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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News_24/7] | [TOKENS: 3307] |
Contents CBS News 24/7 CBS News 24/7 (formerly known as CBSN and the CBS News Streaming Network) is an American streaming video news channel operated by the CBS News and Paramount Streaming divisions of Paramount Skydance Corporation. Launched on November 6, 2014, it features blocks of live, rolling news coverage, original programs, as well as encore airings of CBS News television programs. It is available on all streaming devices, via the CBS News website and mobile app, apps on digital media players, co-owned Paramount+ and Pluto TV, and other free ad-supported streaming television (FAST) services. The success of CBSN prompted CBS to launch similar services for sports and entertainment newsโCBS Sports HQ and ET Liveโin 2018, in conjunction with CBS Sports and Entertainment Tonight respectively. In December of that year, CBS also began extending the concept to its local television stations, launching streaming local news services in the markets of the network's owned-and-operated stations. History Rumors that CBS News was preparing a 24-hour online news service were first reported by BuzzFeed in October 2013, and later confirmed by a CBS spokesperson who stated that the company was seeking "partners" for the service. Initial reports suggested that the service would consist of a linear, multi-platform streaming channel, featuring video content from other CBS News productions, along with other online-exclusive content; The New York Times likened the rumored format to an all-news radio station, combining pre-recorded video content with regular, live news updates. On May 15, 2014, CBS Corporation CEO Leslie Moonves confirmed in an interview with Bloomberg Television that the company was working on the service. Describing it as an "exciting alternative to cable news", he went on to say that "there is so much information that we get every day that doesnโt fit into a 22-minute newscast at 6:30 or CBS This Morning". In October 2014, Capital New York reported that CBS had recently filed for trademarks on the name CBSN as a potential name for the service. It also reported that the content would take place in an informal newsroom setting, and that its interface would consist of a video player with a playlist on a sidebar, and feature social network integration. On November 5, 2014, during a Re/code conference in Dublin, CBS Interactive President Jim Lanzone announced that the service would officially launch on November 6, 2014. CBS News President David Rhodes explained that CBSN was not designed to compete directly with traditional pay-television news outlets, but to "create something that is native for connected devices", such as smartphones, tablets, and digital media players. There was also an emphasis placed on targeting younger viewers, particularly those who are in places with little or no access to television, or those who do not subscribe to pay television at all. As opposed to CNNGo, a similarly formatted TV Everywhere service introduced by CNN prior to the launch of CBSN, CBSN would be available at no charge without requiring users to authenticate with a subscription to a pay television provider. Rhodes argued that requiring authentication would hamper the service's viewership. CBSN uses commercial breaks similar to a conventional television channel; Amazon.com and Microsoft were among the service's initial advertisers. In September 2021, CBS announced that CBSN would be rebranded under the CBS News name later in the year; the usage of a single brand for both broadcast and digital news content followed a reorganization that placed all of CBS's news efforts, including at the CBS-owned stations, under the purview of the CBS News division as CBS News and Stations. The new branding premiered on January 24, 2022. At this time, the service moved to a new set at Studio 57 of the CBS Broadcast Center, which had been vacated by the replacement of CBS This Morning with the Times Square-based CBS Mornings. It was also accompanied by a slate of new original programming, some of which acting as spin-offs or revivals of segments from other CBS News programs. They include the documentary franchise CBS Reports, The Dish (based on the segment from CBS Saturday Morning), Eye on America, Here Comes the Sun (which features segments and unaired material from CBS News Sunday Morning), On The Road with Steve Hartman, and the interview series Person-to-Person with Norah O'Donnell. While the service was primarily branded under the CBS News name, the service was officially referred to by CBS as the "CBS News Streaming Network". In April 2024, CBS News announced a rebranding of the service as CBS News 24/7 on April 22, which accompanied an expansion of the service's live daily programming. The success of CBSN led CBS to launch CBS Sports HQ, a similar service devoted to sports news, on February 26, 2018. It provides sports news headlines, game previews, highlights and post-game analysis, and in-depth team, player and game statisticsโutilizes resources from CBS Sports and its various digital properties. ET Live, an entertainment and pop culture news service based on the CBS-produced syndicated program Entertainment Tonight, was launched on October 31, 2018. Developed in collaboration between CBS Interactive and ET distributor CBS Television Distribution, the service covers entertainment news headlines and breaking news, celebrity interviews, feature segments, behind-the-scenes and red carpet coverage, and trends in celebrity fashion, beauty and lifestyle. ET Live utilizes complementary standalone presenters complementary to those featured on Entertainment Tonightโsome of whom serve as on-air contributors for the syndicated broadcastโwith the parent series' main hosts and correspondents appearing in segments promoting stories scheduled to be shown on the on-air broadcast. In July 2022, ET Live was rebranded as Mixible, maintaining a similar scope, but with contributions by other Paramount properties. CBS News Local Following the successful launches of CBSN and other streaming services, CBS created local, direct-to-consumer extensions of CBSN run by CBS Local Digital, in order to bring streaming anchored local and national news coverage across all CBS Television Stations on a 24/7 basis. The services stream existing CBSN national coverageโwhich is also used as an overnight and weekend backup feed for the CBSN Local outletsโin conjunction with live streams of local broadcasts and continuing coverage performed by the owned-and-operated stations. All services are supported by ad revenue. All CBSN Local services are available via Paramount+, CBS News, Pluto and local station websites and apps. The services are available nationally, and are not limited to their respective regions. Pluto TVโwhich already carried the main CBSN serviceโbegan carrying CBSN New York and CBSN Los Angeles as well as ET Live and CBS Sports HQ on its lineup on November 12, 2019. The carriage came as the free ad-supported streaming television (FAST) service was in the process of becoming a sister property to CBS as part of CBS Corporation's merger with Viacom (which, earlier that year, had acquired Pluto TV from namesake parent Pluto Inc.), which was completed on December 4, 2019. On March 29, 2021, CBS-owned independent station KTXA in the DallasโFort Worth market began simulcasting CBSN Dallas-Ft. Worth on its second subchannel (21.2), becoming the first over-the-air simulcast of CBSN programming. As of September 2025[update], CBS Local operates streaming services in 15 markets: By early 2020, CBS had planned to launch CBSN Local services across the remaining markets featuring a news-producing owned-and-operated station that did not yet operate the streaming service. CBS has not announced any plans to make CBS News Local available in two other markets with a CBS Television Stations property: TacomaโSeattle (KSTW) and TampaโSt. Petersburg (WTOG), all standalone stations in markets where the CBS affiliates are owned by other companies (those stations being, respectively, Cox Media's KIRO, and Tegna-owned WTSP). In December 2019, it was first reported that CBS was looking to hire journalists for some of the aforementioned stations. The following month, CBS announced it was launching 10 p.m. weeknight newscasts at WKBD, WUPA, and WTOG hubbed out of KTVT, WCBS, and WFOR, respectively, and confirmed the newly hired multimedia journalists would help produce stories. The decision was due in part to the rising demand for newscasts from viewers and advertisers alike, and to the successful rollout of CBSN Local thus far. During the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, WUPA's 10 p.m. newscast began airing a simulcast of WSBK's 10 p.m. newscast, after CBS suspended all operations at the CBS Broadcast Center in New York City. Five months later, the WSBK simulcast ended and KTVT began producing newscasts for WUPA. In July 2022, the WKBD, WUPA, and WTOG newscasts were replaced by new programs under the Now title, which featured a mixture of local segments, and national segments produced from KTVT; similar programs were concurrently launched on KSTW, WLNY-TV in New York, WSBK-TV in Boston, WPSG in Philadelphia, KTXA in DallasโFort Worth, KBCW in San Francisco, and WBFS-TV in Miami. In June 2025, concurrent with CBS's announcement that WUPA would become an CBS owned-and-operated station in August of that year, CBS announced plans to launch a dedicated streaming channel for the Atlanta market named CBS News Atlanta. The CBSN Local services were rebranded under the CBS News name concurrently with the 2022 rebranding of the national service; their names were not changed when the national service was renamed CBS News 24/7. CBS News and Stations co-president Wendy McMahon stated, in an interview with Variety coinciding with the rebranding, that CBS planned to produce 45,000 hours of local programming for the local streams by the end of 2022, including high school sports coverage. The services' names were incorporated into the titles of the Now newscasts in markets where CBS maintains a full news operation. Programming history According to Moonves, CBSN is designed primarily to leverage the resources of CBS News and other CBS-owned entities to "create exciting, highly competitive new services that meet evolving audience preferences for content consumption"; viewers can watch CBSN live as a linear service, or watch previous segments on-demand. CBSN's programming was impacted by the temporary shutdown of the CBS Broadcast Center in early 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic. For two weeks in March 2020, CBSN did not produce its regular programming, with CBSN Boston being simulcast on the national service for much of the day. During this time, CBS's stations in Boston, San Francisco, and Los Angeles produced national CBSN newscasts from their local facilities, and certain CBS News programs, such as CBS This Morning, were simulcast with the CBS network rather than delayed. The shutdown of the CBS Broadcast Center also limited CBSN New York's programming and forced WUPA's 10 p.m. newscast hubbed out of WCBS to become a simulcast of WSBK's 10 p.m. newscast as a substitute. As part of the rebranding to the CBS News Streaming Network, CBS announced an expanded lineup of programming that includes revivals of Person to Person (hosted by then-CBS Evening News anchor Norah O'Donnell) and CBS Reports; Here Comes The Sun (which featured highlighted Sunday Morning segments); The Uplift, focused on inspirational stories; and programs based on the Eye on America and On the Road segments of the CBS Evening News. Existing programming such as Red & Blue expanded their use of CBS News correspondents, and material from 60 Minutes and 48 Hours were featured in the service's prime time programming. On September 6, 2022, CBS News Prime Time with John Dickerson began airing as part of the service's evening lineup on Mondays through Thursdays; on Fridays, the program's timeslot was occupied by CBS News Weekender. Red & Blue was replaced with a new political program, America Decides, on May 1, 2023. In April 2024, alongside the announced rebranding as CBS News 24/7, CBS also announced plans for new and expanded programming. America Decides was extended to 60 minutes, and Prime Time with John Dickerson was retitled The Daily Report with John Dickerson. Additionally, new shows were announced, including CBS News 24/7, promoted as the "backbone" of the service, starting with two hours anchored by Vladimir Duthiers in New York at 10 a.m. ET and Reed Cowan in San Francisco at 1 p.m. ET, CBS News Confirmed (which has not materialized as a full show; rather, it is included as a segment in other programs), and the new late-night bulletin CBS News Roundup, which also replaced the Overnight News as the CBS network's overnight news program. On September 4, 2024, CBS announced a third hour of CBS Mornings for the service beginning September 30, CBS Mornings Plus. The hour also aired on select CBS stations. On October 18, 2024, Lindsey Reiser succeeded John Dickerson as anchor of The Daily Report, who left to join the CBS Evening News. On January 27, 2025, Mugo Odigwe joined CBS News 24/7 as an anchor. She was previously a reporter at CBS News Chicago, and moved to San Francisco as more anchors were needed to support the expanding show. On February 10, 2025, a new half-hour extension of the CBS Evening News titled CBS Evening News Plus was introduced, anchored by Dickerson. It was broadcast in a similar fashion to Mornings Plus, being available on some CBS stations. In March 2025, another hour of CBS News 24/7 was introduced, anchored by Juliette Goodrich in San Francisco and airing at 4 p.m. ET. In May 2025, CBS announced The Takeout, a new political talk show hosted by Major Garrett that premiered on May 27; it is adapted from his former weekly podcast of the same name and replaced America Decides in the same timeslot. Also introduced was CBS News 24/7 Primetime, a 90-minute evening newscast similarly formatted to the rest of the 24/7 format, anchored by Elizabeth Cook. With the launch of 24/7 Primetime, CBS News Bay Area overtook New York in total programming hours. On October 31, 2025, CBS Mornings Plus and CBS Evening News Plus were both discontinued, airing their final episodes that day. The following Monday, November 3, the CBS Morning News began airing a rerun in place of CBS Mornings Plus. CBS News 24/7 Primetime was expanded to 2 hours to take over Evening News Plus's time slot, and Elizabeth Cook swapped shows with Juliette Goodrich on 24/7 to better align with their other anchoring duties. On December 2, 2025, the CBS Morning News rerun at 9 a.m. was absorbed by CBS News 24/7 at 10 a.m., which was expanded to two hours, renamed CBS News 24/7 Mornings, and moved to Studio 47. On Friday, January 9, 2026, it was announced that Adriana Diaz and Kelly O'Grady would alternate co-anchoring the show along with existing anchor Vladimir Duthiers. O'Grady debuted on January 13, and Diaz on January 14. Current programming CBS News 24/7 broadcasts a total of 11 hours of live, streaming-only programming every weekday across three studios: On-air staff CBS assigns both dedicated anchors and existing CBS News correspondents as anchors for CBS News 24/7 programs. Notes References External links |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A5:Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg] | [TOKENS: 455] |
ืงืืืฅ:Mohenjo-daro Priesterkรถnig.jpeg To the uploader: Please provide a link to the original file and the authorship information. ืืืกืืืจืืืช ืืงืืืฅ ื ืืชื ืืืืืฅ ืขื ืชืืจืื/ืฉืขื ืืื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืืงืืืฅ ืืคื ืฉื ืจืื ืืืืชื ืืื. ืฉืืืืฉ ืืงืืืฅ ืืืคืื ืืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืงืืืฅ ืื: ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืงืืืฅ ืืชืจื ืืืืืงื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืงืืืฅ ืื: ืฆืคื ืืฉืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืฅ ืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืื ื ืืกืคืื. ืืืึพื ืชืื ืื ืงืืืฅ ืื ืืืื ืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ, ืฉืื ืจืื ืืืืข ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืืืืช ืื ืืกืืจืง ืฉืืื ืืงืืืฅ ื ืืฆืจ ืื ืขืืจ ืืืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืงืืืฅ ืฉืื ื ืืืฆืื ืืจืืฉืื ื, ืืื ืืื ืชืื ืื ืืืื ืขืืืืื ืฉืื ืืฉืงืฃ ืืืืคื ืืื ืืช ืืงืืืฅ ืื ืืืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืคืืืืจ] | [TOKENS: 4008] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืคืืืืจ ืคืืืืจ (ืืื ืืืืช: Pfizer) ืืื ืืืจื ืืืจืืงืืืช ืืืืฆืืจ ืืืฉืืืืง ืชืจืืคืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืขืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืชืจืืคืืช. ืืื ืืืืจื ื ืืฆื ืืื ืืื ืืกืคืืจืื (ืื '), ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืจืง ืืืื ืืืืงืจ ืฉืื ืืืจืืืื (ืื '), ืงืื ืืืงื ืฉืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืคืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืจื ืืช ืืชืจืืคื ืืืคืืืืจ (ืื ') (ืืืฉืืฉืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืืืกืืจืื ืืื), ืื ืืืจืช ืืืืชืจ ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืช 2007. ืืื ืื ืืื ืืฆืจื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืจื ืืงืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืืงืื ื-48 ืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืื, ืขื ืคื ืืืจืืื ืคืืจืืก, ืขื ืฉืืื ืฉืืง ืฉื 179.97 ืืืืืืจื ืืืืจ ืืืชื ืขืงืคื ืืฉื ืช 2022 ืขืช ืืืืขื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืฉื 300 ืืืืืืจื ืืืืจ. ืคืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืฆืจื ืืช ืืืกืื ื ืื COVID-19 ืืืฉืืืงืช ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืขืืื. ืืื ื"ื ืืื"ืจ "ืคืืืืจ" ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืจ ืืืื ืื ืืขืกืงื ืืืืืื-ืืืื ื-ืืืจืืงืื, ืืืืจื ืืืจืื. ืืืกืืืจืื ืคืืืืจ ื ืงืจืืช ืขื ืฉื ืฉื ื ืื ื ืืืืื ืืืจืืงืืื ืืืืฆื ืืจืื ื, ืฆ'ืืจืืก ืคืืืืจ (ืื ') ืืฆ'ืืจืืก ืืจืืืจื (ืื '). ืื ืืงืืื ืืช ืขืกืง ืืืืืืงืืื ืฆ'ืืจืืก ืคืืืืจ ืืฉืืช' ืืฉืืื ืช ืืืืืืืกืืืจื, ืืจืืงืืื ืฉืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื-1849, ืฉื ืื ืคืืชืื ืชืจืืคื ืื ืื ืืคืืืืช ืืฉื ืกื ืืื ืื (ืื '). ืชืจืืคื ืื ื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืืืืืช. ืืืืฆืืจ ืฉื ืืืืฆื ืฆืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืคืจืืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืคืืืืจ ื-1880. ืขื 1910 ืืืืจืืชืื ืฉื ืคืืืืจ ืืืืขื ื-3 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืคืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืชืกืืกื (ืคืจืื ืืฆืื), ืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืชืจื ืื ืืืืฆืืจ ืืืื ื ืฉื ืคื ืืฆืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืืขืงืืืช ืคื ืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืื ืืืืืืืืงื ืืืืชื ื ืืืฆื ืืืืืคืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืืื ืืคืฆืืขืื ืืชืื ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืขื ืืฉื "ืชืจืืคืช ืืคืื". ืืืขืฉื ืจืื ืืคื ืืฆืืืื ืฉืกืืคืง ืืืืืื ืฆืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืคืืืฉื ืื ืืจืื ืื ืกืืคืง ืขื ืืื ืคืืืืจ. ืขื ืฉื ืช 1950 ืคืืืืจ ืืชืืกืกื ืืืงืืืืช ืจืืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืจืืื, ืงื ืื, ืงืืื, ืืืจืื, ืืงืกืืงื, ืคื ืื, ืคืืืจืื ืจืืงื, ืืืจืงืื ืืืจืืื ืื. ืืฉื ืช 2009 ืืืจืฉืขื ืืืจืช ืคืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืื ืงื ืกื ืขื ืฉืืืืงื ืฉื ืชืจืืคื ืืฉื ืืงืกืืจื ืืืชืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืืฉืจื ืขื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจืืคืืช ืืืืจืืงืื (FDA) ืืกื ืฉื ืืืชืจ ื-2 ืืืืืืจื ืืืืจ. ืื ืืืืืจ 2015 ืืืืืขื ืืืืจื ืขื ืจืืืฉืชื ืฉื ืืืจืช ืืชืจืืคืืช "ืืืจืื" (ืื '), ืืฆืจื ืืช ืืืืืืงืก, ืื-160 ืืืืืืจื ืืืืจ. ืืืคืจืื 2016 ืืืืื ืืขืกืงื, ืชืื ืชืฉืืื ืคืืฆืืืื ืืกื 150 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืคืืืืจ ืืืืจืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2016 ืงื ืกื ืจืฉืืช ืืชืืจืืชืืืช ืืืฉืืืงืื (CMA) ืืืจืืื ืื ืืช ืคืืืืจ ื-84.2 ืืืืืื ืืืฉ"ื (106 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ) ืืืืจ ืฉืืขืืชื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืชืจืืคื ืคื ืืืืื ืืืืคืื ืืืคืืืคืกืื ื-2,600% ืืื ืกืคืืืืจ 2012, ืชืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืจืช ืคืืื ืคืืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2020 ืืฆืืจืคื ืคืืืืจ ืืืืจืืฅ ืืืฆืืืช ืืืกืื ื ืื ืงืืจืื ื, ืืืื ืืคืชืืช ืืจืืขื ืืืกืื ืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืขื ืืืจืช ืืืื ืืง ืืืจืื ืืช ืฉืืืฉืจื ืื ืืกืืืื ืืืกืืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืืื ื-FDA, ืืกืืฃ ืืคืจืื 2020 ืืืืขื ืืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืื ืืกืื ืืืืกืื BNT162b2 ืืืืืกืก RNA ืืืืื 2020 ืืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืืืืชืจ ืืืฆืืื, ืื ืืืจ ืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืืืชื ืืืื ืชืืคืขืืช ืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืืช, ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืฉื ืขืจื ืขื 30,000 ืืชื ืืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืกืื ืืืคืืฆืื ืื ื"ื ืืืืจื ืืืืจื ืืืจืื ืฆืคื ืื ืืกืืฃ ืืืงืืืืจ 2020 ืชืืืฉืจ ืืคืฆืช ืืืืกืื ื-9 ืื ืืืืืจ 2020 ืืืืืขื ืืืืจื ืื ืื ืืกืืืื ืืืืกืื ื ืื ืื ืืืฃ ืืฉ 90% ืืฆืืื, ืื ืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืงืื ืืืกืืช ืฉืขืฉืื ืืืฉืชื ืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืขื ืืชืงืืืืช ืื ืืกืื. ืืืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืขืืื, ืืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืจืืื ืื, ืงื ืื, ืืคื ืืืืจืืช ืืชืื ืขื ืืกืื ืืงืืื ืขื ืคืืืืจ ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืงืืืช ืืืกืื ืื. ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืคื, ืืืฉื, ืฆืคืื ืืงืื 200 ืืืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืกืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืชื ืื ืืืคืฆืื ืืจืืืฉืช ืขืื 100 ืืืืืื. ืืฉืจืื ืจืืฉื ืืืกืื ืื, ืืืฉืชืืฉื ืืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจืืคืืช ืืืืจืืงืื (FDA) ืืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืฉืจืืื. ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจืืคืืช ืืืืจืืงืื, ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืคืืช ืืชืจืืคืืช, ืืจืืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืงื ืื ืืืฉืจื ืืช ืืืืกืื. ืืืืกืื ืื ืืืืขื ืื ืืืืื. ื-9 ืืืคืจืื 2021 ืคืืืืจ ืคื ืชื ื-FDA ืืืงืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืช ืืืกืื ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืืืื ืื ื 12โ15. ืืืืื 2021, ืืืฉืืจ ืืืจืื ื ืืชื ืืื ื 12-15 ืืืื ื 5-11. ืืื ืื ืืืกืื ืืื ืช ืฉืืืฉืืช, ืื ืช ืืืฃ ืฉืงืืืื ืืืชืจ ืจืืืืืจื. ืืืงืืื, ืืืืจื ืคืืชืื ืชืจืืคื ืืืืืช ืืงืืจืื ื ืฉืงืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืจืื ืื-FDA ื-22 ืืืฆืืืจ 2021. ืื ืืืืืจ 2025 ืงืืืื ืืืจืช ืืืกืจื (Metsera) ืืช ืืฆืขืชื ืฉื ืคืืืืจ ืืจืืืฉืชื ืชืืืจืช 10 ืืืืืืจื ืืืืจ, ืืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืจื ืืฉืืง ืชืจืืคืืช ืืคืืชืช ืืฉืงื. ืคืขืืืืช ืคืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืืขืฉืืจ ืืฉื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืึพ21 ืชืจืื ืคืืืืจ ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืืืื ื ืฉืงืืื ืืืืคื ืืจืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืฉื ืืขืื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืืื ืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืฉืชืืืืืืช, ืื ืืื ืกืื ืฉืืชืงืืืื ืืื"ื. ืขื ืคื ืื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืชื ืืชืืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืฉื ืื 2018โ2019. ืืืืจ ืืคืืชืื ืฉื ืืืกืื ืืงืืจืื ื, ืืฉืจืื ืืคืืืืจ ืืชืื ืขื ืืกืื ืืืกืคืงืช ืืืกืื ืื. ืืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืคืจืกืื ืืงืืจืืช ืื ืจืฉืืืื ืืืชืืืืกืื ืืื, ืืขื ืคื ืืืขืจืืืช ืงืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืคืืช. ืกืืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืชืขืืืจ ืืคืืืืจ ืืืืข ืจืคืืื ืื ืืืข ื-2 ืืืืืื ืืืืกืื ืื ืฉืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืืฆืข ืื ืืืจ, ืืฆื ืืืืข ืืืื ืจืฉืื ืขื ืืืืช ืื ืืืงืื ืืงืืจืื ื. ื-9 ืืืฆืืืจ 2020 ื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืกืื ืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืจืช ืคืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื. ืชืจืืคืืช ืขืืงืจืืืช ืืืืืฆืจืืช ืขื ืืื ืคืืืืจ ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืืื_ืืงืจืืืืื] | [TOKENS: 10331] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืงืจืืืืื ืืงืจืืืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืงืจืืืืื (ืืกืคืจืืืช: Caribe ืื Caribe zona; ืืื ืืืืช: Caribbean) ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืงืจืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืกืืืื (ืจืืื ืชืืืืื ืืืชื) ืืืืคื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืงืืคืื ืืืชื. ืืืืืจ ื ืืฆื ืืจืื-ืืืจืืืช ืืืคืจืฅ ืืงืกืืงื ืืฆืคืื ืืืจืืงื, ืืืจืืืช ืืืืจืืงื ืืืจืืืืช ืืฆืคืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืจืืงื. ืืืืืจ ืืืืงื ืืขืืงืจ ืขื ืืืื ืืงืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ื-700 ืืืื, ืืืื ืื, ืงืืืก, ืืืืืื, ืฉืื ืืืช ืืฉืจืืื ืื. ืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืงืฉืชืืช ืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืช ืชืืืืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืฆืคืื ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืงืจืืื. ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืืืงืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืงืจืืื ืืฆืคืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืื ืืืฆืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืงืจืืื (ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืจื), ืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืจืงืก ืืงืืืงืืก, ืืืฆืืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืืงืืื ืืก ืืืืื ืื, ืฆืคืื ืืช ืืงืืื ืืื ืืื ืืงืจืืื. ืืื ืื, ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืคืื ืฉื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืืฉืชืืืช ืฉืืืื. ืืืืื ืืงืจืืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืจืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืขืจืืืื (ืืกืคืจืืืช: Islas Caribe ืื Antillas; ืืื ืืืืช: Caribbean Islands ืื West Indies) ืื ืงืืืฆืช ืืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืงืจืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืงืืื ืืจืืืืช ืืืืจืืืช ืืืงืกืืงื ืืฆืคืื ืืช ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืฆืืืื. ืงืืืืื ืืืขืื ื-7,000 ืืืื ืืืืื ืื. ืืืืื ืืงืจืืืืื ื ืืืงืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืงืืืฆืืช ืขืืงืจืืืช: ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืงืืืฆืช ืืืื ืงืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืช ืืืจืื ืืืจื ืืคืืืจืืื. ืืจืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช-ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืฉืืื ืช ืงืืืฆืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืืืืช ืืจืืขื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืืช: ืงืืื, ืืืกืคื ืืืื, ื'ืืืืงื ืืคืืืจืื ืจืืงื, ืืื ืืช ืืื ืงืืืื, ืงืืืฆืช ืืืื ืงืื ืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืงืืื. ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืื ืื ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืืื ืงืื ืื ืืฆืืจืช ืงืฉืช, ืืืฉืชืจืขืช ืืคืืืจืื ืจืืงื ืืขื ืืืคื ืื ืฆืืืื. ื ืืกืฃ ืืงืืืฆืืช ืขืืงืจืืืช ืืื, ืืฉื ื ืืื ืืงืจืืื ืืืื ืงืื ืื ืจืืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืกืืืืื ืืืืคื ืืืจืืงื ืืืจืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืื-ืคืืืืื, "ืืืืื ืืงืจืืืืื" ื ืืฉืืื ืืืจื ืืื, ืืชืช-ืืืืจ ืฉื ืฆืคืื ืืืจืืงื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืชืื 27 ืืจืืืืจืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืจืืืื ืืืช, ืืืื ืืจืฅ ืฉืืขืืจ ืืื, ืืืืืืช ืฉืืขืืจ ืืื, ืฉืืื ืืกืืช ืืืืื ื ืชืืืื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืืงืืช. ืืงืืจ ืืฉื, ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืฉื "ืงืจืืืืื" ืืงืืจื ืืฉืื ืฉื ืงืืืฆื ืืชื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืงืืืืช ืื ืงืจืืช ืงืืจืืึผ (Carib), ืืืื ื"ืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืื" ืืืืืงืื ืืกืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืืจืืงื. ืืืืื ืืงืจืืืืื ื ืงืจืืื ืื "ืืื ืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช", ืืื "ืืื ืืืื ืืืขืจืืืื" ืื "ืืืืืื ืืขืจืืืื" (ืื ืืืืช: West Indies). ืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืืจืืกืืืคืจ ืงืืืืืืืก, ืืฉืจ ืืืืข ืืืืืจ ืื ืืช ืฉื ืืฉื ืช 1492, ืืขื ืืืฉืื ืฉืืืืข ืืืืื ืืขื ืื ืงืจื ืืืืื ืืฉื ืื. ืืฃ ืฉืืขืืชื ืฉื ืงืืืืืืืก ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืจื, ืืืื ื "ืืืืืื ืืขืจืืืื" ืืชืืกืก ืืขืงืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืืกืืืก ืฉืืืืง ืืจืืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืืคืจืื ืืกืคืจืืืช ืืืช ื"ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืืื" (ืืืืงืืื ืืก ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืจื ืืกืื) ืืืืืคืจืื ืืคืืจืืืืืืช. ืืืืืื ืืชืคืฉื ืืื ืฉืคืืช ืืืจืืคื ืืขืงืืืช ืืงืืช ืืืจืืช ืงืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืจืช ืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืืช (ืืืื ืืืช: Geoctroyeerde Westindische Compagnie), ืืขื ืชืืืืช ืืืื ื-20 ืืฉืชืืฉื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืคื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืจืืืืจืืืช ืืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืืื, ืื ืจืง ืืืืื ืืงืจืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืช ืืืจืืงื ืืืืื ืืกืืืื. ืืืฉื, ืืขืจื ืฉื ืงืืืคืืจื ืื ืืืืืืจืช ืื ืฆืืงืืืคืืื ืืจืืื ืืงื ืืฉื ืื 1768โ1771 ืืืืืจ ืืืชื ื"ืืจืฅ ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืขืจืืืื. ืื ืืืืข ืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืฆื ืื". ืืืืฉืืื "ืงืจืืื" ืื "ืงืจืืืืื" ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืืฉืื ืจืืื. ืืขืืงืจืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืืจืคืืื ืืคืืืืืืื, ืืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืืืจืืืช ืขื ืืงืฉืจืื ืชืจืืืชืืื ืืืืกืืืจืืื ืืืงืื ืืขืืืืช, ืงืืืื ืืืืืืฆืื ืืืจืืคืืืช, ืืฉืืืช ืื ืืืขื, ืืคืื ื ืฉืืื ืืืจืืคืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื"ื ื ืืขื" ืฉื, ืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืชืจืืืช ืืืืจืืคืืืช ืื ืืช ืื ืฆืจืืช, ืืฆื ืขืืื ืืืจืื "ืืืชื ืืชืืจืืชืื" ืืคื ืืชืคืืฉื ืืืืจืืคืืืช, ืืข"ื ืื, ืืฆืจื ืืกืืก ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืงืืืื ืืืืืกืืืช. ืืืกืืืจืื ืขื ืืืงืืืืจ 1492 - ืืืืืจ ืืงืจืืื ืืืฉื ืืขืืงืจ ืขื ืืื ืืงืืืฆืืช ืืืชื ืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช - ืงืืจืืึผ, ืืจืืืืืง ืืกืืึผืึนื ึตืึดื, ืืื ืขื ืืื ืงืืืฆืืช ืืชื ืืืช ืงืื ืืช ืืืจืืช. 12 ืืืืงืืืืจ 1492 - ืืจืืกืืืคืจ ืงืืืืืืืก ืืืืข ืืืืืจ ืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื. ืชืืช ืืืฉืืืชื ืฉื ืงืืืืืืืก, ืืชืืืื ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืกืคืจืืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ืืงืจืืืืื. ืืชืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืขืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืืื ื-16 - ืืฉื ืช 1502, ืชืืช ืืืฉืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืงืืืืก ืื ืืืื ืื, ืืชืืืื ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืกืคืจืืืช ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืืืจืื ืช. ืขื ืืฉื ืช 1511, ืืกืคืจืืื ืืจืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ื ืืจืืง ืขื ืืคืืืจืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1518, ืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืคืจืืงื ืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืื ืืงืจืืืืื. ืืืฉื ืื ืืืื ื-16 ืืขื ืืฉื ืืช ืืืื ื-17 ืืืืงืืืืช (ืืืฉื 132 ืฉื ืื), ืฉืืื ืืกืคืจืืื ืืืืคื ืืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืืืจ ืจืืชื ืืงืืืื ืืืขืฉื, ืืืืคืจืื ืืืจืืงืืืช ืกืคืจืืืช. ืชืื ืืื ืื, ื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืกืืืืื ืืืืืจ, ืืืืงืืืืช ืืืจืื, ืคืืช ืืกืคืจื ืืืืคื ืืจืกืื. ืืืื ื-17 - ืืฉื ืช 1616, ืืฆืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืชืืืฉืืืช ืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 1624, ืืงืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืจืคืชืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ, ืืืฉืื ืขื ืกื ื ืงืืืก ืืฆืคืื ืืื ืืืืืืจื. ืืฉื ืช 1536, ืชืคืกื ืืคืืจืืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืืืก. ืืฉื ืช 1654, ืืงืืจืื ืืื ืืชืืืฉืื ืืืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1657, ืืชืืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื ื-ื ืืจืืืื ื ืกื ื ืชืืืืก. ืืืื ื-18 - ืืฉื ืช 1772, ืคืกืง ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉืืขืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืงืืช ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืชื. ืืฉื ืช 1784, ืงืืืื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืฆืจืคืชืื (ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืืืช ืืกืืจ) ืืช ืกื ืืจืชืืื, ืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืงืจืืืืื. ืืืื ื-19 - ืืฉื ืช 1802, ืืืขืืจ ืืืง ืืคืจืืื ื ืืืจืืื, ืืืืื ืืช ืกืืจ ืืขืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1833, ืืืขืืจ ืืืืง ืืืืื ืืช ืืขืืืืช ืืืืคื ืืืจืฃ ืืื ืจืืื ืืงืจืืืื ืืืจืืืืื. ืืืื ื-20 - ืืื ืืฉื ืื 1958 ื-1962, ืืชืงืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืื ืืช "ืืคืืจืฆืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช" (Federation of the West Indies) ืชืืช ืจืืืื ืืช ืืจืืืืช, ืื ืคืืจืงื ืืชืืฆืื ืืืขืืืช ืคื ืืืืืช. ืืฉื ืช 1825, ืืืืื ืงืืืื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืฆืจืคืช. ืืฉื ืช 1865, ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืืืืื ืืงื ืืช ืงืืืื ืขืฆืืืืช ืกืืคืืช ืืกืคืจื, ืื-1922, ืืชืืืื ืืช ืฉืืจืืจื ืืืืืืฉ ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืงืืื ืงืืืื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืกืคืจื ืืฉื ืช 1868 ืืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉื ืช 1902. ืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืช, ืงืืืื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืื ืืคื ืืกืืจ ืืื: ืืฉื ืช 1962 - ื'ืืืืงื ืืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืื; ืืฉื ืช 1966 - ืืจืืืืก; ืืฉื ืช 1973 - ืืื ืืืืืื; ืืฉื ืช 1974 - ืืจื ืื; ืืฉื ืช 1978 - ืืืืื ืืงื; ืืฉื ืช 1979 - ืกื ื ืืื ืกื ื ืืืืจื ืืืื ืื; ืืฉื ืช 1981 - ืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืืื; ืืฉื ืช 1983 - ืกื ื ืงืืืก ืื ืืืืก. ืืืื ื-21 - ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืืืืื ืกื ืืจืชืืื ืืกื ืืจืื ืคืจืฉื ืืืืืืืืืค ืืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืื ืฉื ืฆืจืคืช; ืืฉื ืช 2010 ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืชืงืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืช. ืงืืจืืกืื ืืกื ื ืืืจืื ืงืืืื ืืขืื ืขืฆืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืฉืคืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจ, ืกืืื ืืกื ื ืืืกืืืืืก, ืืคืื ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืฆืืคืืืืช ืืฉืืืืืช ืืืืื ื. ืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืืืืืืช ืืงืจืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืงืืืช ืืื ืฉืืื (ืืืืงื ืขืืืื) ืงืืืื ืืืช, "ืืืืืืช ืฉืืขืืจ ืืื" ืื "ืืจืืืืจืืืช ืืกืืช" ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืจืืืงืืช. ืจืืื ืืืืืคื ืืขืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช, ืืืืช ืืชืืฆืื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืืืืช ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืจื ืืืกืืืื ืืืจืื. ืืจืืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืขืช ืืืืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืฉืชืืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืคืื ืืืืื ืงืจืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ื, ืขื ืืฃ ืืืืชื ืขื ืืืืฉืช ืืขืืงืจืืช ืฉื ืืจืื ืืืจืืงื ืืืจืื ืืืจืืงื ืืืชืืื, ืื ืงืืืื ืืืช ืืจืืืืืช ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืฉืืจืืช ืงืฉืจืื ืชืจืืืชืืื ืจืืื ืืงืจืืืืื. ืื ืืฃ ืืืจืืช ื-CARICOM (ืืงืืืืืื ืืงืจืืืืช). ืืืืฃ ืืงืจืืื ืฉื ื ืืงืจืืืื, ืฉืืขืืชืื ืงืจืืืืช ืืืืืก ืืืืฃ ืืืชืืฉ (Mosquito Coast), ืืื ืืขืืจ ืงืืืื ืื ืืจืืืืช. ืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืฃ ืื "ื, ืืฉืืจืช ืงืฉืจืื ืชืจืืืชืืื ืจืืื ืืงืจืืืืื, ืืฉืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืืฃ ืืืืงืืื ืืก ืืฉืงื. ืืืื ื ืืฉืชืชืคืช ืืืืจื ืืจื ืืงืจืืงื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช. ืืื ืืืจื ืคื (ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืช ืจืืื ืืืจืื) ืื ืืืง ืืืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืื ืืงืจืืื. ืกืืจืื ืื, ืื ืืฆืืช ืขื ืืืืฉืช ืืขืืงืจืืช ืฉื ืืจืื ืืืจืืงื, ืืื ืงืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืฉืขืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืจื ื-CARICOM. ืืืืืจืคืื ืืืงืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืจืคื ืืืืงืืื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืงืจืืื. ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ, ืืฉ ืคื ื ืฉืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืกืืช ืืฉืืื ื ืืืงืืจ ืืืืงื ื. ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืื (ืืขืืช ืืืคืืื ืื ืืืืงื ืื ืืื ืืจืืื), ืืจืืืืก, ืืื ืืืจ, ืืื ืงืืืื, ืกื ื ืงืจืืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืจืื, ืจืืกื ืืจืื ืกืืขืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืงืืื, ืืืกืคื ืืืื, ืคืืืจืื ืจืืงื, ื'ืืืืงื, ืืืืื ืืงื, ืืื ืืกืจืื, ืกืืื, ืกื ื ืงืืืก, ืกื ื ืืืกืื, ืกื ื ืชืืืืก, ืกื ื ื'ืื, ืืืจืืืื, ืืจื ืื, ืกื ื ืืื ืกื ื, ืืืืืืืืค, ืืจืืื ืืง, ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืื. ืืงืืื ืืืืืจ ืืจืืคื ืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืฉืชื ื ืืืชืื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืืืื (ืืจืื ืื ืงืจืื ืขืืืื, ืืฉืืจืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืื, ืืื ืืืจ ืืงืืจืืกืื ืืืฆื ืื ืืฉืงืขืื ืืืกืืช). ืจืืืืช ืกืืจ ืืืืช ืืืืืช, ืื ืฉืืืช ืืขืงืืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืืฆืจืืช ืชืชื ืืืืงืช ืืืืจืื ืืืขืจ ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืฆื ืืืืื ืืืจืจืืื. ืจืืืืช ืฆืคืื ืืขืจืืืืช ืืงืจืืืช, ืืฉืคืืขืืช ืืืืจืฃ ืขื ืืืืื ืืฆืคืื ืืื. ืืืืืจ ื ืื ื ืืืืจ ืฉืืฉ ืืืืจื ืื ืืฉื ื, ืืืืืืงืช ืืฉืชื ืขืื ืืช, "ืจืืืื" ื"ืืืฉื". ืฉืฉืช ืืืืฉื ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืื ืื, ืจืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืฆืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ืืฉื ื. ืกืืคืืช ืืืจืืงื, ืืฉืจ ืืขืืชืื ืืืืช ืืืืืจ, ืืืจื ืืื ืคืืืขืืช ืืฆืคืื ืืจื ืื ืืืืขืจื ืืจืืืืก. ืจืฆืืขืช ืืืืจืืงื ืื ืืืจืืืืช, ื ืขื ืืงืฉืช ืืืืืื ืฆืคืื-ืืขืจื ืืจืืืืก ืืืืจื ืืงืจืืืืื. ืชืขืืช ืืื ืฉื ืคืืืจืื ืจืืงื, ืืืฆืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืงืืื ืืก ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืงืจืืื, ืืืืจื ืงืฆืื ืืฆืคืื ื ืฉื ืืื ืคืืืจืื ืจืืงื, ืืื ืื ืงืืื ืืขืืืงื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืืืืงืืื ืืก ืืืืื ืื. ืขืืงื ืืืจืื ืืื 8,605 ืืืจืื (28,232 ืจืื). ืืืืืจ ื ืืฆื ืืชืื ืจืืืื ื ืชืืื ืฉืื ืขืืงืจืืื, ืื ืื ื ืืฆืืช ืชืขืืช ืคื ืื ืืืืืจืช ืืื ืืืืงืืื ืืก ืืืืื ืื, ืืจื ืืื ืืงืจืืื ืืืขืจืื, ืื ืืืืงืืื ืืก ืืฉืงื. ืึดืืืื ืฆืืจืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืงืจืืืืื ืืกืืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืจืืงืื "ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืื" (Conservation International) ื"ื ืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืฆืืจืืช ืืืื - ืืืืช", ืืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืื ื ืืืื (ืืืืช ืฉืืืืื ืชืืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช ืืงืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืคื ืืืฆื ืืืคื), ืืืฉืชืจืขืืช ืขื ืคื ื ืืขืจืืช ืขื ื ืื ืืขื ืืืืืจืื ื ืืืื ืฆืืืืื ืืืืืกื ืงืงืืืกืื. ืืขืจืืืช ืืงืืืืืืืช ืืื, ื ืืฆืืืช ืืชืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืก ืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืขืจืืช, ืคืืืฉื ืืืชืคืฉืืืช ืืืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืคืจื. ืืืขืช ืื ื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืืืจ, ืืชืืืืช ืืงืฉืืจื ืืืืคื ืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืื ืืืืืืืชื ืฉื ืื ืฉืืคื ืืขื ืง (Tytopollens) ืืขืฆืื ื ืืงืจืงืข (ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืจืืื). ื"ื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืช" ืืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืจืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืกืื ืช ืืืืื ืืืืจื, ืืื ืืฆืืคืืจืื, ืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืงืื. ืืืืืืืช ืคืืคืืืจืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืช "ืืชืืื ืืคืืืจืื ืจืืงื ื" (Amazona vittata), ืฉื ื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืกืืื ืืืื (Solenodon cubanus) ืืงืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืช ืืชื ืื ืืงืืื ื (Crocodylus rhombifer). ื"ื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืช" ืื ืืืฆืืืช ืืืคื ืืคืืืจื ืฉืืื. ืืืืืจืคืื ืืืืืืกืืืช ืืงืจืืืืื ืืืขืจืื ืื-750,000 ื ืคืฉ (ืืชืงืืคื ืฉืืื ืืคื ื ืืืขืช ืืืืจืืคืืื), ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืกืคืจืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืขืจืื ืืืงืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืขืช ืืืืจืืคืืื, ืจืฆื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืจืกืืืช ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืงื ืืช. ืืฉื ืช 1500 ืืขื 1800, ืืชืจืืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืชืืฆืื ืืืืขืช ืขืืืื ืืืขืจื ืืคืจืืงื (ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืงืื ืื, ืืืืื, ืืงืื, ืคืื ืืืืจืืื) ืืื ืืืขืช ืืกืืจื ืฆืื ืืขืืืื ืืืจืื, ืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืงืจืืืืื ืืื ืืืื. ืืื ืื, ืืืืขื ืืืืืจ ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืจืืื ืื, ืืืืืื, ืฆืจืคืช, ืกืคืจื, ืืจืฆืืช ืืฉืคืื, ืคืืจืืืื ืืื ืืจืง. ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืชืจืื ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืขืืจ ืืชืืืชื ืืืืื ืืฉืชื ืืงืืืฆืืช, ืขืืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืืจืืคืืื. ืืืขืจื ืฉืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืขื ื-2.2 ืืืืืื ื ืคืฉ ืขื ืืฉื ืช 1800. ืืืืจืื ืืืืื, ืกืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืืขื ืืืื ื-19. ืืืืจ ืืคืกืงืช ืกืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืืื ืื, ืืืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืคื ืืืขื. ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืขืจืื ื-37.5 ืืืืืื ื ืคืฉ ืืฉื ืช 2000.ืืืืงื ืืขืืงืจื ืฉื ืืืืจ ืืงืจืืืืื (ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืื ืื'ืืืืงื), ืืฉ ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืืืกืืื ืฉื ืืคืจืืงื ืื (ืืงืจืืืืื ืืฆืจืคืชืืื, ืืืจืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื) ืืื ืืืขืืืื ืืขืืจืื-ืืืข ืืืืจืืคืืื ืืืืฆื ืืืื ืื, ืื ืืื, ืฆืจืคืชื, ืืืืืงื ืืคืืจืืืืื. ืืกืืืชืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืฆื ืกืื ื ืืืืื, ืืืฆืจืื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืืืจ ืืืฃ ืชืืจืืื ืืืืืืฆืจืืช ืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืื ืืชืจืืืืืช. ืื ืืืืชืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืื, ืืืืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ื-19 ืืขืืืืื ืฉืืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืงืจืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืกืคืจืืืช, ืืฉ ืืขืืงืจ ืงืืืฆืืช ืจืื ืฉื ืืขืืจืื ืืืข, ืืคืจืืงื ืื ืื ืืืจืืคืืื. ืืคืืืจืื ืจืืงื ืืงืืื (ืืืืื ืืงืจืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ) ืืฉ ืจืื ืืืจืืคืื ืขื ืชืขืจืืืช ืฉื ืกืคืจืื-ืืืจืืคืืื, ืืืจืืงืืื ืืืืืื ืืืขื ืืคืจืืงืืื ืืขืจืืืื. ืืงืืื, ืฉืืืฉ ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืฆื ืืคืจืืงื ื ืืื ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืืืช ื ืืืจืช. ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืืืืืื ืืงื ืืช, ืืฉื ื ืจืื ืฉืขืืงืจ ืืืฆืื ืืขืืจื ืืคืจืืงื ื-ืกืคืจืื, ืขื ืืขื ืืืจืืงื ืื ืืืืืื. ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืจื ืงืืกืืืคืืืืืืช ืจื-ืืืขืืช ืืืืช ืืฉื ืืืขืช ืืคืจืืงื ืื, ืืืืื, ืกืื ืื, ืกืืจืื, ืืื ืื ืื, ืืืจืืงืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืคืืื. ืชืขืจืืืช ืจื-ืืืขืืช ืื, ืืฆืจื ืงืืืฆืืช ืชืช-ืืชื ืืืช ืฉืืขืืชืื ืงืจืืืืช ืืืฉืืฉืืช ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืงืืืฆืืช ืืืชื ืืืช ืืขืืงืจืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืกืื ืืืื ืื (Chindian - ืื ืฉืื ืืืืฆื ืืขืืจื ืกืื ื ืืืืื) ืืืืืื (Dougla - ืื ืฉืื ืืืืฆื ืืขืืจื ืืคืจืืงื ื ืืืืื). ืืขืจืืช: ืืงืืืฆืืช ืืืชืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืชืจ ืืืืืจ ืื: ื ืฆืจืืช, ืืื ืืืืืื, ืืกืืื, ืจืืกืืคืืจื, ืืืื ืืกื ืืจืื. ืกืคืจืืืช, ืื ืืืืช, ืฆืจืคืชืืช, ืืืื ืืืช, ืืืืืืช, ืืคืคืืืื ืื ืื ืืฉืคืืช ืืฉืืืืืช ืืืจืฉืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืืจ, ืขื ืืฃ ืฉื ืืชื ืื ืืืฆืื ืื ืืขื ืฉืคืืช ืงืจืืืืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืช. ืืืจืืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืช_ืืืื ืื_ืืืจืืฉืืื] | [TOKENS: 823] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืจืืฉืืื "ืืืช ืืืื ืื" ืฉืืืจืื ืืขืืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืฆืืืจืื ืืืคืกืืื ืฉื ืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืกืืืจืื ืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืื ื"ืืืชื ืืืื ืื", ืฉืืืงื ืืฉื ืช 1948 ื-"ืงืืื ืืงืฆืื ืื" ืฉื ืืฆืื ืืืจืืื ืฉืฉืื ืืฉืื ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื. ืืืื ื ื ืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉื ืืฆืืื ืฉื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืื, ืืฉื ืืืื. ืืืืฆืืช ืฉื ืืช ื-50 ืฉื ืืืื ื-20 ืืืื ืืคืืจืืืจืืื ืืืืื ืืช-ืืืจืชืืืืงืกืืช ืฉื ืืจืืฉืืื, ืฉืงืืืื ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืืืจื ืฉืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืคืืืจืืคืืก ืขื ื ืืกื ื ืคืงืืื, ืืชืืืขื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืื ืขืืื ืขืื ืืืืชื. ืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืฉืืื, ืืจืืฉืืช ืืจืืื ืืืฉ ืฉืืื, ืคืขืื ืืฉื ืืช ื-60 ืืืืจื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืงืืข. ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืข ืขื ืคืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืช ืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฆืืื, ืฉืขืืจ ืืฉื ืช 1965 ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ. ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืจืื ืืชืขืจืืืืช ืืชืืืคืืช, ืฉืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืชืขืจืืืืช ืืืื ืืืชืขืจืืืืช ืงืืืฆืชืืืช. ืึพ2001 ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืงืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืจืืฉืื. ืืืจืื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืกืืคืื_ืืืืื_ืืฉืืืจืื_ืืืฉืจืื] | [TOKENS: 13612] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืกืืคืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืกืืคืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืจืขืืื ืืฆื ืืืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืฆืข ืกืืคืื ืฉื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืคื ืืื ืื ืืืงื (ืฉืื C, ืืืืงืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืฉืื B). ืืืง ืืืชืืื ืืืช ืืกืคื ืืช ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืงืฉืืจืืช ืืคืชืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืช, ืืืืงื ืงืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืื. ืืจืขืืื ืืืฆืข ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ื ืืืฉ ืขื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืฉืช ืืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1967. ืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืฉืช ืืืืื ืกืืคืื ืจืง ืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืฉืืจ ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืคืืคืื ืืืืฉื ืฆืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืื ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืื, ืืืฉื ืช 2023 ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื. ืืืฉื ืืฉื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืืืง ืืืฉืจืืื ืืจื ืฆืืืื ืฆืืืืื ืขื ืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืงืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืช ืจืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืฉืื ืืืืฉ ืืคื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืขืืื ืจืืืืช ืืื ื ืืกืืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืกืืคืื ืืึพืฆืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืคืจื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืืืกืืคื ืืืืืืช ืงืืืขืืช ืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช ืืื ื ืืืงืืืช ืืคื ืคืจืฉื ืืช ืืืงืืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืช ืโื ืื ืืจืืืขืืช, ืืืืกืจืช ืืขืืจืช ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ื ืืืืฉืช ืืฉืื ืืืืฉ, ืืื ืงืืจืืืช ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืคืชืจืื ืฉืชื ืืืืื ืืช ืืคื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืกืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ืื. ืืืืื ืช ืืืื ืืช ืืขืจืืืืช, ืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืคื ืืืืกืืจืืื, ืืชื ืืืืช ืืกืืคืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืจืืชืืื. ืืืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืชืืช ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืืฆืืข ืืฉืื ืืกืืื ืืช โืชืืื ืืช ืืืืโ ืืคืฉืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืช ืจืืืื ืืช ืขื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื, ืื ืืฉื ืช 2025 ืืืืืข ืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืื ื ืชืืื ืืกืืคืื ืืืื ืื-ืฆืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช, ืืืจืฉ ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืชืืืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืื. ืืืืื 2024-2025, ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื ืืืจืืื ืืจืืื ืื, ืฆืจืคืช, ืงื ืื, ืืืกืืจืืื, ืคืืจืืืื, ื ืืจืืืืื, ืืืจืื ื, ืกืคืจื, ืืจืื ืื ืืขืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ืงืื ืืช ืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ื-17 ืืืฆืืืจ 2024, ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืช ืืืขืช ืฉื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืืืฉืื, ืืืืจื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืจื ืขืฆืืืช. ืจืงืข ืขื ืคื ืืชื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื โ ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื, ืฉืชืืงืฃ ืืืืงืช ืืื"ื, ื ืืขืื ืืืง ืืฉืืื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืขืจืืืช ืื ืืจ ืืืจืื ืืขื ืืื ืืชืืืื, ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืง ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืขื ืืืืืื. ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืงื ืฉื 1947, ืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืขืืื ืืืืื ื ืืขืจืืืช ืฉื ืขืจืืื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืจืื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืื, ืืืฉื ืช 1948 ืขื 1967 ืืื ื ืชืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืจืื. ื ืฆืืื ืืื ืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืขื ืืช ืชืืืืชื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืจืืื ื-1 ืืืฆืืืจ 1948, ืืืื ืกืื ื ืืกืคืื ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืืชื ืฉื ื. ืืฉื ืช 1950 ืกืืคืื ืืจืื ืืืืคื ืจืฉืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืขื ืืงื ืืชืืฉืืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืจืื ืืช ืืืื, ืืจืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืืจ. ืืืื ืกืืคืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืืืช. ืชืืช ืืจืื, ืชืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืงืืืื ื-30 ืืืฉืืื ืืคืจืืื ื, ืืืฆืื ืืืชืืื ืืืืคื ืืืกื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืกืืื. ืืฉืืืื ืืืจืื ืืช ืงืฆื ืขื ืืืืืฉ ืืืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืฉืช ืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืงืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืจ ืืืฉื ืฆืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1967 ืกืืคืื ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืื, ืขื ืืื ืฆื ืกืืจื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืฉืคื (ืืก' 1) ืชืฉื"ืโ1967. ืจืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืื ืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืจืื ืืกืืคืื. ืขืื ืงืืื ืืื ืจืื ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืจื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืคื ืืื ืช ื'ื ืื ืืจืืืขืืช, ืขืืื ืืชืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืฉืืฉืื ื ืชืคืก ืืืื ืฆืื, ืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืฉืื. ืืืืง ืืื ืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืง ืืืจืื ื, ืฉืื ืืื ืืจื ืืขืืจื ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉืจืื, ืขื ืชืืกืคืืช ืฉื ืืืืง ืืฆืืื ืืืฉืจืืื. ืืคื ืืื ืช ื'ื ืื ืืจืืืขืืช (1949), ืืืืืกืกืช ืขื ืืื ืืช ืืื ืืฉื ืช ืืฉื ืช 1907, ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืืืจืื ืืฉืื ืืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืฉืืฉืื ื ืชืคืก ืืืื ืฆืื, ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืจืืืื ืืฉืื. ืืืืง ืืื ืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืง ืืืจืื ื, ืฉืื ืืื ืืจื ืืขืืจื ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืขืืื ื ืืกืคื ืฆืืืื ืฆืืืืื ืฉื ืฆื"ื. ืืืง ืืืืงื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืฉืจืืืื ืืืชืืืจืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืชืงื ืืช ืฉืขืช ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืื "ืชืงื ืืช ืื"ืฉ". ืืืืจ ืืงืืช ืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืืืงืงื ืืื ืกืช ืชืงื ืืช ืืืขื ืืงืืช ืืืชื ืืืฉืคื ืืืฉืจืืืื ืกืืืืช ืฉืืคืืืืช ืขื ืืคืจืืช ืืืง ืฉืืืฆืขื ืืืจืืื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืชืืฆืื ืืฆืขื ืื ืคืืขืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืฉืชื ืืขืจืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืืืง: ืืืฉืจืืืื ืืืคืืกืืื ืื. ืืคืืืืช ืื ืืฉืืฉืช ืืช ืืืขื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืืคืจืืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืง ืื ืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืื ืจืืืื ืืช ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืง ืืืฉืจืืื, ืืืืคื ืืื ืื ืืืงื, ืขื ืืชืืฉืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืื. ืืขืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืฉืื C ืขื ืคื ืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืขื ืคื ืืื ื ืืืงืจืงืขืื ืืขืืชืืื ืื, ืกืชื ืงืจืงืข ืืืืืงืช ืขื ืืื ืืจืืืื, ืื ืืฉืืจืืืื ืืื ืืืืฉ. ืืืฉืืขืืช ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืืื ืจืืืฅ ืขื ืื ืฉืืืขื ืื ืืงืจืงืข ืฉืืืืช ืื. ืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืชืจืช ืืืืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืขืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืืืื ื ืจืฉืืืืช ืืฉืืืืืช ืืืื-ืืืื, ืืื ืืืจืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ื. ืืืืจืื ืืืืฆืขืช ืืืืฆืขืืช "ืฆื ืืืืจ ืจืืืฉ ืืืฉืืชื" ืืืื ืคืง ืขื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืจืื, ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืช ืืืืขื ืืชืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืงืจืงืข ืืืคืืช ืืืืืช ืืืื ื. ืืฆื ื ืืชื ืืื ืฉืืขืื ืืื ืืขืจืขืจ ืืืขื ื ืฉืืงืจืงืข ืืื ืฉืื ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืขืจืขืืจ ืืชืื 45 ืืื ืืคื ื ืืขืืช ืขืจืจ. ืจืื ืืขืจืขืืจืื ื ืืืื. ืขื ืคื ืืกืืื ืืืกืื, ืฉืืื A ื-B ื ืชืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืจืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืช, ืื ืฉืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉืืจืฉืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืชืื ืืฉืืงืืืื. ืืคื ื ืชืื ื ืืื ืื ืืืืจืื, ืืคื ืฉืกืืืื ืขื ืืื ืชื ืืขืช ืฉืืื ืขืืฉืื, ื-600 ืืืฃ ืืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืฉืืื C, ืื ืชืื ืื ืขื ืคื ืืกืืื ืืืกืื ืืฉืืืื ืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืจืืืช, ืืืงืฆื ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืฉืจืืืืช, 1,624 ืืื ื ืืืงืฆื ืืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืชืืื ื-630 ืืื ื ืืงืืืืข ืฉืืืื ืืืืืื, ื-669 ืืื ื ืคืืฆืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืฉืืืขืืจื. ืกื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืชืืืฉืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืฆืจืืื ืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืงืฆื ื-326 ืืื ื, ืฉืื ื-0.25% ืืืื ืืงืจืงืขืืช ืฉืืืงืฆื. ื-3,500 ืืื ื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืงืฆื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืขื ืืื ืฆื"ื, ืืฉืืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืงืฆื ืืืืืช ืืงืืืื ืืฉืจืืืื, ืืืืืจื ืชืขืฉืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืืง ืืฉืจืืืืืช. ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ื ืื ื ืืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืงืืื ืฉื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืงืคืื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืงืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื. ืืฉ ืืืืขื ืื ืืืืฆืขื ื ืืกืฃ ืืกืืคืื ืงืจืงืขืืช ื ืขืฉื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืจืื ืขื ืฉืืืื ื"ืฉืืื ืืฉ". ืื ืืืฉื, ืืฉืืื ืืฉ 918, 912 ื-904, ืืืืจืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืฉ ื ืขืฉืืช ืืืืคื ืืืืืืชื, ืขื-ืื ืช ืืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืคืื ืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืงืจืงืข, ืืืืืฉื ืืืืจืื ืขืืื ื"ืืืืช ืืืื ื" ืื ืืชื ืช ืืืงืฆืื ืขื-ืคื ืฉืืงืืื ืืจืืืื (ืืืคืงื ืืฆืืื).[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืขืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืืขืืช ืจืืืื ืืช ืขื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืื A ืึพB, ืืืืืืื 40% ืืฉืื ืืืื, ืืชืืคืฉืจืช ืืืืคื ืขื ืื ืืื ืกืืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืช, ืืื ืืจืืกืช ืืชืื ืืฉืืงืืื ืืืืืื. ืืฆืขืืช ืืกืืคืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืืขืื ืืกืคืจ ืจืขืืื ืืช ืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืืช ืืืงื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2000, ืืืื ืื ืกืช ืืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื ืืืืฉื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฅ, ืืืืจ ืคืจืฅ, ืืืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืืืืืช ืจืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืขืื. ืืฉืื C ืงืืืืช ืฉืืืื ืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืืช. ื ืคืชืื ืื ื ืืฆืืข ืืฉื ืช 2012 ืืืืื ืจืืืื ืืช ืคืืจืืืืช ืขื ืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืชืช ืืืืืง ืืืงื ืืืฆื ืฉืฉืืจืจ ืืคืืขื, ืืืกืืจืช "ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืืขื". ื-2014 ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืจืืฉื ืืกืคื ืืืฉืจืื ืืช ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืกืืื ืืจืืื, ืืขืื ืืืืืื, ืืืคื ืื ืฉื ืืืืฉ ืขืฆืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2016 ืืืจ: "ืื ืืฉื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืื ืื ื ืฆืจืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืจืขื. ืื ืื ื ืฆืจืืืื ืืกืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืง ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืืื ืืช". ืืืืจ ืงืืคืืื ืฉื ืืืขืฆืช ืืฉ"ืข ืืฉืืืืช ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืช 2016, ืืืืฉื ืืืื ืงืืฉ ืืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืืกืืคืื ืืขืื ืืืืืื. ืืืงืฉืจ ืื ืืืืืขื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช: "ืกืืคืื ืืขืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื. ืื ืืกืืื ืืื ืืงืืื". ืืฉื ืช 2013, ืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืฆืืคื ืืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืจืื ืืืืขื ืชืืืื ืืกืืคืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืืืื ืืืจื: "ืืคืจืืืืื ืฉื ืืกืืื ืืืกืื ืืชืจืกืงื. ืืืืขื ืืขืช ืืื ืื ืืช ืคืชืจืื ืฉืชื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืคืชืจืื ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืื ืกืืคืื ืืืจืื โ ืืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืืื"ืฉ ืืืชื ืืืจืืืช ืืฉืจืืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืื". ืจืื ืืงืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืช "ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืง ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื", ืืืืจื: "ืืคื ืฉืืืื ื ืืช ืืืืง ืืืฉืจืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืื, ืฉืื ืืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืข ืืืืชื ื ืืช ืืืืช ืืืืง ืืืฉืจืืื ืื ืขื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื". ื ืคืชืื ืื ื ืืชืืืืก ืืขื ืืื ืืืืืจื "ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืืขื" ืืคืืจืืืจ 2012 ืืืืจ ืฉืืืขืชื ืกืืคืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืขื ืฉื ื ืืืืืื ืืขืจืืื ืฉืืชืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืื. ืืื ืฉืืฆืืขื ืืืืช ืจืืืื ืืช ืืืื, ืืื ืืืืช ืืฆืืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื. ืื ืืืฉื ืืืจ ืืืงื ืืืืจ ืืจืืืืื ืืฉื ืช 2017. ืขื ืืฆืขื ืื ืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืกืืคืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืฆืืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืจืืจ ืืฉืืจ ืขื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืช. ืขืื ืืืจ: "ืืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืขื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืชืืื ืืงืืืืช 2.7 ืืืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืฉืจืื [...] ืืืชืื ืืืืง ืืืฉืจืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืงืื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืฉื ืชืืฉืืื. ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื 20 ืืืืืืจื ืฉืงื ืจืง ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชืฉืืืืื ื ืืกืคืื. ืื ื ืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืชืงืฆืืื ืืฉืจืื ืคื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืืฉืจืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉื". ืืฉื ืช 2017 ืคืจืกื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืช "ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืจืขื" ืืืืืืช ืกืืคืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืคืืืืืืืช. ืชืืื ืืชื ืืืืืช ืขืืืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืกืืืข ืืกืคื, ืื ืชืืฉืืืช ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืื, ืฉืืจืืืื ื-6 ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืฆืืคืืืืื ืฉืื ืื: ื'ื ืื, ืฉืื, ืจืืืืื, ืืืช ืืื, ืืืจืื ืืืจืืื. ืืืืจืื, "ืื ืฉืื ืืกืืื ืืื - ืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืื ืคืฉืจืืช". ืืืื ืึพ2025 ืืฆืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืขื ืฉืื ื, ืื ืืืฆืข ืืืืื ืจืืืื ืืช ืขื 82% ืืื"ืฉ, ืื ืฉืืขืจืื ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืื ื ืืืืืช. ืืฉื ืช 2014 ืืืฆืข "ืืืง ืื ืืจืืืช" ืืืืขืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืงืืงื, ืฉืื ืืืฆืข ืืืืื ืืืืคื ืืฉืืจ ืืช ืืืงื ืืื ืกืช ืขื ืืชืืฉืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืืืง ืืืืฉ ืคืขืืืื ืื ืื ืงืืื, ืืืฉื ืช 2016 ืืืืืขื ืฉืจืช ืืืฉืคืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืงื ืื ืืื ืคืืขืืช ืืืืฉ ืืชืืื ืืืืคื ืืืืืช ืืืงืืงื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืขื ืคื ืืืชืืื, ืฉืชืืื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืฉืจ ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืขืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืงืืงื, ืชืืืืฉ ืื ืืื ืืคืื ืื ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืืืฉืืชืืช ืชืขืืืจ ืืืืคื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืฆื ืืืืฃ ืืชืืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืืื ืืืงืืงื ื ืขืฆืจ ืขื ืกืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืจืืข. ืืืฆืืืจ 2024 ืคืจืกื ืืืืฃ ืคืืงืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืฆื ืืืืฃ ืืืืคืฉืจ ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืฆืข ืืชืืืฉืืช ืขืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืฆื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืืืช ืืงืืงื ืืื ืืืงื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืงืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืืงืื ืืกืื ืื ืืืืฆืจืื ืกืืคืื ืื ืคืงืื ืืฉืื. ืืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืขืื ืืฆืขืืช ืืกืคื ืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืฆืืคืื ืฉื ืืจืืฉืืื, ืืืื ืืกืคื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2000, ืืืืง ืืืชืืื ืงืืื ืืื, ืขืืชื ืืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืืฆืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืคืื ืฉื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืช ืืคืจ ืขืงื, ืฉืืขืคืื, ืืืช ืื ืื ื ืืฆืืจ ืืืืจ, ืืืืงืืื ืืกืคื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืช ืืขืื ืืืืืื ืืืืขืช ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2008 ืืืขืืชื ืฉืื ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืืกืืคืื ืืขืื ืืืืืื. ืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืื. ืึพ2017 ืืขืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืงืืฉ ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืืฉื "ืืจืืฉืืื ืืื ืืชืื" ืฉืืืงืฉื ืืกืคื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืชืจ ืขืืืืช, ืืขืื ืืืืืื, ืืืขืช ืืื, ืืคืจืช ืืืืฉ ืขืฆืืื, ืืื ืชืง ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืช ืืื ื ืฉืืขืคืื, ืืคืจ ืขืงื ืืขื ืืชื, ืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืฉืื ืจืื ืืื ืกืช. ืืฉื ืช 2022 ืืืขืืชื ืืืฆืขื ืฉืื ืขื ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืฅ ืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2018, ืืื ืกืช ื-20 ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืืช ืฉืขืื ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืจืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืืขืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืื ื ืืกืคืื. ืืืคืจืื 2019, ืืืืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืช, ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืงืื ืจืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2019, ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืชืืื ืืขื ืคืจืกืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืขื ืืงืขืช ืืืจืื ืืฆืคืื ืื ืืืื. ืื"ืจ ืืืขืฆืช ืืฉ"ืข ืืื ืืืืืื ื, ืฉื ืกืข ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื, ืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืชื ืื ืืชืืื ืืช, ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจื ืืืงืืช ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืขื ืืืช, ืืฆืืขื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืืืืช ืจืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืืจื ืืืืชื ืืืชืงืืื ื-2 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2020 ืืืืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื ื-35 ืกืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืื ืชืชืืฆืข ืืคื ื 1 ืืืืื 2020, ืืืคืืฃ ืืืกืืืืช. ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืืืืก ืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืงืืื ืืฆืขื ืืืชื ืืืช ืืกืืคืื. ืืืชืืืืืื ืืืืืงืจืืื ืื ืฉืืืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืชืื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืืื ืฆืืืืืช ืฉืืชืืื ืืช ืืืื. ืืื ืื ืกืืคืื ืืืงืขื ืื ืืื ืืขืืืช ืจืื ืืงืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืช. ืื ื ืื ืฅ, ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืคื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืคื ื ืืืืืคื ืฆื"ื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืื ืืืจืื, ืจืื ื ื ืืื ืืืขืงื ืืืืฉ, ืืืฆืืข ืืื ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฃ ืฉืืืงืจื "ืื ืืืช ืืกืืคืื", ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืืื ืืช ืฆื"ื ืืงืจืืช ืืืื ืืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืืฆืข ืขืืืืช ืืื, ืื ืฉืืืฉืชื ืกืืจืื. ืืืืืืกื ืืืืื ืืืื, ืืืชืื ืืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืชโืืฉืจืื ืืื ืจืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช. ื-11 ืื ืืืืืจ 2024 ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืืืข ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืจืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจ ืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉ ืืืืืืจ ืืช ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืขื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืกืืจ ืืืื. ืืืื 2025 ืืขืืืจื ืืฉืจืื ืจืื ืืจืืจ ืืืืขืื ืกืขืจ ืืกืจืื ืืฉืจื ืืืืฅ ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืช, ืฆืจืคืช, ืงื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ื ืืกืคืืช, ืืื ื ืืืจ ืื ืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืื ืืฉืจืื ืชื ืงืื ืฆืขืืื ืื-ืฆืืืืื ืืชืืืื, ืืื ืกืืคืื ืฉืืื C ืืืืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืงืืื. ืืืืื 2025 ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืฆืขื ืืฆืืจืชืืช ืืกืืจ, ืืงืืจืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืคืขืื ืืืงืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืช โ ืืืฉืคื, ืืฉืืคืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืขื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืฉืื ืฆืืจืืชืื ืืืืืื, ืฉืืืจืื ืืืงืขืช ืืืจืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืืฆืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืื ืขื ืื ืืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืชืืื ืืช ื"ืืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช" ืขื 82% ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืื ื-80,000 ืคืืกืืื ืื. ืืฉืจ ืืฆืื ืืคื ืืคืื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืกืืคืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ืืฉ ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืกืืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช. ืืคื ืืชืืื ืืช, ืื ืชืื ืชื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืฆืืจื ืืื ืชื ืขื ืืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช, ืฉืืืืืจื ืื ืฆืขื ืืื "ืืคืืข ืงืฉืืช ืืจืื ืืกืืื ืืืจืื". ืขื ืจืงืข ืืชื ืืืืช ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค, ื ืขืฆื ืืชืืื ืืช. ืขืืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืจืืงื ื "ืคืืืืืืงื", ืื ืืจืืืค ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืขืจื ืื ืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืืกืคื ืืช ืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช. ืืืืงืืืืจ 2025 ืืืืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืกืื ื ื'ืื. ืื. ืืื ืก ืืชื ืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืืกืืคืื, ืืืืืืจื ืื ืืื ืื ืชืืืืฉ. ืฆืขืื ืกืืคืื ืืคืืขื ืืืืื ืืฉื ืื ื ืขืฉื ืฆืขืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืงืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืืื ืืืจืื ืคืืจืืืืช ืขื ืกืืคืื. ืืื ืฆืขืืื ืืื, ืืืืืืช ื ืืจืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืฉืจืืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืฆืืื ืืืืฃ, ืืงืืืืช ืืกืชืืืืช ืจืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืขืชืืจืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืืฃ ืฉืืื ื ืืจืืืื ืืช ืจืฉืืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ื. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2026 ืืืืืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืืฉืจืื ื"ืฅ ืื ืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื-ืืืืืื ื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืืคื ืืคืขืื ืืฉืืื A ืึพB ืืชืืืืื ืืืจืืืื, "ืืื ืื ืืืข ืืขืืืจืืช ืืื, ืคืืืขื ืืืชืจื ืืจืืืืืืืืื ืืคืืขืื ืกืืืืชืืื ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืื". ืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืกืืื ืืืกืื, ืฉืงืืืขืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืคื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืื ืกืืืืช ืืฉืืื A ืึพB ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืืืื. ืืฉืจืื ืืืกืืคื ืื ืืงืืื ื ืืืฉืจ ืื ืืืงื ืขื ืืืืจืช ืงืจืงืขืืช ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืื, ืืืืขืืืจ ืกืืืืืืช ืืืขืจืช ืืืืคืื ืืืงืืจ ืจืื ืืืื ืืขืืจืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืจืื. ืคืขืืืืช ืืืจืืงืจืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืกืกืืช ืจืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืฉืจืืืืช โ ืืืืขืฉื ืกืืคืื ืื ืคืงืื โ ืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืงืจ, ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื C. ืคืขืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืจืช ืกืขืืคื ืชืงืฆืื, ืฉืื ืื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืชืื ืื, ืืืจืื ืชืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืื ืืื, ืืขืืจืช ืกืืืืืืช ืื ืืืข ืืืขืื ืืงืจืงืขืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืคืืชืื ืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืืช ืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืืืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืืืืืช ืืืขืจื ืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืืง ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื. ืื ืืืข ืืฉืืื C ืืืื, ืืืืจ ืืงืืช ืื ืืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืืจืฅ 2023, ืืืขืืจื ืจืื ืืกืืืืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืฆืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืชืจื ืื ืืื, ืืืืคื, ืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื. ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืื"ืฉ, ืฉืืื ืืคืืฃ ืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืฆืืืืช, ืฉืืืจืจ ืืชืคืงืืื ืืืืืืงื ืฉืื ื ืกืืจื. ืืืืขืืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืขืืจ ืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคืื ืื ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืืชืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฉื. ืืืืืช ืืขืชื ืฉื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืืืืื 2024, ืงืืข ืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืกืืคืื ืืคืืขื ืืคืืืช ืืืงืื ืืฉืื C, ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืจืฉืืืช. ืืืืง ืืืืืืช ืกื ืงืฆืืืช ื ืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืืื ืฉืืืขืืจื ืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื-ืืืืืื ื ืืชืืืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืื ื 2024, ืงืืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืจืืืช ืื ืขื ืืฉืืืจื ืืืกืืืืช. ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืงืืื] | [TOKENS: 25566] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืงืืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืจื ืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืืจืคืืืืืงื ืฉื ืงืืื (ืืกืคืจืืืช: Repรบblica de Cuba, ืจืคืืืืืงื ืื ืงืืื, ืืืืื ืืกืคืจืืืช: [reหpuฮฒlika รฐe หkuฮฒa]) ืืื ืืืื ืช ืื ืืฆืคืื ืืืืื ืืงืจืืืืื, ืืื ืืื ืืงืจืืื, ืืคืจืฅ ืืงืกืืงื ืืืืืงืืื ืืก ืืืืื ืื. ืืฆืคืื ืืงืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืขืจื ืืงืกืืงื, ืืืจืื ืืื ืงืืืื ืื'ืืืืงื ืืืืจืื-ืืืจื ืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืคืจืฅ ืืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืฆื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืขืช ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืงืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืืกืช ืืืืชืจ ืืืืื ืืงืจืืืืื. ืชืจืืืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืคืขื ืืืชืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืงืืืืช, ืืืืืืคืจืื ืืกืคืจืืืช ืฉืฉืืื ืื ืืืฉื ืงืจืื ื-400 ืฉื ื ืืืชืจืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืคืจืืงืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืื. ืืื ืืืืคืื ืืงืืื ืืช ื-1959, ืืชืงืืื ืืงืืื ืืฉืืจ ืื-ืืคืืืชื ืงืืืื ืืกืื, ืฉืคืืชื ืื ืชืฉืชืืืช ืฆืืืืจืืืช ืืืขืจืืืช ืจืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืกืืืกืืืช. ืืื ื ืืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืฉืืจืจืช ืืื ืืชืืืืช ืฉืืืืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืชืงืจืืืช ืืฉื ืืช ืืฉืืฉืื. ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืฃ ืืืืื ืขื ืงืืื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืฉืคืืข ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืืคื ืืืชื ืืชืืืื ืืืขืืช ืืจืืชื, ืืจืืช ืืืืขืฆืืช. ืืืืจ ืืชืคืจืงืืช ืืืืฉ ืืืืจืื ืคืงื ืืืชื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืื ืืจืืฃ, ืฉืืืืฅ ืืืชื ืืคืชืื ืืขื ืืช ืฉืขืจืื, ืื-2015 ืืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืจืฉืืืช ืืช ืืืกืื ืืืืคืืืืืืื ืขื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืกืื ืฉื ืืชืงื ืืืืฉ ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค. ืืืกืืืจืื ืจืืฉืื ื ืืืชืืืฉืืื ืืงืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืกืืืืืช 5300 ืืคื ื"ืก[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ: ืืงืืจ ืืชืืจืื ืืื ืืืงืื], ืืืขืงืืืชืืื ืืืืขื ืื ืืกืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ื. ืจืื ืืชืืฉืืื ืืื ืืงืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืฆืืืืื-ืืงืืื. ืงืืื ื ืื ืืช ืขื ืืืงืืืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืข ืืจืืกืืืคืจ ืงืืืืืืืก ืืืืฉืช ืืืจืืงื ืืืกืขื ืืจืืฉืื, ื-28 ืืืืงืืืืจ 1492. ืืกืคืจืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืช ืงืืื ื-1511 ืืืคืื ืืืชื ืืืืฉืื. ืืชื ืืืืช ืืชืืฉืืื ืืืงืืืืื ืืกืคืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืื, ืืขืืชืื ืชืื ืืืฆืืข ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืงืืืืช. ืื ืืืื, ืืืืื, ืืืฆื ืืืืจื ื-1512, ืื-1514 ืืืฉืืื ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืืกืคืจืืืช ืขื ืืื. ื-1513 ืืืกื ืคืจื ื ืื ืืฉื ื ืืช ืืืกื ืืื ืงืืืืื ืื, ืืคืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืกืคืจื "ืฉืืืื" ืืกืคืจืืื ืฉืืชืืืฉืื ืื ืืขืืืื ืืชืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืชืืช. ืื ืืกืืื ืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืงืืื ื ืืฉื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืง ืืืืืืืื ื ืืฉืคื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืืื ืืกืคืจืืื, ืืืืจืื ืกืืจืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืจืฃ ืืืืกืื ืืงืฉืื ืืื ืืกืคืจืืื ืืืื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืกืคืจ ืืงืจืื ืฉืืชืคื ืืฆืืืื ืคืขืืื. ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจืืื ืืืื ืืืง ืืืืืฆืจ ืกืืืจืื. ื ืืฉืืื ืชืขืจืืืช, ืืขืืงืจ ืฉื ืืืจืื ืกืคืจืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืืช, ืืืืื ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืกืืืกืืก, ืื ืืคื ืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืืืืื โ "ืืึผืึทืึดืืจืึน" ("ืืื ืืฉืื ื"). ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ื ืืืขื ืืืืืืื ืืืืกืืืกืืก ืืกืคืจืืื, ืชืจืืืชื ื ืืืื, ืืื ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืชืืื ืฉื ืืงืืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืช. ืฉื ื ืืืจืืขืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืฉืคืืขื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืืืืจืคื ืืงืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืข ืืฉื ืื ืืฉืชืืื ืืืจืืืื ืขื ืงืืื ืืืฉื ืืฉื ื (ืืื 1762 ื-1763), ืืืืืื ืขืื ืืืคื ืขืืืื ืืืคืจืืงื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ: ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ ืืืขื ื ืฉืืืจืืืื ืืขืฆืื ืืืืื ืขืื ืืืคื ืขืืืื]. ืืขืงืืืช ืืจื ืืขืืืื ืืกื ืืืื ื (ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ื), ืืื ืืฉื ืื 1791โ1804, ื ืืืื ืืงืืื ืฆืจืคืชืื ืจืืื, ืฉืืืงื ืืืืื ืขืื ืขืืืื. ืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืกืคืจืื ืืงืืื ืืชืคืชืื ืื ืชืขืฉืืืช ืืกืืืจ ืืืืืง, ืืงืืื ืืืืชื ืืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืกืืืจ, ืืืง ืืืืฆืจื ืืืง. ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ื-19 ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืชืื ืฉื ืกืคืจื ืืืืจืืงื ืืืืื ืืช ืืขืฆืืืืช, ืืืขื ืงืืื ืืคืืืจืื ืจืืงื. ืืฃ ืฉืื ืืื ืืขืฆืืืืช, ืืืฉืคืขื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืืชืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืช, ืืชื ืืขืืช ืขืืืืืช ืืืื ืืงืื. ืืืง ืืืชื ืืขืืช ืงืจืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืืืช, ืืืจืืช ืืฉืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืืื, ืชื ืืขืืช ืฉืืจืฉื ืจืคืืจืืืช ืฉืืคืืืชื ืืฉืืืื ืืกืคืจืืืช ืืืกืืจ, ืืืื ืชื ืืขืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืฉืงืจืื ืืขืฆืืืืช ืืืื. ืจืื ืืชื ืืขืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจื.[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื] ืืืืื 1867 ืืืงื ืืจืืื ืืืื ื ืืืฉ, ืฉื ืืื ืืงืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืฉืืจืื ืฉืืืขืื ืืืืขืื ืืงืืื, ืืืื ืงืจืืืก ืื ืืื ืื ืกืกืคืืก, ืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืื. ื-10 ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืืข ืกืกืคืืก ืืขืืืจื ืืืจื, ืฉืืจืจ ืืช ืขืืืื, ืืงืจื ืืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืื ืืืืืง ืืืขื ืขืฆืืืืช ืงืืื. ืงืจืืืชื, ืฉื ืืืขื ืืฉื "Grito de Yara" ("ืงืจืืืช ืืืจื"), ืกืืื ื ืืช ืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืขืฉืจ ืืฉื ืื. ืืืืจืืื ืื ืืกืชืคืงื ืืคืขืืืืช ืฆืืืืช, ืืืืคืจืื 1868 ืืชืื ืกื ืืงืืืืืื ืืกืคื ืืืื ื ืช ืฉืืืจืืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืง ืืงืจืืืช, ืฉืืืจืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ื ืฉื ืจืคืืืืืงื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืกืกืคืืก. ืืืืฉื ืืงืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืชืจืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืงืฉื, ืื ืืื ืืข ืืช ืืืืจืืื ืจืง ื-1878. ืืืจ ื-1879 ื ืืฆืชื ืืืฉ ืืืืฉ, ืืื ืฉืืื ื "ืืืืืื ืืงืื ื", ืื ืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ื ืืืืช, ืืืืจ ืฉืืงืืื ืื ืืื ืืืชืฉืื ืืืืืืื ืืงืืืืช[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ], ืืืืจื ืืกืชืืื ื-1880. ื-1886 ืืืืชื ืงืืื ืืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืืืช, ืฆืขื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืืจืคืืื ืืืืจืชืืื ืืื. ืืืงืืื, ืืืจื ืืืขืืจืืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืช ืืงืืื, ืืืืงืฃ ืืืฉืงืขืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืืช ืื ืขืื ืขื ื-50 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉื ืช 1895. ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืงืืื ืืคืื ืืืืื ืจืื ืชืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ื-24 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1895 ืคืจืฆื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืงืืื, ืฉืืืฉืจื ืืช ืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืืขืฆืืืืช ืืงืืื ืืช. ืืืืจืืื ืืฉืชืืื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืขืจืื ืืืคืจืื ืืื, ืืืฃ ื ืืกืื ืืขืฆืื ืืืงื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ, ืืืืชื ืื ืืืืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืชโืกืคืจื ื-1898 ืฉืฉืื ืงืฅ ืืฉืืืื ืืกืคืจืื ืืงืืื. ืคืืฆืืฅ ืกืคืื ืช ืืืืืื "ืืืื" ืื ืื ืืืืื ื ื-15 ืืคืืจืืืจ, ืื ืกืืืืช ืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืืืงืช ืื ืืืื, ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืงืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืขื ืกืคืจื. ื-10 ืืืื ื ืคืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืืื ืืืคืจืฅ ืืืื ืื ืื, ืื-12 ืืืืืืกื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืงืืื ืืืื. ื-1 ืืื ืืืจ 1899 ืืื ืื ืืืฉื ืฆืืื ืืืจืืงืื ืืงืืื. ื-1901 ืงืืื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืืืจืืงืื ืืืืื ืืืืืขื ื"ืชืืงืื ืคืืื", ืฉื ืืคื ืขื ืงืืื ืืชื ืื ืืขืฆืืืืชื. ืืืืืื ืืชืืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืขืจื ืื ืขืฉื ืืงืืื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืจืืงืืืื ืืืคืฉืจื ืืงืืช ืืกืืก ืฉื ืืฆื ืืืืจืืงืื ืืฉืื ืืื. ืืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืฆืืืฆืื ืชืืืืชื ืฉื ืชืืงืื ืคืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืกืืก ืืฆืืื ืืืืจืืงื ื ืืืคืจืฅ ืืืื ืื ืื, ืืืืื ืื ืืชืงื ืืขืฆืจ. ื-31 ืืืฆืืืจ ื ืืืจ ืชืืืืก ืืกืืจืื ืคืืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืงืืื. ื-20 ืืืื 1902 ืืืื ืืืื ืชื, ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืืงืื ืืกืชืืื. ืืจืืฉืืช ืืจืื ืืืืชื ืงืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืงืจืืืช, ืื ืืฉืืืื ืื ื ืื ืืืืกืจ ืืฆืืืืช[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื], ืืืื ื ืชืื ืืืขืืจืืืช ืขืืืงื ืฉื ืืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืจืืงื ืืืช. ื-1933 ืืืจืขื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืื, ืฉืืขืงืืืชืื ืชืคืก ืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืจืืื ืคืืืื ืกืื ืืืืกืื. ื-1940 ืขื 1944 ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืกื ืื ืื-1952 ืืืฆืข ืืคืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืืืฉืชืื ืขื ืงืืื ืฉืื. ืืืืกืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืกืืฆืืืืืกืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืชืืื ืืฉืืืื ื. ื-1953 ืืื ืคืืื ืงืกืืจื ืืคืขืืืืช ื ืื ืืฉืืืื. ืคืขืืืืชืื ื ืืฉืื, ืืืื ื ืืกืจ, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืื. ื-1956 ืฉื ืืงืืื, ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืื ื ืื ืฆืืื ืฉื ืืืืกืื, ืขื ืืืฉืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืคืื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืฉื ืช 1959 ืืขืืืืชื ืืฉืืืื. ืงืกืืจื ืืคื ืืช ืงืืื ืืืืื ื ืงืืืื ืืกืืืช, ืืืืขืืช ืืจืืช ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืื ืืคืื ืืืจืืืชื ืืืจื. ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื ืืชืงื ืืช ืืืกืื ืืืืคืืืืืืื ืขื ืงืืื, ืืืืืื ืขืืื ืืืืจืื. ืืืชืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืข ืืฉืืื ืืคืืืฉื ืืืคืจืฅ ืืืืืจืื ื-1961 ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ื-1962. ืืฉื ืืืืืจืื ืฉืืืื ืขืืื, ืืืืชื ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืงืืื ืชืืืื ืืืขืืช ืืจืืชื ืืืืฉื, ืืจืืช ืืืืขืฆืืช, ืืืจืืืช ืืกืืจ ืฉื ืงืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืื ื ืื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ]. ืขื ืคืืจืืง ืืจืืช ืืืืขืฆืืช ื-1991, ื ืงืืขื ืงืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืื ืืจืืฃ. ืื ืืกืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืฉืืจ, ืืืืื ืงืกืืจื ืื ืฆื ืืช ืืคืืื ืฆืืื ืืชืืืจืืชื ืฉื ืงืืื, ืืคืชื ืืช ืฉืขืจืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืขืจืืืช. ืืืงืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืงืืื ืืคืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืชืคืื ืขื ืืืจืืช ืืขืจืืืืช ืืชืืืื ืืืงืืืืช, ืืชืขืฉืืื ืืืชืืืจืืช. ืืชืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืื, ืืฉืชืคืจ ืืฆืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืฉืจื ืื ืืืืจ ืงืจืืกืช ืืขืืช ืืจืืชื ืืขืืงืจืืช. ื-2006 ืืขืืืจ ืงืกืืจื ืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืืืื, ืจืืื ืงืกืืจื, ืขืงื ืืฆืื ืืืจืืืืชื, ืืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืื ืฉืื ืืคืืขื. ื-2008 ื ืืืจ ืจืืื ืงืกืืจื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืคื ืจืฉืื. ืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืงืกืืจื ืืืื ืืช ืืชืคืงืื, ื ืขืจืื ืืืืื ื ืจืคืืจืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืฉืืคืฉืจื ืืืืคื ืืืงื ืืืืงืช ืจืืืฉ ืคืจืื. ืงืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื ืืืื ืืืขืื, ืฉืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืขื ืืื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืจืง ืืืืื ืืืฆืืืจ 2014, ืืืืืืฉ ืืืกืืื ืืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืืจ ื ืชืง ืฉื ืืฆื ืืื. ืืืืกืื ืืืืคืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืชื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฉื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืื 2015, ืืืฉืจ ื ืคืชืื ืฉืืจืืจืืช ืงืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื. ืกื., ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื 1961 ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืงืจื. ืื ืฆืืืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืช ื ืคืชืื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ื ืืืืืืกื, ืขื ืืงืก ืจืฉืื ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืืจืืงืื ื'ืื ืงืจื. ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืงืืื, ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืคืกืงื ืืงืจืืืื ืืงืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืงืืจ ืฆืืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ื. ื-2018 ืืืขืืจื ืืืฉืืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืืื ืกืื ื ืฉื ืจืืื ืงืกืืจื, ืืืื ืืืืก-ืงืื ื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืงืืื ืื ืฉืื ืคืืืืืืงื ืืืฉืืจ ืืงืืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืจ ืื-ืืคืืืชื, ืฉืื ืืืคืืื ืืืืงืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืคืืื ืืงืืืื ืืกืืืช. ืืจืฉืืช ืืืืืงืงืช ืืงืืื ืืื ืืืกืคื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืขื ("Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular"), ืืืื ื 609 ืืืจืื, ืื ืืืจืื ืืืช ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืื. ืืืฆืืช ืืืืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืฆืืืื ืฉืื ืื (ืืจืืื ื ืืงืืืื, ืืจืืื ื ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืื) ืืืืฆืืชื ื ืืืจืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืืช ืืืกืืคืืช ืืืืจืืืช, ืืื ืจืฉืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืื ืืืจื ืฉืืืื ืื 16 ืฉื ืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืชืืจื ืืืขืื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืฉื ืืืกืคื, ืืืฆืืขื ืืื ืืขืื ืื ื ืืื, ืืืื ื ืืจืฉ ืืืฉืื 50% ืืคืืืช ืืืงืืืืช. ืืื ืื ืจืื ืืขื ืื ืืื ื ืงืฉื ืืืืืื, ืฉืื ืืืืืจืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2008, ืืืฉื, ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืืขืืืื ืืคืืืช 85% ืืืงืืืืช. ืืกืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืกืคื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืงืง ืืืงืื, ืืชืงื ืืช ืืืืงื, ืืืฉืจ ืืช ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืขืฆืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื, ืืื ืืืขื ืืง ืื ืื ืืช. ืืืกืคื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืงืช ืืืืขืืืช, ืืืืื ืืช, ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืขื ื ืืฉืืื ืืื: ืืืืื, ืชืขืฉืืืช ืืกืืืจ[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ], ืืืื, ืชืขืฉืืื, ืชืืืืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช, ืชืฉืชืืืช, ืืืกื ืืืฅ, ืืจืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืกืืจ ืฆืืืืจื. ืืกืืืืช ืืืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืืืง ืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืจืง ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืกืคื ืืืืืืืช, ืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉืืกืคื 10,000 ืืชืืืืช ืจืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืงื ืืืืฆืืขื ืืืกืคื ืืืืืืืช. ืจืืฉ ืืืืื ื ืืงืืื ืืื ืืืฉื-ืจืืฉ ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืื ื ("Consejo de Estado"), ืืืืื ืื ืืืืฉื-ืจืืฉ ืืืขืฆืช ืืฉืจืื ("Consejo de Ministros de Cuba"). ืขื 1976 ืืื ืืงืืื ื ืฉืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืื ืืฉืจืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืงืืืช ืืืืงื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืชื ืฉื ื. ืขื ืืืช, ืืืฉื-ืจืืฉ ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืื ื ืขืืืื ืืืื ื ืืขืืชืื, ืืืืคื ืฉืืื, ื"ื ืฉืื ืงืืื". ืื"ืจ ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืจืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืกืคื ืืืืืืืช ืืืช ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืื. ืขื 2008 ืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืื ืคืืื ืงืกืืจื, ืืืืืจ ืฉืืืืืข ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืืื ื ื ืืกืคืช, ืืื ืจืืื ืงืกืืจื, ืืืื, ืืื"ืจ. ืืฉื ืช 2011 ื ืืืจ ืจืืื ืืืื"ื ืืืคืืื ืืงืืืื ืืกืืืช ืืืื ืืืกืคื ืืืืืืืช. ืืืืฉื-ืจืืฉ ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืื ื ืกืื ืจืืฉืื ืืืืืฉื ืกืื ืื ื ืืกืคืื. ืืืงืจื ืฉื ืืืช ืืื"ืจ, ืืืืชื ืื ืืืขืืจืืชื, ืืืื ืืช ืืงืืื ืกืื ืืืฉื-ืจืืฉ ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืื ื ืืจืืฉืื. ืืืื ืืืจืื ืื, ืืืื ืจืืื ืงืกืืจื ืืช ืืงืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืื 2006 ื-2008. ื-19 ืืืคืจืื 2018 ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืก-ืงืื ื ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืื ื. ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืื ื 31 ืืืจืื, ืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืื ืืืกืคื ืืืืืืืช. ืชืคืงืืื ืฉื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืงืืงื ืฉื ืืืกืคื ืืืืืืืช, ืืืกืืืืชื ืืื ืก ืืืชื ืืืื ืืกืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืคืืจื. ืืืขืฆืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืช, ืคืจื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืช ืกืื ื ืืืฉื-ืจืืฉ ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืื ื ืืืช ืืืืืจื. ืืืขืฆืช ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืงืืื ืืืช ืืืกื ืืืืฅ ืฉืื, ืืืืจืืืช ืขื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืคืช ืืืืงืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืืกืคื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืื ื. ืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืฉืืืฉ ืขืจืืืืช: ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ืืขืืื (Tribunal Supremo Popular), ืืชื ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืจืื ืืื. ืฉืืคืื ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืกืคื ืืืืืืืช, ืืฉืืคืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืกืืคืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืคืืื ืืขืืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืขืฆืืช ืืขืจืื. ืืกืคืจืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืช ืืชืฉืชืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืฉืืคืื ืืงืืื ืืช, ืืืืืจ ื ืืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืขืฆืืืืชื ืฉื ืงืืื. ืืงืืืงืก ืืืืจืื ืืกืคืจืื, ืืืฉื, ืืื ืืชืืงืฃ ืขื 1987, ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืกืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืคืื ืืงืืื ืืช ืขืจื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืกืคืจ ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื, ืขื ืืขืืฆืืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืื ืืืื ืฉืขืืื ืืืืงื ืฉื 1976. ืงืืื ืืืืืงืช ื-16 ืืืืืืช ืืจืฉืืช ืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืช: ืืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืงืืื ื ื ืืงื ืืืืื ืืืช ืกืืฆืืืืืกืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืืืืืืช ืืจืืื. ืืจืืืช ืืคืขืื ืืืืฆืืจ ืฉืืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืื, ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืขืืืื ืืงืืื ื ืืืขืกืง ืขื ืืื ืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืชืขืืจืจื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืขืกืงืื ืืคืจืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1981 91.8 ืืืืืื ืงืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืจืชื ืืืืืื ื, ืืืฉื ืช 2000 77.5 ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืขืกืง ืขื ืืื ืืืืื ื. ืืฉืงืขื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืฉืช ืืืฉืืจ ืฉื ืืืืฉื. ืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืืงืืืข ืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืงืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืฆืจืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืื ืืืืคืื ืืงืืื ืืช ื-1959, ืืืจืื ืงืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืืืื ืืกืื. ืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1996 ืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืืกืื ืขื ืงืืื ืื ืืืจืืืืืื ืืฉืืง ืืคืจืื. ืืชืคืจืงืืช ืืจืืช ืืืืขืฆืืช ืืกืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืจืืคื ืืจืืฉืืช ืฉื ืืช ื-90 ืืืืืื ืืืคืกืงืช ืืกืืืกืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืงืืื. ืืคื ื ืืชืคืืจืจืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืกืืืืืื, ืงืืื ื ืื ืชื ืืกืืืข ืืืืื ืกืืืืืื, ืื ืคื ืืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืฆื ืกืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืจื ืืฉืืง. ืืคืกืงืช ืกืืืข ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืฉืคื ืืืืื ืขืืืง. ื-1992 ืืืืง ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงื ื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืืกืืจ ืขื ืงืืื, ืืืืจืื ืขืื ืืืชืจ ืืช ืจืืช ืืืืื ืืงืืื ืขื ืืืฆื ืฉื ืืฉืืจ. ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืงืืืื ืืกืืืืช ืืคืืกื-ืงืืืื ืืกืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืจ ืงืจืืกืช ืืจืืช ืืืืขืฆืืช, ืงืืื ืืืื ืื ืงืื ืืฆืขืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืง ืืืคืฉื, ืืื ืืืงื ืขื ืืืืกืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืฆืจืื ืืืจืื. ืฆืขืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืฉืื ืืืขืกืงืช ืขืืืืื ืคืจืืืื ืืืืง ืืืืคืขืืื, ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืจ ืืืืจืืงื ื ืืขืกืงืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืชืืืจืืช. ืื, ืืขืฉืืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืฉื ืงืืื ืืช ืืืงื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืงืจืืืืื, ืชืื ืืฉืงืขืืช ืจืืืช ืืชืฉืชืืช ืืชืืืจืืช. 1.9 ืืืืืื ืชืืืจืื ืืืงืจื ืืงืืื ื-2003, ืืจืืืชื ืืงื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืคื, ืืืฆืจื ืืื ืกืืช ืฉื 2.1 ืืืืืืจื ืืืืจืื. ืืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืืจ ืืชืืืจืืช ืฉืืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืฆืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืงืืื. ืืขืืจ ืืืืชื ืงืืื ืืืคืืงื ืืืืืืฆืืช ืืขืืงืจืืช ืฉื ืกืืืจ. ืืืืจ ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืงื ืื ืืืฆืืจืืช, ืฉืืจืกื ืจืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืงื ื ืืกืืืจ, ืชืคืืงืช ืืกืืืจ ื ืคืื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืืขืืจ ืืืฉืงืขื ืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืื ืืกืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืจืืืช. ืืขืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืฆืื ืงืืื 35 ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืืืจ ืืขืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืจืง 6.3 ืืืืืื. ืืงืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืงื ืืืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืืจื ืจืืกืื. ืืืฆืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฆืืืื ืื ืืกืืืขืื ืืืคืงืช ืงืืืื. ืกืืืข ืืืืื ืืืื ืฆืืืื ืฉืืคืจ ืืฃ ืืื ืืช ืืฆืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืงืืื. ืืื ืฉื ืช 1999, ืขืงื ืืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืฆ'ืืืืก ืืกืืฆืืืืืกื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืฆืืืื, ืืืื ืื ืฆืืืื ืืกืืืข ืืงืืื ืืืืฆืขืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืขืืงืจื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืขืืจืช 80,000 ืืืืืช ื ืคื ืืืื ืืชืืืจื ืืฉืืจืืชืื ืืงืฆืืขืืื ืืชืืฆืจืช ืืงืืืืช ืืงืืื. ืืืืจ ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืกืืื ืืืฆื ืืืืื, ืืืืง ืืืฉืืจ ืืงืืื ื ืฉืื ืืช ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืืื, ืืืืื ืจืืื ืืืืืชืจืื ืฉืืขื ืืง ืืชืขืฉืืืช ืืคืจืืืืช ืืฉื ืืช ื-90 ืืืืงืืืืช. ื-2004 ืชืืื ืงืืื ืืืืคื ืจืฉืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืจื ืืืืืข ืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ื-1993 ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืจ ืืืืจืืงื ื ืืืืื ื. ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงื ื ืขื ืืืงืืจ ืืงืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืืื ืืก ืืืืื ื, ืืืืงื ืืช ืฉืืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืงืืื ื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืจืื ืืืืื ื. ืืขืฉืืจ ืืืืจืื ืงืืืื ืงืืื ืื ืืื 600 ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืจื ืืืืจ, ืืจืืืชื ืืื ื ืืฉืคืืืชืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ื-2001 ืืจืื ืืืงืจืื ืื ืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืฆืขืช ืืงืืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืืืืชื ืืคื ื ืืชืคืืจืจืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืกืืืืืื. ืืืฉืืืจืืช ืฉืืขื ืืงื ืืืืื ื ืืื ื ืืกืคืงืืช ืืช ืฆืืจืืืื ืฉื ืจืืื, ืืืืขืจืืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืื ืืช ืืกืจืื ืืืฆืจืื ืจืืื. ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืฆืจืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืจืืืฉ ืืืขืจืืช ืืชืงืฆืื ืคืืชื, ืื ืคื ื ืืืชืจ ืงืืื ืื ืืฉืืง ืืฉืืืจ ืืื ืืจืืืฉ ืืืฆืจื ืืืื ืืกืืกืืื, ืืืืฉ, ืืืฆืจืื ืืืืช ืืชืจืืคืืช. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืงืืื ืขืืืื ื ืคืืฆื ืฉืืืชืืช ืืชืขืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืืชืืืช, ืืื ืื ืื ืืช ืชืืฆืจืื ืฉื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืจืชื ืืฉืืง ืืฉืืืจ. ื-2005 ืืืฆืื ืงืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืฉืืื 2.4 ืืืืืืจื ืืืืจืื ืืืจืืงื ืืื, ืืืื ื ืืฆืืช ืืืงืื ื-114 ืืชืื 226 ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืืฉืืืื ืื ืกืงืจืื. ืงืืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืฉืืื 6.9 ืืืืืืจื ืืืืจืื, ืืืื ื ืืฆืืช ืืืงืื ื-87. ืฉืืชืคืช ืืืืฆืื ืืขืืงืจืืืช ืฉื ืงืืื ืื ืืืื ื, ืงื ืื ืืกืื, ืฉืืชืคืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืขืืชืืืช ืื ืื ืฆืืืื, ืกืคืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืฆืจืื ืืขืืงืจืืื ืฉืืืืฆืืช ืงืืื ืื: ืกืืืจ, ื ืืงื (25% ืืกื ืืืฆืื ืฉืื), ืืืง, ืืืื, ืืืฆืจืื ืจืคืืืืื, ืคืืจืืช ืืืจ ืืงืคื. ืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื, ื ืคื, ืืงืกืืื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืืื ืืืืฆืื ื ืฉื ืงืืื ืืกืชืื ืืืื ื-13 ืืืืืืจื ืืืืจ, ืืืืืืื ื-38 ืืืืืื ืืืชืืฆืจ ืืืืืื ืฉืื. ืืฉื ืช 2006 ื ืืฆืื ืืฆืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืคื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืื ืืืจืืืืจืืืืืื ืฉื ืงืืื ืืฆืคืื ืืืืื ื ืืงืืื ืืืื ืืงืืืืื ื ืคื ืืื ืืืขื. ืืืืจ ืฉืจืืื ืืืืืฃ ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืงืืื ื-24 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2008, ืืื ืคืชื ืืกืืจื ืฉื ืจืคืืจืืืช, ืืื: ืืืง ืืืืจ ืืืฉ ืฉืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืจืืื ืฉืฉืืืจืื ืืืจืืช ืืืืืื ื ืืงืื ืืขืืืช ืขืืืื; ืืืืื ืืืกืืจ ืขื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืคืื ืื ืกืืืืจืืื, ืฉืืื ืืืชืจืื ืขื ืื ืจืง ืืชืืืจืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืื ื; ืืืืื ืืืกืืจ ืืื ื ืืชืืฉืืื ืืงืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืชืืืจืื; ืืืชืจ ืืงื ืืช ืืืฉื ืืืฉื ืืขืื. ืืงืืฅ 2021 ืืื ืืคืื ืืช ื ืื ืืืฉืืจ, ืฉืืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืงืฉื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืคืืื ืื ืืืื, ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืคื ืืืจืืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืื. ื-2024 ืืืขืงืืืช ืืฉืคืขืช ืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื, ืืืืขื ืงืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืื ืขืืืง ืืื 30 ืฉื ืื, ืืฉืืฉ ืืืกืืจ ืืืืื, ืืืง ืืชืจืืคืืช, ื ืืฆืจ ืืฉืืจ ืืขื ืฃ ืืื ืจืืื, ืฉืขืืช ืืฉืื ืืืขืืืช ืืืื, ืืืืืช ืืืคื ืืืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืงืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช (ื-400,000). ืืืืจ ืืืช, ืืฆืื ืืืจืืื ืืืคืืื ืื ืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืจืฅ 2024, ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืืช ื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืจ ืืงืืื. ื ืฉืื ืงืืื ืืืืก-ืงื ืื ืืืขื ืฉืืกื ืงืฆืืืช ืืืืจืืงื ืืืช ืขื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืฆื, ืืขืื ืฉืืชื ืืืื ืืืขื ืื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืฉืื.. ืืืืืจืคืื ืงืืื ืืื ืืืื ืช ืื ืืฆืคืื-ืืขืจื ืืื ืืงืจืืื, ืืคืชื ืืคืจืฅ ืืงืกืืงื. ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืืืจืืืช ืืืงืืคืืช ืืืชื ืื: ืืืืื ืืืืฉืชื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืืขืช ืืืืจืืงื ืืช ืืืคืจืฅ ืืืื ืื ืื, ืืืจืื-ืืืจื ืืืืื ื, ืืืืจืื 29 ืง"ื. ืงืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืงืจืืื, ืืฉืืื 110,860 ืงื"ืจ. ืืื ืงืืื ืืื ืืื ื-16 ืืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืืื ืงืจืื ื-95% ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ื, ืืฉืืื ืืฉืชืจืข ืขื ืคื ื 105,006 ืงื"ืจ. ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ื, ืืืกืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืื 3,056 ืงื"ืจ. ืืชืจ ืืืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ื ืงืื ืื ืืืจืื, ืืืกืคืจื ืขืืื ืขื 4,000. ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืื ืงืืื (ืืืขืจื ืืืืจื) ืืื 1,199 ืง"ื ืืจืืืื ื ืข ืืื 35 ื-200 ืง"ื. ืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืฉืืจื, ืื ืืฉ ืื ืฉืืืฉื ืจืืกืื ืืืืืื: ืกืืืจื ืืืกืืจื ืืืจืื-ืืืจื, ืืกืงืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืกืืืจื ืื ืจืืกืจืื ืืืขืจื. ืืคืกืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืคึดึผืืงืึน ืืึผืจึฐืงึดืื ืึน ืฉืืกืืืจื ืืืกืืจื, ืฉืืืืื 2,005 ื' ืืขื ืคื ื ืืื. ืจืืก ืืกืงืืืจืื ื ืืื ืืืกืืืจื ืืืกืืจื, ืืกืืืจื ืื ืจืืกืจืื ื ืืืื ืืฃ ืืื ื โ ืืืืื ืฉื ืืคืกืื ืืืืืื ืื 692 ื' ืืืื. ืืื ืืงืืื ืืืืื ืจืืื ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืืื ื ืื ืึถืฆึถ'ื (ืืืื ืช ืืืื) ืืฆืคืื ืืืื ืกืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืืื ื, 67.2 ืงื"ืจ ืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืืืชื, ืืกืืื ืืกื ืงืื ืกืคืืจืืืืก ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืฉืืื 113.5 ืงื"ืจ. ืื ืืจ ืืืจืื ืืงืืื ืืื ืงึธืืึผืืึน, ืืืืจื ืืืืจื 343 ืง"ื ืืจืืก ืืกืืืจื ืืืกืืจื ืืฆืคืื-ืืขืจืื ืืื ื, ืขื ืืืืฃ ืืื ืืงืจืืื ืฆืคืื ืืช ืืื ืกื ืื. ืืืงืืื ืืงืืื ืืจืืคื ืืืืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืฉืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉื ืื ืืฉื ื, ืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ. ืืืืืื ื, ืฉืืฆืคืื-ืืขืจื ืืืืื ื, ืืืจืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ื-1,200 ื"ื ืืฉื, ืืืืืคืจืืืจื ืืืืืฆืขืช ื ืขื ืืื Cยฐโ 21 ืืื ืืืจ ื-Cยฐโ 27 ืืืืื. ืงืืื ืืฆืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืขื ืืกืืคืืช ืืืจืืงื, ืืื ืคืืงืืืช ืืืชื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืืฉืื ืกืคืืืืจ ืืืืงืืืืจ. ืืงืืื ืืืขืื ื-8,000 ืืื ื ืฆืืืื, ืืืขืื ืืืืฆืืชื ืื ืืืืื. ื-1812, 90% ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืงืืื ืืื ืืืืขืจ. ื-1900 ืืจื ืฉืืขืืจ ืื ื-54%, ืื-1959 ื-14% ืืืื. ื-1987 ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืืช ืงืืื ืขื ืชืืื ืืช ืื ืื (Plan Manatรญ) ืื ืืืขืช 3 ืืืืืืจื ืขืฆืื ืฉืืขืื ืืช ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืื ื ื-20%. 43% ืืืืขืจืืช ืื ื ืฉืืจืื ืืืืฆื, 31% ืื ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืจืืืื ื-12% ืืขืจืืช ืืืจื. ืืขืฅ ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืขื ืงืืื ืืื ืืงื ืจืืกืืืื ืื, ืืืืื ื ืื "ืืืงื ืืืืืืชื", ืืืื ืืฃ ืืืคืืข ืืกืื ืืืืื ื. ืืคืจื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืคืืกื ืืืื ื. ืืืื ืง ืืื ืืื ืื ืคืืฅ ืืงืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืงืืื ืืช, ืืื ืืืจืกื ืฉืืืืื ื-60 ืก"ื. ืืขืื ืืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืืืื ืขืืืคืื, ืืืืืื ืืช, ืชืืฉื ื ืืจืืช ืืฆืืื. ืืชื ืื ืืงืืื ื ืืื ืืขื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืงืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืืขืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืงืืื 350 ืืื ื ืขืืคืืช, ืืืื ืขืืืจืื, ืื ืคืืช, ืืื ืงื ืืืฉ, ืืืื ืื, ืื ืฉืืคืื, ืฉืงื ืืื, ืชืืืื ืืขืื. ืืืจืืืื ืืงืืื ื, (ืืืื ื ืื "ืืึนืงืึนืจืึนืจืึน", ืืืฉืคืืช ืืืจืืืื ืืื) ื ืืืจ ืืฆืืคืืจ ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืงืืื, ืืฉื ืฆืืขืื, ืืืื, ืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืื ืืฆืืขื ืืื ืงืืื. ืืืืืจืคืื ืืฉื ืช 2022 ืื ืชื ืืืืืืกืืืช ืงืืื, ืขื-ืคื ืืขืจืื, ื-11,008,112 ื ืคืฉ. ืชืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืื ื-2022, ื-79.64 ืฉื ืื, ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืจืืงื ืืืืื ืืช, ืืงืจืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจื. ืืจืืืื ืืืืขื ื ืืื: ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ื ืืื ื-10.11 ืืืืืช ื-1,000 ืชืืฉืืื, ืคืืืช ืืืืงืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจื ืืืขื ืืืชืจ ืืืฆื ืื ืืืืืฆืข ืืขืืืื. ืืืืื ื ืืชื ืืช, ื-65% ืืืชืืฉืืื ืืื ืื, ื-10% ืฉืืืจืื ืื-25% ืืืืืืื. ืฉืืขืืจื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืงืื ืืืืจ ืืืืคืื ืืงืืื ืืช, ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืจื ืฉื ืจืืื ืืื ื ืืืขืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืืจืื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืื ืื. ืืืฆืื ืฉื ืืจืืืช ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืืขื ืืงืืื ืืื ืืกืคืจื. ืืกืคืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืชืืืฉืื ืืงืืื ืืื ื-1511, ืืืขืงืืืชืืื ืืืืขื ืืืืื ืงืจืื ื-400 ืฉื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืกืคืจืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืกืคืื. ืขืืงืจ ืืกืคืจืืื ืืืืขื ืืื ืืืืกืื, ืืกืืืจืืืก, ืืืืกืื, ืงืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืงื ืจืืื. ืืืื ื ืืืจืืคืืช ื ืืกืคืช ืืื ื ืืืืขื ืืืืจืื ืจืืื ืืื ืฆืจืคืช. ืืืืจืื ืฆืจืคืชืื ืจืืื ืืืืขื ืืขืงืืืช ืืจื ืืขืืืื ืืืืืื ืืกืืฃ ืืืื ื-18, ืืชืืืฉืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืชืื ืืช ืชืขืฉืืืช ืืงืคื ืืืงืืืืช. ืืืจืื ืืืืขื ืืขืงืืืช ืจืืืฉืช ืืืืืืืื ื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ื-19, ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืงืืื ืืช ืกืืื ืคืืืืืก. ืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืคืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืืื ืืืืขื ืืืืจืื ืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืช ืคืืจืืืื, ืืืืืื, ืืจืื ืื ืืจืืกืื. ืชืืฉืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืฉื ืงืืื ืื ืฆืืฆืืืื ืฉื ืขืืืื ืืคืจืืงืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ื-16 ืืืื ื-19. ืื ืืืื ืืืขืฆืืืช ืงืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืฉืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืงืจืืืืื, ืฆืจืคืช, ืืจืืื ืื ืืืืื ื, ืืกืคืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืืกืืจ ืืขืืืื, ืืืกืคืจื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืกืืช. ืืืืื ืืชืงืืคื ืืงืฆืจื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืงืืื, ืืื 1762 ื-1763 (ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืข ืืฉื ืื) ืื ืืกืคืืงื ืืืืื ืขืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืฉืืืช ืืกืืืืืช ืืืืคืจืืงื, ืืฉื ืขืืืื ืืืืขื ืืกืืืจ ืืืืืง. ืื ื ืืกืฃ ืฉื ืขืืืื ืืืืข ืขื ืืฆืจืคืชืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืจื ืืขืืืื, ืืกืืฃ ืืืื ื-18. ืืงืืจื ืฉื ืืจืืืช ืืขืืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืืงืื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ื, ืืืคืจื ืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืื. ืขืืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืืง ืฉื ืืืื ื. ืืกืคืจืืื ืืืืื ืขืื ืืงืืื ืืช ืื ืฆืจืืช ืืงืชืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืื ื. ืืืืคื ืจืฉืื, ืืื ืืืืคืื ืืงืืื ืืช, ืงืืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืชืืืกืืืช, ืื ืืื ื-2016, 23% ืืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืืจืื ืขืฆืื ืืืกืจื ืืช. ืืฉื ืชืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืืืคืื ืขืืื ืืืชื ื-80% ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืช. ืืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืกืืื, ืืืฃ ืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืขื ื-CIA ืืืื ืืคืืืฉื ืืืคืจืฅ ืืืืืจืื. ืืื 1991 ืืงื ืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืกื ืืื ืกืืื, ืื-1998 ืืฃ ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืคืืคืืืจ ืืืื ื ืคืืืืืก ืืฉื ื. ื ืืื ื-2016, 60% ืืืชืืฉืืื ืืืืืจืื ืขืฆืื ืงืชืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืชืคืชืื ืืงืืื ืืืื ืืช ืกืื ืงืจืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช, ืืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืกื ืืจืื, ืฉืืฃ ืืชืคืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืืืืื ืืงืจืืืืื. ืืกื ืืจืื, ืืืฉืืืช ืืื ืื ืฆืจืืช ืืงืชืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืจื-ืืคืจืืงืืืืช, ืืชืคืชืื ืืฆื ืขืืืื ืื ื ืืืืจืืื, ืฉืฉืืคื ืืฉืืจ ืืช ืืืื ืืชืืื, ืื ืืงืื ืื ืืช ืขืืงืจื ืื ืฆืจืืช. ื ืืื ื-2016, 17% ืืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืกืื ืงืจืืืืช. ืืงืืื ืืฉื ื ื-575 ืืืฃ ื ืืฆืจืื ืคืจืืืกืื ืืื. ืืืกืคืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืฉ ืืงืืื ืื ื ืืฆืจืื ืืคืืกืงืืคืืื, ืขืื ืืืื, ืืืืืื, ืืืกืืืื, ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืกืคืจืืื ืฉืืชืืืฉืื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 1511, ืืืืจ ืืืืืฉื, ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืื ืืกืื, ืืืืืื ืฉืืืืฆื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืชื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืงืืืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืฆืืจืคื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืืืฃ ืืฆืคืื ื-ืืขืจืื ืขื ืืื ืคืืจืืืื, ืฉืจืืคื ืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 1914 ืืืงื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืงืืื ืืจืืื ืงืืืืชื ืกืคืจืื ืืจืืืืช ืืชืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1917 ืืื ืืงืืื ื-2,000 ืืืืืื, ืจืืื ืืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืืช ื-30 ืืืื ืืืืืงืง ืืืงืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืืืืืช ืืชืื ืืืืื ื. ื ืืกืขื ืืืื ืืื ืกื ื ืืืืืก ืฉืืคืืืื ืืืืจืืคื ืืงืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืืื ืจืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืช ืื ืืืจืฉื ืืจืืช ืืงืืื ืืืื ื ืืืฆื ืืืืืจ ืืืืจืืคื. ืืฉื ืช 1952 ืืื ืืงืืื ื-12,000 ืืืืืื. ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืคืืื ืงืกืืจื ืฉืคืืขื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืจืืื ืืื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ], ืื ืืขื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืจ. ืืืงื ืืืืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืคืืืจืื ืจืืงื, ืืืงื ืืืงืกืืงื ืืืืงื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืื ืืฉ ืืงืืื ื-1,500 ืืืืืื, ืืขืืงืจ ืืขืจืื ืืืืื ื, ืกื ืืืืื ืื ืงืืื ืืงืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืขืฉืืจ, ื"ืจ ืจืืงืจืื ืืืืฃ, ืืืื ืืืง ืืคืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืงืกืืจื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืืชืจืช ืืืืืช ืชืืื ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืงืกืืจื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืข ืืฉืืืื, ืืฆืืจ ืงืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืจืืืืื ืืืืืืืกืื ืืืฉืืขืืชืืื ืฉืืฆืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืื ื, ื ืืฆืืื ืืขืจืื ืืืขืืืจืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืชืจ, ืืืืืื ืืืืจืช ืงืืื, ืืืืื ื. ื-77.5% ืืืืืืืกืืืชื ืฉื ืงืืื ืืจืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืขืืจืื ืืื (ื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2023). ืฉืืขืืจ ืืขืืืจ ืืงืืื ืืื ืืงืฆื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืชื ืฉื 0.19% (ืืขืจืื ืืฉื ืื 2020โ2025). ืืขืจืื ืืขืืงืจืืืช ืฉื ืงืืื ืืคืืจืืืช ืืืื ืขื ืคื ื ืชืื ื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืฉื ืช 2020. ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืื ื, ืืืชืืืจืจืื ืื ื-2.149 ืืืืืื ื ืคืฉ, ืฉืื ื-20% ืืืืืืืกืืืช ืืืืื ื. ืชืจืืืช ืืชืจืืืช ืืงืืื ืืช ืืื ืชืืฆืจ ืฉื ืืฉืคืขืืช ืชืจืืืชืืืช ืืืงืืจืืช ืฉืื ืื. ืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืขื ืืชืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืงืืืืช, ืืชืจืืืช ืืกืคืจืืืช ืืงืืืื ืืืืืช ืืชืจืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืขืจื ืืคืจืืงื ืืืืืืื ืืงืจืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ื-20, ื ืชื ื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืช ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืชืืชืื ืืชืจืืืช, ืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืงืืืื ืืกืื ืืืืชื ืืฉืคืขื ืขื ืืชืจืืืช ืืืงืืืืช. ืื ืืื ืช ืืื ืื ืงืืื ืืื ืืกืื ืื ืืช ืืืืืืงืืืื ืืขืืงืจืืื ืฉืืชืคืชืื ืืงืืื ื ืื ืื ืืกืื ืืงืืื ื, ืืืืื, ืืืืืืืืจื ืืืกืืกื ืืกืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืงื ืกืคืจืืืช ืืืืืกืกืช ืขื ืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืืืงื ืืคืจืืงืืืช. ืืื ืืชืคืชื ืืืืจื ืงืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ื-16 ืืฆืืจ ืคืืคืืืจืืืช ืจืื ืืืืื ืืืื ื-19. ืืฉืืจ "ืฆ'ืื ืฆ'ืื" ืฉืืชืคืจืกื ืืืืฆืืขื ืฉื ืงืืืคืื ืกืืื ืื ืืคืกืงืื ืืกืจื "ืืืื ื ืืืกืื ืกืืฉืืื ืงืืื" ืืื ืืืืื ืืกืื ืื ืื. ืืืืื ืืชืคืชื ืืืืืืงื ืืคืจืืงืืืช ืืงืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืชืืกืก ืืกืื ืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืช ืืืจืืขืื ืฉื ืืืื ื-20. ืืืืืืืืจื ืงืจืืื ืืืชืจ ืืกืื ืื ืืืจืืืืืจืื ืืกืคืจืืื. ืืกืืกื ืืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืื ืืืืืืงืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืขื ืงืืื, ืื ืืื ืืชืคืชื ืืืืงื ืืืืฅ ืื, ืืงืืืืืช ืืืืืจืื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืคืืืจืืืจืืงื ืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืืืงื ืืงืืื ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืืชื ืืฉืคืขื ืขื ืกืื ืื ืืช ืฉืื ืื ืืืืฅ ืืืืื ื, ืืืื ืื'ืื, ืืื ืื, ืืืืืืืืฃ, ืืืคืจืืืื ืืืคืืื ืงื ืืืืฉ. ืื ืืฉ ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืงืืื ืื: ืืื ืืืืืก, ืืืกื ืืจืื ืืืืืืจ, ืืืื ืคืืืืื, ืงืจืืืก ืคืืืืื ืืืืกื ืืืืื. ืืกืคืจืืช ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชืืกืก ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ื-19, ืืขืกืงื ืืชืืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืขืืืืช. ืขื ืืกืืคืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืชืงืืคื ื ืื ืื ืืจืืจืืืืก ืืืืก ืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืกืืจืืื ืืืืืืจืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืขืืืืช ื-1886, ืขืืกืืงื ืืขืืงืจื ืฉื ืืกืคืจืืช ืืงืืื ืืช ืืื ืืฉืืืคื ืืขืฆืืืืช. ืืกืืคืจ ืืืืื ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืื ื, ืืืกื ืืืจืื. ืืกืืคืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืขืฆืืืืช ืงืืื ืืื ื ืืงืืืก ืืืื, ืฉืขืกืง ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืชืืื ืืืืืกื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืก, ืืืกื ืืกืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืงืืจืคื ืืืืจ, ืฉืขืกืงื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจืกืืืื ืืืชืจ. ืืืืจ ืืืืคืื, ืคืขืื ืกืืคืจืื ืงืืื ืื ืจืืื ืืืืฅ ืืงืืื, ืืฉื ืืฆื ืืืจื ืฉืืืคืขืื ืื. ืขื ืกืืคืจืื ืืื ื ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืฆ'ืืืืืื ื (ืฉืืืืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช), ืืืื ืืืืืก (ืฉืืืืจื ืืฆืจืคืช) ืืคืืจื ืืืื ืืืืืืจืก (ืฉืืืืจ ืืืงืกืืงื). ืกืคืจื ืืืืืืืืืืจืคื ืฉื ืืกืืคืจ ืจืื ืืื ืืจื ืก, ืฉืืื ืื ืขืืจืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืคืื ืืืืืจืืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืงืจืื, ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืขืืื ืืกืจื ืงืืื ืืข ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืจ ืืจืื. ืืกืืคืจ ืืืืจืืงื ื, ืืชื ืคืจืก ื ืืื ืืกืคืจืืช, ืืจื ืกื ืืืื ืืืืื, ืื ืืงืืื ืืื 1939 ื-1960. ืืื ืืชื ืื ืืื ืืกืคืจืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืื "ืืืงื ืืืื" ื"ืืืื ืืืจื", ืฉืขืืืืชื ืืชืจืืฉืช ืืงืืื. ืืืื ืืช ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืคืขืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืคืืช-ืืืจืืงืืืช ืขื ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืืคืจืืงืืืช. ืคืชืืืชื ืฉื ืืืงืืืื ืืืื ืืช 'ืกื ืืืื ืืจื' (San Alejandro) ืืฉื ืช 1818 ืืืืื ืขืืืช ืื ืืกืืื ืฉื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืงืืื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืืช ืืกืื ืื ืืขืจืื. ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ื-20 ืืืืฆื ืกืื ืื ืืช ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืจื ืืืืจืืคื ืืืขืืจืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืืช "ืคืจืืืืืืืืืช" ืื "ืืคืจืืงืืืืช". ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืฆืืื ืกืื ืื ืื ื ืืชื ืืื ืืช ืืช ืืฆืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืคึถึผืึธืึตืก (Amelia Pelรกez), ืืืืคืจืื ืื (Wifredo Lam) ืืืืจืื. ืืืืจ ืืืคืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืช 1959 ืืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืงืืื ืืช ืื ืืืขืจื. ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืจืืืื ืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืจืืคื ืืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืงืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืคืชืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1984 ื ืคืชืื ืืืืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืคื ืืคื ื ืืืขืจื ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืจืืืช ืงืืื ืืช. ืชืขืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช, ืฉืืืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืชืืจืจืืช ืงืืื ืืืฉืคืขืช ืืจืืช ืืืืขืฆืืช, ืืฉืคื ืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืขืจื ืืืฆืื ืืฉื ืช 1995 ืืืืืืืื "ืงืื ืกืืืืื" ืฉืืืืกืืืืจืฃ. ืืขืงืืืช ืืชืขืจืืื ืืืงืื "ืงืจื ืืืืืืื", ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืช ืงืืื ืืช. ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืืข ืืขืืงืจ ืืืขืจื ืืคืกื ืงืืฆ'ื (Kcho), ืืืืฆืจ ืืืฆืืื ืคืืกืืืืื ืืขืฉืืืื ืืืืืจื "ืจืื ืืืื". ืืื ืืืืคืื, ืืื ืื ืืงืืื ืืื ืื ืฆืืืืจื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืกืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืจืืืช โ ืืชื ืืกืคืจ ืืืกืืืืื, ืืชืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช. ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื 6 ืขื ืืื 15 ืื 16. ืืืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืกืคืจ ืืืกืืืืื ื ืืฉืืื ืฉืฉ ืฉื ืื. ืืืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืกืคืจ ืืขื ืืกืืืืื ืืชืืืงืื ืืฉื ืืื: ืืืืง ืืจืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืืฉื ืืืืจืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืงืื-ืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืื (ืืกืืจืช ืขืืื ืืช) ืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืช. ืืืฉื ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืื ื ืชืืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืืืื, ืืื ื"ืื"ื ืืืืืืืื ืืืฆืืืจ". ืื"ื ืื ืืืื, ืคืจื ืืืืฉืืื ืืคืืืืืืื, ืื ืืช ืืืืช ืืืืงื ืฉื ืืชืืืื ืืฉื ืื ื ืืฉืคืืชื ืืืืคืื โ ืืื ืื ืืฉืชืชืคืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืฉื ืืืคืืื ืืืขืฆืจืืช ืืืื ืื, ืืื ืื ื ืืืืื ืืืง ืืคืขืืืืช ืืชืืช, ืืืืืื. ืืงืืื ืคืืขืืืช 47 ืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช, ืืืืชืืงื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืื ื, ืฉืืืงืื ื-1728. ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืคืงื ืขื ืคืขืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช, ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืืชืืืืืืืื ืืืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืฉืืื. ืืคื ื ืืืืคืื ืขืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืื ืืืคืืืชืืืช ืืงืืื ืขื ื-20%. ืืื ืืืขืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉื ืงืกืืจื ืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืขืจืืช, ืืขื ืขืืืืชื ืืฉืืืื ืืืงื ืืืคืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืช. ืขื 1961 ืฆื ื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืื ืืืคืืืชืื ืืืืื ื ื-3.9%, ืืฉืืขืืจ ืื, ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืจืืงื ืืืืื ืืช ืคืจื ืืืจืื ืืื ื, ื ืฉืืจ ืื ืืืื. ืืคืงืืช ืงืืื ืืข ืืงืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืขืฉืจืื, ืื ืขื ืืืืคืื ืืืคืงื ืื ื-80 ืกืจืืื ืืืื. ื-1959 ืืืงืื "ืืืืงืช ืืชืจืืืช ืฉื ืฆืื ืืืืคืื" ("Direcciรณn de Cultura del Ejercito Rebelde"), ืฉืขืกืงื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืื ืกืจืืื ืชืืขืืืืื. ืืืืฉื ืืืงื ืืืืกื ืืงืืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืืชืขืฉืืืช ืืงืืื ืืข (ICAIC โ Instituto Cubano del Arte y la Industria Cinematogrรกficos), ืื ืืงืง ืืืง ืืชืจืืืช, ืฉืชืจืื ืืคืืชืื ืืงืืื ืืข ืืืงืืื. ืฉื ืืช ืืฉืืฉืื ื ืืฉืืืช ืืชืืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืืงืืื ืืข ืืงืืื ื, ืืืืืืื ืืืคืงื ืกืจืืื ื"Memorias del Subdesarrollo" ื-"Lucรญa". ืืื ืืกืจืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืืคืงื ืืงืืื ืืขืฉืืจืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืื "ืชืืชืื ืืฉืืงืืื" (1994), ืฉืืื ืืคืจืก ืื ืืืื ืืคืกืืืื ืืกืจืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืืขืื ืืคืจืก ืืืกืงืจ ืืกืจื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืชืจ. ืกืจื ื ืืกืฃ ืืืฉืื ืฉืืืคืง ืืงืืื ืืฉื ืช 1999 ืืื ืืกืจื "ืืืื ื ืืืกืื ืกืืฉืืื ืงืืื", ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ื ืืื ืื ืืจืก ืืื ืืื ืืชืืงื ืืืจื ืืืงืช ืคืืืงืืืจ ืงืืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืงืคืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืืกืื ืื ืืงืืื ื ืืฉืืจืฉื ืืื ืฉืืจืื. ืืกืจื ืืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืฆืฆื ื ืืืจื ืื ืืคืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืื ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ืขื ืืืจื ืืืืงื. ืืื 1979 ื ืขืจื ืืืืืื ื ืคืกืืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืงืืื ืืข ืืืื ื, ืฉื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืกืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืงืืืื ืืกืืืืช ืืืจืืช, ืื ืงืืื ืืขืืื ืงืกืืจื ืืฉืงืืขื ืืืืฆืื ืืงืืืื ืืกืคืืจื, ืืืืชื ืืืฆืืื ืจืื ืืืฉืืงืื ืืืืืืืคืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืชืชืคื, ืืจืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืกื (ืงืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืงืื ื-22 ืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืื ืืืื ืื). ืืฉืืืฉ ืืืืืืืืช ืฉืืฉืืื ืกืคืืจืืืื ืื ืืขื ืฃ ืืืืืจืืฃ, ืืขื ืคืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืชืืืืงื, ืื'ืืื, ืืืืืืงืืช ืืืกืืืฃ. ืื ืืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืงื ืืืืื ืืช, ืืกืคืืจื ืืคืืคืืืจื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืื ื ืืื ื ืืืืืจืื, ืื ืื ืืืืืกืืื. ืืฉืืง ืื ืืืื ืืงืืื ืืืื ืขืืืื ื ืื ืืืจืืงื ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ื-19, ืืืืืจ ืฉืืกืคืจืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืชื ืืืืฅ ืืืืง ื-1895 ืืคืืคืืืจืืืช ืฉืื ืจืง ืืืจื. ืืื 1939 ืืืชื ื ืืืจืช ืืืืืกืืื ืฉื ืงืืื 25 ืคืขืืื ืืืืืข ืืขืืื, 12 ืคืขืืื ืืืฉืืงืื ืืคืื-ืืืจืืงืืืื ื-10 ืคืขืืื ืืืืืข ืืืื-ืืืฉืชื. ืืื ืืืืืืืคืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืคืืืืช ืืจืฆืืื ื (1992) ืกืืืื ืื ืืืจืช ืืงืืื ืืช ืืคืืืช ืืืงืื ืืฉื ื. ืฉืืงื ืื ืงืืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืฃ ืืฉืืงืื ืืืืื'ืืจ ืืื ืืืืกืืื ืืืืจืืงื ืืช. ืจืื ืื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืจืืื] | [TOKENS: 9715] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืจื ืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืืื (ืืขืจืืืช: ู
ู
ููุฉ ุงูุจุญุฑูู, ืืืืืื: Mamlakat al-Baแธฅrayn, ืืืืืช ืืืืืจืื) ืืืงืืฆืืจ ืืืจืืื (ืืขืจืืืช: ุงูุจุญุฑูู, ืืืืืื: al-Baแธฅrayn, ืืืืื ืืขืจืืืช: [รฆl bษฤงหreหn], ืืืืืจืื, ืืืืืืืช: "ืฉื ื ืืืื") ืืื ืืืื ืช ืื ืืืคืจืฅ ืืคืจืกื ืืืจืื-ืืขืจื ืืกืื. ืืืจืืื ืืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืกืืืื. ืืืืื ื ืืชืืช, ืืฉืื ืืช ืืชืจืืืชืืช ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืง ืืืขืืื ืืืืกืืื, ืืขืืื ืืขืจืื ืืืืืจื ืืชืืืื. ืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืืื ื ืืฆื ืืืืจื ืืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช ืืฆืคืื ืืช ืืืฆื ืืื ืฉื ืงืืจ ืืืคืจืฅ ืืืจืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1986 ืืกืชืืืื ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืฉ ืืขื ืืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช. ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืจ ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืฉืชื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืงืืจ, ืฆืคืืื ืืืกืชืืื ืืขืชืื. ืืืกืืืจืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืกืช ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืคืจืืืกืืืจืืื. ืืืงืืื ืืืกืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืจืืืคืื, ืืื ืืืจื ืืืขืจื ืืืคืจืฅ ืืคืจืกื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืคืืจืืื, ืืงืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืชืืงืื ืืืคื ืื ืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืฉืืืช ืืื ืืืคืื, ืืคืื ืืช ืืืงืื ืืืจืื ืขืืจืื ื ืืืืจื ืืืืกืืืจืื. ืืขืจืืช ืืืืงืจืื ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืกืืืืืช ืืืื ื-23 ืืคื ื ืืกืคืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืง ืืชืจืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉืื ืืืฉื ืขื ืืจืื ืืืกืืจ ืืื ืืจื ื ืืจืืื ืืชืจืืืช ืขืืง ืืืื ืืืก ืืคืงืืกืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื. ืืืจืืื ืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืขื ืืืฉืืจืื ืืฉื "ืชืืืื", ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืช: "ืืืืืก". ืืืื ื-6 ืืคื ื ืืกืคืืจื ืกืืคืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืฉื ืืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืขื ืืื ืืืฉืืจืื ืืืจืืื ื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืื ืื, ืืคืจืกืื ืืืืกืืฃ ืขื ืืื ืืขืจืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืืฉืืื ืืื, ืืืื ื-10 ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืืืช ืืืืกืืืืช ืฉื ืืงืจืืืื, ืืกืืคืจืื ืงืืืืื ืกืืคืจื ืฉืืืื ื ืืคืื ืืงืื ืืจื ืืืืจืืื, ืืื ืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืื ืงืืจืืื ืืงืืจื ืืคืื ืืงืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืกืคืง ืืืืืืช ื ืฉืืจื ืื ืืจืืจื. ืืฉื ืช 1521 ืืืฉื ืืคืืจืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื, ืื ืืืืืง ืขื ืืคืจืกืื ืขื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืฉื ืืื ืืคืจืกืื ืกืืคืืช ืืช ืืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1743. ื-1783 ื ืืืฉื ืืืืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืื ืขืจืื ืฉืื ื ืื ืืช ืฉืืฉืืช ืืฉืื'ืื ืืกืื ืื ืฉื ืื-ื'ืืืคื, ืฉืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืื. ืื ืืืื ืื ื'ืืืคื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืขืืืื ื ืฉืงืฃ ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืคืจืกืืช ืืขื ืื ืคื ื ืืืจืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืชืงืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืกืืช. ืืฉื ืช 1932 ืืชืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ื ืคื ืืืืื. ืืืืื ืื ืชืจื ืจืืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืืฃ ืงืืจื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืื, ืืฉืจ ืืขืืืจื ืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืกืืกืื ืฆืืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืคืืขื ืจืืืช ืขื ืชืจืืืชื ืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืฆืจ ืืชื ืืื ืืงืืืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืจืืื ืื, ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืขืงื ืืืงื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืื ืืืงืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืจืืื ืืชืืืืช ืื ืืชืืคืืื ื ืืืชืคืจืขืืืืช ืจืืืช ืื ืื ืืืกื ืืฉืืืื ืขื ืืืจืืืื. ืืืืื ืฉื ืืช ืึพ60 ืืจืืื ืื ืืขืืืจื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืื ืขืชืืื ืฉื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืื"ื ืืื"ื. ืืฉื ืช 1968 ืืขื ื ืืืจืื ืืืืงื ืขื ืืืจืืื (ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืฅ ืืคืจืกื), ืื ื ืกืืื ืืืขื ืืชืื ืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืจ ืืกืื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืืืจืืื ืืชืืืจื ืืืจืืฉืืชืื ืืืืจืืช. ืืืกืืฃ ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืชืช ืขืฆืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืืืจืืืื ื ืกืืื ืืืืคื ืกืืคื ืืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืช 1971. ืืืจืืื ืืฆืืจืคื ืืืืื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืจื ืื ืขื ืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1986 ืืกืชืืืื ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืคืื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช. ืืืจืืื ืืคืื ืืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืขืจืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืืืืงื ืืืืืช ืื ืคื ืฉืื. ืขืชืืืืช ืื ืคื ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืื ืืชืจื ืืืืืืืช. ืืชืจืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืคืขื ืืืขืจืืืช ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืฉืืจ, ืืืืืืืชืื ืฉื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืื ื-1999, ืืื ืื ืขืืกื ืื ื'ืืืคื, ืืืชืืจ ืืืืจืืช ืืคืจืืื ื, ืืชืช ืื ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืช ืืืฆืืขื ืืืฉืืจืจ ืืช ืื ืืืกืืจืื ืืคืืืืืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ 2002 ื ืขืจืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื 30 ืฉื ื ืืืืจืืช ืืคืจืืื ื. ืืืืืจืืช ื ืืืจื 40 ื ืฆืืืื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืืฆืืขื ืขืื ืขื ืคืืืช ื-50%. ืืฉื ืช 2003 ืืืืจ ืืืื ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืืื, ืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืช ืืขืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืจืชืืช. ืืืคืจืื 2004 ืืื ืชื ืฉืจืช ืืจืืืืช, ืืฉืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืฉื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉืืืื ืช ืืฉืจื. ืืืื 2008 ืืื ืชื ืืืื ืขืืจื ื ืื ื ืืฉืืจืืจืช ืืืจืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืคืื ืืฉืืจืืจื ืืืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืขืืื ืืขืจืื. "ืืืืื ืืขืจืื" ืืืืข ืืืืจืืื ืืชืืืืช 2011 ืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืื ื"ืืื ืืขื" ื-14 ืืคืืจืืืจ. ืืืคืืื ืื ืืจืฉื ืืืคืฉ ืคืืืืื ืืฉืืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืืจืื ืืฉืืขื. ืืืกืืจืช ืื ืืืคืื ืืช ื ืืจืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืคืืื ืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืืช ืฆืืืืื ืฉืฉืืื ืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืืกืืจืช ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืขืฆืช ืฉืืชืืฃ ืืคืขืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืืคืจืฅ. ืคืืืืืืงื ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืงืชืืช ืืฉืจ ืืจืืฉื ืขืืื ืืขืช ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืขืืกื ืื ื'ืืืคื. ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืกืืืื, ื ืกืื ืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืืจืืื. ืืคืจืืื ื ืืืืจืืื ืืืจืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืื, ืชืืชืื (ืืฉืจ ืืจืืื ื ืงืืข ืืืืืจืืช) ืืขืืืื (ืืฉืจ ืืจืืื ื ืงืืข ืขื ืืื ืืืื). ืฉื ื ืืืชืื ืื ืื ื 40 ืืืจืื. ืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืช ืืืจ ืคืจืืื ื ืืื 4 ืฉื ืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ืืคืจืืื ื ื ืขืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2002, ืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืช ืืืฆืืขื ื ืืืื ืื ืื ืฉืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืคืจืืื ื ืืืืงื ืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืืื ืฉื ืืชืืฉืืื ืืกืื ืื ืืืฉืืขืื ืืืืื ื, ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฆืืื ืืคืจืืื ื. ืืคืืืคืืจืื ืืคืืืืืืช ืืืคืฉืจื ืืืขืืืช ื ืืฉืืื ืืชืืื ืขื ืกืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืฆืข ืชืืื ืืืช ืืกืืืจืืช ืืืชืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืชืงืืื. ืืืจื ืืืืืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืฉืชื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืกืืืืืืช ืืืชืืืช ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืงืืคืืื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืืจืช ืืืืืขืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืคืจื. ืขื ืืืช, ืืจืืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืื ืืฉื ืช 2010 ืืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืจืืจืืช ืืืฆื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืจืืื. ืืชืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืจืง ืืืจืื ืืืืช ืืชืืชืื ืฉื ืืคืจืืื ื, ืืื ื ืืืื 10 ื ืฉืื ืืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืืืืจื ืืงืื ืืช ืชื ืืขืช ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืฆืืจ ืจืืฉื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจื (ืืฆื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืคืจืฅ ืืคืจืกื ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืจืืชื ืืืื ืื ืืืืจืืืืช ืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื). ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืื ื ืืืื ื ืฆืืืื ืืงืจื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฆืจื ืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2004 ืืื ืชื ืืืืก ืกืืขืื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืจืช ืืืจืืืืช. ืืืช ืืืืชื ืืคืขื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืฉื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉื ืฉืจื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืจืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2008 ืืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืขืืจื ื ืื ื ืืืืืช ืฉืืจืืจืช ืืืจืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ื ืื ื ืืื ืืืจืช ืืคืจืืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืืื, ืืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉืงืืืื ืชืคืงืื ืืืคืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ื ืขืจืืืช ืืืฉืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2014 ืืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืขืฆืช ืฉืืจื[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื] ืืืฉื, ืื ืืืื ื ืชืฉืข ื ืฉืื (ืฉืชืืื ืคืืืช ืืืืืฉื ืืงืืื), ืืื ืืื ืืืฉื ื ืืฆืจืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืืืื. ืืืขืฆืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืืฉื ืืื ื ืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืจืื ื[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื] ืืืงื ืืืช ืืฉืคื ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืจืฉืืช ืืฉืืคืืช ืืืืื ื. ืืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืกืืจืืืืืช ืืืืืงืช ืืืจืืื ืืืจืืขื ืืืืืืช (ู
ุญุงูุธุงุช): ื-11 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020 ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืกืืืื ืขื ื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืืืืกืื ืืขื ืืชืืื ืขืชืืืืช ืขื ืืกืื ืืื ืื ืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ื-15 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020 ืืชืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืกืืื ื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืืืกืื ืฉืืื ืืืืช ืืืื. ืืืกืื ื ืืชื ืืืกืืจืช ืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช ืื ืืืืืช ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืจืืื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ][ืืคื ื ืฉ...]. ื-14 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2022 ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื ืืืงืจ ืืื ืืื, ืืืจืช ืืืจืืื, ืืืืงืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืกืืื ืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืื ื. ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืฉื ื ืืืงืจ ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฆืืง ืืจืฆืื ืืืืจืืื. ืืืืื ืขื ืคื ืกืงืจ ืืื"ื ืืื ืืืจ 2006, ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืขืืช ืืืืืื ืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืืืชืจ ืืงืจื ืืขืืื ืืขืจืื. ืืืช ืขืงื ืืืชืคืชืืืช ืื ืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืกืืจ ืื ืคื ืืืืืจ, ืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืขืืืื ืื ื ืืชื ืื ืืืขืจืื. ืชืขืฉืืืช ืื ืคื ืืืืจืืื ืืืืื ื-30% ืืืชื"ื ืืคืืขืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืจืช ืื ืคื ืฉื ืืืจืืื, ืื ืขืงื ืืืกืจ ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืื ืคื ืืืืื ื (ืืคื ืืขืจืืืช ืฉืคืืจืกืื ื-2020, ืื ืฆืคืืืื ืืืกืคืืง ืืขืื ื-10 ืขื 15 ืฉื ืื ืืงืฆื ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืืื) ืืืืฉืื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืืืคืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืช. ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืขืืื ืืืจืืช ืืจืืช ืืืงืื ืืช ืืกืืกื ืืืคืจืฅ ืืคืจืกื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืฉืงืืข ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืื. ืืขืช ืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืืืงืช ืืืืืช ืชืืืจืืช, ืื ืงืืืช, ืชืขืฉืืื ืืืื ืืขืกืงืื ืงืืขืื ืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืื ืืงืืช ืืกืืื ืคืืจืืืื 1 ืืืืื ื. ืืืกืืื ื ืื ืก ืืกืื ืืืืงืจืชื ืืืืื ืคืจืกืื ืจื ืืืืื ื. ืืืจืช ืืชืขืืคื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืืฃ ืืืืจ. ืืืืืจืคืื ืืืจืืืคืื ืขืืื ืืืืฉืช ืืืจืืื ืืืจืื ื-33 ืืืื, ืฉืื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืฉืืจืืื ืืฆืืืืื, ืืขืื ืืงืืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืืฉ. ืื ืงืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืื ื ืืื ื'ืื ื-ืืืื (ืืืืืืืช: ืืจ ืืขืฉื. ืขืจืืืช: ุฌุจู ุงูุฏุฎุงู. ืชืขืชืืง ืืืืืง: ื'ืื ืืืื'ืื) ืืืืื 134 ืืืจืื. ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืื 760 ืงืืืืืืจืื ืจืืืขืื ืกื ืืื, ืงืื ืืืชืจ ืื ืื ืืชืขืืคื ืืืื ืคืืื, ืฉืืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช ืืฉืื ื. ืืืืฆืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืขืืงืจ ื ืคื, ืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืชืื ืืืคืจืฅ ืืคืจืกื, ืืื ืืขื ืคื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืคื ืืืืื ื. ืืืืืจืคืื ืืืื ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืช ืืจื ืืืื ืืขืจืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืจืช ืขืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืจืื. ืฉื ื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ื ืื ืขืจืืื ืืขืื ืฉืืฉืืจ ืื ืขืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืจืื, ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืจืื-ืืืจื ืืกืื. ืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ื ืืชื ืืืืง ืืฉืื ืืืจืืื (ืื ื'ืืืคื), ืฉืืืื ืื ื-ืืจืืช ืืื ื'ืืืคื, ืขืจืืื ืฉืืขืื, ืขืจืืื ืกืื ืื ืืคืจืก, ืขืจืืื ืกืื ืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืขืจื, ืืืืื ืฉืืฉืชืงืขื ืืืืื ื ืืคื ื ืืืืื ืื ืคื, ืืืฃ ืงืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ื ื-100 ื ืคืฉืืช ืฉืจืืื ืืงืืจื ืืขืืจืืง. ืชืืฆืืืช ืืคืงื ืืืืืืืกืื ืฉื ืขืจื ืื ืกืืืืช ืืืคืจืื 2010 ืืขืื ืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืกืืืืช ืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืชืืฉืืื ืืืงืืืืื. ืืืื 1.234 ืืืืืื ืื ื ืืื ืืืชืืืจืจืื ืื ืกืืืืช, 666,172 (ื-54%) ืืื ืชืืฉืืื ืืจืื, ืืจืง 568,399 ืืื ืชืืฉืืื ืืงืืืืื. ืืืช ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืกืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืกืืืืช. ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืชืืื ืืืกืืื ืืกืื ื ืื ืจืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืกืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืขืืช. ืืขืงืืืช ืืื ืืืืจื ืืขืืืืื ืืจืื (ืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืคืืืืคืื ืื ืืกืจื ืื ืงื) ืืื ืืืื ืืืืกืืืื ืืจืืช ืืืื ื-21. ื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2001 ืืืืกืืืื ืืื ืื ื-81% ืืืืืืืืกืืื, 9% ืื ื ืืฆืจืื ืืืฉืืจ ืื ื ืืชืืช ืืืจืืช. ืงืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืืืชื ืงืืืืช ืืื ืืืจ ืืืื ื-7. ืื ืืกืข ืืืืืื, ืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืงืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืื ื-12 ืืืืืจ ืืช ืงืืืื ืฉื ืฉืชื ืงืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืคื ืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช - ืืืฉืจ ืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืจืืื. ืืืื ื-19 ืืืืขื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืฆืืช ืืฉืื ืืช ืืืกืคืจื ื ืืื ื-1,500. ืืื 1932, ืืืขื ืืืืื ืื ืคื, ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืก ืืืืืืื, ืืืืื ืจืง ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืื. ืขื ืงืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืืื ืืืชืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืฉืื ื ืืืจ: "ืืฉื ื ืืฉืืืขืืช ืืื'ืจื (ืฉื ืช 629), ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืชื ...ืื ืฉืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืกืืื ืืืืื ืชื". ืืื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ื ืืฆืจืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืืืื ืชื. ืืืื ื-19, ืืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืคื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืกืืจื. ืืฉืคืืืช ืฉื ืกืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืขืืจืืง. ืืื ืืืจืืืืืช ืืื, "ืืจื ืื-ืืืชื ืื", ืืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืื 1930โ1940 "ืจืืื ืืืืืืื" ืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืื ืกืืืจืืช ืืฉืืช. ืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืื ืืืงื ืืฉื ืช 1930. ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืืื ื ืืื ืื ื-1,500 ื ืคืฉ. ืืฉื ืช 1932, ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืคื, ืืืืขื ืืงืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืื ืื-ืืจืืืืื (ืืืจืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืงืืคื ืื), ืืืื ืืืฉืืืื. ืืชื ืืืืืืื ื ืืจืกื, ืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืืกืคืจื ืืชืืจื ื ืื ืื.[ื] ืืฉื ืช 1947 ืืจื ืืืง ื ืืืจ ืืืงืืืื. ืืฉื ืืช ื-60 ืืืืงืืืืช ื ืืชืจื ืื ืืื 200 ื-300 ืืืืืื. ืืืจื ืืืืืช ืฉืฉืช ืืืืื ืืืจื ืจืืื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืืืื ื. ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืชืจื ืืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืืกืืช. ืืฉืืืื ืืืื ืคืชืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืืื ืืืฉื ืืคืจืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2000 ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืื ื ืื ื ืืืืจ ืคืจืืื ื ืืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืชื ืงืื ืฆืืืช. ื-2006 ืืื ืชื ืขืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืขืืจื ื ืื ื, ืืืืื ืืชื ืฉื ืืืจืื, ืืืืจืช ืคืจืืื ื, ืื-2008, ืืื ืืื ืชื ืืฉืืจืืจืช ืืืจืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื (ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืงื ืื). ืชืจืืืช ืืืืืจืืืืฆืื ืืคืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืฉืช ืฉื ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืชืจืืืชืืื ืืืืื ื. ืืืจืืื ืืคืื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืกืคืจืื ืืืืืื ื ืืฆืื 132 ืกืคืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2005, ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืชื ืขืช ืื ืชื 700,000 ื ืคืฉ ืืืื. ืืืจืืช ืืืช, ื ืืชืจื ืืืื ืื ืงืื ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื ืืช ืืืืงืื ืืืคืจืืื ืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืืืื ื. ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืขืืืื ื ืขืฉืืช ืืืืืืช ืื ืจืืืช ืืืฃ ืืืื ืืชืืฆืข ืืขืืชืื ืืืืฆืขืื ืฉืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื. ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืขืืืื ื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืื ืืกืืจืืช ืืืกืืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืฆื ืืขืืจ ืืืืจื ืื ืืื, ืื ืืคืื ื ืืฉืืื ืจืืื ืืืงืืืืื ืืฉืื ืฆืืืืจื ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉื ืืฉืื "ืืกืืจืื" ืืขืืจ. ืจืื ืื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื 1ืืืง ืืฉืื ืืืืื ื ื ืืฆื ืืืืจืืคื. 2ืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืจืช ืขื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืจืฉืืืช. 3ืืืง ืืฉืื ืืืืื ื ื ืืฆื ืืืืงืืื ืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit#cite_ref-319] | [TOKENS: 12221] |
