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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_11] | [TOKENS: 3486] |
Contents Interstate 11 Interstate 11 (I-11), officially known as the Purple Heart Highway, is an Interstate Highway that runs for 54.193 miles (87.215 km) on a predominantly northwestโsoutheast alignment in the U.S. state of Nevada. It runs concurrently with either or both US 93 and US 95 from the Arizona state line (at the Mike O'CallaghanโPat Tillman Memorial Bridge over the Colorado River within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area outside of the city limits of Boulder City) to Kyle Canyon Road (SR 157) in Las Vegas. The freeway is tentatively planned to run from Nogales, Arizona, to Fernley, Nevada, generally following the current routes of I-19, I-10, US 93, and US 95. Planners anticipate upgrading four existing highway segments to carry future I-11: US 93 in Arizona (from Kingman to the Nevada state line and from Kingman to Wickenburg), US 95 in Nevada (from the Las Vegas Valley to Schurz), and either US 95 (via Fallon) or US 95 Alt (via Yerington) to Fernley. The most recent extension came in 2024, when officials replaced I-515 signs in Las Vegas with I-11 signs and added I-11 signs on US 95 north of Downtown Las Vegas, which extended I-11 northward about 30.5 miles (49.1 km). An extension of the Interstate northward along US 95 to Mercury, Nevada, is planned after that. An exact alignment for I-11 south of Wickenburg has yet to be determined; a number of corridor alternatives, however, have been identified for further study and refinement. The building of I-11 in Arizona as a freeway bypass from I-19 in Sahuarita to US 93 in Wickenburg is controversial as it is currently facing fierce local opposition and backlash from conservation groups and others citing costs, environmental, traffic, economic and safety concerns. The project is currently on hold pending litigation as of 2025[update]. The numbering of this highway did not initially fit within the usual conventions of the existing Interstate Highway grid as the whole route was east of I-15. I-17 was already built to the east of the I-11 alignment in Arizona, making it impossible to fit this freeway's Interstate number into the national grid and remain within the traditional numbering convention. I-11 being extended along US 95 through Las Vegas and crossing over I-15 remedied this situation since it put a portion of I-11 west of I-15 and, thus, in line with the national grid numbering conventions. Route description The highway currently begins at the Arizona state line at the Mike O'CallaghanโPat Tillman Memorial Bridge, then runs along the 15-mile (24 km) Boulder City Bypass around Boulder City, which opened on August 9, 2018. It is signed concurrently with US 93 throughout. An at-grade intersection just north of the Buchanan Boulevard overpass is for emergency vehicles only. At mile 14, I-11 intersects and joins with US 95 heading north. Continuing northwest, the highway runs along the former I-515 around Henderson to the Henderson Spaghetti Bowl interchange with I-215 and Lake Mead Parkway (SR 564). In May 2024, I-11 was extended through the Las Vegas Valley along US 93/US 95 (the rest of the alignment of former I-515) to Downtown Las Vegas and I-15, then running concurrently with US 95 northwest to SR 157. When this segment was designated, I-515 was decommissioned. Studies to extend I-11 from SR 157 northward to Mercury were started in late 2023. From I-15 to Elkhorn Road, I-11 and US 95 have HOV lanes that are currently enforced by both LVMPD (aka Metro) and NSP (formerly NHP). History As recently as 1997, US 93 was mostly a two-lane road between Wickenburg and Hoover Dam and was known for its dangerous curves and hills in the stretch between Wickenburg and I-40. In the late 1990s, the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) began widening US 93 to four lanes and, in some areas, building a completely new roadway. In other places along the route, ADOT simply repaved the old highway and built two new lanes parallel to it. ADOT also began studying the possibility of adding grade separations to US 93 near the Santa Maria River to make the road a full freeway. At the same time, Nevada and Arizona began looking at US 93's crossing of Hoover Dam, a major bottleneck for regional commerce, with hairpin turns, multiple crosswalks for pedestrians, and steep grades. Plans for a bridge to bypass the dam became even more urgent when the road was closed to trucks after the September 11 attacks in 2001, forcing commercial traffic to detour through Bullhead City, Arizona, and Laughlin, Nevada, causing major transport delays as a result. With the completion of the Mike O'CallaghanโPat Tillman Memorial Bridge on October 14, 2010, the vast majority of the roadway was now a four-lane divided highway. Still, with Phoenix and Las Vegas as the two largest neighboring cities in the U.S. not connected by an Interstate, leaders in both cities lobbied to include I-11 in the next Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century re-authorization. With the rise of the concept of "megapolitan" urban regions, I-11 is considered a key connector to unify the triangle formed by Las Vegas, Phoenix, and the Los Angeles area (the triangle consisting of I-15 to the north/west, I-10 to the south, and I-11 on the east). The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) approved the Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT)'s environmental review of a bypass around Boulder City, which would connect the end of the recently-constructed Hoover Dam Bypass bridge east of Boulder City to I-515 west of the town. In December 2013, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, researchers discovered naturally-occurring asbestos along the route of the Boulder City Bypass. Containing the asbestos and monitoring the surrounding air to keep workers safe was estimated to cost at least an additional $12 million (equivalent to $15.9 million in 2024). Work was completed without any Occupational Safety and Health Administration incidents, with 14,000 air samples taken during the construction. On March 21, 2014, "Future I-11 Corridor" signs were installed along the US 93 corridor. On May 21, 2014, NDOT submitted an application to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) to request the creation of the I-11 designation between the Arizona state line and the I-215/I-515 Interchange in Henderson. AASHTO approved this request at their Spring 2014 Special Committee on US Route Numbering meeting, contingent on FHWA approval. On June 13, 2017, the advisory question regarding the extension of Buchanan Boulevard to I-11โincluding interchange plansโvia Boulder City Question 2 were opposed by voters. On August 16, 2017, the first southbound segment was opened to traffic, with its accompanying northbound segment opening on January 27, 2018. On February 20, 2018, NDOT opened additional ramps connecting the new Railroad Pass Casino Road to both the Boulder City Parkway (formerly US 93 and US 95, now US 93 Business) and to I-11 (southbound exit and northbound entrance). The final portion of Phase 1โbetween the new casino access road and US 95โopened on May 23, 2018. On August 9, 2018, Phase 2 was opened to traffic, officially completing the Boulder City Bypass. Phase 2, which began construction on April 6, 2015, was expected to open by October 2018; in May 2018, however, the Regional Transportation Commission of Southern Nevada (RTC) announced that the section would be open by June 2018, three months ahead of schedule. That opening date was subsequently pushed back to August 9, 2018, as it was still in the post-construction stage. In March 2019, NDOT replaced I-515 signs along its southernmost five miles (8.0 km) with I-11 signs. The 80th session of the Nevada Legislature passed a bill designating the entire route of I-11 in the state as the Purple Heart Highway, which went into effect on July 1, 2019. On June 20, 2022, NDOT decided to route I-11 along the existing alignments of I-515/US 93/US 95 to Downtown Las Vegas, then running concurrently with US 95 northwest to SR 157 rather than use I-215 or construct a new corridor as had been proposed but abandoned due to opposition. NDOT replaced I-515 shields with I-11 shields in this area in 2024 and plans to finish adding I-11 shields all the way through the Las Vegas Valley by 2025. This extended I-11 northward about 30.5 miles (49.1 km) and eliminated the I-515 designation. Beginning in 2022, several construction projects were started or planned to improve the I-515 corridor before it became I-11. The projects included soundwall and retaining wall reconstruction, bridge rehabilitation and interchange improvements. All the projects are expected to be started by 2027. Current status As of January 2026[update], I-11 is entirely in Clark County, Nevada, extending from the Arizona state line on the Hoover Dam Bypass through Las Vegas to SR 157 northwest of the city. An extension to Mercury is currently[as of?] being planned. The Nevada portion of the original I-11 corridor is a full freeway that meets current Interstate Highway standards from the Mike O'CallaghanโPat Tillman Memorial Bridge on US 93 to the northwest of Las Vegas on US 95. While the bulk of US 93 through Arizona has been widened to four lanes, some portions of the corridor are not built to Interstate Highway standards, as there are scattered at-grade intersections, substandard roadway and shoulder widths, median crossovers, and other deficiencies. Part of these dual roadways are repaved, restriped sections of very old parts of US 93. Farther south, a direct system interchange with US 93 and I-40 is planned to eliminate the bottleneck at Beale Street in western Kingman; once this interchange is completed and all at-grade intersections of US 93 between Kingman and Hoover Dam are eliminated, I-11 will be extended south into Arizona to I-40 in Kingman. The first phase of construction began in 2024 and will finish in 2026. It will construct direct connectors from westbound I-40 to northbound US 93 and from southbound US 93 to eastbound I-40. The remaining movements between US 93 and I-40 will continue to use the existing Beale Street interchange until traffic demands warrant and the second phase can be funded. Phase 4 of the US 93 Corridor Improvement Project will finish what was started in 1998 and connect the four sections of the divided highway to Wickenburg, allowing more traffic on these congested roads. US 93 will be cosigned as I-11 once it is built to Interstate standards. The funding bill for the U.S. Department of Transportation, which replaced stopgaps that expired on June 30, 2012, officially designated I-11. This bill sped up funding for studying, engineering, and possibly building the highway. The Arizona State Legislature passed a law in 2009 that allowed private investors to team up with ADOT. In July 2012, Nevada's Transportation Board awarded $2.5 million (equivalent to $3.37 million in 2024) in contracts to a team of consultants to study I-11's feasibility and its environmental and economic consequences. I-11 was previously projected to serve as an Intermountain West part of the U.S.'s long-term CANAMEX Corridor transportation plans, with potential extensions south from Casa Grande to the Sonoran border, and north from Las Vegas through northern Nevada (potentially passing through Reno or Elko) and onward through either eastern OregonโWashington or western Idaho before terminating at the Canadian border. I-11 is projected to become the Intermountain West Corridor, extending from Phoenix and Las Vegas through Reno to the Pacific Northwest via central or eastern Oregon and central Washington to the CanadaโUnited States border. Feasibility studies for these corridor extensions began in July 2013 and were published in November 2014. Officials in Pima County, Arizona, supported an extension of the planned I-11 from Casa Grande, which would wrap southwest of the Tucson Mountains before meeting with I-19 in Sahuarita, south of Tucson, and continuing east to I-10. Over 800 residents signed a petition opposing that west-side bypass because it would impact the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Saguaro National Park, and Ironwood Forest National Monument. They recommended that I-11 be concurrent with existing I-10 route through Tucson. The additional segment would create the Tucson bypass route identified as a critical need by ADOT based upon I-10 traffic projections. In 2019, the draft tier 1 environmental impact statement selected the Tucson bypass route as the recommended corridor alternative, with the corridor parallel to I-10 until Casa Grande and a connection to I-10 in Marana. Although seen as beneficial to some people, the plan to build I-11 in Arizona as a whole is still receiving pushback and conservation groups are currently suing the FHWA over the construction of the route. The proposal to extend I-11 to the Reno area was supported by both of Nevada's U.S. Senators, Harry Reid and Dean Heller, as well as the rest of Nevada's delegation to the U.S. Congress. Heller stated that connecting the Phoenix area with Las Vegas and Northern Nevada would "spur long-term economic development, create jobs and bolster international trade". As originally proposed in the 2012 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act, the highway would run only from Casa Grande, Arizona, to Las Vegas. This was to provide a Las VegasโPhoenix freeway link. Extensions of the corridor to the north toward Reno and to the south toward Nogales, however, have since been approved by the 2015 Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act) but not to extensions north of I-80. The Reno City Council was informed of potential I-11 corridor plans on March 15, 2018. North of its current terminus, I-11 is expected to follow and become co-signed with US 95 from Las Vegas to Schurz or Fallon pending upgrades to Interstate standards. North of Tonopah, the route is undecided, with various different proposed routings through Northern Nevada. These include a route through Yerington that roughly parallels SR 208 until just before the Topaz Lake area, then takes a new route into Gardnerville and Minden before meeting up with current I-580 in Carson City, which it follows to its terminus of I-80 in Reno. The other potential corridors stick closer to US 95, with one following US 95 Alternate (US 95 Alt.) through Silver Springs to meet I-80 in Fernley, while another would take a new route east of Silver Springs to Fernley, meeting current US 50 Alt. west of Fallon, which would then go to I-80 and US 95 Alt in Fernley. Another proposed route would go east of Mina and Luning and go north through Salt Wells before meeting US 95 north of Fallon, which then meets I-80 farther north. Other minor alterations to these routes were also shown. On July 26, 2018, NDOT selected the future northbound terminus of I-11 to I-80 and US 95 Alt. in Fernley near Reno and Sparks as there are only 2 options under consideration: US 95, US 50 and US 50 Alt. (Fernley East Connection aka Fallon option) and US 95 Alt. and US 50 Alt. (Fernley West Connection aka Yerington option) as the rest of them were removed from consideration. Exit list Old exits on I-11 were formerly exits on I-515 and US 95 numbered according to US 95 mileposts. See also References External links |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื ืืืื_ื ืชื ืืื#cite_ref-404] | [TOKENS: 76002] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืึดึผื ึฐืึธืึดืื (ืึดึผืืึดึผื) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐืึธืืึผ (ื ืืื ื-21 ืืืืงืืืืจ 1949, ื"ื ืืชืฉืจื ื'ืชืฉ"ื) ืืื ืคืืืืืืงืื ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืคืืืช "ืืืืืื" ืืืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื (ืื ืคืงืื). ืืฉื ืื 1984โ1988 ืืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืื"ื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืชืื ืขืฉืจื ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ. ื-1993 ื ืืืจ ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ืืืื ืฉืฉ ืืืื ืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืฉืืืฉ ืชืงืืคืืช ืื ืจืฆืืคืืช: ืืื 1996โ1999 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืืข; ืืื 2009โ2021 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืชืืื, ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืฉ, ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืจืืข ืืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ; ืืืื ืืฆืืืจ 2022 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ, ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชืคืงืืืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืืงื ืืืงืืื ืืืืื ืืชืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืง ืืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื, ืืืขื ืืฉื ืื 1999โ2002 ืืื ืคืจืฉ ืืืคืืืืืืงื. ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ืืชืฉืขืื ืืชื ืขื ืืกืื ืืืจืื ืืืกืื ืืืื ืขื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืืื ืืฉื ืื 2003โ2005, ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืจืคืืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืงืืื ืืคืจืื, ืืืจืืช ืืืกืื ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืฉื ืช 2018, ืืืขืืจื ืืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉืืช, ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020, ื ืืชืื ืืกืืื ืืืจืื. ืืืื ื ืื ืืชืืจืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืคืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืจืขื ืืืฆืข ืขืืื ืขื ื, ืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื, ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช. ื-2023 ืืืจืข ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ ืฉืืืืื ืืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื, ืื-2025 ืชืงืคื ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืฆืข ืขื ืืืืื. ืืืจืืขืื ืืืืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืกืชื ื ืืช ืืืคืจืืงื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื 2005 ื-2013 ืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืโืืฆืจืื, ืืืืื ืืืืจืชืืช ืืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืช 2011, ืืชืคืจืฆืืช ืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2020, ืงืืืื "ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช" ืืฉื ืช 2023 ืืืืืื ืืขืืืืช ืื ืจืืืช ืืขืงืืืชืื. ื-24 ืืืื 2020 ืืืืฉื ื ืืื ืืชืื ืืืฉืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืชื ืื ื ืืื ืืฉืคื ืคืืืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืฉืื ืืช: ืชืืง 1000, ืชืืง 2000 ืืชืืง 4000. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืฉืคื ืคืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืชื. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2024 ืืืืืข ืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื (ICC) ืื ืืืฆืื ืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืืื, ืื ืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืืื ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื. ืจืืฉืืช ืืืื, ืฉืืจืืชื ืืฆืืื ืืืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืฉืช ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฆืืื (ืืืืช ืกืื; 1912โ2000) ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืื ืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื (1910โ2012) ืื ืงืจื ืขื ืฉื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืคืจืืกื ืื ืืืื ืกืื. ืืื ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื ืช ืชืืคืืืช ืื-1955 ืืงืืืื. ืืงืืจ ืืฉื "ืืืื" ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื, ืื ืืืื ืจืื. ืืืืชื ื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืื[ื] ืืืืจ ืืฉืื "ืื" ืืงืจืืืช ืืืจื ืืืืชื. ืืืื ืื ืืืง ืจืืฉืืช ืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ื-50 ืืชืืืืช ื-60 ืืืืชื ืืืฉืคืื ืืกืืจืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื, ืขื ืฉืืฉืคืืชื ืขืืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉื ืช 1963, ืืขืงืืืช ืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืื. ืืืฉืคืื ืืจื ืืฆ'ืืื ืื, ืคืจืืืจ ืฉื ืคืืืืืคืื ืฉืืคื ืกืืืื ืื, ืฉื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืื ืคืขืื ืืืืขืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืชืืืื, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ื-1967 ืืื ืืืชืืืืก ืืฆื"ื, ืืขืื ืฉืืฉืคืืชื ื ืฉืืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉื ืฉื ืชืืื ื ืืกืคืืช. ืืื ืฉืืจืช ืืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื, ืฉืื ืฉืืจืช ืื ืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉื ืื ืืืื ืขืื. ืืื ืขืืจ ืืกืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืื ืืืืคืงื ืืืชื ืชืืช ืคืืงืืื ืฉื ืขืืืจื ืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืืง ืงืืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืฆืข ืชืฉืืจื, ืืืืฆืข ืชืืคืช ืืืืืฆืข ืืืืืืก 4 ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืชืฉื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืข, ืืืืจ ืฉืืฆืื ืืืฆืจื ืคืชื ืืืฉ ืขื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืขื ืฉืืืืช 13, ืืขืช ืฆืืืืช ืชืขืืช ืกืืืฅ ืขื ืืื ืกืืจืืช ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช, ืฉืืืืชื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืฆืจืืื. ืืืืฉื, ืกืืื ืงืืจืก ืงืฆืื ื ืื"ืจ ืืืฆืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืืคืงื ืฆืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืคืงื ืฆืืืช ืืฉืชืชืฃ ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืืืฆืข ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืขื ืืืืก "ืกืื ื", ืฉืขืืื ืคืืงื ืืคืงื ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืง. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืคืฆืข ืืคืขืืื ืื ืืคืืืืช ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืืืื. ืืคืขื ืืืจืช, ืืืืจื ืืคืขืืื ืกืืืืช ืืกืืจืื, ื ืชืงืข ืืฆืืืช ืฉืขืืื ืคืืงื ืืืจื ืืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืชืฉืืฉืืช ืืืงืืจ. ืืคืงื ืคืืืชื, ืขืืื ืืืื, ืืฉ ืืขืืจืชื ืืืืืฅ ืืืชื. ืืงืืฅ 1972 ืืฉืชืืจืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆื"ื ืืืจืืช ืกืจื. ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืจื ืืฆื"ื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช MIT ืฉืืืกืฆ'ืืกืืก. ืขื ืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1973, ืฉื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืงืืืฆื ืืืืืชืจืช ืฉื "ืืืืจืื" ืืืืืืื, ืฉืฉืืจื ืขื ืื ืืื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืงืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืื, ืืืฉืืืข ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืชื ืืืขืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืฆืคืื. ืืคื ืืืืืืื, ื ืจืื ืื ืคืืงื ืขื ืืืฆืข ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฆืคืื. ืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืฉืจืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืคืืืช ืขื 1981. ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืคืืจ, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืฉื ืงืืื ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืืจืืืืืช (B.S.A.D) ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช MIT ื-1974, ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืื ืื ืขืกืงืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืื ืืืื MIT ืกืืืื ื-1976. ืขืืืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืฃ ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืฆืืจ, ืืื ืืืืช ืืกืืจ ืชืืจื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืื ืึพMIT ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจืืืืจื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืืขื ืืืืื ื. ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืืื, ืขืื ืืฉื ืชืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืขืืฅ ืขืกืงื, "ืืืกืืื ืงืื ืกืืืื ื ืืจืืค". ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืื ื ืขืฆืื "ืื ื'ืืื ื ืืชืื" ืื "ืื ื ืืชืื". ื ืืชืื ืืื ืฉื ืืขื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืขืืชืื ืขื ืืืืจืื. ื-1976 ืฉืื ืืช ืืืื, ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืื ืืืฆืข ืื ืืื, ืืขืช ืืืืชื ืืคืงื ืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื. ืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1977 ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืกืืฃ 1976 ืืขื 1980 ืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืงืจ ืืืจืืจ, ืฉืขืจื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืกืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืจืืจ. ื-1980 ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืขืื ืืคืจืก ื'ืืืืื ืกืงื ืืกืคืจืืช ืืืืืงืจ, ืืขืืืจ ืืืฆืืช ืืืชืื ืืื ื. ืืื 1979โ1982 ืขืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืง ืฉื ืืืจืช ืืจืืืืื "ืจืื ืชืขืฉืืืช". ืืืกืืจืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืงืจ ืืืจืืจ, ืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืืืืืืงืืื, ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉื ืืจื ืก, ืฉืืื ืืกืึน ืืคืืืืืืงื ืืืืืืฅ ืืื ืืชื ืืฆืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื. ืกื., ืชืคืงืื ืฉืืืื ืืื 1982โ1984. ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืจื ืก ืืฉืืจืืจ, ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืงืืื, ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืจ ืจืืื ืืชืคืงืื. ืืื 1984โ1988 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืื"ื ืืืื ืืืืคืขืืชืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืขืืืืืช. ืืืจื ืฉืืงืื ืืจืก ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืฉืฃ ืืช ืขืืจื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืื"ื, ืงืืจื ืืืืืืื, ืฉืฉืืจืช ืืงืฆืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืชืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื"ื, ืืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ืืฆืืื, ืืืฉืืฃ ืืกืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืขืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืคืืฉืขื ืืืืื ื ืืฆืื ื ืืกืคืื. ื-1988 ืืืขื ืง ืื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืจ ืืืงืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจ-ืืืื. ืงืจืืืจื ืคืืืืืืช ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืชืื ืขืฉืจื ื-1988, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช "ืืืืืื". ืืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืชื ืืขืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืืฆื ืืืงืื ืืชืฉืืขื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื, ืฉืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืืืืฅ. ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ื-12, ืืืชืื ื ืืกืื ื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืฉื ืืจื ืก, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื. ืืื ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืื ื ืืฆืจ ืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืฆืฆื ื ืืฆื ื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืืชืขืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืื. ืืื ืืชืคืงืืื ืืื"ื, ืื ืืชืคืงืื ืื ืืชืืื ืืืืคืขืืชืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืชืืืช. ื-1991 ื ืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืจืืฉืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืืง ืฉืืืจ. ืืืืจ ืืืืขืืื, ืขืงื ืืืชื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื, ืขืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื, ืฉื ืขืจืื ื-1992, ืืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืืฉื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืคืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคืจืืฉืชื ืฉื ืฉืืืจ, ืืชืืืื ื-1993 ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื. ืืืืื ืืกืข ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช, ืืชืคืจืกืื "ืคืจืฉืช ืืงืืืช ืืืืืืช". ืืืืคืขื ืืืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืจืช ืืื ืืืืฉืืช, ืืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืื "ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืืืจืช ืคืืฉืขืื" ื ืืกื ืืกืืื ืืืชื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืจืืืืช ืืืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชื. ืืจืืืื ืืืคื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืื ืืคืจืฉื, ืืขืืืงื ืืช ืืงืจืข ืืื ืืฉื ืืื. ืืงืืืช ืื ืืืฆืื ืืขืืื, ืืืืืื ืืชื ืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืคื ืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื, ืื ื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืงืฆื, ืืืื ื-52.1% ืืืงืืืืช (72,705 ืืชืื 139,522 ืงืืืืช ืืฉืจืื). ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืคืืช ืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืื ื-1993 ืืืืืืจ ืฉืืืกืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืจ ืืืคื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืื ืืืงืจ ืืืืจืืช ืคืืืืขื ืืจืืจ ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืื, ืงืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช, ื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื. ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืชื ืืคืื ืช ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืฆืืื ื ืื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืืกืื ืืืกืื ื', ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1995. ืืฉืชืชืคืืชื ืืืคืื ื ืืฆืืืช ืจืขื ื ื ืฉืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืชืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืจืื ืงืืืจื ืฉืขืืื ืืืืชืื "ืจืืื ืงืืืจ ืืช ืืฆืืื ืืช", ืืืชื ืืคืจืกืื ืจื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืขื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื. ื-29 ืืืื 1996 ื ืขืจืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืจืืข-ืขืฉืจื, ืืคื ืฉืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืฉืืจื. ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก, ืฉืืืืืฃ ืืช ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืฆืื, ืืจืื ืืืืง ืฉื ื-29,000 ืงืืืืช. ื ืืฆืืื ื ืืชืงืื ืืืคืชืขื ืืงืจื ืืคืจืฉื ืื. ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืจืืฅ ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืฆื ืคืจืก ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื 1.4%, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืงื ืฉื ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืคื ืืช ืืืงืจ ืืชืืคืื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืืช ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืกืืจ ืฉื ืืชื ืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืืชืืกืก ืขื ืชืืืฉืช ืืืกืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืขืงื ืืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืขืช ืคืืืืขื ืืชืืืืืช, ืืฆื ืืืืืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืื ืฉื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉืื. ืื ืืืขื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืจ ืคืขื ืืจืขืช ืคืจืก, ืขืงื ืืขืืื ืืกืืืืช ืืืฉืคืขื ืืจืืฉืืช ืฉื ืจืฆื ืจืืื, ืืืชื ืืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืชืืจืื ืืช, ืืืชื ื ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืกืืขืืช ืืืชืืจืืช ื"ืืืืืื-ืืฉืจ-ืฆืืืช". ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืคืจืก ืืืคืืข ืขืืืฃ ืื ืจืื, ืื ืฉืคืืข ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืืืจื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืชื ืืขืืช ืืืฆืืขื ืืงืจื ืืืืขืืืื ืคืขืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืขืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืขืจืืืช ื ืื ืขื ืืืชืืื ืืืืฉืื, ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฆืข "ืขื ืื ืืขื" ืืืืคืืื ืขื ืืคืจ ืงืื ื ืืืื ืื, ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืขื ืชืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืื ืงืืคืืื ืฆืขืืจื ืืืืืช ืื"ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืง: "ื ืชื ืืื. ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื", ืืืืจืืช ืืจื ืืจื ืฉื, ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืฆืืืข ืื ืชื ืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืขืฅ ืืจืชืืจ ืคืื ืงืืฉืืืื ืืงืืคืืื ื ืืืืื ืขื ืกืืกืืืืช ืงืืืืืช ืืื "ืคืจืก ืืืืง ืืช ืืจืืฉืืื", ืฉืืื ืืคืงืืืื ืืืฆืืจืช ื ืืืืจ ืืืคื ืืฉืืื ืืงืจื ืขืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจืืื. ื ืืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืชื ืืืื 47 ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืขืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืจ ืงืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืึพ18 ืืืื ื 1996 ืขื ืึพ6 ืืืืื 1999. ืืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืื-ืคืืกืืื ื. ืืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืกืืื ืืืกืื, ืชืื ืืฆืืจื ืขื ืขืืงืจืื ืืคืื ืืงืืื ืืชืืืืืืืืช ืื ืกืืืืช ืจืง ืืืงืืื ืืงืืื ืืชืืืืืืืืชืื ืฉื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืืชืื ืืื, ืืชืขืืื ืืกืืจืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืืช, ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืฉืืจื ื ืืกืจื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืชืื ืืืกืืื ืืืกืื ื'. ืืชืืืืช ืกืคืืืืจ 1996 ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช ืืืขืืจ ืืจื, ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืคืืืฉื ืืกืืืืช. ื-24 ืืกืคืืืืจ 1996 ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืคืชืืืช ืื ืืจืืช ืืืืชื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืจืฆื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืจืช ืืืืชื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืฆืคืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืื ื ืืจืื 17 ืืืืื ืฆื"ื ืืืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืืจืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื. ืืืืืืืช ืืชืคืชืื ืืขืงืืืช ืคืชืืืช ืืคืชื ืืฆืคืื ื ืฉื ืื ืืจืช ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืจืืืข ืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืฉืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืขื ื ืฉืืฉืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืชืืช ืืกืืื ืืจ ืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืขืจืขืจ ืืืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืง ืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืฉื ืชื ืืคืชืืืช ืคืชื ืืื ืืจื ืืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืขืช ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืคืฉืจืช "ื ืืืขื ืืกืืข ืงืืืื ื". ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจืืข ืืืืืื ื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืื ืืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืืื ืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืคืืกืืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืคืืช ืฉื ืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืืคืจืืช ืกืืจ ืืขืจืื ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืขืจืื ืืืขืืจืืืช, ืฉื ืคืกืงื ืชืื ืืืื ืกืคืืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืงืจื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืงืืื ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืขืจืคืืช ืืคืกืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื, ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืกืืื ืืื ืืจืื. ืืคืกืื ืกืืื ืืช ืืืจื ืืืชืืืช "ืืกืื ืืืจืื" ืืื ืืืจ 1997. ืืืกืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืช ืืจืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืื, ืืืขื ืืืืจ ืืขืจืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืจืื ืกืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืื ืืืืืืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืืื. ืืื ืื ืืชืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ืฉืชื ื ืกืืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืฉืืืื ืขื ืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืงืจืื "ืฉืืืฉ ืืคืขืืืืช". ืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฆืขื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ. ืืงืืฅ 1997 ืืชืจืืฉื ืฉื ื ืคืืืืขื ืืชืืืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืขืงืืืชืืื ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืชื ืงืฉืืช ืื'ืืื ืืฉืขื, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืืก ืืืจืื. ืืคืขืืื ืื ืขืืชื ืืคื ืืกืืื ื "ืืืืกื" ืฉืืืฆืขื ืืืชื ื ืชืคืกื. ืืชืืืจื ืืฉืืจืืจื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืจืื ืชืจืืคืช ื ืื ืฉืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืขื ืืฉืืจืจื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืกืืจืื ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืจืืฉื ืฉืืื' ืืืื ืืืกืื. ืงืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืฉ ืืช ืืกืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืกื ืืื ืืจืืืง, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืก ืฉืืืจืฉ ืืืจืื ืื ืขืฆืจ ืื ืืืชืชื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืฉืฉ ืฉืืฉืคืื ืืขืืจืจ ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืืฉ ืืช ืืคืืืืขืื. ืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉื ื ืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืืคื ืื, ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก ืืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืจืง ืืืจืืื ืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 1999, ืฉื ืช ืืืื ืชื ืืืืจืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ื ืจืฆืื 4 ืื ืฉืื ืืคืืืืขืื, ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืชืืคืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืขื 2008. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืช ืืืืืฃ ืืื ืขืืจื. ืืงืืช ืืืืขืฆื ื ืขืฉืชื ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆื ืฉื ืืชื ื ืืืกืืจืช ืืคืงืช ืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืคืืขื ืขื ืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืงืืื ืื. ืืืืจ ืชืงืืคื ืืจืืื ืฉื ืงืืคืืื, ืฉืืืืืื ืืจืฉื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืชืืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืชื ื ืืืกืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืกืื ืืืจืื ืื ืกืืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช, ืืื ืก ืื ืฉืื ืงืืื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืืช ืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1998. ืืืืขืืื ืืกืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉืืชืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืคืืจ, ืื ืกืืื ื ืืกืคืช, ืฉืืืื 13% ืืฉืืื C ืฉืืืื ืฉืืืขืืจื ืืฉืืื A ื-B,โ 1% ื-12% ืืืชืืื, ืืืคืชืืืช ื ืื ืชืขืืคื ืืื-ืืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืกืขืืคื ืืืื ื ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืงืืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืื ืืชืื ืกื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืขืื ืื ืืืืืช ืื ืฉืื ืงืืื ืืื, ืืืื ืื ืคืืจืกื ื ืืกื ืืืฉ ืฉื ืืืื ื ืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืกืขืืคืื ืืงืืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืจื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฆืขื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืจืง ืืืง ืงืื ืืื ืกืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืจื: โืืชื ื โ ืืงืืื, ืื ืืชื ื โ ืื ืืงืืื.โ ืชืงืืคื ืื ืืชืืคืืื ื ืืืชืืงืืืืืช ืืจืืืืช ืื ืกืืืืช ื"ืคืขืืืืช" ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืคืขื. ืืืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื, ืื ืงืืคืืื ืืืืขืื ืขื ืกืืจืื, ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืืื ืจืื ืืืืืจ, ื ืฉืื ืืืขืื ืืกืืจืื. ืืืขื ืช ืื ืืก ืจืืก ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืง, ืืืืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืจืื, ืืืืชื ืืืกืืืชื, ืืืื ื ืกืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืงื ืขื ืืกืืก ืืืืืืช 1967, ืชืื ืฉืชืืืื ืืงื ืืืืืืง ืืืงืืข ืืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืื. ืืืขื ืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืืชืขืงืฉ ืขื ืื ืฉืงื ืืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืงืืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืชืจ. ืฉืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืงืืจืื ืืช ืจืืื, ืืื: ืืกืื ืืืกืืงืื (4 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1997), ืืืช ืฉืืืฉื ืงืฆืื ืื ืืกืืืจืช ืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืชืงืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืื (23 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1997) ืืืกืื ืืฉืืืืช (5 ืืกืคืืืืจ 1997) ืฉืื ื ืืจืื 12 ืืืืื ืฉืืืืช 13 ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืื. ืืกืื ืืืกืืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืกืืจ ืืืื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืช ืืคืงืคืืง ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืงืืช ืืจืืื ืืจืืข ืืืืืช ืฉืคืขืื ืื ืกืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื. ืืขืงืืืช ื ืคืืืช ืืงืฆืื ืื ืืืืืข ืื"ืจ ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืง, ืขื ืืชืืืืืืชื ืืฆืืช ืืืื ืื ืชืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืืจื, ืขืืืฃ ืชืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืกืืจืื. ืชืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืช ืืืชืช ืขื ืื ืกืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืื ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืืืจ ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ, ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืืื ืื ืืฆืจื ืืฉืืจื ื ืืืืจืืงื ื. ืคืขืืืืช ืื, ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื'ืจื ืคืืืืื (ืื ') ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืฆืจื, ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืงืจื ืืืืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ื ืฉืืืฉื ืฉืจื ืืืฆืจ: ืื ืืจืืืืจ, ืืขืงื ื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืช โ ืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืคืจืง ืืื ืฉื ืืฉื ื. ืืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืื ืืจืืืืจ, ืื ืืฉื "ืจืฆืืขืช ืืืืืกืื" ืืืืื ืืืชืคืืจืืช ืืืืจืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื. ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืื ืืื ืคืจืฉ ืืืื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืฆืขืืื ืืืืืืืื[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื] ืฉื ืงื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉืืช 1998, ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืฉืืื ืจืขืืขืื ืขืื. ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืกืืืืช ืฉืืง ืืืคืฉื, ืืขืื ืขื ื ืก ืืช ืขืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืคืฉืืช ืืืช ืืืคืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืฉ ืชืคืืกื ืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืืืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืคืืฆืื ืืืคืืชืช ืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืืื. ืืืฉืืชื ืืืฆืขื ืืคืจืื ืฉื ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืชืืืช ืืืืืจืืืืฆืื ืืืืืข ืืืืฅ, ืืืื ืืืืื "ืจืฆืืขืช ืืืืืกืื", ืืืื ืฉืืจื ืืืชืคืืจืืชื ืฉื ืื ืืจืืืืจ ืืชืคืงืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจื ืจืคืืจืื ืืคื ืกืื ืฉืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืคื ืกืื ืชืงืฆืืืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืฆืืืจืช, ืืืจืืืช ืืขืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืฆืืืืจื. ืืื ืื ืืืกืคืช ืืคืขืื ืกืืืืจื ืฉืืืฉื, ืชืืืืช ืฉืืจืืชื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืช "Yes" ืืืืกืคืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉืืง ืฉืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืืช. ืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืงื ืืขืืช ืืจืืคืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืื ืขื ืืขืื ืืจืืชื ืืคืืืืืืื ืึปืึผืึผ ืืขืืชืื ืืืจืืงืืช ืืฆืจืืืืช. ืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืืกื ืื ืืืง ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืืืืจื ืฉืืคืฉืจื ืืช ืจืฆื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื. ืืกืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืง ืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืืขืื ืฉืืคืืืืช ืืฉืืื ื ืื ืขื ืืืกืคืง ืื ืจืฉืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืกืื, ืืืขืงืืืช ืืชืงืคื ืฉืื ืขืืืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืืขืืื. ืืฉ ืืืืขื ืื ืื ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืคืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืขื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืจืืช ืืืคื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉ ืืืืขื ืื[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื] ืื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืขืงืืืช ืืชืจืกืืชืื ืืืคื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืื ื.[ื] ืขื ืืืช, ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืืจืชื. ืืืคืขืชื ืืชืงืฉืืจืชืืช ืืืืืืฉืช ืืืืื ืื ืชืืืืื, ืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืื ืขืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื. ืืืชืืจืืจืืช ืขื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืจืื ืื. ืืชืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ื-21 ืืืฆืืืจ 1998 ืืฆืืืขื ืืื ืกืช ืืงืจืืื ืฉืืืฉืืช ืขื ืคืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืจื ืกืืื ืชืืจืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืงืืจื, ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืขืช ืื-ืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืขื ืืฃ ื ืืกืืื ืืชืื ืืื ืืข ืืช ืืืฆืืขื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืชื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืง, ืืืขืื ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื; ืืฆืืง ืืจืืื, ืฉืืืชื ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืจืืฅ ื ืืื; ืื ื ืืืื, ืฉืขืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืขืืื ืืฉืืจื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืคืจืฉื ืืจืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืจืืฅ, ืืืื ืชืื ืืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืชืืื ืืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืจืง, ืฉื ืืฆื ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืื 1999, ืืฉืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 56% ืืงืืืืช ืืืืืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืืืกืชื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืคืจืกืื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืกืืคืืืช ืืืืืืข ืขื ื ืืืืช ืคืกืง ืืื ืืืคืืืืืืงื, ืืฉืืฆืืื ืขืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉืืืฆื ืืืืืืคื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืชืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ื ืืงืื ืฆืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืฉืื ืืงืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืื ืฉืืขืจ ืขื ืืื ืขืืืงืื ืืงืจืข ืืขื ืืืืื ื ืฉืจืืฉ ืื ืืฉืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืจ ืฉืืคืกืื ืืืืืจืืช 1999, ืคืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืชื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืืืืกื 1999 ืืื ื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืืจืช ืืืื ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชืงืืืช ืืืืืจืช "ืืืงืืจืืง ืคืืื". ืขื ื ืคืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืจืง ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2000, ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืคื ืืืืืจ ืืคืืืืืืงื. ืขื ืคื ืืืง, ืืชืคืืจืืช ืืจืง ืืืืจื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืฉืืชืงืืืื ืื ืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืืจืช ืื ืชืชืืคืฉืจ ืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืฆืืื. ืืคืืืช ืฉ"ืก, ืฉืื ืจืฆืชื ืืืกืชืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืื, ืกืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืคืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช, ืื ืกืืืขื ืืืขืืจืช ืืืง ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืชืืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืขืืืืชื ืืืคืชืืขื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉื ืืฉื ืืืืชื ืขืช ื"ืืืชื ืืืืจ" ืืืคืืคืืืจื ืคืืืช ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืจื ืืืฆืข "ืืืืช ืืื", ืชืงืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจืื ืืื ืืคืืืืขืื ืืงืจื ืืื ืืกืช ืฆื"ื ืืขืจืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืืช. ืืื ืงืจื ืื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืคืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืขืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืคื ืฉืื ืืืขืชื ืฆืจืืื ืืืชืืฆืข ืืคืจืื ืืืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ, ืขื ืคืืจืืง ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืคืจืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2002 ืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืคืืืฉ ืืขืืจืืง. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืขื ืืืื ืืคืืืฉื ืืื ืืขืืช ืืคืืงืื ืืืจืคืืจืื ืฉื ืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืขืืืชื ืืขืจืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื "ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื, ืคืขืืืืชืื ืืืชืงืืืืชื ืฉื ืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืืคืืชืื ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื" ืืืืกืืฃ ืื ืชืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ื ืฉื ืกืืื, ืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืชืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืขืฆืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืื. ืืคืืขื ืืชืืจืจ ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืขืืจืืง ืื ืืืื ืขืืจืืง ืื ืืื ืื ื ืฉืง ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืจืืื ืืขืจืืืื ืื ืืฉืคืขืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืืชื ืฉืืืืืช ืืกื ืืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2002 ืืฆืืจืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ. ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืื ืฉืจืื ืขื ืื ืืืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืืคืกืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื 24%. ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืช ืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืืืืช 2003, ืืืฆืข ืื ืชื ืืื ืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ. ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉืืคืฅ ืืชืืง ืืืืฅ, ืกืืจื ืชืืืื, ืื ืืืกืืฃ ืงืืื ืืช ืืชืคืงืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืคืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืงืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฆืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืก ืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืง ืืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืฉื ืชืืื ืืืฆื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืฆืจ, ืขืจื ืจืคืืจืืืช ืืจืืืงืืช ืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืื ืืืืกืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื. ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืงืคืืืืืกืืืช ืชืงืืคื, ืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืคืืชืช ืืืฆืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืงืืฆืืฆืื ื ืจืืืื ืืชืงืฆืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืคืจืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืชืืืช. ืืื ืืืืจ ืจืืืช ืขื ืืฆืืจื ืืงืฆืฅ ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืฉืง ื"ืืืฉ ืืจืื (ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืื) ืืกืืื ืขื ืืื ืืช ืืืืฉ ืืฉืื (ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื)". ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืชื, ืืืืฅ ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืฉืืื ืื ืงืืืื, ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืืคืืชืช ืฉืืขืืจื ืืก ืืืื ืกื. ืืืงืืื ืืจืืื ืืช ืืกืืก ืืืก ืืืืื ืคืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืก ืืชืืฉืื ืืชื ืืืืืืช. ืืืืฆืข 2004 ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืคืืชื ืืืจืืชืืช ืื ืื ืืก ืืืื ืกื ืืืก ืืืืจืืช (25% ืืขืืืช 36%) ืขื ืฉื ืช 2010 ืืืคืืชืช ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืืื (44% ืืขืืืช 50%). (ืืืื ืืืช ืืฉืชื ืชื ืืขืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืช 2012 โ ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืขืื ื-48% ืื-50% ืืฉื ืช 2013, ืืืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืืก ืืืื ืกื ืขื ื-40,000 ืฉ"ื ืืืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจืช.) ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืื ืืคืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืฉืืจ ื ืืื, ืื ืืชืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืจืง ืขื ืืขืื ืืื ืกื ืืื ืื ืืช ืืืขืื. ืขืจืื ืฉื ื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืก ืืื ืกื ืืืงืคื ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืืืืช. ืืืกืืจืช ืชืืงืื 147 ืืคืงืืืช ืืก ืืื ืกื, ืืืขืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืก ื-15% ื-20% ืขื ืจืืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื, ืืจืืืช ืื ืืืช ืืืืจืกื ืืจืืืืืช ืขื ืคืืงืืื ืืช, ืืืื ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืื ืขื ืฉืื ืืงืจืงืขืื. ืืชืืืืช 2004 ืืืืื ืงืืฆืืฅ ืืืืกืื ืขื ืงืฉืช ืจืืื ืฉื ืืืฆืจื ืฆืจืืื, ืืืงืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืืข"ื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืฉื 17%. ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืช ืืงืจืืืจืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืงืฆืืืืช ืจืืืื ("ืชืฉืืืื ืืขืืจื") ืืืืื ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืช ืื ื ืืขืื, ืืืืจืื, ืืขืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืฆืืช ืืขืืืื. ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืจืืฃ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืฉืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืืืืคื ืืกืืจืชื ืคืขืื ืืืืืืช ืงืฆืื ืื (ืืืืืื ืืืง ืืืคืจื), ืื ืืื ืืืง ืืืงืืืืืฆืื. ืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืงืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืคืืขื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืขืจืื, ืฉืืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืกืืช. ืงืืฆืืฆืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืงืฆืืืืช ืคืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืื-ืืืจืืืช, ืืืืืืืื ืืืงืฉืืฉืื ืืขืืจืจื ืื ืฉื ืฉืืืชืืช ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืืืืช, ืืืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืืงื ืงื ืคื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื, ืืืขืืจื ืืืจืืช ืจืืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืคืื ืคืจืืืื. ื-2003 ืืื ืคืงื ืืืืจืกื ืื ืืืช "ืื ืขื", ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืงืืืฆืช "ืื ืคืืื" ืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืืฅ ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจื. ืืชืืืืช 2004 ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืช ืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืคื ืืช "ืฆืื" (50% ืืืืืจื) ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืขืืคืจ ืชืืืจืช ืืืฆื ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื. ืืืืื, ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืืงื ืจืืื ืื "ืขืกืงืช ืืฉืงืฉืืงื", ืขืืจืจ ืืืงืืจืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ืจืื, ืื ืืชืื ืขืืื ืืขืจื ืืื"ื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื. ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืง ืืืกืงืื ื ื ืืืจ ืืงืืืฆืช ืืฉืงืืขืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืชืื ืืจืื ืคืื, ืชืืืจืช 1.3 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื, ื-80% ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืง, ืขื ืคื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืกืืจื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืืจืกื. ืืืจืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช "ืืืง" ื ืืืจื ืืงืืืฆื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืกืื ืืืืืคืงืก, ืืืืืจ ืืงืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืกืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืงืืืืื ืืืืืืคืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืง ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืืฉื ืช 2008 ืื ืืื ืืื ืง ืืืืืื ืคืจืืืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืคืืืช ื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืืืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืฆืืจ ืชืืจืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืขืื. ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืขืืืืื, ืฉืื ืชืืืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืกืื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืชืืช ืขืืืจ ืื ื ืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2009, ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืื ืืืช ืืจืคืืจืื, ืืืฉืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืคืจืืฉืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืงืืข ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืื ืืจืคืืจืื ื ืืฉืื. ืืื ืืื ืคืชืจืื ืืืฉืืจ ืงืจื ืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืช, ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืงืจื ืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืืืืืจืช ืืงืจื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืช, ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืจืืช ืืืืืื. ืชืืื ืืช ืืกืืืข ืืคืฉืจื ืืงืจื ืคืืขืื ืืื ืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืคืจืขืื, ืืช ืชืฉืืื ืืคื ืกืื ืืืืจืื. ืฆืขื ืื ืืืื ืืืขืืื ื ืืืจืช ืฉื ืืคืจืฉืืช ืืขืืืชืื ืืงืจื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืช ืืืขืืืืืื ืืฆืืฆืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืืชืื. ืืงืจืืช ืกืืฃ ืืืื ืชื ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช "ืืขืืช ืืืจ". ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆืืชืื, ืฉืืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ื ืืืฆื ืืื ืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืงืืคืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืงืจื ืืช ืื ืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืขืืืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืจืชืืื ืืฉื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืื ืืื-ืฉืืืืื ืืืฉืง. ืขื-ืคื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืขืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืื 2002 ื-2004 ืขืื ืื-10%, ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืขื ืืืช ืขืื ื-12%. ืืจืืื ื ืจืืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืขืืืื ืืืจืืฉืช ืื ืืงืงืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจืืคืืช, ืื ืืงืจื ืืืจืืื ืฉืืฉืชืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืขืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืงืจื ืืืจืืื ืขืืืืื ืื ืคื ืกืืื ืจืื. ืืขืื ื ืืชืจืื ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืฆืื ืืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืชืฉืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืงืฆืืืืช. ืืฆื ืืืืงืืจืช, ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืชืคืจื ืืืืคื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืง ืืืฉืจืื: ืืกืืฃ 2002 ืืชืงืฉืชื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืก ืืกืฃ ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืช, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืืื ืืืืคื ื ืืืจ. ืืื"ื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืคืื ื ืกืืช ืฉื ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2003 ืฆืืื ืื ืฉืืคืืจ ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืคืื ื ืกืืื ื ืืข, ืืื ืืฉืืจ, ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืฉื, ืืฆืืื ืืืขืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืชืงืฆืื (ืืฃ ืฉืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืขืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉื ื), ืืืช ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืขืืื, ืงืืืช ืืขืจืืืืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืืช ืืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืคืจืกืื ืืืืงืช ืืืืงืจ ืฉื ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืงืจื-ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืคื, ืืจืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืืืฆืืืื ืืืฉืง ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฆืื ืืื, ืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืืืืืื ื ืืฆืืืืช ืืกืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืจืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืืฆืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืืก ืื-ืขืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืชืงืืช. ืืื ืชืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืืข ืืขืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืงืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืืง ืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืื ืกืช. ืขื ืืืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืข ืืกืชืืืืืืืช, ืืคืจื ืื ืกืืื ืืฆืืจ ืคืืืืืคื ืืืฆืืข ืขืจืืืช ืืฉืื ืขื, ืืฃ ืื ืืฆืืืจ ืฉืืืฉืื ืืฆืืืข ืืขื ืืชืื ืืช. ืืฉืขืืชื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืืฆืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืื, ืื ืืฆืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืคืื ืืชืคืืจ ืื ืื ืืืืฆืข ืืฉืื ืขื. ืืืืฉื ื ืกืื ืื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืื ืืชืงืืื ืืฉืื ืขื. ืืช ืืชื ืขืจืืชื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืฉืืฆืื, ืืืืก ืืืืจืคืช ืืฆืื ืืจืคืืื ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช. ืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืชืืข ืงืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืขื, ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืฆืืืข ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืขื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืขืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืกืช. ื-7 ืืืืืืกื 2005, ืขืจื ืืืฆืืข ืืคืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ืคืื ืื ืฉืืืฉืช ืืืืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืชืคืืจืืชื. ืืื ื ืืืง ืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืชืคืืจ ืืืฉืฉื ืฉืืขืื ืฆืคืื ืืงืื "ืืกืืก ืืจืืจ ืฉืืกืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื" ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ืจืคืืจืืช ืืืจ" ืืื ืงืื ืืฉืืืื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืืืช ืฉืืืงืฉ ืืขืจืื ืืืกืืจืช ืชืคืงืืื. ื-30 ืืืืืืกื 2005 ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืืขืืืืชื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืืจื ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืกืคืืจืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืขืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืขืืืืชื ืืชืคืงืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืชืงืืฃ ืืช ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืื "ืฉืืืื ืืืจืฆ". ืืกืคืืืืจ ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืขื ืื ืืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืชื ืืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืฉืจืื, ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืืืจืช ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืคืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืจืื ืืชืคืงืืื. ืืืฆืขื ื ืืืชื ืขื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืคืจืฉ ืงืืืืช ืงืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืชืคืงืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืชื ืืขื. ืืชืืืืช ืืฆืืืจ 2005, ืืขืงืืืช ืคืจืืฉืชื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื ืืืคืืื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืฉื "ืงืืืื", ืืคื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืข ืขืฉืจื. ืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืฅ ืืืฉื ืคืืืืืื. ืขืืื ืื ืืื, ืฉืืชืืืื ืืชืืืื, ืืกืืจ ืืช ืืืขืืืืชื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืชืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคื, ืฉืืชืืืื ืืชืืืื ืื ืืื, ืขืืจ ืืืคืืืช "ืงืืืื". ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ื ืขืจืื ื-19 ืืืฆืืืจ 2005, ืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื ืขื 44% ืื ืืงืืืืช (ืืื 33% ืืฉืืื, 12% ืืคืืืืืื ื-9% ืืืฅ). ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2006 ืืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืขืชื ืืืืขืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื ืืืคืืื ืืืืจื ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืคืชืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืืขื. ืืื ื ืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืคืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืชื ืืขื, ืฉื ืืฉื ืืฉื ืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืงืืจ ืืฉืืืชืืช ืืชื ืืขื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ]. ืืชืืืืืช ืืฆืขื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืืื ืืขืืจืืืช, ืืื ืืื ืืชืฉืืืืช ืขื ืฉื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืคืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืขื ื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืชืืงืื ืงืืกืืื ืืืื, ืืืฆืืืขื ืขื ืืขืืืื ืื ืืฆืขื ื ื ืงื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจ ื ืืืจื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ื-17, ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืฆื ืืงืืืืชื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช. ืืคืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ื"ืฆืขื ืงืืกืืื" ืืืชื ืืื ืคืจืืืืจืื ืจืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืืขื ืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-17 ืืืืื ืขืื ืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉืืื ื-12 ืื ืืืื, ืืืช ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืืขืื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืฃ ืขืืืืช ืืืืก ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืจืื, ืฉื ืจืื ืืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืืง ืืช ืืืคืืื. ืื ืืื ืืชืืืกื, ืงืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืืช, ืฉืคืืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช, ืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืืจืืช, ืื ืงืืข ืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืืช ืืืขื ืืฆืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืข ืฉืืืฉืื ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืชื ืืขื. ืืื ืกืช ื-17 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืกืื ื ืื ืฉืงืคืช ืืืืจืื ืืืชืืืฉืช ืืคืฆืฆืช ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืช. ืืฉื ืช 2008 ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืคืจืืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืขืกืงื ืืืืกืืจ ืืฉืงืขื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืจืื. ื-14 ืืืืืืกื 2007 ื ืขืจืื ืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื. ืืจืืื ืืขืืงืจื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืืื, ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืคืจืฉ ืืืคืื ืชืืืช ืืืืจืืฅ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื, ืชืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืขืืงืจื ืืืื ืืื ืคืขืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืคืืื, ืืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 72.8% ืืืืกืก ืืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืขืื ืืืคืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืงืืจืื, ืืืคืืจ ืืงืื ืืก, ืืืืืงืชื ืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืขืืืื ืืืงืื ื-36, ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืืืงืื ื-20. ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื ื ืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืฉื ืชืคืกื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืฉืืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืืงืืช ืืขืืช ืืงืืจื ืืืืืชืืช ืืืงืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจื ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืขืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืกืืคื ืืชืคืืจ. ืืืืืคืชื, ืฆืืคื ืืืื ื, ืืฉืื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืคืืืจื ืืื ืกืช. ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืื ื ืขืฉืจื ืืื ืืจื ืืงืกืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืก ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืข ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืช ืขืืืชื ืฉืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืืฉ ืืืคืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขื ืืชืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืฆืข. ืืงืืคืืื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืคื ืืื ื ืืกืืกืืืืช ืืื "ืืืง ืืืืืืื, ืืืง ืืืืืื". ื-3 ืืคืืจืืืจ, ืืฉืืืขืืื ืืืจื ืชืื ืืืฆืข "ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื", ื ืคืื ืืืฉืงืืื ืจืงืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืงืจ ืืขืืจ, ืืืืื ืฉืืืฉืืชื ืชืคืขื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขื, ืืชืงืฃ ืืช ืืืฉืืช ืงืืืื ืขื ืื ืฉืื ืขืฉืชื ืืืช. ืืฉืจืื ืืืจ, ืฉืืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืกืืจืืื ืฉื ืืงืืคืืื, ืกืืคืจ ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืชื ื-2020 ืฉืืืืืื ืืืฆืืจื ืืืืชื ืฉืื, ืขืงื ืกืงืจืื ืคื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืขื ืืชืืืงืืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื ืืฉืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืจ ืืื, ืืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืฉืชืื ืข. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-18 ืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ื-27 ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืกืืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืจื ืงืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืฆืืคื ืืื ื ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื. ืืืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ื-ืืชื, ืฉืืืืืฅ ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืจืื ืืื ืกืช (65 ื"ืืื), ืื ืฉืื ืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืื ืงืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืืจืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื, ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืฉ"ืก, ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ื-31 ืืืจืฅ 2009 ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืงืื ืืืื 30 ืฉืจืื ื-9 ืกืื ื ืฉืจืื. ืืืื ื 2009 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช "ื ืืื ืืจ-ืืืื", ืฉืืืจืืื ืืืืข ืืกืืื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืงืืช ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืชื ืืช ืืคืืจืืื, ืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืขื ืืืืืื, ืืืชืืจ ืขื ืืืืช ืืฉืืื. ืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืขืฉืจื ืืืื ืืืืจ ื ืืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืจ, ืืืื ืงืฉืืจ ืืืืขืื ืขื ืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืืคื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ-ืืืื ื ืชืคืก ืืฆืืืืจ ืืชืคื ืืช ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืก ืืขืืืืชืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืืคื ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2010 ืืืืืื ืืขืืช ืฉืจืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืืืฅ ืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืฉืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื ืืฆืืง ืืืจืื ืืืืฅ' ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืขื ืืฆืจืื ืืขืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืืจื ืืืฆื ืฉ"ื. ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื "ืงืืืืชื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืืืืืื... ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืกืืจืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืงืจืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื". ืืขืงืืืช ืฆืขื ืื ืคืกืงื ืืืกืชื ื ืืช ืืืขื ืืืืจื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืืจืืฃ ืืืฉืืจ ืืืชืืฉื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืจืงืื, ืืฉืืจ ืฉืืื ืืขืช ืืืื ืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื, ืืืืจ ืืืฆืข ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื, ืืืืจืืฃ ืืชืงืืคืช ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉื ืืขืื ืืกืืฃ ืืื 2010. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2010, ืืขืงืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืืขืื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืื ืก ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืคืชืืจ ืืช ืืกืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืื-ืคืืกืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืฉืชื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉื ื ืขืืื ืืชืื ืืกืชืืืืืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืก, ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืขื ืืืืืื. ืืืงืืื, ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืฆื ืืืฉื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืชืงืืคื ืฉื 10 ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืืืกื 2011 ืืืจืขื ืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืืื ืืคืืืืข ืงืืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืจื ืกืื ื, ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืงืคืช ืจืงืืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืจืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2011, ืื ืืื ืืื"ื, ืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืจืืฉ ืืืื"ื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืงืจื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืฆืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืงืืื, ืคืขื ืืืืืจื ืืงืืขืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืจืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืจืฃ ืคืขืืืืช ืืื, ื-29 ืื ืืืืืจ 2012 ืืืฉืจื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืจืื ืืืื (ืืืืืื 67/19 ืฉืื) ืืช ืืืืจื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืื ื ืืฉืงืืคื ืฉืืื ื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืื"ื. ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืืื ืืคืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก, ืืคืืขื ืืืจ ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืง ืืืชื. ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืข ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืกืืจ ืงืืข. ื-11 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2011 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืช ืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืก - ืืืกืืจืชื ืฉืืืจืจ ืืืขื ืฉืืื ืชืืืจืช 1,027 ืืกืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2012 ืืืกื ืฆื"ื ืืช ืืืื ื'ืขืืจื, ืจืืฉ ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืก, ืืขืงืืืช ืืจื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืคืชืืืช ืืืฆืข ืขืืื ืขื ื, ืฉื ืืขื ืืื ืืข ืืจื ืจืงืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืฆืข, ืืคืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืกืชื ืฉื ื'ืืื ืืฉืขื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืืจื ืขืืื ืืจื, ืฉืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขื 2011, ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืข ืืกืืจืื, ืืชืืืื ืืืจืืงืื, ืืกืื ืืืืื ื ืกืืื ืืืงืืช ืืจืืช ืืืืื, ืชืื ืืฉืืจืช ืจืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืื ืืจืื ืืืงืืื. ืืคื ืืืฆืขื ืืจืื ืชืืกืืจ ืืกืืจืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืจืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืชืืฆืข ืืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ืื ืขื ืกืขืืืื. ืืืฆืขื ืืืชื ืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืื ื ืืืชื ืขื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืกืืจืื. ืกืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืื ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืื ืกืืืืืช ืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ืืชืงื ื ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื. ืขื ืกืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืจืืข ืืืจ ื-1993. ืืคืชืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืืจืฃ ืฉื ืืื ืกืช, ื-31 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2011, ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืื โืืืจืื ืืจืขืื ืืช ืชืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืขื ืืขืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืื ืขืืื ืโ. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืจืขื ืืืืืช ืืืชืงื ืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืืื 3, ืืืงื ืืืืกื ื"ืืืกื", ืฉืืื ืขื ืืจืืื ื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืื ืื, ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืืืคื ืืฉืื ืื ืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช. ื-27 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2012 ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื"ื. ืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืชืืืข ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืขืฉืจ ืืจืื ืฉื 90% ืชืืื ืื ื ืงืืืช ืืื-ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืงื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืืืข ืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืฉ ื"ืฉืจ ืืืกืืจืืืื ืืืืืืช". ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืฆื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืกืืช ืืืกืื, ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืชื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืชื, ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืขืจื ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืื 2010 ืืืขืื ืื ืืืก ืขื ืกืืืจืืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืืื ืืช ืขื ืื"ืจ ืืืกืชืืจืืช, ืขืืคืจ ืขืื ื, ืขื ืขืกืงืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืง. ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืฉืืืฉืง ืฉืื ืฆืื ืืขืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื. ืืืื ืคืืฆืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช. ืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉืืขืืชื. ืืฉืงื ืืชืืืง ืืื ืืืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืงื ืืืช ืขืชืืืืช ืื"ื ืืฉื ืื ืืขืช ืืืกืืฃ. ืืืื ืืืช ืืืจืืจืืกืคืงืืืื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืขืช ืืืฉืืจ, ืืืืืช ืืฆืืืชื ืืื ืืขื ื ืจืืืช ืฉื ืคืืืขื ืืืฉืง ืืืืื ืืงื ืืื ืืืฉืจืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืกื ืืงืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืง ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืงื ืขื ืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืื ืืื. ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืืขืงืืืช "ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืืื ื", ืืืฉืฉืืช ืื ืืืข ืืืจื ืคืขืืืชื ืฉื ืืขืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืคืื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื. ืืืื 2010 ืืฆืืจืคื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืคืืชืื ืืืืื (OECD). ืืืืื-ืืืืืกื 2011 ืคืจืฆื ืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืช ืืจืืื ืืจื ืืืืืืฉ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืคืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืื ืฉืขืื ืืืืื, ืืืืืฅ ืืช ืจืื ืืืืฆืืชืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืฅ ืืืืืฆืืช, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืื 3, ืืืขืื ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืข"ื, ืืก ืงื ืืื ืขื ืืืง ืืืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืก ืืื ืกื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2012 ืืืืข ืืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ื-39 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื, ืืคืืืื ืืืืชืืื ื. ืืืจืขืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืขืืืืช ืืืกืื ื ืืกืคืืช. ืืืชืื ืืืกืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ื, ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืฉืจ ืืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืืชื ืืืขื ืืง ืืช ืืกืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืกืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ืขืชืืจื ืฉื ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืจืคืืืืช ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืกืืจ ืื ื ืืืชื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืคืช ืฉืคืขืช ืืืืืจืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืืฉ ืืืกืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืคืขืช ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืชืืฉืื ืืืืื ื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืชืืกื ื ืจืง ื-700,000 ืืฉืจืืืื (ื-10%) ืืืืืื ื ื ืืชืจื ืขื ืขืืืฃ ืฉื ื-4.5 ืืืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืกืื. ืืฉื ืช 2010 ืคืจืฆื ืืฉืจืคื ืืืจืื ืื ื ืกืคื 44 ืื ื ืืื, ื-17,000 ืืืฉ ืคืื ื ืืืชืืื ืืงืจืื ื-25 ืงื"ืจ (25,000 ืืื ื) ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ื ืขืฆืื ืขืื ืืืฉ. ืฉืจืคื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืกืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืฉืืชืจืืฉ ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืชื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2011 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืื ื, ืฉืขืกืงื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืงืืช ืืขืืืช ืืงืืจื ืืืืืชืืืช ืืืขืืืจ ืืช ืกืืืืืืชืื ืืืืฃ ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2012 ืืืงื ืืื ืืกืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืจื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืื ืขืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืกืืืืจ, ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืขืื ืฉืขืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืฃ ืืืื' ืืฆืืง ืื ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืชืืคืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชืื ืืื ืชืืงืฆืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืืจืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืื ืืจืืื ืื"ืค ืกืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืฉืืข. ืืกืืฃ ืื ืืืจ 2012 ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืคื ืืืืืช ืขื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืคืืืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืืงืื ื-36 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช 2008, ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ-ืื ืกืช. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืชืคืงืื, ืืฉืืฆืืืขื ืื ื-75% ืืืืชืคืงืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ 2012 ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืขื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืชืืืืช 2013, ืืืื ืฉืงืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืืงืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืคืืืืช "ืืืืืื" ื"ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืจืฉืืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉืืื ืชื "ืืืืืื ืืืชื ื" ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืืจืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืชื ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ื-31 ืื ืืืื, ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-19 ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืชื ืืฉืืืฉืืช. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืขื ืื ืืืืืจ 2013. ืืืจืฅ 2013 ืืืืกืืจืช ื ืืกืืื ืืช ืชืืืื ืฉื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืจืง ืืืืื - ืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืจืงืื, ืจื'ืค ืืืืค ืืจืืืื ืขื ืืฉืืช ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืชืืงืื ื, ืืืจื ืฉื ืงืืขื ืืืฉืืจ ืืขืงืืืช ืืืจืืขื ืืืฉื ืืขืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืชื ืฆื ืขื ืืืจืืขื ืืืฉื, ืืฉื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืกืืืืช, ืฉืืืคืจืื 2014 ื ืจืื ืืงืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืชืืื ืขื ืืกืื, ืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื, ืืืืกืื ืืืจืืจื ืฉืื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืชืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืคื ืืจืืฃ ื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืืจืงืื ื ืขืจืื ืืคืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืืชืงืคื ืื ืื ืืืช ืืฉืืจืืจืืช, ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืฉืคืืืช ืืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืคืจืกืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืข ืืืืจืงืื. ืืืืง ืืืืกื ืืจืื ืืโืืฉืจืื ืืืืกื ืืฉืจืืโืืฆืจืื ืืกืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืช ืฆืืืืืช ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืจืื ืื ืืืฆืจืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ื-ืกืืกื. ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืกืื ืืืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืคืช ืืจืฆื ืฉืืืฉื ื ืขืจืื ืืืืืื ื-12 ืืืื ื 2014 ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืก, ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืคืชืื ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืชืืจ ืืืืืคืื ืืืคืืืขื ืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืก ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืฆืข ื ืขืฆืจื ืืืขืื ื-400 ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืจืืืชื ืื ืฉื ืืืืก, ืืจืืืช ื-50 ืืกืืจืื ืฉืฉืืืจืจื ืืืืื ืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื. ืืื ืื, ื ืืฉืคื ืขืฉืจืืช ืกืืืงืื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืขืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฆืจื ืขืฉืจืืช ืจืืืื ืื ืืืืขื ืื. ื-8 ืืืืื 2014 ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื ืืชืืืื ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืกื ืงืจืงืขืืช ืืืจืืง ืฉื ื-3 ืงืืืืืืจืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืชืงืคืืืช ืฉืื ื ืืืืก. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืจื ืืืืก ืืืคื ืจืงืืืช ืืคืฆืฆืืช ืืจืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืฉืจืื. ื-30 ืืืืื ื ืืืคื ืืืคืืชืืื ืฉื ืกืื ืจืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืกืื ืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืงืจื ืฉื'ืืขืืื, ืื-7 ืืืืืืกื ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืงืฉ ืืื ื ืืกืืืข ืืืฉืืช ืืืคืืชืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืข ืืืชืื ืืช ืืืกืืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช ืืืคืกืงืืช ืืฉ ืฉืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืื ืืฆืจืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืฉืจ ืืืฆื ืืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ื ืชืืื ืืืืจืคืช ืืืขืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ื ืืืจื ืืชืืืืช ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืจืง ืืืืื. ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืจืฉ ืืืฉืจืื ืืืกืืื ืืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืืืงืื ืืช ืืืจืงืื ืืงืืจ ืืืชืืืืืช ืืกืืกืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื, ืื ืืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืฆืข ืืกืชืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืขื ืฉืืืขืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ื-26 ืืืืืืกื, ืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืคืกืงืช ืืืฉ ืืกืืื ืืืืฆืข ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืฆืืขื ืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื-ืืืืืื ื, ืฉืื ืื ืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืฆืข, ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืขื ืื ืืฆืื ืืกืคืงืช ืืงืืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืชืงืืคื ืืคื ื ืืืืฆืข. ืืืืื 2014 ืืื ืขืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืคืืืืขื ืืจืืจ ืืฆื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืฆืขื ืืืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืคืืืืขืื ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืืคืืืืข ืืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืงืืืืช ืื ื ืชืืจื ืืืื ื ืจืฆืื 6 ืืฉืจืืืื. ื-3 ืืืจืฅ 2015 ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืจืืข ืืคื ื ืืืกืื ืืืชืืืฉ ืืื ืืืขืฆืืืช ืืืืจืื, ืืืกืืจ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช. ืืขืฆื ื ืฉืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืชืืื ืื ืืื ื ืื ืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืจืง ืืืืื. ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืงืื ืืจืก. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืจืขืื ืฉื 40 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืฆืจ ืืฉื ืช 2012, ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืืช ืืฆืคื ืืืืจืขืื ืชืงืฆืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 4.9% ืืฉื ืช 2013, ืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืชืงืฆืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืกืื, ืืืงื ื-2013 ืืืืงื ื-2014. ืืืคืจืื 2013 ืืืฉืจื ืจืคืืจืืช ืืฉืืื ืืคืชืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืกืืช ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืขืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืฉืจ ืืืง ืืจืืืืืืืช ืืคื ืืกืงื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืืชืืจืืชืืืช ืืืฉืง. ืืืื 2014 ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืื ืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืฃ ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืงืจ, ืืฉื ืืืื ืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืฆืืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืื ื 2015, ืืื ืฉืงืืคืืช, ืฆืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืงืืข ืืจืคืืจืื ืืคื ืกืืืช. ืืื ื ืชืงืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืจืืคื ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืืจืืื"ื ืืื ืืืื ืงืื. ื-2 ืืืฆืืืจ 2014 ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืฆืืคื ืืื ื ืืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืจืฉื ืืืืืฉืื ืืชืจ ืฉืจื "ืืฉ ืขืชืื" ืืืื ืกืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ื-17 ืืืจืฅ 2015. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืขืฉื ืืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ื ืชืื ื ื "ืคืืืฉ" ืฉื ืืขื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืคืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืจ ืื ืขืฉื ืืืช ืืขืงืืืช ืชืืืืชื ืืืืง "ืืฉืจืื ืืืื". ืืืืื ืืกืคืจื "ืืืื: ืกืืคืืจ ืืื" ืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืื ืขื ืฉืคืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืคืื ืืืื ื "ืขื ืกืื ืฉืืืขื ืงืื ืกืคืืจืืืืืช ืฉืืกืจื ืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืคืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืื ื ืื ื ืืื ืคืืืฉ". ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืคืืืชื ืืืืืื ื-30 ืื ืืืื. ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช, ืืืจ ืฉืืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืฆืจื ืืฉื ืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืคืืกื ืฉืคืจืกื ืืืฃ ืืคืืืกืืืง ืฉืื ืืชื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืฉืืชืคืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืขื ืืฆืืง ืืจืฆืื ืืืื ื, ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืืืืืชืืจ ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืืืฆืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืืืืืชืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืจืืช, ืืืืง ืืงืืคืืื ืืืจืฆืช ืืืฆืืขื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืื, ืคืจืกื ืกืจืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืขืืื ืืื ืืืจ: โืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืกืื ื. ืืืฆืืืขืื ืืขืจืืื ื ืขืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืงืืคื. ืขืืืชืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชื ืืืืืืืืกืื. ืจืืืชืื ืื ื ืืื V15, ืืฉ ืื ื "ืฆื 8", ืืฉ ืื ื ืจืง ืืชืื, ืฆืื ืืงืืคืโ. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืข ืฆืขืจ ืขื ืฉืืืจืื ืคืืขื ืืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืกืืฃ ืฉืืขืฉืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, "ืืืื ืืืฉืงืขืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืืขืืืื", ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืื ืืื. ื-14 ืืืื 2015, ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ื-34 ืืจืืฉืืชื, ืืืฉืื ืฆืจื ืฉื ืฉืขื ื ืขื 61 ื"ืืื. ืืขืืืจ ืืฉื ื, ื-26 ืืืื 2016, ืืฆืืจืคื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืขืื ื-66. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืืืฃ ืืคืืจืืืจ 2017 ืืืืคื ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืฆืื ืื ืืื (ืจืื ืืืื). ืขื ืกืืฃ 2016 ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื, ืื ืืืืืฃ ืขื ืืื ืฆืื ืื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืฉืืืขืื "ืืืื" ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืืขืื ืืขืืื. ืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 2015 ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืคืืืืขืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืขื ื ืฉืืคืื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืืื ืช ืืคืืืข ืืืกืื ืื-ืืงืฆื, ืืืืืฉืื ืชืืืจื ืืช ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืืืืจื ืืช ืืขื ืืฉื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืจื ืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช ืืืงืืื ืืช. ืื ืืืจืืจ ืืขื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืฉ ืืจืฅ, ืืืกืืฃ ืืืืฉ ืืื ื ืขืื ืฉืื ืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื, ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืจืืืื. ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืืืขืืืช ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืฆืืื ื ืืขืืืื ื-37, ื-20 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2015, ืืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืื' ืืืื ืื-ืืืกืืื ื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืชืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืจืฉ ืืืชื, ืื ืืืืคืชื ืืืจ ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืขืฅ ืื ืืฉืจืืฃ ืืืชื. ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืขืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืฉืืชืื ืฉื ืืืืกืืืจืื, ืืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืกืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืืชื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืชืืืืชื ืฉื ืื-ืืืกืืื ื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืืจ. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืฆืข ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืืช ืชืงืืคืืช ืฉื ืฆื"ื ืืืืื ื, ืืืืจื ืืื ืืข ืืขืืจืช ื ืฉืง ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืฉ ืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืกืืจืื. ืืืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืกืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืืื ืชืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืกืื ืืืคืจื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืจ ืฉื ืฉืชื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืฉื ืื, ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืืืช, ืืื ืืกืคืืืืจ 2015, ืขื ื ืฉืื ืจืืกืื, ืืืืืืืจ ืคืืืื. ืืืื 2016 ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื, ืฉืืชืคืืจ ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืกืช ืืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืคืื "ื ืืจืจืช ืืืชืืืืช". ืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืชืคืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื. ื-2018 ืืกืืกืื ืืืืจืื ื-ืืฉืจืืื ืืคื ืืขืืืืช ืืฉืืจ ืขื ืืืืจืช ืื"ื ืืชืืื ืืืจืื ื ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืืจืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื T-4 ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืกื ื ืืชืืืืฉืช ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืฉ ืืคืจืื, ืืชืงืคืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืจืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืกืืืืืช ืืืืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืขืืืช. ื-30 ืืืคืจืื 2018 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืืฉืฃ ืืืืข ืืืจืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืคื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืกืืืื ืืงืืฆืื ืฉืืืฆืื "ืืืืกื" ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืื ื ืืกืชื ืืืกืชืืจ ืืช ืชืืื ืืืชืื ืืคืืชืื ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื. ืืืจืชื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื. ืืืื ืืจื ืืืืืฆืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืช 20 ืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืฆืื ืฆื"ื ืืืจืืื ืืืชืืืื ืชืงืฃ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืขืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2018 ืืื ืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืก. ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืชืจ ืฆื"ื ืฉืืจืช ืื ืืจืืช ืืจืืจ. ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืจืฅ 2018 ืืชืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืคืจืืช ืกืืจ ืืืื ืืืช ืขื ืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืกืืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืก. ืืืืืืืช ื ืืจืื ื-220 ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืจืืื ืคืขืืื ืืจืืจ. ืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืขืื ืืืฉ ืืืคื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืช ืืืืจืฉ ืืขืืืฃ ืขืื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืช ืขืคืืคืื ื ืชืืขืจื, ืืืื ื ืชืืขืจื ืื ืคืฅ ืืจืงืืืช ืฉืฉืืืจื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืื ืืจืฆืืขื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืืืช ืคืืงืื ืืฆืคืื, ืืื ืืื ืืกื ืืงืจืืืช ืืืืฃ ืืืืืืขืื ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืฆืคืื ื ืืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืจืืจ ืืชืงืคืืืช ืฉืืคืจ "ืืืืืืื" ืืฉืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืโืืื ืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืืกื ืฆื"ื, ืืืืฆืข ืืืืจื ืฉืืืจื, ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืื-ืขืื, ืืคืงื ืืืืจื ืืฆืคืื ืืช ืฉื "ืคืืืืืช ืื-ืงืืืก", ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื "ืื'ืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ื". ืืชืืืื ืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืืืช ืจืงืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืคืฆืืฅ ืืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืจื ืืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืืจ 2018 ืืืืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืขื ืืืืืก. ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืกืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืฉ ืฆืื ืืจ ืืืกืคืื ืืงืืจ ืขืืืจ ืืืืืก, ืื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืงืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืืืคื ืืฉืืจ ืืกืืื ืฉื ื-30 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืฉ, ืืืืขืื ืืคืื ืืขืืจืช ืืืกืฃ ืชืกืืืข ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืงืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืจืืงืื ืืืืฉื ืืจืืืค, ืกืืืื ืื ืืฆ'ืื, ืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืงืืจืื ืฉืืืกืคืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืก ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืจ. ืืจืืฉืืช 2019 ืืกืืืจ ืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืคื ืืจืืื ืืืืก: "ืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืกืื ืืงืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืืก ืืืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืืืืก. ืื ืืืง ืืืืกืืจืืืื ืฉืื ื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืขืื ืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื". ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืชืื ืชืคืืกื ืื ืืคืืืื ืืคื ืื ืคืืกืืื ื ืืื ืข ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืกืื ืฉืืื ืืืกืืจ ืืืื ื ืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื. ืืืืื ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืงืืจ ืืืืืก ืืชืคืืจ ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืคืืืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืจืืฉืืชื ืคืจืฉื ืืืงืืืืืฆืื. ืืฉื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืื ื-18 ืื ืืืืืจ 2018 ืืึพ17 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ืืชืคืืจ ืืชืคืงืื ืื ื-10 ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2019 ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืจืขื ืืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ื ืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืืข ืืื ืฉืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืก ืืฉืชืืืช ืขื ืืืง ืืืืกืฃ ืืงืืจื. ืืฉื ืช 2020 ืื"ื ืฆืืื ืื ืืคืืืช ืืจืืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืข ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืก ืืื ืืืืฉ. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2019 ืืืื ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืื ืขืืื ืืืืื ืขืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืื ืข ืืืืจืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืขื ืคืืจืืืจ 2019. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืช ืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืืืืช ืืืฉืื, ืืชืงืืื ืืืืื 2334 ืฉื ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื, ืืืืจืฉืช ืืขืืงืจ ืืคืกืงืช ืื ืืืช ืืชื ืืืืืืช "ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืืืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืื". ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืื ื ื ืงืื ืฆืขืืื ื ืื ืกื ืื, ื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืงืจืืื ื ืืืืคืกืงื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืกืืืช ืฉื ืืื"ื, ืฉืืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืืืืข ืขื ืืืจื ืืืคืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืชื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืืืืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืฉืืจืืจืืชื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื-14 ืืืื 2018 ื ืขืจื ืืงืก ืคืชืืืช ืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืจืืืค ืคืจืฉ ืืืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืคืขืื ืขืืื ืกื ืงืฆืืืช ืืืืืืืช, ืืคืกืืง ืืืืื ืืืกืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืจ"ื, ืคืจืฉ ืืืื ืกืง"ื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืกืืจ ืืช ืืงืื ืกืืืื ืืืืจืืงื ืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืช ืคืจืืฉืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ื, ืื ืืฉ ืืจืืืื ืืคืจืืฉื ืคืืืขื ืืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืขื ืฆื ืืืืจื ืืืจืืงืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืืืืช ืขื ืจืืช ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืช ืจืืืช ืืืืขื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืฆืขื ืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืฆืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉืื ("ืขืกืงืช ืืืื"). ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืช. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืชืงืจืจื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืจืืืค ืื ืชื ืืื. ื-4 ืืืืื 2017 ืืืงืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืื, ื ืจื ืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืง ืืงืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืกืืืข ืืฉืจืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ ืืืงืจ ืืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืคื. ืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืืคืจืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืฆืจืคืช ืขืื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืคืฉื, ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืื ืืจืื. ืืื ืืชื ืขื ืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืกืืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืื-ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืขืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฆืื ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืงืืจืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืงื: ืืืืื 2016 ืขืจื ืกืื ืืืงืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืจืื 40 ืฉื ื ืืืืฆืข ืื ืืื, ืืฆื ืคืกืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืงืืืืช, ืืืงืืจ ืืงื ืื ืขื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืืงืืจ ืืจืืื ืื ืืืืชืืืคืื. ืืืื ื 2017 ื ืื ืืคื ื ืืืืขืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืจื ืืคืจืืงื (ืื ') ืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืืื. ืืืืงืืจื ืืงื ืื ืื ืืืืืจ 2017 ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืจืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืขืช ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืจื ืงื ืืืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2017 ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืงืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืจืืงื ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืคืืฉ ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืื ื, ืงืืืืืืื ืืืงืกืืงื. ืืฉื ืืื ืืก ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืคืืฉ ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืื ืืืข ืืืฆื ืืืืืคืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช. ืืกืืฃ 2017 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืชืืื ืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืจืื ืืจืขื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื, ืืืขื ืืจืื, ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืชืงื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืฉ ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืฉืืืช ืืช ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืจืืชืจืืื ืืืกืืืื ืฉืืฉืจืื ื ืื ืขืช ืืืืืืืจื ืืืืืืชื ืืืชื ืืขื ืง ืืืืืจืฉืื ืืืืืื ื ืืงืืืืช. ื-2 ืืืคืจืื 2018 ืืืจื ืจืืื ืื ืืืกืืืชื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืืืจืฉืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืงืจื ืืืืฉื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืคืขืืื "ืืืฅ ืืืจืืคื ืขื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื ืื" ืืกืืช ืืืืกืื, ืื ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืื ืื ืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื ืื. ืืืงืื ืืืช, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืฉ ืขื ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื, ืืจืื ืืจืขื, ืืื ื ืฆืืืืช ืืื"ื ืืคืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืื ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจื ืืืจืืคื ืืขืื ืืืืงืืื ืืคืืจ ืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืชื ืืืืช ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืชืืื. ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืืื ืืืืืช ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืชืงื ืืืืืช, ืื ืืืชืงื ืื ืฉื ืืคืขืืืืช. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืคืืืืจ ืืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช.ืืืกืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืกืืขืืช ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืชืืื ืืจืคืืจืืืช ืืฉืืง ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืืืฉืื ืชืงืื ืื ืืกืจ ืขืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืงืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชื ืื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืงื ืงืฉืจืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืืืฅ' ืืืขืื ืืืง, ืืืืื ืืืืืืกื 2016 ืืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืื ืื ืืื ืืืคื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืง, ืืืคืืจืืืจ 2017 ืืคื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืขืงืืืช ืขืชืืจืืช ืืื"ืฅ ืื ืืฉื. ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืงืจื ืืฉืจ ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืงืืืข. ืืืืื 2015 ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืฉืืืืจ: ืืืืื ืืืจืช ืืืืืืืืื ืืืงืืช ืชืืืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืงืืื. ืืืื ืืชืืืืช 2017 ืคืขื ืืกืืืจืช ืืชืืืื ืื ืืืืงืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืกืคืื ืืืืื ืคืืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืชื ืื ืืชืืงืฃ ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืฉืืจ ืืืกืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืงืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืื ืชืืงื ืืืืฃ ื ืคืจื. ืชืืงืื ืืืงืืงื ืขืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืขืจื ืืงืืช ืืชืืืื, ืื ืืืงืคื ืืืื ืื"ืฅ (ืื-2018 ืืฃ ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืกืช), ืื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืืงื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืื ืืคืืขื ืืกืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ื ืืชื ื ืืกืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ืืืืืืกื 2015, ืืขืงืืืช ืขืชืืจื ืฉืืืืฉื ืกืืขืช "ืืฉ ืขืชืื", ืงืืข ืื"ืฅ ืื ืืืฆืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืขืื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืฉืจ. ืืขืงืืืช ืื, ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืื ืืชืืจื ืฉื "ืืืืืช ืืฉืจืื" ืืชืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ืืชืืืืช 2020 ื ืืจืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื. ืชืืืื ืืืคื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืจืคืืื ืฉื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืขืช ืืชืคืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืืื ืกืืจ ืืจืฆื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืืข ืชืืืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืื ืชื ืืืืขืืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืขื ืฆืขืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืืจืฉืื. ืืืืฉื ืฆืืฆื ืืช ืืืคืขืืชืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืืื ื-29.9 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2014, ื-54 ืืืืืืจื ืืืื ื 2019, ืืจืืื ืฉื 14 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืขืืืช ืืืขื ืืชืงืฆืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืชืืื ืืื, ืฉื ืืขื ืืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืคื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืช ืืื ืืืืขื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืคืจื ืกืืืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืื ืืคืื ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืจืื, ืืืฆืื, ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืืจื. ืืืืง ืืคืขืืืืชืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืชืืื ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืื. ื-27 ืืืจืฅ 2016, ืคืกื ืื"ืฅ ืืช ืกืขืืฃ ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืชืืื, ืื ื ืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืจืื ืฉื ืฉื ื ืืชืืงืื ื. ืืืื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืขืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื, ืขื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืกืขืืฃ ืื. ืืฉื ืช 2016, ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืกืื ืคืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2019, ืคืืจืกืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืจ ืืืงืืื ืื ืืืฉืจืื ืื ื ืืฆืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืขืจืืืช ืืชืืงืฆืืช ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืกืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ. ืืกืืฃ ืื ืืืจ 2016 ืืืฉืจ ืืืืฉืื "ืืชืืื ืืืืชื" ืืคืื ืืืืชื ืืืืจื ืืืชืจืื ืขืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืขืืช ืืชืคืืื ืืขืืจืืช, ืื ืืืื ืืืขืฆื ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ื ืฉืืช ืืืืชื. ืืืชืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืืืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืขืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืฉืช ืฉื ืืืชืืื, ืขื ืฉืืืงืคื ืืืื ื 2017. ืืชืืงืื ืืคืงืืืช ืืก ืืื ืกื ื ืงืืข ืฉืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืคืืืจ ืืืก ืืื ืกื ืืชืฉืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ื, ืฉืืื ื ืืฉืืืจืช ืื ืงืฆืื, ืืืืื ืืคืืืจ ืื ืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืจืฉืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืก ืขื ืืืืืช ืืกื 600,000 ืฉ"ื ืฉื ืืชื ื ืื ืืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืชืืืืงืช ืืืชื ืืคืจืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืืืืืื ืืขืืช ืืืกืคืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืชืืื ืจืืจืืืงืืืืืช ืืช ืืก ืืืื ืกื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืงืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืชืืงืื ืืงืืื. ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ 2015 ืืงืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื, ืืืงืฉืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื, ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืืขื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืจืืืง ืืืืชื ืืขืช. ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืจืฉืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจ 2016 ืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืืืืืืข ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืคืขื ื ืืกืคืช ืืชืคืงืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ื-24 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018, ืืืืจ ืคืจืืฉืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืขืงื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืืืืืคืงืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืจ ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-21. ื-26 ืืืฆืืืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืช ืคืืืืจื ืืงืืขื ืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืขืจืื ื-9 ืืืคืจืื 2019. ืืงืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืช, ืขืืื ืืช ืจืืฆืชื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืคืืืืช ืืืืื. ืืื ืืฃ ืฉืจืืื ืืช ืืืงืื ื-28 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืขื ืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืืชืงืืืื ื-9 ืืืคืจืื 2019, "ืืืืืื" ืืื ื-35 ืื ืืืื ืืงืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืจืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืช ืืชื ืืืื ืื ืื ืกืืช ืืืืงืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื. ืกืืื ืืคืงืืขืช ืคืจืง ืืืื ืฉื ืงืฆื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืช ืคืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืฉื ืื, ืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืขืืจ. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืชืืื ืฆืืจืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืคืืืช "ืืืื ื". ืื ืืกืฃ, ืฉืื ืข ืืช ืืคืืืช "ืืืืช" ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืืืืจืืช, ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืืช ืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืงื ืืืืก ืจืคืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจืืื ืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ื-32 ืื ืืืื, ืืขืืืช 38 ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืคืืืช "ืืืื ื" ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืื ืื-ืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืืืคืืืช "ืืืืช ืืืืืื". ื-25 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2019 ืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืจืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืจ ืฉื ืชืื ืืืื 55 ืืืจื ืื ืกืช, ืืขืืืช 54 ืฉืชืืื ืืืจืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืจืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ, ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืื ืืฃ ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื. ืืฉืื ืืชืคืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืขื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2019 ื ืขืจืื ืคืจืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืช "ืืืืืื", ืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ื-72.5% ืืืงืืืืช, ืืฉืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื, ืฉื ืขืจืื ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2020 ืืืืืื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื-36 ืื ืืืื, ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืฅ ืืื ืืืืืฆืชื ืฉื 61 ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืื ืขืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืจื ืกืืฃ ืชืงืืคืช ืืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืฅ, ืืขื ืจืงืข ืืชืคืจืฆืืช ืืงืืจืื ื, ื ืืชื ืืกืื ืงืืืืืฆืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื. ื-7 ืืืื, ืืืืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืชืืื ืฉื 72 ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืงืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืขืงืืืช ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืช ืืื ืื. ืืคื ื ืื ื ืืืชื ืขืชืืจื ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืืืช ืืื ืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืื ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืื ืคืืจืกื ืืกืืจ ืืื ืืขืช ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืืกืจ ืขืืื ืืขืกืืง ืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืืฉืคืื. ื-17 ืืืื 2020 ืืืฉืืข ืืงืื ืฆืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ. ืืืืชื ืืขืื ืืืฉืืข ืื ื ืื ืฅ ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืคื, ืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืฆื, ื-17 ืื ืืืืืจ 2021, ืื ืืืืืคื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืชืืืฉื. ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืง ืืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืืืืชืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืงืืืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืกืืืข ืืืขื ืงืื ืืืืจืืื. ืืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืชืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืกืืจืืืืืช ืืืฆืืื, ืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืฉืช ืืชืืืืื, ืฉืืืืืื ืืกืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืื ืชืฉืจื. ืืืงืืื ืืชืงืืืื ืืืืืช ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืขื ืจืงืข ื ืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืฉื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉื. ืืขืงืืืช ืขืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืืชืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืกืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ. ืืืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืื ืขื ืืืืจื ืืืจืื, ืื ื"ื ืคืืืืจ, ืขื ืจืืืฉืช ืืืกืื ืื. ืืจืืืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ื ืขื ื ืืงืจืืืืช ืืืชืืกื ืืืคืจืง ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืชืืกื ืื ืื ืคืฉ. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฆืขื ืฆืขืืื ืืกืืคืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืฅ ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืฉืืื ืชื "ืชืืื ืืช ืืืื". ืืืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืจืื ืืืคืจืง ืขื ืืชืืืช "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื" ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืืจืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืืืื ืขื ืืจืืงื ืืกืืื, ืื ืืืกืื ืขื ืกืืื ืื ืืชืืืฉ. ื-13 ืืืืืืกื 2020 ืืฆืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค, ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืื' ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื, ืืช ืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช-ืืฉืจืื ืื ืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช. ืืคื ืืคืจืกืืืื, ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืกืืคืื. ื-11 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020 ืืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืจืื ืืช ืืืกืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืื. ืืกืืืื ืืื ื ืงืจืื "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื". ืืืกืื ื ืืชื ื-15 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020 ืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช (ืืืชืืืืช) ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช, ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ื-10 ืืืฆืืืจ 2020 ืืืืจื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืื ืขื ืืจืืงื ืืืฆืืจืคืืชื ืืืกืืื ืืืจืื. ื-22 ืืืฆืืืจ 2020 ื ืืชื ืืจืืื ืืกืื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืงื. ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืฆืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืกืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืจื ืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืจืืงื ืืจื ืกืืืื. ื-24 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2020 (ืฉืขืื ืืฉืจืื), ืืืืืข ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืจืืฉ ืืืขืฆืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืกืืืื ืขืื ืื-ืคืชืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืขืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืคื ืจืฉืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืืืื ืืืื ื ื ืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ื-6 ืืื ืืืจ 2021 ืืชืื ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืขื ืืฆืืจืช "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื". ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2021 ืืืืืขื ืืชืืืขืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืขื ืืงืืจืช ืืืจืืขืื ืฉืืชืจืืฉื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืื ื-13 ืืืื ื 2014. ืืืื ื"ื ืืขืืืจ, ื"ื ืืืืืจ ื'ืชืฉืค"ื, 30 ืืืคืจืื 2021 ืืชืจืืฉ ืืกืื ืืืจืื, ืื ื ืกืคื 45 ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืคืฆืขื 102 ืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ื-6 ืืืจืฅ 2024 ืคืจืกืื ืืขืืช ืืืงืืจื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืงืจ ืืกืื ืืจ ืืืจืื ืืช ืืกืงื ืืชืื, ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืืช, ืืืื ืฉืืืข ืื ืืื ืืคืืืช ืืื ืขืืื ืืืขืช ืขื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืื ืฆืืื ื ืืืืฆื ืืขืฉืืช ืืฉื ืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืขืงื ืืขืืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื โ ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืจืงืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืฉืจืื, ืคืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช. ืืืงืืื ืืืืฆืข ืคืจืฆื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ื-23 ืืืจืฅ 2021 ืืชืงืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืจืืข, ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื"ืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจื ืืกืคืจ ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ื-36 ื-30, ืื ืืืคืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉ ืขืชืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืจ ืืคืื, ืขื 17 ืื ืืืื. ืื ืฉืื ืจืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืขื ืืง ืชืืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืคืื, ืฉืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื, ืืื ืขื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ื-13 ืืืื ื ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืฉ, ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืคืชืื ืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืคื ืืืื ืืกืชืืืื ืืืชืจ ื-12 ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ื ืจืฆืืคืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืจ ืืฉืืฉ ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื, ืืฉืจ ืชืืช ืื ืืืชื ื ืื ืขื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื ื ืืงืืคืื ืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืจืฉ ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืคืืืืืกืืจืื ืจืืื. ืืืจื ืื ืกืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืขืืจื, ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืคืืื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืื, ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืฆืืืขื ืื ื ืื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ืชืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืชืงื ืืช ืฉืขืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืืคืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืื ืื ืจืืฆืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืืจื ืฉื ืืคืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืื ืกืคืฆืืคืืื ืฉืืงืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืฆืื ื ืื ืข ืืืืืืข ืืขืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฆืข ืขืืืช ืืฉืืจ, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื. ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืคื ืืขืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืชืืจืืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืกืืืืช ืืขืื ืืกืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2021 ื ืื ื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ื-2019. ืืืงืก ืืื ืืื ืืืง ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ ืฉืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืฃ ืืช ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืฆืื ืืืจ ืื "ืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืจื", ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืืจ ืืฆืื ืืืื ืจืืื. ืืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ, ืืืงืจ ืืช ืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืคืจืกืืื. ืืื ืืฃ ืืฉืืืข ืืชืืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืื-ืืืืื ืืืกืื, ืืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืจืืื ืืช ืืชืืืืืืืชืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืช ื ืืงืื ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืกืืืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืืกืื. ื-29 ืืืฆืืืจ 2022, ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข. ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืืืจ ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืคืกืง ืื"ืฅ ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืจืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืงื ืืืืกืจ ืกืืืจืืช ืงืืฆืื ื, ืขื ืจืงืข ืขืืจื ืืคืืืื ืืืฉื ืืฆื ืฉืืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืคื ื ืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืช ืืื ื ืืขืืืจืืช ืืก. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืจืขื ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืชืคืงืืืื ืฉืืืขื ืื: ืืืฉื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ืึพ4 ืืื ืืืจ 2023 ืืืจืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืงืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืช ืคืกืืืช ืืืงืื ืืคืกืงืช ืืชืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืื ืกืช ืืจืื ืจืืื, ืืืืื ืขืืืช ืืกืืืจืืช, ืืืืจืช ืชืคืงืื ืืืืขืืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืืขืฅ ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื ืื ืฉืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืจืื ืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืคืจืกืื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืงืืขื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื, ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืข ืืืืชืขืจื ืื ืืืื ืืืงืืงื ืืจืื ืืขืงืจืื ืืช ืขืงื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื, ืืืืืชื ื ืชืื ืืืฉืคื ืคืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืงืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืช "ืืืง ืื ืืฆืจืืช", ืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืืืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฆืจืืช ืขืงื ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืืงืืงื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืื ืคืืืื. ืืจืคืืจืื ืฉืืืฆืขื ืืฆืจื ืืชื ืืืืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ื ืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืจืืืช ืืืงืฃ. ืืืืืื ืืขื ื ืฉืืืืื ืืืงืืงื ืืืืืื ืคืืืขื ืืขืฆืืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืฉืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืกื ืืืืืื ืืคืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืฉืชืืืื ืืช ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช, ืขื ืืื ืืคืืืชื ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืืื. ื ืฉืืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ืืกืชืจ ืืืืช ืืืงืืขื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืชืคืืข ืืจืฉืืช ืืฉืืคืืช. ืขื ืืฃ ืืืช, ืืืืฉืื ืื ืฆืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืฉืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืงื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืชืื ืืชืขืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืคืืืื ืงืฉื ืืขื. ืืืง ืืืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืจืฅ ืืงืืืฆืช ืงืฆืื ืื ืืฆื"ื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืชืืจืื ื ืืืื "ืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืื" ืฉืืืืื ืืืคืกืืง ืืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืืื. ื-25 ืืืจืฅ ืงืจื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืขืฆืืจ ืืช ืืงืืงืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืืืืจ ืืกืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืคืืืืจืื, ืขืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืขืฆืืช ืืืืื ืืืืคืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืกืคืื ืื ืืืช ืืจืืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืื ื "ืืื ืืื ื". ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืื ืืืืืขื ืขื ืืฆืืจืคืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืง. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืื ืืกื ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืืื ืชืืื ืคืืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืงืืื ืืฉืืืืช, ืงืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื "ืชืจืืื" ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืช ื ืฆืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื, ืขื ืืื ืืฆืืขื ื ืื ืื ืืืืขืืืื. ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืจืฉื ืฉืชืืืื ืืืืจืช ื ืฆืืืช ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืืขืื, ืืืชืื ืื ืืื. ืืืกืืฃ ื ืืืจื ื ืฆืืืช ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืงืจืื ืืืืจืจ, ืืชืืืื ืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจื ืงืืืืืฆืื, ืื ืืืขื ืขื ืืชืจืืื ืืืื ืืืงืคืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืช ืื ืฉืื. ืืชืืืื ืืืงืงื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืื ืขืืืช ืืกืืืจืืช, ืขืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืขืฉืจืช ืืืคืื ืืชื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืืคืกืงืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืจื ืืืจืืกื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืฉืื ื ืงืื ืืฆืขืืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืื ืืืคืืขืื. ืึพ9โ13 ืืืื, ืืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืฉืืืืจื ืจืงืืืช ืืขืืจ ืขืืืฃ ืขืื, ืืื ืฆื"ื ืืช ืืืฆืข ืืื ืืืฅ ืืกืืืื ืืืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืื-ืงืืืก. ืืกืืคื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืฆืข "ืฉืื ื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืจืชืขื". ืืืืื 2023 ืืืืจ ืขืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื ืืฆืคืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืืฆื ืฆื"ื ืืืืฆืข ืืืช ืืื ืืขืืจ ื'ื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืืืื ืฉืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2023 ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืก ืืงืืืื ืื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืขื ืกืขืืืื, ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืฆื ืืืจืฉ ืืขืฆืจ ืฉื ืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช, ืืืืื ืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืกืขืื. ืืช ืืืงืืจื ืืืื ืืืืืช ื ืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช. ื-26 ืืืฆืืืจ 2023 ืืืืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืืช ืฉื 60%. ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืงืื, ืืคื ืคืจืกืืืื ืืจืื, ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื. ืืชืืืืช 2024 ืคืืจืกื ืื ืืืจืื ืคืขืื ืื ืืืฉืฉื ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืจืืืืื ืื ืืจืฉืื ืืคืฆืฆื ืืจืขืื ืืช. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2023 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืื"ื, ืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืฉืจืื ื ืืฆืืช "ืขื ืกืืคื ืฉื ืคืจืืฆืช ืืจื - ืืกืื ืืืกืืืจื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืขืืืื" - ืืกืื ืฉืืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืฆืืื. ืืืื ื 2024 ืฉืืื ืืขืืช ืืจืื ืืก ืืืงืจ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืจืืขื ืืืฉืื ื ืืกืคืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืจืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืฆืืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืื. ืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืืืขืช ืืืืขืื: "ืืืชืืื ื ืืืฆืืืืจืช ืืคื ื ืืืืขืื ืืฉืื ืื ืขืืื, ืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืงืจืื ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืขืืืง ืืชืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืงืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืจื ืฉื ืกืืืืืช ืจืืืฉืืช. ืืืช, ืชืื ืืฆืืจืช ืกืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืื ืคืืืขื ืืืืกื ืืืืฅ ืืืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื". ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืคืจืกืื ืืืืขืื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืกื ืืื ืืกืชืืจื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืขื ืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืฆืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืจืช ืฆืืืืืช ืืืฆืจืื. ืื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืืฉ ืฉืืืฉ ืฆืืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืืขืืืช ืืงืืื ื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืืืชืืช. ืืืืื 2024 ืืืจืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืจืืช ืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืืช (ืืืื'ืก, ืคืืฅ' ืืกืื ืืจื ืื ื ืคืืจืก) ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื, ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืฉื ืช 1988. ืืื ืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืืฉ ืฉื S&P ืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืฉืืืืืช ืืฉื ืืกืืืื ืื ืืืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืฉื ืขืืืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืชืงืฆืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืช 2025. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2024 ืืืจืืื ืืืื'ืก ืืช ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉื ื ืืืืืคื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืชื ืืจืืืช. ืืฆืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืืกืื, ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืช ืืก ืขืจื ืืืกืฃ ื-17% ื-18%. ืขืื ืืคื ื ืืขืืืช ืืืืกืื, ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืคื ืืืขืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืืงืจื ืืืชืจ ื-38% ืืขืืืช ืืืืฆืข OECD. ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืงืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืฆืขืืื ืฉืงืฉืืจืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช. ืืืฉื, ืฉืื ืื ืืืง ืืกืื: ืืฉืคืืื ืฉืื ื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืงืื ืฉื ืืคืืืืืืงืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืคืืฃ ืืืกืืจ ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืกืจ ืขืืื ืืขืกืืง ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืชืืงืื ืืคืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ื ืืื. ืืืคืจืื 2025, ืืงืจืืช ืคืจืกืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉื ืืจืืืค, ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืขืงื ืืขืืืฃ ืืืกืืจื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช, ืืืืื ืืืืจืืงืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืก ืืืืื 17% ืขื ืกืืืจืืช ืืฉืจืืืืืช. ื-25 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืงืืขื ืืขืืช ืืจืื ืืก ืื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืจืืฉื ืฉื"ื ืืคืขืื ืืืืคื "ืฉืืื ื ืจืืื ืืืืืงืจืืื". ืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืฆืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืื ื-2018 ืงืืื ืืขืืจื ืืจื ืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืื ืงืื, ืืงืืจ ืืืื ืืืืก. ืืื ืืืชืจ ืฉืืื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืงืืจ ืืงืื ืืช ืืขืืจืช ืืืกืคืื ืืืืคื ืกืืืจ, ืืชืื ืืืื ื ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืกืืื. ืืืฉืืืช ืกืืขืช ืืืืื ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืขื: "ืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืกืื ืืงืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืก ืืืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืืืืก." ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจืจ ืฉืืชืคืืกื ืืฉืื. ืืชืื ืืืืฆืข, ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืจืื ืฉืืชืงืืื ืฉืงื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืจืช ืขืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืฆืขืช ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื, ื ืื ืืจืืื, ืืืกื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืก ืืขืื. ืืืฉืจ ื ืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืกืืจื ืืืกืคืืช ืืืกืืจืช "ืืืืขืื ืืงืืจืืช".[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืื 2023 ืชืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืขืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืขืื ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืงื ืืฉื ืช 2004, ืืืช ืืชืืฆืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืชื ืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืื ืคืงืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืืืชืจื ืขืืืื. ืืืืชื ืืืืืฉ ืฉืื ืืฉื"ื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืกืื ืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉืืงืื ืืืจืชืขื ื ืื ืืืืก ืืืืฆืขืืช โืกืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืก, ืืจืืืช ืืกืืืืืื ืืืืืงืืื, ืืืฉื ืืืชืจืขื, ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจืื ืืืฉืืื ืืกืคืจ 1". ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืฆืืช ืืืืืฉืื ืื ืงืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืกืื. ืืืื ืชืฉืจื 2023 ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืืื ืืืืก. ื-1 ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืืืฅ ืื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ืจืื ื ืืจ ืืืืฆืื ืืคืืขื ืืช ืชืืื ืืช "ืืขืจืืคื" ืืืืจืื ืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืืก, ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื ืืื ืื ืืงืื ืืกืืจื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืก. ืืืืงืจ 7 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2023, ืืื ืฉืืช, ืฉืืืช ืชืืจื, ื"ื ืืชืฉืจื ื'ืชืฉืค"ื, ืคืชืื ืืจืืื ื ืืืจืืจ ืืคืืกืืื ืื "ืืืืก" ื"ืื'ืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ื" ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ. ืืืกืืช ืฉืืืืจ ื-4,300 ืจืงืืืช, ืืืจื ื-6,000 ืืืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืขืฉืจืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉืจืืืืื, ืืืขืจ ืืืจื ืืืืชืงื ืื ืฆืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืขืืืฃ ืขืื ืืืกืืืืชื, ื-119 ืคืจืฆืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืจ, ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืื, ืชืื ื ืืืื ืงืจืืืช ืืจื ื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืขืืื. ืืืืืืื ืืืฆืขื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืก, ืจืฆืื ืืืจืื 1,173 ืื ื ืืื, ืืชืืื ืืืื ื-779 ืืืจืืื, ืืืืคื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ื-251 ืื ืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืจืื, ื ืฉืื, ืงืฉืืฉืื ืืชืื ืืงืืช. ืืฉืขืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืชืืช ืืืื ื ืืช, ืฉืืืจื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืืืืื ืฆื"ื, ืฉืืื ืื ืืืชืืช ืืกืคืจืืช. ืืงืจืืืช ื ืืจืื ื-1,609 ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืฆื ืืืฉืจืืื ื ืืจืื 329 ืืืืืื, 58 ืฉืืืจืื ื-10 ืื ืฉื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื. ืืฉืจืื ืคืื ืชื ืืืืฉืืืื 29 ืืืฉืืืื ืืขืืืฃ ืขืื ื-22 ืืืฉืืืื ืืฆืคืื ื. ืืืืืื ื ืืจืื ืจืืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืคื ืืืืืื, ื ืืจื ืืจืก ื ืจืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืชืืฉืื ืืจืฆืืขื ื ืืืฆื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืชืืืจืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื. ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืขืื, ื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืฆืืจ ืืืชื ืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืืช'ืื ืืืืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืื ืฉืืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืืชืขืฆืืืช ืืืืืก, ืืจืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืกืืจื ืืงืืช ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืง ืืช ืืืืก, ืืื ืขืฉื ืฉืืืฉ ืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืืช ืืืืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืกื ืืืง ืืืืืจืื. ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืฆืืืืจื ื"ืฉืืืช ืืืืจืืืช" ืืคืจืืฆืชื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืจืืืช, ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืงืจ ืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืชืช ืชืฉืืืืช ืขื ืื. ืขื ืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ, ืืฉืื ืืจืืืื ืืจืฉืช NBC ืืืืจืืงื ืืช ืืืืจ: "ืืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืจืืืช [...] ืืืืจืืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืื ืงืจื". ืื ืืืืืจ 2025 ืคืจืกื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืื"ื ืืฉื "ืืืขืืจ ืชืคืืกืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืคืขื ืขื ืชืืืืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืืฆื"ื", ืืืกืืจืช ืกืืจืช ืื"ืืืช ืขื ืืฉืื 7 ืืืืงืืืืจ, ืืื ืงืืข ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉ ืืืจืืืชื ืืืื ืช ืชืคืืกืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืื "ืืืชืื ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืืจืช ืืกืืจืืืื ืืืจืช ืืืื ืืืคื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืกื"ื ืื ืืจืฉ ืืืืคื ืืคืขืืชื, ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืื ืขืื ื-7.10.23". ืืืืื 2024 ืืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืงืืจ ืืืื ื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืืืืงืืจ ื ืื ืืคืขื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืคื ื ืฉื ื ืืชื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื, ืืงืืื ืคืืืฉืืช ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื'ื ืืืืื, ืกืื ืืช ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืงืืื ืืืจืืก ืืืืืขืื ืื ืฉืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค. ื-19 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2024, ืืฉืขืืช ืืืืงืจ, ืฉืืืจ ืืจืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืืื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืืืื"ื ืคืืข ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ื. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืคืืืขื ืืื ืืื ื ืคืืขืื ืืืืจืืข. ื-4 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2025 ืืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืฆื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค. ืืืืงืืจ ืืชืืงื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืกืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืฉืืชืคืช, ืืจืืืค ืืฆืืข ืืฆืขื ืืคืชืืขื ืืคืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืชืืงื ืฉืืืื ืขื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืชืคื ื ืืช ืืชืืฉืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืชืฉืงื ืืช ืืืืืจ ื"ืจืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื" ืชืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืจืืงืืืช. ืืฆืขื ืื ืขืืจืจื ืชืืืืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืืชืื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื-21 ืืืื 2025 ืืื ืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื, ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืฆื ืฉื ื. ืืืกืืืช ืืขืืชืื ืืื ืืชืืืืก ืืคืกืืงืช ืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืคืืืืจื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ืจืื ื ืืจ, ืืกืืืืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ื, ืืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืืืืจืขื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ื"ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ". ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉื "ื ืืื ืืืคืืคืื" ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืื: โืขืืฉืื ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืชืื, ืขื ืื ืชืงืคื ืืืชื ื ื-7 ืืืืงืืืืจ? [...] ืขื ืืืืกื F-35? ืขื ืื? ืขื ืื ืงืื? ืขื ืื? ืื ืชืงืคื ืืืชื ื ืขื ืืคืืคืื, ืงืืฆ'ื ืืงืืืื ืืื ืืจืื. ืื ืขืืื ืคืจืืืืช.โ ื-12 ืืืคืจืื, ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืกืื ืืจืขืื ืืืฉ ืืืงืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืคืืืืื 60 ืืื. ื-2015 ืขื ืคืจืืฉืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื-2018 ืืืืกืื ืืงืืื ืืคืฉืจื ืืืจืื ืืืคืงืืื ืืกืื"ื ืืคืงื ืขื ืืชืงื ืื, ืจืืช ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืชื ืขื 3.67%, ืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืขืฉืจ ืืืืชื ืขื 300 ืง"ื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืืค ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืืกืื ื-2018 ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืกื ืงืฆืืืช, ืืืืฆื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืช ืฉืื. ื-31 ืืืื ืคืจืกืื ืกืื"ื ืฉืืจืฉืืช ืืืจืื 408.6 ืง"ื ืืจืืช ืืขืฉืจื ืฉื 60%. ืืคื ืืขืจืืืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ืื ืขืฉืจ ืคืฆืฆืืช ืืจืขืื. ืืฉื ืืจืืืช ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื ืฉืืืฉ, ื ืืชืจ ืืืืจืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืจ ืืจืืื ืฉืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืจืขืื ืืช ืืคืืฆืืฅ. ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ 2025 ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืค ืืืืืืชื ืืคืืืจืืื ืฉื ืื ื ืขื ืืืขืืจ ืืฉืื ื' ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืก, ืกืืืืืช ืืืจืื, ืืื ืื ืืคืืจืืง ืืืืืืื ืื ืฉืงื, ืืืืกืืจ ืืืคืฉืจื ืืื ืกืืจืื. ืื ืืืืชื ืคืืืฉืชื ืืฉืืฉืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืค ืืฉื ืช 2025. ืื ืืืืืจ 2025, ืืกืขืืืื ืืืืืจืืงืืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืกื F-35 ืืงืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืจืขืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืืฉื ืช 2023. ืืืื 13 ืืืื ื 2025 ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื-ืืืืืื ื ืขื ืืืฆืข ืขื ืืืืื, ืฉืืืจืชื ืืื ืกืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืื ืชืงืฃ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืขืจืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืงื ื ืืจืขืื ืืืชืจื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืื ืืื ืืชื ืงืฉ ืืืื ืืจืืฉื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืช, ืืื ืืคืงื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืกืืื ืกืืืื, ืจืืื"ื ืฆืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืงืจื, ืืืืขื ื ืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืกืืืืืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื 30 ืืืจืืื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืืจืกื ืื ืืื ืื ืืชืฉืชืืืช. ืืืื 22 ืืืื ื ืืฆืืจืคื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืชืงืืคืืช ื ืื ืืืจืื, ืืชืงืคื ืืชืงื ื ืืืจืขืื. ื-24 ืืืื ื ืืืืจืื ืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืืืช ืคืกืงื. ื-5 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2026 ืคืจืกื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืชืฉืืืืชืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืงืช ืืืืงืจ ืืช ืืืจืืขื ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ. ืืืกืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคื ืืืืืืขืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืช ืืกืืืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืืื ืืืืก ืื ืกืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืช 2000 ืืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืฉื ืช 2005. ืืชืืืื ืืืกืื ืคืจืกืื ืืกืคืจ ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืขื ืืช ืฉืืืกืื ืืืื ืกืืืืคืื ืืฉืงืจืื. ืืจืืื"ื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืงืื ืืขื ืฉืืืกืื "ืฉืงืจื ืืื ืืคืืืืืื", ืืื ืืขื ืื ื"ื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืื"ืจ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืคืจืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืกืื. ืคืจืฉืืืช ืคืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืืคืืืืืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืขืืื ืืขื ืืช ืืคืืืืื: ืฉืฉ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืืจื, ืืชืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืชืืงืื ื ืกืืจื ืืืฉืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืืข ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ืชื ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืฉื ืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืคืจืฉืช ืืจ-ืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืจ 1997, ืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืช ืื ืืื ืืขืืจื ืืงื ืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ื ืคืชืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืขืงืืืชืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื. ืืืกืืฃ, ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืงืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืื, ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืคืจืฉื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืง ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืจืืืืช, ืื ืฆืืื ืื "ืืืชื ืืืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืขืื ืชืืืืืช". ืืคืจืฉืช ืขืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืกืคืืืืจ 1999, ืืืขืื ืืฉื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืงืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืจ ืขืืื, ืืืืืช ืขืืืืืช ืฉืืืฆืข. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2000 ืืืืืฆื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืขืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื, ืืจืื ืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืงืืจื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืงืืจืช ืคืจืฉืช ืขืืื, ืขืื ืืฉื ืฉืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืจื ืืืืงืชื ืืืืฉืืช ืืชื ืืช ืฉืืืชื ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืขืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืจืืืฉ ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืงืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืฉ ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืฉืชื ืืคืจืฉืืช, ืื ืืืืง ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืจืืืืช, ืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืจืฅ 2011, ืคืจืกื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืจืืื ืืจืืงืจ, ืชืืงืืจ ืืชืืื ืืช "ืืืงืืจ", ืฉืื ืืขื ืื ืืฉื ืื 1999โ2008 ื ืกืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืคืืชื ืืืืฅ ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืคืื ืคืจืืืื, ืื ืืืจื ืืืจืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคืืืืืืงื ื-2002. ืืชืืงืืจ, ืฉื ืืืข ื"ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืืืืจืก", ืืืื ืืืืืงื ืฉื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืงื ืืฉืืจืชืืช. ืืื ืืืจ 2017 ืงืืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืกืืืจืช ืืืืืงื. ืืื ืืื ืืืจ 2017 ื ืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ื ื ืืฉืืื: "ืชืืง 1000", ืืืืื ืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืจื ืื ืืืืฆ'ื ืื'ืืืืก ืคืืงืจ ื"ืชืืง 2000" ืืขืืกืง ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืื ืื"ื "ืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช", ื ืื ื ืืืืก, ืฉืืื โ ืขื ืคื ืืืฉื โ ืืฆืืข ืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืงื ืืกืืงืืจ ืืืืกืคืช ืืชืืื ืืืขืื ืืชืืืจื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืชืืื ืช ืืคืฆืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืื". ืขื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืคืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช "ืื ืืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืืื". ืืืืื ืืืงืืจืืช, ืืขืื ืืืจื ืื ืกืช ื"ืืืืืื" ืืฆืขืืช ืืืง ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืงืืจืืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืื ืืฆืขื, ืฉื ืืืขื ืืฉื "ืืืง ืืืืืฆืืช", ืฉืืคืื ืชืืฆืืืชืื ืฉื ืืงืืจืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืขืืจื ืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืฉืืจื ืชืฆืืื ืขืืืชื ืืขื ืืื ืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื. ืืืฆืขืืช ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืื ืืขื ืืืคืืื ืื ืื ื ืืขืื ืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2017, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืช ืื"ืจ ืืขืืช ืืคื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืื ืืืกืื, ืืืืืืื "ืืืง ืืืืืฆืืช", ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฆืขืช ืืืืง ืื ืชืืื ืขื ืืงืืจืืชืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2018, ืืืืจ ืืฉื ื ืืืฆื ืฉื ืืงืืจืืช, ืืืืขื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืกืงื ื ืื ื ืืฆืื ืชืฉืชืืช ืจืืืืชืืช ืืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืืงืื. ื"ืชืืง 1000" ืืืืกื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ื"ืชืืง 2000" ืืืืกื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืงืฉืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืขืช ืืืฉืืจื, ืืกืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขื ืืคืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืชื ืืืชืคืืจ. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืขื ืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืืืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืงืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืืืืจืื "ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฉืชืืจืจ ืืืจืืฉื ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืขื ืืชืืืฉืืช ืืกืจืืช ืืกืืก ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืงืืจื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืคืขืืชื ื ืืื" ืจืื ืืืจื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืคืจื ืจืืฉื ืืืคืืืืช ืื, ืืชืืืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืงืช ืืืคืืช ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืืคืช ืืืืง "ืชืืง 4000", ืืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื 433 ืฉื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืขื ืจืฉืืช ื ืืืจืืช ืขืจื, ืืื ืืืื ื 2017. ืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืื: ืืขื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืช "ืืืง" ืฉืืื ืืืืืืฅ', ืื ื"ืืืช "ืืืง" ืกืืื ืื ืืืจ, ืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืคืืืืจ ืืืืขืฅ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ื ืืจ ืืคืฅ. ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2018 ืืจืืฉืื ื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืืจื ืืืงืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื. ืฉื ืืื ืืืืฉืืืื, ืคืืืืจ ืืืคืฅ, ืืชืื ืขื ืืกืื ืขื ืืืื ื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืขื ืฉืืกืืืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืจื. ื-2 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018, ืคืจืกืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืื ื ืืฆืื ืชืฉืชืืช ืจืืืืชืืช ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื, ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืกืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืขื ืฉืืืืืืชืื ืืชืงืืื ืืืืืฆืช ืืืจืื ืืืงืฆืืข ืืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืืฃ ืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืกืื ืืคืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืฅ' ืืืืื ืืชืจ 'ืืืืื' ืกืืงืจ ืืืชื ืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืชืงืืคื ืืืืืืจืช. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืขื ืฉืืืงืืจื ืื ืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืื ืช, ืขืงื ืกืืจืื ืืืืงืจืื ืืขืืช ืืืชื ืคื ืื ืืื ืคื ืื ืขื ืขืื ืืืืื ื. ืขื ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืชืืงืื 1000, 2000 ื-4000 ืืฆื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืคืืฃ ืืฉืืืืข ืื ืชืคืืจืกื ืืคื ื ืืืืืจืืช, ืืฉืื ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืข ืืคื ื ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืขืื ืืืชื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื, ืืืชื ืืช ืืงืฉืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืืืืงืืืกืงื ืืืืืฉ ืืขืกืงืื ืกืคื ืกืจ ืคืจืืจืืื'. ืืืืขืื ืงืืขื ืื ืื ืขืืื ืืืืืืจ 300 ืืืฃ ืืืืจ ืฉืงืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืชืจ ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืคืกืง ืฉืืืืขืื ืชืงืืื ืืืื ื ืืกืฃ ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืคื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืคืจืืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืฉื ืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืขื ืืื ื. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2019 ืืืืืข ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืงืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืคืืฃ ืืฉืืืืข, ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืชืืงืื: ืืชืืง 1000 ื-2000 ืืืฉืืช ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื, ืืืชืืง 4000 ืืืฉืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืชืืืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืกืข ืฆืื ื ืืื ืืืืคืขืืช ืืืฅ ืคืกืื ืขื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืคืจืงืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืคืจืงืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืจื, ืฉืืืืจืื ืชืืื ืืขืืื ืงืืฆืื ืืช ืืขื ืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืื. ืืฉืืืืข ืืชืงืืื ืืืฉื ืืจืืขื ืืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืชื ืืฉื ื. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืืืืข ืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืชื ืืืฉืื ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืชืืง 4000 ืืืขืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืชืืงื 1000 ื-2000. ืืชืืืื ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืขื ืฉืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืืจืืคื ืขื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืคืช ืืืืง (ืืืฉืืจื, ืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื). ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืืืืืืกืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืฉืคื ืชืื ืืื ืืืื ืชื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืฉื ืขืชืืจื ืืื"ืฅ ืฉืืจืฉื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ, ืืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืจืขื-ืคื ืืกื. ื-2 ืืื ืืืจ 2020, ืืชืคืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืืงื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืง โ ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ื-1 ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืฉื ืืื"ืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืงืืืช ืืกืื ืืช ืืืขืืืชื ืืืื ืคืืืื. ื-28 ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืืืจ ืฉืจืฉืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืจืื ืืืืขืื ื ืื ืืชื ืืืกืื ืืช, ืืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืงืฉื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืขืืช ืืืืฉ ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื-24 ืืืื 2020 ืืื ืืฉืคืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืชืงืฉืืจืชื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืื. ื-30 ืื ืืืืืจ 2025 ืืืืฉ ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืฉืช ืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื, ืืฆืืง ืืจืฆืื. ืืช ืืงืฉืชื ื ืืืง: ืืืื 2024 ืืืืฉ ืืชืืืข ืืจืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืืื ืืงืฉื ืืฆื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืฉืืจืช ืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืจืขืืช ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืฆืขื ืืืืื, ืืจืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืจืฆื, ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืื ืืช ื ืื ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืจืืืช ืืืงืฉืจ ืฉื ืืจืขืื. ืืืงืฉื ืืืืฉื ืื ืืืคื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืืืงืืื ืืืืฉื ืืงืฉื ืืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืืืืก - ืืืื ืกื ืืืืจ, ืืกืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฃ. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2024 ืืืืืข ืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืื ืืืฆืื ืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืขื ืคื ืืืช ืืืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืจืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ืฉื ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืื, ืจืฆื, ืจืืืคื ืืืืืื ืช ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื ื ืชืืืื. ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืฆืืช ืฆืืื ืืืขืฆืจ ืืื ืฉ-124 ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืฆืืจ ืืืืกืืืจ ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืกื ืืชืืืื. ืืฆืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืืฆืช ืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืชืคืกืืช ืืืคืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืืง ืืืื-ืืืืื. ืชืคืงืืืื ืืขืืงืจืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืฉื ื ืฉื ืฆืืื ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืืืกืืืจืื ืื ืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ื, ืืื ืืคืงื ืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืฆืข ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืฆืขืืจ ืขืื, ืืื ืจืืคื ืืกืืคืจ. ืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืฉืข, ืืื ืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืืชืืืืงื, ืืขืื ืฉื ืฉืืคืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื, ืฉืืฉื ื ื ืชื ืืื. ื ืืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื (ืืืงื) ืืืืกืื (ืืืืจ ืืื, ืืจื) ืืฉื ืช 1972. ืืฉื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืช, ื ืืขื, ืฉืืืืื ืืืจื ืืชืฉืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืจืื, ืืืฉ ืขืกืงืื ืืกืื ืืจืกืื; ืืืชื ื ืืขื ืืฉ ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉื ื ืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1979 ืืชืืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืกืื. ื-1981 ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืจ ืงืืืืก, ื ืืฆืจืื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืขืืจื ืืืืจ ืงืื ืกืจืืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืื ืืฉืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืื"ื, ืขืืจื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืชืืืืงืกื. ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืืจืฉื ื-1989. ืืืจืฅ 1991 ื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจื ืื ืืจืฆื, ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ื"ืื ืขื". ืฉืจื ืืื ืืชื ืฉื ืืกืืคืจ, ืืืฉืืจืจ ืืืืื ื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืจืฆื, ืฉืืืฉื ืืคืกืืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืื ืฉื ื ืื ืื, ืืืืจ ืืืื ืจ. ื-2002 ืจืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืืกืจืื ืืกืืื ืฉื 1.8 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ. ื-2007 ืจืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื 1.7% ืืื ืืืช ืืืจืช NMDM, ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืชื ืืืืืงืืืกืงื, ืชืืืจืช 600 ืืืฃ ืืืืจ. ื-2010 ืืืจ ืืืชื ืชืืืจืช 4.3 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืืฉืงืคืื ืจืืื ืฉื 13.2 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืขื ืคื "ืคืืจืืก ืืฉืจืื", ืืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืื ื-50 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืช ืฉืชื ืงืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืจื ืขืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืฉืขืจืื ื-25 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืืขืฉืืจ ืืฉืืื ื ืืืืื, ืืฉื ืื 2023โ2024, ืขืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืชืืช ืงืืฆื ืื, ื ืืชืื ืืชืืงืื ืืงืข ืืคืฉืขืชื ืื ืืชืื ืืืกืจืช ืืืืืช ืืขืจืืื ืืช. ื-17 ืืืืื 2024 ื ืืฉืฃ ืื ืขืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืคืืชื, ืืื ืืฉื ืื 2018โ2023, ืขืืื ืขื 30 ืืืืืื ืฉืงืืื. ืืืจืฅ 2016 ืคืจืกื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืกืจื ื ืกืืืืก ืืคืืืกืืืง ืฉืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืืืจืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืขืฆืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉ 1 ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืืง ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืืจืืช ืืฉืชื ืฉืจื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืขื ืกื 279 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื. ื-11 ืืืื ื 2017, ืงืืข ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืจืข ืฉืคืืจืกื ืืืืจื ืืคืืืข ืืืืื ืืช ืกืจื ื ืืฉืื ืืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืคืืฆืืืื ืืขืื 15 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคื. ืืขืงืืืช ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืคืืืจ ืกืจื ื ืืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช. ืขืจืขืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืกืจื ื ืขื ืคืกืง ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ื ืืื. ืืงืฉืช ืจืฉืืช ืขืจืขืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืกืจื ื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืฃ ืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืขื ืกื 200 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืื ืืกืคืืช, ืฉืคืจืกื ืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืื ืื ืื ืงืืื ืืืืืช ืืกืคืืืช ืืคื ืกืื, ืืชืืืจื ืืื ืฉืืช ืืืื ืขืืืช ืืจืจื, ืืืฉื ื ืืืืขื"ืฉ ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืื, ืชืคืขื ืืืืืชื ืืชืืงืื. ืืืื 2023, ืืืฉืื ืคืฉืจื, ืฉืืืกืืจืชื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืชืืืขืชื ืืืกืคืืช ืืคืจืกื ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืืชื ืื ืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืช ืืจืจื ืื ืืช ืื ืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2022 ืืืื ืืืชืืจืจ ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืจ ื ืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืจื, ืขื ืฉืืขื ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืฉืื "ืืืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืงืืงืื ืืืืคืื ืคืกืืืืืืจื". ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2022 ื ืคืกืง ืฉืืืืืจื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืจืข ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืื ืืืฉืคืืช ื ืชื ืืื 62,500 ืฉ"ื ืคืืฆืืืื ืืชืืกืคืช 35,000 ืฉ"ื ืฉืืจ ืืจืื ืืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคื. ื-16 ืื ืืืืืจ 2023 ืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืจืฆื ืืชืฉืืื ืคืืฆืืืื ืืกื ืืืขืื ืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืืืื ืฉืืจืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืฆื ืืขื ืื ืืฉ ืืกืื ืกืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืคืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืชืคื ืืื ืืืืื. ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืคืกืง ืื ืืกืฃ 50 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื. ืืจืฆื ืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืคืกืง ืืืื, ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืคืกืง ืืืื ืื ืงืืข ืฉืืจืฆื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืจืื 290 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื, ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืชืฉืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2025 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืืช ืืฉืื ืืจืข ืืืืืช, ืืื ืชืืืขืืช ื ืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื, ืืืืขื ืฉืจืื, ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื. ืืืคืจืื 2025 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืฉืื ืืจืข ื ืื ืคืขืืืช ืืืืื ืฉืงืื ืืจืกืืจ, ืขื ืกื ืืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืืชืืืขื ืขืืกืงืช ืืฉืืืฉื ืคืจืกืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืขื ืืืืืจื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืฉืืื ืืงืืจ, ืื ืืขื ืื ืื "ืืคืจืกืื ืืืืืจ ืคืืืข ืืืกืืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืชืงืื ืืืขืจืื ืืืืืงืจืืื". ืืืืืื ืืื ืชื ืคืชืื ืืจืกืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืื, ืฉืชืื ืคืืืช ืืฉืขื ืืืืก 500 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื, ืืืืืฉื ืฆืื ืืืืชืจ ื-750 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืฉืชืจืื ื-4,800 ืืืฉ. ืกืคืจืื ืกืคืจืื ืืขืจืืืชื: ืืขืงืืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืืืช ืกืคืจ ื ืืกืฃ, ืฉื ืงืจื ืชืืืื "ืืฉืื ืืืจืื" ืืืืืฉื ื ืงืจื "ืื ืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื", ืืืฃ ืงืืื ืืงืืื ืขื ืคืจืกืืื ืืืื"ื, ืืืฆืืช ืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช, ืื ืขื ืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืืช, ืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ. ืคืจืกืื ืืืืงืจื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืจืฉืช ืขืืืื ืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืืืงืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืืืกืื โข ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื ื ืืจ ืืจืงืช โข ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืชื ืืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจืช ืืืืฉื ืืช, ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืืกืจืืืืฃ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืจืืืช ืืืกืคืืจื ืืืงื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืื ืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืฅ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืฅ โข ืกืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื, ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืจืืชื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืคืืจ ืกืืคืจ โข ืฉืจืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืกืืจืืง โข ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื ืขืืืืช ืกืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืงืืฉ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืงืจืขื โข ืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืจื ืจืื โข ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืืืืืง ืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืขืืืื ืฉืืงืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื: ืืืืื ืืืืื โข ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ: ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืช โข ืืฉืืื ื ืืจื โข ืืฆืืง ืืื โข ืืื ืขืืืจ โข ืืื ืืืงืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื: ืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื: ืืืื ืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(proposals)] | [TOKENS: 2508] |
Contents Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals) Discussions are automatically archived after remaining inactive for 7 days. requests for comment on enabling the 25th anniversary birthday mode to celebrate wikipedia's 25th anniversary, a toggleable "birthday mode" has been created. it consists of easter eggs involving baby globe, such as having it scroll a phone in the top right of an article while the reader scrolls down an article. more details can be found on the linked page. if the feature is enabled, by 26 january, administrators can configure the mode through community configuration; and the mode will be public from 16 february to 16 march (an administrator will have to turn on the feature on the day itself). enabling the feature requires "a consensus from your community", so i have brought it here to ascertain the community consensus. (there was some previous discussion on Wikipedia:Village pump (miscellaneous)/Archive 86 ยง Easter eggs, but it was archived without further action.) should english wikipedia enable the 25th anniversary birthday mode, and if so, should it be on by default? ltbdl (skirt) 19:19, 17 January 2026 (UTC)[reply] If Option 1 or Option 2 passes, should this be alongside the 25th anniversary logo/globe (used at the time of this writing, File:WP25 Vector 2022 LOGO.svg on Vector2022, File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-en-25-alt.svg on Vector) or the standard Wikipedia globe (File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg)? Looking at the documentation, it looks like it will be pretty accessible (pop-up) on mobile, while V22 desktop users will have it in their configuration panel โ not exactly hidden, but not the most accessible for new users unfamiliar with the interface. Chaotic Enby (talk ยท contribs) 21:30, 17 January 2026 (UTC)[reply] Regarding distractions, we have several articles with GIFs near the top of the page. Ones you'd expect, like Chronophotography, but also ones you may not, like Swing bridge and Panenka. Those GIFs can't be stopped by the average reader โ at least, I wouldn't know how โ which is in stark contrast to the cute puzzle globe, which looks like it can be disabled with one or two well-advertised button presses. Toadspike [Talk] 21:09, 18 January 2026 (UTC)[reply] Guideline status for WP:CLOSE Should WP:Closing discussions be made a guideline? Aaron Liu (talk) 17:22, 26 January 2026 (UTC)[reply] BOLD is actually more fundamental formal closing seems quite abnormal and exceptional The page waffles indecisively about how discussions may be left open for years or not closed at all it doesn't catalog these and explain their closure rules Wikipedia:Consensus#In talk pages and Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a democracy appear to cover some of the same territory, so I'm not convinced this is necessary. Also: When the other editor pointed out that your close might have been imperfect, am I correct in assuming that said editor was on the "losing" side of that discussion, and thus motivated to find any possible rule that might extend the dispute instead of having it resolved the "wrong" way? WhatamIdoing (talk) 20:11, 26 January 2026 (UTC)[reply] Meta comment: A WP:PROPOSAL is supposed to be made on the talk page of the proposed guideline. I don't think we need to take any action right now, but if this discussion gets long (RFCs on Village pump pages frequently need to be WP:SPLIT to keep the overall page size under control), maybe it could be moved there instead of to a subpage. WhatamIdoing (talk) 20:25, 26 January 2026 (UTC)[reply] I agree that there should be a guideline on closing discussions, but it might be worth fine-tuning it a bit and getting everything in one place first. Right now it's not as concise as it probably could be. Thebiguglyalien (talk) ๐ธ 22:08, 26 January 2026 (UTC)[reply] Replace animated GIFs with SVG animation, AVIF or APNG As title, since the UK and US governmental websites do not consider any browser whose share of usage does not exceed 2%, and the only browsers (considering only newest versions) that lack APNG support are Internet Explorer and Opera Mini, which are extremely rarely used worldwide, and AVIF has major web browser support, and currently even an entry-level notebook can commit real-time SVG rendering quite quickly, just like in 2007, many PCs can not commit smooth H.264 decoding, yet not long after even an entry-level notebook can do so, and GIF lacks true color and color management support, this proposal won't harm. By the way Wikimedia Foundation can announce that IE and Opera Mini will be unsupported after 3 months, making exploiting newer web technologies (e.g. the newest edition of ECMAScript) possible and reducing the burden of newbies of the Mediawiki staff. RekishiEJ (talk) 13:42, 4 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] References RfC: Should we deprecate WP:RfA? This process has seen rare usgae, even its counterpart WP:RfB is not even used. Should we deprecate it? ~2026-36939-5 (talk) 15:56, 6 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Make it so unregistred users cannot submit empty submissions There has been a increasing number of empty submissions submitted by unregistred users. Those are usually declined automatically on WP:AFC/R and,. to a lesser extent, WP:AFC/C. My proposal: implement a new guideline/policy regarding empty submissions on a new AfC subpage. ~2026-36939-5 (talk) 12:48, 7 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] On proposing a new contentious topic Is there an appropriate venue for proposing that a topic should be designated as a contentious topic? I've looked at the venues for ArbCom and RfC for this matter, though I've yet to find an appropriate place for such proposals. In this case, I'm indending on proposing East Asian politics and history, WW1 and beyond as a contentious topic, largely due to it having an extensive history of editing disputes. (to name a few, Japanese war crimes, Japan during World War II, Unit 731). I know that ArbCom proposals for cases like these require you to name a few users and such, however this issue is somewhat widespread, and would take much longer in compiling involved accounts anyhow. --- nโhโ8 (he/him) 14:30, 10 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] One-click log out: restore the good old days The change to a two-click logout is really irritating me. Sure it's nice to cancel an accidental click, but that happens very rarely. Having to remember the second click - right across the other side of the page - is far the dominant action; timewasting, unreliable. All too often I come back to find that I am still logged in from last time. Having to log back in after a rare accidental click is not /that/ burdensome. Please can we restore the old-style one-click logout? Or at least make it an optional user setting? โ Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 08:54, 12 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Biographies in person Infoboxes The Infobox person block is a great place for noting essential data about the subject of a biographical article. As such, it seems to be an excellent place to note link(s) to primary biographical media about the subject. I notice that one of the box's current fields, television, is nearly perfect for this purpose but its very name and usage precludes the use of other media types: Television programmes presented by or closely associated with the subject. For multiple entries, use an inline list. I propose that the television field in the Infobox person template be deprecated and a new field TBD (bio_media perhaps) be created to replace it. The new field should be restricted entirely to link(s) to media (that is, books, films, television shows) about the subject that are: As an infobox field is it also important that its contents be brief. To prevent misuse it should: Ke6jjj (talk) 21:04, 12 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Original idea: Template talk:Infobox person#Television jailbreaking article There should be an article on llm jailbreaking. ~2026-10003-58 (talk) 21:25, 13 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Should we have an essay or something on "Jew tagging"? continuation of archived discussion Doug Weller talk 15:34, 16 February 2026 (UTC)See archived discussion.[reply] In the past, every baseball player whose ancestors were Jewish was described in Wikipedia as a "Jewish-American baseball player", while those whose ancestors were not Jewish were described as an "American baseball player". (Black American players were separately tagged.). This is, of course, offensive. The euphemism "from a Jewish family" can be deployed to tag Jews whose families have not identified as Jewish for generations. It is a particular irony that Wikipedia continues to employ the Nรผremberg laws to define who is a Jew. MarkBernstein (talk) 04:45, 17 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] RfC: Bringing back Quickpolls The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Previous discussions: Should we bring back quickpolls? Quickpolls were a trial of a system for making fast decisions about problematic users. They consisted of polls among Wikipedia regulars on issues that needed to be quickly resolved. It operated from March to June of 2004, although some action continued into July. General Background Color It's apparent that you've made several advancements in the past couple of years regarding your site's appearance, specifically in the ability to manage content organization. Wikipedia has always conveyed with its bare appearance that it was set up in someone's spare time, even though the content elements have become very sophisticated. A slightly fancier presentation appears long overdue. It will also help people read longer. Please add a readily available option to make the background of your pages a faint beige. It adds a touch of class and generally makes text easier to read, given that it provides a tiny bit less contrast, as black on white glows fairly quickly. And you already have the option for dark mode (which takes contrast to its own level). Three variations of this color have come out of discussion. They are best assessed at scale, behind actual content. One is more brown, and two are more peachy. The peachy ones come from popular situations, but I think that the brown one is easier to read from. The faint brown tint is: The peachy tints are: Other ideas were mentioned, built on this one; for example, applying this to every Wikimedia project. It's likely that this one simpler idea stands best on its own, for straight-forward implementation, and any others can be considered separately. Thanks for your time and consideration. ~2026-90420-1 (talk) 09:28, 18 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Renaming of Articles for creation Should we rename "Articles for creation" to "Pages for creation"? WP:AFC/C does not only apply to articles but to othe rpages in namespaces as well. ~2026-36939-5 (talk) 11:30, 18 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(policy)] | [TOKENS: 6312] |
Contents Wikipedia:Village pump (policy) The policy section of the village pump is intended for discussions about already-proposed policies and guidelines, as well as changes to existing ones. Discussions often begin on other pages and are subsequently moved or referenced here to ensure greater visibility and broader participation. Please see this FAQ page for a list of frequently rejected or ignored proposals. Discussions are automatically archived after 6 days of inactivity. To keep this page's size accessible, discussions with more than about 100 comments should be split to a separate page. Upgrade MOS:ALBUM to an official guideline I floated this at Village pump (proposals) here awhile back, and there was wide support for doing this (some editors said they felt it unofficially already was a guideline). But, it was noted that the essay, Wikipedia:WikiProject Albums/Album article style advice, needed some clean up and to be fleshed out in places. After multiple discussions, including some disputes and RfCs, I think the essay is finally in a place where there is an updated consensus and enough detail that it can be an official MOS style guideline. This is a formal presentation of the updated and discussed essay to see if there is support for making it formally part of Wikipedia's Manual of Style.--3family6 (Talk to me|See what I have done) 12:35, 26 January 2026 (UTC)[reply] Introduce maximum page size and mandatory archiving for pages intended for user communication (accessibility) Do you support these changes as presented in the table below? If not, which specific parts of the changes do you not like? A very similar set of ideas was previously discussed at the idea lab section of the Village Pump, where I got some encouraging feedback. Szmenderowiecki (talk ยท contribs) 14:29, 29 January 2026 (UTC)[reply] Do not archive pages manually, unless this is necessary because bot errors somehow prevent the pages from being archived. User talk: pages are exempt. Single discussions split into their own pages due to size considerations are exempt from internal archiving but have to be searchable through archives of the page they were split from. There are pages that remove discussions instead of deleting them, e.g. WP:ERRORS, which could benefit from the log-based scheme. Pages that remove discussions are already in violation of the rule that discussions should be archived, not blanked; this rule will make sure that the transition must take place. The point is to make sure that pages are responsive upon reading and editing. HTML size is not a perfect proxy for measuring this but much better than wikitext. Page weight matters a lot, so some value needs to be set. A median desktop page weighs about 800-900 KB HTML+CSS+JS these days. We can't measure the impact of JavaScript directly on the CPU/browser, but there are Inspect tools integrated in the (desktop) browser. For example, ANI (2062 KB HTML as I write) has an OK value for Largest Contentful Paint (1.86 s) and good Interaction to Next Paint time (40 ms), but not very good values for Cumulative Layout Shift (0.1 s). When I try to edit it in source, however, the latter two values grow to pretty horrible 1,256 ms and 1.02 s; typing text sends INP value - which is basically lag - to an asinine 4,432 ms (syntax highlight on; Chromium 143). The page visibly struggles. Larger talk pages may freeze or crash browsers, or make them effectively uneditable, which is an absolutely unacceptable outcome. The point is to make sure that the value is set reasonably high to allow wide discretion to manage talk pages but not too high to make compliant pages struggle on devices that are not top-shelf. Compliant pages should give users at most mild inconvenience in reading and editing, given any reasonable device and Internet configuration. Any threshold value is arbitrary but the value appears to be a good compromise. (second and later paragraphs based off performance and the page weight chapters of the HTTP Archive Almanac. See the performance page for good reference values of Inspect parameters I mentioned) Lazy loading and render engine improvements depend on WMF/MediaWiki. While their performance improvements are welcome, there is absolutely no guarantee that they will do it, and there is no deadline for them. This proposal is something we as users can do right now. Some users claimed that we should not do it because other websites become heavier over time, which they do, so the value will become obsolete as old hardware is inevitably replaced with better hardware. For one thing, if other websites create pages that consume tons of resources, they are free to do so, but it doesn't mean we should do the same or force people with devices that have poorer performance to make them suffer through loading. For another, consensus can change and we can edit the value later. Almost 1000 user talk pages exceed 400 KB wikitext weight. There are a couple of pretty bad talk pages, too. See also WP:CHOKING and Wikipedia:Vandalism#Illegitimate_page_lengthening. Articles have guidance on size. HTML size does not account for the weight of loaded images. If the page is image-heavy, consider lowering the maximum page size limit. To measure HTML weight of a given page, you can use tools such as WP:PROSESIZE. On desktop, there is also an option to open "View page source" and copy-paste the code into a text counter to see the number of bytes. If the page intended for user communication is likely to routinely exceed the maximum size limit, and if the log system is not used, the archiving interval (=time since the last comment in the thread) of an archiving bot must be set at at most 10 days. This, or lower, value, should be only set for high-traffic pages. The second part is designed to a) force high-traffic pages to adopt relatively aggressive archiving schedule and b) effectively exempt them from the requirement that the page be smaller than 1200 KB HTML. The only consideration for high-traffic pages is whether it's more desirable to keep the page small and friendly to edit/read or to keep threads for slightly longer to encourage more discussion. Generally more discussion is more desirable, but on pages like ANI, where threads are often closed in a matter of hours, this may actually be not necessary. Any user may choose to blank most messages on their own talk pages, but archiving is recommended instead. There are messages that the user must not remove. If a user removes a message from the talk page, whether by themselves or assisted by automation, this will mean that the user has read and is aware of its contents. Insisting on keeping the message that the user may delete against the user's wishes is not appropriate. Archive bots must not archive threads on pages intended for user communication if: The second requirement is to prevent (potentially) active discussions from being archived. As mentioned above, manual archiving of talk pages is discouraged. But on the off-chance that the thread still is relevant even if archived by bot, the instruction is kept. Users will still be able to manage User talk: pages as they like, but they will have to clear clutter from time to time. It doesn't matter how they do it so long as they do it. an administrator may unilaterally impose an archive bot using the loosest limits necessary to maintain the minimum user talk page accessibility criteria long-term, or correct values to more aggressive archiving if the archive bot was deployed but the size of the talk page is still too large. For people who use archiving by periods of time rather than numbers, a period can be chosen that is likely to stay within these limits, but no longer than 365 days. The archive bot must not be removed without agreement from the administrator who imposed it. The administrator must notify the user of the intervention. Non-administrators may request this intervention at the incidents section of administrative noticeboard. Such requests must be granted if any of the above points apply. If a user doesn't know how to set up an archive, they can always ask for help. Again, it doesn't matter how they choose to clean up the page to a minimum standard so long as they actually do the clean up. I'm not saying "make it super tidy" but more like "make it not look a total mess". If users feel particular attachment to the collections of their discussions that they ABSOLUTELY NEED on one page, they can create a subpage in the User: space for themselves and advertise it with big-ass fonts. They can also have discussions they are fond of on their talk page so long as they keep the overall size in check. The requirement for administrators to intervene is to make sure the heightened accountability standards apply, even if such intervention does not involve administrative tools. Note that having a big talk page is NOT in itself misconduct. No blocks, no warnings intended, unless there's some real shenanigans going on or the refusal is so stubborn it has a real impact on the community. Upper archive size limit: 150 KB (wikitext) Minimum thread count: 10 (outside user talk pages) Maximum archiving interval: 365 days (1 year), but not until the minimal thread count is exceeded. We already have a recommendation [about] [l]arge talk pages... The end.โS Marshall T/C 20:36, 31 January 2026 (UTC)[reply] Pinging all participants of the deletion review that precipitated the discussion, the idea lab thread and the talk page guideline thread. I have reason to believe that these participants will be likely interested in this discussion. Pings: @Voorts, OwenX, GreenLipstickLesbian, SuperPianoMan9167, Katzrockso, Tryptofish, SmokeyJoe, Bradv, XtraJovial, Jumpytoo, EEng, SportingFlyer, ~2025-43151-08, Sugar Tax, Cryptic, Jclemens, S Marshall, Spartaz, LakesideMiners, Alalch E., Skynxnex, Schazjmd, WhatamIdoing, ActivelyDisinterested, Aaron Liu, Gnomingstuff, Anomie, ~2025-31733-18, Ritchie333, Mathglot, CapnZapp, Rolluik, Zxcvbnm, Locke Cole, Guy Macon, Vanamonde93, Cremastra, Rchard2scout, Polygnotus, JoJo Anthrax, Ltbdl, Odysseus1479, LaundryPizza03, Andrew Gray, GreenC, Levivich, SnowFire, FaviFake, Blueboar, and ~2025-35132-06: @JoJo Anthrax, Ltbdl, Odysseus1479, LaundryPizza03, Andrew Gray, GreenC, Levivich, SnowFire, FaviFake, Blueboar, ~2025-35132-06Swordman97, Rutebega, SunDawn, Stifle, Toadspike, Andrew Davidson, Alpha3031, Chipmunkdavis, Coining, Otr500, Andrybak, Andrew Gray, and Wbm1058: Szmenderowiecki (talk ยท contribs) 14:29, 29 January 2026 (UTC)[reply] You gave the reason yourself above (@23:10, 29 Jan) why this Rfc was unnecessary and a gigantic waste of time; quote: We already have a recommendation [about] [l]arge talk pages... Precisely. There are different levels of obligation and administrative enforcement depending on how serious a particular kind of violation is, which is why adding copyrighted material to a Wikipedia article or libeling someone is going to get you in hot water faster than conflict of interest violations, which in turn will get you in trouble faster than WP:Manual of style violations. As you say, we already have a recommendation about this, but apparently, your opinion is that the existing recommendation doesn't have enough teeth in it on the enforcement side, hence all the draconian language trying to sharpen the teeth. But this violates the sense of proportion. There is a reason that libel and copyright get more attention and stricter enforcement. No doubt in the thicket of Wikipedia regulations, improvements can be made, but we do not want very large talk pages to have the kind of enforcement wording or response that libel does; it is way out of proportion to the seriousness of the violation (if it is even deemed a violation at all). Nothing in your Rfc proposal is an improvement over current guidelines imho, imperfect as they my be; rather, they would make page and archiving guidelines worse, and cause additional strife among editors, perhaps resulting in enforcement discussions against users with long talk pages. Is that really the hill you want to die on?Mathglot (talk) 02:58, 30 January 2026 (UTC)[reply] A lot to unpack here: We don't know what the specs of that device that loaded the page for 30 seconds were, and what software they use. We don't know if that device is one of the "ancient" devices that the user uses for browsing the web (what is "ancient"?). What they said does not exclude the possibility that they tested it on an iPhone 16 Pro or some modern PC for $2000+. We don't know what the "other pages" are. I'm the user in question: that particular test was with an obsolete Android phone from circa 10 years ago. I tried it today with a 2015-model Raspberry PI 2 that I bought in 2016 for about $30 (now past end-of-life, has been sitting in a non-climate controlled junk drawer for years) and was also able to successfully load the page and open the editor (first load on that machine took about 10 minutes, but subsequent loads took ~30 seconds, indicating that the slow first load was due to media loading/caching, not byte size as targeted by this proposal). I don't claim to understand your computer setup better than you do, but I'm just saying that you seem to have far more powerful hardware than I do, on a better internet connection, yet you seem to be getting worse results. -- LWG talk (VOPOV) 02:22, 1 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] LONG PAGES At Wikipedia:Database reports/Long pages/User talk (no_subpages) I see a bunch of users who were indefed long ago and are obviously never coming back. Would anyone object if I or someone else set up archiving on those pages? --Guy Macon (talk) 02:17, 1 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] This discussion was opened two days ago (14:29, 29 January) so why does it already feel like a month? The section sizes template (which I don't trust for word count) tallies the discussion at 129,627 bytes and 606 prose words. My text editor (which I do trust, but which counts hidden text and sigs as words) tallies it as 130,065 bytes and 21,662 words. There is a do-not-archive-until template at the top configured for 5 March. If the discussion keeps going at this rate until 5 March, it will be approximately 1.8 million bytes and over 300,000 words.