขืื. ืืืฉืจ ื ืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืกืืจื ืืืกืคืืช ืืืกืืจืช "ืืืืขืื ืืงืืจืืช".[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืื 2023 ืชืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืขืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืขืื ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืงื ืืฉื ืช 2004, ืืืช ืืชืืฆืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืชื ืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืื ืคืงืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืืืชืจื ืขืืืื. ืืืืชื ืืืืืฉ ืฉืื ืืฉื"ื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืกืื ืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉืืงืื ืืืจืชืขื ื ืื ืืืืก ืืืืฆืขืืช โืกืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืก, ืืจืืืช ืืกืืืืืื ืืืืืงืืื, ืืืฉื ืืืชืจืขื, ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจืื ืืืฉืืื ืืกืคืจ 1". ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืฆืืช ืืืืืฉืื ืื ืงืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืกืื. ืืืื ืชืฉืจื 2023 ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืืื ืืืืก. ื-1 ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืืืฅ ืื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ืจืื ื ืืจ ืืืืฆืื ืืคืืขื ืืช ืชืืื ืืช "ืืขืจืืคื" ืืืืจืื ืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืืก, ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื ืืื ืื ืืงืื ืืกืืจื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืก. ืืืืงืจ 7 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2023, ืืื ืฉืืช, ืฉืืืช ืชืืจื, ื"ื ืืชืฉืจื ื'ืชืฉืค"ื, ืคืชืื ืืจืืื ื ืืืจืืจ ืืคืืกืืื ืื "ืืืืก" ื"ืื'ืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ื" ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ. ืืืกืืช ืฉืืืืจ ื-4,300 ืจืงืืืช, ืืืจื ื-6,000 ืืืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืขืฉืจืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉืจืืืืื, ืืืขืจ ืืืจื ืืืืชืงื ืื ืฆืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืขืืืฃ ืขืื ืืืกืืืืชื, ื-119 ืคืจืฆืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืจ, ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืื, ืชืื ื ืืืื ืงืจืืืช ืืจื ื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืขืืื. ืืืืืืื ืืืฆืขื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืก, ืจืฆืื ืืืจืื 1,173 ืื ื ืืื, ืืชืืื ืืืื ื-779 ืืืจืืื, ืืืืคื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ื-251 ืื ืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืจืื, ื ืฉืื, ืงืฉืืฉืื ืืชืื ืืงืืช. ืืฉืขืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืชืืช ืืืื ื ืืช, ืฉืืืจื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืืืืื ืฆื"ื, ืฉืืื ืื ืืืชืืช ืืกืคืจืืช. ืืงืจืืืช ื ืืจืื ื-1,609 ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืฆื ืืืฉืจืืื ื ืืจืื 329 ืืืืืื, 58 ืฉืืืจืื ื-10 ืื ืฉื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื. ืืฉืจืื ืคืื ืชื ืืืืฉืืืื 29 ืืืฉืืืื ืืขืืืฃ ืขืื ื-22 ืืืฉืืืื ืืฆืคืื ื. ืืืืืื ื ืืจืื ืจืืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืคื ืืืืืื, ื ืืจื ืืจืก ื ืจืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืชืืฉืื ืืจืฆืืขื ื ืืืฆื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืชืืืจืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื. ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืขืื, ื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืฆืืจ ืืืชื ืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืืช'ืื ืืืืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืื ืฉืืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืืชืขืฆืืืช ืืืืืก, ืืจืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืกืืจื ืืงืืช ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืง ืืช ืืืืก, ืืื ืขืฉื ืฉืืืฉ ืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืืช ืืืืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืกื ืืืง ืืืืืจืื. ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืฆืืืืจื ื"ืฉืืืช ืืืืจืืืช" ืืคืจืืฆืชื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืจืืืช, ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืงืจ ืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืชืช ืชืฉืืืืช ืขื ืื. ืขื ืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ, ืืฉืื ืืจืืืื ืืจืฉืช NBC ืืืืจืืงื ืืช ืืืืจ: "ืืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืจืืืช [...] ืืืืจืืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืื ืงืจื". ืื ืืืืืจ 2025 ืคืจืกื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืื"ื ืืฉื "ืืืขืืจ ืชืคืืกืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืคืขื ืขื ืชืืืืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืืฆื"ื", ืืืกืืจืช ืกืืจืช ืื"ืืืช ืขื ืืฉืื 7 ืืืืงืืืืจ, ืืื ืงืืข ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉ ืืืจืืืชื ืืืื ืช ืชืคืืกืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืื "ืืืชืื ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืืจืช ืืกืืจืืืื ืืืจืช ืืืื ืืืคื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืกื"ื ืื ืืจืฉ ืืืืคื ืืคืขืืชื, ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืื ืขืื ื-7.10.23". ืืืืื 2024 ืืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืงืืจ ืืืื ื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืืืืงืืจ ื ืื ืืคืขื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืคื ื ืฉื ื ืืชื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื, ืืงืืื ืคืืืฉืืช ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื'ื ืืืืื, ืกืื ืืช ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืงืืื ืืืจืืก ืืืืืขืื ืื ืฉืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค. ื-19 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2024, ืืฉืขืืช ืืืืงืจ, ืฉืืืจ ืืจืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืืื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืืืื"ื ืคืืข ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ื. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืคืืืขื ืืื ืืื ื ืคืืขืื ืืืืจืืข. ื-4 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2025 ืืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืฆื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค. ืืืืงืืจ ืืชืืงื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืกืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืฉืืชืคืช, ืืจืืืค ืืฆืืข ืืฆืขื ืืคืชืืขื ืืคืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืชืืงื ืฉืืืื ืขื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืชืคื ื ืืช ืืชืืฉืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืชืฉืงื ืืช ืืืืืจ ื"ืจืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื" ืชืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืจืืงืืืช. ืืฆืขื ืื ืขืืจืจื ืชืืืืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืืชืื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื-21 ืืืื 2025 ืืื ืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื, ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืฆื ืฉื ื. ืืืกืืืช ืืขืืชืื ืืื ืืชืืืืก ืืคืกืืงืช ืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืคืืืืจื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ืจืื ื ืืจ, ืืกืืืืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ื, ืืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืืืืจืขื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ื"ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ". ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉื "ื ืืื ืืืคืืคืื" ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืื: โืขืืฉืื ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืชืื, ืขื ืื ืชืงืคื ืืืชื ื ื-7 ืืืืงืืืืจ? [...] ืขื ืืืืกื F-35? ืขื ืื? ืขื ืื ืงืื? ืขื ืื? ืื ืชืงืคื ืืืชื ื ืขื ืืคืืคืื, ืงืืฆ'ื ืืงืืืื ืืื ืืจืื. ืื ืขืืื ืคืจืืืืช.โ ื-12 ืืืคืจืื, ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืกืื ืืจืขืื ืืืฉ ืืืงืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืคืืืืื 60 ืืื. ื-2015 ืขื ืคืจืืฉืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื-2018 ืืืืกืื ืืงืืื ืืคืฉืจื ืืืจืื ืืืคืงืืื ืืกืื"ื ืืคืงื ืขื ืืชืงื ืื, ืจืืช ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืชื ืขื 3.67%, ืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืขืฉืจ ืืืืชื ืขื 300 ืง"ื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืืค ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืืกืื ื-2018 ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืกื ืงืฆืืืช, ืืืืฆื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืช ืฉืื. ื-31 ืืืื ืคืจืกืื ืกืื"ื ืฉืืจืฉืืช ืืืจืื 408.6 ืง"ื ืืจืืช ืืขืฉืจื ืฉื 60%. ืืคื ืืขืจืืืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ืื ืขืฉืจ ืคืฆืฆืืช ืืจืขืื. ืืฉื ืืจืืืช ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื ืฉืืืฉ, ื ืืชืจ ืืืืจืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืจ ืืจืืื ืฉืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืจืขืื ืืช ืืคืืฆืืฅ. ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ 2025 ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืค ืืืืืืชื ืืคืืืจืืื ืฉื ืื ื ืขื ืืืขืืจ ืืฉืื ื' ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืก, ืกืืืืืช ืืืจืื, ืืื ืื ืืคืืจืืง ืืืืืืื ืื ืฉืงื, ืืืืกืืจ ืืืคืฉืจื ืืื ืกืืจืื. ืื ืืืืชื ืคืืืฉืชื ืืฉืืฉืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืค ืืฉื ืช 2025. ืื ืืืืืจ 2025, ืืกืขืืืื ืืืืืจืืงืืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืกื F-35 ืืงืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืจืขืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืืฉื ืช 2023. ืืืื 13 ืืืื ื 2025 ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื-ืืืืืื ื ืขื ืืืฆืข ืขื ืืืืื, ืฉืืืจืชื ืืื ืกืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืื ืชืงืฃ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืขืจืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืงื ื ืืจืขืื ืืืชืจื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืื ืืื ืืชื ืงืฉ ืืืื ืืจืืฉื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืช, ืืื ืืคืงื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืกืืื ืกืืืื, ืจืืื"ื ืฆืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืงืจื, ืืืืขื ื ืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืกืืืืืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื 30 ืืืจืืื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืืจืกื ืื ืืื ืื ืืชืฉืชืืืช. ืืืื 22 ืืืื ื ืืฆืืจืคื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืชืงืืคืืช ื ืื ืืืจืื, ืืชืงืคื ืืชืงื ื ืืืจืขืื. ื-24 ืืืื ื ืืืืจืื ืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืืืช ืคืกืงื. ื-5 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2026 ืคืจืกื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืชืฉืืืืชืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืงืช ืืืืงืจ ืืช ืืืจืืขื ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ. ืืืกืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคื ืืืืืืขืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืช ืืกืืืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืืื ืืืืก ืื ืกืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืช 2000 ืืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืฉื ืช 2005. ืืชืืืื ืืืกืื ืคืจืกืื ืืกืคืจ ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืขื ืืช ืฉืืืกืื ืืืื ืกืืืืคืื ืืฉืงืจืื. ืืจืืื"ื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืงืื ืืขื ืฉืืืกืื "ืฉืงืจื ืืื ืืคืืืืืื", ืืื ืืขื ืื ื"ื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืื"ืจ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืคืจืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืกืื. ืคืจืฉืืืช ืคืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืืคืืืืืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืขืืื ืืขื ืืช ืืคืืืืื: ืฉืฉ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืืจื, ืืชืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืชืืงืื ื ืกืืจื ืืืฉืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืืข ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ืชื ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืฉื ืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืคืจืฉืช ืืจ-ืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืจ 1997, ืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืช ืื ืืื ืืขืืจื ืืงื ืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ื ืคืชืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืขืงืืืชืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื. ืืืกืืฃ, ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืงืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืื, ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืคืจืฉื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืง ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืจืืืืช, ืื ืฆืืื ืื "ืืืชื ืืืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืขืื ืชืืืืืช". ืืคืจืฉืช ืขืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืกืคืืืืจ 1999, ืืืขืื ืืฉื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืงืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืจ ืขืืื, ืืืืืช ืขืืืืืช ืฉืืืฆืข. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2000 ืืืืืฆื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืขืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื, ืืจืื ืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืงืืจื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืงืืจืช ืคืจืฉืช ืขืืื, ืขืื ืืฉื ืฉืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืจื ืืืืงืชื ืืืืฉืืช ืืชื ืืช ืฉืืืชื ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืขืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืจืืืฉ ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืงืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืฉ ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืฉืชื ืืคืจืฉืืช, ืื ืืืืง ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืจืืืืช, ืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืจืฅ 2011, ืคืจืกื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืจืืื ืืจืืงืจ, ืชืืงืืจ ืืชืืื ืืช "ืืืงืืจ", ืฉืื ืืขื ืื ืืฉื ืื 1999โ2008 ื ืกืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืคืืชื ืืืืฅ ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืคืื ืคืจืืืื, ืื ืืืจื ืืืจืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคืืืืืืงื ื-2002. ืืชืืงืืจ, ืฉื ืืืข ื"ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืืืืจืก", ืืืื ืืืืืงื ืฉื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืงื ืืฉืืจืชืืช. ืืื ืืืจ 2017 ืงืืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืกืืืจืช ืืืืืงื. ืืื ืืื ืืืจ 2017 ื ืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ื ื ืืฉืืื: "ืชืืง 1000", ืืืืื ืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืจื ืื ืืืืฆ'ื ืื'ืืืืก ืคืืงืจ ื"ืชืืง 2000" ืืขืืกืง ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืื ืื"ื "ืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช", ื ืื ื ืืืืก, ืฉืืื โ ืขื ืคื ืืืฉื โ ืืฆืืข ืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืงื ืืกืืงืืจ ืืืืกืคืช ืืชืืื ืืืขืื ืืชืืืจื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืชืืื ืช ืืคืฆืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืื". ืขื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืคืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช "ืื ืืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืืื". ืืืืื ืืืงืืจืืช, ืืขืื ืืืจื ืื ืกืช ื"ืืืืืื" ืืฆืขืืช ืืืง ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืงืืจืืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืื ืืฆืขื, ืฉื ืืืขื ืืฉื "ืืืง ืืืืืฆืืช", ืฉืืคืื ืชืืฆืืืชืื ืฉื ืืงืืจืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืขืืจื ืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืฉืืจื ืชืฆืืื ืขืืืชื ืืขื ืืื ืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื. ืืืฆืขืืช ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืื ืืขื ืืืคืืื ืื ืื ื ืืขืื ืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2017, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืช ืื"ืจ ืืขืืช ืืคื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืื ืืืกืื, ืืืืืืื "ืืืง ืืืืืฆืืช", ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฆืขืช ืืืืง ืื ืชืืื ืขื ืืงืืจืืชืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2018, ืืืืจ ืืฉื ื ืืืฆื ืฉื ืืงืืจืืช, ืืืืขื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืกืงื ื ืื ื ืืฆืื ืชืฉืชืืช ืจืืืืชืืช ืืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืืงืื. ื"ืชืืง 1000" ืืืืกื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ื"ืชืืง 2000" ืืืืกื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืงืฉืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืขืช ืืืฉืืจื, ืืกืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขื ืืคืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืชื ืืืชืคืืจ. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืขื ืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืืืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืงืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืืืืจืื "ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฉืชืืจืจ ืืืจืืฉื ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืขื ืืชืืืฉืืช ืืกืจืืช ืืกืืก ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืงืืจื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืคืขืืชื ื ืืื" ืจืื ืืืจื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืคืจื ืจืืฉื ืืืคืืืืช ืื, ืืชืืืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืงืช ืืืคืืช ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืืคืช ืืืืง "ืชืืง 4000", ืืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื 433 ืฉื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืขื ืจืฉืืช ื ืืืจืืช ืขืจื, ืืื ืืืื ื 2017. ืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืื: ืืขื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืช "ืืืง" ืฉืืื ืืืืืืฅ', ืื ื"ืืืช "ืืืง" ืกืืื ืื ืืืจ, ืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืคืืืืจ ืืืืขืฅ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ื ืืจ ืืคืฅ. ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2018 ืืจืืฉืื ื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืืจื ืืืงืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื. ืฉื ืืื ืืืืฉืืืื, ืคืืืืจ ืืืคืฅ, ืืชืื ืขื ืืกืื ืขื ืืืื ื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืขื ืฉืืกืืืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืจื. ื-2 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018, ืคืจืกืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืื ื ืืฆืื ืชืฉืชืืช ืจืืืืชืืช ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื, ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืกืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืขื ืฉืืืืืืชืื ืืชืงืืื ืืืืืฆืช ืืืจืื ืืืงืฆืืข ืืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืืฃ ืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืกืื ืืคืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืฅ' ืืืืื ืืชืจ 'ืืืืื' ืกืืงืจ ืืืชื ืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืชืงืืคื ืืืืืืจืช. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืขื ืฉืืืงืืจื ืื ืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืื ืช, ืขืงื ืกืืจืื ืืืืงืจืื ืืขืืช ืืืชื ืคื ืื ืืื ืคื ืื ืขื ืขืื ืืืืื ื. ืขื ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืชืืงืื 1000, 2000 ื-4000 ืืฆื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืคืืฃ ืืฉืืืืข ืื ืชืคืืจืกื ืืคื ื ืืืืืจืืช, ืืฉืื ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืข ืืคื ื ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืขืื ืืืชื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื, ืืืชื ืืช ืืงืฉืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืืืืงืืืกืงื ืืืืืฉ ืืขืกืงืื ืกืคื ืกืจ ืคืจืืจืืื'. ืืืืขืื ืงืืขื ืื ืื ืขืืื ืืืืืืจ 300 ืืืฃ ืืืืจ ืฉืงืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืชืจ ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืคืกืง ืฉืืืืขืื ืชืงืืื ืืืื ื ืืกืฃ ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืคื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืคืจืืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืฉื ืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืขื ืืื ื. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2019 ืืืืืข ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืงืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืคืืฃ ืืฉืืืืข, ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืชืืงืื: ืืชืืง 1000 ื-2000 ืืืฉืืช ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื, ืืืชืืง 4000 ืืืฉืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืชืืืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืกืข ืฆืื ื ืืื ืืืืคืขืืช ืืืฅ ืคืกืื ืขื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืคืจืงืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืคืจืงืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืจื, ืฉืืืืจืื ืชืืื ืืขืืื ืงืืฆืื ืืช ืืขื ืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืื. ืืฉืืืืข ืืชืงืืื ืืืฉื ืืจืืขื ืืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืชื ืืฉื ื. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืืืืข ืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืชื ืืืฉืื ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืชืืง 4000 ืืืขืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืชืืงื 1000 ื-2000. ืืชืืืื ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืขื ืฉืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืืจืืคื ืขื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืคืช ืืืืง (ืืืฉืืจื, ืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื). ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืืืืืืกืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืฉืคื ืชืื ืืื ืืืื ืชื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืฉื ืขืชืืจื ืืื"ืฅ ืฉืืจืฉื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ, ืืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืจืขื-ืคื ืืกื. ื-2 ืืื ืืืจ 2020, ืืชืคืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืืงื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืง โ ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ื-1 ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืฉื ืืื"ืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืงืืืช ืืกืื ืืช ืืืขืืืชื ืืืื ืคืืืื. ื-28 ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืืืจ ืฉืจืฉืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืจืื ืืืืขืื ื ืื ืืชื ืืืกืื ืืช, ืืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืงืฉื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืขืืช ืืืืฉ ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื-24 ืืืื 2020 ืืื ืืฉืคืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืชืงืฉืืจืชื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืื. ื-30 ืื ืืืืืจ 2025 ืืืืฉ ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืฉืช ืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื, ืืฆืืง ืืจืฆืื. ืืช ืืงืฉืชื ื ืืืง: ืืืื 2024 ืืืืฉ ืืชืืืข ืืจืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืืื ืืงืฉื ืืฆื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืฉืืจืช ืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืจืขืืช ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืฆืขื ืืืืื, ืืจืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืจืฆื, ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืื ืืช ื ืื ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืจืืืช ืืืงืฉืจ ืฉื ืืจืขืื. ืืืงืฉื ืืืืฉื ืื ืืืคื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืืืงืืื ืืืืฉื ืืงืฉื ืืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืืืืก - ืืืื ืกื ืืืืจ, ืืกืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฃ. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2024 ืืืืืข ืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืื ืืืฆืื ืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืขื ืคื ืืืช ืืืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืจืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ืฉื ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืื, ืจืฆื, ืจืืืคื ืืืืืื ืช ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื ื ืชืืืื. ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืฆืืช ืฆืืื ืืืขืฆืจ ืืื ืฉ-124 ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืฆืืจ ืืืืกืืืจ ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืกื ืืชืืืื. ืืฆืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืืฆืช ืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืชืคืกืืช ืืืคืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืืง ืืืื-ืืืืื. ืชืคืงืืืื ืืขืืงืจืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืฉื ื ืฉื ืฆืืื ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืืืกืืืจืื ืื ืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ื, ืืื ืืคืงื ืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืฆืข ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืฆืขืืจ ืขืื, ืืื ืจืืคื ืืกืืคืจ. ืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืฉืข, ืืื ืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืืชืืืืงื, ืืขืื ืฉื ืฉืืคืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื, ืฉืืฉื ื ื ืชื ืืื. ื ืืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื (ืืืงื) ืืืืกืื (ืืืืจ ืืื, ืืจื) ืืฉื ืช 1972. ืืฉื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืช, ื ืืขื, ืฉืืืืื ืืืจื ืืชืฉืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืจืื, ืืืฉ ืขืกืงืื ืืกืื ืืจืกืื; ืืืชื ื ืืขื ืืฉ ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉื ื ืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1979 ืืชืืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืกืื. ื-1981 ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืจ ืงืืืืก, ื ืืฆืจืื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืขืืจื ืืืืจ ืงืื ืกืจืืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืื ืืฉืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืื"ื, ืขืืจื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืชืืืืงืกื. ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืืจืฉื ื-1989. ืืืจืฅ 1991 ื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจื ืื ืืจืฆื, ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ื"ืื ืขื". ืฉืจื ืืื ืืชื ืฉื ืืกืืคืจ, ืืืฉืืจืจ ืืืืื ื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืจืฆื, ืฉืืืฉื ืืคืกืืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืื ืฉื ื ืื ืื, ืืืืจ ืืืื ืจ. ื-2002 ืจืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืืกืจืื ืืกืืื ืฉื 1.8 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ. ื-2007 ืจืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื 1.7% ืืื ืืืช ืืืจืช NMDM, ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืชื ืืืืืงืืืกืงื, ืชืืืจืช 600 ืืืฃ ืืืืจ. ื-2010 ืืืจ ืืืชื ืชืืืจืช 4.3 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืืฉืงืคืื ืจืืื ืฉื 13.2 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืขื ืคื "ืคืืจืืก ืืฉืจืื", ืืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืื ื-50 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืช ืฉืชื ืงืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืจื ืขืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืฉืขืจืื ื-25 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืืขืฉืืจ ืืฉืืื ื ืืืืื, ืืฉื ืื 2023โ2024, ืขืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืชืืช ืงืืฆื ืื, ื ืืชืื ืืชืืงืื ืืงืข ืืคืฉืขืชื ืื ืืชืื ืืืกืจืช ืืืืืช ืืขืจืืื ืืช. ื-17 ืืืืื 2024 ื ืืฉืฃ ืื ืขืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืคืืชื, ืืื ืืฉื ืื 2018โ2023, ืขืืื ืขื 30 ืืืืืื ืฉืงืืื. ืืืจืฅ 2016 ืคืจืกื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืกืจื ื ืกืืืืก ืืคืืืกืืืง ืฉืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืืืจืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืขืฆืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉ 1 ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืืง ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืืจืืช ืืฉืชื ืฉืจื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืขื ืกื 279 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื. ื-11 ืืืื ื 2017, ืงืืข ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืจืข ืฉืคืืจืกื ืืืืจื ืืคืืืข ืืืืื ืืช ืกืจื ื ืืฉืื ืืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืคืืฆืืืื ืืขืื 15 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคื. ืืขืงืืืช ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืคืืืจ ืกืจื ื ืืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช. ืขืจืขืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืกืจื ื ืขื ืคืกืง ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ื ืืื. ืืงืฉืช ืจืฉืืช ืขืจืขืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืกืจื ื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืฃ ืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืขื ืกื 200 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืื ืืกืคืืช, ืฉืคืจืกื ืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืื ืื ืื ืงืืื ืืืืืช ืืกืคืืืช ืืคื ืกืื, ืืชืืืจื ืืื ืฉืืช ืืืื ืขืืืช ืืจืจื, ืืืฉื ื ืืืืขื"ืฉ ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืื, ืชืคืขื ืืืืืชื ืืชืืงืื. ืืืื 2023, ืืืฉืื ืคืฉืจื, ืฉืืืกืืจืชื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืชืืืขืชื ืืืกืคืืช ืืคืจืกื ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืืชื ืื ืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืช ืืจืจื ืื ืืช ืื ืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2022 ืืืื ืืืชืืจืจ ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืจ ื ืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืจื, ืขื ืฉืืขื ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืฉืื "ืืืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืงืืงืื ืืืืคืื ืคืกืืืืืืจื". ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2022 ื ืคืกืง ืฉืืืืืจื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืจืข ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืื ืืืฉืคืืช ื ืชื ืืื 62,500 ืฉ"ื ืคืืฆืืืื ืืชืืกืคืช 35,000 ืฉ"ื ืฉืืจ ืืจืื ืืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคื. ื-16 ืื ืืืืืจ 2023 ืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืจืฆื ืืชืฉืืื ืคืืฆืืืื ืืกื ืืืขืื ืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืืืื ืฉืืจืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืฆื ืืขื ืื ืืฉ ืืกืื ืกืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืคืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืชืคื ืืื ืืืืื. ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืคืกืง ืื ืืกืฃ 50 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื. ืืจืฆื ืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืคืกืง ืืืื, ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืคืกืง ืืืื ืื ืงืืข ืฉืืจืฆื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืจืื 290 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื, ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืชืฉืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2025 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืืช ืืฉืื ืืจืข ืืืืืช, ืืื ืชืืืขืืช ื ืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื, ืืืืขื ืฉืจืื, ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื. ืืืคืจืื 2025 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืฉืื ืืจืข ื ืื ืคืขืืืช ืืืืื ืฉืงืื ืืจืกืืจ, ืขื ืกื ืืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืืชืืืขื ืขืืกืงืช ืืฉืืืฉื ืคืจืกืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืขื ืืืืืจื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืฉืืื ืืงืืจ, ืื ืืขื ืื ืื "ืืคืจืกืื ืืืืืจ ืคืืืข ืืืกืืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืชืงืื ืืืขืจืื ืืืืืงืจืืื". ืืืืืื ืืื ืชื ืคืชืื ืืจืกืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืื, ืฉืชืื ืคืืืช ืืฉืขื ืืืืก 500 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื, ืืืืืฉื ืฆืื ืืืืชืจ ื-750 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืฉืชืจืื ื-4,800 ืืืฉ. ืกืคืจืื ืกืคืจืื ืืขืจืืืชื: ืืขืงืืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืืืช ืกืคืจ ื ืืกืฃ, ืฉื ืงืจื ืชืืืื "ืืฉืื ืืืจืื" ืืืืืฉื ื ืงืจื "ืื ืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื", ืืืฃ ืงืืื ืืงืืื ืขื ืคืจืกืืื ืืืื"ื, ืืืฆืืช ืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช, ืื ืขื ืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืืช, ืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ. ืคืจืกืื ืืืืงืจื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืจืฉืช ืขืืืื ืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืืืงืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืืืกืื โข ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื ื ืืจ ืืจืงืช โข ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืชื ืืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจืช ืืืืฉื ืืช, ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืืกืจืืืืฃ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืจืืืช ืืืกืคืืจื ืืืงื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืื ืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืฅ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืฅ โข ืกืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื, ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืจืืชื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืคืืจ ืกืืคืจ โข ืฉืจืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืกืืจืืง โข ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื ืขืืืืช ืกืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืงืืฉ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืงืจืขื โข ืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืจื ืจืื โข ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืืืืืง ืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืขืืืื ืฉืืงืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื: ืืืืื ืืืืื โข ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ: ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืช โข ืืฉืืื ื ืืจื โข ืืฆืืง ืืื โข ืืื ืขืืืจ โข ืืื ืืืงืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื: ืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื: ืืืื ืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืงืืืฅ:PikiWiki_Israel_12696_Jerusalem_Music_Center.jpg] | [TOKENS: 792] |