Contents Reddit Reddit (/หrษdษชt/ โ RED-it, formerly stylized reddit) is an American proprietary social news aggregation and forum social media platform. Registered users (commonly referred to as "redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down ("upvoted" or "downvoted") by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "subreddits". Submissions with more upvotes appear towards the top of their subreddit and, if they receive enough upvotes, ultimately on the site's front page. Reddit administrators moderate the communities. Moderation is also conducted by subreddit-specific moderators, who are unpaid volunteers. It is operated by Reddit, Inc., based in San Francisco. As of December 2025, Reddit is one of the most-visited websites in the world. According to data provided by Similarweb, 51.75% of the website traffic comes from the United States, followed by Canada at 7.01%, the United Kingdom at 6.97%, Australia at 3.97%, Germany at 3%, and the remaining 28.37% split among other countries. Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in June 2005, who were joined by Aaron Swartz that November. Condรฉ Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006. In 2011, Reddit became an independent subsidiary of Condรฉ Nast's parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit debuted on the stock market on the morning of March 21, 2024, with the ticker symbol RDDT. The current market cap as of July 2024 is US$10 billion. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, particularly in the United States, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. It has received praise for many of its features, such as the ability to create several subreddits for niche communities. It has been criticized for the spread of misinformation and its voting system which can encourage online echo chambers. History The idea and initial development of Reddit originated with college roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005, who attended a lecture by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham in Boston during their spring break from University of Virginia. After speaking with Huffman and Ohanian following the lecture, Graham invited the two to apply to his startup incubator Y Combinator. Their initial idea, My Mobile Menu, was unsuccessful, and was intended to allow users to order food by SMS text messaging. During a brainstorming session to pitch another startup, the idea was created for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet". For that idea, Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class. Supported by the funding from Y Combinator, Huffman coded the site in Common Lisp and together with Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005. Embarrassed by an empty-looking site, the founders created hundreds of fake users for their posts to make it look more populated. The team expanded to include Christopher Slowe in November 2005. Between November 2005 and January 2006, Reddit merged with Aaron Swartz's company Infogami, and Swartz became an equal owner of the resulting parent company, Not A Bug. Swartz then helped rewrite the software running Reddit using web.py, a web framework he developed. The passage from Aaron Swartz's blog post "Rewriting Reddit" reveals that the switch from Lisp to Python, specifically using the web.py framework developed by Swartz, was driven by a desire for simplicity, maintainability, and performance. Despite facing skepticism and critique from the Lisp community, the change was justified by the efficiency and clarity Python provided for the project. This initiative not only influenced the technical evolution of Reddit but also contributed to the broader web development community by inspiring other frameworks and remaining a significant part of Reddit's history. In 2011, Ohanian claimed that rather than Swartz being a co-founder, the correct description would be that Swartz's company was acquired by Reddit six months after the website was founded. Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condรฉ Nast Publications, owner of Wired, on October 31, 2006, for a reported $10 million to $20 million and the team moved to San Francisco. In November 2006, Swartz posted to his blog, complaining about the new corporate environment, criticizing its level of productivity. In January 2007, Swartz was fired for undisclosed reasons. Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit in 2009. Huffman went on to co-found Hipmunk with Adam Goldstein, and later recruited Ohanian and Slowe to the new company. After Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit, Erik Martin, who joined the company as a community manager in 2008 and later became general manager in 2011, played a role in Reddit's growth. VentureBeat noted that Martin was "responsible for keeping the site going" under Condรฉ Nast's ownership. Yishan Wong joined Reddit as CEO in 2012. Wong resigned from Reddit in 2014, citing disagreements about his proposal to move the company's offices from San Francisco to nearby Daly City, but also the "stressful and draining" nature of the position. Ohanian credited Wong with the company's newfound success as its user base grew from 35 million to 174 million. Wong oversaw the company as it raised $50 million in funding and spun off as an independent company. Also during this time, Reddit began accepting the digital currency Bitcoin for its Reddit Gold subscription service through a partnership with bitcoin payment processor Coinbase in February 2013. Ellen Pao replaced Wong as interim CEO in 2014 and resigned in 2015 amid a user revolt over the firing of a popular Reddit employee. During her tenure, Reddit initiated an anti-harassment policy, banned involuntary sexualization, and banned several forums that focused on bigoted content or harassment of individuals. After five years away from the company, Ohanian and Huffman returned to leadership roles: Ohanian became the full-time executive chairman in November 2014 following Wong's resignation, while Pao's departure on July 10, 2015, led to Huffman's return as the company's chief executive. After Huffman rejoined Reddit as CEO, he launched Reddit's iOS and Android apps, improved Reddit's mobile website, and created A/B testing infrastructure. The company launched a major redesign of its website in April 2018. Huffman said new users were turned off from Reddit because it had looked like a "dystopian Craigslist". Reddit also instituted several technological improvements, such as a new tool that allows users to hide posts, comments, and private messages from selected redditors in an attempt to curb online harassment, and new content guidelines. These new content guidelines were aimed at banning content inciting violence and quarantining offensive material. Slowe, the company's first employee, rejoined Reddit in 2017 as chief technology officer. Ohanian resigned as a member of the board on June 5, 2020 in response to the George Floyd protests and requested to be replaced "by a Black candidate". Michael Seibel, then-CEO of Y Combinator, was subsequently named to the board. On March 5, 2021, Reddit announced that it had appointed Drew Vollero, who had worked at Snapchat's parent company, Snap Inc., as its first chief financial officer (CFO) weeks after the site was thrust into the spotlight due to its role in the GameStop trading frenzy. Vollero's appointment spurred speculation of an initial public offering, a move that senior leaders have considered publicly. As of August 2021[update], Reddit was valued at more than $10 billion following a $410 million funding round. The company was looking to hire investment bankers and lawyers to assist in making an initial public offering. However, CEO Steve Huffman said the company had not decided on the timing for when to go public. In December 2021, Reddit revealed that it had confidentially filed for an initial public offering with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Reddit's initial public offering opened on March 20, 2024, at $34 per share and a $6.4 billion valuation. They went public the next day on the New York Stock Exchange at $47 per share and rose to $50.44 at market close on their first day of trading, reaching a market cap of $9.5 billion. The market cap as of July 2024 was $10 billion. Site overview Reddit is a website comprising user-generated contentโincluding photos, videos, links, and text-based postsโand discussions of this content in what is essentially a bulletin board system. The name "Reddit" is a play-on-words with the phrase "read it", i.e., "I read it on Reddit." According to Reddit, in 2019, there were approximately 430 million monthly users, who are known as "redditors". The site's content is divided into categories or communities known on-site as "subreddits", of which there are more than 138,000 active communities. As a network of communities, Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users. Users can comment on others' posts to continue the conversation. A key feature to Reddit is that users can cast positive or negative votes, called upvotes and downvotes respectively, for each post and comment on the site. The number of upvotes or downvotes determines the posts' visibility on the site, so the most popular content is displayed to the most people. Users can also earn "karma" for their posts and comments, a status that reflects their standing within the community and their contributions to Reddit. Posts are sometimes automatically archived after six months, meaning they can no longer be commented or voted on. The most popular posts from the site's numerous subreddits are visible on the front page to those who browse the site without an account. By default for those users, the front page will display the subreddit r/popular, featuring top-ranked posts across all of Reddit, excluding not-safe-for-work communities and others that are most commonly filtered out by users (even if they are safe for work). The subreddit r/all originally did not filter topics, but as of 2021 it does not include not-safe-for-work content. Registered users who subscribe to subreddits see the top content from the subreddits to which they subscribe on their personal front pages. Additionally, some subreddits have a karma and account age requirement to discourage bots and spammers from posting. Front-page rankโfor both the general front page and for individual subredditsโis determined by a combination of factors, including the age of the submission, positive ("upvoted") to negative ("downvoted") feedback ratio, and the total vote-count. Registering an account with Reddit is free and requires an email address. In addition to commenting and voting, registered users can also create their own subreddit on a topic of their choosing. In Reddit style, usernames begin with "u/". Noteworthy redditors include u/Poem_for_your_sprog, who responds to messages across Reddit in verse, u/Shitty_Watercolour who posts paintings in response to posts, and u/spez, the CEO of Reddit (Steve Huffman). Subreddits are overseen by moderators, Reddit users who earn the title by creating a subreddit or being promoted by a current moderator. Reddit users may also request to moderate a sub that has no moderators or very inactive ones in r/redditrequest. These requests are reviewed by the Reddit admins. Moderators are volunteers who manage their communities, set and enforce community-specific rules, remove posts and comments that violate these rules, and often work to keep discussions in their subreddit on topic. Admins, by contrast, are employees of Reddit. Early on, Reddit implemented shadow banning, purportedly to address spam accounts, while saying, "it's still the only tool we have to punish people who break the rules". In 2015, Reddit added an account suspension feature which they said would replace sitewide shadowbans, however, moderators are still able to shadowban users or their individual posts. Reddit releases transparency reports annually which have information like how many posts have been taken down by moderators and for what reason. It also details information about requests law enforcement agencies have made for information about users or to take down content. In 2020, Reddit removed 6% of posts made on the platform (approx. 233 million). More than 99% of removals were marked as spam; the remainder made up of a mix of other offensive content. Around 131 million posts were removed by the automated moderator (~56 %) and the rest were taken down manually. It is estimated that Reddit's moderators work 466 hours every day, which is $3.4 million in unpaid work each year. That roughly equates to 2.8% of the company's annual revenue. Subreddits (officially called communities) are user-created areas of interest where discussions on Reddit are organized. There are about 138,000 active subreddits (among a total of 1.2 million) as of July 2018[update]. Subreddit names begin with "r/"; for instance, "r/science" is a community devoted to discussing scientific publications, while "r/gaming" is a community devoted to discussing video games, and "r/worldnews" is for posting news articles from around the world. In a 2014 interview with Memeburn, Erik Martin, then the general manager of Reddit, remarked that their "approach is to give the community moderators or curators as much control as possible so that they can shape and cultivate the type of communities they want". Subreddits often use themed variants of Reddit's alien mascot, Snoo, in the visual styling of their communities. Today subreddits exist not only for interests and topics but also for organizations. The Wayanad Literature Festival has a subreddit where they host discussions based on the sessions they host and encourage people to post about literature, politics and media. Reddit Premium (formerly Reddit Gold) is a premium membership that allows users to view the site ad-free. Until 2023, subscribers could also use coins to award posts or comments they valued, generally due to humorous or high-quality content. Reddit Premium unlocks several features not accessible to regular users, such as comment highlighting, exclusive subreddits such as r/lounge, a personalized Snoo (known as a "snoovatar"), and a Reddit premium trophy that can be displayed on the user's profile. Reddit Gold was renamed to Reddit Premium in 2018. In addition to gold coins, users were able to gift silver and platinum coins to other users as rewards for quality content. On the site, redditors commemorate their "cake day" once a year, on the anniversary of the day their account was created. Cake day adds an icon of a small slice of cake next to the user's name for 24 hours. In August 2021, the company introduced a TikTok-like short-form video feature for iOS that lets users rapidly swipe through a feed of short video content. In December 2021, the company introduced a Spotify Wrapped-like feature called Reddit Recap that recaps various statistics from January 1 to November 30 about each individual user, such as how much time they spent on Reddit, which communities they joined, and the topics that they engaged with, and allows the user to view it. On July 7, 2022, Reddit announced "blockchain-backed Collectible Avatars", customizable avatars which are available on the subreddit r/CollectibleAvatars for purchase separate from Reddit Premium. The avatars were created by independent artists who post work on other subreddits, and who receive a portion of the profits. They use Reddit's Polygon blockchain-powered digital wallet the Vault. Richard Lawler of The Verge described them as "non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that are available for purchase in the Reddit Avatar Builder". In 2017, Reddit developed its own real-time chat software for the site. While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit. Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of a given subreddit were rolled out in 2018. Reddit Talk was announced in April 2021 as a competitor to Clubhouse. Reddit Talk lets subreddit moderators start audio meeting rooms that mimic Clubhouse in design. In 2022, Reddit Talk was updated to support recording audio rooms and work on the web version of Reddit. A desktop app is reportedly slated for a late February release. Reddit Chat replaced the Reddit private messaging system in June 2025. Reddit acquired MeaningCloud, a natural language processing company in June 2022. In February 2024, Reddit announced a partnership with Google in a deal worth about $60 million per year, to license its real-time user content to train Google's AI model. The partnership also lets Reddit get access to Google's "Vertex AI" service which would help improve search results on Reddit. It was announced that Reddit and OpenAI had reached a deal that will allow OpenAI access to the Reddit API to train its models, while Reddit will receive certain AI tools for moderators and users. In December 2024, Reddit announced Reddit Answers, an AI search tool that summarizes conversations in response to a question from the user. Reddit's search function has had many iterations; the one on the new site currently uses Lucidworks Fusion, while the search on old reddit uses Reddit's own in-house search In 2009, Reddit released their official mobile app, called iReddit. This app was sparsely updated, and was superseded by a new mobile website in 2010. For several years, most Redditors relied on third-party apps to access Reddit on mobile devices. In October 2014, Reddit acquired one of them, Alien Blue, which became the official iOS Reddit app. Reddit removed Alien Blue and released its official application, Reddit: The Official App, on Google Play and the iOS App Store in April 2016. The company released an app for Reddit's question-and-answer Ask Me Anything subreddit in 2014. The app allowed users to see active Ask Me Anythings, receive notifications, ask questions and vote. As of September 2025, all versions of the iReddit and Alien Blue apps still work on older versions of iOS; they were not affected by the API shutdown due to both of them being official Reddit apps. The 2010 mobile site, however, was shut down in 2024. The site has undergone several products and design changes since it originally launched in 2005. When it initially launched, there were no comments or subreddits. Comments were added in 2005 and interest-based groups (called 'subreddits') were introduced in 2008. Allowing users to create subreddits has led to much of the activity that redditors would recognize that helped define Reddit. These include subreddits "WTF", "funny", and "AskReddit". Reddit rolled out its multireddit feature, the site's biggest change to its front page in years, in 2013. With the multireddits, users see top stories from a collection of subreddits. In 2015, Reddit enabled embedding and as a result users could share Reddit content on other sites. In 2016, Reddit began hosting images using a new image uploading tool, a move that shifted away from the uploading service Imgur that had been the de facto service. Users still can upload images to Reddit using Imgur. Reddit's in-house video uploading service for desktop and mobile launched in 2017. Previously, users had to use third-party video uploading services, which Reddit acknowledged was time-consuming for users. Reddit released its "spoiler tags" feature in January 2017. The feature warns users of potential spoilers in posts and pixelates preview images. Reddit unveiled changes to its public front page, called r/popular, in 2017; the change creates a front page free of potentially adult-oriented content for unregistered users. In late 2017, Reddit declared it wanted to be a mobile-first site, launching several changes to its apps for iOS and Android. The new features included user-to-user chat, a theater mode for viewing visual content, and mobile tools for the site's moderators. "Mod mode" lets moderators manage content and their subreddits on mobile devices. Reddit launched its redesigned website in 2018, with its first major visual update in a decade. Development for the new site took more than a year. It was the result of an initiative by Huffman upon returning to Reddit, who said the site's outdated look deterred new users. The new site features a hamburger menu to help users navigate the site, different views, and new fonts to better inform redditors if they are clicking on a Reddit post or an external link. The nominal goal was not only for Reddit to improve its appearance, but also to make it easier to accommodate a new generation of Reddit users. Additionally Reddit's growth had strained the site's back end; Huffman and Reddit Vice President of Engineering Nick Caldwell told The Wall Street Journal's COI Journal that Reddit needed to leverage artificial intelligence and other modern digital tools. Users can opt-out of the redesign by using the old.reddit.com domain. On May 15, 2024, the dedicated login flow was removed from the old domain, although site admins said they had "no plans" to remove the old domain entirely. In November 2023, Fast Company reported that Reddit began rolling out a comprehensive rebrand, including a new logo, typeface, brand colors, and an updated version of its mascot Snoo, as part of its preparation for a potential 2024 IPO and in response to its expanding user base and global reach. Reddit's logo consists of a time-traveling alien named Snoo and the company name stylized as "reddit". The alien has an oval head, pom-pom ears, and an antenna. Its colors are black, white, and orange-red. The mascot was created in 2005 while company co-founder Alexis Ohanian was an undergraduate at the University of Virginia. Ohanian drew a doodle of the creature while he was bored during a marketing class. Originally, Ohanian sought to name the mascot S'new, a play on "What's new?", to tie the mascot into Reddit's premise as the "front page of the Internet". Eventually, the name Snoo was chosen. In 2011, Ohanian outlined the logo's evolution with a graphic that showcased several early versions, including various spellings of the website name, such as "Reditt". Snoo is genderless, so the logo is moldable. Over the years, the Reddit logo has frequently changed for holidays and other special events. Many subreddits have a customized Snoo logo to represent the subreddit. Redditors can also submit their own logos, which sometimes appear on the site's front page, or create their own customized versions of Snoo for their communities (or "subreddits"). When Reddit revamped its website in April 2018, the company imposed several restrictions on how Snoo can be designed: Snoo's head "should always appear blank or neutral", Snoo's eyes are orange-red, and Snoo cannot have fingers. Snoo's purpose is to discover and explore humanity. Discontinued features Starting in 2023 with the discontinuation of the Reddit API's free tier, Reddit has been silently discontinuing legacy features and reducing the functionalities of the old site. All of these changes have been met with significant backlash by the Reddit community. Reddit's private messaging system, which had been present on the site ever since its launch in 2005, was discontinued in 2025 in favor of Reddit Chat. Reddit discontinued its free API tier for commercial applications in April 2023. This was met with significant backlash by the community, leaving the website in a state of disarray for months. In early 2023, Reddit silently discontinued its legacy mobile site, known as i.reddit, and reddit compact and previously accessible at i.reddit.com. This was despite a Reddit admin stating that iReddit was "here to stay". The original 2017 redesign of Reddit, also known as new.reddit and old new Reddit and previously accessible at new.reddit.com, was discontinued on December 11, 2024. No changes were made to the pre-2017 legacy desktop site, still accessible at old.reddit.com. In 2023, the Reddit coin and award system was discontinued in favor of a "golden upvote". This was deeply unpopular, and Reddit added awards back under a new implementation a few months later. However, these new awards are not accessible or viewable on the legacy desktop site. On June 4, 2025, Reddit announced that they would be removing custom emoji from comments. Login: Login functionality was removed from the old site sometime in 2024. You can still log in to the old site, but you must do it through the new site. Age trophies: Account age trophies past Year 15 are not visible on the old site. Private messaging: Sending a private message (like a modmail) now requires you to use the new site. FAQ, terms, and official Wiki pages: All official information pages were migrated from the legacy site's wiki to the new site sometime in 2020. Reddit notifications: Official Reddit notifications were moved from the legacy inbox to the Notifications section, which is only accessible on the new site. The Reddit Public Access Network, commonly known as RPAN, was a live streaming service run by Reddit. Viewers interacted with streams by upvoting or downvoting, chatting, and giving paid awards. During the off-air hours, 24/7 streaming was possible to the dedicated subreddits, but with limited slots and capabilities. On August 19, 2019, Reddit announced RPAN. It was said to be in testing, but they were experimenting with making it a permanent program, as well as a way to increase revenue for the platform. Later, a five-day testing period began. During the testing period, streaming was for a select group of users, allowing 30 minutes of streaming per person and 100 slots. On July 1, 2020, RPAN Studio was released, an application that allows users to broadcast live from desktop computers. RPAN Studio has been built on top of OBS, an open-source streaming and recording program. On January 28, 2021, Reddit permanently increased streaming times to three hours. RPAN was officially discontinued on November 15, 2022. Corporate affairs Reddit is a public company based in San Francisco. In 2023, it downsized from an office in the Mid-Market neighborhood to an office in the South of Market neighborhood. Reddit doubled its headcount in 2017; as of 2018[update], it employed approximately 350 people. In 2017, the company was valued at $1.8 billion during a $200 million round of new venture funding. The company was previously owned by Condรฉ Nast, but was spun off as an independent company. As of April 2018[update], Advance Publications, Condรฉ Nast's parent company, retained a majority stake in Reddit. Reddit's key management personnel includes co-founder and CEO Steve Huffman, Chief Technology Officer Chris Slowe, who was the company's original lead engineer, and Chief Operating Officer Jen Wong, a former president of digital and chief operating officer at Time Inc. Reddit does not disclose its revenue figures. The company generates revenue in part through advertising and premium memberships that remove ads from the site. As part of its company culture, Reddit operates on a no-negotiation policy for employee salaries. The company offers new mothers, fathers, and adoptive parents up to 16 weeks of parental leave. Advertising Reddit launched two different ways of advertising on the site in 2009. The company launched sponsored content and a self-serve ads platform that year. Reddit launched its Reddit Gold benefits program in July 2010, which offered new features to editors and created a new revenue stream for the business that did not rely on banner ads. On September 6, 2011, Reddit became operationally independent of Condรฉ Nast, operating as a separate subsidiary of its parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit's users tend to be more privacy-conscious than on other websites, often using tools like ad-blocking software and proxies, and they dislike "feeling manipulated by brands" but respond well to "content that begs for intelligent viewers and participants." Lauren Orsini writes in ReadWrite that "Reddit's huge community is the perfect hype machine for promoting a new movie, a product release, or a lagging political campaign" but there is a "very specific set of etiquette. Redditors don't want to advertise for you, they want to talk to you." Journalists have used the site as a basis for stories, though they are advised by the site's policies to respect that "reddit's communities belong to their members" and to seek proper attribution for people's contributions. Reddit announced that they would begin using VigLink to redirect affiliate links in June 2016. Since 2017, Reddit has partnered with companies to host sponsored AMAs and other interactive events, increased advertising offerings, and introduced efforts to work with content publishers. In 2018, Reddit hired Jen Wong as COO, responsible for the company's business strategy and growth, and introduced native mobile ads. Reddit opened a Chicago office to be closer to major companies and advertising agencies located in and around Chicago. In 2019, Reddit hired former Twitter ad director Shariq Rizvi as its vice president of ad products and engineering. Community and culture The website is known for its open nature and diverse user community that generate its content. Its demographics allows for wide-ranging subject areas, as well as the ability for smaller subreddits to serve more niche purposes. The user base of Reddit has given birth to other websites, including image sharing community and image host Imgur, which started in 2009 as a gift to Reddit's community. In its first five months, it jumped from a thousand hits per day to a million total page views. Data collected by Pew Research Center in 2013 found that Reddit users were much more likely to be from urban communities than rural ones. Women were greatly under-represented on the website. Reddit's userbase had a disproportionately high number of Hispanic users. With regards to education, high school dropouts were over-represented among Reddit users. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. Statistics from Google Ad Planner suggest that 74% of Reddit users are male. In 2016, the Pew Research Center published research showing that 4% of U.S. adults use Reddit, of which 67% are men, while 78% of users get news from Reddit. Users tend to be significantly younger than average with less than 1% of users being 65 or over. Politically, 43% of Reddit users surveyed by Pew Research Center in 2016 identified as liberal, with 38% identifying as moderate and 19% as conservative. Reddit is known in part for its passionate user base, which has been described as "offbeat, quirky, and anti-establishment". Similar to the "Slashdot effect", the Reddit effect occurs when a smaller website crashes due to a high influx of traffic after being linked to on Reddit; this is also called the Reddit "hug of death". Users have used Reddit as a platform for their charitable and philanthropic efforts. Redditors raised more than $100,000 for charity in support of comedians Jon Stewart's and Stephen Colbert's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear; more than $180,000 for Haiti earthquake relief efforts; and delivered food pantries' Amazon wish lists. In 2010, Christians, Muslims, and atheists held a friendly fundraising competition, where the groups raised more than $50,000. A similar donation drive in 2011 saw the atheism subreddit raise over $200,000 for charity. In February 2014, Reddit announced it would donate 10% of its annual ad revenue to non-profits voted upon by its users. As a result of the campaign, Reddit donated $82,765 each to each of the selected recipients. Reddit has been used for a wide variety of political engagement including the presidential campaigns of Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, and Bernie Sanders. It has also been used for self-organizing sociopolitical activism such as protests, communication with politicians and active communities. Reddit has become a popular place for worldwide political discussions. The March for Science originated from a discussion on Reddit over the deletion of all references to climate change from the White House website, about which a user commented that "There needs to be a Scientists' March on Washington". On April 22, 2017, more than 1 million scientists and supporters participated in more than 600 events in 66 countries across the globe. Reddit users have been engaged in the defense of Internet privacy, net neutrality and Internet anonymity. Reddit created an Internet blackout day and was joined by Wikipedia and other sites in 2012 in protest of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP acts. On January 18, Reddit participated in a 12-hour sitewide blackout to coincide with a congressional committee hearing on the measures. During that time, Reddit displayed a message on the legislation's effects on Reddit, in addition to resources on the proposed laws. In May 2012, Reddit joined the Internet Defense League, a group formed to organize future protests. The site and its users protested the Federal Communications Commission as it prepared to scrap net neutrality rules. In 2017, users upvoted "Battle for the Net" posts enough times that they filled up the entire front page. On another day, the front page was overtaken by posts showcasing campaign donations received by members of Congress from the telecommunications industry. Reddit CEO Steve Huffman has also advocated for net neutrality rules. In 2017, Huffman told The New York Times that without net neutrality protections, "you give internet service providers the ability to choose winners and losers". On Reddit, Huffman urged redditors to express support for net neutrality and contact their elected representatives in Washington, D.C. Huffman said that the repeal of net neutrality rules stifles competition. He said he and Reddit would continue to advocate for net neutrality. As a response to Glenn Beck's August 28, 2010, Restoring Honor rally, in September 2010 Reddit users started a movement to persuade satirist Stephen Colbert to have a counter-rally in Washington, D.C. The movement, which came to be called "Restoring Truthiness", was started by user mrsammercer, in a post where he described waking up from a dream in which Stephen Colbert was holding a satirical rally in D.C. Over $100,000 was raised for charity to gain the attention of Colbert. The campaign was mentioned on-air several times, and when the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was held in Washington, D.C., on October 30, 2010, thousands of redditors made the journey. During a post-rally press conference, Reddit co-founder Ohanian asked, "What role did the Internet campaign play in convincing you to hold this rally?" Jon Stewart responded by saying that, though it was a very nice gesture, he and Colbert had already thought of the idea and the deposit for using the National Mall was already paid during the summer, so it acted mostly as a "validation of what we were thinking about attempting". In a message to the Reddit community, Colbert later added, "I have no doubt that your efforts to organize and the joy you clearly brought to your part of the story contributed greatly to the turnout and success." Reddit has been blocked in multiple countries due to Internet censorship performed by the governments of some countries. As of October 2023, Reddit is blocked in Indonesia, China, North Korea, Turkey, and partially blocked in Bangladesh. Reddit was blocked in Russia in 2015 and later unblocked. Since May 2014, Reddit has been blocked in Indonesia by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology for hosting content containing nudity. In August 2015, the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia determined that Reddit was promoting conversations about psychedelic drugs. The Roskomnadzor banned the website, citing advice on how to grow magic mushrooms as the reason. The Russian government had asked Reddit before to remove drug-related posts to no response. The site was later unblocked. ISPs in India were found to be blocking traffic over Reddit for intermittent periods in some regions in 2019. In July 2025, Reddit began requiring age verification in order to access certain features, to comply with the UK's Online Safety Act 2023, using a service called Persona. Content covered includes sexually explicit material, encouragement of suicide and eating disorders, and expressions of hatred based on race, religion, or sexual orientation. Over the years, Reddit has done multiple pranks and events for April Fools' Day. Since 2013, they have often taken the form of massive social experiments. Noteworthy events include The Button in 2015, which included a global "button" that could only be clicked once per user. It attracted more than a million clicks. 2017's experiment r/place involved making a collaborative pixel art. Millions of users worked together in communities to place pixels one at a time to create a larger canvas. This experiment was very successful and repeated in 2022's April Fools experiment and in 2023. AMAs, or "Ask Me Anything" interviews, during an AMA on r/IAmA and other subreddits, users can ask questions to interviewees. Notable participants include former-United States President Barack Obama (while campaigning for the 2012 election), Bill Gates (multiple times), and Donald Trump (also while campaigning). AMAs have featured CEO Steve Huffman, as well as figures from entertainment industries around the world (including Priyanka Chopra and George Clooney), literature (Margaret Atwood), space (Buzz Aldrin), privacy (Edward Snowden), fictional characters (including Borat and Cookie Monster) and others, such as experts who answered questions about the transgender community. The Atlantic wrote that an AMA "imports the aspirational norms of honesty and authenticity from pseudonymous Internet forums into a public venue". RedditGifts was a program that offers gift exchanges throughout the year. The fan-made RedditGifts site was created in 2009 for a Secret Santa exchange among Reddit users, which has since become the world's largest and set a Guinness World record. In 2009, 4,500 redditors participated. For the 2010 holiday season, 92 countries were involved in the secret Santa program. There were 17,543 participants, and $662,907.60 was collectively spent on gift purchases and shipping costs. In 2014, about 200,000 users from 188 countries participated. Several celebrities have participated in the program, including Bill Gates, Alyssa Milano, and Snoop Dogg. Eventually, the secret Santa program expanded to various other occasions through RedditGifts, which Reddit acquired in 2011. As with most public online forums, Reddit is vulnerable to the use of disruptive or manipulative practices by its members, from sources such as troll farms, click farms and astroturfing. Another example is brigading, notable in the case of Reddit as it is often cited as the origin of the practice and use of the word in this context. Though all of these examples are in some form, against the rules of Reddit's content policy, at least in the case of brigading, they are not always malicious in intent. A notable example is the case of "Mr. Splashy Pants", when organized brigading of another website, by redditors, appears to have been tacitly encouraged by the Reddit administration. In the aftermath, the target of this vote brigading appeared to take it in good humor. Reddit communities occasionally coordinate Reddit-external projects such as skewing polls on other websites, like the 2007 incident when Greenpeace allowed web users to decide the name of a humpback whale it was tracking. Reddit users voted en masse to name the whale "Mister Splashy Pants", and Reddit administrators encouraged the prank by changing the site logo to a whale during the voting. In December of that year, Mister Splashy Pants was announced as the winner of the competition. Criticism and controversies In general, the website grants subreddit moderators discretion in deciding what content is and is not allowed on their subreddits, so long as site-wide rules are not being violated. This relative freedom has allowed for a wide diversity of subreddits to exist, and some of them have attracted controversy. Many of the default subreddits are highly moderated, with the "science" subreddit banning climate change denialism, and the "news" subreddit banning opinion pieces and columns. Reddit has changed its site-wide editorial policies several times, sometimes in reaction to controversies. Reddit has historically been a platform for objectionable but legal content, and in 2011, news media covered the way that jailbait was being shared on the site before the site changed their policies to explicitly ban "suggestive or sexual content featuring minors". Reddit also received controversy over hosting misogynistic content, including the doxing of erotic models and revenge porn. Following some controversial incidents of Internet vigilantism, Reddit introduced a strict rule against the online publication of non-public personally-identifying information (a common internet harassment tool colloquially known as doxxing) via the site. Those who break the rule are subject to a site-wide ban, which can result in the deletion of their user-generated content. Due to Reddit's decentralized moderation, user anonymity, and lack of fact-checking systems, the platform is highly prone to spreading misinformation and disinformation. It has been suggested that those who use Reddit should exercise caution in taking user-created unsourced content as fact. Concerns have been raised in particular about dangerous medical misinformation on the platform. A 2022 study of 300 comments and posts discussing urinary tract infections found that fewer than 1% cited a source for their content, and several contained harmful medical misinformation that may dissuade readers from seeking medical care or lead to dangerous self-medication, such as proposing fasting as a cure for UTIs. Reddit communities exhibit the echo chamber effect, in which repeated unsourced statements come to be accepted among the community as fact, leading to distorted worldviews among users. It has been suggested that since 2019, Russian state-sponsored troll accounts and bots have engaged in a broad campaign to take over subreddits, such as r/antiwar. After the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013, Reddit faced criticism after users wrongly identified a number of people as suspects in the subreddit r/FindBostonBombers. Notable among misidentified bombing suspects was Sunil Tripathi, a student reported missing before the bombings took place. A body reported to be Sunil's was found in Providence River in Rhode Island on April 25, according to Rhode Island Health Department. The cause of death was not immediately known, but authorities said they did not suspect foul play. The family later confirmed Tripathi's death was a result of suicide. Reddit general manager Erik Martin later issued an apology for this behavior, criticizing the "online witch hunts and dangerous speculation" that took place on the website. The incident was later referenced in the season 5 episode of the CBS TV series The Good Wife titled "Whack-a-Mole", as well as The Newsroom. In August, private sexual photos from the celebrity photo hack were widely disseminated across the site. A dedicated subreddit, "TheFappening", was created for this purpose, and contained links to most if not all of the criminally obtained explicit images. Some images of McKayla Maroney and Liz Lee were identified by redditors and outside commentators as child pornography because the photos were taken when the women were underage. The subreddit was banned on September 6. The scandal led to wider criticisms concerning the website's administration from The Verge and The Daily Dot. After Ellen Pao became CEO in 2014, she was initially a target of criticism by users who objected to the deletion of content critical of herself and her husband. Later on June 10, 2015, Reddit shut down the 150,000-subscriber "fatpeoplehate" subreddit and four others citing issues related to harassment. This move was seen as very controversial; some commenters said that the bans went too far, while others said that the bans did not go far enough. One of the latter complaints concerned a subreddit that was "expressing support" for the perpetrator of the Charleston church shooting. Responding to the accusations of "skewed enforcement", Reddit reaffirmed their commitment to free expression and stated, "There are some subreddits with very little viewership that get highlighted repeatedly for their content, but those are a tiny fraction of the content on the site." On July 2, Reddit began experiencing a series of blackouts as moderators set popular subreddit communities to private, in an event dubbed "AMAgeddon", a portmanteau of AMA ("ask me anything") and Armageddon. This was done in protest of the recent firing of Victoria Taylor, an administrator who helped organize citizen-led interviews with famous people on the popular AMA subreddit. Organizers of the blackout also expressed resentment about the recent severance of the communication between Reddit and the moderators of subreddits. The blackout intensified on July 3 when former community manager David Croach gave an AMA about being fired. Before deleting his posts, he stated that Ellen Pao dismissed him with one year of health coverage when he had cancer and did not recover quickly enough. Following this, a Change.org petition to remove Pao as CEO of Reddit Inc. reached over 200,000 signatures. Pao posted a response on July 3 as well as an extended version of it on July 6 in which she apologized for bad communication and not delivering on promises. She also apologized on behalf of the other administrators and noted that problems already existed over the past several years. On July 10, Pao resigned as CEO and was replaced by former CEO and co-founder Steve Huffman. In August, Steve Huffman introduced a policy which led to the banning of several offensive and sexual communities. Included in the ban was lolicon, to which Huffman referred as "animated CP [child porn]". Some subreddits had also been "quarantined" due to having "highly-offensive or upsetting content" such as r/European, r/swedenyes, r/drawpeople, r/kiketown, r/blackfathers, r/greatapes, and r/whitesarecriminals. In April 2023, Reddit announced its intentions to charge large fees for its application programming interface (API), a feature of the site that has existed for free since 2008, causing an ongoing dispute. The move forced multiple third-party applications to shut down and threatened accessibility applications and moderation tools. On May 31, Apollo developer Christian Selig stated that Reddit's pricing would force him to cease development on the app. The resulting outcry from the Reddit community ultimately led to a planned protest from June 12 to 14 in which moderators for the site would make their communities private or restricted posting. Following the release of an internal memo from Reddit CEO Steve Huffman and defiance from Reddit, some moderators have continued their protest. Alternate forms of protest have emerged in the days following the initial blackout. Upon reopening, users of r/pics, r/gifs, and r/aww voted to exclusively post about comedian John Oliver. Multiple subreddits labeled themselves as not safe for work (NSFW), affecting advertisements and resulting in administrators removing the entire moderation team of some subreddits. The protest has been compared to a strike. /r/place had its third launch on July 20, 2023; however, the launch was heavily protested by users and developers due to the event following the 2023 Reddit API controversy; Reddit CEO Steve Huffman's decision to make it prohibitively expensive for third-party app developers drew widespread condemnation. In February 2017, Reddit banned the alt-right subreddit r/altright for violating its terms of service, more specifically for attempting to share private information about the man who attacked alt-right figure Richard B. Spencer. The forum's users and moderators accused Reddit administrators of having political motivations for the ban. After the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Reddit banned the subreddit r/DonaldTrump in response to repeated policy violations and alluding to the potential influence the community had on those who participated in or supported the storming. The move followed similar actions from social media platforms, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok and more. The ban was criticized by those who believed it furthered an agenda and censorship of conservative ideologies. The subreddit had over 52,000 members just before it was banned. In May 2016, CEO Steve Huffman said in an interview at the TNW Conference that, unlike Facebook, which "only knows what [its users are] willing to declare publicly", Reddit knows its users' "dark secrets" at the same time that the website's "values" page was updated regarding its "privacy" section. The video reached the top of the website's main feed. Shortly thereafter, announcements concerning new advertisement content drew criticism on the website. In September, a user named "mormondocuments" released thousands of administrative documents belonging to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an action driven by the ex-Mormon and atheist communities on Reddit. Previously, on April 22, the same user had announced his plans to do so. Church officials commented that the documents did not contain anything confidential. On November 23, Huffman admitted to having replaced his username with the names of r/The_Donald moderators in many insulting comments. He did so by changing insulting comments made towards him and made it appear as if the insult were directed at the moderators of r/The_Donald. On November 24, The Washington Post reported Reddit had banned the "Pizzagate" conspiracy board from their site, stating it violated their policy of posting personal information of others, triggering a wave of criticism from users on r/The_Donald, who felt the ban amounted to censorship. After the forum was banned from Reddit, the words "we don't want witchhunts on our site" now appears on the former page of the Pizzagate subreddit. On November 30, Huffman announced changes to the algorithm of Reddit's r/all page to block "stickied" posts from a number of subreddits, such as r/The_Donald. In the announcement, he also apologized for personally editing posts by users from r/The_Donald, and declared intentions to take actions against "hundreds of the most toxic users" of Reddit and "communities whose users continually cross the line". In March 2018, it was revealed that Huffman had hidden Russian troll activity from users. In February 2019, Chinese company Tencent invested $150 million into Reddit. This resulted in a large backlash from Reddit users, who were worried about potential censorship. Many posts featuring subjects censored in China, such as Tiananmen Square, Tank Man, and Winnie the Pooh, received popularity on Reddit. In late August 2021, more than 70 subreddits went private