[b] What shall we do? Your choice? Mathglot (talk) 03:49, 1 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] I propose the following change to Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines#Archiving: sapphaline (talk) 10:22, 1 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Per WP:RFC#Reasons and ways to end RfCs, there are five ways an Rfc may end. One way, is a consensus among participants to end it (#2 in the list). However, that requires discussion and time, and given the size of this discussion already and the number of participants, that may be a significant effort in itself. However, there is a much quicker and easier path. The originator may decide to withdraw the Rfc unilaterally (per #1) if the outcome seems clear early. Normally, this would be carried out by the OP removing the {{Rfc}} tag at the top, however, this Rfc has no such tag. So that we don't become bogged down in bureaucracy, I think I can speak for most participants here that a clear statement from the OP, such as, "I withdraw this Rfc because reason" would be sufficient to meet the requirements of method #1. Szmenderowiecki, you are in a unique position to be able to end the Rfc now. Would you be willing to do so? You are, of course, under no obligation whatever, and you don't even need to respond to this if you don't wish to. Cheers, Mathglot (talk) 23:00, 2 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Concerns around COI Edit Request system Something I have seen often is professional public relations firm reps hinting or requesting they'd like their requests worked on by certain editors much like people specifying certain servers at restaurants based on past experience. I believe something that encourages randomized matching would benefit with protecting the integrity of neutrality. The concern I am seeing with the current system is serious potential for the formation of premediated "buddy system" planted by resourced public relations firms. Algorithm based random matching of requester and volunteer responder would prevent such collusion. Graywalls (talk) 18:26, 2 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Many times I became a "regular" at some article with a declared COI editor. Reconrabbit described the real reasons, which are legit. I've never ran into someone expecting improper treatment. North8000 (talk) 12:56, 7 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Since becoming more active in COI, I have worried about this issue. I focus on the oldest edit requests and clearing out the backlog. However, if there is some hidden priority system there could be a whole section of this content that I do not see. This discussion lacks data. I wonder if there is a way to get a histogram of all edit requests in the last year and the time it took between request being made and the request being closed. If this distribution is not exponential I suspect there is a problem. However, I am uncertain how to make such a distribtuion without a lot of programming. I may be able to write a Module if this if no one has a better solution.Czarking0 (talk) 19:57, 10 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] IP block exemption and Russia Hello. I am an editor of Russian Wikipedia, where a request is currently being considered by the Arbitration Committee regarding the ipblock-exempt flag. I would like to ask you for a brief comment on how this process works in English Wikipedia. In Russia, virtually all foreign sites and apps such as YouTube, WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, Telegram, etc. (but not wiki), are currently de-facto blocked. In this regard, I have several questions: Mitte27 (talk) 10:57, 12 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] How can we avoid Wikipedia containing misleading information that makes people think Uyghurs and Tibetans are not Chinese dissidents? I have found numerous misleading statements in Wikipedia articles using the phrase "Uyghurs, Tibetans, and Chinese dissidents," which may lead people to mistakenly believe that Uyghurs and Tibetans are not Chinese dissidents; I hope you can help me correct this to "Chinese dissidents, e.g. Uyghurs, Tibetans" or a similar expression! Uyghurs (talk) 21:04, 15 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Structural Concerns About AfC Review of Scientific and Technical Topics The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. I would like to raise a policyโlevel concern regarding AfCโs handling of scientific and technical submissions. This is not directed at individual reviewers but at systemic issues that affect Wikipediaโs reliability as a global public resource. Scientific notability does not follow mediaโdriven patterns. Scientists are not public figures, and publicity is often discouraged because it can compromise intellectual property, distort scientific communication, or encourage pseudoโscience. As a result, scientific impact is measured through scholarly citation networks, patent citations, industrial adoption, and peer recognition โ not through traditional news coverage. AfC reviewers, who are generalists, are not trained to interpret these indicators. This leads to technically strong drafts being declined because they lack news profiles, even though news coverage is not a meaningful metric of scientific significance. Conversely, less rigorous content may be accepted because it fits a celebrityโbased model of notability. Additionally, scientific biographies necessarily include technical context. Frontier scientific work is not common knowledge, and without explanation of methods, frameworks, and contributions, readers cannot understand why the subject is notable. This content is not โfluffโ or resumeโlike; it is the core encyclopedic record of scientific progress. I propose that AfC develop clearer guidance for evaluating scientific notability, encourage deferral when reviewers are out of depth, and collaborate more closely with relevant WikiProjects. These steps would help align AfC practice with Wikipediaโs mission to provide accurate, balanced, and comprehensive information. U249601 (talk) 01:00, 16 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] WP:DAB vs WP:Set index article What's the difference between these two things? I ask because I recently nominated Domkino for deletion (see Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Domkino based on the fact that it was a DAB page consisting only of redlinks, and I received some strong pushback indicating that this is not, in fact, a DAB page, but is instead at "set index article" (and was marked with {{Set index article}}. But my reading of WP:Set index article indicates that an SIA should be a fleshed out article about a broad topic that may have many links to specific articles (such as Dodge Charger, which broadly describes the brand, and links to many articles about specific years and sub-models of that car). But there is not broad discussion of the topic at Domkino, merely a set of links to specific places named Domkino. So where does the difference lie? WikiDan61ChatMe!ReadMe!! 15:25, 16 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] RfC: BLPRESTORE: removal vs. administrative deletions Please see Wikipedia talk:Biographies of living persons ยง RfC: BLPRESTORE for an RfC about whether the word "deleted" in WP:BLPRESTORE should refer to the removal of text or admin actions. ~ ToBeFree (talk) 09:52, 17 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] NPOV Regarding associates named in Epstein files There is an ongoing discussion here [] that I think could use more input. Iโm interested in hearing how others think we should balance completeness with restraint here, and whether existing policy provides enough guidance or if clearer consensus is needed. Coffeeurbanite (talk) 17:34, 18 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Exhaustive list of company's product I believe there's a general consensus to support that such should not be in the article about a company in accordance with WP:NOTADIRECTORY. However, is creating a list a reasonable approach per WP:LISTCRIT or would it be more like gaming the system? Examples are exhaustive list of albums, sometimes along with the catalog number of barely notable run of the mill independent record labels created as "discography of some record label" which is essentially like a "list of all light bulbs made by GE Lighting". For example Loud Records discography, which is basically using Wikipedia like Discogs. Some justified these articles by referring to the existence of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Discographies_of_American_record_labels this category. Graywalls (talk) 03:39, 19 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Persistent businessman offering to write academic Wikipedia pages for a fee Between October 2025 and this month I have received six unsolicited emails from a person offering (insistently) to write a Wiki page about one of my academic books. The person/organisation seems dubious and traces back to an internet presence in Austin, Texas, in Johannesburg, South Africa, and an engineering supplier in Wyoming and Ghaziabad, India. The emails have gradually become more insistent, with the latest urging "The longer you wait, the more you leave your reputation in someone elseโs hands" and "someone else could control the narrative". I have no interest in such a service and have not replied to him. I wondered whether such efforts are scams or contrary to Wikipedia policies. SFJoh (talk) 13:42, 19 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] "Notability" really is a terrible name. I've heard it discussed around a fair amount, and I'm sure it's one of those 'perennial proposals' that the veterans here are going to roll their eyes and say "ugh, somebody's bringing THIS up again," but I do think it bears saying. Notability is an awful descriptor for what we're actually looking for, which is presence in sources. That's 'notedness' if anything, not 'notability', and the inevitable result is that every time you tell someone you can't accept their autobiography/company's article/article about their favourite media thing because it's 'not notable,' they get their haunches up and go on a tirade about how many awards they/the thing have won and how many cool things they/the thing have done, etc. Pretty much every mention of something being notable or not notable has to be accompanied by a mandatory disclaimer of what notability means here and how it doesn't mean what they think it does. It's a thought particularly spurred on by my deletion nomination of the article Deaglรกn de Brรฉadรบn, which led the man himself to post a response essentially calling me a nasty person for daring to imply that him and his career aren't notable... which, of course, is not actually what we mean, despite literally saying the words "you aren't notable enough for a Wikipedia article" So, the obvious question is; what would we call it instead? I've heard the term "Criteria for inclusion" mentioned, which I think would be a graceful solution, since you can explain that the criteria for inclusion is presence in sources etc without ever having to use the scary word 'notability.' Whatever alternative option is presented, I do think it is seriously high time that Wikipedia take the big step of retiring the term 'notability' Athanelar (talk) 00:39, 20 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Why is Graydon Carter's bio so awful Paragraph 1 has 3 sentences and 3 citation admonitions. "Early life" is similar. In addition, there is warning at the top that the article needs work. Excuse me, but doesn't anyone else find this aesthetically, and psychologically, distasteful? And if you keep reading it's a litany of complaints that [failed verification] [dead link] [bare URL] ad nauseam. I understand how we might have gotten here, but I object to where we are. This kind of article is very difficult to improve, because its "technical debt" wasn't managed. Thanks for listening to me complain, hoping for some advice and/or sympathy 11:41, 20 February 2026 (UTC) Reechard (talk) 11:41, 20 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Template for gloss needed language maintenance tag? I'm a bit lost and don't know where to ask; it's an odd question; since I can't find anything like it in Category:Language maintenance templates, do we have something like {{Needs IPA}}, {{Verify spelling}}, {{Script needed inline}} but for needing someone to help with {{Literal translation}} or {{Gloss}}? The reason I'm asking, I found some suspicious looking "literal" translations that I'm not qualified to check validity for & am wondering how do I tag them to alert fluent speakers who may assist. Slovborg (talk) 15:51, 20 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Why did the Prince Andrew page get renamed so fast with regards to COMMONNAME? The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. This isn't a rhetorical question or meant to actually change anything, sincere interest. The page for Prince Andrew was renamed to Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor within days (if even that) after his royal title was stripped from him. However, pages like Gulf of Mexico and Twitter are still titled their "old" names due to WP:COMMONNAME. What was different about Prince Andrew? TheRealOj32 (talk) 20:12, 20 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] AI SEO In WP:WikiProject AI Cleanup/Noticeboard#Chat hack there was a suggestion for some guideline or policy warning. Suggestion will be appreciated. Thanks Yesterday, all my dreams... (talk) 09:11, 21 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Is large-scale paid editing considered NOTHERE? I've come across an editor whose userpage contains paid editing declarations for seven people and one company. Their entire editing activity here is dedicated to trying to publish articles about their clients. Is this not an example of someone whose entire purpose here is to promote their clients, and is therefore definitionally not here to build an encyclopedia? I know we don't outright forbid paid editing, but surely there must be a point of scale where we acknowledge that someone is interacting with Wikipedia as a marketer and not a contributor? Athanelar (talk) 10:57, 21 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/huggingface/models] | [TOKENS: 678] |
Hugging Face The AI community building the future. FineVision: Open Data Is All You Need SmolVLM: Redefining small and efficient multimodal models The Future of the Global Open-Source AI Ecosystem: From DeepSeek to AI+ 18 days ago โข 45 Architectural Choices in China's Open-Source AI Ecosystem: Building Beyond DeepSeek 25 days ago โข 45 One Year Since the โDeepSeek Momentโ Jan 20 โข 60 On the Shifting Global Compute Landscape Oct 29, 2025 โข 61 Announcing Hugging Face Fundamentals: A New Learning Track on DataCamp Oct 16, 2025 โข 23 Yay! Organizations can now publish blog Articles Jan 20, 2025 โข 53 huggingface 's models 18 Sort: Recently updated huggingface/documentation-images Updated 17 days ago โข 10 huggingface/hugging-face-semi-analysis Updated Nov 28, 2025 โข 1 huggingface/time-series-transformer-tourism-monthly Time Series Forecasting โข 30.5k โข Updated May 24, 2025 โข 2.1k โข 29 huggingface/timesfm-tourism-monthly 106k โข Updated Mar 31, 2025 โข 8 โข 3 huggingface/CodeBERTa-language-id Text Classification โข Updated Mar 29, 2024 โข 283 โข 67 huggingface/falcon-40b-gptq Text Generation โข 7B โข Updated Jun 14, 2023 โข 24 โข 14 huggingface/autoformer-tourism-monthly Updated May 24, 2023 โข 972 โข 10 huggingface/distilbert-base-uncased-finetuned-mnli Text Classification โข 67M โข Updated Mar 22, 2023 โข 101 โข 2 huggingface/informer-tourism-monthly Updated Feb 24, 2023 โข 1.23k โข 8 huggingface/the-no-branch-repo Text-to-Image โข Updated Feb 10, 2023 โข 9 โข 6 huggingface/CodeBERTa-small-v1 Fill-Mask โข Updated Jun 27, 2022 โข 43.8k โข โข 88 huggingface/test-model-repo Updated Nov 19, 2021 โข 2 huggingface/bert-base-cased-wikitext2 Fill-Mask โข Updated Sep 26, 2021 โข 4 โข 1 huggingface/gpt2-wikitext2 Text Generation โข Updated Sep 26, 2021 โข 5 โข 4 huggingface/prunebert-base-uncased-6-finepruned-w-distil-squad Question Answering โข Updated May 19, 2021 โข 37 โข 4 huggingface/prunebert-base-uncased-6-finepruned-w-distil-mnli Text Classification โข Updated May 19, 2021 โข 46 โข 2 huggingface/funnel-small-base Feature Extraction โข Updated Aug 31, 2020 โข 3 โข 1 huggingface/funnel-small Feature Extraction โข Updated Aug 31, 2020 โข 232 โข 1 |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(idea_lab)] | [TOKENS: 4392] |
Contents Wikipedia:Village pump (idea lab) Before commenting, note: Discussions are automatically archived after remaining inactive for 10 days. Signpost on Main page I have an idea to (propose to) include a dedicated box on the Main Page for The Signpost similar to that Today's Featured List/Picture etc. I'm thinking it should displayed on the Main Page for 3/5 days after each issue is published; Any thoughts/suggestions regarding it would be appreciated..! Vestrian24Bio 12:24, 18 January 2026 (UTC)[reply] I Support what has already been suggested here, a link in Template:Other areas of Wikipedia replacing the link to the obsolete portal space. Template:Other areas of Wikipedia/sandbox Guilherme Burn (talk) 22:02, 29 January 2026 (UTC)[reply] Can we reframe this? I urge contributors to remember the point of the idea lab is to be a brainstorming location. As noted at the top "Stalwart "Oppose" and "Support" comments generally have no place here." That is often challenging, because in many cases and this is a good example, it's easy to find reasons for outright rejection. However part of the point of brainstorming is to ask whether there is anything of value that could be reframed into something more acceptable. For example, MEN KISSING (talk ยท contribs) said "The Signpost is a big part of why I signed up for Wikipedia in the first place!". A potential reframe could be: Original: " put the signpost on the main page so it gets more exposure, " Reframe " the goal is more exposure; are there ways to accomplish this?" I'll also note the concern about the recent LLM issue, which arguably doesn't just make inclusion on the front page problematic, it might make more exposure in general problematic, but I would reframe that to say the LLM issue suggests "not now" rather than "absolutely not" S Philbrick(Talk) 21:43, 5 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] What if some articles could add a comment section? Like for example, what if an article on a fiction book or series could be commented on by people who feel like the article is missing something? Any thoughts if this is unreasonable? โ Preceding unsigned comment added by ~2026-57372-0 (talk) 21:14, 27 January 2026 (UTC)[reply] Repetitive editors Do we have rules or policies for editors who systematically do the same thing repetitively? Like changing which/that or killed/murder or any number of examples. Like splitting/merging paragraphs. They are some of the most irritating editors. Some are banned and they never go away turning into decades-long zombie LTA cases. They start out in good faith, become true believers, irritate the hell of everyone, get banned, and keep coming back with socks and IPs. There should be some kind of rule that can quickly stop it. Call it WP:REPETITIVE, a noticeboard where the community can discuss cases brought there. This often comes up at ANI, but usually not until they have already caused a lot of disruption. Repetitive editing is neary the same as bots, which have strong regulations. Human editors doing the same have no checks, except ANI which is inconsistent and difficult. -- GreenC 04:20, 28 January 2026 (UTC)[reply] Disruptive editing is a pattern of editing that disrupts progress toward improving an article or building the encyclopedia. This may extend over a long time on many articles. Tendentious editing is a pattern of editing that is partisan, biased, skewed, and does not maintain an editorially neutral point of view. It may also involve repeated attempts to insert or delete content in the face of the objections of several other editors, or behavior that tends to frustrate proper editorial processes and discussions. This is more than just an isolated edit or comment that was badly thought out. addition of favorite pages almost all the pages on my watchlist, i dont actually add to because i want to watch them, but because i want a easy way to access them and remember them, so i propose favorites, specifically for pages you want to remember, plus, a average user of wikipedia probably only uses it for checking pages, they may have a particular or multiple pages they need to a easy way to access, for example, a person might need to write something on topic like color theory, they could add it to their favorites and not their watchlist as they have no plans to edit it Misterpotatoman (talk) 19:41, 2 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] a addition of a blogs to wikipedia by what i mean is a separate part of wikipedia that is purely for sharing interesting facts like average probability of a certain leaf, there is no widespread interesting fact sharing platform to my knowledge besides quora posts bug this would be more things you know, whole quora is more lessons you learn from what i've read and quite alot of people would like to fill that feeling, the best place for this would be to do is specific tumblr communities and those are more about fiction to my knowledge, this would be more about real life topics, it would feel out something akin to watching those interesting videos on relatively random topics, it would be separated into many sections, the main thing against this idea is that "why would this encyclopedia have unsourced content?" and to that i say because i think a majority of wikipedias users would also like this feature because they probably know alot of things they would like to share, the actual reason this shouldn't get added is because it would probably be better as separate wiki project, very different from anything to do with wikipedia and basically any other wide stream wikiproject. Misterpotatoman (talk) 09:20, 3 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Five strikes down to three Wikipedia's default warning system (for example, with Twinkle) to problematic editors is an escalating set of five stages. Basically: note, caution, warning, final warning, and then a report for potential blocking. Recent changes reviewers may decide to skip levels, issue single warnings, etc, but the default is five. I feel that's a ridiculously lax standard. Because the harshest sanction we can enforce is to not allow editing, we reserve it for only the most persistent vandals and problematic editors. The problem with that mindset is that the threat of being blocked from editing is not actually a deterrent at all - because what does the bored kid who wants to add "eats poop" to an article care about eventually being unable to continue doing that? I'd like us to default to a three-tier system: caution, warning, block, with a low threshold for reducing that to immediate blocks. For TA's, a 24 or 31 hour block for a few clearly non-constructive edits (or a single egregious edit, such as to BLP articles) should be no big deal and handed out generously. Curious to see what others' thoughts are, especially fellow recent-change patrollers. Matt Deres (talk) 20:38, 3 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] some little page type shortcuts searching "{{" could show results for templates, so instead of "Template:Example" it could be "{{Example" or "{{Example}}" which would redirect to "Template:Example", "[[" could maybe also have the same effect with files, so "[[example"/"[[example]]" redirects to "File:example" Misterpotatoman (talk) 06:29, 5 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] LLM harm reduction policy Since the latest policy proposal on using LLMs is unlikely to pass, I thought that maybe a different approach could work. Most of these proposals suffer from the enforcement problem: that it's extremely difficult to definitively determine whether any given text was LLM-generated (see this report by WikiEdu for the discussion on what works and what doesn't). The community would not want to sanction editors based on uncertain evidence. Alternative proposal: address the harms directly! Rather than trying to detect LLM use itself, what if we focused enforcement on the specific problems that LLM-generated content causes? Consider the major issues with LLMs These measures target the harm to encyclopedia quality directly. They can work alongside (and serve as an enforcement mechanism of) a more general ban if we end up adopting it. They can also work on their own if we don't adopt a general ban on LLM content. What other specific harms from LLM use can you think of? Any side effects such measures might have? Alaexisยฟquestion? 11:28, 5 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] talk page and forum edits being separated from edits to pages you probably had that moment where you've been in a few conversation and now suddenly can't find your actual edits easily, your edits would be separated into 2 main types, being edits (edits to articles normal people read) and posts (talk page and forum edits, like the one here now for editors to talk), this would make navigating edits easier, there could also be a option to make it like how it is now in preferences Misterpotatoman (talk) 19:33, 5 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Automatic categories via WikiData This seems like something that would have been discussed in the past, but I haven't seen any discussions so here goes... Quick caveat: I'm just recently getting back into Wikipedia editing, so there's a good chance I'm not up to date on how some of this stuff works - so take the below with a grain of salt. Many (most?) categories on Wikipedia (and likely on other sites like Commons) look to me like they could be automatically generated by querying WikiData. For example, take https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Albums. This category could be easily represented with a WikiData query - "Give me all Wikipedia pages that correspond to 'instance of' 'album'". For another example, take https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Against_Me!_songs. Corresponding WikiData query: "Give me all Wikipedia pages that correspond to 'instance of'='album', where 'performer'='Against Me!'" Another non-music example: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People. Corresponding query: "Give me all Wikipedia pages that correspond to 'instance of'='person'". Over the long-term, I think it would be way more scalable and maintainable to generate Category lists automatically using WikiData, rather than requiring editors to manually keep these up to date. Benefits: Another option: Another possibility would be allowing let users to associate a WikiData query with a manually-created Category. Then, let the user click "run query" to get back a list of pages from the query. This would let the user compare the manually-curated pages in the Category to the query-generated Category pages. Another option: Create an alternative type of Category (maybe call it "auto-generated Categories" or similar) to fulfill this need, rather than messing with/impacting the existing Category system. And allow users to look at Categories and Auto-generated Categories side-by-side. This could be a beta feature for awhile, invisible by default until the bugs are worked out. Ancient9983 (talk) 10:42, 9 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] General Background Color Hello. [I have not seen much of the inner workings of Wikipedia previously, so please excuse me if my letter format, including the compliments preceding my idea, is thought of as superfluous.] Thank you all for all of your efforts collectively for 25 years. It's apparent that you've made several advancements in the past couple of years regarding your site's appearance, specifically in the ability to manage content organization. I have a suggestion just regarding the overall visual, and it should be fairly simple, because of the CSS layer of website code. It might take even a single change effecting all of your pages. Wikipedia has always conveyed with its bare appearance that it was set up in someone's spare time, even though the content elements have become very sophisticated. But given that you're touting your 25 years, and drawing attention to your extensive processes and the many people involved, a slightly fancier presentation appears long overdue. Please make the background of your pages a faint beige. It adds a touch of class and generally makes text easier to read, given that it provides a tiny bit less contrast, as black on white glows fairly quickly. Color #FFFEF5 is an example. With the various options that you've been adding, including the dark option (which takes contrast to its own level), maybe you'll feel it best to make this an option. Thanks for your time and consideration. ~2026-90420-1 (talk) 04:31, 10 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] New bot idea? Since autoblockiing bots can unintentionally block WMFLabs or cause other collateral damage, I think we should have a bot that automatically disables autoblock for users with the bot flag. Toast1454TC 13:10, 10 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] BLP ECR Has there ever been a discussion on making all BLPs ECR? This has always been an issue on Wikipedia with IPs (now TAs) and new users making drive by BLP edits that can be promotional or defamatory. Making them all ECR would probably help with that by ensuring editors are here for constructive purposes, and in the longrun help with reducing VRT workload responding to issues. Thoughts on this? Is it silly? Does it make sense? โ Metallurgist (talk) 19:29, 10 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Better solutions for archiving web pages Given the stance of Wikipedia on the matter of copyright, it is not possible for Wikipedia itself to host and manage a publicly viewable archive of webpages being cited. The situation with archive.today should be a wake-up call to better plan out how to deal with this matter. However, Wikipedia can develop, or at least endorse, a decentralized/distributed alternative archive: where the editors can use the developed software to store the DOM tree and/or screenshot of the webpage on IPFS or equivalent content-addressed cache, where we can use cryptographic hash to verify the authenticity of the cited material. This should also reduce dependence on Internet Archive moving forwards. Some volunteers can use copyright-havens (an allusion to tax-havens) to host a gateway to this decentralized archive, avoiding DMCA takedowns and such, in the manner of Sci-Hub, Libgen etc. (It is also of interest how the courts will decide on scraping of the internet to obtain training data for LLMs.) What are the current state of the art in this direction? What do we need to do if we choose to go in this direction? What are some other viable directions to consider in this regard? Smlckz (talk) 11:38, 12 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Citations to require date/accessdate when using URL (to help with link rot) To assist with verification and finding suitable archival snapshots of webpages, it may be a good idea to make it a requirement to provide a valid |date= or |accessdate= parameter whenever a |url= parameter is used by a citation template. What I'm suggesting is that a warning message be displayed like when citing without a |title= parameter. Ideally, only one of them would have to be present to remove the warning, since it's often preferable for verification to have |date= but many websites don't provide one; |accessdate= provides a fallback when the reference is undated. If doing it that way would be difficult to code we could instead leave |date= as optional and make only |accessdate= a requirement, though this would increase the backlog we would have to deal with, so I'd rather avoid it. If implemented as accepting either |date= or |accessdate=, the wording of the warning should make it clear that |date= is not an alias or abbreviation for |accessdate= so newer editors are not confused. The warning should probably only be visible to editors, not readers. If the presence of a date in some form were required with a URL, it would be a starting point for searching through snapshots of a webpage; just start with the snapshot with the nearest date. At present it's never a requirement, even for {{cite web}} where there's no alternative to using |url=. It might also be helpful for bots, since a bot could then not only check if a snapshot merely exists on an archival site but also check which snapshot is likely to be the most helpful, based on the archival date. I first suggested this at Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Archive.is RFC 5 in the context of migrating archive links away from Archive.today; finding suitable snapshots elsewhere would be more straightforward if URLs were always paired with dates. Regardless of whether a consensus to deprecate/replace Archive.today links emerges, requiring dates with URLs would help with link rot in general. If implemented, it would have to be done by an editor who has both technical knowledge and relevant permissions, as it would require modifying protected templates and possibly Module:Cite and/or related modules. It would also require making an appropriate tracking category, so editors could monitor and begin dealing with the new backlog of citations that should have dates but don't. (I'm posting it here as I'm unsure if it's sufficiently "concrete" for "Proposals". If it is, please let me know so I can move this over there.) โ Scyrme (talk) 23:03, 15 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Gwtar: HTML archival format a static efficient single-file HTML format https://gwern.net/gwtar https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=47024506 Piรฑanana (talk) 03:26, 16 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Coloured WP:RSP How about we use colours to make WP:RS sources stand out? Something in lines with this? The pop-up link could be in green as well. A different colour will also raise intrigue among new editors, and will ultimately lead up to a good chunk of them getting aware of the different categories of sources, especially reliable sources, in Wikipedia. Cdr. Erwin Smith (talk) 07:23, 18 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] References Planning help for AI workflows A discussion has been started about what help page on using AI on Wikipedia to draft first. See Wikipedia talk:Help Project#Planning help for AI workflows. โ The Transhumanist 13:35, 19 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Using a bot to apply Template:New archival link needed to references I created Template:New archival link needed as a potential solution to highlight links to archive.today or other deprecated archival repositories. Following the archive.today RFC being closed in favor of deprecation and removal, I am wondering if it is possible to have a bot append this template to references linking to archive.today as part of the removal process. mdm.bla 03:21, 20 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] Do not delete a citation merely because the URL is not working. Dead links should be repaired or replaced if possible. If you encounter a dead URL being used as a reliable source to support article content, follow these steps prior to deleting it: Remove hopelessly-lost web-only sources References better calculation where to suggest on a zero return search. When I do a search for a string using insource, it is *much* more likely to actually finish if I add a "normal" word to search for in the search. So if I do a search on (putting # around my searches in this text) # insource:/dia of Fraternities/i stevens #, it goes much faster than and is far more likely to finish than # insource:/dia of Fraternities/i # . The issue is that if the first search returns no records (say if I'd searched on # insource:/\<ref>[^\<]*dia of Fraternities/i stevens # ), it says "Showing results for sevens. No results found for insource:/\<ref>[^\<]*dia of Fraternities/i stevens." This assumes that the "problem" is there are no hits for stevens, not that the insource is limiting them. In the case where an insource: (or intitle: etc.) squeeze the results down to zero records, I propose that it show the results for the normal word actually in the search, in that case stevens rather than sevens. This is just an example, I've run into it doing other similar searches. I'm not sure this is ready for a proposal, or where this discussion should be done, but the help desk doesn't seem like the right place.Naraht (talk) 21:44, 20 February 2026 (UTC)[reply] |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi] | [TOKENS: 17154] |
Contents Karachi Karachi[a] is the capital city of the province of Sindh, Pakistan. It is the largest city in Pakistan and 12th largest in the world, with a population of over 20 million. It is situated at the southern tip of the country along the Arabian Sea coast and formerly served as the country's capital from 1947 to 1959. Ranked as a beta-global city, it is Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre, with an estimated GDP of over $200 billion (PPP) as of 2021[update]. Karachi is a major metropolitan area and is considered Pakistan's most cosmopolitan city, and among the country's most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse regions, as well as one of the country's most progressive and socially liberal cities. The region has been inhabited for millennia, but the city was formally founded as the fortified village of Kolachi as recently as 1729. The settlement greatly increased in importance with the arrival of the East India Company in the mid-19th century. British administrators embarked on substantial projects to transform the city into a major seaport, and connect it with the extensive railway network of the Indian subcontinent. At the time of Pakistan's independence in 1947, the city was the largest in Sindh with an estimated population of 400,000 people, and a slim Hindu majority. Following the partition of India, the city experienced a dramatic shift in population and demography with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Muslim immigrants from India, coupled with an exodus of nearly all of its Hindu residents. The city experienced rapid economic growth following Pakistan's independence, attracting migrants from throughout the country and other regions in South Asia. According to the 2023 Census of Pakistan, Karachi's total population was 20.3 million. Karachi is one of the world's fastest-growing cities, and has significant communities representing almost every ethnic group in Pakistan. Karachi holds more than two million Bengali immigrants, a million Afghan refugees, and up to 400,000 Rohingyas from Myanmar. Karachi is now Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre. The city has a formal economy estimated to be worth $190 billion as of 2021[update], which is the largest in the country. Karachi collects 35% of Pakistan's tax revenue, and generates approximately 25% of Pakistan's entire GDP. Approximately 30% of Pakistani industrial output is from Karachi, while Karachi's ports handle approximately 95% of Pakistan's foreign trade. Approximately 90% of the multinational corporations and 100% of the banks operating in Pakistan are headquartered in Karachi. It also serves as a transport hub, and contains Pakistan's two largest seaports, the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim, as well as Pakistan's busiest airport, Jinnah International Airport. Karachi is also considered to be Pakistan's fashion capital, and has hosted the annual Karachi Fashion Week since 2009. Known as the "City of Lights" in the 1960s and 1970s for its vibrant nightlife, Karachi was beset by sharp ethnic, sectarian, and political conflict in the 1980s with the large-scale arrival of weaponry during the SovietโAfghan War. The city had become well known for its high rates of violent crime, but recorded crimes sharply decreased following a crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM political party, and Islamist militants, initiated in 2013 by the Pakistan Rangers. As a result of the operation, Karachi dropped from being ranked the world's 6th-most dangerous city for crime in 2014, to 128th by 2022. Etymology Modern Karachi was reputedly founded in 1729 as the settlement of Kolachi-jo-Goth during the rule of Kalhora dynasty. The new settlement is said to have been named in honour of Mai Kolachi, whose son is said to have slain a man-eating crocodile in the village after his elder brothers had already been killed by it. The name Karachee, a shortened and corrupted version of the original name Kolachi-jo-Goth, was used for the first time in a Dutch report from 1742 about a shipwreck near the settlement. History The region around Karachi has been the site of human habitation for millennia. Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic sites have been excavated in the Mulri Hills along Karachi's northern outskirts. These earliest inhabitants are believed to have been hunter-gatherers, with ancient flint tools discovered at several sites. The expansive Karachi region is believed to have been known to the ancient Greeks, and may have been the site of Barbarikon, an ancient seaport which was located at the nearby mouth of the Indus River. Karachi may also have been referred to as Ramya in ancient Greek texts. The ancient site of Krokola, a natural harbour west of the Indus where Alexander the Great sailed his fleet for Achaemenid Assyria, may have been located near the mouth of Karachi's Malir River, though some believe it was located near Gizri. No other natural harbour exists near the mouth of the Indus that could accommodate a large fleet. Nearchus, who commanded Alexander's naval fleet, also mentioned a hilly island by the name of Morontobara and an adjacent flat island named Bibakta, which colonial historians identified as Karachi's Manora Point and Kiamari (or Clifton), respectively, based on Greek descriptions. Both areas were island until well into the colonial era, when silting in led to them being connected to the mainland. In 711 CE, Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Sindh and Indus Valley and the port of Debal, from where he launched his forces further into the Indus Valley in 712. Some have identified the port with Karachi, though some argue the location was somewhere between Karachi and the nearby city of Thatta. Under Mirza Ghazi Beg, the Mughal administrator of Sindh, the development of coastal Sindh and the Indus River Delta was encouraged. Under his rule, fortifications in the region acted as a bulwark against Portuguese incursions into Sindh. In 1553โ54, Ottoman admiral Seydi Ali Reis, mentioned a small port along the Sindh coast by the name of Kaurashi which may have been Karachi. The Chaukhandi tombs in Karachi's modern suburbs were built around this time between the 15th and 18th centuries. The first port was established by the Kalhoras near Karachi in the mid-18th century, known as Kharak Bander. Nineteenth century Karachi historian Seth Naomal Hotchand recorded that a small settlement of 20โ25 huts existed along the Karachi Harbour that was known as Dibro, which was situated along a pool of water known as Kolachi-jo-Kun. In 1725, a band of Baloch settlers from Makran and Kalat had settled in the hamlet after fleeing droughts and tribal feuds. A new settlement was built in 1729 at the site of Dibro, which came to be known as Kolachi-jo-Goth ("The village of Kolachi). The new settlement is said to have been named in honour of Mai Kolachi, a resident of the old settlement whose son is said to have slain a man-eating crocodile. Kolachi was about 40 hectares (99 acres) in size, with some smaller fishing villages scattered in its vicinity. The founders of the new fortified settlement were Sindhi Baniyas, and are said to have arrived from the nearby town of Kharak Bandar after the harbour there silted in 1728 after heavy rains. Kolachi was fortified, and defended with cannons imported from Muscat, Oman. Under the Talpurs, the Rah-i-Bandar road was built to connect the city's port to the caravan terminals. This road would eventually be further developed by the British into Bandar Road, which was renamed Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road. The name Karachee was used for the first time in a Dutch document from 1742, in which a merchant ship de Ridderkerk is shipwrecked near the settlement. In 1770s, Karachi came under the control of the Khan of Kalat, which attracted a second wave of Balochi settlers. In 1795, Karachi was annexed by the Talpurs, triggering a third wave of Balochi settlers who arrived from central Sindh and southern Punjab. The Talpurs built the Manora Fort in 1797, which was used to protect Karachi's Harbour from al-Qasimi pirates. In 1799 or 1800, the founder of the Talpur dynasty, Mir Fateh Ali Khan, allowed the East India Company under Nathan Crow to establish a trading post in Karachi. He was allowed to build a house for himself in Karachi at that time, but by 1802 was ordered to leave the city. The city continued to be ruled by the Talpurs until it was occupied by forces under the command of John Keane in February 1839. The British East India Company captured Karachi on 3 February 1839 after HMS Wellesley opened fire and quickly destroyed Manora Fort, which guarded Karachi Harbour at Manora Point. Karachi's population at the time was an estimated 8,000 to 14,000, and was confined to the walled city in Mithadar, with suburbs in what is now the Serai Quarter. British troops, known as the "Company Bahadur" established a camp to the east of the captured city, which became the precursor to the modern Karachi Cantonment. The British further developed the Karachi Cantonment as a military garrison to aid the British war effort in the First Anglo-Afghan War. The Portuguese Goan community started migrating to Karachi in the 1820s as traders. The majority of the estimated 100,000 who came to Pakistan are primarily concentrated in Karachi. Sindh's capital was shifted from Hyderabad to Karachi in 1840 when Karachi was annexed to the British Empire after Major General Charles James Napier captured the rest of Sindh following his victory against the Talpurs at the Battle of Hyderabad. Following the 1843 annexation, the entire province was amalgamated into the Bombay Presidency for the next 93 years, and Karachi remain the divisional headquarter. A few years later in 1846, Karachi suffered a large cholera outbreak, which led to the establishment of the Karachi Cholera Board (predecessor to the city's civic government). The city grew under the administration of its new Commissioner, Henry Bartle Edward Frere, who was appointed in the 1850s. Karachi was recognized for its strategic importance, prompting the British to establish the Port of Karachi in 1854. Karachi rapidly became a transportation hub for British India owing to newly built port and rail infrastructure, as well as the increase in agricultural exports from the opening of productive tracts of newly irrigated land in Punjab and Sindh. By 1856, the value of goods traded through Karachi reached ยฃ855,103, leading to the establishment of merchant offices and warehouses. The population in 1856 is estimated to have been 57,000. During the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, the 21st Native Infantry, then stationed in Karachi, mutinied and declared allegiance to rebel forces in September 1857, though the British were able to quickly defeat the rebels and reassert control over the city. Following the Rebellion, British colonial administrators continued to develop the city's infrastructure, but continued to neglect localities like Lyari, which was home to the city's original population of Sindhi fishermen and Balochi nomads. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Karachi's port became an important cotton-exporting port, with Indus Steam Flotilla and Orient Inland Steam Navigation Company established to transport cotton from rest of Sindh to Karachi's port, and onwards to textile mills in England. With increased economic opportunities, economic migrants from several ethnicities and religions, including Anglo-British, Parsis, Marathis, and Goan Christians, among others, established themselves in Karachi, with many setting-up businesses in the new commercial district of Saddar. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, was born in Karachi's Wazir Mansion in 1876 to such migrants from Gujarat. Public building works were undertaken at this time in Gothic and Indo-Saracenic styles, including the construction of Frere Hall in 1865 and the later Empress Market in 1889. With the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Karachi's position as a major port increased even further. In 1878, the British Raj connected Karachi with the network of British India's vast railway system. In 1887, Karachi Port underwent radical improvements with connection to the railways, along with expansion and dredging of the port, and construction of a breakwater. Karachi's first synagogue was established in 1893. By 1899, Karachi had become the largest wheat-exporting port in the East. In 1901, Karachi's population was 117,000 with a further 109,000 included in the Municipal area. Under the British, the city's municipal government was established. Known as the Father of Modern Karachi, mayor Seth Harchandrai Vishandas led the municipal government to improve sanitary conditions in the Old City, as well as major infrastructure works in the New Town after his election in 1911.[failed verification] In 1914, Karachi had become the largest wheat-exporting port of the entire British Empire, after large irrigation works in Sindh were initiated to increase wheat and cotton yields. By 1924, the Drigh Road Aerodrome was established, now the Faisal Air Force Base. Karachi's increasing importance as a cosmopolitan transportation hub leads to the influence of non-Sindhis in Sindh's administration. Half the city was born outside of Karachi by as early as 1921. Native Sindhis were upset by this influence, and so on 1 April 1936, Sindh was established as a province separate from the Bombay Presidency with Karachi was once again made capital of Sindh. In 1941, the population of the city had risen to 387,000. At the dawn of independence following the success of the Pakistan Movement in 1947, On 15 August 1947 Capital of Sindh shifted from Karachi to Hyderabad and Karachi was made the national capital of Pakistan. Karachi was Sindh's largest city with a population of over 400,000. The city had a slight Hindu majority, with around 51% of the population being Hindu. Partition resulted in the exodus of much of the city's Hindu population, though Karachi, like most of Sindh, remained relatively peaceful compared to cities in Punjab. Riots erupted on 6 January 1948, after which most of Sindh's Hindu population fled to India, with assistance of the Indian government. Karachi became the focus for the resettlement of middle-class Muslim Muhajir refugees who fled India, with 470,000 refugees in Karachi by May 1948, leading to a drastic alteration of the city's demography. In 1941, Muslims were 42% of Karachi's population, but by 1951 made up 96% of the city's population. The city's population had tripled between 1941 and 1951. Urdu replaced Sindhi as Karachi's most widely spoken language; Sindhi was the mother tongue of 51% of Karachi in 1941, but only 8.5% in 1951, while Urdu grew to become the mother tongue of 51% of Karachi's population. 100,000 Muhajir refugees arrived annually in Karachi until 1952. Muhajirs kept arriving from different parts of India until 2000. Karachi was selected as the first capital of Pakistan, and was administered as a federal district separate from Sindh beginning in 1948, the capital of Sindh shifted again from Hyderabad to Karachi until the national capital was shifted to Rawalpindi in 1958. While foreign embassies shifted away from Karachi, the city is host to numerous consulates and honorary consulates. Between 1958 and 1970, Karachi's role as capital of Sindh was ceased due to the One Unit programme enacted by President Iskander Mirza.[failed verification] Karachi of the 1960s was regarded as an economic role model around the world, with Seoul, South Korea, borrowing from the city's second "Five-Year Plan". Several examples of Modernist architect were built in Karachi during this period, including the Mazar-e-Quaid mausoleum, the distinct Masjid-e-Tooba, and the Habib Bank Plaza (the tallest building in all of South Asia at the time). The city's population by 1961 had grown 369% compared to 1941. By the mid-1960s, Karachi began to attract large numbers of Pashtun, Punjabis and Kashmiris from northern Pakistan. The 1970s saw a construction boom funded by remittances and investments from the Gulf States, and the appearance of apartment buildings in the city. Real-estate prices soared during this period, leading to a worsening housing crisis. The period also saw labour unrest in Karachi's industrial estates beginning in 1970 that were violently repressed by the government of President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from 1972 onwards. To appease conservative forces, Bhutto banned alcohol in Pakistan, and cracked-down of Karachi's discotheques and cabarets โ leading to the closure of Karachi's once-lively nightlife. The city's art scene was further repressed during the rule of dictator General Zia-ul-Haq. Zia's Islamization policies lead the Westernized upper-middle classes of Karachi to largely withdraw from the public sphere, and instead form their own social venues that became inaccessible to the poor. This decade also saw an influx of more than one million Bihari immigrants into Karachi from the newly made country Bangladesh which separated from Pakistan in 1971. In 1972, the Karachi district divided into three districts, East, West and South districts. The 1980s and 1990s saw an influx of almost one million Afghan refugees into Karachi fleeing the SovietโAfghan War. This was followed by refugees escaping from post-revolution Iran. At this time, Karachi was also rocked by political conflict, while crime rates drastically increased with the arrival of weaponry from the War in Afghanistan. Conflict between the MQM party, and ethnic Sindhis, Pashtuns, Punjabis and Balochis was sharp. The party and its vast network of supporters were targeted by Pakistani security forces as part of the controversial Operation Clean-up in 1992 โ an effort to restore peace in the city that lasted until 1994. Anti-Hindu riots also broke out in Karachi in 1992 in retaliation for the demolition of the Babri Mosque in India by a group of Hindu nationalists earlier that year. In 1996, two (02) more districts created in the Karachi Division named Central and Malir districts. The 2010s saw another influx of hundreds of thousands of Pashtun refugees fleeing conflict in North-West Pakistan and the 2010 Pakistan floods. By this point Karachi had become widely known for its high rates of violent crime, usually in relation to criminal activity, gang-warfare, sectarian violence, and extrajudicial killings. Recorded crimes sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM party, and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the Pakistan Rangers. As a result of the operation, Karachi went from being ranked the world's 6th most dangerous city for crime in 2014, to 128th by 2022. In 2022 at least one million flood affectees from Sindh and Balochistan took refuge in Karachi. A major fire broke out on 18 January 2026 at Gul Plaza, a large shopping mall in Karachi, Pakistan, killing at least 21 people and leaving more than 60 missing. The blaze, one of the cityโs largest in over a decade, spread through the multi-story complex containing around 1,200 shops and burned for more than 24 hours before being mostly extinguished. Rescue teams later recovered bodies from the site while cranes demolished remaining structures amid collapse concerns. The fire caused widespread damage, with many shop owners losing years of investment and livelihoods. Geography Karachi is located on the coastline of Sindh province in southern Pakistan, along the Karachi Harbour, a natural harbour on the Arabian Sea. Karachi is built on a coastal plain with scattered rocky outcroppings, hills and marshlands. Mangrove forests grow in the brackish waters around the Karachi Harbour (see: Chinna Creek), and farther southeast towards the expansive Indus River Delta. West of Karachi city is the Cape Monze, locally known as Ras Muari, which is an area characterised by sea cliffs, rocky sandstone promontories and beaches. Karachi lies very close to a major fault line, where the Indian tectonic plate meets the Arabian tectonic plate. However, Karachi lies near the western edge of the Indian Plate, on the Indo Gangetic Plain. Within the city of Karachi are two small ranges: the Khasa Hills and Mulri Hills, which lie in the northwest and act as a barrier between North Nazimabad and Orangi. Karachi's hills are barren and are part of the larger Kirthar Range, and have a maximum elevation of 528 metres (1,732 feet). Between the hills are wide coastal plains interspersed with dry river beds and water channels. Karachi has developed around the Malir River and Lyari Rivers, with the Lyari shore being the site of the settlement for Kolachi. To the east of Karachi lies the Indus River flood plains. Karachi has a tropical semi arid climate (Kรถppen: BSh), formerly a desert climate, dominated by a long "Summer Season" while moderated by oceanic influence from the Arabian Sea. The city has annual average precipitation levels (approx. 296 mm (12 in) per annum), the bulk of which occurs during the late JuneโSeptember monsoon season. Summers are hot and humid, and Karachi is prone to deadly heatwaves. Over the past 20 years, rainfall has become more abundant. Tropical storms and thunderstorms, as well as flooding are becoming more common, especially during the summer monsoon. On the other hand, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months. A text message-based early warning system alerts people to take precautionary measures and helps prevent fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave or thunderstorm. The winter climate is dry and lasts between December and February. It is dry and pleasant in winter relative to the warm hot season that follows, which starts in March and lasts until October. Proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at near-constant levels year-round. Thus, the climate is similar to a humid tropical climate, except for the low precipitation and occasional temperatures well over 100 F (38 C) due to the influence of the Thar Desert nearby, close to the border with India. The city's highest annual rainfall was about 750โ850 mm, recorded in the late 1970s. The city's highest monthly rainfall, 19 in (480 mm), occurred in July 1967. The city's highest rainfall in 24 hours occurred on 7 August 1953, when about 278.1 millimetres (10.95 in) of rain lashed the city, resulting in major flooding. Karachi's highest recorded temperature is 48.0 ยฐC (118.4 ยฐF) which was recorded on 22 and 23 April 2017, and the lowest is 0 ยฐC (32 ยฐF) recorded on 21 January 1934. The city first developed around the Karachi Harbour, and owes much of its growth to its role as a seaport at the end of the 18th century, contrasted with Pakistan's millennia-old cities such as Lahore, Multan, and Peshawar. Karachi's Mithadar neighbourhood represents the extent of Kolachi prior to British rule. British Karachi was divided between the "New Town" and the "Old Town", with British investments focused primarily on the New Town. The Old Town was a largely unplanned neighbourhood which housed most of the city's indigenous residents and had no access to sewerage systems, electricity, and water. The New Town was subdivided into residential, commercial, and military areas. Given the strategic value of the city, the British developed the Karachi Cantonment as a military garrison in the New Town to aid the British war effort in the First Anglo-Afghan War. The city's development was largely confined to the area north of the Chinna Creek prior to independence, although the seaside area of Clifton was also developed as a posh locale under the British, and its large bungalows and estates remain some of the city's most desirable properties. The aforementioned historic areas form the oldest portions of Karachi, and contain its most important monuments and government buildings, with the I. I. Chundrigar Road being home to most of Pakistan's banks, including the Habib Bank Plaza which was Pakistan's tallest building from 1963 until the early 2000s. Situated on a coastal plain northwest of Karachi's historic core lies the sprawling district of Orangi. North of the historic core is the largely middle-class district of Nazimabad, and upper-middle-class North Nazimabad, which were developed in the 1950s. To the east of the historic core is the area known as Defence, an expansive upscale suburb developed and administered by the Pakistan Army. Karachi's coastal plains along the Arabian Sea south of Clifton were also developed much later as part of the greater Defence Housing Authority project. Karachi's city limits also include several islands, including Baba and Bhit Islands, Oyster Rocks, and Manora, a former island which is now connected to the mainland by a thin 12-kilometre long shoal known as Sandspit. Gulistan-e-Johar, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Federal B. Area, Malir, Landhi and Korangi areas were all developed after 1970. The city has been described as one divided into sections for those able to afford to live in planned localities with access to urban amenities, and those who live in unplanned communities with inadequate access to such services. 35% of Karachi's residents live in unplanned communities. Economy Being the largest city, Karachi is also Pakistan's financial and commercial capital. Since Pakistan's independence, Karachi has been the centre of the nation's economy, and remain's Pakistan's largest urban economy despite the economic stagnation caused by sociopolitical unrest during the late 1980s and 1990s. The city forms the centre of an economic corridor stretching from Karachi to nearby Hyderabad, and Thatta. As of 2021[update], Karachi had an estimated GDP (PPP) of $190 billion with a yearly growth rate of 5.5%. Karachi contributes 90% of Sindh's GDP and accounts for approximately 25% of the total GDP of Pakistan. The city has a large informal economy which is not typically reflected in GDP estimates. The informal economy may constitute up to 36% of Pakistan's total economy, versus 22% of India's economy, and 13% of the Chinese economy. The informal sector employs up to 70% of the city's workforce. In 2018 The Global Metro Monitor Report ranked Karachi's economy as the best performing metropolitan economy in Pakistan. Today along with Pakistan's continued economic expansion Karachi is now ranked third in the world for consumer expenditure growth with its market anticipated to increase by 6.6% in real terms in 2018 It is also ranked among the top cities in the world by an anticipated increase of a number of households (1.3 million households) with annual income above $20,000 measured at PPP exchange rates by 2025. The Global FDI Intelligence Report 2017/2018 published by Financial Times ranks Karachi amongst the top 10 Asia pacific cities of the future for FDI strategy. According to Anatol Lieven the economic growth of Karachi is a result of the influx of Muhajirs to Karachi during late 1940s and early 50s. Most of Pakistan's public and private banks are headquartered on Karachi's I. I. Chundrigar Road, which is known as "Pakistan's Wall Street", with a large percentage of the cash flow in the Pakistani economy taking place on I. I. Chundrigar Road. Most major foreign multinational corporations operating in Pakistan have their headquarters in Karachi. Karachi is also home to the Pakistan Stock Exchange, which was rated as Asia's best-performing stock market in 2015 on the heels of Pakistan's upgrade to emerging-market status by MSCI. Karachi has been the pioneer in cable networking in Pakistan with the most sophisticated of the cable networks of any city of Pakistan, and has seen an expansion of information and communications technology and electronic media. The city has become a software outsourcing hub for Pakistan.