ืงืืืฅ:PikiWiki Israel 12696 Jerusalem Music Center.jpg ืืคืจืืืงื ืืื ืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืขืืืชืช ืืืงืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจื ืืงืื ืชืืื ืืืคืฉื ืืจืฉืช ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืฆืืจืช ืืืืจ ืฉื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืคืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืื, ืืืชืืจืืช ืืืจืืขืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืชืจืื ืืขืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืืจืฅ. ืคืจืืืืงื ืคืืงืืืืืงื ืขืืจ ืืฉื ืช 2021 ืื ืืืื ืขืืืชืช ืืื ื ืืืจืฉืช. ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืช ืฉืื, ืืืืืง ืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืช ืืืคืืื ื ืืงืืืฅ ืืคื ื ืืฉืืจืช ืืืืขื ืUser talk:Pikiwikisrael. ืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืื ื ืืืฉ ืืืจืืืื ืจืฉืืืช ืืชืคืืฆื ืฉื ืืืงืืฉืืชืืฃ. ืืืกืืืจืืืช ืืงืืืฅ ื ืืชื ืืืืืฅ ืขื ืชืืจืื/ืฉืขื ืืื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืืงืืืฅ ืืคื ืฉื ืจืื ืืืืชื ืืื. ืฉืืืืฉ ืืงืืืฅ ืืืคืื ืืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืงืืืฅ ืื: ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืงืืืฅ ืืชืจื ืืืืืงื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืงืืืฅ ืื: ืืืึพื ืชืื ืื ืงืืืฅ ืื ืืืื ืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ, ืฉืื ืจืื ืืืืข ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืืืืช ืื ืืกืืจืง ืฉืืื ืืงืืืฅ ื ืืฆืจ ืื ืขืืจ ืืืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืงืืืฅ ืฉืื ื ืืืฆืื ืืจืืฉืื ื, ืืื ืืื ืชืื ืื ืืืื ืขืืืืื ืฉืื ืืฉืงืฃ ืืืืคื ืืื ืืช ืืงืืืฅ ืื ืืืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit#cite_ref-331] | [TOKENS: 12221] |
Contents Reddit Reddit (/หrษdษชt/ โ RED-it, formerly stylized reddit) is an American proprietary social news aggregation and forum social media platform. Registered users (commonly referred to as "redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down ("upvoted" or "downvoted") by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "subreddits". Submissions with more upvotes appear towards the top of their subreddit and, if they receive enough upvotes, ultimately on the site's front page. Reddit administrators moderate the communities. Moderation is also conducted by subreddit-specific moderators, who are unpaid volunteers. It is operated by Reddit, Inc., based in San Francisco. As of December 2025, Reddit is one of the most-visited websites in the world. According to data provided by Similarweb, 51.75% of the website traffic comes from the United States, followed by Canada at 7.01%, the United Kingdom at 6.97%, Australia at 3.97%, Germany at 3%, and the remaining 28.37% split among other countries. Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in June 2005, who were joined by Aaron Swartz that November. Condรฉ Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006. In 2011, Reddit became an independent subsidiary of Condรฉ Nast's parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit debuted on the stock market on the morning of March 21, 2024, with the ticker symbol RDDT. The current market cap as of July 2024 is US$10 billion. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, particularly in the United States, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. It has received praise for many of its features, such as the ability to create several subreddits for niche communities. It has been criticized for the spread of misinformation and its voting system which can encourage online echo chambers. History The idea and initial development of Reddit originated with college roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005, who attended a lecture by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham in Boston during their spring break from University of Virginia. After speaking with Huffman and Ohanian following the lecture, Graham invited the two to apply to his startup incubator Y Combinator. Their initial idea, My Mobile Menu, was unsuccessful, and was intended to allow users to order food by SMS text messaging. During a brainstorming session to pitch another startup, the idea was created for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet". For that idea, Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class. Supported by the funding from Y Combinator, Huffman coded the site in Common Lisp and together with Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005. Embarrassed by an empty-looking site, the founders created hundreds of fake users for their posts to make it look more populated. The team expanded to include Christopher Slowe in November 2005. Between November 2005 and January 2006, Reddit merged with Aaron Swartz's company Infogami, and Swartz became an equal owner of the resulting parent company, Not A Bug. Swartz then helped rewrite the software running Reddit using web.py, a web framework he developed. The passage from Aaron Swartz's blog post "Rewriting Reddit" reveals that the switch from Lisp to Python, specifically using the web.py framework developed by Swartz, was driven by a desire for simplicity, maintainability, and performance. Despite facing skepticism and critique from the Lisp community, the change was justified by the efficiency and clarity Python provided for the project. This initiative not only influenced the technical evolution of Reddit but also contributed to the broader web development community by inspiring other frameworks and remaining a significant part of Reddit's history. In 2011, Ohanian claimed that rather than Swartz being a co-founder, the correct description would be that Swartz's company was acquired by Reddit six months after the website was founded. Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condรฉ Nast Publications, owner of Wired, on October 31, 2006, for a reported $10 million to $20 million and the team moved to San Francisco. In November 2006, Swartz posted to his blog, complaining about the new corporate environment, criticizing its level of productivity. In January 2007, Swartz was fired for undisclosed reasons. Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit in 2009. Huffman went on to co-found Hipmunk with Adam Goldstein, and later recruited Ohanian and Slowe to the new company. After Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit, Erik Martin, who joined the company as a community manager in 2008 and later became general manager in 2011, played a role in Reddit's growth. VentureBeat noted that Martin was "responsible for keeping the site going" under Condรฉ Nast's ownership. Yishan Wong joined Reddit as CEO in 2012. Wong resigned from Reddit in 2014, citing disagreements about his proposal to move the company's offices from San Francisco to nearby Daly City, but also the "stressful and draining" nature of the position. Ohanian credited Wong with the company's newfound success as its user base grew from 35 million to 174 million. Wong oversaw the company as it raised $50 million in funding and spun off as an independent company. Also during this time, Reddit began accepting the digital currency Bitcoin for its Reddit Gold subscription service through a partnership with bitcoin payment processor Coinbase in February 2013. Ellen Pao replaced Wong as interim CEO in 2014 and resigned in 2015 amid a user revolt over the firing of a popular Reddit employee. During her tenure, Reddit initiated an anti-harassment policy, banned involuntary sexualization, and banned several forums that focused on bigoted content or harassment of individuals. After five years away from the company, Ohanian and Huffman returned to leadership roles: Ohanian became the full-time executive chairman in November 2014 following Wong's resignation, while Pao's departure on July 10, 2015, led to Huffman's return as the company's chief executive. After Huffman rejoined Reddit as CEO, he launched Reddit's iOS and Android apps, improved Reddit's mobile website, and created A/B testing infrastructure. The company launched a major redesign of its website in April 2018. Huffman said new users were turned off from Reddit because it had looked like a "dystopian Craigslist". Reddit also instituted several technological improvements, such as a new tool that allows users to hide posts, comments, and private messages from selected redditors in an attempt to curb online harassment, and new content guidelines. These new content guidelines were aimed at banning content inciting violence and quarantining offensive material. Slowe, the company's first employee, rejoined Reddit in 2017 as chief technology officer. Ohanian resigned as a member of the board on June 5, 2020 in response to the George Floyd protests and requested to be replaced "by a Black candidate". Michael Seibel, then-CEO of Y Combinator, was subsequently named to the board. On March 5, 2021, Reddit announced that it had appointed Drew Vollero, who had worked at Snapchat's parent company, Snap Inc., as its first chief financial officer (CFO) weeks after the site was thrust into the spotlight due to its role in the GameStop trading frenzy. Vollero's appointment spurred speculation of an initial public offering, a move that senior leaders have considered publicly. As of August 2021[update], Reddit was valued at more than $10 billion following a $410 million funding round. The company was looking to hire investment bankers and lawyers to assist in making an initial public offering. However, CEO Steve Huffman said the company had not decided on the timing for when to go public. In December 2021, Reddit revealed that it had confidentially filed for an initial public offering with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Reddit's initial public offering opened on March 20, 2024, at $34 per share and a $6.4 billion valuation. They went public the next day on the New York Stock Exchange at $47 per share and rose to $50.44 at market close on their first day of trading, reaching a market cap of $9.5 billion. The market cap as of July 2024 was $10 billion. Site overview Reddit is a website comprising user-generated contentโincluding photos, videos, links, and text-based postsโand discussions of this content in what is essentially a bulletin board system. The name "Reddit" is a play-on-words with the phrase "read it", i.e., "I read it on Reddit." According to Reddit, in 2019, there were approximately 430 million monthly users, who are known as "redditors". The site's content is divided into categories or communities known on-site as "subreddits", of which there are more than 138,000 active communities. As a network of communities, Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users. Users can comment on others' posts to continue the conversation. A key feature to Reddit is that users can cast positive or negative votes, called upvotes and downvotes respectively, for each post and comment on the site. The number of upvotes or downvotes determines the posts' visibility on the site, so the most popular content is displayed to the most people. Users can also earn "karma" for their posts and comments, a status that reflects their standing within the community and their contributions to Reddit. Posts are sometimes automatically archived after six months, meaning they can no longer be commented or voted on. The most popular posts from the site's numerous subreddits are visible on the front page to those who browse the site without an account. By default for those users, the front page will display the subreddit r/popular, featuring top-ranked posts across all of Reddit, excluding not-safe-for-work communities and others that are most commonly filtered out by users (even if they are safe for work). The subreddit r/all originally did not filter topics, but as of 2021 it does not include not-safe-for-work content. Registered users who subscribe to subreddits see the top content from the subreddits to which they subscribe on their personal front pages. Additionally, some subreddits have a karma and account age requirement to discourage bots and spammers from posting. Front-page rankโfor both the general front page and for individual subredditsโis determined by a combination of factors, including the age of the submission, positive ("upvoted") to negative ("downvoted") feedback ratio, and the total vote-count. Registering an account with Reddit is free and requires an email address. In addition to commenting and voting, registered users can also create their own subreddit on a topic of their choosing. In Reddit style, usernames begin with "u/". Noteworthy redditors include u/Poem_for_your_sprog, who responds to messages across Reddit in verse, u/Shitty_Watercolour who posts paintings in response to posts, and u/spez, the CEO of Reddit (Steve Huffman). Subreddits are overseen by moderators, Reddit users who earn the title by creating a subreddit or being promoted by a current moderator. Reddit users may also request to moderate a sub that has no moderators or very inactive ones in r/redditrequest. These requests are reviewed by the Reddit admins. Moderators are volunteers who manage their communities, set and enforce community-specific rules, remove posts and comments that violate these rules, and often work to keep discussions in their subreddit on topic. Admins, by contrast, are employees of Reddit. Early on, Reddit implemented shadow banning, purportedly to address spam accounts, while saying, "it's still the only tool we have to punish people who break the rules". In 2015, Reddit added an account suspension feature which they said would replace sitewide shadowbans, however, moderators are still able to shadowban users or their individual posts. Reddit releases transparency reports annually which have information like how many posts have been taken down by moderators and for what reason. It also details information about requests law enforcement agencies have made for information about users or to take down content. In 2020, Reddit removed 6% of posts made on the platform (approx. 233 million). More than 99% of removals were marked as spam; the remainder made up of a mix of other offensive content. Around 131 million posts were removed by the automated moderator (~56 %) and the rest were taken down manually. It is estimated that Reddit's moderators work 466 hours every day, which is $3.4 million in unpaid work each year. That roughly equates to 2.8% of the company's annual revenue. Subreddits (officially called communities) are user-created areas of interest where discussions on Reddit are organized. There are about 138,000 active subreddits (among a total of 1.2 million) as of July 2018[update]. Subreddit names begin with "r/"; for instance, "r/science" is a community devoted to discussing scientific publications, while "r/gaming" is a community devoted to discussing video games, and "r/worldnews" is for posting news articles from around the world. In a 2014 interview with Memeburn, Erik Martin, then the general manager of Reddit, remarked that their "approach is to give the community moderators or curators as much control as possible so that they can shape and cultivate the type of communities they want". Subreddits often use themed variants of Reddit's alien mascot, Snoo, in the visual styling of their communities. Today subreddits exist not only for interests and topics but also for organizations. The Wayanad Literature Festival has a subreddit where they host discussions based on the sessions they host and encourage people to post about literature, politics and media. Reddit Premium (formerly Reddit Gold) is a premium membership that allows users to view the site ad-free. Until 2023, subscribers could also use coins to award posts or comments they valued, generally due to humorous or high-quality content. Reddit Premium unlocks several features not accessible to regular users, such as comment highlighting, exclusive subreddits such as r/lounge, a personalized Snoo (known as a "snoovatar"), and a Reddit premium trophy that can be displayed on the user's profile. Reddit Gold was renamed to Reddit Premium in 2018. In addition to gold coins, users were able to gift silver and platinum coins to other users as rewards for quality content. On the site, redditors commemorate their "cake day" once a year, on the anniversary of the day their account was created. Cake day adds an icon of a small slice of cake next to the user's name for 24 hours. In August 2021, the company introduced a TikTok-like short-form video feature for iOS that lets users rapidly swipe through a feed of short video content. In December 2021, the company introduced a Spotify Wrapped-like feature called Reddit Recap that recaps various statistics from January 1 to November 30 about each individual user, such as how much time they spent on Reddit, which communities they joined, and the topics that they engaged with, and allows the user to view it. On July 7, 2022, Reddit announced "blockchain-backed Collectible Avatars", customizable avatars which are available on the subreddit r/CollectibleAvatars for purchase separate from Reddit Premium. The avatars were created by independent artists who post work on other subreddits, and who receive a portion of the profits. They use Reddit's Polygon blockchain-powered digital wallet the Vault. Richard Lawler of The Verge described them as "non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that are available for purchase in the Reddit Avatar Builder". In 2017, Reddit developed its own real-time chat software for the site. While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit. Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of a given subreddit were rolled out in 2018. Reddit Talk was announced in April 2021 as a competitor to Clubhouse. Reddit Talk lets subreddit moderators start audio meeting rooms that mimic Clubhouse in design. In 2022, Reddit Talk was updated to support recording audio rooms and work on the web version of Reddit. A desktop app is reportedly slated for a late February release. Reddit Chat replaced the Reddit private messaging system in June 2025. Reddit acquired MeaningCloud, a natural language processing company in June 2022. In February 2024, Reddit announced a partnership with Google in a deal worth about $60 million per year, to license its real-time user content to train Google's AI model. The partnership also lets Reddit get access to Google's "Vertex AI" service which would help improve search results on Reddit. It was announced that Reddit and OpenAI had reached a deal that will allow OpenAI access to the Reddit API to train its models, while Reddit will receive certain AI tools for moderators and users. In December 2024, Reddit announced Reddit Answers, an AI search tool that summarizes conversations in response to a question from the user. Reddit's search function has had many iterations; the one on the new site currently uses Lucidworks Fusion, while the search on old reddit uses Reddit's own in-house search In 2009, Reddit released their official mobile app, called iReddit. This app was sparsely updated, and was superseded by a new mobile website in 2010. For several years, most Redditors relied on third-party apps to access Reddit on mobile devices. In October 2014, Reddit acquired one of them, Alien Blue, which became the official iOS Reddit app. Reddit removed Alien Blue and released its official application, Reddit: The Official App, on Google Play and the iOS App Store in April 2016. The company released an app for Reddit's question-and-answer Ask Me Anything subreddit in 2014. The app allowed users to see active Ask Me Anythings, receive notifications, ask questions and vote. As of September 2025, all versions of the iReddit and Alien Blue apps still work on older versions of iOS; they were not affected by the API shutdown due to both of them being official Reddit apps. The 2010 mobile site, however, was shut down in 2024. The site has undergone several products and design changes since it originally launched in 2005. When it initially launched, there were no comments or subreddits. Comments were added in 2005 and interest-based groups (called 'subreddits') were introduced in 2008. Allowing users to create subreddits has led to much of the activity that redditors would recognize that helped define Reddit. These include subreddits "WTF", "funny", and "AskReddit". Reddit rolled out its multireddit feature, the site's biggest change to its front page in years, in 2013. With the multireddits, users see top stories from a collection of subreddits. In 2015, Reddit enabled embedding and as a result users could share Reddit content on other sites. In 2016, Reddit began hosting images using a new image uploading tool, a move that shifted away from the uploading service Imgur that had been the de facto service. Users still can upload images to Reddit using Imgur. Reddit's in-house video uploading service for desktop and mobile launched in 2017. Previously, users had to use third-party video uploading services, which Reddit acknowledged was time-consuming for users. Reddit released its "spoiler tags" feature in January 2017. The feature warns users of potential spoilers in posts and pixelates preview images. Reddit unveiled changes to its public front page, called r/popular, in 2017; the change creates a front page free of potentially adult-oriented content for unregistered users. In late 2017, Reddit declared it wanted to be a mobile-first site, launching several changes to its apps for iOS and Android. The new features included user-to-user chat, a theater mode for viewing visual content, and mobile tools for the site's moderators. "Mod mode" lets moderators manage content and their subreddits on mobile devices. Reddit launched its redesigned website in 2018, with its first major visual update in a decade. Development for the new site took more than a year. It was the result of an initiative by Huffman upon returning to Reddit, who said the site's outdated look deterred new users. The new site features a hamburger menu to help users navigate the site, different views, and new fonts to better inform redditors if they are clicking on a Reddit post or an external link. The nominal goal was not only for Reddit to improve its appearance, but also to make it easier to accommodate a new generation of Reddit users. Additionally Reddit's growth had strained the site's back end; Huffman and Reddit Vice President of Engineering Nick Caldwell told The Wall Street Journal's COI Journal that Reddit needed to leverage artificial intelligence and other modern digital tools. Users can opt-out of the redesign by using the old.reddit.com domain. On May 15, 2024, the dedicated login flow was removed from the old domain, although site admins said they had "no plans" to remove the old domain entirely. In November 2023, Fast Company reported that Reddit began rolling out a comprehensive rebrand, including a new logo, typeface, brand colors, and an updated version of its mascot Snoo, as part of its preparation for a potential 2024 IPO and in response to its expanding user base and global reach. Reddit's logo consists of a time-traveling alien named Snoo and the company name stylized as "reddit". The alien has an oval head, pom-pom ears, and an antenna. Its colors are black, white, and orange-red. The mascot was created in 2005 while company co-founder Alexis Ohanian was an undergraduate at the University of Virginia. Ohanian drew a doodle of the creature while he was bored during a marketing class. Originally, Ohanian sought to name the mascot S'new, a play on "What's new?", to tie the mascot into Reddit's premise as the "front page of the Internet". Eventually, the name Snoo was chosen. In 2011, Ohanian outlined the logo's evolution with a graphic that showcased several early versions, including various spellings of the website name, such as "Reditt". Snoo is genderless, so the logo is moldable. Over the years, the Reddit logo has frequently changed for holidays and other special events. Many subreddits have a customized Snoo logo to represent the subreddit. Redditors can also submit their own logos, which sometimes appear on the site's front page, or create their own customized versions of Snoo for their communities (or "subreddits"). When Reddit revamped its website in April 2018, the company imposed several restrictions on how Snoo can be designed: Snoo's head "should always appear blank or neutral", Snoo's eyes are orange-red, and Snoo cannot have fingers. Snoo's purpose is to discover and explore humanity. Discontinued features Starting in 2023 with the discontinuation of the Reddit API's free tier, Reddit has been silently discontinuing legacy features and reducing the functionalities of the old site. All of these changes have been met with significant backlash by the Reddit community. Reddit's private messaging system, which had been present on the site ever since its launch in 2005, was discontinued in 2025 in favor of Reddit Chat. Reddit discontinued its free API tier for commercial applications in April 2023. This was met with significant backlash by the community, leaving the website in a state of disarray for months. In early 2023, Reddit silently discontinued its legacy mobile site, known as i.reddit, and reddit compact and previously accessible at i.reddit.com. This was despite a Reddit admin stating that iReddit was "here to stay". The original 2017 redesign of Reddit, also known as new.reddit and old new Reddit and previously accessible at new.reddit.com, was discontinued on December 11, 2024. No changes were made to the pre-2017 legacy desktop site, still accessible at old.reddit.com. In 2023, the Reddit coin and award system was discontinued in favor of a "golden upvote". This was deeply unpopular, and Reddit added awards back under a new implementation a few months later. However, these new awards are not accessible or viewable on the legacy desktop site. On June 4, 2025, Reddit announced that they would be removing custom emoji from comments. Login: Login functionality was removed from the old site sometime in 2024. You can still log in to the old site, but you must do it through the new site. Age trophies: Account age trophies past Year 15 are not visible on the old site. Private messaging: Sending a private message (like a modmail) now requires you to use the new site. FAQ, terms, and official Wiki pages: All official information pages were migrated from the legacy site's wiki to the new site sometime in 2020. Reddit notifications: Official Reddit notifications were moved from the legacy inbox to the Notifications section, which is only accessible on the new site. The Reddit Public Access Network, commonly known as RPAN, was a live streaming service run by Reddit. Viewers interacted with streams by upvoting or downvoting, chatting, and giving paid awards. During the off-air hours, 24/7 streaming was possible to the dedicated subreddits, but with limited slots and capabilities. On August 19, 2019, Reddit announced RPAN. It was said to be in testing, but they were experimenting with making it a permanent program, as well as a way to increase revenue for the platform. Later, a five-day testing period began. During the testing period, streaming was for a select group of users, allowing 30 minutes of streaming per person and 100 slots. On July 1, 2020, RPAN Studio was released, an application that allows users to broadcast live from desktop computers. RPAN Studio has been built on top of OBS, an open-source streaming and recording program. On January 28, 2021, Reddit permanently increased streaming times to three hours. RPAN was officially discontinued on November 15, 2022. Corporate affairs Reddit is a public company based in San Francisco. In 2023, it downsized from an office in the Mid-Market neighborhood to an office in the South of Market neighborhood. Reddit doubled its headcount in 2017; as of 2018[update], it employed approximately 350 people. In 2017, the company was valued at $1.8 billion during a $200 million round of new venture funding. The company was previously owned by Condรฉ Nast, but was spun off as an independent company. As of April 2018[update], Advance Publications, Condรฉ Nast's parent company, retained a majority stake in Reddit. Reddit's key management personnel includes co-founder and CEO Steve Huffman, Chief Technology Officer Chris Slowe, who was the company's original lead engineer, and Chief Operating Officer Jen Wong, a former president of digital and chief operating officer at Time Inc. Reddit does not disclose its revenue figures. The company generates revenue in part through advertising and premium memberships that remove ads from the site. As part of its company culture, Reddit operates on a no-negotiation policy for employee salaries. The company offers new mothers, fathers, and adoptive parents up to 16 weeks of parental leave. Advertising Reddit launched two different ways of advertising on the site in 2009. The company launched sponsored content and a self-serve ads platform that year. Reddit launched its Reddit Gold benefits program in July 2010, which offered new features to editors and created a new revenue stream for the business that did not rely on banner ads. On September 6, 2011, Reddit became operationally independent of Condรฉ Nast, operating as a separate subsidiary of its parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit's users tend to be more privacy-conscious than on other websites, often using tools like ad-blocking software and proxies, and they dislike "feeling manipulated by brands" but respond well to "content that begs for intelligent viewers and participants." Lauren Orsini writes in ReadWrite that "Reddit's huge community is the perfect hype machine for promoting a new movie, a product release, or a lagging political campaign" but there is a "very specific set of etiquette. Redditors don't want to advertise for you, they want to talk to you." Journalists have used the site as a basis for stories, though they are advised by the site's policies to respect that "reddit's communities belong to their members" and to seek proper attribution for people's contributions. Reddit announced that they would begin using VigLink to redirect affiliate links in June 2016. Since 2017, Reddit has partnered with companies to host sponsored AMAs and other interactive events, increased advertising offerings, and introduced efforts to work with content publishers. In 2018, Reddit hired Jen Wong as COO, responsible for the company's business strategy and growth, and introduced native mobile ads. Reddit opened a Chicago office to be closer to major companies and advertising agencies located in and around Chicago. In 2019, Reddit hired former Twitter ad director Shariq Rizvi as its vice president of ad products and engineering. Community and culture The website is known for its open nature and diverse user community that generate its content. Its demographics allows for wide-ranging subject areas, as well as the ability for smaller subreddits to serve more niche purposes. The user base of Reddit has given birth to other websites, including image sharing community and image host Imgur, which started in 2009 as a gift to Reddit's community. In its first five months, it jumped from a thousand hits per day to a million total page views. Data collected by Pew Research Center in 2013 found that Reddit users were much more likely to be from urban communities than rural ones. Women were greatly under-represented on the website. Reddit's userbase had a disproportionately high number of Hispanic users. With regards to education, high school dropouts were over-represented among Reddit users. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. Statistics from Google Ad Planner suggest that 74% of Reddit users are male. In 2016, the Pew Research Center published research showing that 4% of U.S. adults use Reddit, of which 67% are men, while 78% of users get news from Reddit. Users tend to be significantly younger than average with less than 1% of users being 65 or over. Politically, 43% of Reddit users surveyed by Pew Research Center in 2016 identified as liberal, with 38% identifying as moderate and 19% as conservative. Reddit is known in part for its passionate user base, which has been described as "offbeat, quirky, and anti-establishment". Similar to the "Slashdot effect", the Reddit effect occurs when a smaller website crashes due to a high influx of traffic after being linked to on Reddit; this is also called the Reddit "hug of death". Users have used Reddit as a platform for their charitable and philanthropic efforts. Redditors raised more than $100,000 for charity in support of comedians Jon Stewart's and Stephen Colbert's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear; more than $180,000 for Haiti earthquake relief efforts; and delivered food pantries' Amazon wish lists. In 2010, Christians, Muslims, and atheists held a friendly fundraising competition, where the groups raised more than $50,000. A similar donation drive in 2011 saw the atheism subreddit raise over $200,000 for charity. In February 2014, Reddit announced it would donate 10% of its annual ad revenue to non-profits voted upon by its users. As a result of the campaign, Reddit donated $82,765 each to each of the selected recipients. Reddit has been used for a wide variety of political engagement including the presidential campaigns of Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, and Bernie Sanders. It has also been used for self-organizing sociopolitical activism such as protests, communication with politicians and active communities. Reddit has become a popular place for worldwide political discussions. The March for Science originated from a discussion on Reddit over the deletion of all references to climate change from the White House website, about which a user commented that "There needs to be a Scientists' March on Washington". On April 22, 2017, more than 1 million scientists and supporters participated in more than 600 events in 66 countries across the globe. Reddit users have been engaged in the defense of Internet privacy, net neutrality and Internet anonymity. Reddit created an Internet blackout day and was joined by Wikipedia and other sites in 2012 in protest of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP acts. On January 18, Reddit participated in a 12-hour sitewide blackout to coincide with a congressional committee hearing on the measures. During that time, Reddit displayed a message on the legislation's effects on Reddit, in addition to resources on the proposed laws. In May 2012, Reddit joined the Internet Defense League, a group formed to organize future protests. The site and its users protested the Federal Communications Commission as it prepared to scrap net neutrality rules. In 2017, users upvoted "Battle for the Net" posts enough times that they filled up the entire front page. On another day, the front page was overtaken by posts showcasing campaign donations received by members of Congress from the telecommunications industry. Reddit CEO Steve Huffman has also advocated for net neutrality rules. In 2017, Huffman told The New York Times that without net neutrality protections, "you give internet service providers the ability to choose winners and losers". On Reddit, Huffman urged redditors to express support for net neutrality and contact their elected representatives in Washington, D.C. Huffman said that the repeal of net neutrality rules stifles competition. He said he and Reddit would continue to advocate for net neutrality. As a response to Glenn Beck's August 28, 2010, Restoring Honor rally, in September 2010 Reddit users started a movement to persuade satirist Stephen Colbert to have a counter-rally in Washington, D.C. The movement, which came to be called "Restoring Truthiness", was started by user mrsammercer, in a post where he described waking up from a dream in which Stephen Colbert was holding a satirical rally in D.C. Over $100,000 was raised for charity to gain the attention of Colbert. The campaign was mentioned on-air several times, and when the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was held in Washington, D.C., on October 30, 2010, thousands of redditors made the journey. During a post-rally press conference, Reddit co-founder Ohanian asked, "What role did the Internet campaign play in convincing you to hold this rally?" Jon Stewart responded by saying that, though it was a very nice gesture, he and Colbert had already thought of the idea and the deposit for using the National Mall was already paid during the summer, so it acted mostly as a "validation of what we were thinking about attempting". In a message to the Reddit community, Colbert later added, "I have no doubt that your efforts to organize and the joy you clearly brought to your part of the story contributed greatly to the turnout and success." Reddit has been blocked in multiple countries due to Internet censorship performed by the governments of some countries. As of October 2023, Reddit is blocked in Indonesia, China, North Korea, Turkey, and partially blocked in Bangladesh. Reddit was blocked in Russia in 2015 and later unblocked. Since May 2014, Reddit has been blocked in Indonesia by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology for hosting content containing nudity. In August 2015, the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia determined that Reddit was promoting conversations about psychedelic drugs. The Roskomnadzor banned the website, citing advice on how to grow magic mushrooms as the reason. The Russian government had asked Reddit before to remove drug-related posts to no response. The site was later unblocked. ISPs in India were found to be blocking traffic over Reddit for intermittent periods in some regions in 2019. In July 2025, Reddit began requiring age verification in order to access certain features, to comply with the UK's Online Safety Act 2023, using a service called Persona. Content covered includes sexually explicit material, encouragement of suicide and eating disorders, and expressions of hatred based on race, religion, or sexual orientation. Over the years, Reddit has done multiple pranks and events for April Fools' Day. Since 2013, they have often taken the form of massive social experiments. Noteworthy events include The Button in 2015, which included a global "button" that could only be clicked once per user. It attracted more than a million clicks. 2017's experiment r/place involved making a collaborative pixel art. Millions of users worked together in communities to place pixels one at a time to create a larger canvas. This experiment was very successful and repeated in 2022's April Fools experiment and in 2023. AMAs, or "Ask Me Anything" interviews, during an AMA on r/IAmA and other subreddits, users can ask questions to interviewees. Notable participants include former-United States President Barack Obama (while campaigning for the 2012 election), Bill Gates (multiple times), and Donald Trump (also while campaigning). AMAs have featured CEO Steve Huffman, as well as figures from entertainment industries around the world (including Priyanka Chopra and George Clooney), literature (Margaret Atwood), space (Buzz Aldrin), privacy (Edward Snowden), fictional characters (including Borat and Cookie Monster) and others, such as experts who answered questions about the transgender community. The Atlantic wrote that an AMA "imports the aspirational norms of honesty and authenticity from pseudonymous Internet forums into a public venue". RedditGifts was a program that offers gift exchanges throughout the year. The fan-made RedditGifts site was created in 2009 for a Secret Santa exchange among Reddit users, which has since become the world's largest and set a Guinness World record. In 2009, 4,500 redditors participated. For the 2010 holiday season, 92 countries were involved in the secret Santa program. There were 17,543 participants, and $662,907.60 was collectively spent on gift purchases and shipping costs. In 2014, about 200,000 users from 188 countries participated. Several celebrities have participated in the program, including Bill Gates, Alyssa Milano, and Snoop Dogg. Eventually, the secret Santa program expanded to various other occasions through RedditGifts, which Reddit acquired in 2011. As with most public online forums, Reddit is vulnerable to the use of disruptive or manipulative practices by its members, from sources such as troll farms, click farms and astroturfing. Another example is brigading, notable in the case of Reddit as it is often cited as the origin of the practice and use of the word in this context. Though all of these examples are in some form, against the rules of Reddit's content policy, at least in the case of brigading, they are not always malicious in intent. A notable example is the case of "Mr. Splashy Pants", when organized brigading of another website, by redditors, appears to have been tacitly encouraged by the Reddit administration. In the aftermath, the target of this vote brigading appeared to take it in good humor. Reddit communities occasionally coordinate Reddit-external projects such as skewing polls on other websites, like the 2007 incident when Greenpeace allowed web users to decide the name of a humpback whale it was tracking. Reddit users voted en masse to name the whale "Mister Splashy Pants", and Reddit administrators encouraged the prank by changing the site logo to a whale during the voting. In December of that year, Mister Splashy Pants was announced as the winner of the competition. Criticism and controversies In general, the website grants subreddit moderators discretion in deciding what content is and is not allowed on their subreddits, so long as site-wide rules are not being violated. This relative freedom has allowed for a wide diversity of subreddits to exist, and some of them have attracted controversy. Many of the default subreddits are highly moderated, with the "science" subreddit banning climate change denialism, and the "news" subreddit banning opinion pieces and columns. Reddit has changed its site-wide editorial policies several times, sometimes in reaction to controversies. Reddit has historically been a platform for objectionable but legal content, and in 2011, news media covered the way that jailbait was being shared on the site before the site changed their policies to explicitly ban "suggestive or sexual content featuring minors". Reddit also received controversy over hosting misogynistic content, including the doxing of erotic models and revenge porn. Following some controversial incidents of Internet vigilantism, Reddit introduced a strict rule against the online publication of non-public personally-identifying information (a common internet harassment tool colloquially known as doxxing) via the site. Those who break the rule are subject to a site-wide ban, which can result in the deletion of their user-generated content. Due to Reddit's decentralized moderation, user anonymity, and lack of fact-checking systems, the platform is highly prone to spreading misinformation and disinformation. It has been suggested that those who use Reddit should exercise caution in taking user-created unsourced content as fact. Concerns have been raised in particular about dangerous medical misinformation on the platform. A 2022 study of 300 comments and posts discussing urinary tract infections found that fewer than 1% cited a source for their content, and several contained harmful medical misinformation that may dissuade readers from seeking medical care or lead to dangerous self-medication, such as proposing fasting as a cure for UTIs. Reddit communities exhibit the echo chamber effect, in which repeated unsourced statements come to be accepted among the community as fact, leading to distorted worldviews among users. It has been suggested that since 2019, Russian state-sponsored troll accounts and bots have engaged in a broad campaign to take over subreddits, such as r/antiwar. After the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013, Reddit faced criticism after users wrongly identified a number of people as suspects in the subreddit r/FindBostonBombers. Notable among misidentified bombing suspects was Sunil Tripathi, a student reported missing before the bombings took place. A body reported to be Sunil's was found in Providence River in Rhode Island on April 25, according to Rhode Island Health Department. The cause of death was not immediately known, but authorities said they did not suspect foul play. The family later confirmed Tripathi's death was a result of suicide. Reddit general manager Erik Martin later issued an apology for this behavior, criticizing the "online witch hunts and dangerous speculation" that took place on the website. The incident was later referenced in the season 5 episode of the CBS TV series The Good Wife titled "Whack-a-Mole", as well as The Newsroom. In August, private sexual photos from the celebrity photo hack were widely disseminated across the site. A dedicated subreddit, "TheFappening", was created for this purpose, and contained links to most if not all of the criminally obtained explicit images. Some images of McKayla Maroney and Liz Lee were identified by redditors and outside commentators as child pornography because the photos were taken when the women were underage. The subreddit was banned on September 6. The scandal led to wider criticisms concerning the website's administration from The Verge and The Daily Dot. After Ellen Pao became CEO in 2014, she was initially a target of criticism by users who objected to the deletion of content critical of herself and her husband. Later on June 10, 2015, Reddit shut down the 150,000-subscriber "fatpeoplehate" subreddit and four others citing issues related to harassment. This move was seen as very controversial; some commenters said that the bans went too far, while others said that the bans did not go far enough. One of the latter complaints concerned a subreddit that was "expressing support" for the perpetrator of the Charleston church shooting. Responding to the accusations of "skewed enforcement", Reddit reaffirmed their commitment to free expression and stated, "There are some subreddits with very little viewership that get highlighted repeatedly for their content, but those are a tiny fraction of the content on the site." On July 2, Reddit began experiencing a series of blackouts as moderators set popular subreddit communities to private, in an event dubbed "AMAgeddon", a portmanteau of AMA ("ask me anything") and Armageddon. This was done in protest of the recent firing of Victoria Taylor, an administrator who helped organize citizen-led interviews with famous people on the popular AMA subreddit. Organizers of the blackout also expressed resentment about the recent severance of the communication between Reddit and the moderators of subreddits. The blackout intensified on July 3 when former community manager David Croach gave an AMA about being fired. Before deleting his posts, he stated that Ellen Pao dismissed him with one year of health coverage when he had cancer and did not recover quickly enough. Following this, a Change.org petition to remove Pao as CEO of Reddit Inc. reached over 200,000 signatures. Pao posted a response on July 3 as well as an extended version of it on July 6 in which she apologized for bad communication and not delivering on promises. She also apologized on behalf of the other administrators and noted that problems already existed over the past several years. On July 10, Pao resigned as CEO and was replaced by former CEO and co-founder Steve Huffman. In August, Steve Huffman introduced a policy which led to the banning of several offensive and sexual communities. Included in the ban was lolicon, to which Huffman referred as "animated CP [child porn]". Some subreddits had also been "quarantined" due to having "highly-offensive or upsetting content" such as r/European, r/swedenyes, r/drawpeople, r/kiketown, r/blackfathers, r/greatapes, and r/whitesarecriminals. In April 2023, Reddit announced its intentions to charge large fees for its application programming interface (API), a feature of the site that has existed for free since 2008, causing an ongoing dispute. The move forced multiple third-party applications to shut down and threatened accessibility applications and moderation tools. On May 31, Apollo developer Christian Selig stated that Reddit's pricing would force him to cease development on the app. The resulting outcry from the Reddit community ultimately led to a planned protest from June 12 to 14 in which moderators for the site would make their communities private or restricted posting. Following the release of an internal memo from Reddit CEO Steve Huffman and defiance from Reddit, some moderators have continued their protest. Alternate forms of protest have emerged in the days following the initial blackout. Upon reopening, users of r/pics, r/gifs, and r/aww voted to exclusively post about comedian John Oliver. Multiple subreddits labeled themselves as not safe for work (NSFW), affecting advertisements and resulting in administrators removing the entire moderation team of some subreddits. The protest has been compared to a strike. /r/place had its third launch on July 20, 2023; however, the launch was heavily protested by users and developers due to the event following the 2023 Reddit API controversy; Reddit CEO Steve Huffman's decision to make it prohibitively expensive for third-party app developers drew widespread condemnation. In February 2017, Reddit banned the alt-right subreddit r/altright for violating its terms of service, more specifically for attempting to share private information about the man who attacked alt-right figure Richard B. Spencer. The forum's users and moderators accused Reddit administrators of having political motivations for the ban. After the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Reddit banned the subreddit r/DonaldTrump in response to repeated policy violations and alluding to the potential influence the community had on those who participated in or supported the storming. The move followed similar actions from social media platforms, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok and more. The ban was criticized by those who believed it furthered an agenda and censorship of conservative ideologies. The subreddit had over 52,000 members just before it was banned. In May 2016, CEO Steve Huffman said in an interview at the TNW Conference that, unlike Facebook, which "only knows what [its users are] willing to declare publicly", Reddit knows its users' "dark secrets" at the same time that the website's "values" page was updated regarding its "privacy" section. The video reached the top of the website's main feed. Shortly thereafter, announcements concerning new advertisement content drew criticism on the website. In September, a user named "mormondocuments" released thousands of administrative documents belonging to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an action driven by the ex-Mormon and atheist communities on Reddit. Previously, on April 22, the same user had announced his plans to do so. Church officials commented that the documents did not contain anything confidential. On November 23, Huffman admitted to having replaced his username with the names of r/The_Donald moderators in many insulting comments. He did so by changing insulting comments made towards him and made it appear as if the insult were directed at the moderators of r/The_Donald. On November 24, The Washington Post reported Reddit had banned the "Pizzagate" conspiracy board from their site, stating it violated their policy of posting personal information of others, triggering a wave of criticism from users on r/The_Donald, who felt the ban amounted to censorship. After the forum was banned from Reddit, the words "we don't want witchhunts on our site" now appears on the former page of the Pizzagate subreddit. On November 30, Huffman announced changes to the algorithm of Reddit's r/all page to block "stickied" posts from a number of subreddits, such as r/The_Donald. In the announcement, he also apologized for personally editing posts by users from r/The_Donald, and declared intentions to take actions against "hundreds of the most toxic users" of Reddit and "communities whose users continually cross the line". In March 2018, it was revealed that Huffman had hidden Russian troll activity from users. In February 2019, Chinese company Tencent invested $150 million into Reddit. This resulted in a large backlash from Reddit users, who were worried about potential censorship. Many posts featuring subjects censored in China, such as Tiananmen Square, Tank Man, and Winnie the Pooh, received popularity on Reddit. In late August 2021, more than 70 subreddits went private to protest against COVID-19 misinformation on Reddit, as well as Reddit's refusal to delete subreddits undermining the severity of the pandemic. A 2021 letter from the United States Senate to Reddit CEO Steve Huffman expressed concern about the spread of COVID-19 misinformation on the platform. In January 2025, over 100 Reddit communities banned users from posting links from the X social media site after Elon Musk, its CEO, made an arm gesture at a speech which critics claimed was a Nazi salute. The Verge reported that Musk had "privately pressur[ed]" the CEO of Reddit Steve Huffman to moderate content critical of him and the Trump administration, and that after their exchange, Reddit took action and temporarily banned r/WhitePeopleTwitter due to "policy violations". On March 5, 2025, Reddit announced that they will be issuing warnings to users who upvote "violent content", and "may consider" taking other actions against the users. The Verge reported two days later that Reddit's automatic moderation tool has been flagging the word "Luigi" as "potentially violent", including in comments or context unrelated to Luigi Mangione, the suspect in the killing of the UnitedHealthcare CEO. The moderator of r/popculture, a subreddit with over 125,000 members, stated that Reddit's AutoModerator system flagged a comment about Nintendo video game Luigi's Mansion because it included the word "Luigi", and instructed them to "check for violence"; other comments that mentioned "Luigi", even in non-violent context, were also flagged. On July 12, 2018, the creator and head moderator of the GamerGate subreddit, r/KotakuInAction, removed all of the moderators and set the forum to private, alleging it to have become "infested with racism and sexism". A Reddit employee restored the forum and its moderators an hour later. During the George Floyd protests in early June 2020, over 800 moderators signed an open letter demanding a policy banning hate speech, a shutdown of racist and sexist subreddits, and more employee support for moderation. Bloomberg News pointed out the company's slow reaction to r/watchpeopledie, a subreddit dedicated to videos of people dying in accidents and other situations, and the harassment that accompanied new unmoderated features like icons for purchase and public chats. On June 29, 2020, Reddit updated its content policy and introduced rules aimed at curbing the presence of communities they believed to be "promoting hate", and banned approximately 2,000 subreddits that were found to be in violation of the new guidelines on the same day. Larger subreddits affected by the bans included r/The_Donald, r/GenderCritical (the platform's largest and most active anti-transgender radical feminist subreddit), and r/ChapoTrapHouse (a far-left subreddit originally created by fans of the podcast Chapo Trap House). Some media outlets and political commentators also condemned the banning of the r/The_Donald and r/ChapoTrapHouse subreddits as a violation of the right to free political expression. A 2025 TIMES article listed Reddit "The Most Xenophobic Social Media Site" after the Anti-Defamation League denounced Reddit for allowing public communities to engage in racism, antisemitism, and routine hate speech without consequence. In February 2013, Betabeat published a post that recognized the influx of multinational corporations like Costco, Taco Bell, Subaru, and McDonald's posting branded content on Reddit that was made to appear as if it was original content from legitimate Reddit users. PAN Communications wrote that marketers want to "infiltrate the reddit community on behalf of their brand," but emphasized that "self-promotion is frowned upon" and Reddit's former director of communications noted that the site is "100 percent organic." She recommended that advertisers design promotions that "spark conversations and feedback." She recommended that businesses use AMAs to get attention for public figures but cautioned "It is important to approach AMAs carefully and be aware that this may not be a fit for every project or client." Nissan ran a successful branded content promotion offering users free gifts to publicize a new car, though the company was later ridiculed for suspected astroturfing when the CEO only answered puff piece questions on the site. Taylor described these situations as "high risk" noting: "We try hard to educate people that they have to treat questions that may seem irreverent or out of left field the same as they would questions about the specific project they are promoting." In March 2021, Reddit users discovered that Aimee Challenor, an English politician who had been suspended from two UK political parties, was hired as an administrator for the site. Her first suspension from the Green Party came for retaining her father as her campaign manager after his arrest on child sexual abuse charges. She was later suspended from the Liberal Democrats after tweets describing pedophilic fantasies were discovered on her partner's Twitter account. Reddit banned a moderator for posting a news article which mentioned Challenor, and some Reddit users alleged that Reddit were removing all mention of Challenor. Many subreddits, including r/Music, which had 27 million subscribers, and 46 other subreddits with over 1 million subscribers, went private in protest. On March 24, Reddit's CEO Steve Huffman said that Challenor had been inadequately vetted before being hired and that Reddit would review its relevant internal processes. Huffman attributed user suspensions to over-indexing on anti-harassment measures. Challenor was also removed from her role as a Reddit admin. The GameStop short squeeze was primarily organized on the subreddit r/wallstreetbets in January 2021. In October 2023, Reddit Moons (a site-specific cryptocurrency launched in May 2020) had seen a surge of value in 2023, at one point in mid-2023 rising past 50 cents per moon, but it crashed by more than 90% after it was announced on October 17 that the token would be "wound down" on November 8, allegedly due to scaling and regulatory issues; Reddit-centric coins DONUT and BRICK also crashed upon the news. In June 2023, The BlackCat hacker gang claimed responsibility for a February 2023 breach of Reddit's systems. On its data leak site, it claimed that it stole 80 GB of compressed data and demanded a $4.5 million ransom from Reddit. This attack did not involve data encryption like typical ransomware campaigns. In September 2024, the Federal Trade Commission released a report summarizing nine company responses (including from Reddit) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to identity theft, stalking, unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and mental health issues, social stigma, and reputational harm. In 2025, researchers from the University of Zurich conducted a experiment on the debate subreddit r/changemyview. The researchers deployed AI-run Reddit accounts to pose as humans and actively push desired viewpoints in order to study how AI could influence opinions among human participants. The experiment was run without the consent or knowledge of the subreddit moderators for four months until one of the researchers informed them. Critics of the experiment argued it was unethical as it involved impersonation and involuntarily used Redditors as experiment participants. On December 2025, Reddit filed a lawsuit in an attempt to overturn Australia's social media ban for children, as Australia was one of Reddit's biggest markets, and the ban would prevent people under 16 from accessing the site. See also Notes References Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื ืืืื_ื ืชื ืืื#cite_note-227] | [TOKENS: 76002] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืึดึผื ึฐืึธืึดืื (ืึดึผืืึดึผื) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐืึธืืึผ (ื ืืื ื-21 ืืืืงืืืืจ 1949, ื"ื ืืชืฉืจื ื'ืชืฉ"ื) ืืื ืคืืืืืืงืื ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืคืืืช "ืืืืืื" ืืืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื (ืื ืคืงืื). ืืฉื ืื 1984โ1988 ืืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืื"ื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืชืื ืขืฉืจื ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ. ื-1993 ื ืืืจ ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ืืืื ืฉืฉ ืืืื ืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืฉืืืฉ ืชืงืืคืืช ืื ืจืฆืืคืืช: ืืื 1996โ1999 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืืข; ืืื 2009โ2021 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืชืืื, ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืฉ, ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืจืืข ืืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ; ืืืื ืืฆืืืจ 2022 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ, ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชืคืงืืืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืืงื ืืืงืืื ืืืืื ืืชืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืง ืืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื, ืืืขื ืืฉื ืื 1999โ2002 ืืื ืคืจืฉ ืืืคืืืืืืงื. ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ืืชืฉืขืื ืืชื ืขื ืืกืื ืืืจืื ืืืกืื ืืืื ืขื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืืื ืืฉื ืื 2003โ2005, ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืจืคืืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืงืืื ืืคืจืื, ืืืจืืช ืืืกืื ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืฉื ืช 2018, ืืืขืืจื ืืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉืืช, ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020, ื ืืชืื ืืกืืื ืืืจืื. ืืืื ื ืื ืืชืืจืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืคืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืจืขื ืืืฆืข ืขืืื ืขื ื, ืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื, ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช. ื-2023 ืืืจืข ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ ืฉืืืืื ืืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื, ืื-2025 ืชืงืคื ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืฆืข ืขื ืืืืื. ืืืจืืขืื ืืืืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืกืชื ื ืืช ืืืคืจืืงื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื 2005 ื-2013 ืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืโืืฆืจืื, ืืืืื ืืืืจืชืืช ืืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืช 2011, ืืชืคืจืฆืืช ืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2020, ืงืืืื "ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช" ืืฉื ืช 2023 ืืืืืื ืืขืืืืช ืื ืจืืืช ืืขืงืืืชืื. ื-24 ืืืื 2020 ืืืืฉื ื ืืื ืืชืื ืืืฉืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืชื ืื ื ืืื ืืฉืคื ืคืืืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืฉืื ืืช: ืชืืง 1000, ืชืืง 2000 ืืชืืง 4000. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืฉืคื ืคืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืชื. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2024 ืืืืืข ืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื (ICC) ืื ืืืฆืื ืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืืื, ืื ืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืืื ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื. ืจืืฉืืช ืืืื, ืฉืืจืืชื ืืฆืืื ืืืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืฉืช ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฆืืื (ืืืืช ืกืื; 1912โ2000) ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืื ืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื (1910โ2012) ืื ืงืจื ืขื ืฉื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืคืจืืกื ืื ืืืื ืกืื. ืืื ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื ืช ืชืืคืืืช ืื-1955 ืืงืืืื. ืืงืืจ ืืฉื "ืืืื" ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื, ืื ืืืื ืจืื. ืืืืชื ื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืื[ื] ืืืืจ ืืฉืื "ืื" ืืงืจืืืช ืืืจื ืืืืชื. ืืืื ืื ืืืง ืจืืฉืืช ืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ื-50 ืืชืืืืช ื-60 ืืืืชื ืืืฉืคืื ืืกืืจืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื, ืขื ืฉืืฉืคืืชื ืขืืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉื ืช 1963, ืืขืงืืืช ืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืื. ืืืฉืคืื ืืจื ืืฆ'ืืื ืื, ืคืจืืืจ ืฉื ืคืืืืืคืื ืฉืืคื ืกืืืื ืื, ืฉื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืื ืคืขืื ืืืืขืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืชืืืื, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ื-1967 ืืื ืืืชืืืืก ืืฆื"ื, ืืขืื ืฉืืฉืคืืชื ื ืฉืืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉื ืฉื ืชืืื ื ืืกืคืืช. ืืื ืฉืืจืช ืืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื, ืฉืื ืฉืืจืช ืื ืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉื ืื ืืืื ืขืื. ืืื ืขืืจ ืืกืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืื ืืืืคืงื ืืืชื ืชืืช ืคืืงืืื ืฉื ืขืืืจื ืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืืง ืงืืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืฆืข ืชืฉืืจื, ืืืืฆืข ืชืืคืช ืืืืืฆืข ืืืืืืก 4 ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืชืฉื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืข, ืืืืจ ืฉืืฆืื ืืืฆืจื ืคืชื ืืืฉ ืขื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืขื ืฉืืืืช 13, ืืขืช ืฆืืืืช ืชืขืืช ืกืืืฅ ืขื ืืื ืกืืจืืช ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช, ืฉืืืืชื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืฆืจืืื. ืืืืฉื, ืกืืื ืงืืจืก ืงืฆืื ื ืื"ืจ ืืืฆืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืืคืงื ืฆืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืคืงื ืฆืืืช ืืฉืชืชืฃ ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืืืฆืข ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืขื ืืืืก "ืกืื ื", ืฉืขืืื ืคืืงื ืืคืงื ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืง. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืคืฆืข ืืคืขืืื ืื ืืคืืืืช ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืืืื. ืืคืขื ืืืจืช, ืืืืจื ืืคืขืืื ืกืืืืช ืืกืืจืื, ื ืชืงืข ืืฆืืืช ืฉืขืืื ืคืืงื ืืืจื ืืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืชืฉืืฉืืช ืืืงืืจ. ืืคืงื ืคืืืชื, ืขืืื ืืืื, ืืฉ ืืขืืจืชื ืืืืืฅ ืืืชื. ืืงืืฅ 1972 ืืฉืชืืจืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆื"ื ืืืจืืช ืกืจื. ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืจื ืืฆื"ื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช MIT ืฉืืืกืฆ'ืืกืืก. ืขื ืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1973, ืฉื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืงืืืฆื ืืืืืชืจืช ืฉื "ืืืืจืื" ืืืืืืื, ืฉืฉืืจื ืขื ืื ืืื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืงืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืื, ืืืฉืืืข ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืชื ืืืขืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืฆืคืื. ืืคื ืืืืืืื, ื ืจืื ืื ืคืืงื ืขื ืืืฆืข ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฆืคืื. ืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืฉืจืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืคืืืช ืขื 1981. ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืคืืจ, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืฉื ืงืืื ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืืจืืืืืช (B.S.A.D) ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช MIT ื-1974, ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืื ืื ืขืกืงืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืื ืืืื MIT ืกืืืื ื-1976. ืขืืืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืฃ ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืฆืืจ, ืืื ืืืืช ืืกืืจ ืชืืจื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืื ืึพMIT ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจืืืืจื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืืขื ืืืืื ื. ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืืื, ืขืื ืืฉื ืชืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืขืืฅ ืขืกืงื, "ืืืกืืื ืงืื ืกืืืื ื ืืจืืค". ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืื ื ืขืฆืื "ืื ื'ืืื ื ืืชืื" ืื "ืื ื ืืชืื". ื ืืชืื ืืื ืฉื ืืขื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืขืืชืื ืขื ืืืืจืื. ื-1976 ืฉืื ืืช ืืืื, ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืื ืืืฆืข ืื ืืื, ืืขืช ืืืืชื ืืคืงื ืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื. ืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1977 ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืกืืฃ 1976 ืืขื 1980 ืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืงืจ ืืืจืืจ, ืฉืขืจื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืกืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืจืืจ. ื-1980 ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืขืื ืืคืจืก ื'ืืืืื ืกืงื ืืกืคืจืืช ืืืืืงืจ, ืืขืืืจ ืืืฆืืช ืืืชืื ืืื ื. ืืื 1979โ1982 ืขืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืง ืฉื ืืืจืช ืืจืืืืื "ืจืื ืชืขืฉืืืช". ืืืกืืจืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืงืจ ืืืจืืจ, ืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืืืืืืงืืื, ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉื ืืจื ืก, ืฉืืื ืืกืึน ืืคืืืืืืงื ืืืืืืฅ ืืื ืืชื ืืฆืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื. ืกื., ืชืคืงืื ืฉืืืื ืืื 1982โ1984. ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืจื ืก ืืฉืืจืืจ, ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืงืืื, ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืจ ืจืืื ืืชืคืงืื. ืืื 1984โ1988 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืื"ื ืืืื ืืืืคืขืืชืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืขืืืืืช. ืืืจื ืฉืืงืื ืืจืก ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืฉืฃ ืืช ืขืืจื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืื"ื, ืงืืจื ืืืืืืื, ืฉืฉืืจืช ืืงืฆืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืชืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื"ื, ืืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ืืฆืืื, ืืืฉืืฃ ืืกืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืขืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืคืืฉืขื ืืืืื ื ืืฆืื ื ืืกืคืื. ื-1988 ืืืขื ืง ืื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืจ ืืืงืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจ-ืืืื. ืงืจืืืจื ืคืืืืืืช ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืชืื ืขืฉืจื ื-1988, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช "ืืืืืื". ืืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืชื ืืขืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืืฆื ืืืงืื ืืชืฉืืขื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื, ืฉืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืืืืฅ. ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ื-12, ืืืชืื ื ืืกืื ื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืฉื ืืจื ืก, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื. ืืื ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืื ื ืืฆืจ ืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืฆืฆื ื ืืฆื ื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืืชืขืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืื. ืืื ืืชืคืงืืื ืืื"ื, ืื ืืชืคืงืื ืื ืืชืืื ืืืืคืขืืชืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืชืืืช. ื-1991 ื ืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืจืืฉืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืืง ืฉืืืจ. ืืืืจ ืืืืขืืื, ืขืงื ืืืชื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื, ืขืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื, ืฉื ืขืจืื ื-1992, ืืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืืฉื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืคืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคืจืืฉืชื ืฉื ืฉืืืจ, ืืชืืืื ื-1993 ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื. ืืืืื ืืกืข ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช, ืืชืคืจืกืื "ืคืจืฉืช ืืงืืืช ืืืืืืช". ืืืืคืขื ืืืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืจืช ืืื ืืืืฉืืช, ืืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืื "ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืืืจืช ืคืืฉืขืื" ื ืืกื ืืกืืื ืืืชื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืจืืืืช ืืืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชื. ืืจืืืื ืืืคื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืื ืืคืจืฉื, ืืขืืืงื ืืช ืืงืจืข ืืื ืืฉื ืืื. ืืงืืืช ืื ืืืฆืื ืืขืืื, ืืืืืื ืืชื ืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืคื ืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื, ืื ื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืงืฆื, ืืืื ื-52.1% ืืืงืืืืช (72,705 ืืชืื 139,522 ืงืืืืช ืืฉืจืื). ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืคืืช ืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืื ื-1993 ืืืืืืจ ืฉืืืกืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืจ ืืืคื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืื ืืืงืจ ืืืืจืืช ืคืืืืขื ืืจืืจ ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืื, ืงืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช, ื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื. ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืชื ืืคืื ืช ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืฆืืื ื ืื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืืกืื ืืืกืื ื', ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1995. ืืฉืชืชืคืืชื ืืืคืื ื ืืฆืืืช ืจืขื ื ื ืฉืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืชืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืจืื ืงืืืจื ืฉืขืืื ืืืืชืื "ืจืืื ืงืืืจ ืืช ืืฆืืื ืืช", ืืืชื ืืคืจืกืื ืจื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืขื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื. ื-29 ืืืื 1996 ื ืขืจืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืจืืข-ืขืฉืจื, ืืคื ืฉืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืฉืืจื. ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก, ืฉืืืืืฃ ืืช ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืฆืื, ืืจืื ืืืืง ืฉื ื-29,000 ืงืืืืช. ื ืืฆืืื ื ืืชืงืื ืืืคืชืขื ืืงืจื ืืคืจืฉื ืื. ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืจืืฅ ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืฆื ืคืจืก ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื 1.4%, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืงื ืฉื ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืคื ืืช ืืืงืจ ืืชืืคืื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืืช ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืกืืจ ืฉื ืืชื ืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืืชืืกืก ืขื ืชืืืฉืช ืืืกืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืขืงื ืืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืขืช ืคืืืืขื ืืชืืืืืช, ืืฆื ืืืืืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืื ืฉื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉืื. ืื ืืืขื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืจ ืคืขื ืืจืขืช ืคืจืก, ืขืงื ืืขืืื ืืกืืืืช ืืืฉืคืขื ืืจืืฉืืช ืฉื ืจืฆื ืจืืื, ืืืชื ืืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืชืืจืื ืืช, ืืืชื ื ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืกืืขืืช ืืืชืืจืืช ื"ืืืืืื-ืืฉืจ-ืฆืืืช". ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืคืจืก ืืืคืืข ืขืืืฃ ืื ืจืื, ืื ืฉืคืืข ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืืืจื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืชื ืืขืืช ืืืฆืืขื ืืงืจื ืืืืขืืืื ืคืขืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืขืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืขืจืืืช ื ืื ืขื ืืืชืืื ืืืืฉืื, ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฆืข "ืขื ืื ืืขื" ืืืืคืืื ืขื ืืคืจ ืงืื ื ืืืื ืื, ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืขื ืชืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืื ืงืืคืืื ืฆืขืืจื ืืืืืช ืื"ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืง: "ื ืชื ืืื. ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื", ืืืืจืืช ืืจื ืืจื ืฉื, ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืฆืืืข ืื ืชื ืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืขืฅ ืืจืชืืจ ืคืื ืงืืฉืืืื ืืงืืคืืื ื ืืืืื ืขื ืกืืกืืืืช ืงืืืืืช ืืื "ืคืจืก ืืืืง ืืช ืืจืืฉืืื", ืฉืืื ืืคืงืืืื ืืืฆืืจืช ื ืืืืจ ืืืคื ืืฉืืื ืืงืจื ืขืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจืืื. ื ืืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืชื ืืืื 47 ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืขืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืจ ืงืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืึพ18 ืืืื ื 1996 ืขื ืึพ6 ืืืืื 1999. ืืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืื-ืคืืกืืื ื. ืืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืกืืื ืืืกืื, ืชืื ืืฆืืจื ืขื ืขืืงืจืื ืืคืื ืืงืืื ืืชืืืืืืืืช ืื ืกืืืืช ืจืง ืืืงืืื ืืงืืื ืืชืืืืืืืืชืื ืฉื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืืชืื ืืื, ืืชืขืืื ืืกืืจืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืืช, ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืฉืืจื ื ืืกืจื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืชืื ืืืกืืื ืืืกืื ื'. ืืชืืืืช ืกืคืืืืจ 1996 ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช ืืืขืืจ ืืจื, ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืคืืืฉื ืืกืืืืช. ื-24 ืืกืคืืืืจ 1996 ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืคืชืืืช ืื ืืจืืช ืืืืชื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืจืฆื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืจืช ืืืืชื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืฆืคืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืื ื ืืจืื 17 ืืืืื ืฆื"ื ืืืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืืจืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื. ืืืืืืืช ืืชืคืชืื ืืขืงืืืช ืคืชืืืช ืืคืชื ืืฆืคืื ื ืฉื ืื ืืจืช ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืจืืืข ืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืฉืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืขื ื ืฉืืฉืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืชืืช ืืกืืื ืืจ ืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืขืจืขืจ ืืืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืง ืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืฉื ืชื ืืคืชืืืช ืคืชื ืืื ืืจื ืืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืขืช ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืคืฉืจืช "ื ืืืขื ืืกืืข ืงืืืื ื". ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจืืข ืืืืืื ื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืื ืืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืืื ืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืคืืกืืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืคืืช ืฉื ืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืืคืจืืช ืกืืจ ืืขืจืื ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืขืจืื ืืืขืืจืืืช, ืฉื ืคืกืงื ืชืื ืืืื ืกืคืืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืงืจื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืงืืื ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืขืจืคืืช ืืคืกืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื, ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืกืืื ืืื ืืจืื. ืืคืกืื ืกืืื ืืช ืืืจื ืืืชืืืช "ืืกืื ืืืจืื" ืืื ืืืจ 1997. ืืืกืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืช ืืจืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืื, ืืืขื ืืืืจ ืืขืจืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืจืื ืกืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืื ืืืืืืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืืื. ืืื ืื ืืชืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ืฉืชื ื ืกืืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืฉืืืื ืขื ืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืงืจืื "ืฉืืืฉ ืืคืขืืืืช". ืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฆืขื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ. ืืงืืฅ 1997 ืืชืจืืฉื ืฉื ื ืคืืืืขื ืืชืืืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืขืงืืืชืืื ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืชื ืงืฉืืช ืื'ืืื ืืฉืขื, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืืก ืืืจืื. ืืคืขืืื ืื ืขืืชื ืืคื ืืกืืื ื "ืืืืกื" ืฉืืืฆืขื ืืืชื ื ืชืคืกื. ืืชืืืจื ืืฉืืจืืจื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืจืื ืชืจืืคืช ื ืื ืฉืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืขื ืืฉืืจืจื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืกืืจืื ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืจืืฉื ืฉืืื' ืืืื ืืืกืื. ืงืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืฉ ืืช ืืกืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืกื ืืื ืืจืืืง, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืก ืฉืืืจืฉ ืืืจืื ืื ืขืฆืจ ืื ืืืชืชื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืฉืฉ ืฉืืฉืคืื ืืขืืจืจ ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืืฉ ืืช ืืคืืืืขืื. ืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉื ื ืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืืคื ืื, ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก ืืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืจืง ืืืจืืื ืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 1999, ืฉื ืช ืืืื ืชื ืืืืจืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ื ืจืฆืื 4 ืื ืฉืื ืืคืืืืขืื, ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืชืืคืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืขื 2008. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืช ืืืืืฃ ืืื ืขืืจื. ืืงืืช ืืืืขืฆื ื ืขืฉืชื ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆื ืฉื ืืชื ื ืืืกืืจืช ืืคืงืช ืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืคืืขื ืขื ืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืงืืื ืื. ืืืืจ ืชืงืืคื ืืจืืื ืฉื ืงืืคืืื, ืฉืืืืืื ืืจืฉื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืชืืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืชื ื ืืืกืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืกืื ืืืจืื ืื ืกืืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช, ืืื ืก ืื ืฉืื ืงืืื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืืช ืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1998. ืืืืขืืื ืืกืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉืืชืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืคืืจ, ืื ืกืืื ื ืืกืคืช, ืฉืืืื 13% ืืฉืืื C ืฉืืืื ืฉืืืขืืจื ืืฉืืื A ื-B,โ 1% ื-12% ืืืชืืื, ืืืคืชืืืช ื ืื ืชืขืืคื ืืื-ืืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืกืขืืคื ืืืื ื ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืงืืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืื ืืชืื ืกื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืขืื ืื ืืืืืช ืื ืฉืื ืงืืื ืืื, ืืืื ืื ืคืืจืกื ื ืืกื ืืืฉ ืฉื ืืืื ื ืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืกืขืืคืื ืืงืืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืจื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฆืขื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืจืง ืืืง ืงืื ืืื ืกืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืจื: โืืชื ื โ ืืงืืื, ืื ืืชื ื โ ืื ืืงืืื.โ ืชืงืืคื ืื ืืชืืคืืื ื ืืืชืืงืืืืืช ืืจืืืืช ืื ืกืืืืช ื"ืคืขืืืืช" ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืคืขื. ืืืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื, ืื ืงืืคืืื ืืืืขืื ืขื ืกืืจืื, ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืืื ืจืื ืืืืืจ, ื ืฉืื ืืืขืื ืืกืืจืื. ืืืขื ืช ืื ืืก ืจืืก ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืง, ืืืืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืจืื, ืืืืชื ืืืกืืืชื, ืืืื ื ืกืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืงื ืขื ืืกืืก ืืืืืืช 1967, ืชืื ืฉืชืืืื ืืงื ืืืืืืง ืืืงืืข ืืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืื. ืืืขื ืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืืชืขืงืฉ ืขื ืื ืฉืงื ืืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืงืืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืชืจ. ืฉืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืงืืจืื ืืช ืจืืื, ืืื: ืืกืื ืืืกืืงืื (4 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1997), ืืืช ืฉืืืฉื ืงืฆืื ืื ืืกืืืจืช ืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืชืงืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืื (23 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1997) ืืืกืื ืืฉืืืืช (5 ืืกืคืืืืจ 1997) ืฉืื ื ืืจืื 12 ืืืืื ืฉืืืืช 13 ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืื. ืืกืื ืืืกืืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืกืืจ ืืืื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืช ืืคืงืคืืง ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืงืืช ืืจืืื ืืจืืข ืืืืืช ืฉืคืขืื ืื ืกืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื. ืืขืงืืืช ื ืคืืืช ืืงืฆืื ืื ืืืืืข ืื"ืจ ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืง, ืขื ืืชืืืืืืชื ืืฆืืช ืืืื ืื ืชืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืืจื, ืขืืืฃ ืชืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืกืืจืื. ืชืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืช ืืืชืช ืขื ืื ืกืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืื ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืืืจ ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ, ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืืื ืื ืืฆืจื ืืฉืืจื ื ืืืืจืืงื ื. ืคืขืืืืช ืื, ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื'ืจื ืคืืืืื (ืื ') ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืฆืจื, ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืงืจื ืืืืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ื ืฉืืืฉื ืฉืจื ืืืฆืจ: ืื ืืจืืืืจ, ืืขืงื ื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืช โ ืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืคืจืง ืืื ืฉื ืืฉื ื. ืืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืื ืืจืืืืจ, ืื ืืฉื "ืจืฆืืขืช ืืืืืกืื" ืืืืื ืืืชืคืืจืืช ืืืืจืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื. ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืื ืืื ืคืจืฉ ืืืื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืฆืขืืื ืืืืืืืื[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื] ืฉื ืงื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉืืช 1998, ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืฉืืื ืจืขืืขืื ืขืื. ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืกืืืืช ืฉืืง ืืืคืฉื, ืืขืื ืขื ื ืก ืืช ืขืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืคืฉืืช ืืืช ืืืคืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืฉ ืชืคืืกื ืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืืืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืคืืฆืื ืืืคืืชืช ืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืืื. ืืืฉืืชื ืืืฆืขื ืืคืจืื ืฉื ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืชืืืช ืืืืืจืืืืฆืื ืืืืืข ืืืืฅ, ืืืื ืืืืื "ืจืฆืืขืช ืืืืืกืื", ืืืื ืฉืืจื ืืืชืคืืจืืชื ืฉื ืื ืืจืืืืจ ืืชืคืงืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจื ืจืคืืจืื ืืคื ืกืื ืฉืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืคื ืกืื ืชืงืฆืืืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืฆืืืจืช, ืืืจืืืช ืืขืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืฆืืืืจื. ืืื ืื ืืืกืคืช ืืคืขืื ืกืืืืจื ืฉืืืฉื, ืชืืืืช ืฉืืจืืชื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืช "Yes" ืืืืกืคืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉืืง ืฉืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืืช. ืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืงื ืืขืืช ืืจืืคืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืื ืขื ืืขืื ืืจืืชื ืืคืืืืืืื ืึปืึผืึผ ืืขืืชืื ืืืจืืงืืช ืืฆืจืืืืช. ืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืืกื ืื ืืืง ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืืืืจื ืฉืืคืฉืจื ืืช ืจืฆื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื. ืืกืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืง ืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืืขืื ืฉืืคืืืืช ืืฉืืื ื ืื ืขื ืืืกืคืง ืื ืจืฉืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืกืื, ืืืขืงืืืช ืืชืงืคื ืฉืื ืขืืืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืืขืืื. ืืฉ ืืืืขื ืื ืื ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืคืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืขื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืจืืช ืืืคื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉ ืืืืขื ืื[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื] ืื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืขืงืืืช ืืชืจืกืืชืื ืืืคื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืื ื.[ื] ืขื ืืืช, ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืืจืชื. ืืืคืขืชื ืืชืงืฉืืจืชืืช ืืืืืืฉืช ืืืืื ืื ืชืืืืื, ืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืื ืขืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื. ืืืชืืจืืจืืช ืขื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืจืื ืื. ืืชืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ื-21 ืืืฆืืืจ 1998 ืืฆืืืขื ืืื ืกืช ืืงืจืืื ืฉืืืฉืืช ืขื ืคืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืจื ืกืืื ืชืืจืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืงืืจื, ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืขืช ืื-ืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืขื ืืฃ ื ืืกืืื ืืชืื ืืื ืืข ืืช ืืืฆืืขื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืชื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืง, ืืืขืื ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื; ืืฆืืง ืืจืืื, ืฉืืืชื ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืจืืฅ ื ืืื; ืื ื ืืืื, ืฉืขืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืขืืื ืืฉืืจื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืคืจืฉื ืืจืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืจืืฅ, ืืืื ืชืื ืืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืชืืื ืืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืจืง, ืฉื ืืฆื ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืื 1999, ืืฉืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 56% ืืงืืืืช ืืืืืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืืืกืชื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืคืจืกืื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืกืืคืืืช ืืืืืืข ืขื ื ืืืืช ืคืกืง ืืื ืืืคืืืืืืงื, ืืฉืืฆืืื ืขืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉืืืฆื ืืืืืืคื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืชืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ื ืืงืื ืฆืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืฉืื ืืงืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืื ืฉืืขืจ ืขื ืืื ืขืืืงืื ืืงืจืข ืืขื ืืืืื ื ืฉืจืืฉ ืื ืืฉืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืจ ืฉืืคืกืื ืืืืืจืืช 1999, ืคืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืชื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืืืืกื 1999 ืืื ื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืืจืช ืืืื ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชืงืืืช ืืืืืจืช "ืืืงืืจืืง ืคืืื". ืขื ื ืคืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืจืง ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2000, ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืคื ืืืืืจ ืืคืืืืืืงื. ืขื ืคื ืืืง, ืืชืคืืจืืช ืืจืง ืืืืจื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืฉืืชืงืืืื ืื ืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืืจืช ืื ืชืชืืคืฉืจ ืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืฆืืื. ืืคืืืช ืฉ"ืก, ืฉืื ืจืฆืชื ืืืกืชืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืื, ืกืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืคืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช, ืื ืกืืืขื ืืืขืืจืช ืืืง ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืชืืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืขืืืืชื ืืืคืชืืขื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉื ืืฉื ืืืืชื ืขืช ื"ืืืชื ืืืืจ" ืืืคืืคืืืจื ืคืืืช ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืจื ืืืฆืข "ืืืืช ืืื", ืชืงืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจืื ืืื ืืคืืืืขืื ืืงืจื ืืื ืืกืช ืฆื"ื ืืขืจืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืืช. ืืื ืงืจื ืื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืคืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืขืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืคื ืฉืื ืืืขืชื ืฆืจืืื ืืืชืืฆืข ืืคืจืื ืืืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ, ืขื ืคืืจืืง ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืคืจืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2002 ืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืคืืืฉ ืืขืืจืืง. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืขื ืืืื ืืคืืืฉื ืืื ืืขืืช ืืคืืงืื ืืืจืคืืจืื ืฉื ืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืขืืืชื ืืขืจืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื "ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื, ืคืขืืืืชืื ืืืชืงืืืืชื ืฉื ืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืืคืืชืื ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื" ืืืืกืืฃ ืื ืชืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ื ืฉื ืกืืื, ืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืชืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืขืฆืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืื. ืืคืืขื ืืชืืจืจ ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืขืืจืืง ืื ืืืื ืขืืจืืง ืื ืืื ืื ื ืฉืง ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืจืืื ืืขืจืืืื ืื ืืฉืคืขืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืืชื ืฉืืืืืช ืืกื ืืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2002 ืืฆืืจืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ. ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืื ืฉืจืื ืขื ืื ืืืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืืคืกืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื 24%. ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืช ืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืืืืช 2003, ืืืฆืข ืื ืชื ืืื ืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ. ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉืืคืฅ ืืชืืง ืืืืฅ, ืกืืจื ืชืืืื, ืื ืืืกืืฃ ืงืืื ืืช ืืชืคืงืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืคืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืงืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฆืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืก ืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืง ืืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืฉื ืชืืื ืืืฆื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืฆืจ, ืขืจื ืจืคืืจืืืช ืืจืืืงืืช ืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืื ืืืืกืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื. ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืงืคืืืืืกืืืช ืชืงืืคื, ืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืคืืชืช ืืืฆืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืงืืฆืืฆืื ื ืจืืืื ืืชืงืฆืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืคืจืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืชืืืช. ืืื ืืืืจ ืจืืืช ืขื ืืฆืืจื ืืงืฆืฅ ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืฉืง ื"ืืืฉ ืืจืื (ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืื) ืืกืืื ืขื ืืื ืืช ืืืืฉ ืืฉืื (ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื)". ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืชื, ืืืืฅ ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืฉืืื ืื ืงืืืื, ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืืคืืชืช ืฉืืขืืจื ืืก ืืืื ืกื. ืืืงืืื ืืจืืื ืืช ืืกืืก ืืืก ืืืืื ืคืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืก ืืชืืฉืื ืืชื ืืืืืืช. ืืืืฆืข 2004 ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืคืืชื ืืืจืืชืืช ืื ืื ืืก ืืืื ืกื ืืืก ืืืืจืืช (25% ืืขืืืช 36%) ืขื ืฉื ืช 2010 ืืืคืืชืช ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืืื (44% ืืขืืืช 50%). (ืืืื ืืืช ืืฉืชื ืชื ืืขืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืช 2012 โ ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืขืื ื-48% ืื-50% ืืฉื ืช 2013, ืืืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืืก ืืืื ืกื ืขื ื-40,000 ืฉ"ื ืืืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจืช.) ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืื ืืคืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืฉืืจ ื ืืื, ืื ืืชืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืจืง ืขื ืืขืื ืืื ืกื ืืื ืื ืืช ืืืขืื. ืขืจืื ืฉื ื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืก ืืื ืกื ืืืงืคื ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืืืืช. ืืืกืืจืช ืชืืงืื 147 ืืคืงืืืช ืืก ืืื ืกื, ืืืขืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืก ื-15% ื-20% ืขื ืจืืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื, ืืจืืืช ืื ืืืช ืืืืจืกื ืืจืืืืืช ืขื ืคืืงืืื ืืช, ืืืื ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืื ืขื ืฉืื ืืงืจืงืขืื. ืืชืืืืช 2004 ืืืืื ืงืืฆืืฅ ืืืืกืื ืขื ืงืฉืช ืจืืื ืฉื ืืืฆืจื ืฆืจืืื, ืืืงืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืืข"ื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืฉื 17%. ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืช ืืงืจืืืจืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืงืฆืืืืช ืจืืืื ("ืชืฉืืืื ืืขืืจื") ืืืืื ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืช ืื ื ืืขืื, ืืืืจืื, ืืขืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืฆืืช ืืขืืืื. ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืจืืฃ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืฉืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืืืืคื ืืกืืจืชื ืคืขืื ืืืืืืช ืงืฆืื ืื (ืืืืืื ืืืง ืืืคืจื), ืื ืืื ืืืง ืืืงืืืืืฆืื. ืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืงืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืคืืขื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืขืจืื, ืฉืืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืกืืช. ืงืืฆืืฆืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืงืฆืืืืช ืคืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืื-ืืืจืืืช, ืืืืืืืื ืืืงืฉืืฉืื ืืขืืจืจื ืื ืฉื ืฉืืืชืืช ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืืืืช, ืืืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืืงื ืงื ืคื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื, ืืืขืืจื ืืืจืืช ืจืืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืคืื ืคืจืืืื. ื-2003 ืืื ืคืงื ืืืืจืกื ืื ืืืช "ืื ืขื", ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืงืืืฆืช "ืื ืคืืื" ืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืืฅ ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจื. ืืชืืืืช 2004 ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืช ืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืคื ืืช "ืฆืื" (50% ืืืืืจื) ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืขืืคืจ ืชืืืจืช ืืืฆื ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื. ืืืืื, ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืืงื ืจืืื ืื "ืขืกืงืช ืืฉืงืฉืืงื", ืขืืจืจ ืืืงืืจืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ืจืื, ืื ืืชืื ืขืืื ืืขืจื ืืื"ื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื. ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืง ืืืกืงืื ื ื ืืืจ ืืงืืืฆืช ืืฉืงืืขืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืชืื ืืจืื ืคืื, ืชืืืจืช 1.3 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื, ื-80% ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืง, ืขื ืคื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืกืืจื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืืจืกื. ืืืจืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช "ืืืง" ื ืืืจื ืืงืืืฆื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืกืื ืืืืืคืงืก, ืืืืืจ ืืงืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืกืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืงืืืืื ืืืืืืคืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืง ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืืฉื ืช 2008 ืื ืืื ืืื ืง ืืืืืื ืคืจืืืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืคืืืช ื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืืืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืฆืืจ ืชืืจืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืขืื. ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืขืืืืื, ืฉืื ืชืืืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืกืื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืชืืช ืขืืืจ ืื ื ืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2009, ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืื ืืืช ืืจืคืืจืื, ืืืฉืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืคืจืืฉืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืงืืข ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืื ืืจืคืืจืื ื ืืฉืื. ืืื ืืื ืคืชืจืื ืืืฉืืจ ืงืจื ืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืช, ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืงืจื ืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืืืืืจืช ืืงืจื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืช, ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืจืืช ืืืืืื. ืชืืื ืืช ืืกืืืข ืืคืฉืจื ืืงืจื ืคืืขืื ืืื ืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืคืจืขืื, ืืช ืชืฉืืื ืืคื ืกืื ืืืืจืื. ืฆืขื ืื ืืืื ืืืขืืื ื ืืืจืช ืฉื ืืคืจืฉืืช ืืขืืืชืื ืืงืจื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืช ืืืขืืืืืื ืืฆืืฆืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืืชืื. ืืงืจืืช ืกืืฃ ืืืื ืชื ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช "ืืขืืช ืืืจ". ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆืืชืื, ืฉืืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ื ืืืฆื ืืื ืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืงืืคืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืงืจื ืืช ืื ืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืขืืืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืจืชืืื ืืฉื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืื ืืื-ืฉืืืืื ืืืฉืง. ืขื-ืคื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืขืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืื 2002 ื-2004 ืขืื ืื-10%, ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืขื ืืืช ืขืื ื-12%. ืืจืืื ื ืจืืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืขืืืื ืืืจืืฉืช ืื ืืงืงืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจืืคืืช, ืื ืืงืจื ืืืจืืื ืฉืืฉืชืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืขืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืงืจื ืืืจืืื ืขืืืืื ืื ืคื ืกืืื ืจืื. ืืขืื ื ืืชืจืื ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืฆืื ืืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืชืฉืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืงืฆืืืืช. ืืฆื ืืืืงืืจืช, ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืชืคืจื ืืืืคื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืง ืืืฉืจืื: ืืกืืฃ 2002 ืืชืงืฉืชื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืก ืืกืฃ ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืช, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืืื ืืืืคื ื ืืืจ. ืืื"ื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืคืื ื ืกืืช ืฉื ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2003 ืฆืืื ืื ืฉืืคืืจ ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืคืื ื ืกืืื ื ืืข, ืืื ืืฉืืจ, ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืฉื, ืืฆืืื ืืืขืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืชืงืฆืื (ืืฃ ืฉืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืขืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉื ื), ืืืช ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืขืืื, ืงืืืช ืืขืจืืืืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืืช ืืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืคืจืกืื ืืืืงืช ืืืืงืจ ืฉื ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืงืจื-ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืคื, ืืจืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืืืฆืืืื ืืืฉืง ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฆืื ืืื, ืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืืืืืื ื ืืฆืืืืช ืืกืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืจืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืืฆืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืืก ืื-ืขืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืชืงืืช. ืืื ืชืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืืข ืืขืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืงืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืืง ืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืื ืกืช. ืขื ืืืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืข ืืกืชืืืืืืืช, ืืคืจื ืื ืกืืื ืืฆืืจ ืคืืืืืคื ืืืฆืืข ืขืจืืืช ืืฉืื ืขื, ืืฃ ืื ืืฆืืืจ ืฉืืืฉืื ืืฆืืืข ืืขื ืืชืื ืืช. ืืฉืขืืชื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืืฆืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืื, ืื ืืฆืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืคืื ืืชืคืืจ ืื ืื ืืืืฆืข ืืฉืื ืขื. ืืืืฉื ื ืกืื ืื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืื ืืชืงืืื ืืฉืื ืขื. ืืช ืืชื ืขืจืืชื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืฉืืฆืื, ืืืืก ืืืืจืคืช ืืฆืื ืืจืคืืื ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช. ืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืชืืข ืงืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืขื, ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืฆืืืข ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืขื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืขืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืกืช. ื-7 ืืืืืืกื 2005, ืขืจื ืืืฆืืข ืืคืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ืคืื ืื ืฉืืืฉืช ืืืืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืชืคืืจืืชื. ืืื ื ืืืง ืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืชืคืืจ ืืืฉืฉื ืฉืืขืื ืฆืคืื ืืงืื "ืืกืืก ืืจืืจ ืฉืืกืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื" ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ืจืคืืจืืช ืืืจ" ืืื ืงืื ืืฉืืืื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืืืช ืฉืืืงืฉ ืืขืจืื ืืืกืืจืช ืชืคืงืืื. ื-30 ืืืืืืกื 2005 ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืืขืืืืชื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืืจื ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืกืคืืจืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืขืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืขืืืืชื ืืชืคืงืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืชืงืืฃ ืืช ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืื "ืฉืืืื ืืืจืฆ". ืืกืคืืืืจ ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืขื ืื ืืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืชื ืืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืฉืจืื, ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืืืจืช ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืคืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืจืื ืืชืคืงืืื. ืืืฆืขื ื ืืืชื ืขื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืคืจืฉ ืงืืืืช ืงืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืชืคืงืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืชื ืืขื. ืืชืืืืช ืืฆืืืจ 2005, ืืขืงืืืช ืคืจืืฉืชื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื ืืืคืืื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืฉื "ืงืืืื", ืืคื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืข ืขืฉืจื. ืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืฅ ืืืฉื ืคืืืืืื. ืขืืื ืื ืืื, ืฉืืชืืืื ืืชืืืื, ืืกืืจ ืืช ืืืขืืืืชื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืชืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคื, ืฉืืชืืืื ืืชืืืื ืื ืืื, ืขืืจ ืืืคืืืช "ืงืืืื". ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ื ืขืจืื ื-19 ืืืฆืืืจ 2005, ืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื ืขื 44% ืื ืืงืืืืช (ืืื 33% ืืฉืืื, 12% ืืคืืืืืื ื-9% ืืืฅ). ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2006 ืืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืขืชื ืืืืขืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื ืืืคืืื ืืืืจื ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืคืชืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืืขื. ืืื ื ืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืคืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืชื ืืขื, ืฉื ืืฉื ืืฉื ืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืงืืจ ืืฉืืืชืืช ืืชื ืืขื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ]. ืืชืืืืืช ืืฆืขื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืืื ืืขืืจืืืช, ืืื ืืื ืืชืฉืืืืช ืขื ืฉื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืคืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืขื ื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืชืืงืื ืงืืกืืื ืืืื, ืืืฆืืืขื ืขื ืืขืืืื ืื ืืฆืขื ื ื ืงื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจ ื ืืืจื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ื-17, ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืฆื ืืงืืืืชื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช. ืืคืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ื"ืฆืขื ืงืืกืืื" ืืืชื ืืื ืคืจืืืืจืื ืจืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืืขื ืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-17 ืืืืื ืขืื ืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉืืื ื-12 ืื ืืืื, ืืืช ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืืขืื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืฃ ืขืืืืช ืืืืก ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืจืื, ืฉื ืจืื ืืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืืง ืืช ืืืคืืื. ืื ืืื ืืชืืืกื, ืงืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืืช, ืฉืคืืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช, ืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืืจืืช, ืื ืงืืข ืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืืช ืืืขื ืืฆืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืข ืฉืืืฉืื ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืชื ืืขื. ืืื ืกืช ื-17 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืกืื ื ืื ืฉืงืคืช ืืืืจืื ืืืชืืืฉืช ืืคืฆืฆืช ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืช. ืืฉื ืช 2008 ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืคืจืืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืขืกืงื ืืืืกืืจ ืืฉืงืขื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืจืื. ื-14 ืืืืืืกื 2007 ื ืขืจืื ืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื. ืืจืืื ืืขืืงืจื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืืื, ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืคืจืฉ ืืืคืื ืชืืืช ืืืืจืืฅ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื, ืชืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืขืืงืจื ืืืื ืืื ืคืขืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืคืืื, ืืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 72.8% ืืืืกืก ืืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืขืื ืืืคืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืงืืจืื, ืืืคืืจ ืืงืื ืืก, ืืืืืงืชื ืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืขืืืื ืืืงืื ื-36, ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืืืงืื ื-20. ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื ื ืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืฉื ืชืคืกื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืฉืืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืืงืืช ืืขืืช ืืงืืจื ืืืืืชืืช ืืืงืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจื ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืขืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืกืืคื ืืชืคืืจ. ืืืืืคืชื, ืฆืืคื ืืืื ื, ืืฉืื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืคืืืจื ืืื ืกืช. ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืื ื ืขืฉืจื ืืื ืืจื ืืงืกืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืก ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืข ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืช ืขืืืชื ืฉืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืืฉ ืืืคืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขื ืืชืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืฆืข. ืืงืืคืืื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืคื ืืื ื ืืกืืกืืืืช ืืื "ืืืง ืืืืืืื, ืืืง ืืืืืื". ื-3 ืืคืืจืืืจ, ืืฉืืืขืืื ืืืจื ืชืื ืืืฆืข "ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื", ื ืคืื ืืืฉืงืืื ืจืงืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืงืจ ืืขืืจ, ืืืืื ืฉืืืฉืืชื ืชืคืขื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขื, ืืชืงืฃ ืืช ืืืฉืืช ืงืืืื ืขื ืื ืฉืื ืขืฉืชื ืืืช. ืืฉืจืื ืืืจ, ืฉืืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืกืืจืืื ืฉื ืืงืืคืืื, ืกืืคืจ ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืชื ื-2020 ืฉืืืืืื ืืืฆืืจื ืืืืชื ืฉืื, ืขืงื ืกืงืจืื ืคื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืขื ืืชืืืงืืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื ืืฉืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืจ ืืื, ืืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืฉืชืื ืข. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-18 ืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ื-27 ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืกืืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืจื ืงืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืฆืืคื ืืื ื ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื. ืืืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ื-ืืชื, ืฉืืืืืฅ ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืจืื ืืื ืกืช (65 ื"ืืื), ืื ืฉืื ืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืื ืงืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืืจืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื, ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืฉ"ืก, ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ื-31 ืืืจืฅ 2009 ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืงืื ืืืื 30 ืฉืจืื ื-9 ืกืื ื ืฉืจืื. ืืืื ื 2009 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช "ื ืืื ืืจ-ืืืื", ืฉืืืจืืื ืืืืข ืืกืืื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืงืืช ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืชื ืืช ืืคืืจืืื, ืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืขื ืืืืืื, ืืืชืืจ ืขื ืืืืช ืืฉืืื. ืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืขืฉืจื ืืืื ืืืืจ ื ืืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืจ, ืืืื ืงืฉืืจ ืืืืขืื ืขื ืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืืคื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ-ืืืื ื ืชืคืก ืืฆืืืืจ ืืชืคื ืืช ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืก ืืขืืืืชืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืืคื ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2010 ืืืืืื ืืขืืช ืฉืจืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืืืฅ ืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืฉืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื ืืฆืืง ืืืจืื ืืืืฅ' ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืขื ืืฆืจืื ืืขืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืืจื ืืืฆื ืฉ"ื. ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื "ืงืืืืชื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืืืืืื... ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืกืืจืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืงืจืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื". ืืขืงืืืช ืฆืขื ืื ืคืกืงื ืืืกืชื ื ืืช ืืืขื ืืืืจื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืืจืืฃ ืืืฉืืจ ืืืชืืฉื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืจืงืื, ืืฉืืจ ืฉืืื ืืขืช ืืืื ืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื, ืืืืจ ืืืฆืข ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื, ืืืืจืืฃ ืืชืงืืคืช ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉื ืืขืื ืืกืืฃ ืืื 2010. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2010, ืืขืงืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืืขืื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืื ืก ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืคืชืืจ ืืช ืืกืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืื-ืคืืกืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืฉืชื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉื ื ืขืืื ืืชืื ืืกืชืืืืืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืก, ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืขื ืืืืืื. ืืืงืืื, ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืฆื ืืืฉื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืชืงืืคื ืฉื 10 ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืืืกื 2011 ืืืจืขื ืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืืื ืืคืืืืข ืงืืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืจื ืกืื ื, ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืงืคืช ืจืงืืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืจืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2011, ืื ืืื ืืื"ื, ืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืจืืฉ ืืืื"ื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืงืจื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืฆืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืงืืื, ืคืขื ืืืืืจื ืืงืืขืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืจืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืจืฃ ืคืขืืืืช ืืื, ื-29 ืื ืืืืืจ 2012 ืืืฉืจื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืจืื ืืืื (ืืืืืื 67/19 ืฉืื) ืืช ืืืืจื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืื ื ืืฉืงืืคื ืฉืืื ื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืื"ื. ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืืื ืืคืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก, ืืคืืขื ืืืจ ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืง ืืืชื. ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืข ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืกืืจ ืงืืข. ื-11 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2011 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืช ืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืก - ืืืกืืจืชื ืฉืืืจืจ ืืืขื ืฉืืื ืชืืืจืช 1,027 ืืกืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2012 ืืืกื ืฆื"ื ืืช ืืืื ื'ืขืืจื, ืจืืฉ ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืก, ืืขืงืืืช ืืจื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืคืชืืืช ืืืฆืข ืขืืื ืขื ื, ืฉื ืืขื ืืื ืืข ืืจื ืจืงืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืฆืข, ืืคืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืกืชื ืฉื ื'ืืื ืืฉืขื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืืจื ืขืืื ืืจื, ืฉืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขื 2011, ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืข ืืกืืจืื, ืืชืืืื ืืืจืืงืื, ืืกืื ืืืืื ื ืกืืื ืืืงืืช ืืจืืช ืืืืื, ืชืื ืืฉืืจืช ืจืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืื ืืจืื ืืืงืืื. ืืคื ืืืฆืขื ืืจืื ืชืืกืืจ ืืกืืจืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืจืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืชืืฆืข ืืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ืื ืขื ืกืขืืืื. ืืืฆืขื ืืืชื ืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืื ื ืืืชื ืขื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืกืืจืื. ืกืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืื ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืื ืกืืืืืช ืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ืืชืงื ื ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื. ืขื ืกืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืจืืข ืืืจ ื-1993. ืืคืชืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืืจืฃ ืฉื ืืื ืกืช, ื-31 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2011, ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืื โืืืจืื ืืจืขืื ืืช ืชืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืขื ืืขืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืื ืขืืื ืโ. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืจืขื ืืืืืช ืืืชืงื ืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืืื 3, ืืืงื ืืืืกื ื"ืืืกื", ืฉืืื ืขื ืืจืืื ื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืื ืื, ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืืืคื ืืฉืื ืื ืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช. ื-27 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2012 ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื"ื. ืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืชืืืข ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืขืฉืจ ืืจืื ืฉื 90% ืชืืื ืื ื ืงืืืช ืืื-ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืงื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืืืข ืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืฉ ื"ืฉืจ ืืืกืืจืืืื ืืืืืืช". ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืฆื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืกืืช ืืืกืื, ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืชื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืชื, ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืขืจื ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืื 2010 ืืืขืื ืื ืืืก ืขื ืกืืืจืืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืืื ืืช ืขื ืื"ืจ ืืืกืชืืจืืช, ืขืืคืจ ืขืื ื, ืขื ืขืกืงืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืง. ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืฉืืืฉืง ืฉืื ืฆืื ืืขืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื. ืืืื ืคืืฆืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช. ืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉืืขืืชื. ืืฉืงื ืืชืืืง ืืื ืืืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืงื ืืืช ืขืชืืืืช ืื"ื ืืฉื ืื ืืขืช ืืืกืืฃ. ืืืื ืืืช ืืืจืืจืืกืคืงืืืื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืขืช ืืืฉืืจ, ืืืืืช ืืฆืืืชื ืืื ืืขื ื ืจืืืช ืฉื ืคืืืขื ืืืฉืง ืืืืื ืืงื ืืื ืืืฉืจืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืกื ืืงืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืง ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืงื ืขื ืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืื ืืื. ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืืขืงืืืช "ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืืื ื", ืืืฉืฉืืช ืื ืืืข ืืืจื ืคืขืืืชื ืฉื ืืขืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืคืื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื. ืืืื 2010 ืืฆืืจืคื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืคืืชืื ืืืืื (OECD). ืืืืื-ืืืืืกื 2011 ืคืจืฆื ืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืช ืืจืืื ืืจื ืืืืืืฉ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืคืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืื ืฉืขืื ืืืืื, ืืืืืฅ ืืช ืจืื ืืืืฆืืชืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืฅ ืืืืืฆืืช, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืื 3, ืืืขืื ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืข"ื, ืืก ืงื ืืื ืขื ืืืง ืืืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืก ืืื ืกื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2012 ืืืืข ืืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ื-39 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื, ืืคืืืื ืืืืชืืื ื. ืืืจืขืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืขืืืืช ืืืกืื ื ืืกืคืืช. ืืืชืื ืืืกืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ื, ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืฉืจ ืืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืืชื ืืืขื ืืง ืืช ืืกืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืกืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ืขืชืืจื ืฉื ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืจืคืืืืช ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืกืืจ ืื ื ืืืชื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืคืช ืฉืคืขืช ืืืืืจืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืืฉ ืืืกืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืคืขืช ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืชืืฉืื ืืืืื ื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืชืืกื ื ืจืง ื-700,000 ืืฉืจืืืื (ื-10%) ืืืืืื ื ื ืืชืจื ืขื ืขืืืฃ ืฉื ื-4.5 ืืืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืกืื. ืืฉื ืช 2010 ืคืจืฆื ืืฉืจืคื ืืืจืื ืื ื ืกืคื 44 ืื ื ืืื, ื-17,000 ืืืฉ ืคืื ื ืืืชืืื ืืงืจืื ื-25 ืงื"ืจ (25,000 ืืื ื) ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ื ืขืฆืื ืขืื ืืืฉ. ืฉืจืคื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืกืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืฉืืชืจืืฉ ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืชื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2011 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืื ื, ืฉืขืกืงื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืงืืช ืืขืืืช ืืงืืจื ืืืืืชืืืช ืืืขืืืจ ืืช ืกืืืืืืชืื ืืืืฃ ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2012 ืืืงื ืืื ืืกืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืจื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืื ืขืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืกืืืืจ, ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืขืื ืฉืขืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืฃ ืืืื' ืืฆืืง ืื ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืชืืคืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชืื ืืื ืชืืงืฆืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืืจืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืื ืืจืืื ืื"ืค ืกืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืฉืืข. ืืกืืฃ ืื ืืืจ 2012 ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืคื ืืืืืช ืขื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืคืืืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืืงืื ื-36 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช 2008, ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ-ืื ืกืช. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืชืคืงืื, ืืฉืืฆืืืขื ืื ื-75% ืืืืชืคืงืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ 2012 ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืขื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืชืืืืช 2013, ืืืื ืฉืงืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืืงืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืคืืืืช "ืืืืืื" ื"ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืจืฉืืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉืืื ืชื "ืืืืืื ืืืชื ื" ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืืจืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืชื ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ื-31 ืื ืืืื, ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-19 ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืชื ืืฉืืืฉืืช. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืขื ืื ืืืืืจ 2013. ืืืจืฅ 2013 ืืืืกืืจืช ื ืืกืืื ืืช ืชืืืื ืฉื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืจืง ืืืืื - ืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืจืงืื, ืจื'ืค ืืืืค ืืจืืืื ืขื ืืฉืืช ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืชืืงืื ื, ืืืจื ืฉื ืงืืขื ืืืฉืืจ ืืขืงืืืช ืืืจืืขื ืืืฉื ืืขืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืชื ืฆื ืขื ืืืจืืขื ืืืฉื, ืืฉื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืกืืืืช, ืฉืืืคืจืื 2014 ื ืจืื ืืงืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืชืืื ืขื ืืกืื, ืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื, ืืืืกืื ืืืจืืจื ืฉืื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืชืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืคื ืืจืืฃ ื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืืจืงืื ื ืขืจืื ืืคืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืืชืงืคื ืื ืื ืืืช ืืฉืืจืืจืืช, ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืฉืคืืืช ืืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืคืจืกืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืข ืืืืจืงืื. ืืืืง ืืืืกื ืืจืื ืืโืืฉืจืื ืืืืกื ืืฉืจืืโืืฆืจืื ืืกืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืช ืฆืืืืืช ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืจืื ืื ืืืฆืจืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ื-ืกืืกื. ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืกืื ืืืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืคืช ืืจืฆื ืฉืืืฉื ื ืขืจืื ืืืืืื ื-12 ืืืื ื 2014 ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืก, ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืคืชืื ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืชืืจ ืืืืืคืื ืืืคืืืขื ืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืก ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืฆืข ื ืขืฆืจื ืืืขืื ื-400 ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืจืืืชื ืื ืฉื ืืืืก, ืืจืืืช ื-50 ืืกืืจืื ืฉืฉืืืจืจื ืืืืื ืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื. ืืื ืื, ื ืืฉืคื ืขืฉืจืืช ืกืืืงืื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืขืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฆืจื ืขืฉืจืืช ืจืืืื ืื ืืืืขื ืื. ื-8 ืืืืื 2014 ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื ืืชืืืื ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืกื ืงืจืงืขืืช ืืืจืืง ืฉื ื-3 ืงืืืืืืจืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืชืงืคืืืช ืฉืื ื ืืืืก. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืจื ืืืืก ืืืคื ืจืงืืืช ืืคืฆืฆืืช ืืจืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืฉืจืื. ื-30 ืืืืื ื ืืืคื ืืืคืืชืืื ืฉื ืกืื ืจืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืกืื ืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืงืจื ืฉื'ืืขืืื, ืื-7 ืืืืืืกื ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืงืฉ ืืื ื ืืกืืืข ืืืฉืืช ืืืคืืชืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืข ืืืชืื ืืช ืืืกืืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช ืืืคืกืงืืช ืืฉ ืฉืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืื ืืฆืจืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืฉืจ ืืืฆื ืืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ื ืชืืื ืืืืจืคืช ืืืขืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ื ืืืจื ืืชืืืืช ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืจืง ืืืืื. ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืจืฉ ืืืฉืจืื ืืืกืืื ืืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืืืงืื ืืช ืืืจืงืื ืืงืืจ ืืืชืืืืืช ืืกืืกืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื, ืื ืืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืฆืข ืืกืชืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืขื ืฉืืืขืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ื-26 ืืืืืืกื, ืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืคืกืงืช ืืืฉ ืืกืืื ืืืืฆืข ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืฆืืขื ืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื-ืืืืืื ื, ืฉืื ืื ืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืฆืข, ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืขื ืื ืืฆืื ืืกืคืงืช ืืงืืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืชืงืืคื ืืคื ื ืืืืฆืข. ืืืืื 2014 ืืื ืขืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืคืืืืขื ืืจืืจ ืืฆื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืฆืขื ืืืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืคืืืืขืื ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืืคืืืืข ืืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืงืืืืช ืื ื ืชืืจื ืืืื ื ืจืฆืื 6 ืืฉืจืืืื. ื-3 ืืืจืฅ 2015 ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืจืืข ืืคื ื ืืืกืื ืืืชืืืฉ ืืื ืืืขืฆืืืช ืืืืจืื, ืืืกืืจ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช. ืืขืฆื ื ืฉืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืชืืื ืื ืืื ื ืื ืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืจืง ืืืืื. ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืงืื ืืจืก. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืจืขืื ืฉื 40 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืฆืจ ืืฉื ืช 2012, ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืืช ืืฆืคื ืืืืจืขืื ืชืงืฆืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 4.9% ืืฉื ืช 2013, ืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืชืงืฆืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืกืื, ืืืงื ื-2013 ืืืืงื ื-2014. ืืืคืจืื 2013 ืืืฉืจื ืจืคืืจืืช ืืฉืืื ืืคืชืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืกืืช ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืขืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืฉืจ ืืืง ืืจืืืืืืืช ืืคื ืืกืงื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืืชืืจืืชืืืช ืืืฉืง. ืืืื 2014 ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืื ืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืฃ ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืงืจ, ืืฉื ืืืื ืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืฆืืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืื ื 2015, ืืื ืฉืงืืคืืช, ืฆืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืงืืข ืืจืคืืจืื ืืคื ืกืืืช. ืืื ื ืชืงืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืจืืคื ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืืจืืื"ื ืืื ืืืื ืงืื. ื-2 ืืืฆืืืจ 2014 ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืฆืืคื ืืื ื ืืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืจืฉื ืืืืืฉืื ืืชืจ ืฉืจื "ืืฉ ืขืชืื" ืืืื ืกืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ื-17 ืืืจืฅ 2015. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืขืฉื ืืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ื ืชืื ื ื "ืคืืืฉ" ืฉื ืืขื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืคืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืจ ืื ืขืฉื ืืืช ืืขืงืืืช ืชืืืืชื ืืืืง "ืืฉืจืื ืืืื". ืืืืื ืืกืคืจื "ืืืื: ืกืืคืืจ ืืื" ืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืื ืขื ืฉืคืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืคืื ืืืื ื "ืขื ืกืื ืฉืืืขื ืงืื ืกืคืืจืืืืืช ืฉืืกืจื ืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืคืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืื ื ืื ื ืืื ืคืืืฉ". ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืคืืืชื ืืืืืื ื-30 ืื ืืืื. ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช, ืืืจ ืฉืืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืฆืจื ืืฉื ืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืคืืกื ืฉืคืจืกื ืืืฃ ืืคืืืกืืืง ืฉืื ืืชื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืฉืืชืคืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืขื ืืฆืืง ืืจืฆืื ืืืื ื, ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืืืืืชืืจ ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืืืฆืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืืืืืชืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืจืืช, ืืืืง ืืงืืคืืื ืืืจืฆืช ืืืฆืืขื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืื, ืคืจืกื ืกืจืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืขืืื ืืื ืืืจ: โืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืกืื ื. ืืืฆืืืขืื ืืขืจืืื ื ืขืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืงืืคื. ืขืืืชืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชื ืืืืืืืืกืื. ืจืืืชืื ืื ื ืืื V15, ืืฉ ืื ื "ืฆื 8", ืืฉ ืื ื ืจืง ืืชืื, ืฆืื ืืงืืคืโ. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืข ืฆืขืจ ืขื ืฉืืืจืื ืคืืขื ืืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืกืืฃ ืฉืืขืฉืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, "ืืืื ืืืฉืงืขืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืืขืืืื", ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืื ืืื. ื-14 ืืืื 2015, ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ื-34 ืืจืืฉืืชื, ืืืฉืื ืฆืจื ืฉื ืฉืขื ื ืขื 61 ื"ืืื. ืืขืืืจ ืืฉื ื, ื-26 ืืืื 2016, ืืฆืืจืคื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืขืื ื-66. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืืืฃ ืืคืืจืืืจ 2017 ืืืืคื ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืฆืื ืื ืืื (ืจืื ืืืื). ืขื ืกืืฃ 2016 ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื, ืื ืืืืืฃ ืขื ืืื ืฆืื ืื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืฉืืืขืื "ืืืื" ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืืขืื ืืขืืื. ืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 2015 ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืคืืืืขืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืขื ื ืฉืืคืื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืืื ืช ืืคืืืข ืืืกืื ืื-ืืงืฆื, ืืืืืฉืื ืชืืืจื ืืช ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืืืืจื ืืช ืืขื ืืฉื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืจื ืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช ืืืงืืื ืืช. ืื ืืืจืืจ ืืขื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืฉ ืืจืฅ, ืืืกืืฃ ืืืืฉ ืืื ื ืขืื ืฉืื ืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื, ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืจืืืื. ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืืืขืืืช ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืฆืืื ื ืืขืืืื ื-37, ื-20 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2015, ืืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืื' ืืืื ืื-ืืืกืืื ื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืชืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืจืฉ ืืืชื, ืื ืืืืคืชื ืืืจ ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืขืฅ ืื ืืฉืจืืฃ ืืืชื. ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืขืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืฉืืชืื ืฉื ืืืืกืืืจืื, ืืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืกืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืืชื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืชืืืืชื ืฉื ืื-ืืืกืืื ื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืืจ. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืฆืข ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืืช ืชืงืืคืืช ืฉื ืฆื"ื ืืืืื ื, ืืืืจื ืืื ืืข ืืขืืจืช ื ืฉืง ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืฉ ืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืกืืจืื. ืืืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืกืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืืื ืชืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืกืื ืืืคืจื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืจ ืฉื ืฉืชื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืฉื ืื, ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืืืช, ืืื ืืกืคืืืืจ 2015, ืขื ื ืฉืื ืจืืกืื, ืืืืืืืจ ืคืืืื. ืืืื 2016 ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื, ืฉืืชืคืืจ ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืกืช ืืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืคืื "ื ืืจืจืช ืืืชืืืืช". ืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืชืคืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื. ื-2018 ืืกืืกืื ืืืืจืื ื-ืืฉืจืืื ืืคื ืืขืืืืช ืืฉืืจ ืขื ืืืืจืช ืื"ื ืืชืืื ืืืจืื ื ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืืจืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื T-4 ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืกื ื ืืชืืืืฉืช ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืฉ ืืคืจืื, ืืชืงืคืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืจืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืกืืืืืช ืืืืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืขืืืช. ื-30 ืืืคืจืื 2018 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืืฉืฃ ืืืืข ืืืจืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืคื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืกืืืื ืืงืืฆืื ืฉืืืฆืื "ืืืืกื" ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืื ื ืืกืชื ืืืกืชืืจ ืืช ืชืืื ืืืชืื ืืคืืชืื ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื. ืืืจืชื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื. ืืืื ืืจื ืืืืืฆืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืช 20 ืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืฆืื ืฆื"ื ืืืจืืื ืืืชืืืื ืชืงืฃ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืขืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2018 ืืื ืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืก. ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืชืจ ืฆื"ื ืฉืืจืช ืื ืืจืืช ืืจืืจ. ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืจืฅ 2018 ืืชืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืคืจืืช ืกืืจ ืืืื ืืืช ืขื ืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืกืืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืก. ืืืืืืืช ื ืืจืื ื-220 ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืจืืื ืคืขืืื ืืจืืจ. ืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืขืื ืืืฉ ืืืคื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืช ืืืืจืฉ ืืขืืืฃ ืขืื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืช ืขืคืืคืื ื ืชืืขืจื, ืืืื ื ืชืืขืจื ืื ืคืฅ ืืจืงืืืช ืฉืฉืืืจื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืื ืืจืฆืืขื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืืืช ืคืืงืื ืืฆืคืื, ืืื ืืื ืืกื ืืงืจืืืช ืืืืฃ ืืืืืืขืื ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืฆืคืื ื ืืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืจืืจ ืืชืงืคืืืช ืฉืืคืจ "ืืืืืืื" ืืฉืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืโืืื ืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืืกื ืฆื"ื, ืืืืฆืข ืืืืจื ืฉืืืจื, ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืื-ืขืื, ืืคืงื ืืืืจื ืืฆืคืื ืืช ืฉื "ืคืืืืืช ืื-ืงืืืก", ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื "ืื'ืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ื". ืืชืืืื ืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืืืช ืจืงืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืคืฆืืฅ ืืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืจื ืืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืืจ 2018 ืืืืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืขื ืืืืืก. ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืกืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืฉ ืฆืื ืืจ ืืืกืคืื ืืงืืจ ืขืืืจ ืืืืืก, ืื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืงืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืืืคื ืืฉืืจ ืืกืืื ืฉื ื-30 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืฉ, ืืืืขืื ืืคืื ืืขืืจืช ืืืกืฃ ืชืกืืืข ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืงืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืจืืงืื ืืืืฉื ืืจืืืค, ืกืืืื ืื ืืฆ'ืื, ืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืงืืจืื ืฉืืืกืคืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืก ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืจ. ืืจืืฉืืช 2019 ืืกืืืจ ืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืคื ืืจืืื ืืืืก: "ืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืกืื ืืงืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืืก ืืืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืืืืก. ืื ืืืง ืืืืกืืจืืืื ืฉืื ื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืขืื ืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื". ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืชืื ืชืคืืกื ืื ืืคืืืื ืืคื ืื ืคืืกืืื ื ืืื ืข ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืกืื ืฉืืื ืืืกืืจ ืืืื ื ืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื. ืืืืื ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืงืืจ ืืืืืก ืืชืคืืจ ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืคืืืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืจืืฉืืชื ืคืจืฉื ืืืงืืืืืฆืื. ืืฉื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืื ื-18 ืื ืืืืืจ 2018 ืืึพ17 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ืืชืคืืจ ืืชืคืงืื ืื ื-10 ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2019 ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืจืขื ืืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ื ืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืืข ืืื ืฉืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืก ืืฉืชืืืช ืขื ืืืง ืืืืกืฃ ืืงืืจื. ืืฉื ืช 2020 ืื"ื ืฆืืื ืื ืืคืืืช ืืจืืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืข ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืก ืืื ืืืืฉ. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2019 ืืืื ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืื ืขืืื ืืืืื ืขืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืื ืข ืืืืจืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืขื ืคืืจืืืจ 2019. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืช ืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืืืืช ืืืฉืื, ืืชืงืืื ืืืืื 2334 ืฉื ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื, ืืืืจืฉืช ืืขืืงืจ ืืคืกืงืช ืื ืืืช ืืชื ืืืืืืช "ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืืืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืื". ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืื ื ื ืงืื ืฆืขืืื ื ืื ืกื ืื, ื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืงืจืืื ื ืืืืคืกืงื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืกืืืช ืฉื ืืื"ื, ืฉืืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืืืืข ืขื ืืืจื ืืืคืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืชื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืืืืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืฉืืจืืจืืชื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื-14 ืืืื 2018 ื ืขืจื ืืงืก ืคืชืืืช ืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืจืืืค ืคืจืฉ ืืืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืคืขืื ืขืืื ืกื ืงืฆืืืช ืืืืืืืช, ืืคืกืืง ืืืืื ืืืกืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืจ"ื, ืคืจืฉ ืืืื ืกืง"ื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืกืืจ ืืช ืืงืื ืกืืืื ืืืืจืืงื ืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืช ืคืจืืฉืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ื, ืื ืืฉ ืืจืืืื ืืคืจืืฉื ืคืืืขื ืืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืขื ืฆื ืืืืจื ืืืจืืงืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืืืืช ืขื ืจืืช ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืช ืจืืืช ืืืืขื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืฆืขื ืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืฆืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉืื ("ืขืกืงืช ืืืื"). ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืช. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืชืงืจืจื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืจืืืค ืื ืชื ืืื. ื-4 ืืืืื 2017 ืืืงืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืื, ื ืจื ืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืง ืืงืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืกืืืข ืืฉืจืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ ืืืงืจ ืืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืคื. ืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืืคืจืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืฆืจืคืช ืขืื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืคืฉื, ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืื ืืจืื. ืืื ืืชื ืขื ืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืกืืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืื-ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืขืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฆืื ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืงืืจืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืงื: ืืืืื 2016 ืขืจื ืกืื ืืืงืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืจืื 40 ืฉื ื ืืืืฆืข ืื ืืื, ืืฆื ืคืกืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืงืืืืช, ืืืงืืจ ืืงื ืื ืขื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืืงืืจ ืืจืืื ืื ืืืืชืืืคืื. ืืืื ื 2017 ื ืื ืืคื ื ืืืืขืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืจื ืืคืจืืงื (ืื ') ืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืืื. ืืืืงืืจื ืืงื ืื ืื ืืืืืจ 2017 ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืจืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืขืช ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืจื ืงื ืืืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2017 ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืงืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืจืืงื ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืคืืฉ ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืื ื, ืงืืืืืืื ืืืงืกืืงื. ืืฉื ืืื ืืก ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืคืืฉ ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืื ืืืข ืืืฆื ืืืืืคืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช. ืืกืืฃ 2017 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืชืืื ืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืจืื ืืจืขื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื, ืืืขื ืืจืื, ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืชืงื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืฉ ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืฉืืืช ืืช ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืจืืชืจืืื ืืืกืืืื ืฉืืฉืจืื ื ืื ืขืช ืืืืืืืจื ืืืืืืชื ืืืชื ืืขื ืง ืืืืืจืฉืื ืืืืืื ื ืืงืืืืช. ื-2 ืืืคืจืื 2018 ืืืจื ืจืืื ืื ืืืกืืืชื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืืืจืฉืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืงืจื ืืืืฉื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืคืขืืื "ืืืฅ ืืืจืืคื ืขื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื ืื" ืืกืืช ืืืืกืื, ืื ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืื ืื ืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื ืื. ืืืงืื ืืืช, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืฉ ืขื ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื, ืืจืื ืืจืขื, ืืื ื ืฆืืืืช ืืื"ื ืืคืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืื ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจื ืืืจืืคื ืืขืื ืืืืงืืื ืืคืืจ ืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืชื ืืืืช ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืชืืื. ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืืื ืืืืืช ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืชืงื ืืืืืช, ืื ืืืชืงื ืื ืฉื ืืคืขืืืืช. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืคืืืืจ ืืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช.ืืืกืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืกืืขืืช ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืชืืื ืืจืคืืจืืืช ืืฉืืง ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืืืฉืื ืชืงืื ืื ืืกืจ ืขืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืงืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชื ืื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืงื ืงืฉืจืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืืืฅ' ืืืขืื ืืืง, ืืืืื ืืืืืืกื 2016 ืืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืื ืื ืืื ืืืคื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืง, ืืืคืืจืืืจ 2017 ืืคื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืขืงืืืช ืขืชืืจืืช ืืื"ืฅ ืื ืืฉื. ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืงืจื ืืฉืจ ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืงืืืข. ืืืืื 2015 ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืฉืืืืจ: ืืืืื ืืืจืช ืืืืืืืืื ืืืงืืช ืชืืืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืงืืื. ืืืื ืืชืืืืช 2017 ืคืขื ืืกืืืจืช ืืชืืืื ืื ืืืืงืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืกืคืื ืืืืื ืคืืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืชื ืื ืืชืืงืฃ ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืฉืืจ ืืืกืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืงืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืื ืชืืงื ืืืืฃ ื ืคืจื. ืชืืงืื ืืืงืืงื ืขืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืขืจื ืืงืืช ืืชืืืื, ืื ืืืงืคื ืืืื ืื"ืฅ (ืื-2018 ืืฃ ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืกืช), ืื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืืงื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืื ืืคืืขื ืืกืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ื ืืชื ื ืืกืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ืืืืืืกื 2015, ืืขืงืืืช ืขืชืืจื ืฉืืืืฉื ืกืืขืช "ืืฉ ืขืชืื", ืงืืข ืื"ืฅ ืื ืืืฆืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืขืื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืฉืจ. ืืขืงืืืช ืื, ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืื ืืชืืจื ืฉื "ืืืืืช ืืฉืจืื" ืืชืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ืืชืืืืช 2020 ื ืืจืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื. ืชืืืื ืืืคื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืจืคืืื ืฉื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืขืช ืืชืคืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืืื ืกืืจ ืืจืฆื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืืข ืชืืืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืื ืชื ืืืืขืืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืขื ืฆืขืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืืจืฉืื. ืืืืฉื ืฆืืฆื ืืช ืืืคืขืืชืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืืื ื-29.9 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2014, ื-54 ืืืืืืจื ืืืื ื 2019, ืืจืืื ืฉื 14 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืขืืืช ืืืขื ืืชืงืฆืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืชืืื ืืื, ืฉื ืืขื ืืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืคื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืช ืืื ืืืืขื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืคืจื ืกืืืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืื ืืคืื ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืจืื, ืืืฆืื, ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืืจื. ืืืืง ืืคืขืืืืชืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืชืืื ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืื. ื-27 ืืืจืฅ 2016, ืคืกื ืื"ืฅ ืืช ืกืขืืฃ ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืชืืื, ืื ื ืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืจืื ืฉื ืฉื ื ืืชืืงืื ื. ืืืื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืขืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื, ืขื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืกืขืืฃ ืื. ืืฉื ืช 2016, ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืกืื ืคืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2019, ืคืืจืกืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืจ ืืืงืืื ืื ืืืฉืจืื ืื ื ืืฆืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืขืจืืืช ืืชืืงืฆืืช ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืกืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ. ืืกืืฃ ืื ืืืจ 2016 ืืืฉืจ ืืืืฉืื "ืืชืืื ืืืืชื" ืืคืื ืืืืชื ืืืืจื ืืืชืจืื ืขืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืขืืช ืืชืคืืื ืืขืืจืืช, ืื ืืืื ืืืขืฆื ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ื ืฉืืช ืืืืชื. ืืืชืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืืืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืขืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืฉืช ืฉื ืืืชืืื, ืขื ืฉืืืงืคื ืืืื ื 2017. ืืชืืงืื ืืคืงืืืช ืืก ืืื ืกื ื ืงืืข ืฉืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืคืืืจ ืืืก ืืื ืกื ืืชืฉืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ื, ืฉืืื ื ืืฉืืืจืช ืื ืงืฆืื, ืืืืื ืืคืืืจ ืื ืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืจืฉืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืก ืขื ืืืืืช ืืกื 600,000 ืฉ"ื ืฉื ืืชื ื ืื ืืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืชืืืืงืช ืืืชื ืืคืจืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืืืืืื ืืขืืช ืืืกืคืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืชืืื ืจืืจืืืงืืืืืช ืืช ืืก ืืืื ืกื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืงืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืชืืงืื ืืงืืื. ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ 2015 ืืงืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื, ืืืงืฉืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื, ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืืขื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืจืืืง ืืืืชื ืืขืช. ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืจืฉืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจ 2016 ืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืืืืืืข ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืคืขื ื ืืกืคืช ืืชืคืงืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ื-24 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018, ืืืืจ ืคืจืืฉืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืขืงื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืืืืืคืงืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืจ ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-21. ื-26 ืืืฆืืืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืช ืคืืืืจื ืืงืืขื ืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืขืจืื ื-9 ืืืคืจืื 2019. ืืงืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืช, ืขืืื ืืช ืจืืฆืชื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืคืืืืช ืืืืื. ืืื ืืฃ ืฉืจืืื ืืช ืืืงืื ื-28 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืขื ืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืืชืงืืืื ื-9 ืืืคืจืื 2019, "ืืืืืื" ืืื ื-35 ืื ืืืื ืืงืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืจืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืช ืืชื ืืืื ืื ืื ืกืืช ืืืืงืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื. ืกืืื ืืคืงืืขืช ืคืจืง ืืืื ืฉื ืงืฆื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืช ืคืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืฉื ืื, ืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืขืืจ. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืชืืื ืฆืืจืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืคืืืช "ืืืื ื". ืื ืืกืฃ, ืฉืื ืข ืืช ืืคืืืช "ืืืืช" ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืืืืจืืช, ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืืช ืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืงื ืืืืก ืจืคืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจืืื ืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ื-32 ืื ืืืื, ืืขืืืช 38 ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืคืืืช "ืืืื ื" ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืื ืื-ืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืืืคืืืช "ืืืืช ืืืืืื". ื-25 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2019 ืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืจืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืจ ืฉื ืชืื ืืืื 55 ืืืจื ืื ืกืช, ืืขืืืช 54 ืฉืชืืื ืืืจืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืจืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ, ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืื ืืฃ ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื. ืืฉืื ืืชืคืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืขื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2019 ื ืขืจืื ืคืจืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืช "ืืืืืื", ืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ื-72.5% ืืืงืืืืช, ืืฉืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื, ืฉื ืขืจืื ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2020 ืืืืืื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื-36 ืื ืืืื, ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืฅ ืืื ืืืืืฆืชื ืฉื 61 ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืื ืขืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืจื ืกืืฃ ืชืงืืคืช ืืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืฅ, ืืขื ืจืงืข ืืชืคืจืฆืืช ืืงืืจืื ื, ื ืืชื ืืกืื ืงืืืืืฆืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื. ื-7 ืืืื, ืืืืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืชืืื ืฉื 72 ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืงืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืขืงืืืช ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืช ืืื ืื. ืืคื ื ืื ื ืืืชื ืขืชืืจื ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืืืช ืืื ืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืื ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืื ืคืืจืกื ืืกืืจ ืืื ืืขืช ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืืกืจ ืขืืื ืืขืกืืง ืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืืฉืคืื. ื-17 ืืืื 2020 ืืืฉืืข ืืงืื ืฆืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ. ืืืืชื ืืขืื ืืืฉืืข ืื ื ืื ืฅ ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืคื, ืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืฆื, ื-17 ืื ืืืืืจ 2021, ืื ืืืืืคื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืชืืืฉื. ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืง ืืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืืืืชืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืงืืืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืกืืืข ืืืขื ืงืื ืืืืจืืื. ืืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืชืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืกืืจืืืืืช ืืืฆืืื, ืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืฉืช ืืชืืืืื, ืฉืืืืืื ืืกืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืื ืชืฉืจื. ืืืงืืื ืืชืงืืืื ืืืืืช ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืขื ืจืงืข ื ืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืฉื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉื. ืืขืงืืืช ืขืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืืชืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืกืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ. ืืืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืื ืขื ืืืืจื ืืืจืื, ืื ื"ื ืคืืืืจ, ืขื ืจืืืฉืช ืืืกืื ืื. ืืจืืืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ื ืขื ื ืืงืจืืืืช ืืืชืืกื ืืืคืจืง ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืชืืกื ืื ืื ืคืฉ. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฆืขื ืฆืขืืื ืืกืืคืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืฅ ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืฉืืื ืชื "ืชืืื ืืช ืืืื". ืืืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืจืื ืืืคืจืง ืขื ืืชืืืช "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื" ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืืจืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืืืื ืขื ืืจืืงื ืืกืืื, ืื ืืืกืื ืขื ืกืืื ืื ืืชืืืฉ. ื-13 ืืืืืืกื 2020 ืืฆืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค, ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืื' ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื, ืืช ืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช-ืืฉืจืื ืื ืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช. ืืคื ืืคืจืกืืืื, ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืกืืคืื. ื-11 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020 ืืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืจืื ืืช ืืืกืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืื. ืืกืืืื ืืื ื ืงืจืื "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื". ืืืกืื ื ืืชื ื-15 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020 ืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช (ืืืชืืืืช) ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช, ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ื-10 ืืืฆืืืจ 2020 ืืืืจื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืื ืขื ืืจืืงื ืืืฆืืจืคืืชื ืืืกืืื ืืืจืื. ื-22 ืืืฆืืืจ 2020 ื ืืชื ืืจืืื ืืกืื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืงื. ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืฆืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืกืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืจื ืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืจืืงื ืืจื ืกืืืื. ื-24 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2020 (ืฉืขืื ืืฉืจืื), ืืืืืข ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืจืืฉ ืืืขืฆืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืกืืืื ืขืื ืื-ืคืชืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืขืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืคื ืจืฉืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืืืื ืืืื ื ื ืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ื-6 ืืื ืืืจ 2021 ืืชืื ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืขื ืืฆืืจืช "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื". ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2021 ืืืืืขื ืืชืืืขืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืขื ืืงืืจืช ืืืจืืขืื ืฉืืชืจืืฉื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืื ื-13 ืืืื ื 2014. ืืืื ื"ื ืืขืืืจ, ื"ื ืืืืืจ ื'ืชืฉืค"ื, 30 ืืืคืจืื 2021 ืืชืจืืฉ ืืกืื ืืืจืื, ืื ื ืกืคื 45 ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืคืฆืขื 102 ืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ื-6 ืืืจืฅ 2024 ืคืจืกืื ืืขืืช ืืืงืืจื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืงืจ ืืกืื ืืจ ืืืจืื ืืช ืืกืงื ืืชืื, ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืืช, ืืืื ืฉืืืข ืื ืืื ืืคืืืช ืืื ืขืืื ืืืขืช ืขื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืื ืฆืืื ื ืืืืฆื ืืขืฉืืช ืืฉื ืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืขืงื ืืขืืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื โ ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืจืงืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืฉืจืื, ืคืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช. ืืืงืืื ืืืืฆืข ืคืจืฆื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ื-23 ืืืจืฅ 2021 ืืชืงืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืจืืข, ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื"ืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจื ืืกืคืจ ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ื-36 ื-30, ืื ืืืคืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉ ืขืชืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืจ ืืคืื, ืขื 17 ืื ืืืื. ืื ืฉืื ืจืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืขื ืืง ืชืืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืคืื, ืฉืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื, ืืื ืขื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ื-13 ืืืื ื ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืฉ, ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืคืชืื ืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืคื ืืืื ืืกืชืืืื ืืืชืจ ื-12 ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ื ืจืฆืืคืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืจ ืืฉืืฉ ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื, ืืฉืจ ืชืืช ืื ืืืชื ื ืื ืขื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื ื ืืงืืคืื ืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืจืฉ ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืคืืืืืกืืจืื ืจืืื. ืืืจื ืื ืกืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืขืืจื, ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืคืืื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืื, ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืฆืืืขื ืื ื ืื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ืชืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืชืงื ืืช ืฉืขืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืืคืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืื ืื ืจืืฆืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืืจื ืฉื ืืคืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืื ืกืคืฆืืคืืื ืฉืืงืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืฆืื ื ืื ืข ืืืืืืข ืืขืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฆืข ืขืืืช ืืฉืืจ, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื. ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืคื ืืขืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืชืืจืืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืกืืืืช ืืขืื ืืกืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2021 ื ืื ื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ื-2019. ืืืงืก ืืื ืืื ืืืง ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ ืฉืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืฃ ืืช ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืฆืื ืืืจ ืื "ืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืจื", ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืืจ ืืฆืื ืืืื ืจืืื. ืืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ, ืืืงืจ ืืช ืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืคืจืกืืื. ืืื ืืฃ ืืฉืืืข ืืชืืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืื-ืืืืื ืืืกืื, ืืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืจืืื ืืช ืืชืืืืืืืชืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืช ื ืืงืื ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืกืืืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืืกืื. ื-29 ืืืฆืืืจ 2022, ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข. ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืืืจ ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืคืกืง ืื"ืฅ ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืจืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืงื ืืืืกืจ ืกืืืจืืช ืงืืฆืื ื, ืขื ืจืงืข ืขืืจื ืืคืืืื ืืืฉื ืืฆื ืฉืืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืคื ื ืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืช ืืื ื ืืขืืืจืืช ืืก. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืจืขื ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืชืคืงืืืื ืฉืืืขื ืื: ืืืฉื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ืึพ4 ืืื ืืืจ 2023 ืืืจืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืงืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืช ืคืกืืืช ืืืงืื ืืคืกืงืช ืืชืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืื ืกืช ืืจืื ืจืืื, ืืืืื ืขืืืช ืืกืืืจืืช, ืืืืจืช ืชืคืงืื ืืืืขืืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืืขืฅ ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื ืื ืฉืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืจืื ืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืคืจืกืื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืงืืขื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื, ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืข ืืืืชืขืจื ืื ืืืื ืืืงืืงื ืืจืื ืืขืงืจืื ืืช ืขืงื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื, ืืืืืชื ื ืชืื ืืืฉืคื ืคืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืงืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืช "ืืืง ืื ืืฆืจืืช", ืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืืืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฆืจืืช ืขืงื ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืืงืืงื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืื ืคืืืื. ืืจืคืืจืื ืฉืืืฆืขื ืืฆืจื ืืชื ืืืืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ื ืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืจืืืช ืืืงืฃ. ืืืืืื ืืขื ื ืฉืืืืื ืืืงืืงื ืืืืืื ืคืืืขื ืืขืฆืืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืฉืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืกื ืืืืืื ืืคืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืฉืชืืืื ืืช ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช, ืขื ืืื ืืคืืืชื ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืืื. ื ืฉืืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ืืกืชืจ ืืืืช ืืืงืืขื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืชืคืืข ืืจืฉืืช ืืฉืืคืืช. ืขื ืืฃ ืืืช, ืืืืฉืื ืื ืฆืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืฉืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืงื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืชืื ืืชืขืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืคืืืื ืงืฉื ืืขื. ืืืง ืืืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืจืฅ ืืงืืืฆืช ืงืฆืื ืื ืืฆื"ื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืชืืจืื ื ืืืื "ืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืื" ืฉืืืืื ืืืคืกืืง ืืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืืื. ื-25 ืืืจืฅ ืงืจื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืขืฆืืจ ืืช ืืงืืงืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืืืืจ ืืกืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืคืืืืจืื, ืขืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืขืฆืืช ืืืืื ืืืืคืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืกืคืื ืื ืืืช ืืจืืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืื ื "ืืื ืืื ื". ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืื ืืืืืขื ืขื ืืฆืืจืคืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืง. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืื ืืกื ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืืื ืชืืื ืคืืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืงืืื ืืฉืืืืช, ืงืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื "ืชืจืืื" ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืช ื ืฆืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื, ืขื ืืื ืืฆืืขื ื ืื ืื ืืืืขืืืื. ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืจืฉื ืฉืชืืืื ืืืืจืช ื ืฆืืืช ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืืขืื, ืืืชืื ืื ืืื. ืืืกืืฃ ื ืืืจื ื ืฆืืืช ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืงืจืื ืืืืจืจ, ืืชืืืื ืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจื ืงืืืืืฆืื, ืื ืืืขื ืขื ืืชืจืืื ืืืื ืืืงืคืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืช ืื ืฉืื. ืืชืืืื ืืืงืงื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืื ืขืืืช ืืกืืืจืืช, ืขืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืขืฉืจืช ืืืคืื ืืชื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืืคืกืงืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืจื ืืืจืืกื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืฉืื ื ืงืื ืืฆืขืืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืื ืืืคืืขืื. ืึพ9โ13 ืืืื, ืืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืฉืืืืจื ืจืงืืืช ืืขืืจ ืขืืืฃ ืขืื, ืืื ืฆื"ื ืืช ืืืฆืข ืืื ืืืฅ ืืกืืืื ืืืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืื-ืงืืืก. ืืกืืคื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืฆืข "ืฉืื ื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืจืชืขื". ืืืืื 2023 ืืืืจ ืขืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื ืืฆืคืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืืฆื ืฆื"ื ืืืืฆืข ืืืช ืืื ืืขืืจ ื'ื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืืืื ืฉืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2023 ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืก ืืงืืืื ืื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืขื ืกืขืืืื, ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืฆื ืืืจืฉ ืืขืฆืจ ืฉื ืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช, ืืืืื ืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืกืขืื. ืืช ืืืงืืจื ืืืื ืืืืืช ื ืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช. ื-26 ืืืฆืืืจ 2023 ืืืืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืืช ืฉื 60%. ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืงืื, ืืคื ืคืจืกืืืื ืืจืื, ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื. ืืชืืืืช 2024 ืคืืจืกื ืื ืืืจืื ืคืขืื ืื ืืืฉืฉื ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืจืืืืื ืื ืืจืฉืื ืืคืฆืฆื ืืจืขืื ืืช. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2023 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืื"ื, ืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืฉืจืื ื ืืฆืืช "ืขื ืกืืคื ืฉื ืคืจืืฆืช ืืจื - ืืกืื ืืืกืืืจื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืขืืืื" - ืืกืื ืฉืืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืฆืืื. ืืืื ื 2024 ืฉืืื ืืขืืช ืืจืื ืืก ืืืงืจ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืจืืขื ืืืฉืื ื ืืกืคืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืจืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืฆืืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืื. ืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืืืขืช ืืืืขืื: "ืืืชืืื ื ืืืฆืืืืจืช ืืคื ื ืืืืขืื ืืฉืื ืื ืขืืื, ืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืงืจืื ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืขืืืง ืืชืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืงืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืจื ืฉื ืกืืืืืช ืจืืืฉืืช. ืืืช, ืชืื ืืฆืืจืช ืกืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืื ืคืืืขื ืืืืกื ืืืืฅ ืืืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื". ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืคืจืกืื ืืืืขืื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืกื ืืื ืืกืชืืจื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืขื ืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืฆืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืจืช ืฆืืืืืช ืืืฆืจืื. ืื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืืฉ ืฉืืืฉ ืฆืืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืืขืืืช ืืงืืื ื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืืืชืืช. ืืืืื 2024 ืืืจืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืจืืช ืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืืช (ืืืื'ืก, ืคืืฅ' ืืกืื ืืจื ืื ื ืคืืจืก) ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื, ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืฉื ืช 1988. ืืื ืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืืฉ ืฉื S&P ืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืฉืืืืืช ืืฉื ืืกืืืื ืื ืืืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืฉื ืขืืืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืชืงืฆืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืช 2025. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2024 ืืืจืืื ืืืื'ืก ืืช ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉื ื ืืืืืคื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืชื ืืจืืืช. ืืฆืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืืกืื, ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืช ืืก ืขืจื ืืืกืฃ ื-17% ื-18%. ืขืื ืืคื ื ืืขืืืช ืืืืกืื, ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืคื ืืืขืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืืงืจื ืืืชืจ ื-38% ืืขืืืช ืืืืฆืข OECD. ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืงืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืฆืขืืื ืฉืงืฉืืจืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช. ืืืฉื, ืฉืื ืื ืืืง ืืกืื: ืืฉืคืืื ืฉืื ื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืงืื ืฉื ืืคืืืืืืงืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืคืืฃ ืืืกืืจ ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืกืจ ืขืืื ืืขืกืืง ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืชืืงืื ืืคืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ื ืืื. ืืืคืจืื 2025, ืืงืจืืช ืคืจืกืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉื ืืจืืืค, ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืขืงื ืืขืืืฃ ืืืกืืจื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช, ืืืืื ืืืืจืืงืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืก ืืืืื 17% ืขื ืกืืืจืืช ืืฉืจืืืืืช. ื-25 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืงืืขื ืืขืืช ืืจืื ืืก ืื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืจืืฉื ืฉื"ื ืืคืขืื ืืืืคื "ืฉืืื ื ืจืืื ืืืืืงืจืืื". ืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืฆืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืื ื-2018 ืงืืื ืืขืืจื ืืจื ืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืื ืงืื, ืืงืืจ ืืืื ืืืืก. ืืื ืืืชืจ ืฉืืื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืงืืจ ืืงืื ืืช ืืขืืจืช ืืืกืคืื ืืืืคื ืกืืืจ, ืืชืื ืืืื ื ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืกืืื. ืืืฉืืืช ืกืืขืช ืืืืื ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืขื: "ืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืกืื ืืงืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืก ืืืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืืืืก." ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจืจ ืฉืืชืคืืกื ืืฉืื. ืืชืื ืืืืฆืข, ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืจืื ืฉืืชืงืืื ืฉืงื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืจืช ืขืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืฆืขืช ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื, ื ืื ืืจืืื, ืืืกื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืก ืืขืื. ืืืฉืจ ื ืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืกืืจื ืืืกืคืืช ืืืกืืจืช "ืืืืขืื ืืงืืจืืช".[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืื 2023 ืชืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืขืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืขืื ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืงื ืืฉื ืช 2004, ืืืช ืืชืืฆืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืชื ืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืื ืคืงืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืืืชืจื ืขืืืื. ืืืืชื ืืืืืฉ ืฉืื ืืฉื"ื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืกืื ืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉืืงืื ืืืจืชืขื ื ืื ืืืืก ืืืืฆืขืืช โืกืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืก, ืืจืืืช ืืกืืืืืื ืืืืืงืืื, ืืืฉื ืืืชืจืขื, ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจืื ืืืฉืืื ืืกืคืจ 1". ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืฆืืช ืืืืืฉืื ืื ืงืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืกืื. ืืืื ืชืฉืจื 2023 ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืืื ืืืืก. ื-1 ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืืืฅ ืื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ืจืื ื ืืจ ืืืืฆืื ืืคืืขื ืืช ืชืืื ืืช "ืืขืจืืคื" ืืืืจืื ืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืืก, ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื ืืื ืื ืืงืื ืืกืืจื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืก. ืืืืงืจ 7 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2023, ืืื ืฉืืช, ืฉืืืช ืชืืจื, ื"ื ืืชืฉืจื ื'ืชืฉืค"ื, ืคืชืื ืืจืืื ื ืืืจืืจ ืืคืืกืืื ืื "ืืืืก" ื"ืื'ืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ื" ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ. ืืืกืืช ืฉืืืืจ ื-4,300 ืจืงืืืช, ืืืจื ื-6,000 ืืืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืขืฉืจืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉืจืืืืื, ืืืขืจ ืืืจื ืืืืชืงื ืื ืฆืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืขืืืฃ ืขืื ืืืกืืืืชื, ื-119 ืคืจืฆืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืจ, ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืื, ืชืื ื ืืืื ืงืจืืืช ืืจื ื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืขืืื. ืืืืืืื ืืืฆืขื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืก, ืจืฆืื ืืืจืื 1,173 ืื ื ืืื, ืืชืืื ืืืื ื-779 ืืืจืืื, ืืืืคื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ื-251 ืื ืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืจืื, ื ืฉืื, ืงืฉืืฉืื ืืชืื ืืงืืช. ืืฉืขืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืชืืช ืืืื ื ืืช, ืฉืืืจื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืืืืื ืฆื"ื, ืฉืืื ืื ืืืชืืช ืืกืคืจืืช. ืืงืจืืืช ื ืืจืื ื-1,609 ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืฆื ืืืฉืจืืื ื ืืจืื 329 ืืืืืื, 58 ืฉืืืจืื ื-10 ืื ืฉื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื. ืืฉืจืื ืคืื ืชื ืืืืฉืืืื 29 ืืืฉืืืื ืืขืืืฃ ืขืื ื-22 ืืืฉืืืื ืืฆืคืื ื. ืืืืืื ื ืืจืื ืจืืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืคื ืืืืืื, ื ืืจื ืืจืก ื ืจืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืชืืฉืื ืืจืฆืืขื ื ืืืฆื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืชืืืจืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื. ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืขืื, ื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืฆืืจ ืืืชื ืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืืช'ืื ืืืืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืื ืฉืืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืืชืขืฆืืืช ืืืืืก, ืืจืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืกืืจื ืืงืืช ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืง ืืช ืืืืก, ืืื ืขืฉื ืฉืืืฉ ืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืืช ืืืืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืกื ืืืง ืืืืืจืื. ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืฆืืืืจื ื"ืฉืืืช ืืืืจืืืช" ืืคืจืืฆืชื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืจืืืช, ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืงืจ ืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืชืช ืชืฉืืืืช ืขื ืื. ืขื ืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ, ืืฉืื ืืจืืืื ืืจืฉืช NBC ืืืืจืืงื ืืช ืืืืจ: "ืืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืจืืืช [...] ืืืืจืืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืื ืงืจื". ืื ืืืืืจ 2025 ืคืจืกื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืื"ื ืืฉื "ืืืขืืจ ืชืคืืกืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืคืขื ืขื ืชืืืืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืืฆื"ื", ืืืกืืจืช ืกืืจืช ืื"ืืืช ืขื ืืฉืื 7 ืืืืงืืืืจ, ืืื ืงืืข ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉ ืืืจืืืชื ืืืื ืช ืชืคืืกืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืื "ืืืชืื ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืืจืช ืืกืืจืืืื ืืืจืช ืืืื ืืืคื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืกื"ื ืื ืืจืฉ ืืืืคื ืืคืขืืชื, ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืื ืขืื ื-7.10.23". ืืืืื 2024 ืืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืงืืจ ืืืื ื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืืืืงืืจ ื ืื ืืคืขื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืคื ื ืฉื ื ืืชื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื, ืืงืืื ืคืืืฉืืช ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื'ื ืืืืื, ืกืื ืืช ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืงืืื ืืืจืืก ืืืืืขืื ืื ืฉืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค. ื-19 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2024, ืืฉืขืืช ืืืืงืจ, ืฉืืืจ ืืจืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืืื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืืืื"ื ืคืืข ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ื. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืคืืืขื ืืื ืืื ื ืคืืขืื ืืืืจืืข. ื-4 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2025 ืืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืฆื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค. ืืืืงืืจ ืืชืืงื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืกืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืฉืืชืคืช, ืืจืืืค ืืฆืืข ืืฆืขื ืืคืชืืขื ืืคืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืชืืงื ืฉืืืื ืขื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืชืคื ื ืืช ืืชืืฉืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืชืฉืงื ืืช ืืืืืจ ื"ืจืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื" ืชืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืจืืงืืืช. ืืฆืขื ืื ืขืืจืจื ืชืืืืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืืชืื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื-21 ืืืื 2025 ืืื ืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื, ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืฆื ืฉื ื. ืืืกืืืช ืืขืืชืื ืืื ืืชืืืืก ืืคืกืืงืช ืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืคืืืืจื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ืจืื ื ืืจ, ืืกืืืืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ื, ืืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืืืืจืขื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ื"ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ". ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉื "ื ืืื ืืืคืืคืื" ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืื: โืขืืฉืื ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืชืื, ืขื ืื ืชืงืคื ืืืชื ื ื-7 ืืืืงืืืืจ? [...] ืขื ืืืืกื F-35? ืขื ืื? ืขื ืื ืงืื? ืขื ืื? ืื ืชืงืคื ืืืชื ื ืขื ืืคืืคืื, ืงืืฆ'ื ืืงืืืื ืืื ืืจืื. ืื ืขืืื ืคืจืืืืช.โ ื-12 ืืืคืจืื, ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืกืื ืืจืขืื ืืืฉ ืืืงืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืคืืืืื 60 ืืื. ื-2015 ืขื ืคืจืืฉืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื-2018 ืืืืกืื ืืงืืื ืืคืฉืจื ืืืจืื ืืืคืงืืื ืืกืื"ื ืืคืงื ืขื ืืชืงื ืื, ืจืืช ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืชื ืขื 3.67%, ืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืขืฉืจ ืืืืชื ืขื 300 ืง"ื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืืค ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืืกืื ื-2018 ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืกื ืงืฆืืืช, ืืืืฆื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืช ืฉืื. ื-31 ืืืื ืคืจืกืื ืกืื"ื ืฉืืจืฉืืช ืืืจืื 408.6 ืง"ื ืืจืืช ืืขืฉืจื ืฉื 60%. ืืคื ืืขืจืืืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ืื ืขืฉืจ ืคืฆืฆืืช ืืจืขืื. ืืฉื ืืจืืืช ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื ืฉืืืฉ, ื ืืชืจ ืืืืจืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืจ ืืจืืื ืฉืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืจืขืื ืืช ืืคืืฆืืฅ. ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ 2025 ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืค ืืืืืืชื ืืคืืืจืืื ืฉื ืื ื ืขื ืืืขืืจ ืืฉืื ื' ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืก, ืกืืืืืช ืืืจืื, ืืื ืื ืืคืืจืืง ืืืืืืื ืื ืฉืงื, ืืืืกืืจ ืืืคืฉืจื ืืื ืกืืจืื. ืื ืืืืชื ืคืืืฉืชื ืืฉืืฉืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืค ืืฉื ืช 2025. ืื ืืืืืจ 2025, ืืกืขืืืื ืืืืืจืืงืืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืกื F-35 ืืงืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืจืขืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืืฉื ืช 2023. ืืืื 13 ืืืื ื 2025 ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื-ืืืืืื ื ืขื ืืืฆืข ืขื ืืืืื, ืฉืืืจืชื ืืื ืกืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืื ืชืงืฃ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืขืจืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืงื ื ืืจืขืื ืืืชืจื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืื ืืื ืืชื ืงืฉ ืืืื ืืจืืฉื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืช, ืืื ืืคืงื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืกืืื ืกืืืื, ืจืืื"ื ืฆืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืงืจื, ืืืืขื ื ืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืกืืืืืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื 30 ืืืจืืื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืืจืกื ืื ืืื ืื ืืชืฉืชืืืช. ืืืื 22 ืืืื ื ืืฆืืจืคื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืชืงืืคืืช ื ืื ืืืจืื, ืืชืงืคื ืืชืงื ื ืืืจืขืื. ื-24 ืืืื ื ืืืืจืื ืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืืืช ืคืกืงื. ื-5 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2026 ืคืจืกื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืชืฉืืืืชืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืงืช ืืืืงืจ ืืช ืืืจืืขื ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ. ืืืกืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคื ืืืืืืขืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืช ืืกืืืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืืื ืืืืก ืื ืกืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืช 2000 ืืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืฉื ืช 2005. ืืชืืืื ืืืกืื ืคืจืกืื ืืกืคืจ ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืขื ืืช ืฉืืืกืื ืืืื ืกืืืืคืื ืืฉืงืจืื. ืืจืืื"ื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืงืื ืืขื ืฉืืืกืื "ืฉืงืจื ืืื ืืคืืืืืื", ืืื ืืขื ืื ื"ื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืื"ืจ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืคืจืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืกืื. ืคืจืฉืืืช ืคืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืืคืืืืืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืขืืื ืืขื ืืช ืืคืืืืื: ืฉืฉ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืืจื, ืืชืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืชืืงืื ื ืกืืจื ืืืฉืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืืข ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ืชื ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืฉื ืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืคืจืฉืช ืืจ-ืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืจ 1997, ืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืช ืื ืืื ืืขืืจื ืืงื ืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ื ืคืชืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืขืงืืืชืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื. ืืืกืืฃ, ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืงืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืื, ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืคืจืฉื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืง ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืจืืืืช, ืื ืฆืืื ืื "ืืืชื ืืืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืขืื ืชืืืืืช". ืืคืจืฉืช ืขืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืกืคืืืืจ 1999, ืืืขืื ืืฉื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืงืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืจ ืขืืื, ืืืืืช ืขืืืืืช ืฉืืืฆืข. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2000 ืืืืืฆื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืขืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื, ืืจืื ืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืงืืจื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืงืืจืช ืคืจืฉืช ืขืืื, ืขืื ืืฉื ืฉืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืจื ืืืืงืชื ืืืืฉืืช ืืชื ืืช ืฉืืืชื ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืขืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืจืืืฉ ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืงืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืฉ ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืฉืชื ืืคืจืฉืืช, ืื ืืืืง ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืจืืืืช, ืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืจืฅ 2011, ืคืจืกื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืจืืื ืืจืืงืจ, ืชืืงืืจ ืืชืืื ืืช "ืืืงืืจ", ืฉืื ืืขื ืื ืืฉื ืื 1999โ2008 ื ืกืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืคืืชื ืืืืฅ ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืคืื ืคืจืืืื, ืื ืืืจื ืืืจืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคืืืืืืงื ื-2002. ืืชืืงืืจ, ืฉื ืืืข ื"ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืืืืจืก", ืืืื ืืืืืงื ืฉื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืงื ืืฉืืจืชืืช. ืืื ืืืจ 2017 ืงืืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืกืืืจืช ืืืืืงื. ืืื ืืื ืืืจ 2017 ื ืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ื ื ืืฉืืื: "ืชืืง 1000", ืืืืื ืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืจื ืื ืืืืฆ'ื ืื'ืืืืก ืคืืงืจ ื"ืชืืง 2000" ืืขืืกืง ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืื ืื"ื "ืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช", ื ืื ื ืืืืก, ืฉืืื โ ืขื ืคื ืืืฉื โ ืืฆืืข ืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืงื ืืกืืงืืจ ืืืืกืคืช ืืชืืื ืืืขืื ืืชืืืจื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืชืืื ืช ืืคืฆืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืื". ืขื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืคืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช "ืื ืืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืืื". ืืืืื ืืืงืืจืืช, ืืขืื ืืืจื ืื ืกืช ื"ืืืืืื" ืืฆืขืืช ืืืง ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืงืืจืืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืื ืืฆืขื, ืฉื ืืืขื ืืฉื "ืืืง ืืืืืฆืืช", ืฉืืคืื ืชืืฆืืืชืื ืฉื ืืงืืจืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืขืืจื ืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืฉืืจื ืชืฆืืื ืขืืืชื ืืขื ืืื ืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื. ืืืฆืขืืช ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืื ืืขื ืืืคืืื ืื ืื ื ืืขืื ืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2017, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืช ืื"ืจ ืืขืืช ืืคื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืื ืืืกืื, ืืืืืืื "ืืืง ืืืืืฆืืช", ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฆืขืช ืืืืง ืื ืชืืื ืขื ืืงืืจืืชืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2018, ืืืืจ ืืฉื ื ืืืฆื ืฉื ืืงืืจืืช, ืืืืขื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืกืงื ื ืื ื ืืฆืื ืชืฉืชืืช ืจืืืืชืืช ืืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืืงืื. ื"ืชืืง 1000" ืืืืกื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ื"ืชืืง 2000" ืืืืกื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืงืฉืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืขืช ืืืฉืืจื, ืืกืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขื ืืคืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืชื ืืืชืคืืจ. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืขื ืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืืืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืงืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืืืืจืื "ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฉืชืืจืจ ืืืจืืฉื ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืขื ืืชืืืฉืืช ืืกืจืืช ืืกืืก ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืงืืจื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืคืขืืชื ื ืืื" ืจืื ืืืจื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืคืจื ืจืืฉื ืืืคืืืืช ืื, ืืชืืืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืงืช ืืืคืืช ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืืคืช ืืืืง "ืชืืง 4000", ืืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื 433 ืฉื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืขื ืจืฉืืช ื ืืืจืืช ืขืจื, ืืื ืืืื ื 2017. ืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืื: ืืขื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืช "ืืืง" ืฉืืื ืืืืืืฅ', ืื ื"ืืืช "ืืืง" ืกืืื ืื ืืืจ, ืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืคืืืืจ ืืืืขืฅ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ื ืืจ ืืคืฅ. ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2018 ืืจืืฉืื ื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืืจื ืืืงืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื. ืฉื ืืื ืืืืฉืืืื, ืคืืืืจ ืืืคืฅ, ืืชืื ืขื ืืกืื ืขื ืืืื ื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืขื ืฉืืกืืืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืจื. ื-2 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018, ืคืจืกืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืื ื ืืฆืื ืชืฉืชืืช ืจืืืืชืืช ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื, ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืกืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืขื ืฉืืืืืืชืื ืืชืงืืื ืืืืืฆืช ืืืจืื ืืืงืฆืืข ืืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืืฃ ืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืกืื ืืคืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืฅ' ืืืืื ืืชืจ 'ืืืืื' ืกืืงืจ ืืืชื ืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืชืงืืคื ืืืืืืจืช. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืขื ืฉืืืงืืจื ืื ืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืื ืช, ืขืงื ืกืืจืื ืืืืงืจืื ืืขืืช ืืืชื ืคื ืื ืืื ืคื ืื ืขื ืขืื ืืืืื ื. ืขื ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืชืืงืื 1000, 2000 ื-4000 ืืฆื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืคืืฃ ืืฉืืืืข ืื ืชืคืืจืกื ืืคื ื ืืืืืจืืช, ืืฉืื ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืข ืืคื ื ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืขืื ืืืชื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื, ืืืชื ืืช ืืงืฉืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืืืืงืืืกืงื ืืืืืฉ ืืขืกืงืื ืกืคื ืกืจ ืคืจืืจืืื'. ืืืืขืื ืงืืขื ืื ืื ืขืืื ืืืืืืจ 300 ืืืฃ ืืืืจ ืฉืงืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืชืจ ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืคืกืง ืฉืืืืขืื ืชืงืืื ืืืื ื ืืกืฃ ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืคื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืคืจืืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืฉื ืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืขื ืืื ื. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2019 ืืืืืข ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืงืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืคืืฃ ืืฉืืืืข, ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืชืืงืื: ืืชืืง 1000 ื-2000 ืืืฉืืช ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื, ืืืชืืง 4000 ืืืฉืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืชืืืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืกืข ืฆืื ื ืืื ืืืืคืขืืช ืืืฅ ืคืกืื ืขื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืคืจืงืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืคืจืงืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืจื, ืฉืืืืจืื ืชืืื ืืขืืื ืงืืฆืื ืืช ืืขื ืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืื. ืืฉืืืืข ืืชืงืืื ืืืฉื ืืจืืขื ืืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืชื ืืฉื ื. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืืืืข ืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืชื ืืืฉืื ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืชืืง 4000 ืืืขืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืชืืงื 1000 ื-2000. ืืชืืืื ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืขื ืฉืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืืจืืคื ืขื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืคืช ืืืืง (ืืืฉืืจื, ืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื). ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืืืืืืกืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืฉืคื ืชืื ืืื ืืืื ืชื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืฉื ืขืชืืจื ืืื"ืฅ ืฉืืจืฉื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ, ืืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืจืขื-ืคื ืืกื. ื-2 ืืื ืืืจ 2020, ืืชืคืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืืงื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืง โ ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ื-1 ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืฉื ืืื"ืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืงืืืช ืืกืื ืืช ืืืขืืืชื ืืืื ืคืืืื. ื-28 ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืืืจ ืฉืจืฉืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืจืื ืืืืขืื ื ืื ืืชื ืืืกืื ืืช, ืืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืงืฉื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืขืืช ืืืืฉ ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื-24 ืืืื 2020 ืืื ืืฉืคืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืชืงืฉืืจืชื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืื. ื-30 ืื ืืืืืจ 2025 ืืืืฉ ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืฉืช ืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื, ืืฆืืง ืืจืฆืื. ืืช ืืงืฉืชื ื ืืืง: ืืืื 2024 ืืืืฉ ืืชืืืข ืืจืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืืื ืืงืฉื ืืฆื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืฉืืจืช ืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืจืขืืช ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืฆืขื ืืืืื, ืืจืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืจืฆื, ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืื ืืช ื ืื ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืจืืืช ืืืงืฉืจ ืฉื ืืจืขืื. ืืืงืฉื ืืืืฉื ืื ืืืคื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืืืงืืื ืืืืฉื ืืงืฉื ืืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืืืืก - ืืืื ืกื ืืืืจ, ืืกืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฃ. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2024 ืืืืืข ืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืื ืืืฆืื ืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืขื ืคื ืืืช ืืืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืจืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ืฉื ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืื, ืจืฆื, ืจืืืคื ืืืืืื ืช ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื ื ืชืืืื. ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืฆืืช ืฆืืื ืืืขืฆืจ ืืื ืฉ-124 ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืฆืืจ ืืืืกืืืจ ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืกื ืืชืืืื. ืืฆืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืืฆืช ืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืชืคืกืืช ืืืคืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืืง ืืืื-ืืืืื. ืชืคืงืืืื ืืขืืงืจืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืฉื ื ืฉื ืฆืืื ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืืืกืืืจืื ืื ืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ื, ืืื ืืคืงื ืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืฆืข ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืฆืขืืจ ืขืื, ืืื ืจืืคื ืืกืืคืจ. ืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืฉืข, ืืื ืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืืชืืืืงื, ืืขืื ืฉื ืฉืืคืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื, ืฉืืฉื ื ื ืชื ืืื. ื ืืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื (ืืืงื) ืืืืกืื (ืืืืจ ืืื, ืืจื) ืืฉื ืช 1972. ืืฉื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืช, ื ืืขื, ืฉืืืืื ืืืจื ืืชืฉืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืจืื, ืืืฉ ืขืกืงืื ืืกืื ืืจืกืื; ืืืชื ื ืืขื ืืฉ ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉื ื ืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1979 ืืชืืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืกืื. ื-1981 ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืจ ืงืืืืก, ื ืืฆืจืื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืขืืจื ืืืืจ ืงืื ืกืจืืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืื ืืฉืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืื"ื, ืขืืจื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืชืืืืงืกื. ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืืจืฉื ื-1989. ืืืจืฅ 1991 ื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจื ืื ืืจืฆื, ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ื"ืื ืขื". ืฉืจื ืืื ืืชื ืฉื ืืกืืคืจ, ืืืฉืืจืจ ืืืืื ื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืจืฆื, ืฉืืืฉื ืืคืกืืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืื ืฉื ื ืื ืื, ืืืืจ ืืืื ืจ. ื-2002 ืจืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืืกืจืื ืืกืืื ืฉื 1.8 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ. ื-2007 ืจืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื 1.7% ืืื ืืืช ืืืจืช NMDM, ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืชื ืืืืืงืืืกืงื, ืชืืืจืช 600 ืืืฃ ืืืืจ. ื-2010 ืืืจ ืืืชื ืชืืืจืช 4.3 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืืฉืงืคืื ืจืืื ืฉื 13.2 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืขื ืคื "ืคืืจืืก ืืฉืจืื", ืืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืื ื-50 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืช ืฉืชื ืงืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืจื ืขืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืฉืขืจืื ื-25 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืืขืฉืืจ ืืฉืืื ื ืืืืื, ืืฉื ืื 2023โ2024, ืขืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืชืืช ืงืืฆื ืื, ื ืืชืื ืืชืืงืื ืืงืข ืืคืฉืขืชื ืื ืืชืื ืืืกืจืช ืืืืืช ืืขืจืืื ืืช. ื-17 ืืืืื 2024 ื ืืฉืฃ ืื ืขืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืคืืชื, ืืื ืืฉื ืื 2018โ2023, ืขืืื ืขื 30 ืืืืืื ืฉืงืืื. ืืืจืฅ 2016 ืคืจืกื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืกืจื ื ืกืืืืก ืืคืืืกืืืง ืฉืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืืืจืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืขืฆืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉ 1 ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืืง ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืืจืืช ืืฉืชื ืฉืจื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืขื ืกื 279 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื. ื-11 ืืืื ื 2017, ืงืืข ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืจืข ืฉืคืืจืกื ืืืืจื ืืคืืืข ืืืืื ืืช ืกืจื ื ืืฉืื ืืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืคืืฆืืืื ืืขืื 15 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคื. ืืขืงืืืช ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืคืืืจ ืกืจื ื ืืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช. ืขืจืขืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืกืจื ื ืขื ืคืกืง ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ื ืืื. ืืงืฉืช ืจืฉืืช ืขืจืขืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืกืจื ื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืฃ ืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืขื ืกื 200 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืื ืืกืคืืช, ืฉืคืจืกื ืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืื ืื ืื ืงืืื ืืืืืช ืืกืคืืืช ืืคื ืกืื, ืืชืืืจื ืืื ืฉืืช ืืืื ืขืืืช ืืจืจื, ืืืฉื ื ืืืืขื"ืฉ ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืื, ืชืคืขื ืืืืืชื ืืชืืงืื. ืืืื 2023, ืืืฉืื ืคืฉืจื, ืฉืืืกืืจืชื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืชืืืขืชื ืืืกืคืืช ืืคืจืกื ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืืชื ืื ืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืช ืืจืจื ืื ืืช ืื ืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2022 ืืืื ืืืชืืจืจ ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืจ ื ืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืจื, ืขื ืฉืืขื ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืฉืื "ืืืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืงืืงืื ืืืืคืื ืคืกืืืืืืจื". ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2022 ื ืคืกืง ืฉืืืืืจื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืจืข ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืื ืืืฉืคืืช ื ืชื ืืื 62,500 ืฉ"ื ืคืืฆืืืื ืืชืืกืคืช 35,000 ืฉ"ื ืฉืืจ ืืจืื ืืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคื. ื-16 ืื ืืืืืจ 2023 ืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืจืฆื ืืชืฉืืื ืคืืฆืืืื ืืกื ืืืขืื ืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืืืื ืฉืืจืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืฆื ืืขื ืื ืืฉ ืืกืื ืกืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืคืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืชืคื ืืื ืืืืื. ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืคืกืง ืื ืืกืฃ 50 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื. ืืจืฆื ืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืคืกืง ืืืื, ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืคืกืง ืืืื ืื ืงืืข ืฉืืจืฆื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืจืื 290 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื, ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืชืฉืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2025 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืืช ืืฉืื ืืจืข ืืืืืช, ืืื ืชืืืขืืช ื ืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื, ืืืืขื ืฉืจืื, ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื. ืืืคืจืื 2025 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืฉืื ืืจืข ื ืื ืคืขืืืช ืืืืื ืฉืงืื ืืจืกืืจ, ืขื ืกื ืืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืืชืืืขื ืขืืกืงืช ืืฉืืืฉื ืคืจืกืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืขื ืืืืืจื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืฉืืื ืืงืืจ, ืื ืืขื ืื ืื "ืืคืจืกืื ืืืืืจ ืคืืืข ืืืกืืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืชืงืื ืืืขืจืื ืืืืืงืจืืื". ืืืืืื ืืื ืชื ืคืชืื ืืจืกืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืื, ืฉืชืื ืคืืืช ืืฉืขื ืืืืก 500 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื, ืืืืืฉื ืฆืื ืืืืชืจ ื-750 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืฉืชืจืื ื-4,800 ืืืฉ. ืกืคืจืื ืกืคืจืื ืืขืจืืืชื: ืืขืงืืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืืืช ืกืคืจ ื ืืกืฃ, ืฉื ืงืจื ืชืืืื "ืืฉืื ืืืจืื" ืืืืืฉื ื ืงืจื "ืื ืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื", ืืืฃ ืงืืื ืืงืืื ืขื ืคืจืกืืื ืืืื"ื, ืืืฆืืช ืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช, ืื ืขื ืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืืช, ืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ. ืคืจืกืื ืืืืงืจื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืจืฉืช ืขืืืื ืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืืืงืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืืืกืื โข ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื ื ืืจ ืืจืงืช โข ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืชื ืืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจืช ืืืืฉื ืืช, ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืืกืจืืืืฃ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืจืืืช ืืืกืคืืจื ืืืงื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืื ืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืฅ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืฅ โข ืกืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื, ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืจืืชื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืคืืจ ืกืืคืจ โข ืฉืจืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืกืืจืืง โข ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื ืขืืืืช ืกืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืงืืฉ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืงืจืขื โข ืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืจื ืจืื โข ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืืืืืง ืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืขืืืื ืฉืืงืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื: ืืืืื ืืืืื โข ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ: ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืช โข ืืฉืืื ื ืืจื โข ืืฆืืง ืืื โข ืืื ืขืืืจ โข ืืื ืืืงืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื: ืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื: ืืืื ืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://pop.education.gov.il/?utm_source=chatgpt.com#third_405832] | [TOKENS: 332] |
ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืืืชืจืืช? ืืืขืืื ืืคืชื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืื ืคืืจืื ืื ื ืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืชืืื ืืชืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื (ืืจืืืช ืคืจืกืืืืช) ืืื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืขืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืื. ืื ื ืชืงืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืืข ืืชืืื, ืืืคืฉืจืืชืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืขืืืืืื_ืืืืื] | [TOKENS: 4472] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืขืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขืืืืืื ืืืืื (ืืขืจืืืช: ุนุจุฏุงููู ุญู
ุฏูู; ื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 1956) ืืื ืคืืืืืืงืื ืกืืื ื, ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื-15 ืฉื ืกืืืื. ืืคื ื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืชืคืงืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืจืฆืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืจืืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2011 ืขื ืืืงืืืืจ 2018 ืืื ืกืื ืืื"ื ืื ืฆืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืคืจืืงื (UNECA). ืืืืืืกื 2019 ืืืขืื ืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืคืฉืจื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืืงืจืืช ืืขืืจืึผ ืฉื ืกืืืื ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืฉื ืช 2019. ืืืืจ ืืขืืจืช ืืฉืืืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืขืืจ ืืฆืืืืช ืืืืขืฆืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืกืืืื, ืืื ืชื ืืืขืฆืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืช ืขืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืขืืจ. ืืื ืืืฉืืข ื-21 ืืืืืืกื 2019. ื-25 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2021 ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืขืืจ ืืืงืื ืฉืื ื ืืฉืฃ ืืขืงืืืช ืืคืืื ืฆืืืืช. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2021 ืืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืกืื ืืืืจ ืืืคืืื ืืฆืืืืช. ืืื ืืชืคืืจ ื-2 ืืื ืืืจ 2022 ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืืืจืืืช. ืืื ืื ืขืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืืข ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ื'ืจืืื ืืืืงืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื ืฆ'ืกืืจ. ืงืจืืืจื ืืฉื ืื 1981โ1987 ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืชืื ืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืกืืืื. ืืฉื ืืช ื-90 ืืืื ืืืืื ืชืคืงืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฉ, ืืืืจ ืื ืืืจืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืขืื ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืื ืง ืืืคืจืืงืื ืืคืืชืื (ืื ') ืืืืฃ ืืฉื ืื. ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืคืจืืงื ืืืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืกืืืข ืืืงืืืจืื (ืื ') ืืฉื ืช 2003 ืขื 2008. ืืืืื ืขืื ืืืฉื ืชืงืืคื ืงืฆืจื ืขืืืจ ืื ืฆืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืคืจืืงื (UNECA): ืืฉื ืื 2001โ2002 ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืฆืื ืืกืืจ ืืืืจื, ืืืฉื ืช 2011 ืขื ืืืงืืืืจ 2018 ืืื ืกืื ืืื"ื UNECA. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2018 ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืฉื ืกืืืื ืชืืช ืื ืฉืื ืขืืืจ ืื-ืืฉืืจ, ืื ืืื ืกืืจื ืืงืื ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืช ืืืื ืื. ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืืืืจ ืงืืืืืฆืืืช ืืจืืื ื ืืืืื ืืกืืืื ืืื, ืืืืืช ืืืืคืฉ ืืืฉืื ืื (ืื '), ืืฆืืข ืืืื ื 2019 ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืคืฉ ืืืฉืื ืื ืืื ื ืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื, ืฉืื ืืืืืืช ื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืืขืฆืช ืืืขืืจ ืืฆืืืืช ืขื ืฉืื ืื ืฉืืืช ืืืืฉื ืืกืืืื ืืืืืงืจืืื. ื ืืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืืืจื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืกืื ืืคืืืืื ืฉื ืืชื ื-17 ืืืืื 2019 ืขื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืคืฉ ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืขืืจ ืืฆืืืืช, ืืืืืืืช ืืืฆืืจื ืืืืงืชืืช ืฉืขืืื ืืชืื ื-4 ืืืืืืกื 2019. ืืืขืฆืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืกืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื-20 ืืืืืืกื, ืื ืืจืฉ ืืืืืืช ืืืฆืืจื ืืืืงืชืืช. ืืื ืืืฉืืข ื-21 ืืืืืืกื. ืขื ืคื ืกืขืืฃ 19 ืืืืืืช ืืืฆืืจื ืืืืงืชืืช ืืืืืืกื 2019, ืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืขื ืฉืืจ ืืืืจื ืืืฉืืช ืืืขืืจ ืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืชืืื ื ืืช ืืืืขืจื ืืกืืืื ื-2022 ืืืกืืื ืืช ืชืงืืคืช ืืืขืืจ. ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืืงืืื ื ืฉืจืื. ื-4 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2019 ืืืืจ ืืช ืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืกืืืื ืืืช ืืฆืืืืจืืืช โ ืคืืืจ 28 ื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ื-35 ืกืื ืื, ืืืื ื 34 ืกืื ืื ืืืืืคืื. ืืืืจื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืฃ ืื ืฉืื ืืขืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืช ืื-ืืฉืืจ. ืืืืจื ืืืืื, ืืืฉืืชื ืชืฉืชืฃ ืคืขืืื ืขื ืืืืฆื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืงืฉืื ืขื ืืืฆืืข ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืจืฆื ืขื ืืืื ืืืจืคืืจ ืฉืืขืจื ืกืืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืฉืืืืื ืชื ืืืขืืืจ ืืช ืื-ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืื. ื-9 ืืืจืฅ 2020 ืฉืจื ืืืืื ืืชื ืงืฉืืช ืืืืจื ื'ืจืืื, ืฉืืืกืืจืชื ืืื ื ืืืขื ืืืื ืขื ืื ืจืืื. ืืืฉืืื ืืจื ืืืื. ืืคืืืช 3 ืืื ืจืื ื ืคืืขื ืืืชื ืงืฉืืช, ืื ืื ื ืืื ืื ื ืคืืขื, ืืืขื ืงืฆืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืคืฆืข "ืืืืจื ืงื". ื-25 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2021 ืคืชื ืฆืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืืขืฆืจืื ื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ื. ื ืฉืื ืกืืืื ืขืื ืื-ืคืชืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืฆื ืืืจืื, ืคืืจืืง ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืืชืงืืืื ื-2023. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2021 ืืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืกืื ืืืืจ ืืืคืืื ืืฆืืืืช. ืืื ืืชืคืืจ ื-3 ืืื ืืืจ 2022 ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืืืจืืืช. ืขืืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืืขืืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืงืืื (ืื '), ืืืืืขืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืขืฆืื ืืขืืงืจ, ืืืงืืืืช "ืืื ืืืช ืืืชืจ, ืืืืื ืช ืืกืืจืืช" ืืืคืจืืงื, ืืงืืข ืืฉื ืช 2014 ืื ืืคืจืืงื ืืกืืืืช ืืืกืชืคืง ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืฆืจืช, ืื 300 ืืืืืื ืืคืจืืงืืื ืืื ืจืขืืื. ืืืชืืืืก ืืื"ื ืืืขืจืื ืืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืคืื ื ืืืื-ืืืฉืืชื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืงืืื, ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืขืืช ืืืชืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ื-2 ืืขืืืช ืฆืืืืืก ืืขื ืืจืืืช ืืืจืื-ืชืขืฉืืืชืืืช, ืฆืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืคืขืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืฆืืืฆืืช ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืขืฉืืื ืืื ืืข ืืืคืจืืงื ืืืคืืืช ืืช ืืขืื ื ืืงืืฆืื ื (ืื '). ืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืขื ืืฆืืข ืืืืื ืฉืืคืืจืื ืืชืฉืชืืืช (ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืืจืช, ืืืกืื ืืืืืืช ืขืืืคื ืชืืฆืจืช ืืฉืืืงืื); ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืข ืืงืืืื; ื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืคืจ; ืืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืืงืืืืช ืืชืขืฉืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืกืืืช ืืืงืจ ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืืกืืฃ ืืืืืกื 2019 ืฉืจืื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืขืืืื ืฉืืฆืืขื ืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืคืฉ ืืืฉืื ืื (FFC), ืืืื ืฉืจื ืืคื ืื ืืืืืืืื, ืฉื ืืืจื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืฆืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืจืืืื ืืช. ืืืืื ืืชืขืื ืืืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืืืจ, ืืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืช ืืกืืืืช ืืืชื ืืืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืื ื ืฉืื ืืื ืืจืฉืืื. ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื "ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืื ืฉื ื ืฉืื". ืืจืืข ื ืฉืื ืืคืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืงืืื ื: ืืกืื ืืืืื ืขืืืืืื ื ืืืจื ืืฉืจืช ืืืืฅ, ืืื ื ื-ืฉืืื' ืืื'ืื (ืื ') ืืฉืจืช ืืขืืืื ืืืคืืชืื ืืืืจืชื, ืืืื ืขืกืื ืื-ืืืฉื (ืื ') ืืฉืจืช ืื ืืขืจ ืืืกืคืืจื ืืื ืชืกืืจ ื-ืืื ืกืจืืจืื (ืื ') ืืฉืจืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืงืื ืืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืคืฉ ืืืืืฉ, ืืชื ืืขื, ืืืชืืืืืช, ืืขืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื. ืืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืืืขื ืฉืืชืคืจืกืื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช, ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืงืื ืืื "ืืืฉืืจ ืฉื ื ืืฆืื, ืืฉืคืื, ืคืืืขื, ืชืืงืคื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื". ื-2020 ืืขืืืจ ืืืง ืฉืืืกืจ ืขื ืืฉืืชืช ืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืฉื. ืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืื ื ืขืืืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1993 ืืืจืื ืื ืฆ'ืกืืจ. ืืฉ ืืื 2 ืื ืื ืืืืจืื; ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืงืกืืจ, ืืืฉื ื ืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืกืืฃ 2010. ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93] | [TOKENS: 4639] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืจืืงืื ืจืืงืื ืืื ืชื ืืขื ืฉื ืืืฃ ืืืื ืชืื ืืฆืืจืช ืชืื ืืืช ืชื ืืขืชืืืช ืื ืืฉืืืช ืืฉืืขืืช ืื ืืืืข (ืืกืชืื, ืจืืฉื, ืืืจืชื), ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืคื ืงืฆืื ืืืฆืืืื ืืืืืงื, ืืืชืืฆืขืช ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืงืื ืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืื, ืืงืกืื ืืืจืชืืื, ืืกืืจืชืืื ืื ืืชืืื, ืคืืืื, ืกืคืืจื, ืจืืคืื ืืืืืื. ืืจืืงืื ืืืืข ืืฉืืจ ืืืืกืืืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืงืืื ืืื ืืชืจืืืืืช. ืืื ืืงืืฉืจ ืืขืืงืจ ืขื ืจืืฉืืช ืฉื ืฉืืื ืืืืจืืขืื ืืฉืืืื (ืืืื ืืงืกืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืชืื ื ืืืืืื), ืื ืงืืื ืื ืืืงืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืงืกืื ืืชืืื ืืชืจืืืชืืื, ืืขืื. ืืืืื ืจืืงืื ืืชืืจืช ืื ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืกืืืืช, ืืืืืจืช ืืืงืืืขืช, ืฉื ืชื ืืขืืช ืจืืงืื, ืืืฉื: ืืจืืงืื "ืฆืืืง ืืชืืจ" ืื ืจืืงืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืื ื. ืืืจืืื ืืชืืจ ืืืืฉื ืืชื ืืขืขืืช ืฉื ืืืืช ืื ืขืฆืืื ืืืืืืจื ืจืืงืื ืื ืืฉื: "ืืืืจืช ืืืืฉ ืจืืงืืช ืจืืงืื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืื"; โืึถืึธืจึดืื ืจึธืงึฐืืึผ ืึฐืึตืืึดืืโ (ืชืืืืื ืงืืดื ื'). ืืขืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืื ื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ืืชืืืืจ ืื ืกืื ืจืืงืื ืฉืืืืขื ืืืืืช ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืงืื ืื ืชืคืก ืืืืื ืืช, ืื ืืืื ืืฆืืจืืช ืจืืงืื ืฉืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืจืืืืืจืคืื ืืื ืืงืฆืืข ืื ืืฆืืจืช ืืื ืืช ืืืืกืกืช ืขื ืืจืืงืื, ืืืืืจ โ ืืืืจืืืืืจืฃ ืืืืจ ืืืืืงื ืืกืืืืช ืืืชืืื ืื ืชื ืืขืืช ืจืืงืื ืืกืืืืืช, ืืืืืืช ืืช ืขืืงืจ ืืืฆืืจื. ืืจืืงืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืข ืืืืืคื ืืืชื-ืืืืข. ืืกืืื ืื, ืื ืจืงืื ื ืืื ืืคืชื ืกืื ืื ืจืืงืื ืฉืื ื, ืืชืืื ืื ืืืฆื ืจืืื ืืืืืจื ืื ืืื ืจืืงื. ืืืกืืืจืื ืจืืงืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื, ืืืืง ืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืืคื ืื ืืืื ืืช ืชืืืฉืืชืื, ืจืืฉืืชืื, ืคืืืื ืืชืงืืืชืื. ืขื ืืืื ืืคื ืืจืืงืื ืืืืง ืืจืืื ืฉื ืื ืกืืื ืืคืืืื, ืื ืืชืจืืืืืช ืื ืืืืกืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช (ืจืื ืืืฉื, ืจืืงืื ืืคืจืืงืื), ืืื ืืชืจืืืืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืงืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืจืืื ืืื. ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื - ืฉืคื, ืืืืฉ, ืืืื ืืช, ืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืื - ืื ืชืจืืืช ืคืืชืื ืืืืจื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืกืื ืื ืืช ืจืืงืื ืืฉืื, ืืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืืืืช ืืฉืคืขืืช ืืืืืืช. ืืชืจืื ื ืฉื ืืจืืงืื ืืืืคื ืืืืื ืจืขืืื ื, ืจืืฉื, ืืื ืืชื ืืคืืืื ื, ืืื ืฉืืืกืืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืื ื ืืื ื ืืืืจืฉืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืขืืืืช ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืืช ืื ืืืง, ืืืื ืืื ืืืจืฉ ืฆืืื ืืืืื. ืืืืจืืคื ืืื ืื ืคืืฅ ืืจืืงืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืชื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืจื ืกืื ืก, ืขื ืชืจืืืช ืื ืฉืคืื ืฉืืชืคืชืื ืืงืจื ืืืฆืืื ืืืงืจื ืืืขืื ืืืื ืื ื. ืืื ืืืื ื-19, ืืืืง ืืืคืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืื ืคืขืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืื ืืกืื ืื ืืช, ืงืืื ืืจืืงืื ืืขืื ืืฉืงืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืช, ืืขืืงืจ ืขื ืคืืชืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื. ืจืืงืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืชืืืืชื ืฉื ืจืืงืื ืื ืืืื ืืชื, ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืจื ืืฉื ืืช ืฉืื: ืกืืื ืจืืงืื ืจืืงืื ืขืืื ืืื ืจืืงืื ืื ืืฆืจ ืืืชืคืชื ืืืืคื ืืืขื ืืชืื ืงืืืื ืืกืืืืช, ืืืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืง ืืืชื ื ืคืจื ืื ืืชืจืืืช ืืืงืืืืช ืฉืื. ืืกืื ืื, ืงืื ืืจืืงืื ืจืืงื ืืขืฆืื โ ืืขืืชืื ืืืชืื ืืืืืืงื ืืื ืืื ืช ืขื ืืื ื ืื ืื ืืืื โ ืืืจืืงืืืื ืืืืืื ืืกืืจืืช, ืื ืืืื ืืกืืืื ืชืจืืืชืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืคืฉืื. ืืืืืืืช ืืจืืงืืืื ืขืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืขืืื: ืื ืืืื ืืจืืงืืืื ืขืืืืื ืืืจืื, ืฉืืื ื ืืชื ืช ืืจืงืื ืื ืืืจืืช ืจืื ืืืืชืืจ ืืืืืืจืช ืืฆืขืืื, ืืจืืงืื ืืขืืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืฆืขืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืชืืขืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืืคืฉ ืฉื ืืจืงืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืื. ืจืืงืืื ืืขื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืจืืืืืช ืฉื ืงืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืฉืืืคื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืืช ืชืจืืืชืืช ืืฉืืชืคืช. ืจืืงืืื ื ืฉืฃ, ืืืืื ืื ืื "ืจืืงืืืื ืกืืื ืืื". ืื ืจืืงืืื ืืืืืช. ืื ืจืืงืื ื ืฉืฃ ืืชืืื ืืืืืืงื ืืฉืื. ืืืฉื, ืืืืก ืืชืืื ืืืงืฆื ืฉื ืฉืืืฉื ืจืืขืื, ืื ืื โ ืืืงืฆื ืฉื ืืจืืขื ืจืืขืื ืฉืื ืืคืขืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืฉืช. ืืืืคืฉ ืฉื ืืจืงืื ืืืืชืจ ืืจืืงืืื ืื ืฉืฃ ืืื ืืื ืื ื: ืืฉ ืืื ื ืงืืืข ืืฆืขืืื, ืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืจืฆืื ื. ืืืจืฅ ื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืงืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืจืืงืืื ื ืฉืฃ. ืจืืงืืื ืื ืฉืฃ ืืืืืื ืืืง ืืืกืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืช: ืืื ืืจืืงืืืื ืืกืืื ืืื (ืคืจื ืืืืื ืืื) ืืืงืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืฅ ื ืื ืื: ืงืคืืืจื (Capoeira) ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชื ืืขืืชืื ืืจืืงืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืงืืจื ืืขืืืื ืืจืืืืืื. ืืงืคืืืจื ืคืืคืืืจืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืกืืฃ ืืืื ื-20 ืฆืืจื ืคืืคืืืจืืืช ืื ืืฉืืจ ืืขืืื, ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืฉืฉืื ืืืจืืื. ืืฉ ืฉืจืืืื ืืงืคืืืจื ืจืืงืื, ืฉืื ืงืืืฆืืช ืืกืืืืืช ืฉืืืช ืืืฉ ืจื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืจืืงืืืืื ืืืงืจืืืืืื. ืฉืืจืฉื ืืงืคืืืจื ืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืืื ืืชืืืืกืื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืงืจื ืืืืืืื ืืชืงืคื ืืืื ื, ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืงืืื ืืงืคืืืจื ืืื "ืืฉืืง". ืืกืื ืื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืฆืื ืืืคืข ืจืืงืื ืืคื ื ืงืื ืคืืกืืื. ืืืื ืืืงืจื ืื ืืื ืจืงืื ืืงืฆืืขื, ืืืืืฉืจ ืืจืืงืื ืืืชืืื ืืงืจืืช ืืืืคืข. ืืืกืืจืช ืืจืืงืื ืืืงืฆืืขื ืงืืืืืช ืืขืืชืื ืจืืืช ืืืงืืช ืืืื. ืืืืืืืช ืืจืืงืื ืืงืฆืืขื: ืจืืงืืืื ืฉืืชืคืชืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืขืืื ืื, ืืฉืืืคืฆื ืืฉืืืช ืฉืืืขืืช ืืขื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืืื [ืืื ืืืืืื] ืืืืืืืช ืืจืืงืืื ืจืืื: ืจืืงืื ืืจืืื ืฉืืืคืืื ืืช ืจืืืืืช ื ืื ืืืจืง ืืืืืื ืขื ืืชืจืืืช ืืฉืืืจื โ ืืจืืืง ืืื ืก. ืจืืงืื ืฉืืชืคืชื ืืืืขืืื ื ืคืจืื ืืืจืื' ืืืืืื ืขื ืืืืืงืช ืืืืก ืืืืืืงื ืืืงืืจืื ืืช โ ืืืงืืจื ืืื ืก. Crip Walk โ ืืจืืงืื ืืืคืืข ืืจืืฉืื ื ื-1970 ืืงืืืคืืื ืฉืืืืก ืื ื'ืืก ืขื ืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืคืืืช ืืงืจืืค. ืืืจื ืืื ืืคืื ืืื ืจืืงืืื ืืช ื-Crip walk ืืฉืืื ืืงืืืื ืืืจ ืืืฉ ืื ืืขืช ืืืืจื. ืืจืืงืื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืงืื ืืืืืืช ืชืคืก ืืงืื ืฉื ืืืื. ืืชื "ื ืืื ืืชืืืจ ืืกืคืจ ืคืขืืื. ืืคืขื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืจ ืงืจืืขืช ืื ืกืืฃ ืืืฉืจ ืื ืฉืื ืคืืฆืืืช ืืฉืืจืื ืืืืืืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืจ ืฉื ืจืืงืื, ืืืืงื ืืืงืฉืจ ืฉืืืื, ืืืคืืข ืืกืืคืืจ ืืื ืืขืื, ืฉื ืืฉื ืืืขื ืขื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืงืืื ืกืืื ืืขืื. ืืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื ืืกืืคืจ ืขื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืจืืจ ืืื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืืืจืื ืืืขืืืชื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืกืคืจ ืฉืืคืืื ืืกืืคืจ ืขื ืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืฆืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื. ืื ืื ืื ืฉื ืจืืงืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืชืืืจ ืืฃ ืืืฉื ื ืืืงืฉืจ ืฉื ื"ื ืืื. ืชื ืืขืช ืืืกืืืืช ืขืืฉื ืฉืืืืฉ ืจื ืืจืืงืื. ืขื ืคื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืกืืืืช "ืืขืืชื ืฉื ืืจืืงืื โ ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืคื ืืื ืืขื ืคื ื ืืงืจืงืข". ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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