to protest against COVID-19 misinformation on Reddit, as well as Reddit's refusal to delete subreddits undermining the severity of the pandemic. A 2021 letter from the United States Senate to Reddit CEO Steve Huffman expressed concern about the spread of COVID-19 misinformation on the platform. In January 2025, over 100 Reddit communities banned users from posting links from the X social media site after Elon Musk, its CEO, made an arm gesture at a speech which critics claimed was a Nazi salute. The Verge reported that Musk had "privately pressur[ed]" the CEO of Reddit Steve Huffman to moderate content critical of him and the Trump administration, and that after their exchange, Reddit took action and temporarily banned r/WhitePeopleTwitter due to "policy violations". On March 5, 2025, Reddit announced that they will be issuing warnings to users who upvote "violent content", and "may consider" taking other actions against the users. The Verge reported two days later that Reddit's automatic moderation tool has been flagging the word "Luigi" as "potentially violent", including in comments or context unrelated to Luigi Mangione, the suspect in the killing of the UnitedHealthcare CEO. The moderator of r/popculture, a subreddit with over 125,000 members, stated that Reddit's AutoModerator system flagged a comment about Nintendo video game Luigi's Mansion because it included the word "Luigi", and instructed them to "check for violence"; other comments that mentioned "Luigi", even in non-violent context, were also flagged. On July 12, 2018, the creator and head moderator of the GamerGate subreddit, r/KotakuInAction, removed all of the moderators and set the forum to private, alleging it to have become "infested with racism and sexism". A Reddit employee restored the forum and its moderators an hour later. During the George Floyd protests in early June 2020, over 800 moderators signed an open letter demanding a policy banning hate speech, a shutdown of racist and sexist subreddits, and more employee support for moderation. Bloomberg News pointed out the company's slow reaction to r/watchpeopledie, a subreddit dedicated to videos of people dying in accidents and other situations, and the harassment that accompanied new unmoderated features like icons for purchase and public chats. On June 29, 2020, Reddit updated its content policy and introduced rules aimed at curbing the presence of communities they believed to be "promoting hate", and banned approximately 2,000 subreddits that were found to be in violation of the new guidelines on the same day. Larger subreddits affected by the bans included r/The_Donald, r/GenderCritical (the platform's largest and most active anti-transgender radical feminist subreddit), and r/ChapoTrapHouse (a far-left subreddit originally created by fans of the podcast Chapo Trap House). Some media outlets and political commentators also condemned the banning of the r/The_Donald and r/ChapoTrapHouse subreddits as a violation of the right to free political expression. A 2025 TIMES article listed Reddit "The Most Xenophobic Social Media Site" after the Anti-Defamation League denounced Reddit for allowing public communities to engage in racism, antisemitism, and routine hate speech without consequence. In February 2013, Betabeat published a post that recognized the influx of multinational corporations like Costco, Taco Bell, Subaru, and McDonald's posting branded content on Reddit that was made to appear as if it was original content from legitimate Reddit users. PAN Communications wrote that marketers want to "infiltrate the reddit community on behalf of their brand," but emphasized that "self-promotion is frowned upon" and Reddit's former director of communications noted that the site is "100 percent organic." She recommended that advertisers design promotions that "spark conversations and feedback." She recommended that businesses use AMAs to get attention for public figures but cautioned "It is important to approach AMAs carefully and be aware that this may not be a fit for every project or client." Nissan ran a successful branded content promotion offering users free gifts to publicize a new car, though the company was later ridiculed for suspected astroturfing when the CEO only answered puff piece questions on the site. Taylor described these situations as "high risk" noting: "We try hard to educate people that they have to treat questions that may seem irreverent or out of left field the same as they would questions about the specific project they are promoting." In March 2021, Reddit users discovered that Aimee Challenor, an English politician who had been suspended from two UK political parties, was hired as an administrator for the site. Her first suspension from the Green Party came for retaining her father as her campaign manager after his arrest on child sexual abuse charges. She was later suspended from the Liberal Democrats after tweets describing pedophilic fantasies were discovered on her partner's Twitter account. Reddit banned a moderator for posting a news article which mentioned Challenor, and some Reddit users alleged that Reddit were removing all mention of Challenor. Many subreddits, including r/Music, which had 27 million subscribers, and 46 other subreddits with over 1 million subscribers, went private in protest. On March 24, Reddit's CEO Steve Huffman said that Challenor had been inadequately vetted before being hired and that Reddit would review its relevant internal processes. Huffman attributed user suspensions to over-indexing on anti-harassment measures. Challenor was also removed from her role as a Reddit admin. The GameStop short squeeze was primarily organized on the subreddit r/wallstreetbets in January 2021. In October 2023, Reddit Moons (a site-specific cryptocurrency launched in May 2020) had seen a surge of value in 2023, at one point in mid-2023 rising past 50 cents per moon, but it crashed by more than 90% after it was announced on October 17 that the token would be "wound down" on November 8, allegedly due to scaling and regulatory issues; Reddit-centric coins DONUT and BRICK also crashed upon the news. In June 2023, The BlackCat hacker gang claimed responsibility for a February 2023 breach of Reddit's systems. On its data leak site, it claimed that it stole 80 GB of compressed data and demanded a $4.5 million ransom from Reddit. This attack did not involve data encryption like typical ransomware campaigns. In September 2024, the Federal Trade Commission released a report summarizing nine company responses (including from Reddit) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to identity theft, stalking, unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and mental health issues, social stigma, and reputational harm. In 2025, researchers from the University of Zurich conducted a experiment on the debate subreddit r/changemyview. The researchers deployed AI-run Reddit accounts to pose as humans and actively push desired viewpoints in order to study how AI could influence opinions among human participants. The experiment was run without the consent or knowledge of the subreddit moderators for four months until one of the researchers informed them. Critics of the experiment argued it was unethical as it involved impersonation and involuntarily used Redditors as experiment participants. On December 2025, Reddit filed a lawsuit in an attempt to overturn Australia's social media ban for children, as Australia was one of Reddit's biggest markets, and the ban would prevent people under 16 from accessing the site. See also Notes References Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News_Now] | [TOKENS: 717] |
Contents NBC News Now NBC News Now (stylized as NBC News NOW_) is an American streaming video news channel operated by the NBC News division of NBCUniversal. History The service was first announced on October 24, 2018, under the name NBC News Signal; the service would be distributed via NBC News digital platforms, as well as free ad-supported streaming television (FAST) services such as Xumo and Pluto TV. It was initially led by NBC News and MSNBC's then-senior vice president of special programming Rashida Jones. The service was announced as focusing on "political and social issues in America", and soft launched with an evening show hosted by Simone Boyce, and 218: Race for the Houseโa special program hosted by MSNBC analyst Steve Kornacki to cover the lead-up to the 2018 midterm elections. NBC News Group SVP of digital Nick Ascheim explained that the service planned to target viewers "who are up-to-date on the headlines but are seeking a deeper understanding of the news of the moment." NBC News expected the service to launch a full lineup of news programming by mid-2019. NBC News would be the last of the Big Three networks' news divisions to launch a live streaming news channel, behind CBS News's CBS News 24/7 and ABC News's ABC News Live. The service officially launched on May 29, 2019, as NBC News Now; the channel would broadcast from 3 to 11 pm. ET daily, carrying original programming (including hourly news briefs) that would draw upon the resources of other NBC News programming, as well as extended breaking news coverage. In July 2019, NBC News Now hired former WNYW and CNBC Europe reporter Alison Morris as its first full-time anchor. In October 2020, after being delayed from April due to the COVID-19 pandemic, NBC News Now launched Morning News Now with Savannah Sellers and Joe Fryer; it was contrasted from NBC's Today and MSNBC's Morning Joe as being a "hard news"-oriented program. In April 2021, NBC News hired former WTVJ, WNBC, and ABC News personality Tom Llamas to host a new evening show, which premiered in September 2021 as Top Story. In July 2021, NBC News hired around 200 new employees, the majority of which supporting digital initiatives such as NBC News Now. Hallie Jackson also premiered a new program, Hallie Jackson Now, in November 2021. On June 6, 2022, MSNBC's MTP Daily with Chuck Todd moved to NBC News Now as Meet the Press Now. In January 2023, Gadi Schwartzโwho co-hosted NBC News's Snapchat show Stay Tunedโwas announced as a new 8 p.m. host. On August 3, 2022, NBC News announced NBC News Daily, a new daytime news program that would air on both NBC News Now and the NBC broadcast network, replacing its long-running soap opera Days of Our Lives (which moved exclusively to NBCUniversal's streaming service Peacock) on the latter. On June 4, 2023, Chuck Todd announced that he would depart as moderator of Meet the Press, being succeeded as the host of it and Meet the Press Now by Kristen Welker. In March 2025, it was announced that Llamas would succeed Lester Holt as the host of the weekday edition of NBC Nightly News, while also continuing to host Top Story for NBC News Now. Programming References External links |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government] | [TOKENS: 1172] |
Contents Independent agencies of the United States federal government In the United States federal government, independent agencies are agencies that exist outside the federal executive departments (those headed by a Cabinet secretary) and the Executive Office of the President.: 6 In a narrower sense, the term refers only to those independent agencies that, while considered part of the executive branch, have regulatory or rulemaking authority and are insulated from presidential control, usually because the president's power to dismiss the agency head or a member is limited. Established through separate statutes passed by Congress, each respective statutory grant of authority defines the goals the agency must work towards, as well as what substantive areas, if any, over which it may have the power of rulemaking. These agency rules (or regulations), when in force, have the power of federal law. Executive and regulatory agencies Independent agencies exist outside the federal executive departments (those headed by a Cabinet secretary) and the Executive Office of the President.: 6 There is a further distinction between independent executive agencies and independent regulatory agencies, which have been assigned rulemaking responsibilities or authorities by Congress. The Paperwork Reduction Act lists 19 enumerated "independent regulatory agencies", such as the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Federal Reserve, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Generally, the heads of independent regulatory agencies can only be removed for cause, but Cabinet members and heads of independent executive agencies, such as the head of the Environmental Protection Agency, serve "at the pleasure of the president" and can be removed without cause. The degree to which the president has the power to use executive orders to set policy for independent executive agencies is disputed. Many orders specifically exempt independent agencies, but some do not. Executive Order 12866 has been a particular matter of controversy; it requires cost-benefit analysis for certain regulatory actions. Independent agencies can be distinguished from the federal executive departments and other executive agencies by their structural and functional characteristics. Their officers can be protected from removal by the president, they can be controlled by a board that cannot be appointed all at once, and the board can be required to be bipartisan. Presidential attempts to remove independent agency officials have generated most of the important Supreme Court legal opinions in this area. In 1935, the Supreme Court in the case of Humphrey's Executor v. United States decided that although the president had the power to remove officials from agencies that were "an arm or an eye of the executive", it upheld statutory limitations on the president's power to remove officers of administrative bodies that performed quasi-legislative or quasi-judicial functions, such as the Federal Trade Commission.: 142 Presidents normally do have the authority to remove regular executive agency heads at will, but they must meet the statutory requirements for removal of commissioners of independent agencies, such as demonstrating incapacity, neglect of duty, malfeasance, or other good cause. This precedent was weakened in 2025 when the Supreme Court issued an unsigned emergency stay in the case of Wilcox v. Trump, reversing a temporary injunction issued by a district court (which was reversed by a three-judge panel but then affirmed by the full DC Circuit Court). This allowed the removal of Gwynne Wilcox, head of the independent National Labor Relations Board, during the court case contesting the process and cause of her firing. While most executive agencies have a single director, administrator, or secretary appointed by the president of the United States, independent agencies (in the narrower sense of being outside presidential control) almost always have a commission, board, or similar collegial body consisting of five to seven members who share power over the agency. (This is why many independent agencies include the word "Commission" or "Board" in their name.) The president appoints the commissioners or board members, subject to Senate confirmation, but they often serve terms that are staggered and longer than a four-year presidential term, meaning that most presidents will not have the opportunity to appoint all the commissioners of a given independent agency. In addition, most independent agencies have a statutory requirement of bipartisan membership on the commission, so the president cannot simply fill vacancies with members of his own political party. The president can normally designate which commissioner will serve as the chairperson. Congress can designate certain agencies explicitly as "independent" in the governing statute, but the functional differences have more legal significance. In reality, the high turnover rate among these commissioners or board members means that most presidents have the opportunity to fill enough vacancies to constitute a voting majority on each independent agency commission within the first two years of the first term as president. In some famous instances, presidents have found the independent agencies more loyal and in lockstep with the president's wishes and policy objectives than some dissenters among the executive agency political appointments. Although Congress can pass statutes limiting the circumstances under which the president can remove commissioners of independent agencies, if the independent agency exercises any executive powers like enforcement, and most of them do, Congress cannot reserve removal power over executive officers to itself. Constitutionally, Congress can only remove officers through impeachment proceedings. Members of Congress cannot serve as commissioners on independent agencies that have executive powers, nor can Congress itself appoint the commissioners โ the Appointments Clause of the Constitution vests that power in the president. The Senate does participate, however, in appointments through "advice and consent", which occurs through confirmation hearings and votes on the president's nominees. Examples of independent agencies These agencies are not represented in the cabinet and are not part of the Executive Office of the President: Agencies outside of executive branch Although not officially part of the executive branch, these agencies are required by federal statute to release certain information about their programs and activities into the Federal Register, the daily journal of government activities: Proposed independent agencies See also References This article incorporates public domain material from Independent Agencies. USA.gov. External links |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืืื_ืื_ืืืื_ืืื_ื ืืืื] | [TOKENS: 12763] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืฉืืื' ืืืืื ืื ืึธืืึดื ืื ืกืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืื ื'ืืืคื ืื ืฉื'ืืื ืื ื'ืืื ืื ืขืืกื ืึธืื ื ึทืึฐืึธืื ืื-ืคืืืื (ืืขืจืืืช: ู
ุญู
ุฏ ุจู ุฒุงูุฏ ุจู ุณูุทุงู ุจู ุฒุงูุฏ ุจู ุฎูููุฉ ุจู ุดุฎุจูุท ุจู ุฐูุงุจ ุจู ุนูุณู ุขู ูููุงู ุงูููุงุญู; ืืืืข ืื ืืจืืฉื ืืชืืืืช ืืืืขืืืื MBZ; ื ืืื ื-11 ืืืจืฅ 1961) ืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช, ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืคืงื ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช. ืื ืืืื ื ืชืคืก ืืืืจื ืืื ืืข ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืฅ ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช, ืืื ืืื ืงืืคืืื ื ืื ืชื ืืขืืช ืคืจื-ืืืืงืจืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืขืจืื. ืืฉื ืืฆืื ืืืจืืืืชื ืืจืขืืข ืฉื ืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช, ืืฉืืื' ื'ืืืคื ืื ืืืื, ื-2015 ืืขื ืืืช ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2022, ืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื-ืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืชืืืจ ืืขืืชืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืคืงืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช. ืืฉื ืช 2019, "ืื ืื ืืืจืง ืืืืืก" ืืืืืจ ืืืชื ืืชืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืขืจืื ืืืืง ืืืืชืจ. ืืฉื ืช 2020 ืืื ื ืืืชื ืื ืื ืืืจืง ืืืืืก "ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืงืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืจืฅ." ืืืื ืื ื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืืขืื ืืืืชืจ ืฉื ืฉื ืช 2019 ืขื ืืื ืืืืืื "ืืืื". ืืชืคืงืืื ืืืืจืฉ ืืขืฆืจ, ืืฉื ืช 2020, ืืืกืื ืขื ืืกืื ื ืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืื 2022, ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืช ืืืื, ืืฉืืื' ื'ืืืคื ืื ืืืื, ืืืืขืฆื ืืคืืจืืืช ืืขืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืืจื ืื ืืชืคืงืื ื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช. ืืืฆืืืจ 2023 ืคืจืกื ืืืืืืจื ืื ืืื ื ืฉื ืืฉืคืืช ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืขืจื ื-305 ืืืืืืจื ืืืืจ, ืืืื ืืืฉืคืื ืืขืฉืืจื ืืขืืื. ืืื ืื ืืืื, ืืฉืืื' ืืืื, ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืจืืงื ืืชืื ืืืื ื ืฉืื ืชืืื ืืืืื ืืขืฆืืช ืืชืืื ืืืฉืืขืช ืืขืฆืืืช. ืืื ื ืชื ืื ืืจืืื ืขื ืฉื ืืฉืคืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืฉืืงืื ืืืก ืืืื ืืืื โ ืืื ืืื ืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืกืขืื ืืงืืืืช. ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืฉืื ืืขืฉื ืืืืกื ืืขืฆืื, ืืืขืืชืื ืงืจืืืืช ืืจืืืฉ ืืืื. ืืืืื ืชืืืจ ืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืืจื "ืชืืื ืงืขืจืช ืกืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืจืจ, ืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืื ืื ืกืื ืฉื ืคืืจืืื ืชืืืืฆืจ ืืืืขืื". ืืฉืืื' ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืชืื ื ืื ืืืชื ืกืคืจ ืืื-ืขืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืืืช ืกืคืจ ืงืืฅ ืืืืจืืื ืกืืื ืขื ืืื 18. ืืืื ืฉืฉืื ืืืืืจืืืืช, ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืงืจ ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืื, ืืืื ืืฆืจืื ืืฉื ืขื ื-ืืื ืืืืจืืืื, ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืื ืืื. ื-1979, ืืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืงืืืื ืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืืชืืช ืืกื ืืืจืกื ืขื ืฉืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืคืจืื 1979. ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืกื ืืืจืกื ืกืืื ืงืืจืก ืฉืจืืื, ืงืืจืก ืืืกื, ืงืืจืก ืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืฉืจื ืขื ืืืืกืื ืืงืืืื ืืืกืืงืื, ืืืื ืืืืกืช ืืฆืืืื. ืืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืกื ืืืจืกื, ืืื ืคืืฉ ืืช ืขืืืืืื ืืคืื ื, ืฉืืคื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืชืืืื ืขืืื. ืืฉื ืืช ื-80 ืืงืฆืื ืฆืืื ืฆืขืืจ ืืืืคืฉื ืืื ืื ืื, ืคืืฉ ืื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืืกืื ืืจืื ืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืช ืืขืื ื ืืืืื ื. ืืื ืืคืืืฉ ืืช ืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืจืื. ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืื ืืื ืขืฉื ืืื ืืขืืืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ื ืชืงื. ืื ืืืื ืืฉื ืืืชืคืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืฉืื ืฉืคืืฉ ืืื ื ืืืกืืืื. ืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืื "ืืื ืืืจืืขื, ืืืืื ืืขืื ืื ืืืืืจื ืจืื. ืืื ืืืจ, 'ืืืื ื ืืืฆืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื'". ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืจืืข ืืื ืืืืจืืข ืืขืฆื ืืืืฉืืืชื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืงืืจืก ืืืฉืจืช ืงืฆืื ืื ืืฉืืจื'ื. ืืื ืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืชืคืงืืืื ืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช, ืืื ืฉื ืงืฆืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืจืืชื (ืฉื ืงืจื ืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืื ืฉืืืืชื) ืืขื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืก ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช. ืงืจืืืจื ืคืืืืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ 2003, ืฉืืื' ืืืื ืืื ื ืืช ืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืืืจืฉ ืืขืฆืจ ืฉื ืืื ืืืื. ืขื ืืืช ืืืื, ืืคื ืฉืืื' ืื ืืืื ืื ืกืื ืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืจ 2004 ืืืื ื ืืกืื ืืืคืงื ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืื ืืืจ 2005. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืืฉ, ืืื ืืืขืื ืืืจืืช ืื ืจื. ืืื ืืฆืืืจ 2004 ืืื ืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืฆืขืช ืฉื ืืื ืืืื, ืืืืจืืืช ืืคืืชืื ืืชืื ืื ืืืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืืื, ืืืืจ ืืืืขืฆืช ืื ืคื ืืขืืืื ื. ืืื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืืขืฅ ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฆื ืืืืืจ ื'ืืืคื ืื ืืืื, ื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืื. ืืชืืฆืื ืืืจืืืืชื ืืจืืคืคืช ืฉื ืฉืืื' ื'ืืืคื, ืืคื ืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืคืืขื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจ 2014 ืืืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืงืืืช ืืคื ืื ืฉื ื ืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืื ืืืื. ื-13 ืืืื 2022, ืืื ืืคื ืืฉืืื ืืจืฉืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื, ืืขืงืืืช ืืืชื ืฉื ืืืื ื'ืืืคื. ื-14 ืืืื 2022, ืืื ื ืืืจ ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช. ืืฉื ืช 2018 ื ืกืข ืื ืืืื ืืืชืืืคืื ืืื ืืคืืืฉ ืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืคื, ืืื ืืืื, ืืงืจืืช ืืชืฉืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืชืจืืืช ืขื ืง ืืกื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืืืจื ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืืชืืืคืื, ืฉื ืืขืื ืืฆืืฆื ืืช ืืืืกืืจ ืฉืื ืืื"ื. ืืขืืืืื ืืืืืืืชื ืฉื ืฉืืื' ืืืืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืืืกื ืืกืคืื ืืื ืืกืคืง ืกืืืข ืืกืืืืื ืืชืงืืคืืช ืฉื ืืฆืืจืช. ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืชืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืช ืชืืื ืฉืงืืืื ืืืจื ืืื-ืืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืชืืื ืืชืื ืืืชืขืจืืืช ืืื ืืืช ืกืขืืืื, ืืชืืืืช ืืืขืจื, ืืชืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืชืืื ืืื ืืืจืฉ ืืช ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืช'ืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืชืืืืช ืืืืช'ืื ืืชืืื. ืืืืื ืืืงืืจื ืฉื ืฉืืื' ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฆืจืคืช ืื ืืืืืจ 2018, ืงืืืฆื ืฉื ืคืขืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืฉื ืชืืืขื ื ืื ื ืกืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืฉืืื ืืืชื ื"ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืฉืืชืคืืช ืืขืื ืืืื ืืืืก ืืืชื ืื ืืฉื ืืชืืื". ืืชืืื ื ืฉืืืืฉื ืืืขื ืืจืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืฆืจืคืชื AIDL ื ืืืจ: "ืืืกืืจืช ืื ืืื ืืืจื ืขื ืืคืฆืฆืืช ืขื ืฉืื ืชืืื." ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืจืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืช ืืช ืืจืืชื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉ ืื ืงืฉืจ ืืืง ืขื ืืืืฉื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืื ื ืืืืจืืงื ื ืืฉืขืืจ ื'ืื ืืืืืก ืืืืืขืฅ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืขืืจ ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืจ ืจืืฆ'ืจื ื. ืงืืืจืง. ืืืืขืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืจ, ืื ืืืื ืืชืืืขืฅ ืืืชื ืืคืืขื ืขื ืคื ืขืฆืชื ืืืืืง ืืืจืืจ ืืืืืืง ืืืื ืืฆืืื ืืืืืืืขืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช. ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืฉื ืืืืื, ืื ืืืืกืื ืืืืจืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืชืืืขืฅ ืืืชื ืืื ืืงืจืืช ืืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืกืื. ืืืืจื ืืืขืฅ ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืืืช, "ืืื ืืขืืชื ืืฉ ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืงืจืืื ืงืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืื". ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืืืื ืืงืืืขืืช ืืืฆืืข ืื ืขืฆืืช. ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืกืืจืื ืฉืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืจืืื ืืืกืืืืืกืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืขื ืืืขืจืืฆืืช ืฉื ืืฉืืจ ืื-ืืกื ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืชืขืงืฉ ืขื ืืืืชื. ืืื ืื ืืืง ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืจืืกืื ืขื ืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืกืืจืื. ืืขืจืืช ืืืืกืื ืืชืืจืืจื ืขืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืจืืืื ื-2016 ื"ืืืื ืืืง", ืฉืชืืืจ ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืคืจืฅ ื"ืจืืืืื ืืืคืฉืืื" ืฉ"ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืขืฆืื". ืืืืจ ืืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค, ืืืืื ืืก ืื ืื ืืืจืง ืืื ืืคืืืฉ ืืช ืฆืืืช ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืคืื ืชืืืช ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืคืจืืื ืขื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืฆื ืืืืื. ืื ืืืื ืืืง ืืืฉื ืืื ืขื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืกืืืื, ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืืืงืฉ ืืคืขืื ืืชืงืืคืืช ื ืื ืฉื ืืื. "ืื ื ืขืจืื, ืื ื ืืืกืืื ืืื ื ืืชืคืื. ืืืฉื ืืช ื-70 ืืขื ืืชืืืืช ืฉื ืืช ื-80 ืืืืชื ืืื ืืื", ืืืจ ืืืืคืืืืืื ืืืจืืงืืื ืฉืขืจืื ืืืงืืจ ื-2007 ืืื ืืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืกืจ ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืื, ืืคื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืืืขื ืืกืืืืช ืฉืืืืืคื ืืคืจืฉืช ืืืงืืืืงืก. ืืืืืืกื 2020 ืืืจืืื ืืจืืืค, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืื' ืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืกื ืืฉืจืืโืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืกืืจืช ืืกืืื ืืืจืื, ืืฉืจ ื ืืชืื ืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช. ืืืืจ ืืคืืืฉื ืืจืืกืืช ืืืืงืจืืื ื ื-2022, ื"ืืื ืกืืจืื ื'ืืจื ื" ืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืกืืจื ืืงืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืคืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื'ื ืืืืื, ืืืฉืจ ืืืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืืืื ืืช ืชืคืืงืช ืื ืคื ืืกืขืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช, ืืืืช ืืฉื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืืืื ืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืคืจืฅ ืืคืจืกื. ื-22 ืืืจืฅ 2022 ื ืคืืฉ ืื ืืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืฆืจืื ืขืื ืื-ืคืชืื ื-ืกืืกื ืืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื ืืืฆืจืื. ืื ืื ื ืืืืกืื ืืืฉืืืฉืื, ืืืืืืช ืจืืกืืโืืืงืจืืื ื, ืืืืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื. ื ืฉืื ืจืืกืื ืืืืืืืจ ืคืืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืขื ืฉืืื' ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืกื ืงื ืคืืจืืืจื ื-11 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2022. ืื ืืืื ืืงืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืกืื ืืืงื ืขื ืจืืกืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืืืจ ืคืืืื, ืืชืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืจืืกืื ืืืืฉื ืืจืืืค. ืืฉื ืช 2016, ืื ืืืื ื ืืฆื ืืขืืจื ืืืชืขืจืืืช ืืจืืกืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืื ืฉืืืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืฉื ืืจืื ืืืขืฆื ื'ืืจ ืื ื ืืืจ ืคืืืฉื ืขืืืจื ืืขืืืจ ืืืจืฉ ืืขืฆืจ ืืกืขืืื ืืืืื ืื ืกืืืื ืืกืืืฉื ืขื ื ืฆืืืื ืืืจืืงืืื ืืจืืกืื, ืืืื ืืจืืง ืคืจืื ืก ืืงืืจืื ืืืืืจืืื. ืฉืื ืฉื ืืืืื ื ืงืจื ืืื"ื ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืืืื ืจืืืจื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืืชื ืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื ืืื ืงืืคืืื ืืจืืืค ืืจืืกืื, ืฉืื ืฆืืื ืฉืืืขืืช ืืืงืืจื ืืืืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืกืงื ื ืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืชื ืืฉืืช ืืื ืืคืืืฉื ืฉืืชืจืืฉื ืขื ืืืืื. ืืขืจืืช ืืืืกืื ืืืืงื ืฉื ืื ืืืื ืขื ืจืืกืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืื ืื ืืืฉืคืขื ืฉืืื ืืคืขืื ืืฉืชื ืืืืื ืืช, ืืืืืื ืืช ืื ืื ืืืจืง ืืืืืก ืืชืืื ืืืชื ืืชืืจ "ืืฉืืื ืืืืง ืืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืขืืื ืืขืจืื". ืคืืืื ืงืืจื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืื "ืืืจ ืืชืืง" ื"ืืืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืืจืฆื ื, ืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืจืืกืื". ืฉื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืคืื ืืงืืืขืืช. ืืืืงืืจ ืืืืืชื ืจืฉืื ืืืืืจืืืืช, ืคืืืื ืืขื ืืง ืืื ืืืื ืืืชื ื ืื ืืจืงืื ืจืืกื. ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืื ืืืื ื ืืช ืฉื ื ืืืกืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืชืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืืข ืื-ืื ืกืืจื ืืกืืืืื ื-ื ืืืื, ืืฉืืืจื ืืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืกืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืจืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืขืจืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืข ืื-ืื ืกืืจื ืืชืื ืช ืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืช ืืขืืจืช ืจืืกืื. ื-11 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2022, ื ืคืืฉ ืฉืืื' ืื ืืืื ืขื ืคืืืื ืืกื ืงื ืคืืจืืืจื, ืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉ-OPEC+ ืฆืืฆืื ืืช ืืืฆืืจ ืื ืคื. ืืืื ื 2023, ืคืืฉ ืฉืืื' ืื ืืืื ืืช ืคืืืื ืืคืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืฉื ืกื ืงื ืคืืจืืืจื (SPIEF), ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืง ืืช ืืงืฉืจืื ืขื ืจืืกืื. ืฉืืื' ืืืืื ืืคื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ, ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืืืชื ืืืื ื ืืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืข. ืืื ืคืืืืืืงืืื ืืืฉืงืืขืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืืจืืคื ื ืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืคืืจืื ืืคื ื ืืคืืืฉื ืืจืืกืืช ืืืืงืจืืื ื, ืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจื ื ืขืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืข. ืืืืขืฅ ืืืืคืืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืื' ืื ืืืื, ืื ืืืืจ ืืจืืืฉ, ืืืจ ืฉืืื "ืกืืืื ืืืืฉื" ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืืืชื ืืืื ื ืืงืืช ืืืกืืื ืืขืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืชืจ ืืงืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืกืคืื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืื ืฉืืื ืชืืื ืืืืืืชื ืฉื ืจืืกืื ืืืืงืจืืื ื, ืฉื ืืคืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืื ืืืชืืื ืืฉืืืืช ื ืฉืง ืกืื ื ืืจืืกืื. ืืืืืืกื 2021, ื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืืจืงืื ืจื'ืค ืืืืค ืืจืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืกืื ืืื ืฉืชื ืืืื ืืชืืื. ืื ืื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชืืื ืืฆืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืกืืกืืืื ืืืืจืืื. ืืขืจืืช ืืืืกืื ืืืื ืืืฉืชืคืจ ืืื ืฉืชื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืืจืืืช โ ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืืืจืงืื โ ืืขืงืืืช ื ืคืืืช ืืคืื ืืกืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืกืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืงื ืื, ืืืฆืืจื ืืืืง ืืจืืชืืช ืฆืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืช. ืชืืช ืื ืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืื ืชื ืืช ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืจืขืื ื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืคืขื ืืืืืจ, ืชืื ืช ืืืื ืืืจืขืื ืืช ืืจืืึผื (ืื '). ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืชืื ืขื ืืกืื ืื-ืฆืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืจืขืื ื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืฉืคืจ ืืช ืืกืื ืืจืืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืคืฆืช ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื. ืื ืืืื ืืืฆื ืืช ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืืืขืืืืช ืืคืกืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืขืื ื ืฉื 2012 ื-2014, ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืจืื ืงืืจืืื ืืืืืื ื (ืืืชืืื). ืืืกืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืจืฉืืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช, ืืืฉ ืืืงืื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืฉ, ื ืื ืืคืฆืช ืืชืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืกืืื, ืื ืื ืืืจืช ืืช ืฉื ืืืกืืืื ืืืช ืืืจืช. ืืืืงื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืคืฉ ืืคืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืกืืชืจืช ืืช ืชืงื ืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืื ืืืืกืจ. ืืืฉืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืฉืืืืช ืืืคืงืืช ืืืืคื ืืืืง ืขื ืงืืื ืืืฆืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืกืืืืื. ื ืืจืฉ ืืืฉืืจ ืืืฉืืชื ืืงืืื ืืจืฆืืืช ืขื ืืงืืจืื ืื ืืืคืฆืช ืชืืื ืืงืฉืืจ ืืืกืืื, ืืืืช ืืืืืฅ ืืืืืื ืืืืคื ืืืืืจืช ืฉื ืงืืืฆืืช ืืืกืืืืืกืืืืช. ืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืฉืืืจืชื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช. ืื ืืืื ืืืงืจ ืืช ืืืคืืคืืืจ ืคืจื ืฆืืกืงืืก ื-2016, ืืืคืืจืืืจ 2019, ืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืคื ืื ืฉื ืคืจื ืฆืืกืงืืก ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช, ืืกืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืืคืืคืืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืขืจื. ืืืขืชื ืฉื ืืืคืืคืืืจ ืคืจื ืฆืืกืงืืก ืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืืขืืื ืฉืืืชืจืชื "ืืขืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืฉืืช". ืืื ืก ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืกืื ืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืคื ืกืืืื ืืช ืืชืืช. ืืืกืืจืช ืืืงืืจ ืื ืขืจื ืืืคืืคืืืจ ืคืจื ืฆืืกืงืืก ืืช ืืืืกื ืืืคืืคืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืขืจื ืืขืืจ ืืกืคืืจื ืืืื ืื ื ืืื 180,000 ืืชืคืืืื ื-100 ืืืื ืืช, ืืืื 4,000 ืืืกืืืื. ืืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืงืืืช ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืื ืืงืืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืื ื. ืฆืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืจืช ืืงืฆืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืจืืชื (ืืืืืข ืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืื ืฉืืืืชื), ืืืืืก ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช, ืืืคืงื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช, ืืืกืื ืืจืืื"ื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืื. ืืฉื ืช 2005 ืืื ื ืืกืื ืืืคืงื ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช, ืืืืชืื ืืืขืื ืืืจืืช ืกืื ืื ืจื. ืืชืืืืช ืฉื ืืช ื-90, ืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืจืืฆ'ืจื ืงืืืจืง, ืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ื, ืฉืืื ืจืืฆื ืืงื ืืช ืืช ืืืืก ืืงืจื F-16. ืงืืืจืง ืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืืืื ื-F-16A, ืืืื ืฉืืคื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืขืืืช ืืจืืช ืืืจืืงืืืืช. ืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืงืื ืืืช ืืื ืจืืฆื ืืื ืืืฉ ืืืชืจ ืฉืงืจื ืขืืื ืืฉืืืข ืืชืขืืคื, ืขื ืืขืจืืช ืื"ื ืื ืฉืง ืืชืงืืืช. ืงืืืจืง ืืืจ ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืื ืขืืืื ืื ืงืืื; ืืฆืื ืื ืืืฆืข ืืช ืืืืงืจ ืืืคืืชืื ืืืจืืฉืื. ืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืชืฉืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืงืจ ืืืคืืชืื. ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืฉื ืฉื ืื, ืืืคื ืงืืืจืง "ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืงืืื F-16 ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืืงื ื". ืื ืืืื ืืคื ืืช ืื'ืืื'ืืืกื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืกืคืจ. ืืฉื ืช 2014, ืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืชื ืืขืช ืืืืก ืืืืื ืืฆืื, ืืืืืก ืฆืขืืจืื ืืืืจืืืืช ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืฉื ื ืฉื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืื. ืืชืืืื, ื ืืื ืคืืืืื ืืชืื ืืฉืคืืชื ืืืจืขืื ืืช ืืืฉืจ ืื ืืชืืืืฉืืฉืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืฆืืจืคืืช ืืืื ื. ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืฃ ืืืืืืก ืืืืง ืืื ืืืจืฉ, ืืฉืขืืจ ืจืืฉ ืคืืงืื ืืืืฆืขืื ืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืกืืจืืื, ืืกืืืข ืืืจืืื ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืฆืื ืืืืืจืืืืช. ืขื ืคื ื"ื ืื ืืืจืง ืืืืืก", ืืชืืฆืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืื, ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช ืืคืื ืืฆืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืชืืช ืื ืืืชื ืฉื ืื ืืืื, ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืคืืฅ ื"ืกืคืจืื ืืงืื ื" ืขื ืืื ืื ืจื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืื ื ืืืืจืืงื ื ืืฉืขืืจ, ื'ืืืืก ืืืืืก, ืืชืืฆืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืฆืืืืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืขืืืืช, ืืืจืืช ืกืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืื ืื ืฉืืื. ืคืืื ืชืจืืคืื ืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืง ืืืชื ื 55 ืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืืืืื ืืกืืจ ืืื ื ืืื, ืืชืืืื ืืืืืก 100 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืงืจื RLM - Reaching the Last Mile, ืืชืืืื ืึพ50 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืืืฆื ืืืกืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืคืื ืืกืื ืืคืงืืกืื, ืืชืจื 30 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืึพRoll Back Malaria Partnership. ืืงืชืืจื ืืืืข ืืืขื ืืจืคืืื ืืืืงืจ ืืกืจืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืงืกืก ื ืงืจืืช ืขื ืฉืื ืฉื ืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืชืจืืื ืืืขื ืง ืืืืื ืึพMD Anderson Cancer Center. ืืื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืจืชืื ืืฆืืงื ืฉื ืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืจืง ืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืฉื ืช 2005. ืืืืจืืฅ ืืขืื ืืช ืืืืืขืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืื, ืืืืื ืกืืช ืขืืืจืืช ืืงืจื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืขืืจื ืืืงืืช ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืึพ2017 ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืึพ2012, ืืื ืืชืจื ืืืจืฉืช ืชืจืืืชืืช ืืื ืงึทืกึฐึืจ ืื-ืืึผืกึฐึื (ืื '). ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืขืืจื ืืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืจ, ืขืืคืืช ืืืืชืืื ืืขื ืืจืื ืืขืจืื. ืืื ืชืจื ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืฉืืืจืชื ืืื ืืข ืืงืจื ืืืืช ืฉื ืฆืืคืืจื ืืจ ืืงืฉืืจืืช ืืงื ืืชื, ืืืืง ืืืฉืงืช ืงืจื ืฉืืื' ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืขืืคืืช ืืืจืกืื ืืฉืืื 20 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ. ืืื ืขืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืงืจื ืืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืื ืืืื. ืื ืฉื ืืืืช ืขืฆืื โ Enyalioides binzayedi โ ื ืงืจื ืขื ืฉืื ืฉื ืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืกื ืืช ืืงืจื ืืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืขื ืฉืื, ืฉืกืืคืงื ืชืืืื ืืกืคืืช ืืืฉืืืืช ืฉืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืคืืจืง ืืืืืื Cordillera Azul ืืคืจื. ืืฉื ืช 2017 ื ืงืจื ืขื ืฉืื Acer binzayedii, ืื ื ืืืจ ืฉื ืขืฅ ืืืืคื ืฉื ืืฆื ืืืขืจ ืืขื ื ืื ืืืจืจื ืฉื Jalisco ืฉืืืขืจื ืืงืกืืงื. ืืื ืืฉืคืื ืืฉืืื' ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืื-ืขืื ื-11 ืืืจืฅ 1961, ืืื ืฉืืืืชื ืื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืืืจืืืืืืช. ืืื ืื ื ืืฉืืืฉื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืกืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื, ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืฉื ืืฉืชื ืืฉืืืฉืืช, ืฉืืื'ื ืคืืืื ืื ืช ืืืืืจื ืื-ืืชืื (ืื '). ืืื ืืืื ืืฉ 16 ืืืื: ืืืืื, ืึทืึทึผึซืืข, ืกืขืื, ืขืืกื, ื ืืืื, ืกืืืฃ, ืืื ืื, ืื ืฆืืจ, ืคืืื, ื'ืืื, ืขืืืจ, ื'ืืื, ื'ืืืคื, ืกืืืืื, ื ืืฆืจ ืืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืื, ืืฉ ืื ืืื ืืืืืช. ืืฉ ืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืื ืฆืขืืจืื ืืืชืจ: ืืืืื, ืึทืึทึผึซืืข, ืืื ืื, ืื ืฆืืจ ืืขืืืืืื. ืื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืคืืืื, ืขื ืฉื ืืืื. ื ืฉืื ืืื ืืชืฉืขื, ืืื ืืื ื'ืืื, ื ืกืื ืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืื. ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ%2B] | [TOKENS: 1606] |
Contents AJ+ AJ+ ArabicFacebookXYouTube AJ+ SpanishFacebookX AJ+ (Al Jazeera Plus) is a social media publisher owned by Al Jazeera Media Network which focuses on news and current affairs. AJ+ content exists in English, Arabic, French, and Spanish. It is available on its website as well as platforms YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. Prior to February 2018, it also published written content on Medium. Work on the channel started in December 2012, shortly after Al Jazeera established an office in San Francisco. The first YouTube channel went live on December 17, 2013. The channel then had a soft launch on June 13, 2014. A full launch followed on September 15, 2014. History Al Jazeera Media Network originally planned to launch an internet-only TV channel in 2010 as part of its social media strategy but later became preoccupied with the Arab Spring. Plans for an internet-only channel were re-launched upon the launch of Al Jazeera America when Al Jazeera Media Network had to geo-block most video from Al Jazeera English, including the channel's live stream, to satisfy concerns from cable and satellite providers in the United States. The move was met with dissatisfaction from both viewers and Al Jazeera English producers and hosts. Also with the purchase of Current TV to use for Al Jazeera America, AJMN acquired Current's former headquarters in San Francisco. This site was perfect for the type of channel Al Jazeera wanted to build, being located in the new media center of the San Francisco Bay Area. Furthermore, the facility required little modification, as it possessed an infrastructure already optimized for digital media, a legacy of Current TVโs original user-generated format.[citation needed] In January 2012, the network's social media team relocated some of its staff to San Francisco to focus on building AJ+. After months of research and numerous pilots, the AJMN executive management were convinced of the project, and provided funding and resources to scale. AJ+ is the first project incubated out of Al Jazeera's Innovation & Incubation Department. In October 2013, it was announced that Al Jazeera Media Network would establish an Internet-only TV channel called AJ+ based in San Francisco to launch sometime in 2014. Under the direction of a strategy team comprising Riyaad Minty, Moeed Ahmad, and Muhammad Cajee, the channel underwent a year of development before releasing test content on YouTube in late 2013. Al Jazeeraโs public relations department officially soft-launched the channel on June 13, 2014. This rollout featured the release of several YouTube videos, a redesigned website and logo, and a Facebook page called AJ+ Community. The soft launch took place during a presentation by Al Jazeera on new media at the Global Editors Network summit in Barcelona. In July 2014, the channel created a fellowship program and issued a call for fellows from five regions of the world: North America, South America, the Middle East, Europe, the Asia Pacific and Sub-Saharan Africa. In August 2014, the channel branched out to Instagram. On September 15, 2014, the channel launched fully with the release of its mobile app. The launch was attended by Al Jazeera Media Network Director General Mostefa Souag, who stated that "AJ reshaped media in 1996 when it launched, Sept 15th marks the new phase of change with AJ+". AJ+ Espaรฑol soft-launched in April 2015 to start testing content in a different language. According to Variety, AJ+ became the second largest news video producer on Facebook, after NowThis News, in June 2015. At the time, they were the ninth largest video producer on the platform overall. On August 12, 2015, AJ+ announced the appointment of its first managing director, Dima Khatib. That same month, AJ+ also released data showing that it was reaching six times as many users as had already 'liked' the page, making the network's Facebook page one of the most engaged news brands in the world. As of April 2018, its Facebook page had obtained over ten million 'likes' from users. In October 2015, AJ+ announced that the channel had reached over one billion views across its platforms. In 2017, AJ+ launched a French-language version of the service. In 2018, the English version of the channel moved its operations to Washington D.C. In February 2018, AJ+ ceased publishing new content on Medium. In April of the same year, AJ+ ended the use of its mobile apps, moving to content distribution over its website, various social media and YouTube. In September 2020, AJ+ was asked to register under the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) in the United States, with the Trump Administration charging that the channel engaged in political activities, and was directed and controlled by the royal family of Qatar. Al Jazeera condemned the decision, and suggested that it came as the result of a precondition set by United Arab Emirates to sign the IsraelโUnited Arab Emirates peace agreement. In 2019, AJ+ produced and published an Arabic-language video that denied and minimized the Holocaust, asserting that the global Jewish community uses "financial resources [and] media institutions" to exaggerate Jewish suffering for the benefit of the State of Israel. In response, Al Jazeera took down the video and suspended two of its journalists, stating that the video "contravened the network's editorial standards." The video stated that "[the] number [of Jews murdered in the Holocaust] had been exaggerated and 'adopted by the Zionist movement', and that Israel is the 'biggest winner' from the genocide." The French National Audiovisual Institute has criticized AJ+ for its practice of generating viewer engagement through what it sees as one-sided reporting on emotional topics. The institute claims that three quarters of AJ+ posts on Twitter mentioned the IsraeliโPalestinian conflict or racism and police violence in the Western world, and that the alleged editorial line of the channel serves to further the ideological influence of Qatar and presents ideological similarities with the Muslim Brotherhood. Format AJ+ produces video and media directly to social platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and Instagram), through native apps on mobile devices (iOS and Android) and smart TV platforms (Apple TV, Android TV, and Amazon Fire TV). AJ+ is separate from Al Jazeera's other cable and satellite news channels, though it shares the network's current 68 bureaus with the other channels.[citation needed] The channel is headquartered in Washington D.C. Originally, it was headquartered San Francisco, California, in the expanded former headquarters and studio of Current TV. The channel has branch offices in Doha, Istanbul, Rio de Janeiro, Kuala Lumpur and Nairobi. It also collects and creates content through freelancers in other areas of interest. Despite being based in the United States, the content of the channel is formatted for a global audience, similarly to Al Jazeera English. The channel has no hosts or anchors, and live reporting plays a lesser role. Most content is available on demand. AJ+ offers news coverage from around the world, and also covers topics like lifestyle, culture and technology, with very little text. Its videos range from 15 seconds to 10 minutes. The channel is experimenting with various storytelling formats. It has supported a high level of user interactions in the app and on its Facebook, YouTube and Twitter platforms. Videos from the channel were occasionally featured on the website of Al Jazeera English and the former Al Jazeera America, as a further in-depth feature if the site is covering the same topic. Video format Former mobile app The AJ+ Mobile App was launched in September 2014 on iOS and Android platforms, and was used until April 2018. The app employed a card and stack structure for navigation, and focused primarily on user and social engagement.[citation needed] Awards and honors See also References External links |
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[SOURCE: https://pop.education.gov.il/?utm_source=chatgpt.com#third_406035] | [TOKENS: 332] |
ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืืืชืจืืช? ืืืขืืื ืืคืชื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืื ืคืืจืื ืื ื ืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืชืืื ืืชืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื (ืืจืืืช ืคืจืกืืืืช) ืืื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืขืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืื. ืื ื ืชืงืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืืข ืืชืืื, ืืืคืฉืจืืชืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืื. |
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ืงืืืฅ:Terre cuite pleureuse Louvre E27247.jpg ืชืงืฆืืจ Department of Egyptian Antiquities of the Louvre ืืขืจืื ืื ืืฉ ืืจืฉืืชืื ืชืืื ื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืคืจืกืื ืชืืช ืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืฆืจืื ืืชืืื, ืื ื ืืขืื ืืืชื, ืชืืืื ืืืชื, ืืืฆืืขื ืืืชื ืืืืืฆื. This image has been assessed under the valued image criteria and is considered the most valued image on Commons within the scope: Mourner E27247. You can see its nomination here. ืืืกืืืจืืืช ืืงืืืฅ ื ืืชื ืืืืืฅ ืขื ืชืืจืื/ืฉืขื ืืื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืืงืืืฅ ืืคื ืฉื ืจืื ืืืืชื ืืื. ืฉืืืืฉ ืืงืืืฅ ืืืคืื ืืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืงืืืฅ ืื: ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืงืืืฅ ืืชืจื ืืืืืงื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืงืืืฅ ืื: ืฆืคื ืืฉืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืฅ ืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืื ื ืืกืคืื. ืืืึพื ืชืื ืื ืงืืืฅ ืื ืืืื ืืืืข ื ืืกืฃ, ืฉืื ืจืื ืืืืข ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืืืืช ืื ืืกืืจืง ืฉืืื ืืงืืืฅ ื ืืฆืจ ืื ืขืืจ ืืืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืงืืืฅ ืฉืื ื ืืืฆืื ืืจืืฉืื ื, ืืื ืืื ืชืื ืื ืืืื ืขืืืืื ืฉืื ืืฉืงืฃ ืืืืคื ืืื ืืช ืืงืืืฅ ืื ืืืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืืืืื_ืืจืฆืืช_ืืืงืจื_ืืจืืฉืืื] | [TOKENS: 1003] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืงืจื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืงืจื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืฆืืื ืืจืืืืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืงืจืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืื ืืืืขืช ืจื ืฉืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืกืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืฆืืื ืื ืืงืจืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื. ืืื ื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืชืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืจื ืืืื ื ื ืืขื ืืืืืืจ ืขืืจ ืืืืฆืจืช ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืจืื. ืงืืจืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืฆืืคืื ืืื ื ืกืืจื ืื ืืขืื ืืืืืืจ ืฆืืจืช ืืืงืืงื. ืื ืืกืช ืืืื ื ืืขืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืงื ื ืืขืื ืืืืืืจ ืงืืคืกืช ืชืฆืืื ืืืืืืืื. ืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืฆืจืื ืืืืจืืืื ื ืืขืื ืืืืืืจ ืืจืื ืืจื ืืืืื. ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืฆื ืืืกืคื ืฉื ื"ืจ ืืื ืืืจืืืกืงื ืืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืจืืืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืชืงืืคื ืืคืจื ืืืกืืืจืืช ืืขื ืืชืงืืคื ืืืืื ืืืช. ืืืืฆืืื ืืชืืงืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืงืจื ืืืืจืฆืืช ืืืืจื ืืงืืื (ืืืฆืืื ืืคืจืก ืืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืื, ืฉืืืจืืื, ืืจืืืื ืืืฆืจืืื). ืืืืืืืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืืืกืคืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืงืืคืื ืืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืืชืืืช ืขืชืืงืื. ืืืงืืจืช ืืฉืจ ื ืืชืื ืขื ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืจืืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืช ืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืขื ืืืืกืฃ ืืชืืฆืื ืืกืืจ ืืขืชืืงืืช ืืืื ืืงืืจื ืืืงืื ืืืืฆืื ืืืงืืจื ืืื ื ืืจืืจ. ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_News] | [TOKENS: 1708] |
Contents Vice News Vice News (stylized as VICE News) was Vice Media's alternative current affairs channel, producing daily documentary essays and video through its website and YouTube channel. It promoted itself on its coverage of "under-reported stories". Vice News was created in December 2013 and was based in New York City, though it had bureaus worldwide. The channel originally launched to mixed reception in 2013. In the following decade, Vice News won a number of awards for its reporting, including four Peabody Awards and the inaugural Pulitzer Prize for Audio Reporting. In May 2023, Vice Media filed for bankruptcy and Vice News fired most of its employees. The YouTube channel of Vice News was taken over by Vice co-founder Shane Smith and began uploading podcasts held by Smith, featuring right-leaning guests. Previously, Vice had been described as progressive and left-leaning. History Before Vice News was founded, Vice published news documentaries and news reports from around the world through its YouTube channel alongside other programs. Vice had reported on events such as crime in Venezuela, the IsraeliโPalestinian conflict, protests in Turkey, the North Korean and Iranian regimes, and the Syrian Civil War through their own YouTube channel and website. After the creation of Vice News as a separate division, its reporting increased with worldwide coverage starting immediately with videos published on YouTube and articles on its website daily. In December 2013, Vice Media expanded its international news division into an independent division dedicated exclusively to news and created Vice News. Vice Media put $50 million into its news division, setting up 34 bureaus worldwide and drawing praise for its in-depth coverage of international news. Vice News has primarily targeted a younger audience composed predominantly of millennials, the same audience to which its parent company appeals. In November 2014, Vice News launched its French-language version. In October 2015, Vice hired Josh Tyrangiel to run a daily Vice News show for HBO. Tyrangiel had recently left Bloomberg Businessweek, where he was reported to be "a divisive figure who was both admired and despised during his six years there." Tyrangiel named Ryan McCarthy, formerly an assistant editor of The New York Times, as editor-in-chief of Vice News. In May 2016, it was announced that Tyrangiel had been promoted to oversee all of Vice News. As the announcement was made, Tyrangiel promptly laid off some 20 editorial and production staff members. In an interview given the previous week, Vice Media founder Shane Smith called Tyrangiel "a murderer," foretelling a "bloodbath" in digital media. That June, Tyrangiel touted various new hires he had brought aboard as part of his team. In December 2016, it was announced that Vice News had entered into a partnership with The Guardian newspaper that would include Guardian journalists working at Vice's offices in East London and contributing to the two HBO television programs currently on the air. It will also include allowing The Guardian access to Vice's video production skills with content distributed to its millennial-skewed global audience. On May 15, 2023, Vice Media formally filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, as part of a possible sale to a consortium of lenders including Fortress Investment Group, which will, alongside Soros Fund Management and Monroe Capital, invest $225 million as a credit bid for nearly all of its assets. In February 2024, Vice Media announced it would shutter the vice.com website and cut hundreds of jobs. The YouTube channel of Vice News was taken over by Vice co-founder Shane Smith and began uploading podcasts held by Smith, featuring right-leaning guests. Reporters Vice News had more than 100 members of its reporting and editorial staff in 35 bureaus around the world including New York City, Toronto, London, Berlin, Mexico City, Sรฃo Paulo, Los Angeles, Istanbul, Moscow, Beijing, and Kabul. On April 21, 2014, while covering the Russo-Ukrainian War, Vice News reporter Simon Ostrovsky was kidnapped by pro-Russian separatist forces and held for three days before being released in Sloviansk. Programming and content Since its creation, Vice News has covered emerging events and widespread issues around the world. Every day it publishes a daily news capsule called "News Beyond the Headlines" where it briefly covers four daily stories which did not receive much coverage by other mainstream news outlets but it still considers important. It also publishes daily articles on its website on a variety of world current events, along with maintaining a Vice News Wire where it displays wire reports from around the world. It has several past and ongoing documentary series including: Russian military intervention in Ukraine; civil war in Iraq; the IsraeliโPalestinian conflict; the Western Sahara conflict; the struggles of Afghan interpreters working for the US military in acquiring visas; the prison crisis in the US at Salinas Valley State Prison; protests against the FIFA World Cup in Brazil; Venezuelan anti-government protests; expansion of the Islamic State; protests in Ferguson, Missouri; the Syrian Civil War; the militarization of America's police forces and Central American refugees fleeing street gangs borne in American prisons to cross the American border; global warming and the evidence of the melting of Antarctica's glaciers; and the build-up of military forces of Russia with Scandinavians assisted by the American military. Reception As of October 2023[update], the Vice News YouTube page had 8.7 million subscribers and over 3 billion views in total. In August 2014, Vice News was described by The Guardian as one of the fastest growing channels on YouTube. Lara Pendergast, deputy online editor at the UK magazine The Spectator, suggests that Vice News gets its strength and popularity by getting younger audiences to become more and more interested about international news in a way that traditional media has not. "Its videos may fail every rule in the BBC impartiality book, but they are brilliantly edited and, often, utterly compelling. Vice News has found young, fearless foreign correspondents to serve a youthful audience who are bored stiff by traditional outlets but are quite prepared to watch videos on their mobile phones." "Vice's brand image marketing as an edgy, hip outlet have helped drive its popularity with young people", says media critic Charles Johnson. "Mainstream media is not trusted by a lot of people, and rightly so, so they [Vice] step in and fill in", he says. "People see a sense of fun behind it. Jon Stewart is very popular, but he's an entertainer. Vice is something similar." Rick Edmonds, media and business analyst at the Poynter Institute, critiques Vice News' reporting as "raw and tasteless sometimes" and more akin to personal essays than balanced journalism. Other critiques mention that its work is more affiliated with entertainment than hard-hitting news. In a 2013 opinion piece for U.S. News & World Report, editor of the New York-based Foreign Policy Association Robert Nolan, stated that Vice's North Korea reporting was "more Jackass TV series than journalism". Awards Vice News has won four Peabody Awards for its documentary programs, The Islamic State and Last Chance High in 2015, Charlottesville: Race and Terror in 2017, and Losing Ground in 2020. In 2020, Emily Green of Vice News jointly won the first Pulitzer Prize for Audio Reporting with This American Life and Molly O'Toole of the Los Angeles Times for their collaboration on "The Out Crowd", an investigative podcast episode on the effects of the Remain in Mexico policy. In 2021, Vice News won the Rory Peck Award for "Uyghurs Who Fled China Now Face Repression in Pakistan", the Lorenzo Natali Media Prize for "Rohingya Brides Thought They Were Fleeing Violence. Then They Met Their Grooms.", the Online Journalism Award for "The Story of...", and two Edward R. Murrow Awards for "Say Her Name: Investigating the Death of Breonna Taylor" and "Life Under Bombs: On the Frontlines of Fighting in Azerbaijan". In 2022, Vice News won the Alfred I. duPontโColumbia University Award for "The Shockwave". From 2018 to 2021, Vice News received more News & Documentary Emmy Award nominations each year than any other organization. In 2021, Vice News received 23 nominations for News & Documentary Emmy Awards, winning four. References External links |
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[SOURCE: https://pop.education.gov.il/?utm_source=chatgpt.com#third_406036] | [TOKENS: 332] |
ืืืืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืืืชืจืืช? ืืืขืืื ืืคืชื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืื ืคืืจืื ืื ื ืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืขืืื ืืืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื. ืชืืื ืืชืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื (ืืจืืืช ืคืจืกืืืืช) ืืื ื ืืืืจืืืช ืืขืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืื. ืื ื ืชืงืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืขืจืืช ืื ืืืข ืืชืืื, ืืืคืฉืจืืชืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืงืืฉืืจ ืื. |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืจืืืข_ืืืจืืืืื ื] | [TOKENS: 3508] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืคืจืืืจ ืืืจืืืืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืืืืืื - ืืคืจืืืจ ืืืจืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืืืข ืืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืขืชืืงื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืฆืื ืืกืคืจ ืืชืื ืจืืื ืืืงืฃ ืฉื ืฉืืื ืช ืคืืจ ืฉืขืืื ืืืงืื (ืืขืืจ ืืขืืืื ื ืฉื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืืช ืืฉื ื) ืืชืงืืคืช ืฉืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืจืืืก ืืืชืงืืคื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ ืืฉื ื ืืฉื ืช 70 ืืกืคืืจื. ืืื ืืื ืื ืืชืืื ืืขืช ืฉืืงืื ืืจืืืข ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืฉืฉืช ืืืืื, ืืืคืืจืืช ืืจืืืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืงืื ืขื ืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืจืืืืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืคืจืืค' ื ืืื ืืืืื. ืืืงืื ืืืฆืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืื ืื ืืฆืืืืจ (ืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืชืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืงืื). ืฉืืืช ืืืคืืจืืช ืืืจืืืืืืืืืช, ืืฉื ืืืกืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืคืืจืช ืืกืืืืช ืืืชืื ืืืกื ืืืืฆืืื, ืืขืืืื ื ืื ืชื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืชื. ืืืืจ ืืื, ืขื ืกืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืฉืืื, ื ืืคืจื ืืืืฆืืื ืืชืืช ืืจืฆืคืช ืืืื ื, ืฉืืื ืชืงืจืช ืืืืืืืื. ืืืืช ืืืขืจืื ืืืื ื ืื, ืืืขืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืืืื, ืฉืจืื ืจืง ืงืืืช ืืืจืชืฃ. ืงืืื ืื ืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืชืืื ืื ืืืกื ืื, ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืชืงื ื ืจืืฆื (ืืขืืงืจ ืืงืืืืืช ืืืจื). ืืื ืื ืฉืจื ืื ืืจื ืืืืจืืืช ืฉืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืงืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืช. ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืืฆื ื ืฉืชืืจื ืจืฆืคืช ืคืกืืคืก - ืืืคืืื ืฉื ืืชืงืืคื ืฉื ืืขื ืืื ืืข ืืืืืฆืจืืช ืืืฅ ืืืืจ ืืจืืฆื. ืจืฆืคืช ืืคืกืืคืก ืืฆืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฆืืจืืช ืืขืื ืืืื, ืืืชืื ืืืืกืืจ ืืชืงืืคื ืขื ืขืฉืืืช ืชืืื ืืช ("ืื ืชืขืฉื ืื ืคืกื ืืื ืชืืื ื"). ืืืืจ ืืืงืืื ืืชืืืชื ืื ืงืขืจืช ืืื - ืืื ืื ืจืื "ืขืจืืช ืจืืืืื" - ืืื ืืืฉืืฉ ืืฉืืืคืช ืืจืืืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืกื ืืืงืื (ืืกืืช ืืืืื ื ื), ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืข ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืงืื. ืืืช ืืคืจืืกืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืื ืืืง ืืฉืืจืช ืขืืืืื ืืืืจืฆืื ืฉืืงืืคื ืืฆืจ ืฉื ืืืช. ืืขืืืืื ืืื ืืืขืฉื ืขืืืื ืืื, ืืขื ืื ืช ืืืฆืืจ ืืจืืืช ืขืื ืฉื ืคืืจ ืืืกื ืืขืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืฉ (ืืคืงื ืืืื ืืฆืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืจืืืก ืืืฆืื). ืืืืช ืืืืฆืขื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืฆื ืชืขืืช ื ืืงืื ืฉื ืืคืจื ืืชืงืืคื ืืืืื ืืืช. ืืืืช ืื ืฉืจืื ืืืจืงืืื (ืืืจ ืืืืืจืื) ืฉืจืืฆืคืชื ืขืฉืืื ืคืกืืคืก. ืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืืฉ ืกืคืืช ืฉืขืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืื ืืฆืืื. ืืฉืืืื ืืช ืืืืง ืืืื ืืืจืก ืฉืจืื. ืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืื ื ืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืฉืฉืจื. ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืขืื ืขื 600 ืืืจืื ืจืืืขืื. ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืืื ื-11 ืืืจืื. ืงืืจืืช ืืืื ื ืืืกื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ, ืฉืืืงื ืืื ืื ืืกืืชืชืืช. ืกืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืกืื ืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืคืืืคื - ืกืื ืื ืฉืืื ืคืืคืืืจื ืืคืืืคื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืคื ื ืืกืคืืจื. ืืื ืื ืจืื ืืกืื ืื ืืคื ืืืคื ืชื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืฆื ืืืืืคื ื ืืคืืืคื. ืืืื ื ืืชืืื ืืื ืืจืก ืจืืื ืืขืื ืฆืืข ืืืื ืืกืื "ืืจื ืกืืืืืื", ืืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืขืฉื ืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืฆืืืื (ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืช ืืืืชืืช "ืื ืืื ืขืฉื"). ืฉืืืฉื ืืืื ืืกืื ืื ืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืขืืื. ืฉืจืืื ืืฉืจืคื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืช 70 ื ืจืืื ืืืืช ืฉืขื ืจืืฆืคืชื ืงืืจืช ืขืฅ ืฉืจืืคื ืืกืืื ื ืคืื. ืืืจืื ืืืืช ืขืืื ืืฆืจ ืืืืื ืืืฆืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืคืื ืช ืจืืฆื ืื ืืืืืืืช ืืฉืืื, ืืืกื ืื, ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืงืืืืืช. ืืืงืืื ืฉื ื ืคืชืืื - ืืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืขืช ืืืืืจืื ืืขืืืื ืื ืืืงืืื (ืืกืืช ืฉืงืืื ื ื. ืืฉื ื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืกืืช ืคืกืืื ืืฃ ืื ืขืืื ื. ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื ืจืฉ"ื "ืืืจื ืืืช ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืจื ืืืจืช"). ืืขืจืืช ืฉื ืืจืืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืงืืืืืช. ืืืงืืืืืช ืื ื ืืืื ื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืชืงืืคื ืื. ืืกืคืจ ืืืงืืืืืช ืืจื ืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืืืืืืื ืืืกืงื ื ืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืชื ืฉื ืืฉืคืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืจื, ืืืื ืืฉืคืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืฉืคืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืช. ืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืื ื ืื ืื ืฉืืืืจ ืื ืืงื, ืขื ืื ืช ืืืจืืืช ืืืืงืจืื ืืช ืฉืจืืื ืืืจืก ืฉื ืืืื ืื. ืืืฆืืื ืฉืืชืืื ืืืชืจ ืืชืืื ืจืืืืื ืจืืื ืฉืฉืืืฉื ืืช ืชืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืืช ืืฉื ื - ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืชืืื ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืื, ืฉืขืื ื ืฉืืฉ, ืืื ืืจืก, ืืื ืืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช. ืืืงืื ืืชืืื ืื ืฆืืืจ ืงืืจ ืฉื ืืื ืืจื ืฉืขืืื ืืืืช ืืืงืืฉ. ืฆืืืจ ืื ืฉืื ื ืืชืืืืจ ืืื ืืจื ืืืืคืืข ืขื ืฉืขืจ ืืืืืก. ืืกืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืื ื ืืจืืจื, ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืจืื ืื ืืฆืืืจ ืืื ืืชืืืืจ ืืืืคืืข ืืฉืขืจ ืืืืืก ื ืขืฉื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืฉืจืื ืืช ืืื ืืจื. ืืื ืืืกืืจืื ืฉืืืขืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืจื ืืืงืืฉ ืืืืืคื ืืคืจืง ืืืื ืฉืืื ืฆืืืจ ืืงืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ. ืืฉ ืืกืืืจืื ืฉืฆืืืจ ืืงืืจ ืืชืืจ ืืช ืืื ืืจื ืืืืืื, ืฉืืืืื, ืืืืื ืื ืืจืช ืฉืขืจ ืืืืืก ืืื ืื ืืจื ืืฉื ืืช, ืงืื ื ืืืชืจ, ืื ืฉืืกืชืืจ ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืืื ืืจืืืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืชื. ืืืจืืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืช_ืืืื ืืจื?action=edit&redlink=1] | [TOKENS: 594] |
ืืฆืืจืช ืืืฃ "ืืืช ืืืื ืืจื" ืืืฆืืจืช ืืฃ ืืืฉ, ืืชืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืฉืืื ืืชืืืช ืืืงืกื ืืืื (ืืขืืจื ื ืืกืคืช). ืื ืืืขืชื ืืืฃ ืื ืืืขืืช, ืืืชืื ืฉืชืจืฆื ืืืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืคืชืืจ Back ืืืคืืคื. ืืคื ื ืคืจืกืื ืขืจื ืืืฉ: ืืืจื ืคืจืกืื ืขืจื: ืืืืชืืื ืืืฉืื: ืขืจื ืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืืืื ืืคืืืช ืืื ืืฉืคืืื, ืืฉืืืฉืคื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืจื ืฉื ื ืืฉื ืืขืจื. ืืืงืืคืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื, ืืืฆืืคืืื ืืื ืฉืืขืจืืื ืืืืื ืืคืืืช ืงืฆืช ืืขืืจ ืืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืช. ืขืจื ืงืฆืจ ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืืืง, ืืืคืืื ืืืืืฅ ืืืฉืงืืข ืืืชืืืช ืคืกืงื ืื ืฉืชืืื ืืคืืืช. ืกืืื ื ืคืืกืืง: ึพ โ โ โฆ ืงืื ืืืงื: โข ยท [] [[]] () {{}} {{{}}} ืชืืืื ืืชืืืืื: ~ | ยฐ ยฑ โ ร ยฒ ยณ + ืชืืืื ืขืืจืืื: ืึผ ืึน ืึผ ืึท ืึธ ืึถ ืึต ืึด ืึณ ืึฒ ืึฑ ืึฐ ืึป ืฉื ืฉื ืชื ืืืืื ืืืช |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืื_ืคืืืืื] | [TOKENS: 2281] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืื ืคืืืืื ืืื ืคึธึผืืึนืึฐืึผืึน (1920 โ 13 ืืืืืืกื 1966) ืืื ืคืกื ืืฆืืืจ ืืฉืจืืื. ืืืืืจืคืื ืืื ืคืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืืจืงืื ืืฉื ืช 1920, ืขืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืฉื ืช 1923 ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืช ื ืืืช ืฉืืขื ืฉืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืื ืฆืขืืจ ืืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขืืื ืืืืืจ, ืืืืฉื ืืืื ื ืชืื ื ืืื ืื ืืืืืงื. ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืช. ื-1940 ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช-ืืกืคืจ ืืืืื ืืืืช "ืืฆืืื" ืื-1942 ืืื ืืืืื ืืคืกื ืืฆื ืืคืกื ืืื ืื-ืฆืื. ืชืงืืคื ืืกืืืืช ืฉืืืฉ ืืขืืืจ ืืกืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืคืืกืื ื"ืืฆืืื". ืงืจืืืจื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืื ืืชืืช ืืฉื ืช 1958 ื ืื ื ืคืืืืื ืขื ืืืืฆืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืฆืื, ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืื ืืฆืื ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืขืฉืืจ ืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 1959 ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืชืขืจืืื ืฉื ืคืืจืฉื ืงืืืฆืช ืืืคืงืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืื. ืืฉื ืื 1961โ1962 ืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืฆืืื ืืืจ ืฆืืื, ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืืืื ืกืืื ืืคืจืืืกืื ืืืช. ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืจ ืฆืืื, ืืืื ืคืืืืื ืืืช ืืจืืก, ืืืง ืืืชืื ืืฉืคืืช ืื'ืื ื (ืฉ"ืงืืจ ืืื ืืืื" ืืืจ ืฆืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืกืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืขืืืชื ืขื 1948) ืืืืงืฉ ืืืงืื ืื ืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืืจืื. ืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืืฆืืจ ืืืืชืืืจืจ ืืืงืื. ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืคืชื ืืช ืืืืืจ ืืขืืจืช ืืชืืืืืช ืืื ืืชืืช ืขืืฉืจื ืืฉืืื ืืืื, ืฉืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืขืกืงื ืืคืกืืคืก ืืืชืืช, ืืขื ืืื ื ืคืืืืื ืฉืขืกืงื ืืืืฆืืจ ืชืืฉืืืื ืืืชืืช. ืืงืืืฆื ืื ืงืจืื "ืืจื ืื", ืืชืฆืืืชื ืืจืฉืื ื ืืืืชื ื-1964 ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืจืช ืืช-ืฉืืข. ืขืืืืชื ืืืืจืื ื ืืืืชื ืขืืฆืื ื ืจืืช ืืืืจืื ื"ืืืช ืฆืืืืื ื" ืืงืืืืฅ ืขืื ืืจืื ืืืืื. ืคืืืืื ืื ืืกืคืืง ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืข ืืขืืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืืืื ืจืขืืืชื. ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืคืืืืื ื ืืจื ืืขืงืืืช ืชืืื ืช ืืจืืื ืืืืฆืื ืฉืืช, 13 ืืืืืืกื 1966, ืืืฉืจ ืืงืื ืืข ืฉืขืืื ืจืื ื ืชืงื ืืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืื ืืขืช ืืขืืจ ืืื ืจืื ืืฉืืช, ืฉืืืฆืื ืืืขื ืืฉืจื ืืืชืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืจ ืฆืืื. ืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืกื, ืฉื ื ืคืืจ. ืื 46 ืืื ืืืืชื. ืืื ื ืงืืจ ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืฉืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืฉื - ืืื ื, ืืฉื ื ืืืืื. ืืฉืชื, ืืื ื ืคืืืืื, ืืชืืืจืจื ืืืืจ ืืืชื ืืืจ ืฆืืื, ืืืืช ืฉืื ืืงืืื ืืืคืขืืื ืขื ืฉื ืืช ืืืืคืืื ืืช "ืืืืืื ืืื ืคืืืืื". ืืื ื ืกืคืชื ืืฉืจืคื ืฉืคืจืฆื ืืืืชื ืื ืืื ืืืจ 2022. ืืฆืืจืชื ืืื ืคืืืืื ืืฆืจ ืืกืคืจ ืคืกืืื ืืคืืจืกืืื, ืืืขืืจืื ืืชืจืื ืืจืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืฉืขืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืฉื (1960), ืฉืขืจื ืืืฆืจ ืืื ืืกื ืืื ืกืช (ืืืืื ืื "ืฉืขืจื ืคืืืืื"), ืฉืืืขืชืงื ืืืงืืื ื-2007 ืืืื ืขื ืคืกืื ืฉื ืคืืืืื, ืืกื ื ืืืืขืจ. ืืืืจ ืฉื ืขืืืืืชืื ื ืืชื ืืืฆืื ืืืืช ืืื ืคืืืืื, ืืืืืงื ืืกืื ืช ืขืืืืชื ืืืจ ืฆืืื. ืืืืืืืื ื ืคืชื ืืืืฉืื ืกืคืืจืื ืืืืจ ืืืชื. ืืืืื ื ืกืื ืื ืืช, ืคืกืืื ืฉื ืืื ืคืืืืื ืืชืืคืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืขืจืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืฉืืจืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืงื ืจืืคืฃ, ืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืชืืืื ืืืงืืืืื, ืืฉืืืคืื ืืืงื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืฉืงื ืืฆืื ืขื ืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืื. ืืืงืจื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit#cite_ref-322] | [TOKENS: 12221] |
Contents Reddit Reddit (/หrษdษชt/ โ RED-it, formerly stylized reddit) is an American proprietary social news aggregation and forum social media platform. Registered users (commonly referred to as "redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down ("upvoted" or "downvoted") by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "subreddits". Submissions with more upvotes appear towards the top of their subreddit and, if they receive enough upvotes, ultimately on the site's front page. Reddit administrators moderate the communities. Moderation is also conducted by subreddit-specific moderators, who are unpaid volunteers. It is operated by Reddit, Inc., based in San Francisco. As of December 2025, Reddit is one of the most-visited websites in the world. According to data provided by Similarweb, 51.75% of the website traffic comes from the United States, followed by Canada at 7.01%, the United Kingdom at 6.97%, Australia at 3.97%, Germany at 3%, and the remaining 28.37% split among other countries. Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in June 2005, who were joined by Aaron Swartz that November. Condรฉ Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006. In 2011, Reddit became an independent subsidiary of Condรฉ Nast's parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit debuted on the stock market on the morning of March 21, 2024, with the ticker symbol RDDT. The current market cap as of July 2024 is US$10 billion. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, particularly in the United States, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. It has received praise for many of its features, such as the ability to create several subreddits for niche communities. It has been criticized for the spread of misinformation and its voting system which can encourage online echo chambers. History The idea and initial development of Reddit originated with college roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005, who attended a lecture by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham in Boston during their spring break from University of Virginia. After speaking with Huffman and Ohanian following the lecture, Graham invited the two to apply to his startup incubator Y Combinator. Their initial idea, My Mobile Menu, was unsuccessful, and was intended to allow users to order food by SMS text messaging. During a brainstorming session to pitch another startup, the idea was created for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet". For that idea, Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class. Supported by the funding from Y Combinator, Huffman coded the site in Common Lisp and together with Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005. Embarrassed by an empty-looking site, the founders created hundreds of fake users for their posts to make it look more populated. The team expanded to include Christopher Slowe in November 2005. Between November 2005 and January 2006, Reddit merged with Aaron Swartz's company Infogami, and Swartz became an equal owner of the resulting parent company, Not A Bug. Swartz then helped rewrite the software running Reddit using web.py, a web framework he developed. The passage from Aaron Swartz's blog post "Rewriting Reddit" reveals that the switch from Lisp to Python, specifically using the web.py framework developed by Swartz, was driven by a desire for simplicity, maintainability, and performance. Despite facing skepticism and critique from the Lisp community, the change was justified by the efficiency and clarity Python provided for the project. This initiative not only influenced the technical evolution of Reddit but also contributed to the broader web development community by inspiring other frameworks and remaining a significant part of Reddit's history. In 2011, Ohanian claimed that rather than Swartz being a co-founder, the correct description would be that Swartz's company was acquired by Reddit six months after the website was founded. Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condรฉ Nast Publications, owner of Wired, on October 31, 2006, for a reported $10 million to $20 million and the team moved to San Francisco. In November 2006, Swartz posted to his blog, complaining about the new corporate environment, criticizing its level of productivity. In January 2007, Swartz was fired for undisclosed reasons. Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit in 2009. Huffman went on to co-found Hipmunk with Adam Goldstein, and later recruited Ohanian and Slowe to the new company. After Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit, Erik Martin, who joined the company as a community manager in 2008 and later became general manager in 2011, played a role in Reddit's growth. VentureBeat noted that Martin was "responsible for keeping the site going" under Condรฉ Nast's ownership. Yishan Wong joined Reddit as CEO in 2012. Wong resigned from Reddit in 2014, citing disagreements about his proposal to move the company's offices from San Francisco to nearby Daly City, but also the "stressful and draining" nature of the position. Ohanian credited Wong with the company's newfound success as its user base grew from 35 million to 174 million. Wong oversaw the company as it raised $50 million in funding and spun off as an independent company. Also during this time, Reddit began accepting the digital currency Bitcoin for its Reddit Gold subscription service through a partnership with bitcoin payment processor Coinbase in February 2013. Ellen Pao replaced Wong as interim CEO in 2014 and resigned in 2015 amid a user revolt over the firing of a popular Reddit employee. During her tenure, Reddit initiated an anti-harassment policy, banned involuntary sexualization, and banned several forums that focused on bigoted content or harassment of individuals. After five years away from the company, Ohanian and Huffman returned to leadership roles: Ohanian became the full-time executive chairman in November 2014 following Wong's resignation, while Pao's departure on July 10, 2015, led to Huffman's return as the company's chief executive. After Huffman rejoined Reddit as CEO, he launched Reddit's iOS and Android apps, improved Reddit's mobile website, and created A/B testing infrastructure. The company launched a major redesign of its website in April 2018. Huffman said new users were turned off from Reddit because it had looked like a "dystopian Craigslist". Reddit also instituted several technological improvements, such as a new tool that allows users to hide posts, comments, and private messages from selected redditors in an attempt to curb online harassment, and new content guidelines. These new content guidelines were aimed at banning content inciting violence and quarantining offensive material. Slowe, the company's first employee, rejoined Reddit in 2017 as chief technology officer. Ohanian resigned as a member of the board on June 5, 2020 in response to the George Floyd protests and requested to be replaced "by a Black candidate". Michael Seibel, then-CEO of Y Combinator, was subsequently named to the board. On March 5, 2021, Reddit announced that it had appointed Drew Vollero, who had worked at Snapchat's parent company, Snap Inc., as its first chief financial officer (CFO) weeks after the site was thrust into the spotlight due to its role in the GameStop trading frenzy. Vollero's appointment spurred speculation of an initial public offering, a move that senior leaders have considered publicly. As of August 2021[update], Reddit was valued at more than $10 billion following a $410 million funding round. The company was looking to hire investment bankers and lawyers to assist in making an initial public offering. However, CEO Steve Huffman said the company had not decided on the timing for when to go public. In December 2021, Reddit revealed that it had confidentially filed for an initial public offering with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Reddit's initial public offering opened on March 20, 2024, at $34 per share and a $6.4 billion valuation. They went public the next day on the New York Stock Exchange at $47 per share and rose to $50.44 at market close on their first day of trading, reaching a market cap of $9.5 billion. The market cap as of July 2024 was $10 billion. Site overview Reddit is a website comprising user-generated contentโincluding photos, videos, links, and text-based postsโand discussions of this content in what is essentially a bulletin board system. The name "Reddit" is a play-on-words with the phrase "read it", i.e., "I read it on Reddit." According to Reddit, in 2019, there were approximately 430 million monthly users, who are known as "redditors". The site's content is divided into categories or communities known on-site as "subreddits", of which there are more than 138,000 active communities. As a network of communities, Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users. Users can comment on others' posts to continue the conversation. A key feature to Reddit is that users can cast positive or negative votes, called upvotes and downvotes respectively, for each post and comment on the site. The number of upvotes or downvotes determines the posts' visibility on the site, so the most popular content is displayed to the most people. Users can also earn "karma" for their posts and comments, a status that reflects their standing within the community and their contributions to Reddit. Posts are sometimes automatically archived after six months, meaning they can no longer be commented or voted on. The most popular posts from the site's numerous subreddits are visible on the front page to those who browse the site without an account. By default for those users, the front page will display the subreddit r/popular, featuring top-ranked posts across all of Reddit, excluding not-safe-for-work communities and others that are most commonly filtered out by users (even if they are safe for work). The subreddit r/all originally did not filter topics, but as of 2021 it does not include not-safe-for-work content. Registered users who subscribe to subreddits see the top content from the subreddits to which they subscribe on their personal front pages. Additionally, some subreddits have a karma and account age requirement to discourage bots and spammers from posting. Front-page rankโfor both the general front page and for individual subredditsโis determined by a combination of factors, including the age of the submission, positive ("upvoted") to negative ("downvoted") feedback ratio, and the total vote-count. Registering an account with Reddit is free and requires an email address. In addition to commenting and voting, registered users can also create their own subreddit on a topic of their choosing. In Reddit style, usernames begin with "u/". Noteworthy redditors include u/Poem_for_your_sprog, who responds to messages across Reddit in verse, u/Shitty_Watercolour who posts paintings in response to posts, and u/spez, the CEO of Reddit (Steve Huffman). Subreddits are overseen by moderators, Reddit users who earn the title by creating a subreddit or being promoted by a current moderator. Reddit users may also request to moderate a sub that has no moderators or very inactive ones in r/redditrequest. These requests are reviewed by the Reddit admins. Moderators are volunteers who manage their communities, set and enforce community-specific rules, remove posts and comments that violate these rules, and often work to keep discussions in their subreddit on topic. Admins, by contrast, are employees of Reddit. Early on, Reddit implemented shadow banning, purportedly to address spam accounts, while saying, "it's still the only tool we have to punish people who break the rules". In 2015, Reddit added an account suspension feature which they said would replace sitewide shadowbans, however, moderators are still able to shadowban users or their individual posts. Reddit releases transparency reports annually which have information like how many posts have been taken down by moderators and for what reason. It also details information about requests law enforcement agencies have made for information about users or to take down content. In 2020, Reddit removed 6% of posts made on the platform (approx. 233 million). More than 99% of removals were marked as spam; the remainder made up of a mix of other offensive content. Around 131 million posts were removed by the automated moderator (~56 %) and the rest were taken down manually. It is estimated that Reddit's moderators work 466 hours every day, which is $3.4 million in unpaid work each year. That roughly equates to 2.8% of the company's annual revenue. Subreddits (officially called communities) are user-created areas of interest where discussions on Reddit are organized. There are about 138,000 active subreddits (among a total of 1.2 million) as of July 2018[update]. Subreddit names begin with "r/"; for instance, "r/science" is a community devoted to discussing scientific publications, while "r/gaming" is a community devoted to discussing video games, and "r/worldnews" is for posting news articles from around the world. In a 2014 interview with Memeburn, Erik Martin, then the general manager of Reddit, remarked that their "approach is to give the community moderators or curators as much control as possible so that they can shape and cultivate the type of communities they want". Subreddits often use themed variants of Reddit's alien mascot, Snoo, in the visual styling of their communities. Today subreddits exist not only for interests and topics but also for organizations. The Wayanad Literature Festival has a subreddit where they host discussions based on the sessions they host and encourage people to post about literature, politics and media. Reddit Premium (formerly Reddit Gold) is a premium membership that allows users to view the site ad-free. Until 2023, subscribers could also use coins to award posts or comments they valued, generally due to humorous or high-quality content. Reddit Premium unlocks several features not accessible to regular users, such as comment highlighting, exclusive subreddits such as r/lounge, a personalized Snoo (known as a "snoovatar"), and a Reddit premium trophy that can be displayed on the user's profile. Reddit Gold was renamed to Reddit Premium in 2018. In addition to gold coins, users were able to gift silver and platinum coins to other users as rewards for quality content. On the site, redditors commemorate their "cake day" once a year, on the anniversary of the day their account was created. Cake day adds an icon of a small slice of cake next to the user's name for 24 hours. In August 2021, the company introduced a TikTok-like short-form video feature for iOS that lets users rapidly swipe through a feed of short video content. In December 2021, the company introduced a Spotify Wrapped-like feature called Reddit Recap that recaps various statistics from January 1 to November 30 about each individual user, such as how much time they spent on Reddit, which communities they joined, and the topics that they engaged with, and allows the user to view it. On July 7, 2022, Reddit announced "blockchain-backed Collectible Avatars", customizable avatars which are available on the subreddit r/CollectibleAvatars for purchase separate from Reddit Premium. The avatars were created by independent artists who post work on other subreddits, and who receive a portion of the profits. They use Reddit's Polygon blockchain-powered digital wallet the Vault. Richard Lawler of The Verge described them as "non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that are available for purchase in the Reddit Avatar Builder". In 2017, Reddit developed its own real-time chat software for the site. While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit. Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of a given subreddit were rolled out in 2018. Reddit Talk was announced in April 2021 as a competitor to Clubhouse. Reddit Talk lets subreddit moderators start audio meeting rooms that mimic Clubhouse in design. In 2022, Reddit Talk was updated to support recording audio rooms and work on the web version of Reddit. A desktop app is reportedly slated for a late February release. Reddit Chat replaced the Reddit private messaging system in June 2025. Reddit acquired MeaningCloud, a natural language processing company in June 2022. In February 2024, Reddit announced a partnership with Google in a deal worth about $60 million per year, to license its real-time user content to train Google's AI model. The partnership also lets Reddit get access to Google's "Vertex AI" service which would help improve search results on Reddit. It was announced that Reddit and OpenAI had reached a deal that will allow OpenAI access to the Reddit API to train its models, while Reddit will receive certain AI tools for moderators and users. In December 2024, Reddit announced Reddit Answers, an AI search tool that summarizes conversations in response to a question from the user. Reddit's search function has had many iterations; the one on the new site currently uses Lucidworks Fusion, while the search on old reddit uses Reddit's own in-house search In 2009, Reddit released their official mobile app, called iReddit. This app was sparsely updated, and was superseded by a new mobile website in 2010. For several years, most Redditors relied on third-party apps to access Reddit on mobile devices. In October 2014, Reddit acquired one of them, Alien Blue, which became the official iOS Reddit app. Reddit removed Alien Blue and released its official application, Reddit: The Official App, on Google Play and the iOS App Store in April 2016. The company released an app for Reddit's question-and-answer Ask Me Anything subreddit in 2014. The app allowed users to see active Ask Me Anythings, receive notifications, ask questions and vote. As of September 2025, all versions of the iReddit and Alien Blue apps still work on older versions of iOS; they were not affected by the API shutdown due to both of them being official Reddit apps. The 2010 mobile site, however, was shut down in 2024. The site has undergone several products and design changes since it originally launched in 2005. When it initially launched, there were no comments or subreddits. Comments were added in 2005 and interest-based groups (called 'subreddits') were introduced in 2008. Allowing users to create subreddits has led to much of the activity that redditors would recognize that helped define Reddit. These include subreddits "WTF", "funny", and "AskReddit". Reddit rolled out its multireddit feature, the site's biggest change to its front page in years, in 2013. With the multireddits, users see top stories from a collection of subreddits. In 2015, Reddit enabled embedding and as a result users could share Reddit content on other sites. In 2016, Reddit began hosting images using a new image uploading tool, a move that shifted away from the uploading service Imgur that had been the de facto service. Users still can upload images to Reddit using Imgur. Reddit's in-house video uploading service for desktop and mobile launched in 2017. Previously, users had to use third-party video uploading services, which Reddit acknowledged was time-consuming for users. Reddit released its "spoiler tags" feature in January 2017. The feature warns users of potential spoilers in posts and pixelates preview images. Reddit unveiled changes to its public front page, called r/popular, in 2017; the change creates a front page free of potentially adult-oriented content for unregistered users. In late 2017, Reddit declared it wanted to be a mobile-first site, launching several changes to its apps for iOS and Android. The new features included user-to-user chat, a theater mode for viewing visual content, and mobile tools for the site's moderators. "Mod mode" lets moderators manage content and their subreddits on mobile devices. Reddit launched its redesigned website in 2018, with its first major visual update in a decade. Development for the new site took more than a year. It was the result of an initiative by Huffman upon returning to Reddit, who said the site's outdated look deterred new users. The new site features a hamburger menu to help users navigate the site, different views, and new fonts to better inform redditors if they are clicking on a Reddit post or an external link. The nominal goal was not only for Reddit to improve its appearance, but also to make it easier to accommodate a new generation of Reddit users. Additionally Reddit's growth had strained the site's back end; Huffman and Reddit Vice President of Engineering Nick Caldwell told The Wall Street Journal's COI Journal that Reddit needed to leverage artificial intelligence and other modern digital tools. Users can opt-out of the redesign by using the old.reddit.com domain. On May 15, 2024, the dedicated login flow was removed from the old domain, although site admins said they had "no plans" to remove the old domain entirely. In November 2023, Fast Company reported that Reddit began rolling out a comprehensive rebrand, including a new logo, typeface, brand colors, and an updated version of its mascot Snoo, as part of its preparation for a potential 2024 IPO and in response to its expanding user base and global reach. Reddit's logo consists of a time-traveling alien named Snoo and the company name stylized as "reddit". The alien has an oval head, pom-pom ears, and an antenna. Its colors are black, white, and orange-red. The mascot was created in 2005 while company co-founder Alexis Ohanian was an undergraduate at the University of Virginia. Ohanian drew a doodle of the creature while he was bored during a marketing class. Originally, Ohanian sought to name the mascot S'new, a play on "What's new?", to tie the mascot into Reddit's premise as the "front page of the Internet". Eventually, the name Snoo was chosen. In 2011, Ohanian outlined the logo's evolution with a graphic that showcased several early versions, including various spellings of the website name, such as "Reditt". Snoo is genderless, so the logo is moldable. Over the years, the Reddit logo has frequently changed for holidays and other special events. Many subreddits have a customized Snoo logo to represent the subreddit. Redditors can also submit their own logos, which sometimes appear on the site's front page, or create their own customized versions of Snoo for their communities (or "subreddits"). When Reddit revamped its website in April 2018, the company imposed several restrictions on how Snoo can be designed: Snoo's head "should always appear blank or neutral", Snoo's eyes are orange-red, and Snoo cannot have fingers. Snoo's purpose is to discover and explore humanity. Discontinued features Starting in 2023 with the discontinuation of the Reddit API's free tier, Reddit has been silently discontinuing legacy features and reducing the functionalities of the old site. All of these changes have been met with significant backlash by the Reddit community. Reddit's private messaging system, which had been present on the site ever since its launch in 2005, was discontinued in 2025 in favor of Reddit Chat. Reddit discontinued its free API tier for commercial applications in April 2023. This was met with significant backlash by the community, leaving the website in a state of disarray for months. In early 2023, Reddit silently discontinued its legacy mobile site, known as i.reddit, and reddit compact and previously accessible at i.reddit.com. This was despite a Reddit admin stating that iReddit was "here to stay". The original 2017 redesign of Reddit, also known as new.reddit and old new Reddit and previously accessible at new.reddit.com, was discontinued on December 11, 2024. No changes were made to the pre-2017 legacy desktop site, still accessible at old.reddit.com. In 2023, the Reddit coin and award system was discontinued in favor of a "golden upvote". This was deeply unpopular, and Reddit added awards back under a new implementation a few months later. However, these new awards are not accessible or viewable on the legacy desktop site. On June 4, 2025, Reddit announced that they would be removing custom emoji from comments. Login: Login functionality was removed from the old site sometime in 2024. You can still log in to the old site, but you must do it through the new site. Age trophies: Account age trophies past Year 15 are not visible on the old site. Private messaging: Sending a private message (like a modmail) now requires you to use the new site. FAQ, terms, and official Wiki pages: All official information pages were migrated from the legacy site's wiki to the new site sometime in 2020. Reddit notifications: Official Reddit notifications were moved from the legacy inbox to the Notifications section, which is only accessible on the new site. The Reddit Public Access Network, commonly known as RPAN, was a live streaming service run by Reddit. Viewers interacted with streams by upvoting or downvoting, chatting, and giving paid awards. During the off-air hours, 24/7 streaming was possible to the dedicated subreddits, but with limited slots and capabilities. On August 19, 2019, Reddit announced RPAN. It was said to be in testing, but they were experimenting with making it a permanent program, as well as a way to increase revenue for the platform. Later, a five-day testing period began. During the testing period, streaming was for a select group of users, allowing 30 minutes of streaming per person and 100 slots. On July 1, 2020, RPAN Studio was released, an application that allows users to broadcast live from desktop computers. RPAN Studio has been built on top of OBS, an open-source streaming and recording program. On January 28, 2021, Reddit permanently increased streaming times to three hours. RPAN was officially discontinued on November 15, 2022. Corporate affairs Reddit is a public company based in San Francisco. In 2023, it downsized from an office in the Mid-Market neighborhood to an office in the South of Market neighborhood. Reddit doubled its headcount in 2017; as of 2018[update], it employed approximately 350 people. In 2017, the company was valued at $1.8 billion during a $200 million round of new venture funding. The company was previously owned by Condรฉ Nast, but was spun off as an independent company. As of April 2018[update], Advance Publications, Condรฉ Nast's parent company, retained a majority stake in Reddit. Reddit's key management personnel includes co-founder and CEO Steve Huffman, Chief Technology Officer Chris Slowe, who was the company's original lead engineer, and Chief Operating Officer Jen Wong, a former president of digital and chief operating officer at Time Inc. Reddit does not disclose its revenue figures. The company generates revenue in part through advertising and premium memberships that remove ads from the site. As part of its company culture, Reddit operates on a no-negotiation policy for employee salaries. The company offers new mothers, fathers, and adoptive parents up to 16 weeks of parental leave. Advertising Reddit launched two different ways of advertising on the site in 2009. The company launched sponsored content and a self-serve ads platform that year. Reddit launched its Reddit Gold benefits program in July 2010, which offered new features to editors and created a new revenue stream for the business that did not rely on banner ads. On September 6, 2011, Reddit became operationally independent of Condรฉ Nast, operating as a separate subsidiary of its parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit's users tend to be more privacy-conscious than on other websites, often using tools like ad-blocking software and proxies, and they dislike "feeling manipulated by brands" but respond well to "content that begs for intelligent viewers and participants." Lauren Orsini writes in ReadWrite that "Reddit's huge community is the perfect hype machine for promoting a new movie, a product release, or a lagging political campaign" but there is a "very specific set of etiquette. Redditors don't want to advertise for you, they want to talk to you." Journalists have used the site as a basis for stories, though they are advised by the site's policies to respect that "reddit's communities belong to their members" and to seek proper attribution for people's contributions. Reddit announced that they would begin using VigLink to redirect affiliate links in June 2016. Since 2017, Reddit has partnered with companies to host sponsored AMAs and other interactive events, increased advertising offerings, and introduced efforts to work with content publishers. In 2018, Reddit hired Jen Wong as COO, responsible for the company's business strategy and growth, and introduced native mobile ads. Reddit opened a Chicago office to be closer to major companies and advertising agencies located in and around Chicago. In 2019, Reddit hired former Twitter ad director Shariq Rizvi as its vice president of ad products and engineering. Community and culture The website is known for its open nature and diverse user community that generate its content. Its demographics allows for wide-ranging subject areas, as well as the ability for smaller subreddits to serve more niche purposes. The user base of Reddit has given birth to other websites, including image sharing community and image host Imgur, which started in 2009 as a gift to Reddit's community. In its first five months, it jumped from a thousand hits per day to a million total page views. Data collected by Pew Research Center in 2013 found that Reddit users were much more likely to be from urban communities than rural ones. Women were greatly under-represented on the website. Reddit's userbase had a disproportionately high number of Hispanic users. With regards to education, high school dropouts were over-represented among Reddit users. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. Statistics from Google Ad Planner suggest that 74% of Reddit users are male. In 2016, the Pew Research Center published research showing that 4% of U.S. adults use Reddit, of which 67% are men, while 78% of users get news from Reddit. Users tend to be significantly younger than average with less than 1% of users being 65 or over. Politically, 43% of Reddit users surveyed by Pew Research Center in 2016 identified as liberal, with 38% identifying as moderate and 19% as conservative. Reddit is known in part for its passionate user base, which has been described as "offbeat, quirky, and anti-establishment". Similar to the "Slashdot effect", the Reddit effect occurs when a smaller website crashes due to a high influx of traffic after being linked to on Reddit; this is also called the Reddit "hug of death". Users have used Reddit as a platform for their charitable and philanthropic efforts. Redditors raised more than $100,000 for charity in support of comedians Jon Stewart's and Stephen Colbert's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear; more than $180,000 for Haiti earthquake relief efforts; and delivered food pantries' Amazon wish lists. In 2010, Christians, Muslims, and atheists held a friendly fundraising competition, where the groups raised more than $50,000. A similar donation drive in 2011 saw the atheism subreddit raise over $200,000 for charity. In February 2014, Reddit announced it would donate 10% of its annual ad revenue to non-profits voted upon by its users. As a result of the campaign, Reddit donated $82,765 each to each of the selected recipients. Reddit has been used for a wide variety of political engagement including the presidential campaigns of Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, and Bernie Sanders. It has also been used for self-organizing sociopolitical activism such as protests, communication with politicians and active communities. Reddit has become a popular place for worldwide political discussions. The March for Science originated from a discussion on Reddit over the deletion of all references to climate change from the White House website, about which a user commented that "There needs to be a Scientists' March on Washington". On April 22, 2017, more than 1 million scientists and supporters participated in more than 600 events in 66 countries across the globe. Reddit users have been engaged in the defense of Internet privacy, net neutrality and Internet anonymity. Reddit created an Internet blackout day and was joined by Wikipedia and other sites in 2012 in protest of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP acts. On January 18, Reddit participated in a 12-hour sitewide blackout to coincide with a congressional committee hearing on the measures. During that time, Reddit displayed a message on the legislation's effects on Reddit, in addition to resources on the proposed laws. In May 2012, Reddit joined the Internet Defense League, a group formed to organize future protests. The site and its users protested the Federal Communications Commission as it prepared to scrap net neutrality rules. In 2017, users upvoted "Battle for the Net" posts enough times that they filled up the entire front page. On another day, the front page was overtaken by posts showcasing campaign donations received by members of Congress from the telecommunications industry. Reddit CEO Steve Huffman has also advocated for net neutrality rules. In 2017, Huffman told The New York Times that without net neutrality protections, "you give internet service providers the ability to choose winners and losers". On Reddit, Huffman urged redditors to express support for net neutrality and contact their elected representatives in Washington, D.C. Huffman said that the repeal of net neutrality rules stifles competition. He said he and Reddit would continue to advocate for net neutrality. As a response to Glenn Beck's August 28, 2010, Restoring Honor rally, in September 2010 Reddit users started a movement to persuade satirist Stephen Colbert to have a counter-rally in Washington, D.C. The movement, which came to be called "Restoring Truthiness", was started by user mrsammercer, in a post where he described waking up from a dream in which Stephen Colbert was holding a satirical rally in D.C. Over $100,000 was raised for charity to gain the attention of Colbert. The campaign was mentioned on-air several times, and when the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was held in Washington, D.C., on October 30, 2010, thousands of redditors made the journey. During a post-rally press conference, Reddit co-founder Ohanian asked, "What role did the Internet campaign play in convincing you to hold this rally?" Jon Stewart responded by saying that, though it was a very nice gesture, he and Colbert had already thought of the idea and the deposit for using the National Mall was already paid during the summer, so it acted mostly as a "validation of what we were thinking about attempting". In a message to the Reddit community, Colbert later added, "I have no doubt that your efforts to organize and the joy you clearly brought to your part of the story contributed greatly to the turnout and success." Reddit has been blocked in multiple countries due to Internet censorship performed by the governments of some countries. As of October 2023, Reddit is blocked in Indonesia, China, North Korea, Turkey, and partially blocked in Bangladesh. Reddit was blocked in Russia in 2015 and later unblocked. Since May 2014, Reddit has been blocked in Indonesia by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology for hosting content containing nudity. In August 2015, the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia determined that Reddit was promoting conversations about psychedelic drugs. The Roskomnadzor banned the website, citing advice on how to grow magic mushrooms as the reason. The Russian government had asked Reddit before to remove drug-related posts to no response. The site was later unblocked. ISPs in India were found to be blocking traffic over Reddit for intermittent periods in some regions in 2019. In July 2025, Reddit began requiring age verification in order to access certain features, to comply with the UK's Online Safety Act 2023, using a service called Persona. Content covered includes sexually explicit material, encouragement of suicide and eating disorders, and expressions of hatred based on race, religion, or sexual orientation. Over the years, Reddit has done multiple pranks and events for April Fools' Day. Since 2013, they have often taken the form of massive social experiments. Noteworthy events include The Button in 2015, which included a global "button" that could only be clicked once per user. It attracted more than a million clicks. 2017's experiment r/place involved making a collaborative pixel art. Millions of users worked together in communities to place pixels one at a time to create a larger canvas. This experiment was very successful and repeated in 2022's April Fools experiment and in 2023. AMAs, or "Ask Me Anything" interviews, during an AMA on r/IAmA and other subreddits, users can ask questions to interviewees. Notable participants include former-United States President Barack Obama (while campaigning for the 2012 election), Bill Gates (multiple times), and Donald Trump (also while campaigning). AMAs have featured CEO Steve Huffman, as well as figures from entertainment industries around the world (including Priyanka Chopra and George Clooney), literature (Margaret Atwood), space (Buzz Aldrin), privacy (Edward Snowden), fictional characters (including Borat and Cookie Monster) and others, such as experts who answered questions about the transgender community. The Atlantic wrote that an AMA "imports the aspirational norms of honesty and authenticity from pseudonymous Internet forums into a public venue". RedditGifts was a program that offers gift exchanges throughout the year. The fan-made RedditGifts site was created in 2009 for a Secret Santa exchange among Reddit users, which has since become the world's largest and set a Guinness World record. In 2009, 4,500 redditors participated. For the 2010 holiday season, 92 countries were involved in the secret Santa program. There were 17,543 participants, and $662,907.60 was collectively spent on gift purchases and shipping costs. In 2014, about 200,000 users from 188 countries participated. Several celebrities have participated in the program, including Bill Gates, Alyssa Milano, and Snoop Dogg. Eventually, the secret Santa program expanded to various other occasions through RedditGifts, which Reddit acquired in 2011. As with most public online forums, Reddit is vulnerable to the use of disruptive or manipulative practices by its members, from sources such as troll farms, click farms and astroturfing. Another example is brigading, notable in the case of Reddit as it is often cited as the origin of the practice and use of the word in this context. Though all of these examples are in some form, against the rules of Reddit's content policy, at least in the case of brigading, they are not always malicious in intent. A notable example is the case of "Mr. Splashy Pants", when organized brigading of another website, by redditors, appears to have been tacitly encouraged by the Reddit administration. In the aftermath, the target of this vote brigading appeared to take it in good humor. Reddit communities occasionally coordinate Reddit-external projects such as skewing polls on other websites, like the 2007 incident when Greenpeace allowed web users to decide the name of a humpback whale it was tracking. Reddit users voted en masse to name the whale "Mister Splashy Pants", and Reddit administrators encouraged the prank by changing the site logo to a whale during the voting. In December of that year, Mister Splashy Pants was announced as the winner of the competition. Criticism and controversies In general, the website grants subreddit moderators discretion in deciding what content is and is not allowed on their subreddits, so long as site-wide rules are not being violated. This relative freedom has allowed for a wide diversity of subreddits to exist, and some of them have attracted controversy. Many of the default subreddits are highly moderated, with the "science" subreddit banning climate change denialism, and the "news" subreddit banning opinion pieces and columns. Reddit has changed its site-wide editorial policies several times, sometimes in reaction to controversies. Reddit has historically been a platform for objectionable but legal content, and in 2011, news media covered the way that jailbait was being shared on the site before the site changed their policies to explicitly ban "suggestive or sexual content featuring minors". Reddit also received controversy over hosting misogynistic content, including the doxing of erotic models and revenge porn. Following some controversial incidents of Internet vigilantism, Reddit introduced a strict rule against the online publication of non-public personally-identifying information (a common internet harassment tool colloquially known as doxxing) via the site. Those who break the rule are subject to a site-wide ban, which can result in the deletion of their user-generated content. Due to Reddit's decentralized moderation, user anonymity, and lack of fact-checking systems, the platform is highly prone to spreading misinformation and disinformation. It has been suggested that those who use Reddit should exercise caution in taking user-created unsourced content as fact. Concerns have been raised in particular about dangerous medical misinformation on the platform. A 2022 study of 300 comments and posts discussing urinary tract infections found that fewer than 1% cited a source for their content, and several contained harmful medical misinformation that may dissuade readers from seeking medical care or lead to dangerous self-medication, such as proposing fasting as a cure for UTIs. Reddit communities exhibit the echo chamber effect, in which repeated unsourced statements come to be accepted among the community as fact, leading to distorted worldviews among users. It has been suggested that since 2019, Russian state-sponsored troll accounts and bots have engaged in a broad campaign to take over subreddits, such as r/antiwar. After the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013, Reddit faced criticism after users wrongly identified a number of people as suspects in the subreddit r/FindBostonBombers. Notable among misidentified bombing suspects was Sunil Tripathi, a student reported missing before the bombings took place. A body reported to be Sunil's was found in Providence River in Rhode Island on April 25, according to Rhode Island Health Department. The cause of death was not immediately known, but authorities said they did not suspect foul play. The family later confirmed Tripathi's death was a result of suicide. Reddit general manager Erik Martin later issued an apology for this behavior, criticizing the "online witch hunts and dangerous speculation" that took place on the website. The incident was later referenced in the season 5 episode of the CBS TV series The Good Wife titled "Whack-a-Mole", as well as The Newsroom. In August, private sexual photos from the celebrity photo hack were widely disseminated across the site. A dedicated subreddit, "TheFappening", was created for this purpose, and contained links to most if not all of the criminally obtained explicit images. Some images of McKayla Maroney and Liz Lee were identified by redditors and outside commentators as child pornography because the photos were taken when the women were underage. The subreddit was banned on September 6. The scandal led to wider criticisms concerning the website's administration from The Verge and The Daily Dot. After Ellen Pao became CEO in 2014, she was initially a target of criticism by users who objected to the deletion of content critical of herself and her husband. Later on June 10, 2015, Reddit shut down the 150,000-subscriber "fatpeoplehate" subreddit and four others citing issues related to harassment. This move was seen as very controversial; some commenters said that the bans went too far, while others said that the bans did not go far enough. One of the latter complaints concerned a subreddit that was "expressing support" for the perpetrator of the Charleston church shooting. Responding to the accusations of "skewed enforcement", Reddit reaffirmed their commitment to free expression and stated, "There are some subreddits with very little viewership that get highlighted repeatedly for their content, but those are a tiny fraction of the content on the site." On July 2, Reddit began experiencing a series of blackouts as moderators set popular subreddit communities to private, in an event dubbed "AMAgeddon", a portmanteau of AMA ("ask me anything") and Armageddon. This was done in protest of the recent firing of Victoria Taylor, an administrator who helped organize citizen-led interviews with famous people on the popular AMA subreddit. Organizers of the blackout also expressed resentment about the recent severance of the communication between Reddit and the moderators of subreddits. The blackout intensified on July 3 when former community manager David Croach gave an AMA about being fired. Before deleting his posts, he stated that Ellen Pao dismissed him with one year of health coverage when he had cancer and did not recover quickly enough. Following this, a Change.org petition to remove Pao as CEO of Reddit Inc. reached over 200,000 signatures. Pao posted a response on July 3 as well as an extended version of it on July 6 in which she apologized for bad communication and not delivering on promises. She also apologized on behalf of the other administrators and noted that problems already existed over the past several years. On July 10, Pao resigned as CEO and was replaced by former CEO and co-founder Steve Huffman. In August, Steve Huffman introduced a policy which led to the banning of several offensive and sexual communities. Included in the ban was lolicon, to which Huffman referred as "animated CP [child porn]". Some subreddits had also been "quarantined" due to having "highly-offensive or upsetting content" such as r/European, r/swedenyes, r/drawpeople, r/kiketown, r/blackfathers, r/greatapes, and r/whitesarecriminals. In April 2023, Reddit announced its intentions to charge large fees for its application programming interface (API), a feature of the site that has existed for free since 2008, causing an ongoing dispute. The move forced multiple third-party applications to shut down and threatened accessibility applications and moderation tools. On May 31, Apollo developer Christian Selig stated that Reddit's pricing would force him to cease development on the app. The resulting outcry from the Reddit community ultimately led to a planned protest from June 12 to 14 in which moderators for the site would make their communities private or restricted posting. Following the release of an internal memo from Reddit CEO Steve Huffman and defiance from Reddit, some moderators have continued their protest. Alternate forms of protest have emerged in the days following the initial blackout. Upon reopening, users of r/pics, r/gifs, and r/aww voted to exclusively post about comedian John Oliver. Multiple subreddits labeled themselves as not safe for work (NSFW), affecting advertisements and resulting in administrators removing the entire moderation team of some subreddits. The protest has been compared to a strike. /r/place had its third launch on July 20, 2023; however, the launch was heavily protested by users and developers due to the event following the 2023 Reddit API controversy; Reddit CEO Steve Huffman's decision to make it prohibitively expensive for third-party app developers drew widespread condemnation. In February 2017, Reddit banned the alt-right subreddit r/altright for violating its terms of service, more specifically for attempting to share private information about the man who attacked alt-right figure Richard B. Spencer. The forum's users and moderators accused Reddit administrators of having political motivations for the ban. After the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Reddit banned the subreddit r/DonaldTrump in response to repeated policy violations and alluding to the potential influence the community had on those who participated in or supported the storming. The move followed similar actions from social media platforms, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok and more. The ban was criticized by those who believed it furthered an agenda and censorship of conservative ideologies. The subreddit had over 52,000 members just before it was banned. In May 2016, CEO Steve Huffman said in an interview at the TNW Conference that, unlike Facebook, which "only knows what [its users are] willing to declare publicly", Reddit knows its users' "dark secrets" at the same time that the website's "values" page was updated regarding its "privacy" section. The video reached the top of the website's main feed. Shortly thereafter, announcements concerning new advertisement content drew criticism on the website. In September, a user named "mormondocuments" released thousands of administrative documents belonging to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an action driven by the ex-Mormon and atheist communities on Reddit. Previously, on April 22, the same user had announced his plans to do so. Church officials commented that the documents did not contain anything confidential. On November 23, Huffman admitted to having replaced his username with the names of r/The_Donald moderators in many insulting comments. He did so by changing insulting comments made towards him and made it appear as if the insult were directed at the moderators of r/The_Donald. On November 24, The Washington Post reported Reddit had banned the "Pizzagate" conspiracy board from their site, stating it violated their policy of posting personal information of others, triggering a wave of criticism from users on r/The_Donald, who felt the ban amounted to censorship. After the forum was banned from Reddit, the words "we don't want witchhunts on our site" now appears on the former page of the Pizzagate subreddit. On November 30, Huffman announced changes to the algorithm of Reddit's r/all page to block "stickied" posts from a number of subreddits, such as r/The_Donald. In the announcement, he also apologized for personally editing posts by users from r/The_Donald, and declared intentions to take actions against "hundreds of the most toxic users" of Reddit and "communities whose users continually cross the line". In March 2018, it was revealed that Huffman had hidden Russian troll activity from users. In February 2019, Chinese company Tencent invested $150 million into Reddit. This resulted in a large backlash from Reddit users, who were worried about potential censorship. Many posts featuring subjects censored in China, such as Tiananmen Square, Tank Man, and Winnie the Pooh, received popularity on Reddit. In late August 2021, more than 70 subreddits went private to protest against COVID-19 misinformation on Reddit, as well as Reddit's refusal to delete subreddits undermining the severity of the pandemic. A 2021 letter from the United States Senate to Reddit CEO Steve Huffman expressed concern about the spread of COVID-19 misinformation on the platform. In January 2025, over 100 Reddit communities banned users from posting links from the X social media site after Elon Musk, its CEO, made an arm gesture at a speech which critics claimed was a Nazi salute. The Verge reported that Musk had "privately pressur[ed]" the CEO of Reddit Steve Huffman to moderate content critical of him and the Trump administration, and that after their exchange, Reddit took action and temporarily banned r/WhitePeopleTwitter due to "policy violations". On March 5, 2025, Reddit announced that they will be issuing warnings to users who upvote "violent content", and "may consider" taking other actions against the users. The Verge reported two days later that Reddit's automatic moderation tool has been flagging the word "Luigi" as "potentially violent", including in comments or context unrelated to Luigi Mangione, the suspect in the killing of the UnitedHealthcare CEO. The moderator of r/popculture, a subreddit with over 125,000 members, stated that Reddit's AutoModerator system flagged a comment about Nintendo video game Luigi's Mansion because it included the word "Luigi", and instructed them to "check for violence"; other comments that mentioned "Luigi", even in non-violent context, were also flagged. On July 12, 2018, the creator and head moderator of the GamerGate subreddit, r/KotakuInAction, removed all of the moderators and set the forum to private, alleging it to have become "infested with racism and sexism". A Reddit employee restored the forum and its moderators an hour later. During the George Floyd protests in early June 2020, over 800 moderators signed an open letter demanding a policy banning hate speech, a shutdown of racist and sexist subreddits, and more employee support for moderation. Bloomberg News pointed out the company's slow reaction to r/watchpeopledie, a subreddit dedicated to videos of people dying in accidents and other situations, and the harassment that accompanied new unmoderated features like icons for purchase and public chats. On June 29, 2020, Reddit updated its content policy and introduced rules aimed at curbing the presence of communities they believed to be "promoting hate", and banned approximately 2,000 subreddits that were found to be in violation of the new guidelines on the same day. Larger subreddits affected by the bans included r/The_Donald, r/GenderCritical (the platform's largest and most active anti-transgender radical feminist subreddit), and r/ChapoTrapHouse (a far-left subreddit originally created by fans of the podcast Chapo Trap House). Some media outlets and political commentators also condemned the banning of the r/The_Donald and r/ChapoTrapHouse subreddits as a violation of the right to free political expression. A 2025 TIMES article listed Reddit "The Most Xenophobic Social Media Site" after the Anti-Defamation League denounced Reddit for allowing public communities to engage in racism, antisemitism, and routine hate speech without consequence. In February 2013, Betabeat published a post that recognized the influx of multinational corporations like Costco, Taco Bell, Subaru, and McDonald's posting branded content on Reddit that was made to appear as if it was original content from legitimate Reddit users. PAN Communications wrote that marketers want to "infiltrate the reddit community on behalf of their brand," but emphasized that "self-promotion is frowned upon" and Reddit's former director of communications noted that the site is "100 percent organic." She recommended that advertisers design promotions that "spark conversations and feedback." She recommended that businesses use AMAs to get attention for public figures but cautioned "It is important to approach AMAs carefully and be aware that this may not be a fit for every project or client." Nissan ran a successful branded content promotion offering users free gifts to publicize a new car, though the company was later ridiculed for suspected astroturfing when the CEO only answered puff piece questions on the site. Taylor described these situations as "high risk" noting: "We try hard to educate people that they have to treat questions that may seem irreverent or out of left field the same as they would questions about the specific project they are promoting." In March 2021, Reddit users discovered that Aimee Challenor, an English politician who had been suspended from two UK political parties, was hired as an administrator for the site. Her first suspension from the Green Party came for retaining her father as her campaign manager after his arrest on child sexual abuse charges. She was later suspended from the Liberal Democrats after tweets describing pedophilic fantasies were discovered on her partner's Twitter account. Reddit banned a moderator for posting a news article which mentioned Challenor, and some Reddit users alleged that Reddit were removing all mention of Challenor. Many subreddits, including r/Music, which had 27 million subscribers, and 46 other subreddits with over 1 million subscribers, went private in protest. On March 24, Reddit's CEO Steve Huffman said that Challenor had been inadequately vetted before being hired and that Reddit would review its relevant internal processes. Huffman attributed user suspensions to over-indexing on anti-harassment measures. Challenor was also removed from her role as a Reddit admin. The GameStop short squeeze was primarily organized on the subreddit r/wallstreetbets in January 2021. In October 2023, Reddit Moons (a site-specific cryptocurrency launched in May 2020) had seen a surge of value in 2023, at one point in mid-2023 rising past 50 cents per moon, but it crashed by more than 90% after it was announced on October 17 that the token would be "wound down" on November 8, allegedly due to scaling and regulatory issues; Reddit-centric coins DONUT and BRICK also crashed upon the news. In June 2023, The BlackCat hacker gang claimed responsibility for a February 2023 breach of Reddit's systems. On its data leak site, it claimed that it stole 80 GB of compressed data and demanded a $4.5 million ransom from Reddit. This attack did not involve data encryption like typical ransomware campaigns. In September 2024, the Federal Trade Commission released a report summarizing nine company responses (including from Reddit) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to identity theft, stalking, unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and mental health issues, social stigma, and reputational harm. In 2025, researchers from the University of Zurich conducted a experiment on the debate subreddit r/changemyview. The researchers deployed AI-run Reddit accounts to pose as humans and actively push desired viewpoints in order to study how AI could influence opinions among human participants. The experiment was run without the consent or knowledge of the subreddit moderators for four months until one of the researchers informed them. Critics of the experiment argued it was unethical as it involved impersonation and involuntarily used Redditors as experiment participants. On December 2025, Reddit filed a lawsuit in an attempt to overturn Australia's social media ban for children, as Australia was one of Reddit's biggest markets, and the ban would prevent people under 16 from accessing the site. See also Notes References Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit#cite_ref-Blake_321-0] | [TOKENS: 12221] |
Contents Reddit Reddit (/หrษdษชt/ โ RED-it, formerly stylized reddit) is an American proprietary social news aggregation and forum social media platform. Registered users (commonly referred to as "redditors") submit content to the site such as links, text posts, images, and videos, which are then voted up or down ("upvoted" or "downvoted") by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "subreddits". Submissions with more upvotes appear towards the top of their subreddit and, if they receive enough upvotes, ultimately on the site's front page. Reddit administrators moderate the communities. Moderation is also conducted by subreddit-specific moderators, who are unpaid volunteers. It is operated by Reddit, Inc., based in San Francisco. As of December 2025, Reddit is one of the most-visited websites in the world. According to data provided by Similarweb, 51.75% of the website traffic comes from the United States, followed by Canada at 7.01%, the United Kingdom at 6.97%, Australia at 3.97%, Germany at 3%, and the remaining 28.37% split among other countries. Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in June 2005, who were joined by Aaron Swartz that November. Condรฉ Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006. In 2011, Reddit became an independent subsidiary of Condรฉ Nast's parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit debuted on the stock market on the morning of March 21, 2024, with the ticker symbol RDDT. The current market cap as of July 2024 is US$10 billion. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, particularly in the United States, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. It has received praise for many of its features, such as the ability to create several subreddits for niche communities. It has been criticized for the spread of misinformation and its voting system which can encourage online echo chambers. History The idea and initial development of Reddit originated with college roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005, who attended a lecture by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham in Boston during their spring break from University of Virginia. After speaking with Huffman and Ohanian following the lecture, Graham invited the two to apply to his startup incubator Y Combinator. Their initial idea, My Mobile Menu, was unsuccessful, and was intended to allow users to order food by SMS text messaging. During a brainstorming session to pitch another startup, the idea was created for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet". For that idea, Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class. Supported by the funding from Y Combinator, Huffman coded the site in Common Lisp and together with Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005. Embarrassed by an empty-looking site, the founders created hundreds of fake users for their posts to make it look more populated. The team expanded to include Christopher Slowe in November 2005. Between November 2005 and January 2006, Reddit merged with Aaron Swartz's company Infogami, and Swartz became an equal owner of the resulting parent company, Not A Bug. Swartz then helped rewrite the software running Reddit using web.py, a web framework he developed. The passage from Aaron Swartz's blog post "Rewriting Reddit" reveals that the switch from Lisp to Python, specifically using the web.py framework developed by Swartz, was driven by a desire for simplicity, maintainability, and performance. Despite facing skepticism and critique from the Lisp community, the change was justified by the efficiency and clarity Python provided for the project. This initiative not only influenced the technical evolution of Reddit but also contributed to the broader web development community by inspiring other frameworks and remaining a significant part of Reddit's history. In 2011, Ohanian claimed that rather than Swartz being a co-founder, the correct description would be that Swartz's company was acquired by Reddit six months after the website was founded. Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condรฉ Nast Publications, owner of Wired, on October 31, 2006, for a reported $10 million to $20 million and the team moved to San Francisco. In November 2006, Swartz posted to his blog, complaining about the new corporate environment, criticizing its level of productivity. In January 2007, Swartz was fired for undisclosed reasons. Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit in 2009. Huffman went on to co-found Hipmunk with Adam Goldstein, and later recruited Ohanian and Slowe to the new company. After Huffman and Ohanian left Reddit, Erik Martin, who joined the company as a community manager in 2008 and later became general manager in 2011, played a role in Reddit's growth. VentureBeat noted that Martin was "responsible for keeping the site going" under Condรฉ Nast's ownership. Yishan Wong joined Reddit as CEO in 2012. Wong resigned from Reddit in 2014, citing disagreements about his proposal to move the company's offices from San Francisco to nearby Daly City, but also the "stressful and draining" nature of the position. Ohanian credited Wong with the company's newfound success as its user base grew from 35 million to 174 million. Wong oversaw the company as it raised $50 million in funding and spun off as an independent company. Also during this time, Reddit began accepting the digital currency Bitcoin for its Reddit Gold subscription service through a partnership with bitcoin payment processor Coinbase in February 2013. Ellen Pao replaced Wong as interim CEO in 2014 and resigned in 2015 amid a user revolt over the firing of a popular Reddit employee. During her tenure, Reddit initiated an anti-harassment policy, banned involuntary sexualization, and banned several forums that focused on bigoted content or harassment of individuals. After five years away from the company, Ohanian and Huffman returned to leadership roles: Ohanian became the full-time executive chairman in November 2014 following Wong's resignation, while Pao's departure on July 10, 2015, led to Huffman's return as the company's chief executive. After Huffman rejoined Reddit as CEO, he launched Reddit's iOS and Android apps, improved Reddit's mobile website, and created A/B testing infrastructure. The company launched a major redesign of its website in April 2018. Huffman said new users were turned off from Reddit because it had looked like a "dystopian Craigslist". Reddit also instituted several technological improvements, such as a new tool that allows users to hide posts, comments, and private messages from selected redditors in an attempt to curb online harassment, and new content guidelines. These new content guidelines were aimed at banning content inciting violence and quarantining offensive material. Slowe, the company's first employee, rejoined Reddit in 2017 as chief technology officer. Ohanian resigned as a member of the board on June 5, 2020 in response to the George Floyd protests and requested to be replaced "by a Black candidate". Michael Seibel, then-CEO of Y Combinator, was subsequently named to the board. On March 5, 2021, Reddit announced that it had appointed Drew Vollero, who had worked at Snapchat's parent company, Snap Inc., as its first chief financial officer (CFO) weeks after the site was thrust into the spotlight due to its role in the GameStop trading frenzy. Vollero's appointment spurred speculation of an initial public offering, a move that senior leaders have considered publicly. As of August 2021[update], Reddit was valued at more than $10 billion following a $410 million funding round. The company was looking to hire investment bankers and lawyers to assist in making an initial public offering. However, CEO Steve Huffman said the company had not decided on the timing for when to go public. In December 2021, Reddit revealed that it had confidentially filed for an initial public offering with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Reddit's initial public offering opened on March 20, 2024, at $34 per share and a $6.4 billion valuation. They went public the next day on the New York Stock Exchange at $47 per share and rose to $50.44 at market close on their first day of trading, reaching a market cap of $9.5 billion. The market cap as of July 2024 was $10 billion. Site overview Reddit is a website comprising user-generated contentโincluding photos, videos, links, and text-based postsโand discussions of this content in what is essentially a bulletin board system. The name "Reddit" is a play-on-words with the phrase "read it", i.e., "I read it on Reddit." According to Reddit, in 2019, there were approximately 430 million monthly users, who are known as "redditors". The site's content is divided into categories or communities known on-site as "subreddits", of which there are more than 138,000 active communities. As a network of communities, Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users. Users can comment on others' posts to continue the conversation. A key feature to Reddit is that users can cast positive or negative votes, called upvotes and downvotes respectively, for each post and comment on the site. The number of upvotes or downvotes determines the posts' visibility on the site, so the most popular content is displayed to the most people. Users can also earn "karma" for their posts and comments, a status that reflects their standing within the community and their contributions to Reddit. Posts are sometimes automatically archived after six months, meaning they can no longer be commented or voted on. The most popular posts from the site's numerous subreddits are visible on the front page to those who browse the site without an account. By default for those users, the front page will display the subreddit r/popular, featuring top-ranked posts across all of Reddit, excluding not-safe-for-work communities and others that are most commonly filtered out by users (even if they are safe for work). The subreddit r/all originally did not filter topics, but as of 2021 it does not include not-safe-for-work content. Registered users who subscribe to subreddits see the top content from the subreddits to which they subscribe on their personal front pages. Additionally, some subreddits have a karma and account age requirement to discourage bots and spammers from posting. Front-page rankโfor both the general front page and for individual subredditsโis determined by a combination of factors, including the age of the submission, positive ("upvoted") to negative ("downvoted") feedback ratio, and the total vote-count. Registering an account with Reddit is free and requires an email address. In addition to commenting and voting, registered users can also create their own subreddit on a topic of their choosing. In Reddit style, usernames begin with "u/". Noteworthy redditors include u/Poem_for_your_sprog, who responds to messages across Reddit in verse, u/Shitty_Watercolour who posts paintings in response to posts, and u/spez, the CEO of Reddit (Steve Huffman). Subreddits are overseen by moderators, Reddit users who earn the title by creating a subreddit or being promoted by a current moderator. Reddit users may also request to moderate a sub that has no moderators or very inactive ones in r/redditrequest. These requests are reviewed by the Reddit admins. Moderators are volunteers who manage their communities, set and enforce community-specific rules, remove posts and comments that violate these rules, and often work to keep discussions in their subreddit on topic. Admins, by contrast, are employees of Reddit. Early on, Reddit implemented shadow banning, purportedly to address spam accounts, while saying, "it's still the only tool we have to punish people who break the rules". In 2015, Reddit added an account suspension feature which they said would replace sitewide shadowbans, however, moderators are still able to shadowban users or their individual posts. Reddit releases transparency reports annually which have information like how many posts have been taken down by moderators and for what reason. It also details information about requests law enforcement agencies have made for information about users or to take down content. In 2020, Reddit removed 6% of posts made on the platform (approx. 233 million). More than 99% of removals were marked as spam; the remainder made up of a mix of other offensive content. Around 131 million posts were removed by the automated moderator (~56 %) and the rest were taken down manually. It is estimated that Reddit's moderators work 466 hours every day, which is $3.4 million in unpaid work each year. That roughly equates to 2.8% of the company's annual revenue. Subreddits (officially called communities) are user-created areas of interest where discussions on Reddit are organized. There are about 138,000 active subreddits (among a total of 1.2 million) as of July 2018[update]. Subreddit names begin with "r/"; for instance, "r/science" is a community devoted to discussing scientific publications, while "r/gaming" is a community devoted to discussing video games, and "r/worldnews" is for posting news articles from around the world. In a 2014 interview with Memeburn, Erik Martin, then the general manager of Reddit, remarked that their "approach is to give the community moderators or curators as much control as possible so that they can shape and cultivate the type of communities they want". Subreddits often use themed variants of Reddit's alien mascot, Snoo, in the visual styling of their communities. Today subreddits exist not only for interests and topics but also for organizations. The Wayanad Literature Festival has a subreddit where they host discussions based on the sessions they host and encourage people to post about literature, politics and media. Reddit Premium (formerly Reddit Gold) is a premium membership that allows users to view the site ad-free. Until 2023, subscribers could also use coins to award posts or comments they valued, generally due to humorous or high-quality content. Reddit Premium unlocks several features not accessible to regular users, such as comment highlighting, exclusive subreddits such as r/lounge, a personalized Snoo (known as a "snoovatar"), and a Reddit premium trophy that can be displayed on the user's profile. Reddit Gold was renamed to Reddit Premium in 2018. In addition to gold coins, users were able to gift silver and platinum coins to other users as rewards for quality content. On the site, redditors commemorate their "cake day" once a year, on the anniversary of the day their account was created. Cake day adds an icon of a small slice of cake next to the user's name for 24 hours. In August 2021, the company introduced a TikTok-like short-form video feature for iOS that lets users rapidly swipe through a feed of short video content. In December 2021, the company introduced a Spotify Wrapped-like feature called Reddit Recap that recaps various statistics from January 1 to November 30 about each individual user, such as how much time they spent on Reddit, which communities they joined, and the topics that they engaged with, and allows the user to view it. On July 7, 2022, Reddit announced "blockchain-backed Collectible Avatars", customizable avatars which are available on the subreddit r/CollectibleAvatars for purchase separate from Reddit Premium. The avatars were created by independent artists who post work on other subreddits, and who receive a portion of the profits. They use Reddit's Polygon blockchain-powered digital wallet the Vault. Richard Lawler of The Verge described them as "non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that are available for purchase in the Reddit Avatar Builder". In 2017, Reddit developed its own real-time chat software for the site. While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit. Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of a given subreddit were rolled out in 2018. Reddit Talk was announced in April 2021 as a competitor to Clubhouse. Reddit Talk lets subreddit moderators start audio meeting rooms that mimic Clubhouse in design. In 2022, Reddit Talk was updated to support recording audio rooms and work on the web version of Reddit. A desktop app is reportedly slated for a late February release. Reddit Chat replaced the Reddit private messaging system in June 2025. Reddit acquired MeaningCloud, a natural language processing company in June 2022. In February 2024, Reddit announced a partnership with Google in a deal worth about $60 million per year, to license its real-time user content to train Google's AI model. The partnership also lets Reddit get access to Google's "Vertex AI" service which would help improve search results on Reddit. It was announced that Reddit and OpenAI had reached a deal that will allow OpenAI access to the Reddit API to train its models, while Reddit will receive certain AI tools for moderators and users. In December 2024, Reddit announced Reddit Answers, an AI search tool that summarizes conversations in response to a question from the user. Reddit's search function has had many iterations; the one on the new site currently uses Lucidworks Fusion, while the search on old reddit uses Reddit's own in-house search In 2009, Reddit released their official mobile app, called iReddit. This app was sparsely updated, and was superseded by a new mobile website in 2010. For several years, most Redditors relied on third-party apps to access Reddit on mobile devices. In October 2014, Reddit acquired one of them, Alien Blue, which became the official iOS Reddit app. Reddit removed Alien Blue and released its official application, Reddit: The Official App, on Google Play and the iOS App Store in April 2016. The company released an app for Reddit's question-and-answer Ask Me Anything subreddit in 2014. The app allowed users to see active Ask Me Anythings, receive notifications, ask questions and vote. As of September 2025, all versions of the iReddit and Alien Blue apps still work on older versions of iOS; they were not affected by the API shutdown due to both of them being official Reddit apps. The 2010 mobile site, however, was shut down in 2024. The site has undergone several products and design changes since it originally launched in 2005. When it initially launched, there were no comments or subreddits. Comments were added in 2005 and interest-based groups (called 'subreddits') were introduced in 2008. Allowing users to create subreddits has led to much of the activity that redditors would recognize that helped define Reddit. These include subreddits "WTF", "funny", and "AskReddit". Reddit rolled out its multireddit feature, the site's biggest change to its front page in years, in 2013. With the multireddits, users see top stories from a collection of subreddits. In 2015, Reddit enabled embedding and as a result users could share Reddit content on other sites. In 2016, Reddit began hosting images using a new image uploading tool, a move that shifted away from the uploading service Imgur that had been the de facto service. Users still can upload images to Reddit using Imgur. Reddit's in-house video uploading service for desktop and mobile launched in 2017. Previously, users had to use third-party video uploading services, which Reddit acknowledged was time-consuming for users. Reddit released its "spoiler tags" feature in January 2017. The feature warns users of potential spoilers in posts and pixelates preview images. Reddit unveiled changes to its public front page, called r/popular, in 2017; the change creates a front page free of potentially adult-oriented content for unregistered users. In late 2017, Reddit declared it wanted to be a mobile-first site, launching several changes to its apps for iOS and Android. The new features included user-to-user chat, a theater mode for viewing visual content, and mobile tools for the site's moderators. "Mod mode" lets moderators manage content and their subreddits on mobile devices. Reddit launched its redesigned website in 2018, with its first major visual update in a decade. Development for the new site took more than a year. It was the result of an initiative by Huffman upon returning to Reddit, who said the site's outdated look deterred new users. The new site features a hamburger menu to help users navigate the site, different views, and new fonts to better inform redditors if they are clicking on a Reddit post or an external link. The nominal goal was not only for Reddit to improve its appearance, but also to make it easier to accommodate a new generation of Reddit users. Additionally Reddit's growth had strained the site's back end; Huffman and Reddit Vice President of Engineering Nick Caldwell told The Wall Street Journal's COI Journal that Reddit needed to leverage artificial intelligence and other modern digital tools. Users can opt-out of the redesign by using the old.reddit.com domain. On May 15, 2024, the dedicated login flow was removed from the old domain, although site admins said they had "no plans" to remove the old domain entirely. In November 2023, Fast Company reported that Reddit began rolling out a comprehensive rebrand, including a new logo, typeface, brand colors, and an updated version of its mascot Snoo, as part of its preparation for a potential 2024 IPO and in response to its expanding user base and global reach. Reddit's logo consists of a time-traveling alien named Snoo and the company name stylized as "reddit". The alien has an oval head, pom-pom ears, and an antenna. Its colors are black, white, and orange-red. The mascot was created in 2005 while company co-founder Alexis Ohanian was an undergraduate at the University of Virginia. Ohanian drew a doodle of the creature while he was bored during a marketing class. Originally, Ohanian sought to name the mascot S'new, a play on "What's new?", to tie the mascot into Reddit's premise as the "front page of the Internet". Eventually, the name Snoo was chosen. In 2011, Ohanian outlined the logo's evolution with a graphic that showcased several early versions, including various spellings of the website name, such as "Reditt". Snoo is genderless, so the logo is moldable. Over the years, the Reddit logo has frequently changed for holidays and other special events. Many subreddits have a customized Snoo logo to represent the subreddit. Redditors can also submit their own logos, which sometimes appear on the site's front page, or create their own customized versions of Snoo for their communities (or "subreddits"). When Reddit revamped its website in April 2018, the company imposed several restrictions on how Snoo can be designed: Snoo's head "should always appear blank or neutral", Snoo's eyes are orange-red, and Snoo cannot have fingers. Snoo's purpose is to discover and explore humanity. Discontinued features Starting in 2023 with the discontinuation of the Reddit API's free tier, Reddit has been silently discontinuing legacy features and reducing the functionalities of the old site. All of these changes have been met with significant backlash by the Reddit community. Reddit's private messaging system, which had been present on the site ever since its launch in 2005, was discontinued in 2025 in favor of Reddit Chat. Reddit discontinued its free API tier for commercial applications in April 2023. This was met with significant backlash by the community, leaving the website in a state of disarray for months. In early 2023, Reddit silently discontinued its legacy mobile site, known as i.reddit, and reddit compact and previously accessible at i.reddit.com. This was despite a Reddit admin stating that iReddit was "here to stay". The original 2017 redesign of Reddit, also known as new.reddit and old new Reddit and previously accessible at new.reddit.com, was discontinued on December 11, 2024. No changes were made to the pre-2017 legacy desktop site, still accessible at old.reddit.com. In 2023, the Reddit coin and award system was discontinued in favor of a "golden upvote". This was deeply unpopular, and Reddit added awards back under a new implementation a few months later. However, these new awards are not accessible or viewable on the legacy desktop site. On June 4, 2025, Reddit announced that they would be removing custom emoji from comments. Login: Login functionality was removed from the old site sometime in 2024. You can still log in to the old site, but you must do it through the new site. Age trophies: Account age trophies past Year 15 are not visible on the old site. Private messaging: Sending a private message (like a modmail) now requires you to use the new site. FAQ, terms, and official Wiki pages: All official information pages were migrated from the legacy site's wiki to the new site sometime in 2020. Reddit notifications: Official Reddit notifications were moved from the legacy inbox to the Notifications section, which is only accessible on the new site. The Reddit Public Access Network, commonly known as RPAN, was a live streaming service run by Reddit. Viewers interacted with streams by upvoting or downvoting, chatting, and giving paid awards. During the off-air hours, 24/7 streaming was possible to the dedicated subreddits, but with limited slots and capabilities. On August 19, 2019, Reddit announced RPAN. It was said to be in testing, but they were experimenting with making it a permanent program, as well as a way to increase revenue for the platform. Later, a five-day testing period began. During the testing period, streaming was for a select group of users, allowing 30 minutes of streaming per person and 100 slots. On July 1, 2020, RPAN Studio was released, an application that allows users to broadcast live from desktop computers. RPAN Studio has been built on top of OBS, an open-source streaming and recording program. On January 28, 2021, Reddit permanently increased streaming times to three hours. RPAN was officially discontinued on November 15, 2022. Corporate affairs Reddit is a public company based in San Francisco. In 2023, it downsized from an office in the Mid-Market neighborhood to an office in the South of Market neighborhood. Reddit doubled its headcount in 2017; as of 2018[update], it employed approximately 350 people. In 2017, the company was valued at $1.8 billion during a $200 million round of new venture funding. The company was previously owned by Condรฉ Nast, but was spun off as an independent company. As of April 2018[update], Advance Publications, Condรฉ Nast's parent company, retained a majority stake in Reddit. Reddit's key management personnel includes co-founder and CEO Steve Huffman, Chief Technology Officer Chris Slowe, who was the company's original lead engineer, and Chief Operating Officer Jen Wong, a former president of digital and chief operating officer at Time Inc. Reddit does not disclose its revenue figures. The company generates revenue in part through advertising and premium memberships that remove ads from the site. As part of its company culture, Reddit operates on a no-negotiation policy for employee salaries. The company offers new mothers, fathers, and adoptive parents up to 16 weeks of parental leave. Advertising Reddit launched two different ways of advertising on the site in 2009. The company launched sponsored content and a self-serve ads platform that year. Reddit launched its Reddit Gold benefits program in July 2010, which offered new features to editors and created a new revenue stream for the business that did not rely on banner ads. On September 6, 2011, Reddit became operationally independent of Condรฉ Nast, operating as a separate subsidiary of its parent company, Advance Publications. Reddit's users tend to be more privacy-conscious than on other websites, often using tools like ad-blocking software and proxies, and they dislike "feeling manipulated by brands" but respond well to "content that begs for intelligent viewers and participants." Lauren Orsini writes in ReadWrite that "Reddit's huge community is the perfect hype machine for promoting a new movie, a product release, or a lagging political campaign" but there is a "very specific set of etiquette. Redditors don't want to advertise for you, they want to talk to you." Journalists have used the site as a basis for stories, though they are advised by the site's policies to respect that "reddit's communities belong to their members" and to seek proper attribution for people's contributions. Reddit announced that they would begin using VigLink to redirect affiliate links in June 2016. Since 2017, Reddit has partnered with companies to host sponsored AMAs and other interactive events, increased advertising offerings, and introduced efforts to work with content publishers. In 2018, Reddit hired Jen Wong as COO, responsible for the company's business strategy and growth, and introduced native mobile ads. Reddit opened a Chicago office to be closer to major companies and advertising agencies located in and around Chicago. In 2019, Reddit hired former Twitter ad director Shariq Rizvi as its vice president of ad products and engineering. Community and culture The website is known for its open nature and diverse user community that generate its content. Its demographics allows for wide-ranging subject areas, as well as the ability for smaller subreddits to serve more niche purposes. The user base of Reddit has given birth to other websites, including image sharing community and image host Imgur, which started in 2009 as a gift to Reddit's community. In its first five months, it jumped from a thousand hits per day to a million total page views. Data collected by Pew Research Center in 2013 found that Reddit users were much more likely to be from urban communities than rural ones. Women were greatly under-represented on the website. Reddit's userbase had a disproportionately high number of Hispanic users. With regards to education, high school dropouts were over-represented among Reddit users. Reddit has been noted for its role in political activism, with notable left-wing and anti-theist subcultures on the website. Statistics from Google Ad Planner suggest that 74% of Reddit users are male. In 2016, the Pew Research Center published research showing that 4% of U.S. adults use Reddit, of which 67% are men, while 78% of users get news from Reddit. Users tend to be significantly younger than average with less than 1% of users being 65 or over. Politically, 43% of Reddit users surveyed by Pew Research Center in 2016 identified as liberal, with 38% identifying as moderate and 19% as conservative. Reddit is known in part for its passionate user base, which has been described as "offbeat, quirky, and anti-establishment". Similar to the "Slashdot effect", the Reddit effect occurs when a smaller website crashes due to a high influx of traffic after being linked to on Reddit; this is also called the Reddit "hug of death". Users have used Reddit as a platform for their charitable and philanthropic efforts. Redditors raised more than $100,000 for charity in support of comedians Jon Stewart's and Stephen Colbert's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear; more than $180,000 for Haiti earthquake relief efforts; and delivered food pantries' Amazon wish lists. In 2010, Christians, Muslims, and atheists held a friendly fundraising competition, where the groups raised more than $50,000. A similar donation drive in 2011 saw the atheism subreddit raise over $200,000 for charity. In February 2014, Reddit announced it would donate 10% of its annual ad revenue to non-profits voted upon by its users. As a result of the campaign, Reddit donated $82,765 each to each of the selected recipients. Reddit has been used for a wide variety of political engagement including the presidential campaigns of Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, and Bernie Sanders. It has also been used for self-organizing sociopolitical activism such as protests, communication with politicians and active communities. Reddit has become a popular place for worldwide political discussions. The March for Science originated from a discussion on Reddit over the deletion of all references to climate change from the White House website, about which a user commented that "There needs to be a Scientists' March on Washington". On April 22, 2017, more than 1 million scientists and supporters participated in more than 600 events in 66 countries across the globe. Reddit users have been engaged in the defense of Internet privacy, net neutrality and Internet anonymity. Reddit created an Internet blackout day and was joined by Wikipedia and other sites in 2012 in protest of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP acts. On January 18, Reddit participated in a 12-hour sitewide blackout to coincide with a congressional committee hearing on the measures. During that time, Reddit displayed a message on the legislation's effects on Reddit, in addition to resources on the proposed laws. In May 2012, Reddit joined the Internet Defense League, a group formed to organize future protests. The site and its users protested the Federal Communications Commission as it prepared to scrap net neutrality rules. In 2017, users upvoted "Battle for the Net" posts enough times that they filled up the entire front page. On another day, the front page was overtaken by posts showcasing campaign donations received by members of Congress from the telecommunications industry. Reddit CEO Steve Huffman has also advocated for net neutrality rules. In 2017, Huffman told The New York Times that without net neutrality protections, "you give internet service providers the ability to choose winners and losers". On Reddit, Huffman urged redditors to express support for net neutrality and contact their elected representatives in Washington, D.C. Huffman said that the repeal of net neutrality rules stifles competition. He said he and Reddit would continue to advocate for net neutrality. As a response to Glenn Beck's August 28, 2010, Restoring Honor rally, in September 2010 Reddit users started a movement to persuade satirist Stephen Colbert to have a counter-rally in Washington, D.C. The movement, which came to be called "Restoring Truthiness", was started by user mrsammercer, in a post where he described waking up from a dream in which Stephen Colbert was holding a satirical rally in D.C. Over $100,000 was raised for charity to gain the attention of Colbert. The campaign was mentioned on-air several times, and when the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was held in Washington, D.C., on October 30, 2010, thousands of redditors made the journey. During a post-rally press conference, Reddit co-founder Ohanian asked, "What role did the Internet campaign play in convincing you to hold this rally?" Jon Stewart responded by saying that, though it was a very nice gesture, he and Colbert had already thought of the idea and the deposit for using the National Mall was already paid during the summer, so it acted mostly as a "validation of what we were thinking about attempting". In a message to the Reddit community, Colbert later added, "I have no doubt that your efforts to organize and the joy you clearly brought to your part of the story contributed greatly to the turnout and success." Reddit has been blocked in multiple countries due to Internet censorship performed by the governments of some countries. As of October 2023, Reddit is blocked in Indonesia, China, North Korea, Turkey, and partially blocked in Bangladesh. Reddit was blocked in Russia in 2015 and later unblocked. Since May 2014, Reddit has been blocked in Indonesia by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology for hosting content containing nudity. In August 2015, the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia determined that Reddit was promoting conversations about psychedelic drugs. The Roskomnadzor banned the website, citing advice on how to grow magic mushrooms as the reason. The Russian government had asked Reddit before to remove drug-related posts to no response. The site was later unblocked. ISPs in India were found to be blocking traffic over Reddit for intermittent periods in some regions in 2019. In July 2025, Reddit began requiring age verification in order to access certain features, to comply with the UK's Online Safety Act 2023, using a service called Persona. Content covered includes sexually explicit material, encouragement of suicide and eating disorders, and expressions of hatred based on race, religion, or sexual orientation. Over the years, Reddit has done multiple pranks and events for April Fools' Day. Since 2013, they have often taken the form of massive social experiments. Noteworthy events include The Button in 2015, which included a global "button" that could only be clicked once per user. It attracted more than a million clicks. 2017's experiment r/place involved making a collaborative pixel art. Millions of users worked together in communities to place pixels one at a time to create a larger canvas. This experiment was very successful and repeated in 2022's April Fools experiment and in 2023. AMAs, or "Ask Me Anything" interviews, during an AMA on r/IAmA and other subreddits, users can ask questions to interviewees. Notable participants include former-United States President Barack Obama (while campaigning for the 2012 election), Bill Gates (multiple times), and Donald Trump (also while campaigning). AMAs have featured CEO Steve Huffman, as well as figures from entertainment industries around the world (including Priyanka Chopra and George Clooney), literature (Margaret Atwood), space (Buzz Aldrin), privacy (Edward Snowden), fictional characters (including Borat and Cookie Monster) and others, such as experts who answered questions about the transgender community. The Atlantic wrote that an AMA "imports the aspirational norms of honesty and authenticity from pseudonymous Internet forums into a public venue". RedditGifts was a program that offers gift exchanges throughout the year. The fan-made RedditGifts site was created in 2009 for a Secret Santa exchange among Reddit users, which has since become the world's largest and set a Guinness World record. In 2009, 4,500 redditors participated. For the 2010 holiday season, 92 countries were involved in the secret Santa program. There were 17,543 participants, and $662,907.60 was collectively spent on gift purchases and shipping costs. In 2014, about 200,000 users from 188 countries participated. Several celebrities have participated in the program, including Bill Gates, Alyssa Milano, and Snoop Dogg. Eventually, the secret Santa program expanded to various other occasions through RedditGifts, which Reddit acquired in 2011. As with most public online forums, Reddit is vulnerable to the use of disruptive or manipulative practices by its members, from sources such as troll farms, click farms and astroturfing. Another example is brigading, notable in the case of Reddit as it is often cited as the origin of the practice and use of the word in this context. Though all of these examples are in some form, against the rules of Reddit's content policy, at least in the case of brigading, they are not always malicious in intent. A notable example is the case of "Mr. Splashy Pants", when organized brigading of another website, by redditors, appears to have been tacitly encouraged by the Reddit administration. In the aftermath, the target of this vote brigading appeared to take it in good humor. Reddit communities occasionally coordinate Reddit-external projects such as skewing polls on other websites, like the 2007 incident when Greenpeace allowed web users to decide the name of a humpback whale it was tracking. Reddit users voted en masse to name the whale "Mister Splashy Pants", and Reddit administrators encouraged the prank by changing the site logo to a whale during the voting. In December of that year, Mister Splashy Pants was announced as the winner of the competition. Criticism and controversies In general, the website grants subreddit moderators discretion in deciding what content is and is not allowed on their subreddits, so long as site-wide rules are not being violated. This relative freedom has allowed for a wide diversity of subreddits to exist, and some of them have attracted controversy. Many of the default subreddits are highly moderated, with the "science" subreddit banning climate change denialism, and the "news" subreddit banning opinion pieces and columns. Reddit has changed its site-wide editorial policies several times, sometimes in reaction to controversies. Reddit has historically been a platform for objectionable but legal content, and in 2011, news media covered the way that jailbait was being shared on the site before the site changed their policies to explicitly ban "suggestive or sexual content featuring minors". Reddit also received controversy over hosting misogynistic content, including the doxing of erotic models and revenge porn. Following some controversial incidents of Internet vigilantism, Reddit introduced a strict rule against the online publication of non-public personally-identifying information (a common internet harassment tool colloquially known as doxxing) via the site. Those who break the rule are subject to a site-wide ban, which can result in the deletion of their user-generated content. Due to Reddit's decentralized moderation, user anonymity, and lack of fact-checking systems, the platform is highly prone to spreading misinformation and disinformation. It has been suggested that those who use Reddit should exercise caution in taking user-created unsourced content as fact. Concerns have been raised in particular about dangerous medical misinformation on the platform. A 2022 study of 300 comments and posts discussing urinary tract infections found that fewer than 1% cited a source for their content, and several contained harmful medical misinformation that may dissuade readers from seeking medical care or lead to dangerous self-medication, such as proposing fasting as a cure for UTIs. Reddit communities exhibit the echo chamber effect, in which repeated unsourced statements come to be accepted among the community as fact, leading to distorted worldviews among users. It has been suggested that since 2019, Russian state-sponsored troll accounts and bots have engaged in a broad campaign to take over subreddits, such as r/antiwar. After the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013, Reddit faced criticism after users wrongly identified a number of people as suspects in the subreddit r/FindBostonBombers. Notable among misidentified bombing suspects was Sunil Tripathi, a student reported missing before the bombings took place. A body reported to be Sunil's was found in Providence River in Rhode Island on April 25, according to Rhode Island Health Department. The cause of death was not immediately known, but authorities said they did not suspect foul play. The family later confirmed Tripathi's death was a result of suicide. Reddit general manager Erik Martin later issued an apology for this behavior, criticizing the "online witch hunts and dangerous speculation" that took place on the website. The incident was later referenced in the season 5 episode of the CBS TV series The Good Wife titled "Whack-a-Mole", as well as The Newsroom. In August, private sexual photos from the celebrity photo hack were widely disseminated across the site. A dedicated subreddit, "TheFappening", was created for this purpose, and contained links to most if not all of the criminally obtained explicit images. Some images of McKayla Maroney and Liz Lee were identified by redditors and outside commentators as child pornography because the photos were taken when the women were underage. The subreddit was banned on September 6. The scandal led to wider criticisms concerning the website's administration from The Verge and The Daily Dot. After Ellen Pao became CEO in 2014, she was initially a target of criticism by users who objected to the deletion of content critical of herself and her husband. Later on June 10, 2015, Reddit shut down the 150,000-subscriber "fatpeoplehate" subreddit and four others citing issues related to harassment. This move was seen as very controversial; some commenters said that the bans went too far, while others said that the bans did not go far enough. One of the latter complaints concerned a subreddit that was "expressing support" for the perpetrator of the Charleston church shooting. Responding to the accusations of "skewed enforcement", Reddit reaffirmed their commitment to free expression and stated, "There are some subreddits with very little viewership that get highlighted repeatedly for their content, but those are a tiny fraction of the content on the site." On July 2, Reddit began experiencing a series of blackouts as moderators set popular subreddit communities to private, in an event dubbed "AMAgeddon", a portmanteau of AMA ("ask me anything") and Armageddon. This was done in protest of the recent firing of Victoria Taylor, an administrator who helped organize citizen-led interviews with famous people on the popular AMA subreddit. Organizers of the blackout also expressed resentment about the recent severance of the communication between Reddit and the moderators of subreddits. The blackout intensified on July 3 when former community manager David Croach gave an AMA about being fired. Before deleting his posts, he stated that Ellen Pao dismissed him with one year of health coverage when he had cancer and did not recover quickly enough. Following this, a Change.org petition to remove Pao as CEO of Reddit Inc. reached over 200,000 signatures. Pao posted a response on July 3 as well as an extended version of it on July 6 in which she apologized for bad communication and not delivering on promises. She also apologized on behalf of the other administrators and noted that problems already existed over the past several years. On July 10, Pao resigned as CEO and was replaced by former CEO and co-founder Steve Huffman. In August, Steve Huffman introduced a policy which led to the banning of several offensive and sexual communities. Included in the ban was lolicon, to which Huffman referred as "animated CP [child porn]". Some subreddits had also been "quarantined" due to having "highly-offensive or upsetting content" such as r/European, r/swedenyes, r/drawpeople, r/kiketown, r/blackfathers, r/greatapes, and r/whitesarecriminals. In April 2023, Reddit announced its intentions to charge large fees for its application programming interface (API), a feature of the site that has existed for free since 2008, causing an ongoing dispute. The move forced multiple third-party applications to shut down and threatened accessibility applications and moderation tools. On May 31, Apollo developer Christian Selig stated that Reddit's pricing would force him to cease development on the app. The resulting outcry from the Reddit community ultimately led to a planned protest from June 12 to 14 in which moderators for the site would make their communities private or restricted posting. Following the release of an internal memo from Reddit CEO Steve Huffman and defiance from Reddit, some moderators have continued their protest. Alternate forms of protest have emerged in the days following the initial blackout. Upon reopening, users of r/pics, r/gifs, and r/aww voted to exclusively post about comedian John Oliver. Multiple subreddits labeled themselves as not safe for work (NSFW), affecting advertisements and resulting in administrators removing the entire moderation team of some subreddits. The protest has been compared to a strike. /r/place had its third launch on July 20, 2023; however, the launch was heavily protested by users and developers due to the event following the 2023 Reddit API controversy; Reddit CEO Steve Huffman's decision to make it prohibitively expensive for third-party app developers drew widespread condemnation. In February 2017, Reddit banned the alt-right subreddit r/altright for violating its terms of service, more specifically for attempting to share private information about the man who attacked alt-right figure Richard B. Spencer. The forum's users and moderators accused Reddit administrators of having political motivations for the ban. After the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Reddit banned the subreddit r/DonaldTrump in response to repeated policy violations and alluding to the potential influence the community had on those who participated in or supported the storming. The move followed similar actions from social media platforms, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok and more. The ban was criticized by those who believed it furthered an agenda and censorship of conservative ideologies. The subreddit had over 52,000 members just before it was banned. In May 2016, CEO Steve Huffman said in an interview at the TNW Conference that, unlike Facebook, which "only knows what [its users are] willing to declare publicly", Reddit knows its users' "dark secrets" at the same time that the website's "values" page was updated regarding its "privacy" section. The video reached the top of the website's main feed. Shortly thereafter, announcements concerning new advertisement content drew criticism on the website. In September, a user named "mormondocuments" released thousands of administrative documents belonging to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an action driven by the ex-Mormon and atheist communities on Reddit. Previously, on April 22, the same user had announced his plans to do so. Church officials commented that the documents did not contain anything confidential. On November 23, Huffman admitted to having replaced his username with the names of r/The_Donald moderators in many insulting comments. He did so by changing insulting comments made towards him and made it appear as if the insult were directed at the moderators of r/The_Donald. On November 24, The Washington Post reported Reddit had banned the "Pizzagate" conspiracy board from their site, stating it violated their policy of posting personal information of others, triggering a wave of criticism from users on r/The_Donald, who felt the ban amounted to censorship. After the forum was banned from Reddit, the words "we don't want witchhunts on our site" now appears on the former page of the Pizzagate subreddit. On November 30, Huffman announced changes to the algorithm of Reddit's r/all page to block "stickied" posts from a number of subreddits, such as r/The_Donald. In the announcement, he also apologized for personally editing posts by users from r/The_Donald, and declared intentions to take actions against "hundreds of the most toxic users" of Reddit and "communities whose users continually cross the line". In March 2018, it was revealed that Huffman had hidden Russian troll activity from users. In February 2019, Chinese company Tencent invested $150 million into Reddit. This resulted in a large backlash from Reddit users, who were worried about potential censorship. Many posts featuring subjects censored in China, such as Tiananmen Square, Tank Man, and Winnie the Pooh, received popularity on Reddit. In late August 2021, more than 70 subreddits went private to protest against COVID-19 misinformation on Reddit, as well as Reddit's refusal to delete subreddits undermining the severity of the pandemic. A 2021 letter from the United States Senate to Reddit CEO Steve Huffman expressed concern about the spread of COVID-19 misinformation on the platform. In January 2025, over 100 Reddit communities banned users from posting links from the X social media site after Elon Musk, its CEO, made an arm gesture at a speech which critics claimed was a Nazi salute. The Verge reported that Musk had "privately pressur[ed]" the CEO of Reddit Steve Huffman to moderate content critical of him and the Trump administration, and that after their exchange, Reddit took action and temporarily banned r/WhitePeopleTwitter due to "policy violations". On March 5, 2025, Reddit announced that they will be issuing warnings to users who upvote "violent content", and "may consider" taking other actions against the users. The Verge reported two days later that Reddit's automatic moderation tool has been flagging the word "Luigi" as "potentially violent", including in comments or context unrelated to Luigi Mangione, the suspect in the killing of the UnitedHealthcare CEO. The moderator of r/popculture, a subreddit with over 125,000 members, stated that Reddit's AutoModerator system flagged a comment about Nintendo video game Luigi's Mansion because it included the word "Luigi", and instructed them to "check for violence"; other comments that mentioned "Luigi", even in non-violent context, were also flagged. On July 12, 2018, the creator and head moderator of the GamerGate subreddit, r/KotakuInAction, removed all of the moderators and set the forum to private, alleging it to have become "infested with racism and sexism". A Reddit employee restored the forum and its moderators an hour later. During the George Floyd protests in early June 2020, over 800 moderators signed an open letter demanding a policy banning hate speech, a shutdown of racist and sexist subreddits, and more employee support for moderation. Bloomberg News pointed out the company's slow reaction to r/watchpeopledie, a subreddit dedicated to videos of people dying in accidents and other situations, and the harassment that accompanied new unmoderated features like icons for purchase and public chats. On June 29, 2020, Reddit updated its content policy and introduced rules aimed at curbing the presence of communities they believed to be "promoting hate", and banned approximately 2,000 subreddits that were found to be in violation of the new guidelines on the same day. Larger subreddits affected by the bans included r/The_Donald, r/GenderCritical (the platform's largest and most active anti-transgender radical feminist subreddit), and r/ChapoTrapHouse (a far-left subreddit originally created by fans of the podcast Chapo Trap House). Some media outlets and political commentators also condemned the banning of the r/The_Donald and r/ChapoTrapHouse subreddits as a violation of the right to free political expression. A 2025 TIMES article listed Reddit "The Most Xenophobic Social Media Site" after the Anti-Defamation League denounced Reddit for allowing public communities to engage in racism, antisemitism, and routine hate speech without consequence. In February 2013, Betabeat published a post that recognized the influx of multinational corporations like Costco, Taco Bell, Subaru, and McDonald's posting branded content on Reddit that was made to appear as if it was original content from legitimate Reddit users. PAN Communications wrote that marketers want to "infiltrate the reddit community on behalf of their brand," but emphasized that "self-promotion is frowned upon" and Reddit's former director of communications noted that the site is "100 percent organic." She recommended that advertisers design promotions that "spark conversations and feedback." She recommended that businesses use AMAs to get attention for public figures but cautioned "It is important to approach AMAs carefully and be aware that this may not be a fit for every project or client." Nissan ran a successful branded content promotion offering users free gifts to publicize a new car, though the company was later ridiculed for suspected astroturfing when the CEO only answered puff piece questions on the site. Taylor described these situations as "high risk" noting: "We try hard to educate people that they have to treat questions that may seem irreverent or out of left field the same as they would questions about the specific project they are promoting." In March 2021, Reddit users discovered that Aimee Challenor, an English politician who had been suspended from two UK political parties, was hired as an administrator for the site. Her first suspension from the Green Party came for retaining her father as her campaign manager after his arrest on child sexual abuse charges. She was later suspended from the Liberal Democrats after tweets describing pedophilic fantasies were discovered on her partner's Twitter account. Reddit banned a moderator for posting a news article which mentioned Challenor, and some Reddit users alleged that Reddit were removing all mention of Challenor. Many subreddits, including r/Music, which had 27 million subscribers, and 46 other subreddits with over 1 million subscribers, went private in protest. On March 24, Reddit's CEO Steve Huffman said that Challenor had been inadequately vetted before being hired and that Reddit would review its relevant internal processes. Huffman attributed user suspensions to over-indexing on anti-harassment measures. Challenor was also removed from her role as a Reddit admin. The GameStop short squeeze was primarily organized on the subreddit r/wallstreetbets in January 2021. In October 2023, Reddit Moons (a site-specific cryptocurrency launched in May 2020) had seen a surge of value in 2023, at one point in mid-2023 rising past 50 cents per moon, but it crashed by more than 90% after it was announced on October 17 that the token would be "wound down" on November 8, allegedly due to scaling and regulatory issues; Reddit-centric coins DONUT and BRICK also crashed upon the news. In June 2023, The BlackCat hacker gang claimed responsibility for a February 2023 breach of Reddit's systems. On its data leak site, it claimed that it stole 80 GB of compressed data and demanded a $4.5 million ransom from Reddit. This attack did not involve data encryption like typical ransomware campaigns. In September 2024, the Federal Trade Commission released a report summarizing nine company responses (including from Reddit) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to identity theft, stalking, unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and mental health issues, social stigma, and reputational harm. In 2025, researchers from the University of Zurich conducted a experiment on the debate subreddit r/changemyview. The researchers deployed AI-run Reddit accounts to pose as humans and actively push desired viewpoints in order to study how AI could influence opinions among human participants. The experiment was run without the consent or knowledge of the subreddit moderators for four months until one of the researchers informed them. Critics of the experiment argued it was unethical as it involved impersonation and involuntarily used Redditors as experiment participants. On December 2025, Reddit filed a lawsuit in an attempt to overturn Australia's social media ban for children, as Australia was one of Reddit's biggest markets, and the ban would prevent people under 16 from accessing the site. See also Notes References Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Services_International] | [TOKENS: 345] |
Contents The Weather Company The Weather Company LLC is a weather forecasting and information technology company that owns and operates weather.com (the website for the Weather Channel), and Weather Underground. From 2016 to 2023, the Weather Company was a subsidiary of the Watson & Cloud Platform business unit of IBM. In February 2024, the private equity firm Francisco Partners completed the acquisition of the Weather Company, which operates as a standalone company. History and operations The Weather Company started as the Weather Channel in 1980, and launched two years later. In 2012, the company created a broader holding company and replaced the word "Channel" with "Company" to better reflect their growing lineup of digital products. The company acquired its competitor Weather Underground the same year. The Weather Company was previously owned by a consortium made up of the Blackstone Group, Bain Capital, and NBCUniversal. That consortium sold the Weather Company's product and technology assets to IBM on January 29, 2016, but retained possession of the Weather Channel cable network until March 2018, when it was sold to Entertainment Studios. As part of the 2016 spin-off, the consortium entered into a long-term licensing agreement with IBM for use of its weather data and "The Weather Channel" name and branding. In August 2023, IBM agreed to sell the Weather Company to private equity firm Francisco Partners for an undisclosed sum. In February 2024, Francisco Partners completed the acquisition of the Weather Company, which operates as a standalone company. The cost was disclosed as $1.1 billion, with $750 million in cash, $100 million deferred over seven years, and $250 million in contingent consideration. See also References External links |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913] | [TOKENS: 818] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื 1913 ืฉื ืช 1913 ืืื ืืฉื ื ื-13 ืืืื ื-20. ืืืื ืฉื ื ืจืืืื, ืฉืืืจืื 365 ืืืื. 1 ืืื ืืืจ 1913 ืืคื ืืืื ืืืจืืืจืืื ื ืืงืืื ืืช 1 ืืื ืืืจ ืืคื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ื ื-13 ืืืื. ืื ืืชืืจืืืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืคื ืืืื ืืืจืืืจืืื ื. ืืืจืืขืื ืคืืจืืืจ ืืจืฅ ืืคืจืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืกื ืกืคืืืืจ ืืืงืืืืจ ื ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืจ ื ืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืคืืจืืืจ ืืจืฅ ืืคืจืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืกื ืกืคืืืืจ ืืืงืืืืจ ื ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืจ ื ืคืืจื ืื ืืืจ ืคืืจืืืจ ืืจืฅ ืืื ืืืืืกื ืกืคืืืืจ ื ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืจ ืืื ืฉื ื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืืจืืืจืืื ื โ ืขืืจื ืืฉืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืืื ืืืืขืืื ืขืืจืืื: Nothing. ืืืงืืืืช ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ื, ืฉื ืช 1913 ืืชืืืื ืืืื ื' ืืฉืื ื'ืชืจืข"ื (ืืขืืืช ืืืช, ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืคื ืืืื ืืืจืืืจืืื ื ืืืื 13 ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืชืจ, ื-ื"ื ืืืืช). ืืืจืื ืฉื ืฉื ื ืื ืืคื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ื 365 ืืืื - ืืืืืง ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืืจืืื ื ืืืงืืื. ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืื ื - ืขืืจื ืืฉืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืขืืื ืขืืจืืื: Nothing. ืจืื ืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื 1908 โข 1909 โข 1910 โข 1911 โข 1912 โข 1913 โข 1914 โข 1915 โข 1916 โข 1917 โข 1918 |
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