[citation needed] Several independent television and radio stations are based in Karachi, including Business Plus, AAJ News, Geo TV, KTN, Sindh TV, CNBC Pakistan, TV ONE, Express TV, ARY Digital, Indus Television Network, Samaa TV, Abb Takk News, Bol TV, and Dawn News, as well as several local stations. Industry contributes a large portion of Karachi's economy, with the city home to several of Pakistan's largest companies dealing in textiles, cement, steel, heavy machinery, chemicals, and food products. The city is home to approximately 30 percent of Pakistan's manufacturing sector, and produces approximately 42 percent of Pakistan's value added in large scale manufacturing. At least 4500 industrial units form Karachi's formal industrial economy. Karachi's informal manufacturing sector employs far more people than the formal sector, though proxy data suggest that the capital employed and value-added from such informal enterprises is far smaller than that of formal sector enterprises. An estimated 63% of the Karachi's workforce is employed in trade and manufacturing. Karachi Export Processing Zone, SITE, Korangi, Northern Bypass Industrial Zone, Bin Qasim and North Karachi serve as large industrial estates in Karachi. The Karachi Expo Centre also complements Karachi's industrial economy by hosting regional and international exhibitions. As home to Pakistan's largest ports and a large portion of its manufacturing base, Karachi contributes a large share of Pakistan's collected tax revenue. As most of Pakistan's large multinational corporations are based in Karachi, income taxes are paid in the city even though income may be generated from other parts of the country. As home to the country's two largest ports, Pakistani customs officials collect the bulk of federal duty and tariffs at Karachi's ports, even if those imports are destined for one of Pakistan's other provinces. Approximately 25% of Pakistan's national revenue is generated in Karachi. According to the Federal Board of Revenue's 2006โ2007 year book, tax and customs units in Karachi were responsible for 46.75% of direct taxes, 33.65% of federal excise tax, and 23.38% of domestic sales tax. Karachi accounts for 75.14% of customs duty and 79% of sales tax on imports, and collects 53.38% of the total collections of the Federal Board of Revenue, of which 53.33% are customs duty and sales tax on imports. Demographics Karachi is dominated by the Urdu-speaking Muhajirs. It is the most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse city in Pakistan. The city is a melting pot of ethnolinguistic groups from throughout Pakistan, as well as migrants from other parts of Asia. The 2017 census numerated Karachi's population to be 14,910,352, having grown 2.49% per year since the 1998 census, which had listed Karachi's population at approximately 9.3 million. According to the 2023 Census of Pakistan, Karachi's total population was 20.3 million. Karachi is one of the world's fastest-growing cities, The city's inhabitants are referred to by the demonym Karachiite in English, and Karฤchฤซwฤlฤ in Urdu. Karachi has the largest number of Urdu speakers out of any city in Pakistan. As per the 2023 census, the linguistic breakdown of Karachi Division is: The category of "others" includes 653,727 Hindko speakers, 75,993 Brahui speakers, 50,982 Kashmiri speakers, 30,375 Mewati speakers, 26,906 Balti speakers, 14,073 Kohistani speakers, 21,860 Shina speakers, 614 Kalasha speakers, and 943,165 speakers of other languages such as Kutchi,Gujarati, Memoni, Burushaski, Marwari, Dari, Makrani, Khowar, Hazaragi, Bengali, Konkani and others. At the end of the 19th century, Karachi had an estimated population of 105,000.[citation needed] By the dawn of Pakistan's independence in 1947, the city had an estimated population of 400,000. The city's population grew dramatically with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Muslim refugees from the newly independent Republic of India. Rapid economic growth following independence attracted further migrants from throughout Pakistan and South Asia. The 2017 census numerated Karachi's population to be 14,910,352, having grown 2.49% per year since the 1998 census, which had listed Karachi's population at approximately 9.3 million. Lower than expected population figures from the census suggest that Karachi's poor infrastructure, law and order situation, and weakened economy relative to other parts of Pakistan made the city less attractive to in-migration than previously thought. The figure is disputed by all the major political parties in Sindh. Karachi's population grew by 59.8% since the 1998 census to 14.9 million, while Lahore city grew 75.3% โ though Karachi's census district had not been altered by the provincial government since 1998, while Lahore's had been expanded by Punjab's government, leading to some of Karachi's growth to have occurred outside the city's census boundaries. Karachi's population had grown at a rate of 3.49% between the 1981 and 1998 census, leading many analysts to estimate Karachi's 2017 population to be approximately 18 million by extrapolating a continued annual growth rate of 3.49%. Some had expected that the city's population to be between 22 and 30 million, which would require an annual growth rate accelerating to between 4.6% and 6.33%. Political parties in the province have suggested the city's population has been underestimated in a deliberate attempt to undermine the political power of the city and province. Senator Taj Haider from the PPP claimed he had official documents revealing the city's population to be 25.6 million in 2013, while the Sindh Bureau of Statistics, part of by the PPP-led provincial administration, estimated Karachi's 2016 population to be 19.1 million. According to 2023 Census, with 55,396.01 residents per square kilometre Karachi Central is the most densely populated district of the seven districts of Karachi as well as the entirety of Pakistan. The oldest portions of modern Karachi reflect the ethnic composition of the first settlement, with Sindhis and Balochis continuing to make up a large portion of the Lyari neighbourhood, though many of the residents are relatively recent migrants.[citation needed] Following Partition, large numbers of Hindus left Pakistan for the newly independent Dominion of India (later the Republic of India), while a larger percentage of Muslim migrant and refugees from India settled in Karachi. The city grew 150% during the ten-year period between 1941 and 1951 with the new arrivals from India, who made up 57% of Karachi's population in 1951. The city is now considered a melting pot of Pakistan and is the country's most diverse city. In 2011, an estimated 2.5 million foreign migrants lived in the city, mostly from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. Much of Karachi's citizenry descend from Urdu-speaking migrants and refugees from North India who became known by the Arabic term for "Migrant": Muhajir. The first Muhajirs of Karachi arrived in 1946 in the aftermath of the Direct Action Day and subsequent 1946 Bihar riots. The city's wealthy Hindus opposed the resettlement of refugees near their homes, and so many refugees were accommodated in the older and more congested parts of Karachi. The city witnessed a large influx of Muhajirs following partition, who were drawn to the port city and newly designated federal capital for its white-collar job opportunities. Muhajirs continued to migrate to Pakistan throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, with Karachi remaining the primary destination of Indian Muslim migrants throughout those decades. The Muhajir Urdu-speaking community in the 2017 census forms slightly less than 45% of the city's population. Karachi is home to a wide array of non-Urdu speaking Muslim peoples from what is now the Republic of India. The city has a sizable community of Gujarati, Marathi, Konkani-speaking refugees.[failed verification] Karachi is also home to a several-thousand member strong community of Malabari Muslims from Kerala in South India. These ethno-linguistic groups are being assimilated in the Urdu-speaking community. During the period of rapid economic growth in the 1960s, large numbers Pashtuns from the NWFP migrated to Karachi with Afghan Pashtun refugees settling in Karachi during the 80's., Pashtuns from Afghanistan are regarded as the most conservative community.[failed verification][failed verification] The Pashtun community forms the bulk of manual labourers and transporters. The Sindhis makeup around 11โ12 percent of Karachi's population, Sindhis form much of the municipal and provincial bureaucracy.[failed verification], Being the Provincial capital of Sindh Province, Karachi attracts many Sindhis from other parts of Sindh. In recent years Karachi has seen massive Sindhi migration to the city due to being economic and commercial hub as well as Capital of the province, While mostly Sindhis of Karachi are Muslim , The bulk of Karachi's Hindu community, which makes up 1.12% of the city's population, is Sindhi. Migrants from Punjab began settling in Karachi in large numbers in the 1960s, and now make up an estimated 8% of Karachi's population.[failed verification] The bulk of Karachi's Christian community, which makes up 2.5% of the city's population, is Punjabi. 4% of Karachi's population speaks Balochi as its mother tongue, though most Baloch speakers are of Sheedi heritage โ a community that traces its roots to Africa. Following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and independence of Bangladesh, thousands of Urdu-speaking Biharis arrived in the city, preferring to remain Pakistani rather than live in the newly independent country. Large numbers of Bengalis also migrated from Bangladesh to Karachi during periods of economic growth in the 1980s and 1990s. Karachi is now home to an estimated 2.5 to 3 million ethnic Bengalis living in Pakistan. Rohingya refugees from Myanmar, who speak a dialect of Bengali and are sometimes regarded as Bengalis, also live in the city. Karachi is home to an estimated 400,000 Rohingya residents. Large scale Rohingya migration to Karachi made Karachi one of the largest population centres of Rohingyas in the world outside of Myanmar. Central Asian migrants from Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan have also settled in the city. Domestic workers from the Philippines are employed in Karachi's posh locales, while many of the city's teachers hail from Sri Lanka. Many Sri Lankans moved to Karachi due to the 2022 Economic Crisis in Sri Lanka. Expatriates from China began migrating to Karachi in the 1940s, to work as dentists, chefs and shoemakers, while many of their descendants continue to live in Pakistan. Chinese also reached Karachi after 2015 in large number due to the CPEC project. The city is also home to a small number of British and American expatriates. During World War II, about 3,000 Polish refugees from the Soviet Union, with some Polish families who chose to remain in the city after Partition. Post-Partition Karachi also once had a sizable refugee community from post-revolutionary Iran. Karachi is a religiously homogeneous city with more than 96 per cent of its population adhering to Islam. Karachiites adhere to numerous sects and sub-sects of Islam, as well as Protestant Christianity, and community of Goan Catholics. The city also is home to large numbers of Hindus, and a small community of Zoroastrians and Parsi's. According to Nichola Khan Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city. Prior to Pakistan's independence in 1947, the religious demographics of the city was estimated to be 51.1% Hindu, 42.3% Muslim, with the remaining 7% primarily Christians (both British and native), Sikhs, Jains, with a small number of Jews. Following the independence of Pakistan, the vast majority of Karachi's Sindhi Hindu population left for India while Muslim refugees from India, in turn, settled in the city. This mass migration dramatically changed the religious demographics of the city. Karachi is overwhelmingly Muslim, though the city is one of Pakistan's most secular cities.[failed verification] Approximately 85% of Karachi's Muslims are Sunnis, while 15% are Shi'ites. Sunnis primarily follow the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, with Sufism influencing religious practices by encouraging reverence for Sufi saints such as Abdullah Shah Ghazi and Mewa Shah. Shi'ites are predominantly Twelver, with a significant Ismaili minority which is further subdivided into Nizaris, Mustaalis, Dawoodi Bohras, and Sulaymanis. There are over 3000 mosques in Karachi, most famous of which include Grand Jamia Mosque, Baitul Mukarram Mosque, Masjid-e-Tooba and Memon Masjid. Approximately 2.2% of Karachi's population is Christian. The city's Christian community is primarily composed of Punjabi Christians and a community of Goan Catholics who are typically better-educated and more affluent than their Punjabi co-religionists. They established the posh Cincinnatus Town in Garden East as a Goan enclave. The Goan community dates from 1820 and has a population estimated to be 12,000โ15,000 strong. Karachi is served by its own archdiocese, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Karachi. While most of the city's Hindu population left en masse for India following Pakistan's independence, Karachi still has a large Hindu community with a population of 211,138 as per 2023 Census. The Hindu community is split into a more affluent Sindhi Hindu and small Punjabi Hindu group that forms part of Karachi's educated middle class, while poorer Hindus of Rajasthani and Marwari descent form the other part and typically serve as menial and day laborers. Wealthier Hindus live primarily in Clifton and Saddar, while poorer ones live and have temples in Narayanpura and Lyari. There is a small community of Tamil Hindus in Karachi, with about 100 families in Madrasi Para. Many streets in central Karachi still retain Hindu names, especially in Mithadar, Aram Bagh (formerly Ram Bagh), and Ramswami. Many Mandirs exist in Saddar which are over 100 years old. Karachi's affluent and influential Parsis have lived in the region in the 12th century, though the modern community dates from the mid 19th century when they served as military contractors and commissariat agents to the British. Further waves of Parsi immigrants from Persia settled in the city in the late 19th century. The population of Parsis in Karachi and throughout South Asia is in continuous decline due to low birth-rates and migration to Western countries. In 2023, according to the 2023 census, approximately 1,435 Parsis are left in Karachi. Transportation Karachi is served by a road network estimated to be approximately 15,500 kilometres (9,600 miles) in length, serving approximately 5 million vehicles per day. Karachi is served by 6 Signal-Free Corridors which are designed as urban express roads to permit traffic to transverse large distances without the need to stop at intersections and stoplights. The 16 km (10 mi) Karsaz Road connects PAF Museum in central Karachi to SITE Industrial Area. The Rashid Minhas Road connects Surjani Town with Shah Faisal Town over a 20 km span. The 19 km (12 mi) University Road connects Karachi's urban centre to the Gulistan-e-Johar suburb. The 18 km (11 mi) Shahrah-e-Faisal connects Karachi's Sadar area to the Jinnah International Airport. The 18 km (11 mi) Shahrah-e-Pakistan connects city centre to Federal B. Area. The 18 km (11 mi) Sher Shah Suri Road connects the city centre to Nazimabad. The Lyari Expressway is a 16 km controlled-access highway along the Lyari River. This toll highway is designed to relieve congestion within the city. To the north of Karachi lies the 39 km Karachi Northern Bypass (M10), which bypasses the city to connect the M-9 Motorway to the N25 National Highway. A 39 km (24 mi) Malir Expressway is under construction along the Malir River. It will link Karachi's DHA to Karachi's Malir Town and terminate at Kathore on the M-9 motorway. Karachi is the terminus of the M-9 motorway, which connects Karachi to Hyderabad. The M-9 motorway is part of a larger countrywide motorways network, many of which were built through the China Pakistan Economic Corridor Project. From Hyderabad, motorways provide high-speed road access to all major Pakistani cities, including Peshawar, Islamabad, Lahore, Multan and Faisalabad. Karachi is also the terminus of the N-5 National Highway which connects the city to the historic medieval capital of Sindh, Thatta. It offers further connections to northern Pakistan and the Afghan border near Torkham. The N-25 National Highway connects Karachi to Quetta, the capital of Balochistan. The N-10 National Highway connects Karachi to the emerging port city of Gwadar. Karachi is linked by rail to the rest of the country by Pakistan Railways. The Karachi City Station and Karachi Cantonment Railway Station are the city's two major railway stations.[failed verification] The city has an international rail link, the Thar Express which links Karachi Cantonment Station with Bhagat Ki Kothi station in Jodhpur, India. The railway system also handles freight linking Karachi port to destinations up-country in northern Pakistan. The city is the terminus for the Main Line-1 Railway which connects Karachi to Peshawar. Pakistan's rail network, including the Main Line-1 Railway is being upgraded as part of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor, allowing trains to depart Karachi and travel on Pakistani railways at an average speed of 160 km/h (100 mph) versus the current average speed of 80 km/h (50 mph). The Pakistani Government is developing the Karachi Metrobus project, which is a 6-line 150-kilometre (93+1โ4-mile) bus rapid transit system. The Metrobus project was inaugurated by then-Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on 25 February 2016. Sharif said the "project will be more beautiful than Lahore Metro Bus". Orange and Green Lines are operational while Red-Line is underconstruction. In 2022, the provincial government launched Peoples Bus Service with a fleet of 100+ buses running on 12 different routes on nominal fare. The buses are air-conditioned, have Wi-Fi, have priority seating for the disabled and elderly, and are wheelchair accessible. Red buses are for the general public. Pink buses are for women only. White buses are environment friendly electric buses having designated charging points. Karachi Circular Railway is a partially active regional public transit system in Karachi, which serves the Karachi metropolitan area. KCR was fully operational between 1969 and 1999. Since 2001, restoration of the railway and restarting the system had been sought. In November 2020, the KCR partially revived operations. KCR was included in CPEC by Shehbaz Sharif and construction started in 2022. Existing 43 km KCR track and stations would be completely rebuilt into automated rapid transit system with electric trains. The route would not be changed however many underpasses and bridges would be built along the route to eliminate 22-level crossings. New KCR would be similar to Lahore's Orange Train. New KCR would have joint stations with Karachi Metrobus at points of intersection. Project would be operational by 2025. With its hub at Karachi City station on I. I. Chundrigar Road, KCR will connect the city centre with several industrial, commercial and residential districts within the city. A tramway service was started in 1884 in Karachi but was closed in 1975. However, the revival of tramway service is proposed by Karachi Administrator Iftikhar Ali. Turkey has offered assistance in the revival and launching modern tramway service in Karachi. Karachi's Jinnah International Airport is the busiest airport of Pakistan with a total of 7.2 million passengers in 2018. The current terminal structure was built in 1992, and is divided into international and domestic sections. Karachi's airport serves as a hub for the flag carrier, Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), as well as for Air Indus, Serene Air and airblue. The airport offers non-stop flights to destinations throughout East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, the Gulf States, Europe and North America. The largest shipping ports in Pakistan are the Port of Karachi and the nearby Port Qasim, the former being the oldest port of Pakistan. Port Qasim is located 35 kilometres (22 miles) east of the Port of Karachi on the Indus River estuary. These ports handle 95% of Pakistan's trade cargo to and from foreign ports. These seaports have modern facilities which include bulk handling, containers and oil terminals. The ports are part of the Maritime Silk Road. Civic administration Karachi has a fragmented system of civic government. The urban area is divided into six District Municipal Corporations: Karachi East, Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South, Malir, Korangi. Each district is further divided into between 22 and 42 Union Committees. Each Union Committee is represented by seven elected representatives, four of whom can be general candidates of any background; the other three seats are reserved for women, religious minorities, and a union representative or peasant farmer. Karachi's urban area also includes six cantonments, which are administered directly by the Pakistani military, and include some of Karachi's most desirable real-estate. Key civic bodies, such as the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board and KBCA (Karachi Building Control Authority), among others, are under the direct control of the Government of Sindh. Additionally, Karachi's city-planning authority for undeveloped land, the Karachi Development Authority, is under control of the government, while two new city-planning authorities, the Lyari Development Authority and Malir Development Authority were revived by the Pakistan Peoples Party government in 2011 โ allegedly to patronize their electoral allies and voting banks. In response to a cholera epidemic in 1846, the Karachi Conservancy Board was organized by British administrators to control its spread. The board became the Karachi Municipal Commission in 1852, and the Karachi Municipal Committee the following year. The City of Karachi Municipal Act of 1933 transformed the city administration into the Karachi Municipal Corporation with a mayor, a deputy mayor and 57 councillors. In 1976, the body became the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation. During the 1900s, Karachi saw its major beautification project under the mayoralty of Harchandrai Vishandas. New roads, parks, residential, and recreational areas were developed as part of this project. In 1948, the Federal Capital Territory of Pakistan was created, comprising approximately 2,103 km2 (812 sq mi) of Karachi and surrounding areas, but this was merged into the province of West Pakistan in 1959. In 1960, Karachi and Lasbela District merged to create Karachi-Bela Division. In 1972, Lasbela District transferred to Kalat Division and Karachi metropolitan area was divided into three (03) districts East, West and South. In 1996, again the Karachi metropolitan area was divided into More two (02) districts Central and Malir, each with its own municipal corporation. In 2001, during the rule of General Pervez Musharraf, five districts of Karachi were merged to form the city district of Karachi, with a three-tier structure. The two most local tiers are composed of 18 towns, and 178 union councils. Each tier focused on elected councils with some common members to provide "vertical linkage" within the federation. Naimatullah Khan was the first Nazim of Karachi during the Union Council period, while Shafiq-Ur-Rehman Paracha was the first district coordination officer of Karachi. Syed Mustafa Kamal was elected City Nazim of Karachi to succeed Naimatullah Khan in 2005 elections, and Nasreen Jalil was elected as the City Naib Nazim. Each Union Council had thirteen members elected from specified electorates: four men and two women elected directly by the general population; two men and two women elected by peasants and workers; one member for minority communities; two members are elected jointly as the Union Mayor (Nazim) and Deputy Union Mayor (Naib Nazim). Each council included up to three council secretaries and a number of other civil servants. The Union Council system was dismantled in 2011. In July 2011, city district government of Karachi was reverted its original constituent units known as District Municipal Corporations (DMC). The five original DMCs are: Karachi East, Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South and Malir. In November 2013, a sixth DMC, Korangi District was carved out from District East. In August 2020, Sindh cabinet approves formation of the seventh district in Karachi (Keamari District), Keamari District was formed by splitting District West. The committees for each district devise and enforce land-use and zoning regulations within their district. Each committee also manages water supply, sewage, and roads (except for 28 main arteries, which are managed by the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation). Street lighting, traffic planning, markets regulations, and signage are also under the control of the DMCs. Each DMC also maintains its own municipal record archive, and devises its own local budget. Municipal Administration of Karachi is also run by the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation (KMC), which is responsible for the development and maintenance of main arteries, bridges, drains, several hospitals, beaches, solid waste management, as well as some parks, and the city's firefighting services. Between 2016 and 2020 the mayor of Karachi was Waseem Akhtar (2016โ2020), with Arshad Hassan serving as Deputy Mayor; both served as part of the KMC. The Administrator of Karachi is Syed Saif-ur-Rehman as of 2022. In 2023, Murtaza Wahab of PPP was elected the mayor of Karachi. The position of Commissioner of Karachi was created, with Iftikhar Ali Shallwani serving this role. There are six military cantonments, which are administered by the Pakistani Army, and are some of Karachi's most upscale neighbourhoods. The Karachi Development Authority (KDA), along with the Lyari Development Authority (LDA) and Malir Development Authority (MDA), is responsible for the development of most undeveloped land around Karachi. KDA came into existence in 1957 with the task of managing land around Karachi, while the LDA and MDA were formed in 1993 and 1994, respectively. KDA under the control of Karachi's local government and mayor in 2001, while the LDA and MDA were abolished. KDA was later placed under the direct control of the Government of Sindh in 2011. The LDA and MDA were also revived by the Pakistan Peoples Party government at the time, allegedly to patronize their electoral allies and voting banks. City-planning in Karachi, therefore, is not locally directed but is instead controlled at the provincial level. Each District Municipal Corporation regulate land-use in developed areas, while the Sindh Building Control Authority ensures that building construction is in accordance with building & town planning regulations. Cantonment areas, and the Defence Housing Authority are administered and planned by the military. Municipal services Municipal water supplies are managed by the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KW&SB), which supplies 640 million gallons daily (MGD) to the city (excluding the city's steel mills and Port Qasim), of which 440 MGD are filtered/treated. Most of the supply comes from the Indus River, and 90 MGD from the Hub Dam. Karachi's water supply is transported to the city through a complex network of canals, conduits, and siphons, with the aid of pumping and filtration stations. 80% of Karachi households have access to piped water as of 2022[update], with private water tankers supplying much of the water required in informal settlements. 15% of residents in a 2022 survey rated their water supply as "bad" or "very bad", while 40% expressed concern at the stability of water supply. By 2022, an estimated 35,000 people were dying due to water-borne diseases annually. The K-IV water project is under development at a cost of $876 million. It would connect Keenjhar Lake to Karachi hence eradicating water scarcity in eastern and northern parts of the city. It is expected to supply 650 million gallons daily of potable water to the city, the first phase 260 million gallons upon completion. Desalination plants are also planned to be built on Arabian Sea coast on western side of Karachi in near future. These would resolve water scarcity issues in western parts of the city including SITE Area, Shershah and Orangi Town. 98% of Karachi's households are connected to the city's underground public sewerage system, largely operated by the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KW&SB). The KW&SB operates 150 pumping stations, 25 bulk reservoirs, over 10,000 kilometres of pipes, and 250,000 manholes. The city generates approximately 472 million gallons daily (MGD) of sewage, of which 417 MGD are discharged without treatment. KW&SB has the optimum capacity to treat up to 150 MGD of sewage, but uses only about 50 MGD of this capacity. Three treatment plants are available, in SITE Town (Gutter Baghicha), Mehmoodabad, and Mauripur. 75% reported in 2022 that Karachi's drainage system overflows or backs up, the highest percentage of all major Pakistani cities. Parts of the city's drainage system overflow on average 2โ7 times per month, flooding some city streets. Households in Orangi self-organized to set-up their own sewerage system under the Orangi Pilot Project, a community service organization founded in 1980. 90% of Orangi streets are now connected to a sewer system built by local residents under the Orangi Pilot Project. Residents of individual streets bear the cost of sewerage pipes, and provide volunteer labour to lay the pipe. Residents also maintain the sewer pipes, while the city municipal administration has built several primary and secondary pipes for the network. As a result of OPP, 96% of Orangi residents have access to a latrine. The Sindh Solid Waste Management Board (SSWMB) is responsible for the collection and disposal of solid waste, not only in Karachi but throughout the whole province. Karachi has the highest percentage of residents in Pakistan who report that their streets are never cleaned โ 42% of residents in Karachi report their streets are never cleaned, compared to 10% of residents in Lahore. Only 17% of Karachi residents reporting daily street cleaning, compared to 45% in Lahore. 69% of Karachi residents rely on private garbage collection services, with only 15% relying on municipal garbage collection services. 53% of Karachi residents in a 2022 survey reported that the state of their neighbourhood's cleanliness was either "bad" or "very bad". compared to 35% in Lahore, and 16% in Multan. The one and only electricity providing company in Karachi is K-Electric. It was government owned but was privatised in 2019. Government still has some shares. However HUBCO is an Independent Power Producer (IPP) that owns few major powerplants. Karachi mostly gets electricity from oil, gas and coal powerplants established either on western coastline or Port Qasim Industrial Zone. Most recently built coal powerplants were the 1320MW Port Qasim Powerplant and the 1320MW Hub Coal Powerplant. 3 Nuclear Powerplants on western coastline namely KANUPP (K-1, K-2, K-3) also feed Karachi. Jhimpir, a nearby town has Wind Powerplants of more than 1000MW. This capacity is going to increase in future expansions. Solar Parks are envisioned to be established on western coastline having a starting generation of 1000MW. 75% of Karachi receives uninterrupted power supply almost throughout the year. 25% areas including industrial areas suffer with up to 6 hours of power outages everyday due to energy generation deficit. Power outages increase further in Peak-summer and Monsoon season (May to August). Many slums and unregulated areas are not yet electrified hence they indulge in electricity theft which is locally called Kunda-System. Police is under the control of provincial government and city government has no authority over it. Ambulance is run by private hospitals or NGOs, the most famous of which are Edhi, Chhipa and JDC. Firefighting is under control of local government and has enough firefighters and vehicles to work quickly during fire. Less than 1% of all firefighters in Pakistan are women. Education According to 2023 Census of Pakistan, Central is the most literate district among all the districts of Karachi and Sindh. Following is the literacy rate of 10 years and above population of the seven districts of Karachi: Karachi's primary education system is divided into five levels: primary (grades one through five); middle (grades six through eight); high (grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate); intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate); and university programs leading to graduate and advanced degrees. Karachi has both public and private educational institutions. Most educational institutions are gender-based from primary to intermediate. Universities are mostly co-education. Several of Karachi's schools, such as St Patrick's High School, St Joseph's Convent School and St Paul's English High School, are operated by Christian churches, and are among Pakistan's most prestigious schools. Karachi is home to several major public universities. Karachi's first public university's date from the British colonial era. The Sindh Madressatul Islam founded in 1885, was granted university status in 2012. Establishment of the Sindh Madressatul Islam was followed by the establishment of the D. J. Sindh Government Science College in 1887, and the institution was granted university status in 2014. The Nadirshaw Edulji Dinshaw University of Engineering and Technology (NED), was founded in 1921, and is Pakistan's oldest institution of higher learning. The Dow University of Health Sciences was established in 1945, and is now one of Pakistan's top medical research institutions. The University of Karachi, founded in 1951, is Pakistan's largest university with a student population of 24,000. The Institute of Business Administration (IBA), founded in 1955, is the oldest business school outside of North America and Europe, and was set up with technical support from the Wharton School and the University of Southern California. The Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, which opened in 1962, offers degree programmes in petroleum, gas, chemical, and industrial engineering. The Pakistan Navy Engineering College (PNEC), operated by the Pakistan Navy, is associated with the National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) in Islamabad. Karachi is also home to numerous private universities. The Aga Khan University, founded in 1983, is Karachi's oldest private educational institution, and is one of Pakistan's most prestigious medical schools. The Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture was founded in 1989, and offers degree programmes in arts and architectural fields. Hamdard University is the largest private university in Pakistan with faculties including Eastern Medicine, Medical, Engineering, Pharmacy, and Law. The National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES-FAST), one of Pakistan's top universities in computer education, operates two campuses in Karachi. Bahria University (BU) founded in 2000, is one of the major general institutions of Pakistan with their campuses in Karachi, Islamabad and Lahore offers degree programs in Management Sciences, Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Psychology. Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology (SSUET) offers degree programmes in biomedical, electronics, telecom and computer engineering. Karachi Institute of Economics & Technology (KIET) has two campuses in Karachi. The Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), founded in 1995 by former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, operates a campus in Karachi. Other names include: Healthcare Karachi is a centre of research in biomedicine with at least 30 public hospitals, 80 registered private hospitals and 12 recognized medical colleges, including the Indus Hospital, Lady Dufferin Hospital, Karachi Institute of Heart Diseases, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Civil Hospital, Combined Military Hospital, PNS Rahat, PNS Shifa, Aga Khan University Hospital, Liaquat National Hospital, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Holy Family Hospital and Ziauddin Hospital. In 1995, Ziauddin Hospital was the site of Pakistan's first bone marrow transplant. Karachi municipal authorities in 2017 launched a new early warning system that alerted city residents to a forecasted heatwave. Previous heatwaves had routinely claimed lives in the city, but implementation of the warning system was credited for no reported heat-related fatalities. During the 2020โ2021 COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines were available in all major hospitals.[citation needed] Entertainment, tourism and culture Karachi is home to Pakistan and South Asia's largest shopping mall, Lucky One Mall which hosts more than two hundred stores. According to TripAdvisor the city is also home to Pakistan's favorite shopping mall, Dolmen Mall, Clifton which was also featured on CNN. In 2023, another mega mall/entertainment complex named 'Mall of Karachi' situated at the bottom of Pakistan's tallest skyscraper Bahria Icon Tower will be opened. Major landmarks in Karachi include several important museums. The National Museum of Pakistan and Mohatta Palace exhibit a rich collection of artwork, while the city boasts several private art galleries. Additionally, Karachi features the Pakistan Airforce Museum, the Pakistan Maritime Museum and the country's first interactive science centre, the MagnifiScience Centre. Wazir Mansion, the birthplace of Pakistan's founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah has also been preserved as a museum open to the public. Quaid-e-Azam House, the residence of Muhammad Ali Jinnah's residence, also serves as a museum showcasing his furniture and other belongings. Other museums include TDF Ghar and the State Bank of Pakistan Museum & Art Gallery. Karachi is home to some of Pakistan's important cultural institutions. The National Academy of Performing Arts, located in the former Hindu Gymkhana, offers diploma courses in performing arts including classical music and contemporary theatre. Karachi is home to groups such as Thespianz Theater, a professional youth-based, non-profit performing arts group, which works on theatre and arts activities in Pakistan. Though Lahore was considered to be home of Pakistan's film industry, Karachi is home to Urdu cinema and Kara Film Festival annually showcases independent Pakistani and international films and documentaries. Bambino Cinema, Capri Cinema, Cinepax Cinema, Cinegold Plex Cinema (Bahria Town), Mega Multiplex Cinema (Millennium Mall), Nueplex Cinema (Askari-4), Atrium Mall Cinema (Sadar) are some of the most popular cinemas in Karachi. The All Pakistan Music Conference, linked to the 45-year-old similar institution in Lahore, has been holding its annual music festival since its inception in 2004. The National Arts Council (Koocha-e-Saqafat) has musical performances and mushaira. Social issues Sometimes stated to be amongst the world's most dangerous cities, the extent of violent crime in Karachi is not as significant in magnitude as compared to other cities. According to the Numbeo Crime Index 2014, Karachi was the 6th most dangerous city in the world. By the middle of 2016, Karachi's rank had dropped to 31 following the launch of anti-crime operations. By 2018, Karachi's ranking has dropped to 50. In 2021, Karachi's ranking fell to 115. In 2022, the ranking fell further to 128th place, ranking Karachi safer than regional cities such as Dhaka (56th place), Delhi (90th place), and Bangalore (122nd place). The city's large population results in high numbers of homicides with a moderate homicide rate. Karachi's homicide rates are lower than many Latin American cities, and in 2015 was 12.5 per 100,000 โ lower than the homicide rate of several American cities such as New Orleans and St. Louis. The homicide rates in some Latin American cities such as Caracas, Venezuela and Acapulco, Mexico are in excess of 100 per 100,000 residents, many times greater than Karachi's homicide rate. In 2016, the number of murders in Karachi had dropped to 471, which had dropped further to 381 in 2017. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Karachi was rocked by political conflict while crime rates drastically increased with the arrival of weaponry from the War in Afghanistan. Several of Karachi's criminal mafias became powerful during a period in the 1990s described as "the rule of the mafias." Major mafias active in the city included land mafia, water tanker mafia, transport mafia and a sand and gravel mafia. Karachi's highest death rates occurred in the mid-1990s. In 1995, 1,742 killings were recorded, with a maximum of 15 killings in a single day. Karachi had become widely known for its high rates of violent crime, but rates sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM political party, and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the Pakistan Rangers. In 2015, 1,040 Karachiites were killed in either acts of terror or other crime โ an almost 50% decrease from the 2,023 killed in 2014, and an almost 70% decrease from the 3,251 recorded killed in 2013 โ the highest ever recorded number in Karachi history. Violent crime like target killings, kidnappings for ransom or extortion, burning or torturing to death, drugs and weapons smuggling decreased sharply after 2015. Street crime still remains high like snatching of cash, phones, motorcycles and cars on gunpoint. With 650 homicides in 2015, Karachi's homicide rate decreased by 75% compared to 2013. In 2017, the number of homicides had dropped further to 381. Extortion crimes decreased by 80% between 2013 and 2015, while kidnappings decreased by 90% during the same period. By 2016, the city registered a total of 21 cases of kidnap for ransom. Terrorist incidents dropped by 98% between 2012 and 2017, according to Pakistan's Interior Ministry. As a result of the Karachi's improved security environment, real-estate prices in Karachi rose sharply after 2015, with a rise in business for upmarket restaurants and cafรฉs. Insufficient affordable housing infrastructure to absorb growth has resulted in the city's diverse migrant populations being largely confined to ethnically homogeneous neighbourhoods. The 1970s saw major labour struggles in Karachi's industrial estates. Violence originated in the city's university campuses, and spread into the city. Conflict was especially sharp between MQM party and ethnic Sindhis, Pashtuns, and Punjabis. The party and its vast network of supporters were targeted by Pakistani security forces as part of the controversial Operation Clean-up in 1992, as part of an effort to restore peace in the city that lasted until 1994. The ethnic conflicts kept going between linguistic groups until the late 2010s and are no more extreme. Urban planning and service delivery have not kept pace with Karachi's growth, resulting in the city's low ranking on livability rankings. The city has no cohesive transportation policy and inadequate transport, though up to 1,000 new vehicles are added daily to the city's congested streets. Roads and streets are broken at many places but are not repaired in timely manner. As a large metropolitan area, Karachi has many sources of pollution. Alongside air, water and noise pollution, waste management is a challenge due to solid trash not disposed to dedicated dumping sites. Karachi is the largest city in Pakistan and the 12th largest city in the world is facing a significant air pollution problem. The air quality of Karachi has been deteriorating over the years, with pollution levels often exceeding safe limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO). A 2025 analysis by Climate TRACE of the urban areas with the most people exposed to unhealthy levels of air pollution identified Karachi as the largest. Lastly there is water pollution in Lyari and Malir rivers as gutters directly open into these rivers. These rivers than directly go into Arabian sea untreated. So sewerage and industrial wastewater is directly being thrown into Indian Ocean hence polluting it and destroying marine life under the sea. 3 waste water treatment plants exist but are all dysfunctional. Karachi's sewage system is overwhelmed and in disrepair, and sewage commonly gets into the city's water lines. Thousands of hospitalisations each year are attributed to sewage contamination in Karachi's drinking water, and there are annual cholera outbreaks in the city. As of 2011, half of all middle-class children in Karachi have intestinal parasites attributed to poor water quality.: 787 Size of Drainage system and storm water drains (locally known as Naalahs) in the city is not enough to handle the heavy rainfalls of monsoon. The drainage system and storm water drains are also filled with solid trash. When water finds no path, it enters streets, roads, underpasses and even houses during rainfall in July and August of every year. Major Naalahs like Orangi Naalah, Gujjar Naalah, Mehmoodabad Naalah are cleaned every year by government but are polluted by people the next day. Flooding hinders connectivity of different areas of the city specially Landhi and Korangi. Floods have caused drown or electric shocks related deaths as well. Architecture Karachi has a collection of buildings and structures of varied architectural styles. The downtown districts of Saddar and Clifton contain early 20th-century architecture, ranging in style from the neo-classical KPT building to the Sindh High Court Building. Karachi acquired its first neo-Gothic or Indo-Gothic buildings when Frere Hall, Empress Market and St. Patrick's Cathedral were completed. The Mock Tudor architectural style was introduced in the Karachi Gymkhana and the Boat Club. Neo-Renaissance architecture was popular in the 19th century and was the architectural style for St. Joseph's Convent (1870) and the Sind Club (1883). The classical style made a comeback in the late 19th century, as seen in Lady Dufferin Hospital (1898) and the Cantt. Railway Station. While Italianate buildings remained popular, an eclectic blend termed Indo-Saracenic or Anglo-Mughal began to emerge in some locations. The local mercantile community began acquiring impressive structures. Zaibunnisa Street in the Saddar area (known as Elphinstone Street in British days) is an example where the mercantile groups adopted the Italianate and Indo-Saracenic style to demonstrate their familiarity with Western culture and their own. The Hindu Gymkhana (1925) and Mohatta Palace are examples of Mughal revival buildings. The Sindh Wildlife Conservation Building, located in Saddar, served as a Freemasonic Lodge until it was taken over by the government. There are talks of it being taken away from this custody and being renovated and the Lodge being preserved with its original woodwork and ornate wooden staircase. Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture is one of the prime examples of Architectural conservation and restoration where an entire Nusserwanjee building from Kharadar area of Karachi has been relocated to Clifton for adaptive reuse in an art school. The procedure involved the careful removal of each piece of timber and stone, stacked temporarily, loaded on the trucks for transportation to the Clifton site, unloaded and re-arranged according to a given layout, stone by stone, piece by piece, and completed within three months. Architecturally distinctive, even eccentric, buildings have sprung up throughout Karachi. Notable example of contemporary architecture include the Pakistan State Oil Headquarters building. The city has examples of modern Islamic architecture, including the Aga Khan University hospital, Grand Jamia Mosque, Masjid e Tooba, Faran Mosque, Baitul Mukarram Mosque, Quaid's Mausoleum, and the Textile Institute of Pakistan. One of the unique cultural elements of Karachi is that the residences, which are two- or three-story townhouses, are built with the front yard protected by a high brick wall. I. I. Chundrigar Road features a range of tall buildings. The most prominent examples include the Habib Bank Plaza, UBL Tower, PRC Towers, PNSC Building and MCB Tower. Newer skyscrapers are being built in Clifton. At least 50 150m+ buildings were underconstruction in 2022. Sports Cricket's history in Pakistan predates the creation of the country in 1947. The first ever international cricket match in Karachi was held on 22 November 1935 between Sindh and Australian cricket teams. The match was seen by 5,000 Karachiites. Karachi is also the place that innovated tape ball, a safer and more affordable alternative to cricket. The inaugural first-class match at the National Stadium was played between Pakistan and India on 26 February 1955 and since then Pakistani national cricket team has won 20 of the 41 Test matches played at the National Stadium. The first One Day International at the National Stadium was against the West Indies on 21 November 1980, with the match going to the last ball. The national team has been less successful in such limited-overs matches at the ground, including a five-year stint between 1996 and 2001, when they failed to win any matches. The city has been host to a number of domestic cricket teams including Karachi, Karachi Blues, Karachi Greens, and Karachi Whites. The National Stadium hosted two group matches (Pakistan v. South Africa on 29 February and Pakistan v. England on 3 March), and a quarter-final match (South Africa v. West Indies on 11 March) during the 1996 Cricket World Cup. Rafi Cricket Stadium under construction in Bahria Town would soon become the largest cricket stadium in Pakistan with a capacity of 50,000+ spectators. Lyari, a neighbourhood in Karachi, holds an important place in Pakistan's football landscape due to its historical and cultural ties to the sport. Dating back several decades, Lyari has been a consistent source of football talent, contributing significantly to the national sports scene. One notable aspect is the nickname "Little Brazil" often associated with Lyari. In its early years, football in Pakistan was mainly concentrated to Balochistan and the locality of Lyari, from where majority of players of the Pakistan national football team were recruited mainly in the 1960s, which is often regarded as the early Golden Age of Pakistani football. Notable players during this period include Abdul Ghafoor, nicknamed the "Pakistani Pelรฉ" and "Black Pearl of Pakistan", Muhammad Umer, Moosa Ghazi, Abid Ghazi, Turab Ali, Ali Nawaz Baloch, among others. The Kakri Ground and People's Football Stadium, which is one of the major football stadiums in the country are located in the city. In 2005, the city hosted the 2005 SAFF Championship at the Peoples Football Stadium, as well as the Geo Super Football League in 2007, which attracted capacity crowds during the games. When it comes to sports Karachi has a distinction, because some sources cite that it was in 1877 at Karachi in (British) India, where the first attempt was made to form a set of rules of badminton and likely place is said to be Frere Hall. Karachi has hosted seven editions of the National Games of Pakistan, most recently in 2007. The popularity of golf is increasing, with clubs in Karachi like Dreamworld Resort, Bahria Town Golf Club, Hotel & Golf Club, Arabian Sea Country Club, DA Country & Golf Club. The city has facilities for field hockey (Hockey Club of Pakistan, UBL Hockey Ground), boxing (KPT Sports Complex), squash (Jahangir Khan Squash Complex), and polo. There are marinas and boating clubs. National Bank of Pakistan Sports Complex is First-class cricket venue and Multi-purpose sports facility in Karachi. Notable people Twin towns and sister cities See also Notes References External links |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/huggingface/time-series-transformer-tourism-monthly] | [TOKENS: 165] |
huggingface / time-series-transformer-tourism-monthly like 29 Follow Hugging Face 82.8k Time Series Transformer (trained on monash_tsf/tourism-monthly) Time Series Transformer model trained on the tourism-monthly dataset for 30 epochs. Model description The Time Series Transformer is a vanilla encoder-decoder Transformer for time-series forecasting. The model is trained in the same way as one trains a Transformer for machine translation. At inference time, the model autoregressively generates samples, one time step at a time. Usage We refer to the documentation regarding usage. Files info Dataset used to train huggingface/time-series-transformer-tourism-monthly Monash-University/monash_tsf Updated Jun 13, 2023 โข 3.36k โข 59 |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื ืืืื_ื ืชื ืืื#cite_ref-407] | [TOKENS: 76002] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืึดึผื ึฐืึธืึดืื (ืึดึผืืึดึผื) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐืึธืืึผ (ื ืืื ื-21 ืืืืงืืืืจ 1949, ื"ื ืืชืฉืจื ื'ืชืฉ"ื) ืืื ืคืืืืืืงืื ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืคืืืช "ืืืืืื" ืืืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื (ืื ืคืงืื). ืืฉื ืื 1984โ1988 ืืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืื"ื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืชืื ืขืฉืจื ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ. ื-1993 ื ืืืจ ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ืืืื ืฉืฉ ืืืื ืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืฉืืืฉ ืชืงืืคืืช ืื ืจืฆืืคืืช: ืืื 1996โ1999 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืืข; ืืื 2009โ2021 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืชืืื, ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืฉ, ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืจืืข ืืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ; ืืืื ืืฆืืืจ 2022 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ, ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชืคืงืืืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืืงื ืืืงืืื ืืืืื ืืชืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืง ืืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื, ืืืขื ืืฉื ืื 1999โ2002 ืืื ืคืจืฉ ืืืคืืืืืืงื. ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ืืชืฉืขืื ืืชื ืขื ืืกืื ืืืจืื ืืืกืื ืืืื ืขื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืืื ืืฉื ืื 2003โ2005, ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืจืคืืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืงืืื ืืคืจืื, ืืืจืืช ืืืกืื ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืฉื ืช 2018, ืืืขืืจื ืืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉืืช, ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020, ื ืืชืื ืืกืืื ืืืจืื. ืืืื ื ืื ืืชืืจืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืคืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืจืขื ืืืฆืข ืขืืื ืขื ื, ืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื, ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช. ื-2023 ืืืจืข ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ ืฉืืืืื ืืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื, ืื-2025 ืชืงืคื ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืฆืข ืขื ืืืืื. ืืืจืืขืื ืืืืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืกืชื ื ืืช ืืืคืจืืงื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื 2005 ื-2013 ืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืโืืฆืจืื, ืืืืื ืืืืจืชืืช ืืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืช 2011, ืืชืคืจืฆืืช ืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2020, ืงืืืื "ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช" ืืฉื ืช 2023 ืืืืืื ืืขืืืืช ืื ืจืืืช ืืขืงืืืชืื. ื-24 ืืืื 2020 ืืืืฉื ื ืืื ืืชืื ืืืฉืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืชื ืื ื ืืื ืืฉืคื ืคืืืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืฉืื ืืช: ืชืืง 1000, ืชืืง 2000 ืืชืืง 4000. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืฉืคื ืคืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืชื. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2024 ืืืืืข ืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื (ICC) ืื ืืืฆืื ืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืืื, ืื ืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืืื ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื. ืจืืฉืืช ืืืื, ืฉืืจืืชื ืืฆืืื ืืืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืฉืช ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฆืืื (ืืืืช ืกืื; 1912โ2000) ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืื ืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื (1910โ2012) ืื ืงืจื ืขื ืฉื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืคืจืืกื ืื ืืืื ืกืื. ืืื ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื ืช ืชืืคืืืช ืื-1955 ืืงืืืื. ืืงืืจ ืืฉื "ืืืื" ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื, ืื ืืืื ืจืื. ืืืืชื ื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืื[ื] ืืืืจ ืืฉืื "ืื" ืืงืจืืืช ืืืจื ืืืืชื. ืืืื ืื ืืืง ืจืืฉืืช ืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ื-50 ืืชืืืืช ื-60 ืืืืชื ืืืฉืคืื ืืกืืจืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื, ืขื ืฉืืฉืคืืชื ืขืืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉื ืช 1963, ืืขืงืืืช ืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืื. ืืืฉืคืื ืืจื ืืฆ'ืืื ืื, ืคืจืืืจ ืฉื ืคืืืืืคืื ืฉืืคื ืกืืืื ืื, ืฉื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืื ืคืขืื ืืืืขืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืชืืืื, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ื-1967 ืืื ืืืชืืืืก ืืฆื"ื, ืืขืื ืฉืืฉืคืืชื ื ืฉืืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉื ืฉื ืชืืื ื ืืกืคืืช. ืืื ืฉืืจืช ืืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื, ืฉืื ืฉืืจืช ืื ืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉื ืื ืืืื ืขืื. ืืื ืขืืจ ืืกืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืื ืืืืคืงื ืืืชื ืชืืช ืคืืงืืื ืฉื ืขืืืจื ืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืืง ืงืืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืฆืข ืชืฉืืจื, ืืืืฆืข ืชืืคืช ืืืืืฆืข ืืืืืืก 4 ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืชืฉื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืข, ืืืืจ ืฉืืฆืื ืืืฆืจื ืคืชื ืืืฉ ืขื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืขื ืฉืืืืช 13, ืืขืช ืฆืืืืช ืชืขืืช ืกืืืฅ ืขื ืืื ืกืืจืืช ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช, ืฉืืืืชื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืฆืจืืื. ืืืืฉื, ืกืืื ืงืืจืก ืงืฆืื ื ืื"ืจ ืืืฆืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืืคืงื ืฆืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืคืงื ืฆืืืช ืืฉืชืชืฃ ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืืืฆืข ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืขื ืืืืก "ืกืื ื", ืฉืขืืื ืคืืงื ืืคืงื ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืง. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืคืฆืข ืืคืขืืื ืื ืืคืืืืช ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืืืื. ืืคืขื ืืืจืช, ืืืืจื ืืคืขืืื ืกืืืืช ืืกืืจืื, ื ืชืงืข ืืฆืืืช ืฉืขืืื ืคืืงื ืืืจื ืืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืชืฉืืฉืืช ืืืงืืจ. ืืคืงื ืคืืืชื, ืขืืื ืืืื, ืืฉ ืืขืืจืชื ืืืืืฅ ืืืชื. ืืงืืฅ 1972 ืืฉืชืืจืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆื"ื ืืืจืืช ืกืจื. ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืจื ืืฆื"ื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช MIT ืฉืืืกืฆ'ืืกืืก. ืขื ืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1973, ืฉื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืงืืืฆื ืืืืืชืจืช ืฉื "ืืืืจืื" ืืืืืืื, ืฉืฉืืจื ืขื ืื ืืื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืงืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืื, ืืืฉืืืข ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืชื ืืืขืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืฆืคืื. ืืคื ืืืืืืื, ื ืจืื ืื ืคืืงื ืขื ืืืฆืข ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฆืคืื. ืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืฉืจืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืคืืืช ืขื 1981. ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืคืืจ, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืฉื ืงืืื ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืืจืืืืืช (B.S.A.D) ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช MIT ื-1974, ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืื ืื ืขืกืงืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืื ืืืื MIT ืกืืืื ื-1976. ืขืืืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืฃ ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืฆืืจ, ืืื ืืืืช ืืกืืจ ืชืืจื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืื ืึพMIT ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจืืืืจื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืืขื ืืืืื ื. ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืืื, ืขืื ืืฉื ืชืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืขืืฅ ืขืกืงื, "ืืืกืืื ืงืื ืกืืืื ื ืืจืืค". ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืื ื ืขืฆืื "ืื ื'ืืื ื ืืชืื" ืื "ืื ื ืืชืื". ื ืืชืื ืืื ืฉื ืืขื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืขืืชืื ืขื ืืืืจืื. ื-1976 ืฉืื ืืช ืืืื, ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืื ืืืฆืข ืื ืืื, ืืขืช ืืืืชื ืืคืงื ืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื. ืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1977 ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืกืืฃ 1976 ืืขื 1980 ืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืงืจ ืืืจืืจ, ืฉืขืจื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืกืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืจืืจ. ื-1980 ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืขืื ืืคืจืก ื'ืืืืื ืกืงื ืืกืคืจืืช ืืืืืงืจ, ืืขืืืจ ืืืฆืืช ืืืชืื ืืื ื. ืืื 1979โ1982 ืขืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืง ืฉื ืืืจืช ืืจืืืืื "ืจืื ืชืขืฉืืืช". ืืืกืืจืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืงืจ ืืืจืืจ, ืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืืืืืืงืืื, ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉื ืืจื ืก, ืฉืืื ืืกืึน ืืคืืืืืืงื ืืืืืืฅ ืืื ืืชื ืืฆืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื. ืกื., ืชืคืงืื ืฉืืืื ืืื 1982โ1984. ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืจื ืก ืืฉืืจืืจ, ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืงืืื, ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืจ ืจืืื ืืชืคืงืื. ืืื 1984โ1988 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืื"ื ืืืื ืืืืคืขืืชืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืขืืืืืช. ืืืจื ืฉืืงืื ืืจืก ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืฉืฃ ืืช ืขืืจื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืื"ื, ืงืืจื ืืืืืืื, ืฉืฉืืจืช ืืงืฆืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืชืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื"ื, ืืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ืืฆืืื, ืืืฉืืฃ ืืกืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืขืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืคืืฉืขื ืืืืื ื ืืฆืื ื ืืกืคืื. ื-1988 ืืืขื ืง ืื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืจ ืืืงืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจ-ืืืื. ืงืจืืืจื ืคืืืืืืช ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืชืื ืขืฉืจื ื-1988, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช "ืืืืืื". ืืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืชื ืืขืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืืฆื ืืืงืื ืืชืฉืืขื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื, ืฉืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืืืืฅ. ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ื-12, ืืืชืื ื ืืกืื ื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืฉื ืืจื ืก, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื. ืืื ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืื ื ืืฆืจ ืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืฆืฆื ื ืืฆื ื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืืชืขืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืื. ืืื ืืชืคืงืืื ืืื"ื, ืื ืืชืคืงืื ืื ืืชืืื ืืืืคืขืืชืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืชืืืช. ื-1991 ื ืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืจืืฉืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืืง ืฉืืืจ. ืืืืจ ืืืืขืืื, ืขืงื ืืืชื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื, ืขืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื, ืฉื ืขืจืื ื-1992, ืืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืืฉื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืคืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคืจืืฉืชื ืฉื ืฉืืืจ, ืืชืืืื ื-1993 ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื. ืืืืื ืืกืข ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช, ืืชืคืจืกืื "ืคืจืฉืช ืืงืืืช ืืืืืืช". ืืืืคืขื ืืืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืจืช ืืื ืืืืฉืืช, ืืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืื "ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืืืจืช ืคืืฉืขืื" ื ืืกื ืืกืืื ืืืชื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืจืืืืช ืืืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชื. ืืจืืืื ืืืคื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืื ืืคืจืฉื, ืืขืืืงื ืืช ืืงืจืข ืืื ืืฉื ืืื. ืืงืืืช ืื ืืืฆืื ืืขืืื, ืืืืืื ืืชื ืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืคื ืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื, ืื ื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืงืฆื, ืืืื ื-52.1% ืืืงืืืืช (72,705 ืืชืื 139,522 ืงืืืืช ืืฉืจืื). ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืคืืช ืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืื ื-1993 ืืืืืืจ ืฉืืืกืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืจ ืืืคื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืื ืืืงืจ ืืืืจืืช ืคืืืืขื ืืจืืจ ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืื, ืงืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช, ื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื. ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืชื ืืคืื ืช ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืฆืืื ื ืื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืืกืื ืืืกืื ื', ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1995. ืืฉืชืชืคืืชื ืืืคืื ื ืืฆืืืช ืจืขื ื ื ืฉืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืชืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืจืื ืงืืืจื ืฉืขืืื ืืืืชืื "ืจืืื ืงืืืจ ืืช ืืฆืืื ืืช", ืืืชื ืืคืจืกืื ืจื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืขื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื. ื-29 ืืืื 1996 ื ืขืจืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืจืืข-ืขืฉืจื, ืืคื ืฉืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืฉืืจื. ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก, ืฉืืืืืฃ ืืช ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืฆืื, ืืจืื ืืืืง ืฉื ื-29,000 ืงืืืืช. ื ืืฆืืื ื ืืชืงืื ืืืคืชืขื ืืงืจื ืืคืจืฉื ืื. ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืจืืฅ ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืฆื ืคืจืก ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื 1.4%, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืงื ืฉื ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืคื ืืช ืืืงืจ ืืชืืคืื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืืช ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืกืืจ ืฉื ืืชื ืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืืชืืกืก ืขื ืชืืืฉืช ืืืกืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืขืงื ืืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืขืช ืคืืืืขื ืืชืืืืืช, ืืฆื ืืืืืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืื ืฉื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉืื. ืื ืืืขื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืจ ืคืขื ืืจืขืช ืคืจืก, ืขืงื ืืขืืื ืืกืืืืช ืืืฉืคืขื ืืจืืฉืืช ืฉื ืจืฆื ืจืืื, ืืืชื ืืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืชืืจืื ืืช, ืืืชื ื ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืกืืขืืช ืืืชืืจืืช ื"ืืืืืื-ืืฉืจ-ืฆืืืช". ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืคืจืก ืืืคืืข ืขืืืฃ ืื ืจืื, ืื ืฉืคืืข ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืืืจื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืชื ืืขืืช ืืืฆืืขื ืืงืจื ืืืืขืืืื ืคืขืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืขืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืขืจืืืช ื ืื ืขื ืืืชืืื ืืืืฉืื, ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฆืข "ืขื ืื ืืขื" ืืืืคืืื ืขื ืืคืจ ืงืื ื ืืืื ืื, ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืขื ืชืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืื ืงืืคืืื ืฆืขืืจื ืืืืืช ืื"ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืง: "ื ืชื ืืื. ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื", ืืืืจืืช ืืจื ืืจื ืฉื, ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืฆืืืข ืื ืชื ืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืขืฅ ืืจืชืืจ ืคืื ืงืืฉืืืื ืืงืืคืืื ื ืืืืื ืขื ืกืืกืืืืช ืงืืืืืช ืืื "ืคืจืก ืืืืง ืืช ืืจืืฉืืื", ืฉืืื ืืคืงืืืื ืืืฆืืจืช ื ืืืืจ ืืืคื ืืฉืืื ืืงืจื ืขืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจืืื. ื ืืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืชื ืืืื 47 ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืขืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืจ ืงืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืึพ18 ืืืื ื 1996 ืขื ืึพ6 ืืืืื 1999. ืืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืื-ืคืืกืืื ื. ืืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืกืืื ืืืกืื, ืชืื ืืฆืืจื ืขื ืขืืงืจืื ืืคืื ืืงืืื ืืชืืืืืืืืช ืื ืกืืืืช ืจืง ืืืงืืื ืืงืืื ืืชืืืืืืืืชืื ืฉื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืืชืื ืืื, ืืชืขืืื ืืกืืจืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืืช, ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืฉืืจื ื ืืกืจื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืชืื ืืืกืืื ืืืกืื ื'. ืืชืืืืช ืกืคืืืืจ 1996 ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช ืืืขืืจ ืืจื, ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืคืืืฉื ืืกืืืืช. ื-24 ืืกืคืืืืจ 1996 ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืคืชืืืช ืื ืืจืืช ืืืืชื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืจืฆื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืจืช ืืืืชื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืฆืคืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืื ื ืืจืื 17 ืืืืื ืฆื"ื ืืืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืืจืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื. ืืืืืืืช ืืชืคืชืื ืืขืงืืืช ืคืชืืืช ืืคืชื ืืฆืคืื ื ืฉื ืื ืืจืช ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืจืืืข ืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืฉืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืขื ื ืฉืืฉืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืชืืช ืืกืืื ืืจ ืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืขืจืขืจ ืืืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืง ืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืฉื ืชื ืืคืชืืืช ืคืชื ืืื ืืจื ืืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืขืช ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืคืฉืจืช "ื ืืืขื ืืกืืข ืงืืืื ื". ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจืืข ืืืืืื ื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืื ืืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืืื ืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืคืืกืืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืคืืช ืฉื ืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืืคืจืืช ืกืืจ ืืขืจืื ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืขืจืื ืืืขืืจืืืช, ืฉื ืคืกืงื ืชืื ืืืื ืกืคืืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืงืจื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืงืืื ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืขืจืคืืช ืืคืกืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื, ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืกืืื ืืื ืืจืื. ืืคืกืื ืกืืื ืืช ืืืจื ืืืชืืืช "ืืกืื ืืืจืื" ืืื ืืืจ 1997. ืืืกืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืช ืืจืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืื, ืืืขื ืืืืจ ืืขืจืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืจืื ืกืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืื ืืืืืืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืืื. ืืื ืื ืืชืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ืฉืชื ื ืกืืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืฉืืืื ืขื ืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืงืจืื "ืฉืืืฉ ืืคืขืืืืช". ืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฆืขื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ. ืืงืืฅ 1997 ืืชืจืืฉื ืฉื ื ืคืืืืขื ืืชืืืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืขืงืืืชืืื ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืชื ืงืฉืืช ืื'ืืื ืืฉืขื, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืืก ืืืจืื. ืืคืขืืื ืื ืขืืชื ืืคื ืืกืืื ื "ืืืืกื" ืฉืืืฆืขื ืืืชื ื ืชืคืกื. ืืชืืืจื ืืฉืืจืืจื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืจืื ืชืจืืคืช ื ืื ืฉืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืขื ืืฉืืจืจื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืกืืจืื ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืจืืฉื ืฉืืื' ืืืื ืืืกืื. ืงืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืฉ ืืช ืืกืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืกื ืืื ืืจืืืง, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืก ืฉืืืจืฉ ืืืจืื ืื ืขืฆืจ ืื ืืืชืชื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืฉืฉ ืฉืืฉืคืื ืืขืืจืจ ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืืฉ ืืช ืืคืืืืขืื. ืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉื ื ืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืืคื ืื, ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก ืืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืจืง ืืืจืืื ืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 1999, ืฉื ืช ืืืื ืชื ืืืืจืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ื ืจืฆืื 4 ืื ืฉืื ืืคืืืืขืื, ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืชืืคืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืขื 2008. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืช ืืืืืฃ ืืื ืขืืจื. ืืงืืช ืืืืขืฆื ื ืขืฉืชื ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆื ืฉื ืืชื ื ืืืกืืจืช ืืคืงืช ืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืคืืขื ืขื ืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืงืืื ืื. ืืืืจ ืชืงืืคื ืืจืืื ืฉื ืงืืคืืื, ืฉืืืืืื ืืจืฉื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืชืืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืชื ื ืืืกืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืกืื ืืืจืื ืื ืกืืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช, ืืื ืก ืื ืฉืื ืงืืื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืืช ืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1998. ืืืืขืืื ืืกืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉืืชืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืคืืจ, ืื ืกืืื ื ืืกืคืช, ืฉืืืื 13% ืืฉืืื C ืฉืืืื ืฉืืืขืืจื ืืฉืืื A ื-B,โ 1% ื-12% ืืืชืืื, ืืืคืชืืืช ื ืื ืชืขืืคื ืืื-ืืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืกืขืืคื ืืืื ื ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืงืืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืื ืืชืื ืกื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืขืื ืื ืืืืืช ืื ืฉืื ืงืืื ืืื, ืืืื ืื ืคืืจืกื ื ืืกื ืืืฉ ืฉื ืืืื ื ืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืกืขืืคืื ืืงืืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืจื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฆืขื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืจืง ืืืง ืงืื ืืื ืกืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืจื: โืืชื ื โ ืืงืืื, ืื ืืชื ื โ ืื ืืงืืื.โ ืชืงืืคื ืื ืืชืืคืืื ื ืืืชืืงืืืืืช ืืจืืืืช ืื ืกืืืืช ื"ืคืขืืืืช" ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืคืขื. ืืืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื, ืื ืงืืคืืื ืืืืขืื ืขื ืกืืจืื, ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืืื ืจืื ืืืืืจ, ื ืฉืื ืืืขืื ืืกืืจืื. ืืืขื ืช ืื ืืก ืจืืก ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืง, ืืืืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืจืื, ืืืืชื ืืืกืืืชื, ืืืื ื ืกืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืงื ืขื ืืกืืก ืืืืืืช 1967, ืชืื ืฉืชืืืื ืืงื ืืืืืืง ืืืงืืข ืืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืื. ืืืขื ืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืืชืขืงืฉ ืขื ืื ืฉืงื ืืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืงืืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืชืจ. ืฉืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืงืืจืื ืืช ืจืืื, ืืื: ืืกืื ืืืกืืงืื (4 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1997), ืืืช ืฉืืืฉื ืงืฆืื ืื ืืกืืืจืช ืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืชืงืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืื (23 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1997) ืืืกืื ืืฉืืืืช (5 ืืกืคืืืืจ 1997) ืฉืื ื ืืจืื 12 ืืืืื ืฉืืืืช 13 ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืื. ืืกืื ืืืกืืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืกืืจ ืืืื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืช ืืคืงืคืืง ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืงืืช ืืจืืื ืืจืืข ืืืืืช ืฉืคืขืื ืื ืกืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื. ืืขืงืืืช ื ืคืืืช ืืงืฆืื ืื ืืืืืข ืื"ืจ ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืง, ืขื ืืชืืืืืืชื ืืฆืืช ืืืื ืื ืชืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืืจื, ืขืืืฃ ืชืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืกืืจืื. ืชืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืช ืืืชืช ืขื ืื ืกืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืื ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืืืจ ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ, ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืืื ืื ืืฆืจื ืืฉืืจื ื ืืืืจืืงื ื. ืคืขืืืืช ืื, ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื'ืจื ืคืืืืื (ืื ') ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืฆืจื, ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืงืจื ืืืืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ื ืฉืืืฉื ืฉืจื ืืืฆืจ: ืื ืืจืืืืจ, ืืขืงื ื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืช โ ืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืคืจืง ืืื ืฉื ืืฉื ื. ืืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืื ืืจืืืืจ, ืื ืืฉื "ืจืฆืืขืช ืืืืืกืื" ืืืืื ืืืชืคืืจืืช ืืืืจืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื. ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืื ืืื ืคืจืฉ ืืืื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืฆืขืืื ืืืืืืืื[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื] ืฉื ืงื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉืืช 1998, ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืฉืืื ืจืขืืขืื ืขืื. ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืกืืืืช ืฉืืง ืืืคืฉื, ืืขืื ืขื ื ืก ืืช ืขืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืคืฉืืช ืืืช ืืืคืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืฉ ืชืคืืกื ืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืืืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืคืืฆืื ืืืคืืชืช ืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืืื. ืืืฉืืชื ืืืฆืขื ืืคืจืื ืฉื ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืชืืืช ืืืืืจืืืืฆืื ืืืืืข ืืืืฅ, ืืืื ืืืืื "ืจืฆืืขืช ืืืืืกืื", ืืืื ืฉืืจื ืืืชืคืืจืืชื ืฉื ืื ืืจืืืืจ ืืชืคืงืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจื ืจืคืืจืื ืืคื ืกืื ืฉืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืคื ืกืื ืชืงืฆืืืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืฆืืืจืช, ืืืจืืืช ืืขืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืฆืืืืจื. ืืื ืื ืืืกืคืช ืืคืขืื ืกืืืืจื ืฉืืืฉื, ืชืืืืช ืฉืืจืืชื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืช "Yes" ืืืืกืคืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉืืง ืฉืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืืช. ืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืงื ืืขืืช ืืจืืคืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืื ืขื ืืขืื ืืจืืชื ืืคืืืืืืื ืึปืึผืึผ ืืขืืชืื ืืืจืืงืืช ืืฆืจืืืืช. ืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืืกื ืื ืืืง ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืืืืจื ืฉืืคืฉืจื ืืช ืจืฆื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื. ืืกืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืง ืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืืขืื ืฉืืคืืืืช ืืฉืืื ื ืื ืขื ืืืกืคืง ืื ืจืฉืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืกืื, ืืืขืงืืืช ืืชืงืคื ืฉืื ืขืืืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืืขืืื. ืืฉ ืืืืขื ืื ืื ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืคืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืขื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืจืืช ืืืคื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉ ืืืืขื ืื[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื] ืื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืขืงืืืช ืืชืจืกืืชืื ืืืคื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืื ื.[ื] ืขื ืืืช, ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืืจืชื. ืืืคืขืชื ืืชืงืฉืืจืชืืช ืืืืืืฉืช ืืืืื ืื ืชืืืืื, ืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืื ืขืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื. ืืืชืืจืืจืืช ืขื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืจืื ืื. ืืชืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ื-21 ืืืฆืืืจ 1998 ืืฆืืืขื ืืื ืกืช ืืงืจืืื ืฉืืืฉืืช ืขื ืคืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืจื ืกืืื ืชืืจืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืงืืจื, ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืขืช ืื-ืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืขื ืืฃ ื ืืกืืื ืืชืื ืืื ืืข ืืช ืืืฆืืขื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืชื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืง, ืืืขืื ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื; ืืฆืืง ืืจืืื, ืฉืืืชื ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืจืืฅ ื ืืื; ืื ื ืืืื, ืฉืขืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืขืืื ืืฉืืจื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืคืจืฉื ืืจืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืจืืฅ, ืืืื ืชืื ืืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืชืืื ืืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืจืง, ืฉื ืืฆื ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืื 1999, ืืฉืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 56% ืืงืืืืช ืืืืืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืืืกืชื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืคืจืกืื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืกืืคืืืช ืืืืืืข ืขื ื ืืืืช ืคืกืง ืืื ืืืคืืืืืืงื, ืืฉืืฆืืื ืขืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉืืืฆื ืืืืืืคื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืชืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ื ืืงืื ืฆืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืฉืื ืืงืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืื ืฉืืขืจ ืขื ืืื ืขืืืงืื ืืงืจืข ืืขื ืืืืื ื ืฉืจืืฉ ืื ืืฉืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืจ ืฉืืคืกืื ืืืืืจืืช 1999, ืคืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืชื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืืืืกื 1999 ืืื ื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืืจืช ืืืื ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชืงืืืช ืืืืืจืช "ืืืงืืจืืง ืคืืื". ืขื ื ืคืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืจืง ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2000, ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืคื ืืืืืจ ืืคืืืืืืงื. ืขื ืคื ืืืง, ืืชืคืืจืืช ืืจืง ืืืืจื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืฉืืชืงืืืื ืื ืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืืจืช ืื ืชืชืืคืฉืจ ืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืฆืืื. ืืคืืืช ืฉ"ืก, ืฉืื ืจืฆืชื ืืืกืชืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืื, ืกืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืคืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช, ืื ืกืืืขื ืืืขืืจืช ืืืง ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืชืืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืขืืืืชื ืืืคืชืืขื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉื ืืฉื ืืืืชื ืขืช ื"ืืืชื ืืืืจ" ืืืคืืคืืืจื ืคืืืช ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืจื ืืืฆืข "ืืืืช ืืื", ืชืงืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจืื ืืื ืืคืืืืขืื ืืงืจื ืืื ืืกืช ืฆื"ื ืืขืจืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืืช. ืืื ืงืจื ืื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืคืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืขืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืคื ืฉืื ืืืขืชื ืฆืจืืื ืืืชืืฆืข ืืคืจืื ืืืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ, ืขื ืคืืจืืง ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืคืจืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2002 ืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืคืืืฉ ืืขืืจืืง. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืขื ืืืื ืืคืืืฉื ืืื ืืขืืช ืืคืืงืื ืืืจืคืืจืื ืฉื ืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืขืืืชื ืืขืจืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื "ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื, ืคืขืืืืชืื ืืืชืงืืืืชื ืฉื ืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืืคืืชืื ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื" ืืืืกืืฃ ืื ืชืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ื ืฉื ืกืืื, ืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืชืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืขืฆืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืื. ืืคืืขื ืืชืืจืจ ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืขืืจืืง ืื ืืืื ืขืืจืืง ืื ืืื ืื ื ืฉืง ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืจืืื ืืขืจืืืื ืื ืืฉืคืขืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืืชื ืฉืืืืืช ืืกื ืืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2002 ืืฆืืจืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ. ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืื ืฉืจืื ืขื ืื ืืืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืืคืกืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื 24%. ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืช ืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืืืืช 2003, ืืืฆืข ืื ืชื ืืื ืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ. ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉืืคืฅ ืืชืืง ืืืืฅ, ืกืืจื ืชืืืื, ืื ืืืกืืฃ ืงืืื ืืช ืืชืคืงืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืคืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืงืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฆืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืก ืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืง ืืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืฉื ืชืืื ืืืฆื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืฆืจ, ืขืจื ืจืคืืจืืืช ืืจืืืงืืช ืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืื ืืืืกืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื. ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืงืคืืืืืกืืืช ืชืงืืคื, ืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืคืืชืช ืืืฆืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืงืืฆืืฆืื ื ืจืืืื ืืชืงืฆืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืคืจืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืชืืืช. ืืื ืืืืจ ืจืืืช ืขื ืืฆืืจื ืืงืฆืฅ ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืฉืง ื"ืืืฉ ืืจืื (ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืื) ืืกืืื ืขื ืืื ืืช ืืืืฉ ืืฉืื (ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื)". ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืชื, ืืืืฅ ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืฉืืื ืื ืงืืืื, ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืืคืืชืช ืฉืืขืืจื ืืก ืืืื ืกื. ืืืงืืื ืืจืืื ืืช ืืกืืก ืืืก ืืืืื ืคืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืก ืืชืืฉืื ืืชื ืืืืืืช. ืืืืฆืข 2004 ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืคืืชื ืืืจืืชืืช ืื ืื ืืก ืืืื ืกื ืืืก ืืืืจืืช (25% ืืขืืืช 36%) ืขื ืฉื ืช 2010 ืืืคืืชืช ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืืื (44% ืืขืืืช 50%). (ืืืื ืืืช ืืฉืชื ืชื ืืขืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืช 2012 โ ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืขืื ื-48% ืื-50% ืืฉื ืช 2013, ืืืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืืก ืืืื ืกื ืขื ื-40,000 ืฉ"ื ืืืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจืช.) ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืื ืืคืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืฉืืจ ื ืืื, ืื ืืชืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืจืง ืขื ืืขืื ืืื ืกื ืืื ืื ืืช ืืืขืื. ืขืจืื ืฉื ื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืก ืืื ืกื ืืืงืคื ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืืืืช. ืืืกืืจืช ืชืืงืื 147 ืืคืงืืืช ืืก ืืื ืกื, ืืืขืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืก ื-15% ื-20% ืขื ืจืืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื, ืืจืืืช ืื ืืืช ืืืืจืกื ืืจืืืืืช ืขื ืคืืงืืื ืืช, ืืืื ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืื ืขื ืฉืื ืืงืจืงืขืื. ืืชืืืืช 2004 ืืืืื ืงืืฆืืฅ ืืืืกืื ืขื ืงืฉืช ืจืืื ืฉื ืืืฆืจื ืฆืจืืื, ืืืงืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืืข"ื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืฉื 17%. ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืช ืืงืจืืืจืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืงืฆืืืืช ืจืืืื ("ืชืฉืืืื ืืขืืจื") ืืืืื ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืช ืื ื ืืขืื, ืืืืจืื, ืืขืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืฆืืช ืืขืืืื. ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืจืืฃ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืฉืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืืืืคื ืืกืืจืชื ืคืขืื ืืืืืืช ืงืฆืื ืื (ืืืืืื ืืืง ืืืคืจื), ืื ืืื ืืืง ืืืงืืืืืฆืื. ืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืงืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืคืืขื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืขืจืื, ืฉืืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืกืืช. ืงืืฆืืฆืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืงืฆืืืืช ืคืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืื-ืืืจืืืช, ืืืืืืืื ืืืงืฉืืฉืื ืืขืืจืจื ืื ืฉื ืฉืืืชืืช ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืืืืช, ืืืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืืงื ืงื ืคื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื, ืืืขืืจื ืืืจืืช ืจืืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืคืื ืคืจืืืื. ื-2003 ืืื ืคืงื ืืืืจืกื ืื ืืืช "ืื ืขื", ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืงืืืฆืช "ืื ืคืืื" ืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืืฅ ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจื. ืืชืืืืช 2004 ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืช ืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืคื ืืช "ืฆืื" (50% ืืืืืจื) ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืขืืคืจ ืชืืืจืช ืืืฆื ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื. ืืืืื, ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืืงื ืจืืื ืื "ืขืกืงืช ืืฉืงืฉืืงื", ืขืืจืจ ืืืงืืจืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ืจืื, ืื ืืชืื ืขืืื ืืขืจื ืืื"ื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื. ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืง ืืืกืงืื ื ื ืืืจ ืืงืืืฆืช ืืฉืงืืขืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืชืื ืืจืื ืคืื, ืชืืืจืช 1.3 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื, ื-80% ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืง, ืขื ืคื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืกืืจื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืืจืกื. ืืืจืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช "ืืืง" ื ืืืจื ืืงืืืฆื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืกืื ืืืืืคืงืก, ืืืืืจ ืืงืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืกืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืงืืืืื ืืืืืืคืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืง ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืืฉื ืช 2008 ืื ืืื ืืื ืง ืืืืืื ืคืจืืืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืคืืืช ื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืืืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืฆืืจ ืชืืจืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืขืื. ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืขืืืืื, ืฉืื ืชืืืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืกืื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืชืืช ืขืืืจ ืื ื ืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2009, ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืื ืืืช ืืจืคืืจืื, ืืืฉืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืคืจืืฉืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืงืืข ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืื ืืจืคืืจืื ื ืืฉืื. ืืื ืืื ืคืชืจืื ืืืฉืืจ ืงืจื ืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืช, ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืงืจื ืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืืืืืจืช ืืงืจื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืช, ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืจืืช ืืืืืื. ืชืืื ืืช ืืกืืืข ืืคืฉืจื ืืงืจื ืคืืขืื ืืื ืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืคืจืขืื, ืืช ืชืฉืืื ืืคื ืกืื ืืืืจืื. ืฆืขื ืื ืืืื ืืืขืืื ื ืืืจืช ืฉื ืืคืจืฉืืช ืืขืืืชืื ืืงืจื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืช ืืืขืืืืืื ืืฆืืฆืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืืชืื. ืืงืจืืช ืกืืฃ ืืืื ืชื ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช "ืืขืืช ืืืจ". ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆืืชืื, ืฉืืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ื ืืืฆื ืืื ืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืงืืคืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืงืจื ืืช ืื ืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืขืืืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืจืชืืื ืืฉื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืื ืืื-ืฉืืืืื ืืืฉืง. ืขื-ืคื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืขืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืื 2002 ื-2004 ืขืื ืื-10%, ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืขื ืืืช ืขืื ื-12%. ืืจืืื ื ืจืืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืขืืืื ืืืจืืฉืช ืื ืืงืงืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจืืคืืช, ืื ืืงืจื ืืืจืืื ืฉืืฉืชืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืขืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืงืจื ืืืจืืื ืขืืืืื ืื ืคื ืกืืื ืจืื. ืืขืื ื ืืชืจืื ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืฆืื ืืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืชืฉืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืงืฆืืืืช. ืืฆื ืืืืงืืจืช, ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืชืคืจื ืืืืคื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืง ืืืฉืจืื: ืืกืืฃ 2002 ืืชืงืฉืชื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืก ืืกืฃ ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืช, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืืื ืืืืคื ื ืืืจ. ืืื"ื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืคืื ื ืกืืช ืฉื ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2003 ืฆืืื ืื ืฉืืคืืจ ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืคืื ื ืกืืื ื ืืข, ืืื ืืฉืืจ, ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืฉื, ืืฆืืื ืืืขืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืชืงืฆืื (ืืฃ ืฉืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืขืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉื ื), ืืืช ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืขืืื, ืงืืืช ืืขืจืืืืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืืช ืืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืคืจืกืื ืืืืงืช ืืืืงืจ ืฉื ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืงืจื-ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืคื, ืืจืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืืืฆืืืื ืืืฉืง ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฆืื ืืื, ืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืืืืืื ื ืืฆืืืืช ืืกืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืจืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืืฆืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืืก ืื-ืขืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืชืงืืช. ืืื ืชืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืืข ืืขืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืงืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืืง ืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืื ืกืช. ืขื ืืืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืข ืืกืชืืืืืืืช, ืืคืจื ืื ืกืืื ืืฆืืจ ืคืืืืืคื ืืืฆืืข ืขืจืืืช ืืฉืื ืขื, ืืฃ ืื ืืฆืืืจ ืฉืืืฉืื ืืฆืืืข ืืขื ืืชืื ืืช. ืืฉืขืืชื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืืฆืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืื, ืื ืืฆืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืคืื ืืชืคืืจ ืื ืื ืืืืฆืข ืืฉืื ืขื. ืืืืฉื ื ืกืื ืื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืื ืืชืงืืื ืืฉืื ืขื. ืืช ืืชื ืขืจืืชื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืฉืืฆืื, ืืืืก ืืืืจืคืช ืืฆืื ืืจืคืืื ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช. ืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืชืืข ืงืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืขื, ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืฆืืืข ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืขื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืขืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืกืช. ื-7 ืืืืืืกื 2005, ืขืจื ืืืฆืืข ืืคืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ืคืื ืื ืฉืืืฉืช ืืืืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืชืคืืจืืชื. ืืื ื ืืืง ืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืชืคืืจ ืืืฉืฉื ืฉืืขืื ืฆืคืื ืืงืื "ืืกืืก ืืจืืจ ืฉืืกืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื" ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ืจืคืืจืืช ืืืจ" ืืื ืงืื ืืฉืืืื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืืืช ืฉืืืงืฉ ืืขืจืื ืืืกืืจืช ืชืคืงืืื. ื-30 ืืืืืืกื 2005 ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืืขืืืืชื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืืจื ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืกืคืืจืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืขืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืขืืืืชื ืืชืคืงืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืชืงืืฃ ืืช ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืื "ืฉืืืื ืืืจืฆ". ืืกืคืืืืจ ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืขื ืื ืืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืชื ืืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืฉืจืื, ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืืืจืช ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืคืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืจืื ืืชืคืงืืื. ืืืฆืขื ื ืืืชื ืขื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืคืจืฉ ืงืืืืช ืงืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืชืคืงืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืชื ืืขื. ืืชืืืืช ืืฆืืืจ 2005, ืืขืงืืืช ืคืจืืฉืชื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื ืืืคืืื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืฉื "ืงืืืื", ืืคื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืข ืขืฉืจื. ืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืฅ ืืืฉื ืคืืืืืื. ืขืืื ืื ืืื, ืฉืืชืืืื ืืชืืืื, ืืกืืจ ืืช ืืืขืืืืชื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืชืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคื, ืฉืืชืืืื ืืชืืืื ืื ืืื, ืขืืจ ืืืคืืืช "ืงืืืื". ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ื ืขืจืื ื-19 ืืืฆืืืจ 2005, ืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื ืขื 44% ืื ืืงืืืืช (ืืื 33% ืืฉืืื, 12% ืืคืืืืืื ื-9% ืืืฅ). ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2006 ืืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืขืชื ืืืืขืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื ืืืคืืื ืืืืจื ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืคืชืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืืขื. ืืื ื ืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืคืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืชื ืืขื, ืฉื ืืฉื ืืฉื ืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืงืืจ ืืฉืืืชืืช ืืชื ืืขื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ]. ืืชืืืืืช ืืฆืขื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืืื ืืขืืจืืืช, ืืื ืืื ืืชืฉืืืืช ืขื ืฉื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืคืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืขื ื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืชืืงืื ืงืืกืืื ืืืื, ืืืฆืืืขื ืขื ืืขืืืื ืื ืืฆืขื ื ื ืงื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจ ื ืืืจื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ื-17, ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืฆื ืืงืืืืชื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช. ืืคืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ื"ืฆืขื ืงืืกืืื" ืืืชื ืืื ืคืจืืืืจืื ืจืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืืขื ืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-17 ืืืืื ืขืื ืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉืืื ื-12 ืื ืืืื, ืืืช ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืืขืื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืฃ ืขืืืืช ืืืืก ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืจืื, ืฉื ืจืื ืืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืืง ืืช ืืืคืืื. ืื ืืื ืืชืืืกื, ืงืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืืช, ืฉืคืืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช, ืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืืจืืช, ืื ืงืืข ืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืืช ืืืขื ืืฆืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืข ืฉืืืฉืื ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืชื ืืขื. ืืื ืกืช ื-17 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืกืื ื ืื ืฉืงืคืช ืืืืจืื ืืืชืืืฉืช ืืคืฆืฆืช ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืช. ืืฉื ืช 2008 ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืคืจืืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืขืกืงื ืืืืกืืจ ืืฉืงืขื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืจืื. ื-14 ืืืืืืกื 2007 ื ืขืจืื ืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื. ืืจืืื ืืขืืงืจื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืืื, ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืคืจืฉ ืืืคืื ืชืืืช ืืืืจืืฅ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื, ืชืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืขืืงืจื ืืืื ืืื ืคืขืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืคืืื, ืืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 72.8% ืืืืกืก ืืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืขืื ืืืคืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืงืืจืื, ืืืคืืจ ืืงืื ืืก, ืืืืืงืชื ืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืขืืืื ืืืงืื ื-36, ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืืืงืื ื-20. ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื ื ืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืฉื ืชืคืกื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืฉืืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืืงืืช ืืขืืช ืืงืืจื ืืืืืชืืช ืืืงืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจื ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืขืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืกืืคื ืืชืคืืจ. ืืืืืคืชื, ืฆืืคื ืืืื ื, ืืฉืื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืคืืืจื ืืื ืกืช. ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืื ื ืขืฉืจื ืืื ืืจื ืืงืกืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืก ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืข ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืช ืขืืืชื ืฉืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืืฉ ืืืคืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขื ืืชืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืฆืข. ืืงืืคืืื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืคื ืืื ื ืืกืืกืืืืช ืืื "ืืืง ืืืืืืื, ืืืง ืืืืืื". ื-3 ืืคืืจืืืจ, ืืฉืืืขืืื ืืืจื ืชืื ืืืฆืข "ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื", ื ืคืื ืืืฉืงืืื ืจืงืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืงืจ ืืขืืจ, ืืืืื ืฉืืืฉืืชื ืชืคืขื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขื, ืืชืงืฃ ืืช ืืืฉืืช ืงืืืื ืขื ืื ืฉืื ืขืฉืชื ืืืช. ืืฉืจืื ืืืจ, ืฉืืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืกืืจืืื ืฉื ืืงืืคืืื, ืกืืคืจ ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืชื ื-2020 ืฉืืืืืื ืืืฆืืจื ืืืืชื ืฉืื, ืขืงื ืกืงืจืื ืคื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืขื ืืชืืืงืืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื ืืฉืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืจ ืืื, ืืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืฉืชืื ืข. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-18 ืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ื-27 ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืกืืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืจื ืงืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืฆืืคื ืืื ื ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื. ืืืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ื-ืืชื, ืฉืืืืืฅ ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืจืื ืืื ืกืช (65 ื"ืืื), ืื ืฉืื ืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืื ืงืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืืจืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื, ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืฉ"ืก, ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ื-31 ืืืจืฅ 2009 ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืงืื ืืืื 30 ืฉืจืื ื-9 ืกืื ื ืฉืจืื. ืืืื ื 2009 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช "ื ืืื ืืจ-ืืืื", ืฉืืืจืืื ืืืืข ืืกืืื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืงืืช ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืชื ืืช ืืคืืจืืื, ืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืขื ืืืืืื, ืืืชืืจ ืขื ืืืืช ืืฉืืื. ืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืขืฉืจื ืืืื ืืืืจ ื ืืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืจ, ืืืื ืงืฉืืจ ืืืืขืื ืขื ืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืืคื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ-ืืืื ื ืชืคืก ืืฆืืืืจ ืืชืคื ืืช ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืก ืืขืืืืชืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืืคื ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2010 ืืืืืื ืืขืืช ืฉืจืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืืืฅ ืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืฉืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื ืืฆืืง ืืืจืื ืืืืฅ' ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืขื ืืฆืจืื ืืขืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืืจื ืืืฆื ืฉ"ื. ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื "ืงืืืืชื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืืืืืื... ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืกืืจืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืงืจืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื". ืืขืงืืืช ืฆืขื ืื ืคืกืงื ืืืกืชื ื ืืช ืืืขื ืืืืจื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืืจืืฃ ืืืฉืืจ ืืืชืืฉื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืจืงืื, ืืฉืืจ ืฉืืื ืืขืช ืืืื ืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื, ืืืืจ ืืืฆืข ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื, ืืืืจืืฃ ืืชืงืืคืช ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉื ืืขืื ืืกืืฃ ืืื 2010. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2010, ืืขืงืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืืขืื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืื ืก ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืคืชืืจ ืืช ืืกืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืื-ืคืืกืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืฉืชื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉื ื ืขืืื ืืชืื ืืกืชืืืืืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืก, ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืขื ืืืืืื. ืืืงืืื, ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืฆื ืืืฉื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืชืงืืคื ืฉื 10 ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืืืกื 2011 ืืืจืขื ืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืืื ืืคืืืืข ืงืืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืจื ืกืื ื, ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืงืคืช ืจืงืืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืจืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2011, ืื ืืื ืืื"ื, ืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืจืืฉ ืืืื"ื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืงืจื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืฆืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืงืืื, ืคืขื ืืืืืจื ืืงืืขืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืจืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืจืฃ ืคืขืืืืช ืืื, ื-29 ืื ืืืืืจ 2012 ืืืฉืจื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืจืื ืืืื (ืืืืืื 67/19 ืฉืื) ืืช ืืืืจื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืื ื ืืฉืงืืคื ืฉืืื ื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืื"ื. ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืืื ืืคืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก, ืืคืืขื ืืืจ ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืง ืืืชื. ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืข ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืกืืจ ืงืืข. ื-11 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2011 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืช ืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืก - ืืืกืืจืชื ืฉืืืจืจ ืืืขื ืฉืืื ืชืืืจืช 1,027 ืืกืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2012 ืืืกื ืฆื"ื ืืช ืืืื ื'ืขืืจื, ืจืืฉ ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืก, ืืขืงืืืช ืืจื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืคืชืืืช ืืืฆืข ืขืืื ืขื ื, ืฉื ืืขื ืืื ืืข ืืจื ืจืงืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืฆืข, ืืคืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืกืชื ืฉื ื'ืืื ืืฉืขื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืืจื ืขืืื ืืจื, ืฉืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขื 2011, ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืข ืืกืืจืื, ืืชืืืื ืืืจืืงืื, ืืกืื ืืืืื ื ืกืืื ืืืงืืช ืืจืืช ืืืืื, ืชืื ืืฉืืจืช ืจืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืื ืืจืื ืืืงืืื. ืืคื ืืืฆืขื ืืจืื ืชืืกืืจ ืืกืืจืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืจืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืชืืฆืข ืืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ืื ืขื ืกืขืืืื. ืืืฆืขื ืืืชื ืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืื ื ืืืชื ืขื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืกืืจืื. ืกืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืื ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืื ืกืืืืืช ืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ืืชืงื ื ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื. ืขื ืกืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืจืืข ืืืจ ื-1993. ืืคืชืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืืจืฃ ืฉื ืืื ืกืช, ื-31 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2011, ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืื โืืืจืื ืืจืขืื ืืช ืชืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืขื ืืขืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืื ืขืืื ืโ. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืจืขื ืืืืืช ืืืชืงื ืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืืื 3, ืืืงื ืืืืกื ื"ืืืกื", ืฉืืื ืขื ืืจืืื ื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืื ืื, ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืืืคื ืืฉืื ืื ืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช. ื-27 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2012 ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื"ื. ืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืชืืืข ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืขืฉืจ ืืจืื ืฉื 90% ืชืืื ืื ื ืงืืืช ืืื-ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืงื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืืืข ืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืฉ ื"ืฉืจ ืืืกืืจืืืื ืืืืืืช". ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืฆื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืกืืช ืืืกืื, ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืชื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืชื, ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืขืจื ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืื 2010 ืืืขืื ืื ืืืก ืขื ืกืืืจืืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืืื ืืช ืขื ืื"ืจ ืืืกืชืืจืืช, ืขืืคืจ ืขืื ื, ืขื ืขืกืงืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืง. ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืฉืืืฉืง ืฉืื ืฆืื ืืขืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื. ืืืื ืคืืฆืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช. ืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉืืขืืชื. ืืฉืงื ืืชืืืง ืืื ืืืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืงื ืืืช ืขืชืืืืช ืื"ื ืืฉื ืื ืืขืช ืืืกืืฃ. ืืืื ืืืช ืืืจืืจืืกืคืงืืืื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืขืช ืืืฉืืจ, ืืืืืช ืืฆืืืชื ืืื ืืขื ื ืจืืืช ืฉื ืคืืืขื ืืืฉืง ืืืืื ืืงื ืืื ืืืฉืจืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืกื ืืงืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืง ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืงื ืขื ืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืื ืืื. ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืืขืงืืืช "ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืืื ื", ืืืฉืฉืืช ืื ืืืข ืืืจื ืคืขืืืชื ืฉื ืืขืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืคืื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื. ืืืื 2010 ืืฆืืจืคื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืคืืชืื ืืืืื (OECD). ืืืืื-ืืืืืกื 2011 ืคืจืฆื ืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืช ืืจืืื ืืจื ืืืืืืฉ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืคืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืื ืฉืขืื ืืืืื, ืืืืืฅ ืืช ืจืื ืืืืฆืืชืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืฅ ืืืืืฆืืช, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืื 3, ืืืขืื ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืข"ื, ืืก ืงื ืืื ืขื ืืืง ืืืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืก ืืื ืกื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2012 ืืืืข ืืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ื-39 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื, ืืคืืืื ืืืืชืืื ื. ืืืจืขืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืขืืืืช ืืืกืื ื ืืกืคืืช. ืืืชืื ืืืกืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ื, ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืฉืจ ืืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืืชื ืืืขื ืืง ืืช ืืกืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืกืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ืขืชืืจื ืฉื ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืจืคืืืืช ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืกืืจ ืื ื ืืืชื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืคืช ืฉืคืขืช ืืืืืจืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืืฉ ืืืกืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืคืขืช ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืชืืฉืื ืืืืื ื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืชืืกื ื ืจืง ื-700,000 ืืฉืจืืืื (ื-10%) ืืืืืื ื ื ืืชืจื ืขื ืขืืืฃ ืฉื ื-4.5 ืืืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืกืื. ืืฉื ืช 2010 ืคืจืฆื ืืฉืจืคื ืืืจืื ืื ื ืกืคื 44 ืื ื ืืื, ื-17,000 ืืืฉ ืคืื ื ืืืชืืื ืืงืจืื ื-25 ืงื"ืจ (25,000 ืืื ื) ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ื ืขืฆืื ืขืื ืืืฉ. ืฉืจืคื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืกืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืฉืืชืจืืฉ ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืชื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2011 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืื ื, ืฉืขืกืงื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืงืืช ืืขืืืช ืืงืืจื ืืืืืชืืืช ืืืขืืืจ ืืช ืกืืืืืืชืื ืืืืฃ ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2012 ืืืงื ืืื ืืกืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืจื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืื ืขืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืกืืืืจ, ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืขืื ืฉืขืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืฃ ืืืื' ืืฆืืง ืื ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืชืืคืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชืื ืืื ืชืืงืฆืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืืจืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืื ืืจืืื ืื"ืค ืกืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืฉืืข. ืืกืืฃ ืื ืืืจ 2012 ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืคื ืืืืืช ืขื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืคืืืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืืงืื ื-36 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช 2008, ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ-ืื ืกืช. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืชืคืงืื, ืืฉืืฆืืืขื ืื ื-75% ืืืืชืคืงืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ 2012 ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืขื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืชืืืืช 2013, ืืืื ืฉืงืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืืงืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืคืืืืช "ืืืืืื" ื"ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืจืฉืืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉืืื ืชื "ืืืืืื ืืืชื ื" ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืืจืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืชื ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ื-31 ืื ืืืื, ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-19 ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืชื ืืฉืืืฉืืช. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืขื ืื ืืืืืจ 2013. ืืืจืฅ 2013 ืืืืกืืจืช ื ืืกืืื ืืช ืชืืืื ืฉื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืจืง ืืืืื - ืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืจืงืื, ืจื'ืค ืืืืค ืืจืืืื ืขื ืืฉืืช ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืชืืงืื ื, ืืืจื ืฉื ืงืืขื ืืืฉืืจ ืืขืงืืืช ืืืจืืขื ืืืฉื ืืขืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืชื ืฆื ืขื ืืืจืืขื ืืืฉื, ืืฉื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืกืืืืช, ืฉืืืคืจืื 2014 ื ืจืื ืืงืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืชืืื ืขื ืืกืื, ืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื, ืืืืกืื ืืืจืืจื ืฉืื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืชืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืคื ืืจืืฃ ื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืืจืงืื ื ืขืจืื ืืคืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืืชืงืคื ืื ืื ืืืช ืืฉืืจืืจืืช, ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืฉืคืืืช ืืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืคืจืกืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืข ืืืืจืงืื. ืืืืง ืืืืกื ืืจืื ืืโืืฉืจืื ืืืืกื ืืฉืจืืโืืฆืจืื ืืกืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืช ืฆืืืืืช ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืจืื ืื ืืืฆืจืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ื-ืกืืกื. ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืกืื ืืืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืคืช ืืจืฆื ืฉืืืฉื ื ืขืจืื ืืืืืื ื-12 ืืืื ื 2014 ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืก, ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืคืชืื ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืชืืจ ืืืืืคืื ืืืคืืืขื ืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืก ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืฆืข ื ืขืฆืจื ืืืขืื ื-400 ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืจืืืชื ืื ืฉื ืืืืก, ืืจืืืช ื-50 ืืกืืจืื ืฉืฉืืืจืจื ืืืืื ืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื. ืืื ืื, ื ืืฉืคื ืขืฉืจืืช ืกืืืงืื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืขืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฆืจื ืขืฉืจืืช ืจืืืื ืื ืืืืขื ืื. ื-8 ืืืืื 2014 ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื ืืชืืืื ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืกื ืงืจืงืขืืช ืืืจืืง ืฉื ื-3 ืงืืืืืืจืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืชืงืคืืืช ืฉืื ื ืืืืก. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืจื ืืืืก ืืืคื ืจืงืืืช ืืคืฆืฆืืช ืืจืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืฉืจืื. ื-30 ืืืืื ื ืืืคื ืืืคืืชืืื ืฉื ืกืื ืจืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืกืื ืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืงืจื ืฉื'ืืขืืื, ืื-7 ืืืืืืกื ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืงืฉ ืืื ื ืืกืืืข ืืืฉืืช ืืืคืืชืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืข ืืืชืื ืืช ืืืกืืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช ืืืคืกืงืืช ืืฉ ืฉืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืื ืืฆืจืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืฉืจ ืืืฆื ืืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ื ืชืืื ืืืืจืคืช ืืืขืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ื ืืืจื ืืชืืืืช ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืจืง ืืืืื. ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืจืฉ ืืืฉืจืื ืืืกืืื ืืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืืืงืื ืืช ืืืจืงืื ืืงืืจ ืืืชืืืืืช ืืกืืกืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื, ืื ืืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืฆืข ืืกืชืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืขื ืฉืืืขืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ื-26 ืืืืืืกื, ืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืคืกืงืช ืืืฉ ืืกืืื ืืืืฆืข ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืฆืืขื ืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื-ืืืืืื ื, ืฉืื ืื ืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืฆืข, ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืขื ืื ืืฆืื ืืกืคืงืช ืืงืืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืชืงืืคื ืืคื ื ืืืืฆืข. ืืืืื 2014 ืืื ืขืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืคืืืืขื ืืจืืจ ืืฆื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืฆืขื ืืืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืคืืืืขืื ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืืคืืืืข ืืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืงืืืืช ืื ื ืชืืจื ืืืื ื ืจืฆืื 6 ืืฉืจืืืื. ื-3 ืืืจืฅ 2015 ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืจืืข ืืคื ื ืืืกืื ืืืชืืืฉ ืืื ืืืขืฆืืืช ืืืืจืื, ืืืกืืจ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช. ืืขืฆื ื ืฉืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืชืืื ืื ืืื ื ืื ืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืจืง ืืืืื. ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืงืื ืืจืก. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืจืขืื ืฉื 40 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืฆืจ ืืฉื ืช 2012, ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืืช ืืฆืคื ืืืืจืขืื ืชืงืฆืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 4.9% ืืฉื ืช 2013, ืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืชืงืฆืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืกืื, ืืืงื ื-2013 ืืืืงื ื-2014. ืืืคืจืื 2013 ืืืฉืจื ืจืคืืจืืช ืืฉืืื ืืคืชืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืกืืช ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืขืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืฉืจ ืืืง ืืจืืืืืืืช ืืคื ืืกืงื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืืชืืจืืชืืืช ืืืฉืง. ืืืื 2014 ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืื ืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืฃ ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืงืจ, ืืฉื ืืืื ืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืฆืืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืื ื 2015, ืืื ืฉืงืืคืืช, ืฆืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืงืืข ืืจืคืืจืื ืืคื ืกืืืช. ืืื ื ืชืงืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืจืืคื ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืืจืืื"ื ืืื ืืืื ืงืื. ื-2 ืืืฆืืืจ 2014 ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืฆืืคื ืืื ื ืืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืจืฉื ืืืืืฉืื ืืชืจ ืฉืจื "ืืฉ ืขืชืื" ืืืื ืกืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ื-17 ืืืจืฅ 2015. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืขืฉื ืืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ื ืชืื ื ื "ืคืืืฉ" ืฉื ืืขื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืคืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืจ ืื ืขืฉื ืืืช ืืขืงืืืช ืชืืืืชื ืืืืง "ืืฉืจืื ืืืื". ืืืืื ืืกืคืจื "ืืืื: ืกืืคืืจ ืืื" ืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืื ืขื ืฉืคืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืคืื ืืืื ื "ืขื ืกืื ืฉืืืขื ืงืื ืกืคืืจืืืืืช ืฉืืกืจื ืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืคืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืื ื ืื ื ืืื ืคืืืฉ". ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืคืืืชื ืืืืืื ื-30 ืื ืืืื. ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช, ืืืจ ืฉืืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืฆืจื ืืฉื ืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืคืืกื ืฉืคืจืกื ืืืฃ ืืคืืืกืืืง ืฉืื ืืชื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืฉืืชืคืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืขื ืืฆืืง ืืจืฆืื ืืืื ื, ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืืืืืชืืจ ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืืืฆืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืืืืืชืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืจืืช, ืืืืง ืืงืืคืืื ืืืจืฆืช ืืืฆืืขื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืื, ืคืจืกื ืกืจืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืขืืื ืืื ืืืจ: โืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืกืื ื. ืืืฆืืืขืื ืืขืจืืื ื ืขืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืงืืคื. ืขืืืชืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชื ืืืืืืืืกืื. ืจืืืชืื ืื ื ืืื V15, ืืฉ ืื ื "ืฆื 8", ืืฉ ืื ื ืจืง ืืชืื, ืฆืื ืืงืืคืโ. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืข ืฆืขืจ ืขื ืฉืืืจืื ืคืืขื ืืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืกืืฃ ืฉืืขืฉืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, "ืืืื ืืืฉืงืขืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืืขืืืื", ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืื ืืื. ื-14 ืืืื 2015, ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ื-34 ืืจืืฉืืชื, ืืืฉืื ืฆืจื ืฉื ืฉืขื ื ืขื 61 ื"ืืื. ืืขืืืจ ืืฉื ื, ื-26 ืืืื 2016, ืืฆืืจืคื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืขืื ื-66. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืืืฃ ืืคืืจืืืจ 2017 ืืืืคื ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืฆืื ืื ืืื (ืจืื ืืืื). ืขื ืกืืฃ 2016 ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื, ืื ืืืืืฃ ืขื ืืื ืฆืื ืื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืฉืืืขืื "ืืืื" ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืืขืื ืืขืืื. ืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 2015 ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืคืืืืขืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืขื ื ืฉืืคืื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืืื ืช ืืคืืืข ืืืกืื ืื-ืืงืฆื, ืืืืืฉืื ืชืืืจื ืืช ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืืืืจื ืืช ืืขื ืืฉื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืจื ืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช ืืืงืืื ืืช. ืื ืืืจืืจ ืืขื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืฉ ืืจืฅ, ืืืกืืฃ ืืืืฉ ืืื ื ืขืื ืฉืื ืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื, ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืจืืืื. ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืืืขืืืช ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืฆืืื ื ืืขืืืื ื-37, ื-20 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2015, ืืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืื' ืืืื ืื-ืืืกืืื ื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืชืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืจืฉ ืืืชื, ืื ืืืืคืชื ืืืจ ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืขืฅ ืื ืืฉืจืืฃ ืืืชื. ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืขืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืฉืืชืื ืฉื ืืืืกืืืจืื, ืืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืกืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืืชื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืชืืืืชื ืฉื ืื-ืืืกืืื ื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืืจ. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืฆืข ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืืช ืชืงืืคืืช ืฉื ืฆื"ื ืืืืื ื, ืืืืจื ืืื ืืข ืืขืืจืช ื ืฉืง ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืฉ ืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืกืืจืื. ืืืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืกืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืืื ืชืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืกืื ืืืคืจื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืจ ืฉื ืฉืชื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืฉื ืื, ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืืืช, ืืื ืืกืคืืืืจ 2015, ืขื ื ืฉืื ืจืืกืื, ืืืืืืืจ ืคืืืื. ืืืื 2016 ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื, ืฉืืชืคืืจ ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืกืช ืืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืคืื "ื ืืจืจืช ืืืชืืืืช". ืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืชืคืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื. ื-2018 ืืกืืกืื ืืืืจืื ื-ืืฉืจืืื ืืคื ืืขืืืืช ืืฉืืจ ืขื ืืืืจืช ืื"ื ืืชืืื ืืืจืื ื ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืืจืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื T-4 ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืกื ื ืืชืืืืฉืช ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืฉ ืืคืจืื, ืืชืงืคืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืจืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืกืืืืืช ืืืืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืขืืืช. ื-30 ืืืคืจืื 2018 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืืฉืฃ ืืืืข ืืืจืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืคื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืกืืืื ืืงืืฆืื ืฉืืืฆืื "ืืืืกื" ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืื ื ืืกืชื ืืืกืชืืจ ืืช ืชืืื ืืืชืื ืืคืืชืื ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื. ืืืจืชื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื. ืืืื ืืจื ืืืืืฆืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืช 20 ืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืฆืื ืฆื"ื ืืืจืืื ืืืชืืืื ืชืงืฃ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืขืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2018 ืืื ืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืก. ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืชืจ ืฆื"ื ืฉืืจืช ืื ืืจืืช ืืจืืจ. ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืจืฅ 2018 ืืชืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืคืจืืช ืกืืจ ืืืื ืืืช ืขื ืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืกืืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืก. ืืืืืืืช ื ืืจืื ื-220 ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืจืืื ืคืขืืื ืืจืืจ. ืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืขืื ืืืฉ ืืืคื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืช ืืืืจืฉ ืืขืืืฃ ืขืื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืช ืขืคืืคืื ื ืชืืขืจื, ืืืื ื ืชืืขืจื ืื ืคืฅ ืืจืงืืืช ืฉืฉืืืจื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืื ืืจืฆืืขื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืืืช ืคืืงืื ืืฆืคืื, ืืื ืืื ืืกื ืืงืจืืืช ืืืืฃ ืืืืืืขืื ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืฆืคืื ื ืืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืจืืจ ืืชืงืคืืืช ืฉืืคืจ "ืืืืืืื" ืืฉืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืโืืื ืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืืกื ืฆื"ื, ืืืืฆืข ืืืืจื ืฉืืืจื, ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืื-ืขืื, ืืคืงื ืืืืจื ืืฆืคืื ืืช ืฉื "ืคืืืืืช ืื-ืงืืืก", ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื "ืื'ืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ื". ืืชืืืื ืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืืืช ืจืงืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืคืฆืืฅ ืืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืจื ืืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืืจ 2018 ืืืืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืขื ืืืืืก. ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืกืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืฉ ืฆืื ืืจ ืืืกืคืื ืืงืืจ ืขืืืจ ืืืืืก, ืื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืงืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืืืคื ืืฉืืจ ืืกืืื ืฉื ื-30 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืฉ, ืืืืขืื ืืคืื ืืขืืจืช ืืืกืฃ ืชืกืืืข ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืงืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืจืืงืื ืืืืฉื ืืจืืืค, ืกืืืื ืื ืืฆ'ืื, ืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืงืืจืื ืฉืืืกืคืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืก ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืจ. ืืจืืฉืืช 2019 ืืกืืืจ ืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืคื ืืจืืื ืืืืก: "ืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืกืื ืืงืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืืก ืืืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืืืืก. ืื ืืืง ืืืืกืืจืืืื ืฉืื ื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืขืื ืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื". ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืชืื ืชืคืืกื ืื ืืคืืืื ืืคื ืื ืคืืกืืื ื ืืื ืข ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืกืื ืฉืืื ืืืกืืจ ืืืื ื ืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื. ืืืืื ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืงืืจ ืืืืืก ืืชืคืืจ ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืคืืืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืจืืฉืืชื ืคืจืฉื ืืืงืืืืืฆืื. ืืฉื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืื ื-18 ืื ืืืืืจ 2018 ืืึพ17 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ืืชืคืืจ ืืชืคืงืื ืื ื-10 ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2019 ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืจืขื ืืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ื ืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืืข ืืื ืฉืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืก ืืฉืชืืืช ืขื ืืืง ืืืืกืฃ ืืงืืจื. ืืฉื ืช 2020 ืื"ื ืฆืืื ืื ืืคืืืช ืืจืืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืข ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืก ืืื ืืืืฉ. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2019 ืืืื ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืื ืขืืื ืืืืื ืขืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืื ืข ืืืืจืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืขื ืคืืจืืืจ 2019. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืช ืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืืืืช ืืืฉืื, ืืชืงืืื ืืืืื 2334 ืฉื ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื, ืืืืจืฉืช ืืขืืงืจ ืืคืกืงืช ืื ืืืช ืืชื ืืืืืืช "ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืืืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืื". ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืื ื ื ืงืื ืฆืขืืื ื ืื ืกื ืื, ื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืงืจืืื ื ืืืืคืกืงื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืกืืืช ืฉื ืืื"ื, ืฉืืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืืืืข ืขื ืืืจื ืืืคืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืชื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืืืืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืฉืืจืืจืืชื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื-14 ืืืื 2018 ื ืขืจื ืืงืก ืคืชืืืช ืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืจืืืค ืคืจืฉ ืืืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืคืขืื ืขืืื ืกื ืงืฆืืืช ืืืืืืืช, ืืคืกืืง ืืืืื ืืืกืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืจ"ื, ืคืจืฉ ืืืื ืกืง"ื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืกืืจ ืืช ืืงืื ืกืืืื ืืืืจืืงื ืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืช ืคืจืืฉืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ื, ืื ืืฉ ืืจืืืื ืืคืจืืฉื ืคืืืขื ืืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืขื ืฆื ืืืืจื ืืืจืืงืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืืืืช ืขื ืจืืช ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืช ืจืืืช ืืืืขื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืฆืขื ืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืฆืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉืื ("ืขืกืงืช ืืืื"). ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืช. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืชืงืจืจื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืจืืืค ืื ืชื ืืื. ื-4 ืืืืื 2017 ืืืงืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืื, ื ืจื ืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืง ืืงืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืกืืืข ืืฉืจืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ ืืืงืจ ืืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืคื. ืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืืคืจืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืฆืจืคืช ืขืื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืคืฉื, ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืื ืืจืื. ืืื ืืชื ืขื ืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืกืืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืื-ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืขืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฆืื ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืงืืจืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืงื: ืืืืื 2016 ืขืจื ืกืื ืืืงืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืจืื 40 ืฉื ื ืืืืฆืข ืื ืืื, ืืฆื ืคืกืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืงืืืืช, ืืืงืืจ ืืงื ืื ืขื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืืงืืจ ืืจืืื ืื ืืืืชืืืคืื. ืืืื ื 2017 ื ืื ืืคื ื ืืืืขืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืจื ืืคืจืืงื (ืื ') ืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืืื. ืืืืงืืจื ืืงื ืื ืื ืืืืืจ 2017 ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืจืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืขืช ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืจื ืงื ืืืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2017 ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืงืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืจืืงื ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืคืืฉ ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืื ื, ืงืืืืืืื ืืืงืกืืงื. ืืฉื ืืื ืืก ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืคืืฉ ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืื ืืืข ืืืฆื ืืืืืคืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช. ืืกืืฃ 2017 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืชืืื ืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืจืื ืืจืขื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื, ืืืขื ืืจืื, ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืชืงื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืฉ ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืฉืืืช ืืช ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืจืืชืจืืื ืืืกืืืื ืฉืืฉืจืื ื ืื ืขืช ืืืืืืืจื ืืืืืืชื ืืืชื ืืขื ืง ืืืืืจืฉืื ืืืืืื ื ืืงืืืืช. ื-2 ืืืคืจืื 2018 ืืืจื ืจืืื ืื ืืืกืืืชื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืืืจืฉืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืงืจื ืืืืฉื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืคืขืืื "ืืืฅ ืืืจืืคื ืขื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื ืื" ืืกืืช ืืืืกืื, ืื ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืื ืื ืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื ืื. ืืืงืื ืืืช, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืฉ ืขื ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื, ืืจืื ืืจืขื, ืืื ื ืฆืืืืช ืืื"ื ืืคืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืื ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจื ืืืจืืคื ืืขืื ืืืืงืืื ืืคืืจ ืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืชื ืืืืช ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืชืืื. ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืืื ืืืืืช ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืชืงื ืืืืืช, ืื ืืืชืงื ืื ืฉื ืืคืขืืืืช. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืคืืืืจ ืืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช.ืืืกืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืกืืขืืช ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืชืืื ืืจืคืืจืืืช ืืฉืืง ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืืืฉืื ืชืงืื ืื ืืกืจ ืขืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืงืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชื ืื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืงื ืงืฉืจืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืืืฅ' ืืืขืื ืืืง, ืืืืื ืืืืืืกื 2016 ืืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืื ืื ืืื ืืืคื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืง, ืืืคืืจืืืจ 2017 ืืคื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืขืงืืืช ืขืชืืจืืช ืืื"ืฅ ืื ืืฉื. ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืงืจื ืืฉืจ ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืงืืืข. ืืืืื 2015 ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืฉืืืืจ: ืืืืื ืืืจืช ืืืืืืืืื ืืืงืืช ืชืืืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืงืืื. ืืืื ืืชืืืืช 2017 ืคืขื ืืกืืืจืช ืืชืืืื ืื ืืืืงืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืกืคืื ืืืืื ืคืืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืชื ืื ืืชืืงืฃ ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืฉืืจ ืืืกืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืงืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืื ืชืืงื ืืืืฃ ื ืคืจื. ืชืืงืื ืืืงืืงื ืขืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืขืจื ืืงืืช ืืชืืืื, ืื ืืืงืคื ืืืื ืื"ืฅ (ืื-2018 ืืฃ ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืกืช), ืื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืืงื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืื ืืคืืขื ืืกืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ื ืืชื ื ืืกืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ืืืืืืกื 2015, ืืขืงืืืช ืขืชืืจื ืฉืืืืฉื ืกืืขืช "ืืฉ ืขืชืื", ืงืืข ืื"ืฅ ืื ืืืฆืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืขืื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืฉืจ. ืืขืงืืืช ืื, ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืื ืืชืืจื ืฉื "ืืืืืช ืืฉืจืื" ืืชืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ืืชืืืืช 2020 ื ืืจืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื. ืชืืืื ืืืคื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืจืคืืื ืฉื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืขืช ืืชืคืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืืื ืกืืจ ืืจืฆื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืืข ืชืืืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืื ืชื ืืืืขืืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืขื ืฆืขืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืืจืฉืื. ืืืืฉื ืฆืืฆื ืืช ืืืคืขืืชืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืืื ื-29.9 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2014, ื-54 ืืืืืืจื ืืืื ื 2019, ืืจืืื ืฉื 14 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืขืืืช ืืืขื ืืชืงืฆืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืชืืื ืืื, ืฉื ืืขื ืืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืคื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืช ืืื ืืืืขื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืคืจื ืกืืืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืื ืืคืื ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืจืื, ืืืฆืื, ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืืจื. ืืืืง ืืคืขืืืืชืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืชืืื ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืื. ื-27 ืืืจืฅ 2016, ืคืกื ืื"ืฅ ืืช ืกืขืืฃ ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืชืืื, ืื ื ืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืจืื ืฉื ืฉื ื ืืชืืงืื ื. ืืืื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืขืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื, ืขื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืกืขืืฃ ืื. ืืฉื ืช 2016, ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืกืื ืคืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2019, ืคืืจืกืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืจ ืืืงืืื ืื ืืืฉืจืื ืื ื ืืฆืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืขืจืืืช ืืชืืงืฆืืช ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืกืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ. ืืกืืฃ ืื ืืืจ 2016 ืืืฉืจ ืืืืฉืื "ืืชืืื ืืืืชื" ืืคืื ืืืืชื ืืืืจื ืืืชืจืื ืขืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืขืืช ืืชืคืืื ืืขืืจืืช, ืื ืืืื ืืืขืฆื ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ื ืฉืืช ืืืืชื. ืืืชืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืืืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืขืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืฉืช ืฉื ืืืชืืื, ืขื ืฉืืืงืคื ืืืื ื 2017. ืืชืืงืื ืืคืงืืืช ืืก ืืื ืกื ื ืงืืข ืฉืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืคืืืจ ืืืก ืืื ืกื ืืชืฉืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ื, ืฉืืื ื ืืฉืืืจืช ืื ืงืฆืื, ืืืืื ืืคืืืจ ืื ืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืจืฉืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืก ืขื ืืืืืช ืืกื 600,000 ืฉ"ื ืฉื ืืชื ื ืื ืืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืชืืืืงืช ืืืชื ืืคืจืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืืืืืื ืืขืืช ืืืกืคืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืชืืื ืจืืจืืืงืืืืืช ืืช ืืก ืืืื ืกื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืงืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืชืืงืื ืืงืืื. ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ 2015 ืืงืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื, ืืืงืฉืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื, ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืืขื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืจืืืง ืืืืชื ืืขืช. ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืจืฉืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจ 2016 ืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืืืืืืข ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืคืขื ื ืืกืคืช ืืชืคืงืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ื-24 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018, ืืืืจ ืคืจืืฉืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืขืงื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืืืืืคืงืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืจ ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-21. ื-26 ืืืฆืืืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืช ืคืืืืจื ืืงืืขื ืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืขืจืื ื-9 ืืืคืจืื 2019. ืืงืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืช, ืขืืื ืืช ืจืืฆืชื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืคืืืืช ืืืืื. ืืื ืืฃ ืฉืจืืื ืืช ืืืงืื ื-28 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืขื ืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืืชืงืืืื ื-9 ืืืคืจืื 2019, "ืืืืืื" ืืื ื-35 ืื ืืืื ืืงืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืจืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืช ืืชื ืืืื ืื ืื ืกืืช ืืืืงืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื. ืกืืื ืืคืงืืขืช ืคืจืง ืืืื ืฉื ืงืฆื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืช ืคืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืฉื ืื, ืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืขืืจ. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืชืืื ืฆืืจืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืคืืืช "ืืืื ื". ืื ืืกืฃ, ืฉืื ืข ืืช ืืคืืืช "ืืืืช" ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืืืืจืืช, ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืืช ืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืงื ืืืืก ืจืคืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจืืื ืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ื-32 ืื ืืืื, ืืขืืืช 38 ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืคืืืช "ืืืื ื" ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืื ืื-ืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืืืคืืืช "ืืืืช ืืืืืื". ื-25 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2019 ืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืจืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืจ ืฉื ืชืื ืืืื 55 ืืืจื ืื ืกืช, ืืขืืืช 54 ืฉืชืืื ืืืจืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืจืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ, ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืื ืืฃ ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื. ืืฉืื ืืชืคืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืขื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2019 ื ืขืจืื ืคืจืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืช "ืืืืืื", ืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ื-72.5% ืืืงืืืืช, ืืฉืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื, ืฉื ืขืจืื ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2020 ืืืืืื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื-36 ืื ืืืื, ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืฅ ืืื ืืืืืฆืชื ืฉื 61 ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืื ืขืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืจื ืกืืฃ ืชืงืืคืช ืืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืฅ, ืืขื ืจืงืข ืืชืคืจืฆืืช ืืงืืจืื ื, ื ืืชื ืืกืื ืงืืืืืฆืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื. ื-7 ืืืื, ืืืืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืชืืื ืฉื 72 ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืงืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืขืงืืืช ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืช ืืื ืื. ืืคื ื ืื ื ืืืชื ืขืชืืจื ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืืืช ืืื ืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืื ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืื ืคืืจืกื ืืกืืจ ืืื ืืขืช ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืืกืจ ืขืืื ืืขืกืืง ืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืืฉืคืื. ื-17 ืืืื 2020 ืืืฉืืข ืืงืื ืฆืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ. ืืืืชื ืืขืื ืืืฉืืข ืื ื ืื ืฅ ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืคื, ืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืฆื, ื-17 ืื ืืืืืจ 2021, ืื ืืืืืคื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืชืืืฉื. ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืง ืืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืืืืชืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืงืืืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืกืืืข ืืืขื ืงืื ืืืืจืืื. ืืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืชืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืกืืจืืืืืช ืืืฆืืื, ืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืฉืช ืืชืืืืื, ืฉืืืืืื ืืกืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืื ืชืฉืจื. ืืืงืืื ืืชืงืืืื ืืืืืช ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืขื ืจืงืข ื ืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืฉื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉื. ืืขืงืืืช ืขืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืืชืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืกืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ. ืืืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืื ืขื ืืืืจื ืืืจืื, ืื ื"ื ืคืืืืจ, ืขื ืจืืืฉืช ืืืกืื ืื. ืืจืืืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ื ืขื ื ืืงืจืืืืช ืืืชืืกื ืืืคืจืง ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืชืืกื ืื ืื ืคืฉ. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฆืขื ืฆืขืืื ืืกืืคืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืฅ ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืฉืืื ืชื "ืชืืื ืืช ืืืื". ืืืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืจืื ืืืคืจืง ืขื ืืชืืืช "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื" ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืืจืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืืืื ืขื ืืจืืงื ืืกืืื, ืื ืืืกืื ืขื ืกืืื ืื ืืชืืืฉ. ื-13 ืืืืืืกื 2020 ืืฆืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค, ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืื' ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื, ืืช ืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช-ืืฉืจืื ืื ืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช. ืืคื ืืคืจืกืืืื, ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืกืืคืื. ื-11 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020 ืืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืจืื ืืช ืืืกืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืื. ืืกืืืื ืืื ื ืงืจืื "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื". ืืืกืื ื ืืชื ื-15 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020 ืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช (ืืืชืืืืช) ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช, ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ื-10 ืืืฆืืืจ 2020 ืืืืจื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืื ืขื ืืจืืงื ืืืฆืืจืคืืชื ืืืกืืื ืืืจืื. ื-22 ืืืฆืืืจ 2020 ื ืืชื ืืจืืื ืืกืื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืงื. ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืฆืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืกืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืจื ืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืจืืงื ืืจื ืกืืืื. ื-24 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2020 (ืฉืขืื ืืฉืจืื), ืืืืืข ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืจืืฉ ืืืขืฆืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืกืืืื ืขืื ืื-ืคืชืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืขืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืคื ืจืฉืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืืืื ืืืื ื ื ืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ื-6 ืืื ืืืจ 2021 ืืชืื ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืขื ืืฆืืจืช "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื". ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2021 ืืืืืขื ืืชืืืขืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืขื ืืงืืจืช ืืืจืืขืื ืฉืืชืจืืฉื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืื ื-13 ืืืื ื 2014. ืืืื ื"ื ืืขืืืจ, ื"ื ืืืืืจ ื'ืชืฉืค"ื, 30 ืืืคืจืื 2021 ืืชืจืืฉ ืืกืื ืืืจืื, ืื ื ืกืคื 45 ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืคืฆืขื 102 ืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ื-6 ืืืจืฅ 2024 ืคืจืกืื ืืขืืช ืืืงืืจื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืงืจ ืืกืื ืืจ ืืืจืื ืืช ืืกืงื ืืชืื, ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืืช, ืืืื ืฉืืืข ืื ืืื ืืคืืืช ืืื ืขืืื ืืืขืช ืขื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืื ืฆืืื ื ืืืืฆื ืืขืฉืืช ืืฉื ืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืขืงื ืืขืืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื โ ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืจืงืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืฉืจืื, ืคืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช. ืืืงืืื ืืืืฆืข ืคืจืฆื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ื-23 ืืืจืฅ 2021 ืืชืงืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืจืืข, ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื"ืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจื ืืกืคืจ ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ื-36 ื-30, ืื ืืืคืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉ ืขืชืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืจ ืืคืื, ืขื 17 ืื ืืืื. ืื ืฉืื ืจืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืขื ืืง ืชืืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืคืื, ืฉืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื, ืืื ืขื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ื-13 ืืืื ื ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืฉ, ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืคืชืื ืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืคื ืืืื ืืกืชืืืื ืืืชืจ ื-12 ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ื ืจืฆืืคืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืจ ืืฉืืฉ ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื, ืืฉืจ ืชืืช ืื ืืืชื ื ืื ืขื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื ื ืืงืืคืื ืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืจืฉ ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืคืืืืืกืืจืื ืจืืื. ืืืจื ืื ืกืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืขืืจื, ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืคืืื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืื, ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืฆืืืขื ืื ื ืื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ืชืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืชืงื ืืช ืฉืขืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืืคืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืื ืื ืจืืฆืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืืจื ืฉื ืืคืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืื ืกืคืฆืืคืืื ืฉืืงืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืฆืื ื ืื ืข ืืืืืืข ืืขืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฆืข ืขืืืช ืืฉืืจ, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื. ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืคื ืืขืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืชืืจืืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืกืืืืช ืืขืื ืืกืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2021 ื ืื ื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ื-2019. ืืืงืก ืืื ืืื ืืืง ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ ืฉืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืฃ ืืช ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืฆืื ืืืจ ืื "ืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืจื", ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืืจ ืืฆืื ืืืื ืจืืื. ืืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ, ืืืงืจ ืืช ืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืคืจืกืืื. ืืื ืืฃ ืืฉืืืข ืืชืืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืื-ืืืืื ืืืกืื, ืืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืจืืื ืืช ืืชืืืืืืืชืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืช ื ืืงืื ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืกืืืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืืกืื. ื-29 ืืืฆืืืจ 2022, ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข. ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืืืจ ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืคืกืง ืื"ืฅ ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืจืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืงื ืืืืกืจ ืกืืืจืืช ืงืืฆืื ื, ืขื ืจืงืข ืขืืจื ืืคืืืื ืืืฉื ืืฆื ืฉืืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืคื ื ืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืช ืืื ื ืืขืืืจืืช ืืก. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืจืขื ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืชืคืงืืืื ืฉืืืขื ืื: ืืืฉื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ืึพ4 ืืื ืืืจ 2023 ืืืจืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืงืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืช ืคืกืืืช ืืืงืื ืืคืกืงืช ืืชืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืื ืกืช ืืจืื ืจืืื, ืืืืื ืขืืืช ืืกืืืจืืช, ืืืืจืช ืชืคืงืื ืืืืขืืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืืขืฅ ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื ืื ืฉืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืจืื ืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืคืจืกืื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืงืืขื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื, ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืข ืืืืชืขืจื ืื ืืืื ืืืงืืงื ืืจืื ืืขืงืจืื ืืช ืขืงื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื, ืืืืืชื ื ืชืื ืืืฉืคื ืคืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืงืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืช "ืืืง ืื ืืฆืจืืช", ืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืืืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฆืจืืช ืขืงื ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืืงืืงื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืื ืคืืืื. ืืจืคืืจืื ืฉืืืฆืขื ืืฆืจื ืืชื ืืืืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ื ืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืจืืืช ืืืงืฃ. ืืืืืื ืืขื ื ืฉืืืืื ืืืงืืงื ืืืืืื ืคืืืขื ืืขืฆืืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืฉืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืกื ืืืืืื ืืคืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืฉืชืืืื ืืช ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช, ืขื ืืื ืืคืืืชื ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืืื. ื ืฉืืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ืืกืชืจ ืืืืช ืืืงืืขื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืชืคืืข ืืจืฉืืช ืืฉืืคืืช. ืขื ืืฃ ืืืช, ืืืืฉืื ืื ืฆืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืฉืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืงื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืชืื ืืชืขืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืคืืืื ืงืฉื ืืขื. ืืืง ืืืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืจืฅ ืืงืืืฆืช ืงืฆืื ืื ืืฆื"ื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืชืืจืื ื ืืืื "ืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืื" ืฉืืืืื ืืืคืกืืง ืืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืืื. ื-25 ืืืจืฅ ืงืจื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืขืฆืืจ ืืช ืืงืืงืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืืืืจ ืืกืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืคืืืืจืื, ืขืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืขืฆืืช ืืืืื ืืืืคืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืกืคืื ืื ืืืช ืืจืืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืื ื "ืืื ืืื ื". ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืื ืืืืืขื ืขื ืืฆืืจืคืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืง. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืื ืืกื ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืืื ืชืืื ืคืืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืงืืื ืืฉืืืืช, ืงืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื "ืชืจืืื" ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืช ื ืฆืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื, ืขื ืืื ืืฆืืขื ื ืื ืื ืืืืขืืืื. ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืจืฉื ืฉืชืืืื ืืืืจืช ื ืฆืืืช ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืืขืื, ืืืชืื ืื ืืื. ืืืกืืฃ ื ืืืจื ื ืฆืืืช ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืงืจืื ืืืืจืจ, ืืชืืืื ืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจื ืงืืืืืฆืื, ืื ืืืขื ืขื ืืชืจืืื ืืืื ืืืงืคืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืช ืื ืฉืื. ืืชืืืื ืืืงืงื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืื ืขืืืช ืืกืืืจืืช, ืขืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืขืฉืจืช ืืืคืื ืืชื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืืคืกืงืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืจื ืืืจืืกื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืฉืื ื ืงืื ืืฆืขืืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืื ืืืคืืขืื. ืึพ9โ13 ืืืื, ืืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืฉืืืืจื ืจืงืืืช ืืขืืจ ืขืืืฃ ืขืื, ืืื ืฆื"ื ืืช ืืืฆืข ืืื ืืืฅ ืืกืืืื ืืืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืื-ืงืืืก. ืืกืืคื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืฆืข "ืฉืื ื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืจืชืขื". ืืืืื 2023 ืืืืจ ืขืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื ืืฆืคืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืืฆื ืฆื"ื ืืืืฆืข ืืืช ืืื ืืขืืจ ื'ื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืืืื ืฉืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2023 ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืก ืืงืืืื ืื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืขื ืกืขืืืื, ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืฆื ืืืจืฉ ืืขืฆืจ ืฉื ืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช, ืืืืื ืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืกืขืื. ืืช ืืืงืืจื ืืืื ืืืืืช ื ืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช. ื-26 ืืืฆืืืจ 2023 ืืืืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืืช ืฉื 60%. ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืงืื, ืืคื ืคืจืกืืืื ืืจืื, ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื. ืืชืืืืช 2024 ืคืืจืกื ืื ืืืจืื ืคืขืื ืื ืืืฉืฉื ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืจืืืืื ืื ืืจืฉืื ืืคืฆืฆื ืืจืขืื ืืช. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2023 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืื"ื, ืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืฉืจืื ื ืืฆืืช "ืขื ืกืืคื ืฉื ืคืจืืฆืช ืืจื - ืืกืื ืืืกืืืจื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืขืืืื" - ืืกืื ืฉืืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืฆืืื. ืืืื ื 2024 ืฉืืื ืืขืืช ืืจืื ืืก ืืืงืจ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืจืืขื ืืืฉืื ื ืืกืคืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืจืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืฆืืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืื. ืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืืืขืช ืืืืขืื: "ืืืชืืื ื ืืืฆืืืืจืช ืืคื ื ืืืืขืื ืืฉืื ืื ืขืืื, ืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืงืจืื ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืขืืืง ืืชืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืงืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืจื ืฉื ืกืืืืืช ืจืืืฉืืช. ืืืช, ืชืื ืืฆืืจืช ืกืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืื ืคืืืขื ืืืืกื ืืืืฅ ืืืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื". ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืคืจืกืื ืืืืขืื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืกื ืืื ืืกืชืืจื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืขื ืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืฆืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืจืช ืฆืืืืืช ืืืฆืจืื. ืื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืืฉ ืฉืืืฉ ืฆืืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืืขืืืช ืืงืืื ื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืืืชืืช. ืืืืื 2024 ืืืจืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืจืืช ืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืืช (ืืืื'ืก, ืคืืฅ' ืืกืื ืืจื ืื ื ืคืืจืก) ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื, ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืฉื ืช 1988. ืืื ืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืืฉ ืฉื S&P ืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืฉืืืืืช ืืฉื ืืกืืืื ืื ืืืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืฉื ืขืืืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืชืงืฆืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืช 2025. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2024 ืืืจืืื ืืืื'ืก ืืช ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉื ื ืืืืืคื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืชื ืืจืืืช. ืืฆืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืืกืื, ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืช ืืก ืขืจื ืืืกืฃ ื-17% ื-18%. ืขืื ืืคื ื ืืขืืืช ืืืืกืื, ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืคื ืืืขืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืืงืจื ืืืชืจ ื-38% ืืขืืืช ืืืืฆืข OECD. ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืงืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืฆืขืืื ืฉืงืฉืืจืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช. ืืืฉื, ืฉืื ืื ืืืง ืืกืื: ืืฉืคืืื ืฉืื ื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืงืื ืฉื ืืคืืืืืืงืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืคืืฃ ืืืกืืจ ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืกืจ ืขืืื ืืขืกืืง ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืชืืงืื ืืคืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ื ืืื. ืืืคืจืื 2025, ืืงืจืืช ืคืจืกืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉื ืืจืืืค, ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืขืงื ืืขืืืฃ ืืืกืืจื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช, ืืืืื ืืืืจืืงืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืก ืืืืื 17% ืขื ืกืืืจืืช ืืฉืจืืืืืช. ื-25 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืงืืขื ืืขืืช ืืจืื ืืก ืื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืจืืฉื ืฉื"ื ืืคืขืื ืืืืคื "ืฉืืื ื ืจืืื ืืืืืงืจืืื". ืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืฆืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืื ื-2018 ืงืืื ืืขืืจื ืืจื ืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืื ืงืื, ืืงืืจ ืืืื ืืืืก. ืืื ืืืชืจ ืฉืืื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืงืืจ ืืงืื ืืช ืืขืืจืช ืืืกืคืื ืืืืคื ืกืืืจ, ืืชืื ืืืื ื ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืกืืื. ืืืฉืืืช ืกืืขืช ืืืืื ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืขื: "ืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืกืื ืืงืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืก ืืืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืืืืก." ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจืจ ืฉืืชืคืืกื ืืฉืื. ืืชืื ืืืืฆืข, ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืจืื ืฉืืชืงืืื ืฉืงื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืจืช ืขืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืฆืขืช ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื, ื ืื ืืจืืื, ืืืกื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืก ืืขืื. ืืืฉืจ ื ืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืกืืจื ืืืกืคืืช ืืืกืืจืช "ืืืืขืื ืืงืืจืืช".[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืื 2023 ืชืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืขืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืขืื ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืงื ืืฉื ืช 2004, ืืืช ืืชืืฆืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืชื ืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืื ืคืงืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืืืชืจื ืขืืืื. ืืืืชื ืืืืืฉ ืฉืื ืืฉื"ื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืกืื ืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉืืงืื ืืืจืชืขื ื ืื ืืืืก ืืืืฆืขืืช โืกืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืก, ืืจืืืช ืืกืืืืืื ืืืืืงืืื, ืืืฉื ืืืชืจืขื, ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจืื ืืืฉืืื ืืกืคืจ 1". ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืฆืืช ืืืืืฉืื ืื ืงืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืกืื. ืืืื ืชืฉืจื 2023 ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืืื ืืืืก. ื-1 ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืืืฅ ืื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ืจืื ื ืืจ ืืืืฆืื ืืคืืขื ืืช ืชืืื ืืช "ืืขืจืืคื" ืืืืจืื ืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืืก, ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื ืืื ืื ืืงืื ืืกืืจื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืก. ืืืืงืจ 7 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2023, ืืื ืฉืืช, ืฉืืืช ืชืืจื, ื"ื ืืชืฉืจื ื'ืชืฉืค"ื, ืคืชืื ืืจืืื ื ืืืจืืจ ืืคืืกืืื ืื "ืืืืก" ื"ืื'ืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ื" ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ. ืืืกืืช ืฉืืืืจ ื-4,300 ืจืงืืืช, ืืืจื ื-6,000 ืืืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืขืฉืจืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉืจืืืืื, ืืืขืจ ืืืจื ืืืืชืงื ืื ืฆืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืขืืืฃ ืขืื ืืืกืืืืชื, ื-119 ืคืจืฆืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืจ, ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืื, ืชืื ื ืืืื ืงืจืืืช ืืจื ื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืขืืื. ืืืืืืื ืืืฆืขื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืก, ืจืฆืื ืืืจืื 1,173 ืื ื ืืื, ืืชืืื ืืืื ื-779 ืืืจืืื, ืืืืคื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ื-251 ืื ืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืจืื, ื ืฉืื, ืงืฉืืฉืื ืืชืื ืืงืืช. ืืฉืขืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืชืืช ืืืื ื ืืช, ืฉืืืจื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืืืืื ืฆื"ื, ืฉืืื ืื ืืืชืืช ืืกืคืจืืช. ืืงืจืืืช ื ืืจืื ื-1,609 ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืฆื ืืืฉืจืืื ื ืืจืื 329 ืืืืืื, 58 ืฉืืืจืื ื-10 ืื ืฉื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื. ืืฉืจืื ืคืื ืชื ืืืืฉืืืื 29 ืืืฉืืืื ืืขืืืฃ ืขืื ื-22 ืืืฉืืืื ืืฆืคืื ื. ืืืืืื ื ืืจืื ืจืืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืคื ืืืืืื, ื ืืจื ืืจืก ื ืจืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืชืืฉืื ืืจืฆืืขื ื ืืืฆื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืชืืืจืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื. ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืขืื, ื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืฆืืจ ืืืชื ืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืืช'ืื ืืืืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืื ืฉืืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืืชืขืฆืืืช ืืืืืก, ืืจืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืกืืจื ืืงืืช ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืง ืืช ืืืืก, ืืื ืขืฉื ืฉืืืฉ ืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืืช ืืืืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืกื ืืืง ืืืืืจืื. ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืฆืืืืจื ื"ืฉืืืช ืืืืจืืืช" ืืคืจืืฆืชื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืจืืืช, ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืงืจ ืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืชืช ืชืฉืืืืช ืขื ืื. ืขื ืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ, ืืฉืื ืืจืืืื ืืจืฉืช NBC ืืืืจืืงื ืืช ืืืืจ: "ืืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืจืืืช [...] ืืืืจืืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืื ืงืจื". ืื ืืืืืจ 2025 ืคืจืกื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืื"ื ืืฉื "ืืืขืืจ ืชืคืืกืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืคืขื ืขื ืชืืืืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืืฆื"ื", ืืืกืืจืช ืกืืจืช ืื"ืืืช ืขื ืืฉืื 7 ืืืืงืืืืจ, ืืื ืงืืข ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉ ืืืจืืืชื ืืืื ืช ืชืคืืกืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืื "ืืืชืื ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืืจืช ืืกืืจืืืื ืืืจืช ืืืื ืืืคื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืกื"ื ืื ืืจืฉ ืืืืคื ืืคืขืืชื, ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืื ืขืื ื-7.10.23". ืืืืื 2024 ืืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืงืืจ ืืืื ื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืืืืงืืจ ื ืื ืืคืขื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืคื ื ืฉื ื ืืชื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื, ืืงืืื ืคืืืฉืืช ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื'ื ืืืืื, ืกืื ืืช ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืงืืื ืืืจืืก ืืืืืขืื ืื ืฉืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค. ื-19 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2024, ืืฉืขืืช ืืืืงืจ, ืฉืืืจ ืืจืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืืื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืืืื"ื ืคืืข ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ื. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืคืืืขื ืืื ืืื ื ืคืืขืื ืืืืจืืข. ื-4 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2025 ืืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืฆื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค. ืืืืงืืจ ืืชืืงื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืกืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืฉืืชืคืช, ืืจืืืค ืืฆืืข ืืฆืขื ืืคืชืืขื ืืคืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืชืืงื ืฉืืืื ืขื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืชืคื ื ืืช ืืชืืฉืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืชืฉืงื ืืช ืืืืืจ ื"ืจืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื" ืชืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืจืืงืืืช. ืืฆืขื ืื ืขืืจืจื ืชืืืืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืืชืื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื-21 ืืืื 2025 ืืื ืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื, ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืฆื ืฉื ื. ืืืกืืืช ืืขืืชืื ืืื ืืชืืืืก ืืคืกืืงืช ืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืคืืืืจื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ืจืื ื ืืจ, ืืกืืืืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ื, ืืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืืืืจืขื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ื"ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ". ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉื "ื ืืื ืืืคืืคืื" ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืื: โืขืืฉืื ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืชืื, ืขื ืื ืชืงืคื ืืืชื ื ื-7 ืืืืงืืืืจ? [...] ืขื ืืืืกื F-35? ืขื ืื? ืขื ืื ืงืื? ืขื ืื? ืื ืชืงืคื ืืืชื ื ืขื ืืคืืคืื, ืงืืฆ'ื ืืงืืืื ืืื ืืจืื. ืื ืขืืื ืคืจืืืืช.โ ื-12 ืืืคืจืื, ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืกืื ืืจืขืื ืืืฉ ืืืงืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืคืืืืื 60 ืืื. ื-2015 ืขื ืคืจืืฉืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื-2018 ืืืืกืื ืืงืืื ืืคืฉืจื ืืืจืื ืืืคืงืืื ืืกืื"ื ืืคืงื ืขื ืืชืงื ืื, ืจืืช ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืชื ืขื 3.67%, ืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืขืฉืจ ืืืืชื ืขื 300 ืง"ื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืืค ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืืกืื ื-2018 ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืกื ืงืฆืืืช, ืืืืฆื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืช ืฉืื. ื-31 ืืืื ืคืจืกืื ืกืื"ื ืฉืืจืฉืืช ืืืจืื 408.6 ืง"ื ืืจืืช ืืขืฉืจื ืฉื 60%. ืืคื ืืขืจืืืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ืื ืขืฉืจ ืคืฆืฆืืช ืืจืขืื. ืืฉื ืืจืืืช ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื ืฉืืืฉ, ื ืืชืจ ืืืืจืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืจ ืืจืืื ืฉืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืจืขืื ืืช ืืคืืฆืืฅ. ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ 2025 ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืค ืืืืืืชื ืืคืืืจืืื ืฉื ืื ื ืขื ืืืขืืจ ืืฉืื ื' ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืก, ืกืืืืืช ืืืจืื, ืืื ืื ืืคืืจืืง ืืืืืืื ืื ืฉืงื, ืืืืกืืจ ืืืคืฉืจื ืืื ืกืืจืื. ืื ืืืืชื ืคืืืฉืชื ืืฉืืฉืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืค ืืฉื ืช 2025. ืื ืืืืืจ 2025, ืืกืขืืืื ืืืืืจืืงืืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืกื F-35 ืืงืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืจืขืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืืฉื ืช 2023. ืืืื 13 ืืืื ื 2025 ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื-ืืืืืื ื ืขื ืืืฆืข ืขื ืืืืื, ืฉืืืจืชื ืืื ืกืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืื ืชืงืฃ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืขืจืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืงื ื ืืจืขืื ืืืชืจื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืื ืืื ืืชื ืงืฉ ืืืื ืืจืืฉื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืช, ืืื ืืคืงื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืกืืื ืกืืืื, ืจืืื"ื ืฆืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืงืจื, ืืืืขื ื ืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืกืืืืืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื 30 ืืืจืืื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืืจืกื ืื ืืื ืื ืืชืฉืชืืืช. ืืืื 22 ืืืื ื ืืฆืืจืคื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืชืงืืคืืช ื ืื ืืืจืื, ืืชืงืคื ืืชืงื ื ืืืจืขืื. ื-24 ืืืื ื ืืืืจืื ืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืืืช ืคืกืงื. ื-5 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2026 ืคืจืกื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืชืฉืืืืชืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืงืช ืืืืงืจ ืืช ืืืจืืขื ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ. ืืืกืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคื ืืืืืืขืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืช ืืกืืืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืืื ืืืืก ืื ืกืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืช 2000 ืืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืฉื ืช 2005. ืืชืืืื ืืืกืื ืคืจืกืื ืืกืคืจ ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืขื ืืช ืฉืืืกืื ืืืื ืกืืืืคืื ืืฉืงืจืื. ืืจืืื"ื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืงืื ืืขื ืฉืืืกืื "ืฉืงืจื ืืื ืืคืืืืืื", ืืื ืืขื ืื ื"ื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืื"ืจ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืคืจืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืกืื. ืคืจืฉืืืช ืคืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืืคืืืืืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืขืืื ืืขื ืืช ืืคืืืืื: ืฉืฉ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืืจื, ืืชืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืชืืงืื ื ืกืืจื ืืืฉืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืืข ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ืชื ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืฉื ืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืคืจืฉืช ืืจ-ืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืจ 1997, ืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืช ืื ืืื ืืขืืจื ืืงื ืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ื ืคืชืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืขืงืืืชืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื. ืืืกืืฃ, ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืงืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืื, ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืคืจืฉื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืง ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืจืืืืช, ืื ืฆืืื ืื "ืืืชื ืืืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืขืื ืชืืืืืช". ืืคืจืฉืช ืขืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืกืคืืืืจ 1999, ืืืขืื ืืฉื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืงืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืจ ืขืืื, ืืืืืช ืขืืืืืช ืฉืืืฆืข. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2000 ืืืืืฆื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืขืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื, ืืจืื ืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืงืืจื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืงืืจืช ืคืจืฉืช ืขืืื, ืขืื ืืฉื ืฉืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืจื ืืืืงืชื ืืืืฉืืช ืืชื ืืช ืฉืืืชื ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืขืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืจืืืฉ ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืงืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืฉ ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืฉืชื ืืคืจืฉืืช, ืื ืืืืง ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืจืืืืช, ืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืจืฅ 2011, ืคืจืกื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืจืืื ืืจืืงืจ, ืชืืงืืจ ืืชืืื ืืช "ืืืงืืจ", ืฉืื ืืขื ืื ืืฉื ืื 1999โ2008 ื ืกืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืคืืชื ืืืืฅ ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืคืื ืคืจืืืื, ืื ืืืจื ืืืจืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคืืืืืืงื ื-2002. ืืชืืงืืจ, ืฉื ืืืข ื"ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืืืืจืก", ืืืื ืืืืืงื ืฉื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืงื ืืฉืืจืชืืช. ืืื ืืืจ 2017 ืงืืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืกืืืจืช ืืืืืงื. ืืื ืืื ืืืจ 2017 ื ืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ื ื ืืฉืืื: "ืชืืง 1000", ืืืืื ืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืจื ืื ืืืืฆ'ื ืื'ืืืืก ืคืืงืจ ื"ืชืืง 2000" ืืขืืกืง ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืื ืื"ื "ืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช", ื ืื ื ืืืืก, ืฉืืื โ ืขื ืคื ืืืฉื โ ืืฆืืข ืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืงื ืืกืืงืืจ ืืืืกืคืช ืืชืืื ืืืขืื ืืชืืืจื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืชืืื ืช ืืคืฆืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืื". ืขื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืคืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช "ืื ืืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืืื". ืืืืื ืืืงืืจืืช, ืืขืื ืืืจื ืื ืกืช ื"ืืืืืื" ืืฆืขืืช ืืืง ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืงืืจืืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืื ืืฆืขื, ืฉื ืืืขื ืืฉื "ืืืง ืืืืืฆืืช", ืฉืืคืื ืชืืฆืืืชืื ืฉื ืืงืืจืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืขืืจื ืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืฉืืจื ืชืฆืืื ืขืืืชื ืืขื ืืื ืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื. ืืืฆืขืืช ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืื ืืขื ืืืคืืื ืื ืื ื ืืขืื ืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2017, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืช ืื"ืจ ืืขืืช ืืคื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืื ืืืกืื, ืืืืืืื "ืืืง ืืืืืฆืืช", ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฆืขืช ืืืืง ืื ืชืืื ืขื ืืงืืจืืชืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2018, ืืืืจ ืืฉื ื ืืืฆื ืฉื ืืงืืจืืช, ืืืืขื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืกืงื ื ืื ื ืืฆืื ืชืฉืชืืช ืจืืืืชืืช ืืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืืงืื. ื"ืชืืง 1000" ืืืืกื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ื"ืชืืง 2000" ืืืืกื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืงืฉืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืขืช ืืืฉืืจื, ืืกืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขื ืืคืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืชื ืืืชืคืืจ. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืขื ืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืืืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืงืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืืืืจืื "ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฉืชืืจืจ ืืืจืืฉื ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืขื ืืชืืืฉืืช ืืกืจืืช ืืกืืก ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืงืืจื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืคืขืืชื ื ืืื" ืจืื ืืืจื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืคืจื ืจืืฉื ืืืคืืืืช ืื, ืืชืืืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืงืช ืืืคืืช ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืืคืช ืืืืง "ืชืืง 4000", ืืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื 433 ืฉื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืขื ืจืฉืืช ื ืืืจืืช ืขืจื, ืืื ืืืื ื 2017. ืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืื: ืืขื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืช "ืืืง" ืฉืืื ืืืืืืฅ', ืื ื"ืืืช "ืืืง" ืกืืื ืื ืืืจ, ืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืคืืืืจ ืืืืขืฅ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ื ืืจ ืืคืฅ. ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2018 ืืจืืฉืื ื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืืจื ืืืงืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื. ืฉื ืืื ืืืืฉืืืื, ืคืืืืจ ืืืคืฅ, ืืชืื ืขื ืืกืื ืขื ืืืื ื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืขื ืฉืืกืืืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืจื. ื-2 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018, ืคืจืกืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืื ื ืืฆืื ืชืฉืชืืช ืจืืืืชืืช ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื, ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืกืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืขื ืฉืืืืืืชืื ืืชืงืืื ืืืืืฆืช ืืืจืื ืืืงืฆืืข ืืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืืฃ ืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืกืื ืืคืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืฅ' ืืืืื ืืชืจ 'ืืืืื' ืกืืงืจ ืืืชื ืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืชืงืืคื ืืืืืืจืช. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืขื ืฉืืืงืืจื ืื ืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืื ืช, ืขืงื ืกืืจืื ืืืืงืจืื ืืขืืช ืืืชื ืคื ืื ืืื ืคื ืื ืขื ืขืื ืืืืื ื. ืขื ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืชืืงืื 1000, 2000 ื-4000 ืืฆื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืคืืฃ ืืฉืืืืข ืื ืชืคืืจืกื ืืคื ื ืืืืืจืืช, ืืฉืื ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืข ืืคื ื ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืขืื ืืืชื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื, ืืืชื ืืช ืืงืฉืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืืืืงืืืกืงื ืืืืืฉ ืืขืกืงืื ืกืคื ืกืจ ืคืจืืจืืื'. ืืืืขืื ืงืืขื ืื ืื ืขืืื ืืืืืืจ 300 ืืืฃ ืืืืจ ืฉืงืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืชืจ ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืคืกืง ืฉืืืืขืื ืชืงืืื ืืืื ื ืืกืฃ ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืคื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืคืจืืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืฉื ืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืขื ืืื ื. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2019 ืืืืืข ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืงืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืคืืฃ ืืฉืืืืข, ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืชืืงืื: ืืชืืง 1000 ื-2000 ืืืฉืืช ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื, ืืืชืืง 4000 ืืืฉืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืชืืืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืกืข ืฆืื ื ืืื ืืืืคืขืืช ืืืฅ ืคืกืื ืขื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืคืจืงืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืคืจืงืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืจื, ืฉืืืืจืื ืชืืื ืืขืืื ืงืืฆืื ืืช ืืขื ืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืื. ืืฉืืืืข ืืชืงืืื ืืืฉื ืืจืืขื ืืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืชื ืืฉื ื. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืืืืข ืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืชื ืืืฉืื ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืชืืง 4000 ืืืขืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืชืืงื 1000 ื-2000. ืืชืืืื ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืขื ืฉืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืืจืืคื ืขื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืคืช ืืืืง (ืืืฉืืจื, ืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื). ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืืืืืืกืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืฉืคื ืชืื ืืื ืืืื ืชื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืฉื ืขืชืืจื ืืื"ืฅ ืฉืืจืฉื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ, ืืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืจืขื-ืคื ืืกื. ื-2 ืืื ืืืจ 2020, ืืชืคืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืืงื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืง โ ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ื-1 ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืฉื ืืื"ืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืงืืืช ืืกืื ืืช ืืืขืืืชื ืืืื ืคืืืื. ื-28 ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืืืจ ืฉืจืฉืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืจืื ืืืืขืื ื ืื ืืชื ืืืกืื ืืช, ืืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืงืฉื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืขืืช ืืืืฉ ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื-24 ืืืื 2020 ืืื ืืฉืคืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืชืงืฉืืจืชื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืื. ื-30 ืื ืืืืืจ 2025 ืืืืฉ ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืฉืช ืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื, ืืฆืืง ืืจืฆืื. ืืช ืืงืฉืชื ื ืืืง: ืืืื 2024 ืืืืฉ ืืชืืืข ืืจืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืืื ืืงืฉื ืืฆื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืฉืืจืช ืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืจืขืืช ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืฆืขื ืืืืื, ืืจืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืจืฆื, ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืื ืืช ื ืื ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืจืืืช ืืืงืฉืจ ืฉื ืืจืขืื. ืืืงืฉื ืืืืฉื ืื ืืืคื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืืืงืืื ืืืืฉื ืืงืฉื ืืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืืืืก - ืืืื ืกื ืืืืจ, ืืกืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฃ. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2024 ืืืืืข ืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืื ืืืฆืื ืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืขื ืคื ืืืช ืืืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืจืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ืฉื ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืื, ืจืฆื, ืจืืืคื ืืืืืื ืช ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื ื ืชืืืื. ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืฆืืช ืฆืืื ืืืขืฆืจ ืืื ืฉ-124 ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืฆืืจ ืืืืกืืืจ ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืกื ืืชืืืื. ืืฆืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืืฆืช ืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืชืคืกืืช ืืืคืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืืง ืืืื-ืืืืื. ืชืคืงืืืื ืืขืืงืจืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืฉื ื ืฉื ืฆืืื ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืืืกืืืจืื ืื ืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ื, ืืื ืืคืงื ืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืฆืข ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืฆืขืืจ ืขืื, ืืื ืจืืคื ืืกืืคืจ. ืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืฉืข, ืืื ืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืืชืืืืงื, ืืขืื ืฉื ืฉืืคืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื, ืฉืืฉื ื ื ืชื ืืื. ื ืืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื (ืืืงื) ืืืืกืื (ืืืืจ ืืื, ืืจื) ืืฉื ืช 1972. ืืฉื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืช, ื ืืขื, ืฉืืืืื ืืืจื ืืชืฉืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืจืื, ืืืฉ ืขืกืงืื ืืกืื ืืจืกืื; ืืืชื ื ืืขื ืืฉ ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉื ื ืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1979 ืืชืืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืกืื. ื-1981 ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืจ ืงืืืืก, ื ืืฆืจืื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืขืืจื ืืืืจ ืงืื ืกืจืืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืื ืืฉืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืื"ื, ืขืืจื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืชืืืืงืกื. ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืืจืฉื ื-1989. ืืืจืฅ 1991 ื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจื ืื ืืจืฆื, ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ื"ืื ืขื". ืฉืจื ืืื ืืชื ืฉื ืืกืืคืจ, ืืืฉืืจืจ ืืืืื ื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืจืฆื, ืฉืืืฉื ืืคืกืืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืื ืฉื ื ืื ืื, ืืืืจ ืืืื ืจ. ื-2002 ืจืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืืกืจืื ืืกืืื ืฉื 1.8 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ. ื-2007 ืจืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื 1.7% ืืื ืืืช ืืืจืช NMDM, ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืชื ืืืืืงืืืกืงื, ืชืืืจืช 600 ืืืฃ ืืืืจ. ื-2010 ืืืจ ืืืชื ืชืืืจืช 4.3 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืืฉืงืคืื ืจืืื ืฉื 13.2 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืขื ืคื "ืคืืจืืก ืืฉืจืื", ืืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืื ื-50 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืช ืฉืชื ืงืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืจื ืขืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืฉืขืจืื ื-25 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืืขืฉืืจ ืืฉืืื ื ืืืืื, ืืฉื ืื 2023โ2024, ืขืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืชืืช ืงืืฆื ืื, ื ืืชืื ืืชืืงืื ืืงืข ืืคืฉืขืชื ืื ืืชืื ืืืกืจืช ืืืืืช ืืขืจืืื ืืช. ื-17 ืืืืื 2024 ื ืืฉืฃ ืื ืขืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืคืืชื, ืืื ืืฉื ืื 2018โ2023, ืขืืื ืขื 30 ืืืืืื ืฉืงืืื. ืืืจืฅ 2016 ืคืจืกื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืกืจื ื ืกืืืืก ืืคืืืกืืืง ืฉืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืืืจืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืขืฆืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉ 1 ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืืง ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืืจืืช ืืฉืชื ืฉืจื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืขื ืกื 279 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื. ื-11 ืืืื ื 2017, ืงืืข ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืจืข ืฉืคืืจืกื ืืืืจื ืืคืืืข ืืืืื ืืช ืกืจื ื ืืฉืื ืืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืคืืฆืืืื ืืขืื 15 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคื. ืืขืงืืืช ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืคืืืจ ืกืจื ื ืืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช. ืขืจืขืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืกืจื ื ืขื ืคืกืง ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ื ืืื. ืืงืฉืช ืจืฉืืช ืขืจืขืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืกืจื ื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืฃ ืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืขื ืกื 200 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืื ืืกืคืืช, ืฉืคืจืกื ืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืื ืื ืื ืงืืื ืืืืืช ืืกืคืืืช ืืคื ืกืื, ืืชืืืจื ืืื ืฉืืช ืืืื ืขืืืช ืืจืจื, ืืืฉื ื ืืืืขื"ืฉ ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืื, ืชืคืขื ืืืืืชื ืืชืืงืื. ืืืื 2023, ืืืฉืื ืคืฉืจื, ืฉืืืกืืจืชื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืชืืืขืชื ืืืกืคืืช ืืคืจืกื ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืืชื ืื ืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืช ืืจืจื ืื ืืช ืื ืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2022 ืืืื ืืืชืืจืจ ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืจ ื ืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืจื, ืขื ืฉืืขื ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืฉืื "ืืืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืงืืงืื ืืืืคืื ืคืกืืืืืืจื". ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2022 ื ืคืกืง ืฉืืืืืจื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืจืข ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืื ืืืฉืคืืช ื ืชื ืืื 62,500 ืฉ"ื ืคืืฆืืืื ืืชืืกืคืช 35,000 ืฉ"ื ืฉืืจ ืืจืื ืืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคื. ื-16 ืื ืืืืืจ 2023 ืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืจืฆื ืืชืฉืืื ืคืืฆืืืื ืืกื ืืืขืื ืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืืืื ืฉืืจืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืฆื ืืขื ืื ืืฉ ืืกืื ืกืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืคืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืชืคื ืืื ืืืืื. ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืคืกืง ืื ืืกืฃ 50 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื. ืืจืฆื ืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืคืกืง ืืืื, ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืคืกืง ืืืื ืื ืงืืข ืฉืืจืฆื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืจืื 290 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื, ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืชืฉืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2025 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืืช ืืฉืื ืืจืข ืืืืืช, ืืื ืชืืืขืืช ื ืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื, ืืืืขื ืฉืจืื, ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื. ืืืคืจืื 2025 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืฉืื ืืจืข ื ืื ืคืขืืืช ืืืืื ืฉืงืื ืืจืกืืจ, ืขื ืกื ืืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืืชืืืขื ืขืืกืงืช ืืฉืืืฉื ืคืจืกืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืขื ืืืืืจื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืฉืืื ืืงืืจ, ืื ืืขื ืื ืื "ืืคืจืกืื ืืืืืจ ืคืืืข ืืืกืืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืชืงืื ืืืขืจืื ืืืืืงืจืืื". ืืืืืื ืืื ืชื ืคืชืื ืืจืกืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืื, ืฉืชืื ืคืืืช ืืฉืขื ืืืืก 500 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื, ืืืืืฉื ืฆืื ืืืืชืจ ื-750 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืฉืชืจืื ื-4,800 ืืืฉ. ืกืคืจืื ืกืคืจืื ืืขืจืืืชื: ืืขืงืืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืืืช ืกืคืจ ื ืืกืฃ, ืฉื ืงืจื ืชืืืื "ืืฉืื ืืืจืื" ืืืืืฉื ื ืงืจื "ืื ืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื", ืืืฃ ืงืืื ืืงืืื ืขื ืคืจืกืืื ืืืื"ื, ืืืฆืืช ืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช, ืื ืขื ืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืืช, ืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ. ืคืจืกืื ืืืืงืจื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืจืฉืช ืขืืืื ืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืืืงืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืืืกืื โข ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื ื ืืจ ืืจืงืช โข ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืชื ืืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจืช ืืืืฉื ืืช, ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืืกืจืืืืฃ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืจืืืช ืืืกืคืืจื ืืืงื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืื ืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืฅ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืฅ โข ืกืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื, ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืจืืชื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืคืืจ ืกืืคืจ โข ืฉืจืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืกืืจืืง โข ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื ืขืืืืช ืกืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืงืืฉ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืงืจืขื โข ืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืจื ืจืื โข ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืืืืืง ืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืขืืืื ืฉืืงืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื: ืืืืื ืืืืื โข ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ: ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืช โข ืืฉืืื ื ืืจื โข ืืฆืืง ืืื โข ืืื ืขืืืจ โข ืืื ืืืงืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื: ืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื: ืืืื ืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_engine] | [TOKENS: 3675] |
Contents Fire engine A fire engine or fire truck (also spelled firetruck) is a vehicle, usually a specially designed or modified truck, that functions as a firefighting apparatus. The primary purposes of a fire engine include transporting firefighters and water to an incident as well as carrying equipment for firefighting operations in a fire drill. Some fire engines have specialized functions, such as wildfire suppression and aircraft rescue and firefighting, and may also carry equipment for technical rescue. Many fire engines are based on a commercial vehicle chassis that is further upgraded and customized for firefighting requirements. They are generally considered emergency vehicles authorized to be equipped with emergency lights and sirens, as well as communication equipment such as two-way radios and mobile computer technology. The terms fire engine and fire truck are often used interchangeably to a broad range of vehicles involved in firefighting; however, in some fire departments they refer to separate and specific types of vehicle. Design and construction The design and construction of fire engines focuses greatly on the use of both active and passive warnings. Passive visual warnings involve the use of high contrast patterns to increase the noticeability of the vehicle. They are more common on older vehicles or those in developing countries. Modern vehicles in developed countries use retroreflectors to create designs or display words such as "fire" or "rescue". European countries commonly use a pattern known as Battenburg markings. Along with the passive warnings, are active visual warnings which are usually in the form of flashing colored lights (also known as "beacons" or "lightbars"). These flash to attract the attention of other drivers as the fire truck approaches, or to provide warning to drivers approaching a parked fire truck in a dangerous position on the road. While the fire truck is headed towards the scene, the lights are always accompanied by loud audible warnings such as sirens and air horns. Some fire engines in the United States are lime yellow rather than red due to safety and ergonomics reasons. A 2009 study by the U.S. Fire Administration concluded that fluorescent colors, including yellow-green and orange, are easiest to spot in daylight. In some regions, a fire engine may be used to transport first responder firefighters, paramedics or EMTs to medical emergencies due to their proximity to the incident. Types The standard fire engine transports firefighters to the scene, carries equipment needed by the firefighters for most firefighting scenarios, and may provide a limited supply of water with which to fight the fire. The tools carried on the fire engine will vary greatly based on many factors including the size of the department and the usual situations the firefighters handle. For example, departments located near large bodies of water or rivers are likely to have some sort of water rescue equipment. Standard tools found on nearly all fire engines include ladders, hydraulic rescue tools (often referred to as the jaws of life), floodlights, fire hose, fire extinguishers, self-contained breathing apparatus, and thermal imaging cameras. The exact layout of what is carried on an engine is decided by the needs of the department. For example, fire departments located in metropolitan areas will carry equipment to mitigate hazardous materials and effect technical rescues, while departments that operate in the wildlandโurban interface will need the gear to deal with brush fires. Fire engines may have a deluge gun, also called master streams, which directs a heavy stream of water to wherever the operator points it. Engines may also have a preconnected hose lines, known simply as preconnects, which remain attached to an onboard water supply as opposed to fire hydrants or water tenders. An aerial apparatus is a fire truck mounted with an extendable boom that enables firefighters to reach high locations. They can provide a high vantage point for spraying water and creating ventilation, an access route for firefighters and an escape route for firefighters and people they have rescued. In North America, aerial apparatuses are used for fire suppression, whereas in Europe, they are used more for rescue. A turntable ladder (TL) is an aerial apparatus with a large ladder mounted on a pivot which resembles a turntable, giving it its name. The key functions of a turntable ladder are allowing access or egress of firefighters and fire victims at height, providing a high-level water point for firefighting (elevated master stream), and providing a platform from which tasks such as ventilation or overhaul can be executed. To increase its length and reach, the ladder is often telescoping. Modern telescopic ladders may be hydraulic or pneumatic. These mechanical features allow the use of ladders which are longer, sturdier, and more stable. They may also have pre-attached hoses or other equipment. The pivot can be mounted at the rear of the chassis or in the middle, just behind the cab. The latter is sometimes called a "mid-ship" arrangement, and it allows a lower travel height for the truck. While the traditional characteristic of a TL was a lack of water pumping or storage, many modern TLs have a water pumping function built in (and some have their own on-board supply reservoir). Some may have piping along the ladder to supply water to firefighters at the top of the ladder, and some of these may also have a monitor installed at the top. Other appliances may simply have a track-way to securely hold a manually-run hose reel. In the United States, turntable ladders with additional functions such as an onboard pump, a water tank, fire hose, aerial ladder and multiple ground ladders, are known as quad or quint engines, indicating the number of functions they perform. The highest TL in the world is the Magirus M68L, with a range of 68 meters (223.1 ft). In the United States, a tiller truck, also known as a tractor-drawn aerial (TDA), tiller ladder, or hook-and-ladder truck, is a specialized turntable ladder mounted on a semi-trailer truck. Unlike a commercial semi, the trailer and tractor are permanently combined and special tools are required to separate them. It has two drivers, with separate steering wheels for front and rear wheels. One of the main features of the tiller-truck is its enhanced maneuverability. The independent steering of the front and back wheels allow the tiller to make much sharper turns, which is particularly helpful on narrow or winding streets. An additional feature of the tiller-truck is that its overall length, over 50 feet (15 m) for most models, allows for additional storage of tools and equipment. The extreme length gives compartment between 500 and 650 cubic feet (14 and 18 m3) of storage in the trailer with an additional 40 and 60 cubic feet (1.1 and 1.7 m3) in the cab. Some departments elect to use tiller-quints, which are tiller trucks that have the added feature of being fitted with an on-board water tank. These are particularly useful for smaller departments that do not have enough personnel to staff both an engine company and a truck company. A platform truck carries an aerial work platform, also known as a basket or bucket, on the end of a ladder or boom. These platforms can provide a secure place from which a firefighter can operate. Many platforms also allow for rescues to be performed and are outfitted with tie down clips and rappelling arms. Some booms are capable of articulating, allowing the arm to bend in one or more places. This allows the platform truck to go "up and over" an obstacle, and is an advantage over the traditional platform ladder, which can only extend in a straight line. In April 2026, the BRAND NEW Fire Engine Television Series release called Spencer the Fire Engine was production. A wildland fire engine is a specialized fire engine that can negotiate difficult terrain for wildfire suppression. A wildland fire engine is smaller than standard fire engines and has a higher ground clearance. They may also respond to emergencies in rough terrain where other vehicles cannot respond. Many wildland engines feature four-wheel drive capability to improve hill climbing and rough terrain capability. Some wildland apparatus can pump water while driving (compared to some traditional engines which must be stationary to pump water), allowing "mobile attacks" on vegetation fires to minimize the rate of spread. Fire departments that serve areas along the wildlandโurban interface have to be able to tackle traditional urban fires as well as wildland fires. Departments in these areas often use a wildlandโurban interface engine, which combine features of a standard fire engine with that of a wildland fire engine.[better source needed] A water tender is a specialist fire appliance with the primary purpose of transporting large amounts of water to the fire area to make it available for extinguishing operations. These are especially useful in rural areas where fire hydrants are not readily available and natural water resources are insufficient or difficult to exploit. Most tankers have an on-board pumping system. This pump is often not of sufficient power to fight fires (as it is designed to be attached to a fire engine), but is more often used to draw water into the tender from hydrants or other water sources. Many tankers are equipped with fast-drain valves on the sides and back of the truck. This allows firefighters to empty thousands of gallons of water into a portable water tank in just a few seconds. Most water tenders are designed to carry loads of 5,000โ12,000 litres (1,100โ2,600 imp gal). An airport crash tender is a specialized fire engine designed for use at aerodromes in aircraft accidents. Some of the features that make the airport crash tender unique are its ability to move on rough terrain outside the runway and airport area, large water capacity as well as a foam tank, a high-capacity pump, and water/foam monitors. Newer airport crash tenders also incorporate twin agent nozzles/injection systems that add dry chemical fire retardant (such as Purple-K) to create a stream of firefighting foam which is able to stop the fire faster. Some also have gaseous fire suppression tanks for electrical fires. These features give the airport crash tenders a capability to reach an airplane rapidly, and rapidly extinguish large fires with jet fuel involved. Other vehicles that are used by fire departments but may not be directly involved in firefighting may include: History An early device used to squirt water onto a fire was known as a squirt or fire syringe. Hand squirts and hand pumps are noted before Ctesibius of Alexandria invented the first fire pump around the 2nd century B.C., and an example of a force-pump possibly used for a fire-engine is mentioned by Heron of Alexandria. In 1650, Hans Hautsch built a fire engine with a compressed air vessel. On each side 14 men worked a piston rod back and forth in a horizontal direction. The air vessel, a type of pressure tank, issued an even stream despite the backward motion of the piston. This was made possible by a rotating pipe mounted on the hose which allowed the jet to reach heights up to 20 m (65.6 ft). Caspar Schott observed Hautsch's fire engine in 1655 and wrote an account of it in his Magia Universalis. Colonial laws in America required each house to have a bucket of water on the front stoop in preparation for fires at night. These buckets were intended for use by the initial bucket brigade that would supply the water at fires. Philadelphia obtained a hand-pumped fire engine in 1719, years after Boston's 1654 model appeared there, made by Joseph Jenckes Sr., but before New York's two engines arrived from London. By 1730, Richard Newsham, in London, had made successful fire engines. He also invented those first used in New York City in 1731 where the amount of manpower and skill necessary for firefighting prompted Benjamin Franklin to found an organized fire company in 1737. Thomas Lote built the first fire engine made in America in 1743. These earliest engines are called hand tubs because they are manually (hand) powered and the water was supplied by a bucket brigade dumping it into a tub (cistern) where the pump had a permanent intake pipe. An important advancement around 1822 was the invention of an engine which could draft water from a water source. This rendered the bucket brigade obsolete. In 1822, a Philadelphia-based manufacturing company called Sellers and Pennock made a model called "The Hydraulion". It is said to be the first suction engine. Some models had the hard, suction hose fixed to the intake and curled up over the apparatus known as a squirrel tail engine. The earliest engines were small and were either carried by four men or mounted on skids and dragged to a fire. As the engines grew larger they became horse-drawn and later self-propelled by steam engines. Until the mid-19th century, most fire engines were maneuvered by men, but the introduction of horse-drawn fire engines considerably improved the response time to incidents. The first self-propelled steam pumper fire engine was built in New York in 1841. Unfortunately for the manufacturers, some firefighters sabotaged the device and its use of the first engine was discontinued. However, the need and the utility of power equipment ensured the success of the steam pumper well into the twentieth century. Many cities and towns around the world bought the steam fire engines. Motorised fire engines date back to January 1897, when the Prefect of Police in Paris applied for funds to purchase "a machine worked by petroleum for the traction of a fire-engine, ladders, and so forth and for the conveyance of the necessary staff of pompiers". With great prescience the report states "If the experiment prove successful, as is anticipated, horses will eventually be entirely replaced by automobiles". This was, indeed, the case and motorised fire engines became commonplace by the early 20th century. By 1905, the idea of combining gas engine motor trucks into fire engines was attracting great attention; according to a Popular Mechanics article in that year, such trucks were rapidly gaining popularity in England. That same year, the Knox Automobile Company of Springfield, Massachusetts, began selling what some have described as the world's first modern fire engine. A year later, the city of Springfield, Illinois, had filled their fire department with Knox engines. Another early motorized fire engine was developed by Peter Pirsch and Sons of Kenosha, Wisconsin. For many years firefighters sat on the sides of the fire engines or even stood on the rear of the vehicles, exposed to the elements. This arrangement was uncomfortable and dangerous (some firefighters were thrown to their deaths when their fire engines made sharp turns on the road), and today nearly all fire engines have fully enclosed seating areas for their crews. The "hook and ladder" was an early type of fire units known since late 1700s. It was a horse-drawn carriage which brought ladders and hooks to the fire place. Ladders were used for access to upper floors and the roof. "Hooks" were pike poles used for pulling down and apart the burning construction. Early pumpers used cisterns as a source of water. Water was later put into wooden pipes under the streets and a "fire plug" was pulled out of the top of the pipe when a suction hose was to be inserted. Later systems incorporated pressurized fire hydrants, where the pressure was increased when a fire alarm was sounded. This was found to be harmful to the system and unreliable. Today's valved hydrant systems are kept under pressure at all times, although additional pressure may be added when needed. Pressurized hydrants eliminate much of the work in obtaining water for pumping through the engine and into the attack hoses. Many rural fire engines still rely upon cisterns or other sources for drafting water into the pumps. Steam pumper came in to use in the 1850s. In the late 19th century, means of reaching tall structures were devised. At first, manually extendable ladders were used; as these grew in length (and weight), they were put onto two large wheels. When carried by fire engines these wheeled escape ladders had the wheels suspended behind the rear of the vehicle, making them a distinctive sight. Before long, turntable ladders โ which were even longer, mechanically extendable, and installed directly onto fire trucksโmade their appearances. After World War II, turntable ladders were supplemented by the aerial work platform (sometimes called "cherry picker"), a platform or bucket attached onto a mechanically bending arm (or "snorkel") installed onto a fire truck. While these could not reach the height of similar turntable ladders, the platforms could extend into previously unreachable "dead corners" of a burning building. During the 20th century motorized pumps began replacing gasoline pumps, water pumps also became standard. Racing suits were also added to firetrucks, which allowed for more individuals to be saved from fires. Radio allowed for information to be relayed easier between a firetruck and a fire department, useful for coordinating to fires. Firetrucks with use of water cannons have been at time used to disperse protestors, particularly in authoritarian countries. During the civil rights movement in the US, firetrucks were often used against protests in the South. The use of high pressure water against protestors can lead to severe bruising, internal bleeding, hypothermia and organ damage. The use of water hosing protestors is often considered cruel and violating an individuals civil rights. Modern firetrucks are designed to aide in various humanitarian tasks, firetrucks are regularly used as ambulances to transport people in case of medical emergencies. They are also used during extreme natural disaster and are used for delivering necessities to people. Modern firetrucks are generally made out of high grade material such as stainless steel, polypropylene and sometimes carbon fibre. Most firetrucks house materials for medical treatment, and fire burns. Firetrucks designed to fight forest fires often have thermal cameras and use water drones. See also References External links |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/huggingface/timesfm-tourism-monthly] | [TOKENS: 338] |
huggingface / timesfm-tourism-monthly like 3 Follow Hugging Face 82.8k Model Card for Model ID Model Details This is the model card of a ๐ค transformers model that has been pushed on the Hub. This model card has been automatically generated. Uses [More Information Needed] [More Information Needed] [More Information Needed] Bias, Risks, and Limitations [More Information Needed] Users (both direct and downstream) should be made aware of the risks, biases and limitations of the model. More information needed for further recommendations. How to Get Started with the Model Use the code below to get started with the model. [More Information Needed] Training Details [More Information Needed] [More Information Needed] [More Information Needed] Evaluation [More Information Needed] [More Information Needed] [More Information Needed] [More Information Needed] Model Examination [optional] [More Information Needed] Environmental Impact Carbon emissions can be estimated using the Machine Learning Impact calculator presented in Lacoste et al. (2019). Technical Specifications [optional] [More Information Needed] [More Information Needed] [More Information Needed] [More Information Needed] Citation [optional] BibTeX: [More Information Needed] APA: [More Information Needed] Glossary [optional] [More Information Needed] More Information [optional] [More Information Needed] Model Card Authors [optional] [More Information Needed] Model Card Contact [More Information Needed] Files info Paper for huggingface/timesfm-tourism-monthly Quantifying the Carbon Emissions of Machine Learning Paper โข 1910.09700 โข Published Oct 21, 2019 โข 34 |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/huggingface/CodeBERTa-language-id] | [TOKENS: 464] |
huggingface / CodeBERTa-language-id like 67 Follow Hugging Face 82.8k CodeBERTa-language-id: The Worldโs fanciest programming language identification algo ๐คฏ To demonstrate the usefulness of our CodeBERTa pretrained model on downstream tasks beyond language modeling, we fine-tune the CodeBERTa-small-v1 checkpoint on the task of classifying a sample of code into the programming language it's written in (programming language identification). We add a sequence classification head on top of the model. On the evaluation dataset, we attain an eval accuracy and F1 > 0.999 which is not surprising given that the task of language identification is relatively easy (see an intuition why, below). Quick start: using the raw model Quick start: using Pipelines ๐ช Let's start with something very easy: Now let's probe shorter code samples: What if I remove the const token from the assignment? For some reason, this is still statistically detected as JS code, even though it's also valid Python code. However, if we slightly tweak it: This is now detected as Python (Notice the u string modifier). Okay, enough with the JS and Python domination already! Let's try fancier languages: (Yes, I used the word "fancy" to describe PHP ๐
) Why is the problem of language identification so easy (with the correct toolkit)? Because code's syntax is rigid, and simple tokens such as := (the assignment operator in Go) are perfect predictors of the underlying language: By the way, because we trained our own custom tokenizer on the CodeSearchNet dataset, and it handles streams of bytes in a very generic way, syntactic constructs such := are represented by a single token: Fine-tuning code CodeSearchNet citation Model tree for huggingface/CodeBERTa-language-id Base model Dataset used to train huggingface/CodeBERTa-language-id code-search-net/code_search_net Updated Jan 18, 2024 โข 9.3k โข 319 Spaces using huggingface/CodeBERTa-language-id 4 Paper for huggingface/CodeBERTa-language-id CodeSearchNet Challenge: Evaluating the State of Semantic Code Search Paper โข 1909.09436 โข Published Sep 20, 2019 โข 2 |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/huggingface/falcon-40b-gptq] | [TOKENS: 121] |
huggingface / falcon-40b-gptq like 14 Follow Hugging Face 82.8k Strict copy of https://huggingface.co/tiiuae/falcon-40b but quantized with GPTQ (on wikitext-2, 4bits, groupsize=128). Intended to be used with https://github.com/huggingface/text-generation-inference For full configuration and usage outside docker, please refer to https://github.com/huggingface/text-generation-inference Files info Space using huggingface/falcon-40b-gptq 1 |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืชืื_ืฉืื] | [TOKENS: 3241] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืชืื ืฉืื ืชึผืึนื ืฉึถืืึถื (ื ืืื ืึพ1 ืืืจืฅ 1945) ืืื ืขืืชืื ืื ืืืืกืืืจืืื ืืฉืจืืื, ืืื ื"ืืืืกืืืจืืื ืื ืืืืฉืื". ืืื ืืขื ืืืจ ืฉืืืขื ืืขืืชืื "ืืืจืฅ". ืืืืืจืคืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืชืืืืก ืฉืืืจืื ืืืืื ืฅ ืืืจืืงืจืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืฉื ืช 1945, ืืืฉืคืื ืืช ืฉื ื ืืืืื. ืืืจืื, ืืืืื ืืจืื ืื ืืืืืจื ืืืช ืืกืคืจ "ืืืืืืืก" ืืืกืื, ื ืจืืคื ืขื ืขืืืืช ืื ืืฆืื ืืฉืืืื ืืฉื ืืืืชื ืงืืืื ืืกืืื, ืืขืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืึพ1935. ืืืื, ืืืื ืฅ ืฉืืืจืื (ืืืื 1910), ืืื ืืืจืืื, ืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืชืคืจื ืก ืืืฆืจื ืฆืขืฆืืขืื. ืืืื, ืจืืงืจืื ืฉืืืจืื, ืืืืชื ืฆืืืช ืืืืขื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืื ืื ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืื ืขืืจืืช ืืกืืกืืช ืืืื.[ื] ืืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืฆืืื ืื, ืืชืื ื ื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืืฉืืกืชืืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื. ืฉืื ืืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืืืื. ืฉืคืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืชื ืืจืื ืืช, ืืืืื ืขืืจืืช ืืื ืจืง ืืืื ืฉืืืฉ. ืืืื ื ืืจื ืึพ3 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1948, ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืฆืืืืช, ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืช ืืืืชื ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืจืืข ืฉื ืื, ืืืืื ืคืืืืืืงืืืช ืืจืื ืืื. ืืืืืืชื ืกืืคืจื ืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ื ืคืืข ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืฆืืฃ, ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืฆื, ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ื ืคื ืืืจืื ืฉืขืืื ืืืคืก ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืจืื (ืื ืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืงืคื ืืฉืืืจืื), ืืื ืืืืช ืืืกืชืจื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืชื ืชืงืื ืงืฆืื ืืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช. ืืช ืืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืขืฉื ืฉืื ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื.[ื] ืืฆื"ื ืฉืืจืช ืืกืคืจื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืขืืจืช ืืช ืฉืื. ืืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืืืืืข ืืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืชืืืจ ืืืงืืืจ ืืืืกืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืกืืื. ืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืจืฆื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืจืืืจืก, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืงืืืคืืจื ืื ืืืจืงืื ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ื ืืจืช'ืืืกืืจื (ืฉืื ืืขืืืจ ืงืืจืก ืขื ืชืืืืืช ืืฉืืื). ืงืืื ืืชืืืืช ืขืืืืชื ืืขืืชืื "ืืืจืฅ" ืึพ1979, ืืชื ืฉืื ืืขืืชืื ืืกืืืื ืืื "ืคื ืืืชืื" ืื"ืขื ืืืฉืืจ", ืขืจื ืืืืืฉ ืืช "ืืืื ืืื" ื"ืงืื ืืฉืจืื" ืืืื ืืชื "ืืขืจืื" ืืืื. ืืื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ืจืืฉ ืืฉืืช ืจืืฉ ืืขืืจ ืืื ืงืืืง ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืฉื ืื 1983โ1987 ืขืจื ืขื ื ืืื ืืจื ืข ืืช ืืฉืืืขืื "ืืืชืจืช ืจืืฉืืช". ืกืคืจืื, ืืขืืกืงืื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืืื (ืืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืืืฆืืช ืืชืจ ืืืืืฆืืช ืืืืื ื), ืืคืื ืืจืืื ืืจืืึพืืืจ ืืคืืจืกืื ืึพ14 ืฉืคืืช. ืฉืื ื ืืฉื ืืขืื ื ืจืืื ืืืฉ ืงืืืฆืช ืืืืกืืืจืืื ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืคืืกืึพืฆืืื ื. ืขื ืืืช, ืขื ืคื ืชืคืืกืชื, ืืคืืกืึพืฆืืื ืืช ืืื ื ื ืืืืืืืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืฉืื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืขืฆืื, ืืืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื "ืื ืฉืื ืืืืกืื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืืืงืืืงืืื ืืจืืฆืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืืืื". ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช ืืช ืืกืืืชื โ ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืืืช โ ืืฉืืื ืืงืืืฆืช ืืืืกืืืจืืื ืื ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืจ ืืฉืืืขื ืฉื ืฉืื ืืืืกืฃ ืืฉืืืขื ืฉื "ืืืจืฅ" ื ืืชื ืืืกืืจืช ื"ืืืกืืืจืื ืืืืฉื", ืืืื ืืื ืขืกืง ืืืืคื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืขื ืืืขืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืขืืืชืืื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืืฆืืื ืืช. ืืื ืฉืืกืคืจื "ืืฆืืื ืื ืืืืฉืื" (2001) ืืื ืืืขื ืื ืงืืืฆืช "ืืืืกืืืจืืื ืื ืืืืฉืื" ืืชืืืจืช ืื ืืืขืืช: ืฉืื ืื ืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืช "ืืื ืืืื" ืืขืจืืฅ ืืื ืกืช. ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืฅ ืืืชืืืคืื. ืฉืื ื ืืื ืืคืจืกื ืืคืขื ืืคืขื ืืืืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืกืฃ ืืกืคืจืื ืฉื ืขืชืื ืืืจืฅ. ืืชืืืชื ืขืืกืงืช ืืจืื ืืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืกืคืจื ืืกืืืจืื ืืฉืจืืืืช ืื ืืกืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื. ืืืืจืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืจืืื ืืจืืขื, ืืืืจื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืช ืชืืื ืืชืื ืืืืฉืืืช. ืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืงืืจืช ืฉืืชื ืขื ืกืคืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืจื ืืกืืื, ืืืฉืคื ืืืืจืื ืืขืืกืง ืืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืืง, ืืฉืื ืฉืื ืื ืงืืืืืช ืืืฉืืืช ืืกืืงืืจ ืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืืง ืืฆื ืขืืื ืื ืืืงืช ืืืื ื ืื ืืืืคื ืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืฉืคื. ืืืงืจืื ืจืืื, ืคืจืกืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืงืืจืช ืืืืจื ืชืืืื ืืืื ืชืงืคื ืืช ืฉืื ืืืช ืืืืงืืจืช. ืืืงืืจืช ืืฆื ืฉืืืื ืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืขืืื, ืกืคื ืฉืื ืืชืงืคืืช ืจืืืช ืืฆื ืืืจืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืงืืืืช. ืืืชืงืคื ืืขืื ืืืืชืจ ืขื ืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืคืจืืคืกืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืคืจืืืื ื "ืื ืชืื ืืื ืฉืื", ืฉื ืืชื ืืชืืืื ืืกืคืจื "ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืขื: ืืืฉืจืืืื ืืืฉืืื". ืืขื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืืขืื ืืฆื ืืคืจืืค' ืืืืฉืข ืคืืจืช ืืืื ืืกืคืจ "ืืื ืืืื ืืืช" ืืืฆื ืืืืกืืืจืืื ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืกืื. ื"ื ืื ืืืจืง ืืืืืก", ืืขืืืช ืืืช, ืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืื ืขืฉืจืช ืกืคืจื ืืฉื ื ืฉื 2002. ืกืคืจืื ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/huggingface/autoformer-tourism-monthly] | [TOKENS: 440] |
huggingface / autoformer-tourism-monthly like 10 Follow Hugging Face 82.8k Autoformer Overview The Autoformer model was proposed in Autoformer: Decomposition Transformers with Auto-Correlation for Long-Term Series Forecasting by Haixu Wu, Jiehui Xu, Jianmin Wang and Mingsheng Long. The abstract from the paper is the following: Extending the forecasting time is a critical demand for real applications, such as extreme weather early warning and long-term energy consumption planning. This paper studies the long-term forecasting problem of time series. Prior Transformer-based models adopt various self-attention mechanisms to discover the long-range dependencies. However, intricate temporal patterns of the long-term future prohibit the model from finding reliable dependencies. Also, Transformers have to adopt the sparse versions of point-wise self-attentions for long series efficiency, resulting in the information utilization bottleneck. Going beyond Transformers, we design Autoformer as a novel decomposition architecture with an Auto-Correlation mechanism. We break with the pre-processing convention of series decomposition and renovate it as a basic inner block of deep models. This design empowers Autoformer with progressive decomposition capacities for complex time series. Further, inspired by the stochastic process theory, we design the Auto-Correlation mechanism based on the series periodicity, which conducts the dependencies discovery and representation aggregation at the sub-series level. Auto-Correlation outperforms self-attention in both efficiency and accuracy. In long-term forecasting, Autoformer yields state-of-the-art accuracy, with a 38% relative improvement on six benchmarks, covering five practical applications: energy, traffic, economics, weather and disease. Dataset used to train huggingface/autoformer-tourism-monthly Monash-University/monash_tsf Updated Jun 13, 2023 โข 3.36k โข 59 Space using huggingface/autoformer-tourism-monthly 1 Paper for huggingface/autoformer-tourism-monthly Autoformer: Decomposition Transformers with Auto-Correlation for Long-Term Series Forecasting Paper โข 2106.13008 โข Published Jun 24, 2021 โข 1 |
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[SOURCE: https://huggingface.co/huggingface/informer-tourism-monthly] | [TOKENS: 486] |
huggingface / informer-tourism-monthly like 8 Follow Hugging Face 82.8k Informer Overview The Informer model was proposed in Informer: Beyond Efficient Transformer for Long Sequence Time-Series Forecasting by Haoyi Zhou, Shanghang Zhang, Jieqi Peng, Shuai Zhang, Jianxin Li, Hui Xiong, and Wancai Zhang. This method introduces a Probabilistic Attention mechanism to select the "active" queries rather than the "lazy" queries and provides a sparse Transformer thus mitigating the quadratic compute and memory requirements of vanilla attention. The abstract from the paper is the following: Many real-world applications require the prediction of long sequence time-series, such as electricity consumption planning. Long sequence time-series forecasting (LSTF) demands a high prediction capacity of the model, which is the ability to capture precise long-range dependency coupling between output and input efficiently. Recent studies have shown the potential of Transformer to increase the prediction capacity. However, there are several severe issues with Transformer that prevent it from being directly applicable to LSTF, including quadratic time complexity, high memory usage, and inherent limitation of the encoder-decoder architecture. To address these issues, we design an efficient transformer-based model for LSTF, named Informer, with three distinctive characteristics: (i) a ProbSparse self-attention mechanism, which achieves O(L logL) in time complexity and memory usage, and has comparable performance on sequences' dependency alignment. (ii) the self-attention distilling highlights dominating attention by halving cascading layer input, and efficiently handles extreme long input sequences. (iii) the generative style decoder, while conceptually simple, predicts the long time-series sequences at one forward operation rather than a step-by-step way, which drastically improves the inference speed of long-sequence predictions. Extensive experiments on four large-scale datasets demonstrate that Informer significantly outperforms existing methods and provides a new solution to the LSTF problem. Dataset used to train huggingface/informer-tourism-monthly Monash-University/monash_tsf Updated Jun 13, 2023 โข 3.36k โข 59 Paper for huggingface/informer-tourism-monthly Informer: Beyond Efficient Transformer for Long Sequence Time-Series Forecasting Paper โข 2012.07436 โข Published Dec 14, 2020 |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืืจืืืื_ืืืืืื_ืฉื_ืืจืฆืืช_ืืืจืืช] | [TOKENS: 1148] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืืื ืืืืืื (ืืื ืืืืช: The National Archives and Records Administration, ืืจืืฉื ืชืืืืช: NARA) ื ืืกื ื-19 ืืืื ื 1934, ืืื ืกืืื ืืช ืขืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืงืืื ื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืื ื ืขื ืฉืืืจื ืืชืืขืื ืฉื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืกืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืฉื (ืืืงืื ืคืืจืืืื, ืชืงื ืืช ืฉืื ืืช, ืืื'), ืืขื ืืฆืืจืช ื ืืืฉืืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืืืข ืื. ืืืกืืืจืื ืขื ืืฉื ืช 1934 ืื ืกืืื ืืช ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืืช ืืฉืืืจืช ืืืกืืืื ืฉืื, ืืืจ ืฉืืืืื ืืืืกืจ ืกืืจ ืืืฃ ืืืืื. ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ื ืื ืืืงืื ืืช ืืืจืืืื, ืฉืืคื ืืกืืื ืืช ืขืฆืืืืช ื-1 ืืืคืจืื 1985. ืืืื ืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืืืจืืืื ื ืืฆื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืจื, ืืื ืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืจืืื ื ืืกืฃ ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจืืื ื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืขืืืื, ืืฉ ื-13 ืืจืืืื ืื ืืืืจืืื ืคืจืืกืื ืืขืจืื ืืจืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืืืื ื, ืืื ืฉืืงืื, ืืืกืืื, ืื ืืืจ, ืคืืืืืคืื, ืกืืืื, ืกื ืคืจื ืกืืกืงื, ื ืื ืืืจืง, ืงื ืืก ืกืืื, ืคืืจื ืืืจืช' ืืกื ื ืืืืืก. ืืฉื ื ืื ืกืคืจืืืช ื ืฉืืืืชืืืช, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืจืื ืืกืืืื ืฉื ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจืืจื ืืืืจ. ืืื ืกืคืจืืืช ืืื ื ืืชื ืืื ืืช ืืช ืืกืคืจืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืื ืฉืืืืชืืื ื'ืืจื' ืืืฉ ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืงืกืก, ืืืจืื ืื ืฉืืืืชื ืข"ืฉ ืงืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืจืืง, ืืจืงื ืกื ืืืช ืืืจืื ืื ืฉืืืืชื ื'ืืจื' ืืืงืจ ืืืฉ ืืืืจืช ืืงืกืก - ืืืืืก. ื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2012, ืชืงืฆืื ืืืจืืื ืขืืื ืขื 391 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืขืืืืื ืื ื-3,112 ืขืืืืื (ื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2014). ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Essays] | [TOKENS: 1656] |
Contents Wikipedia:Essays Essays, as used by Wikipedia editors, typically contain advice or opinions of one or more editors. The purpose of an essay is to aid or comment on the encyclopedia but not on any unrelated causes. Essays have no official status and do not speak for the Wikipedia community because they may be created and edited without overall community oversight. Following the instructions or advice given in an essay is optional. Notwithstanding, some essays are widely accepted as part of the Wikipedia gestalt. Generally soft advice belongs in an essay, thus avoiding instruction creep in Wikipedia's official protocols. There are over 2,000 essays on a wide range of Wikipedia-related topics. Wikipedia policy says, โEssaysโฆthat overtly contradict consensus, belong in the user namespaceโ. About essays Although essays are not policies or guidelines, many are worthy of consideration. Policies and guidelines cannot cover all circumstances. Consequently, many essays serve as interpretations of or commentary on perceived community norms for specific topics and situations. The value of an essay should be understood in context, using common sense and discretion. Essays can be written by anyone and can be long monologues or short theses, serious or humorous. Essays may represent widespread norms or minority viewpoints. An essay, as well as being useful, can potentially be a divisive means of espousing a point of view. Although an essay should not be used to create an alternative rule set, the Wikipedia community has historically tolerated a wide range of Wikipedia-related subjects and viewpoints on user pages. The difference between policies, guidelines, and some essays on Wikipedia may be obscure. Essays vary in popularity and how much they are followed and referred to. Editors should defer to official policies or guidelines when essays, information pages or template documentation pages are inconsistent with established community standards and principles. Avoid "quoting" essays as though they are policyโincluding this explanatory supplement page. Essays, information pages and template documentation pages can be written without muchโif anyโdebate, as opposed to Wikipedia policies that have been thoroughly vetted by the community (see WP:Local consensus for details). In Wikipedia discussions, editors may refer to essays, provided that they do not hold them out as consensus or policy. Proposals for new guidelines and policies require discussion and a high level of consensus from the entire community for promotion. See Wikipedia:How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance and Wikipedia:Policy writing is hard for more information. Essays are located in the Wikipedia namespace (e.g., Wikipedia:Reasonability rule) and in User namespaces (e.g., User:Jimbo Wales/Statement of principles). The Help namespace contains pages which provide factual (usually technical) information on using Wikipedia and its software (see below). The {{Essay}}-family templates (with several variants like {{Notability essay}} and {{WikiProject advice}}), versus the {{Guideline}} (and variants, like {{MoS guideline}}) and {{Policy}} templates give an indication of a page's status within the community. Some essays at one time were proposed policies or guidelines, but they could not gain consensus overall; as indicated by the template {{Failed proposal}}. Other essays that at one time had consensus, but are no longer relevant, are tagged with the template {{Historical}}. Essays currently nominated for policy status are indicated by the banner {{Proposed}}. See Wikipedia:Template messages/Wikipedia namespace for a listing of namespace banners. Types of essays Essays in the Wikipedia namespace โ which are never to be put in the main (encyclopedia article) namespace โ typically address some aspect of working in Wikipedia. They have not been formally adopted as guidelines or policies by the community at large, but typically edited by the community. Some are widely accepted as part of the Wikipedia gestalt, and have a significant degree of influence during discussions (like "guideline supplements" WP:Tendentious editing, WP:Bold, revert, discuss cycle, and WP:Competence is required). Many essays, however, are obscure, single-author pieces. Essays may be moved into userspace as user essays (see below), or even deleted, if they are found to be problematic. Occasionally, even longstanding, community-edited essays may be removed or radically revised if community norms shift. Wikipedia's how-to and information pages are typically edited by the community and can also be found in the help namespace. They generally provide technical and factual information about Wikipedia or supplement guidelines and policies in greater detail. Where "essay pages" often offer advice or opinions through viewpoints, information pages are intended to clarify and explain current community practices in an impartial way (e.g., Wikipedia:Administration). WikiProjects are groups of editors who work together. Advice pages written by these groups are formally considered the same as pages written by anyone else, that is, they are essays unless and until they have been formally adopted as community-wide guidelines or policies. WikiProjects are encouraged to write essays explaining how the community's policies and guidelines should be applied to their areas of interest and expertise (e.g., Wikipedia:WikiProject Bibliographies#Recommended structure). According to Wikipedia policy, "Essays that the author does not want others to edit, or that are found to contradict widespread consensus, belong in the user namespace." These are similar to essays placed in the Wikipedia namespace; however, they are often authored/edited by only one person, and may represent a strictly personal viewpoint about Wikipedia or its processes (e.g., User:Jehochman/Responding to rudeness). Some of them are widely respected by other editors, and even occasionally have an effect on policy (e.g., the WP:General notability guideline originated in a user essay). Writings that contradict policy are somewhat tolerated within the User namespace. The author of a personal essay located in their user space has the prerogative to revert any changes made to it by any other user, within reason. Polemics in the form of personal attacks against particular people, groups, real-life ideas (e.g. artists or politicians), or against Wikipedia itself, are generally deleted at MFD, as unconstructive or disruptive. Likewise, advocacy of fringe POV and pushing of fringe content and conspiracy theories is not tolerated. Wikipedia is a mainstream encyclopedia that sides with RS and does not promote content based on unreliable sources. Such content is considered WP:UNDUE. The Wikimedia Foundation's Meta-wiki was envisioned as the original place for editors to comment on and discuss Wikipedia, although the "Wikipedia" project space has since taken over most of that role. Many historical essays can still be found at meta.wikimedia.org. It is generally preferable that inactive WikiProjects not be tagged as "Historical ", but instead be marked as {{WikiProject status|inactive}} or {{WikiProject status|Defunct}}. See WP:INACTIVEWP for more details. Creation and modification of essays Before creating an essay, it is a good idea to check if similar essays already exist. Although there is no guideline or policy that explicitly prohibits it, writing redundant essays is discouraged. Avoid creating essays just to prove a point or game the system. Essays that violate one or more Wikipedia policies, such as spam, personal attacks, copyright violations, or what Wikipedia is not tend to get deleted or transferred to user space. You do not have to have created an essay to improve it. If an essay already exists, you can add to, remove from, or modify it as you wish, provided that you use good judgment. However, essays placed in the User: namespace are oftenโthough not alwaysโmeant to represent the viewpoint of one user only. You should usually not substantively edit someone else's user essay without permission. To be on the safe side, discuss any edits not covered by REFACTOR and MINOR before making them. If the original author is no longer active or available, seek consensus on the essay's talk page (other editors who have worked on the essay are likely to care about it), or just write a new one. Finding essays Wikipedia:Essay directory lists about 2100 essays to allow searching for key words or terms with your browser. Essays can also be navigated via categories, the navigation template, or by a custom search box (as seen below). Data Notes |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื ืืืื_ื ืชื ืืื#cite_ref-408] | [TOKENS: 76002] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืึดึผื ึฐืึธืึดืื (ืึดึผืืึดึผื) ื ึฐืชึทื ึฐืึธืืึผ (ื ืืื ื-21 ืืืืงืืืืจ 1949, ื"ื ืืชืฉืจื ื'ืชืฉ"ื) ืืื ืคืืืืืืงืื ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืคืืืช "ืืืืืื" ืืืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื (ืื ืคืงืื). ืืฉื ืื 1984โ1988 ืืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืื"ื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืชืื ืขืฉืจื ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ. ื-1993 ื ืืืจ ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ืืืื ืฉืฉ ืืืื ืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืฉืืืฉ ืชืงืืคืืช ืื ืจืฆืืคืืช: ืืื 1996โ1999 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืืข; ืืื 2009โ2021 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืชืืื, ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืฉ, ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืจืืข ืืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ; ืืืื ืืฆืืืจ 2022 ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ, ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชืคืงืืืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืืงื ืืืงืืื ืืืืื ืืชืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืง ืืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื, ืืืขื ืืฉื ืื 1999โ2002 ืืื ืคืจืฉ ืืืคืืืืืืงื. ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ืืชืฉืขืื ืืชื ืขื ืืกืื ืืืจืื ืืืกืื ืืืื ืขื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืืื ืืฉื ืื 2003โ2005, ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืจืคืืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืงืืื ืืคืจืื, ืืืจืืช ืืืกืื ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืฉื ืช 2018, ืืืขืืจื ืืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉืืช, ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020, ื ืืชืื ืืกืืื ืืืจืื. ืืืื ื ืื ืืชืืจืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืคืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืจืขื ืืืฆืข ืขืืื ืขื ื, ืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื, ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช. ื-2023 ืืืจืข ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ ืฉืืืืื ืืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื, ืื-2025 ืชืงืคื ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืฆืข ืขื ืืืืื. ืืืจืืขืื ืืืืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืกืชื ื ืืช ืืืคืจืืงื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื 2005 ื-2013 ืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืโืืฆืจืื, ืืืืื ืืืืจืชืืช ืืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืช 2011, ืืชืคืจืฆืืช ืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2020, ืงืืืื "ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช" ืืฉื ืช 2023 ืืืืืื ืืขืืืืช ืื ืจืืืช ืืขืงืืืชืื. ื-24 ืืืื 2020 ืืืืฉื ื ืืื ืืชืื ืืืฉืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืชื ืื ื ืืื ืืฉืคื ืคืืืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืฉืื ืืช: ืชืืง 1000, ืชืืง 2000 ืืชืืง 4000. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืฉืคื ืคืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืชื. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2024 ืืืืืข ืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื (ICC) ืื ืืืฆืื ืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืืื, ืื ืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืืื ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื. ืจืืฉืืช ืืืื, ืฉืืจืืชื ืืฆืืื ืืืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืฉืช ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฆืืื (ืืืืช ืกืื; 1912โ2000) ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืื ืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื (1910โ2012) ืื ืงืจื ืขื ืฉื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืคืจืืกื ืื ืืืื ืกืื. ืืื ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื ืช ืชืืคืืืช ืื-1955 ืืงืืืื. ืืงืืจ ืืฉื "ืืืื" ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื, ืื ืืืื ืจืื. ืืืืชื ื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืื[ื] ืืืืจ ืืฉืื "ืื" ืืงืจืืืช ืืืจื ืืืืชื. ืืืื ืื ืืืง ืจืืฉืืช ืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืืช ื-50 ืืชืืืืช ื-60 ืืืืชื ืืืฉืคืื ืืกืืจืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื, ืขื ืฉืืฉืคืืชื ืขืืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉื ืช 1963, ืืขืงืืืช ืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืื. ืืืฉืคืื ืืจื ืืฆ'ืืื ืื, ืคืจืืืจ ืฉื ืคืืืืืคืื ืฉืืคื ืกืืืื ืื, ืฉื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืื ืคืขืื ืืืืขืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืชืืืื, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ื-1967 ืืื ืืืชืืืืก ืืฆื"ื, ืืขืื ืฉืืฉืคืืชื ื ืฉืืจื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉื ืฉื ืชืืื ื ืืกืคืืช. ืืื ืฉืืจืช ืืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื, ืฉืื ืฉืืจืช ืื ืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉื ืื ืืืื ืขืื. ืืื ืขืืจ ืืกืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืื ืืืืคืงื ืืืชื ืชืืช ืคืืงืืื ืฉื ืขืืืจื ืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืืง ืงืืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืฆืข ืชืฉืืจื, ืืืืฆืข ืชืืคืช ืืืืืฆืข ืืืืืืก 4 ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืชืฉื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืข, ืืืืจ ืฉืืฆืื ืืืฆืจื ืคืชื ืืืฉ ืขื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืขื ืฉืืืืช 13, ืืขืช ืฆืืืืช ืชืขืืช ืกืืืฅ ืขื ืืื ืกืืจืืช ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืขืจืืืช, ืฉืืืืชื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืฆืจืืื. ืืืืฉื, ืกืืื ืงืืจืก ืงืฆืื ื ืื"ืจ ืืืฆืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืืคืงื ืฆืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืคืงื ืฆืืืช ืืฉืชืชืฃ ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืืืฆืข ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืขื ืืืืก "ืกืื ื", ืฉืขืืื ืคืืงื ืืคืงื ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืง. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืคืฆืข ืืคืขืืื ืื ืืคืืืืช ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืืืื. ืืคืขื ืืืจืช, ืืืืจื ืืคืขืืื ืกืืืืช ืืกืืจืื, ื ืชืงืข ืืฆืืืช ืฉืขืืื ืคืืงื ืืืจื ืืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืชืฉืืฉืืช ืืืงืืจ. ืืคืงื ืคืืืชื, ืขืืื ืืืื, ืืฉ ืืขืืจืชื ืืืืืฅ ืืืชื. ืืงืืฅ 1972 ืืฉืชืืจืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆื"ื ืืืจืืช ืกืจื. ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืจื ืืฆื"ื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช MIT ืฉืืืกืฆ'ืืกืืก. ืขื ืคืจืืฅ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1973, ืฉื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืงืืืฆื ืืืืืชืจืช ืฉื "ืืืืจืื" ืืืืืืื, ืฉืฉืืจื ืขื ืื ืืื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืงืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืื, ืืืฉืืืข ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืชื ืืืขืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืฆืคืื. ืืคื ืืืืืืื, ื ืจืื ืื ืคืืงื ืขื ืืืฆืข ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฆืคืื. ืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืฉืจืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืคืืืช ืขื 1981. ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืคืืจ, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืฉื ืงืืื ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืืจืืืืืช (B.S.A.D) ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช MIT ื-1974, ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืื ืื ืขืกืงืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืื ืืืื MIT ืกืืืื ื-1976. ืขืืืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืฃ ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืฆืืจ, ืืื ืืืืช ืืกืืจ ืชืืจื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืื ืึพMIT ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจืืืืจื ืืงืฆืืขืืช ืืืืขื ืืืืื ื. ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืืื, ืขืื ืืฉื ืชืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืขืืฅ ืขืกืงื, "ืืืกืืื ืงืื ืกืืืื ื ืืจืืค". ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืื ื ืขืฆืื "ืื ื'ืืื ื ืืชืื" ืื "ืื ื ืืชืื". ื ืืชืื ืืื ืฉื ืืขื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืขืืชืื ืขื ืืืืจืื. ื-1976 ืฉืื ืืช ืืืื, ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืื ืืืฆืข ืื ืืื, ืืขืช ืืืืชื ืืคืงื ืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื. ืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืช 1977 ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืกืืฃ 1976 ืืขื 1980 ืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืงืจ ืืืจืืจ, ืฉืขืจื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืกืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืจืืจ. ื-1980 ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืขืื ืืคืจืก ื'ืืืืื ืกืงื ืืกืคืจืืช ืืืืืงืจ, ืืขืืืจ ืืืฆืืช ืืืชืื ืืื ื. ืืื 1979โ1982 ืขืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืง ืฉื ืืืจืช ืืจืืืืื "ืจืื ืชืขืฉืืืช". ืืืกืืจืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืงืจ ืืืจืืจ, ืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืืืืืืงืืื, ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉื ืืจื ืก, ืฉืืื ืืกืึน ืืคืืืืืืงื ืืืืืืฅ ืืื ืืชื ืืฆืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื. ืกื., ืชืคืงืื ืฉืืืื ืืื 1982โ1984. ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืจื ืก ืืฉืืจืืจ, ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืงืืื, ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืจ ืจืืื ืืชืคืงืื. ืืื 1984โ1988 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืื"ื ืืืื ืืืืคืขืืชืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืขืืืืืช. ืืืจื ืฉืืงืื ืืจืก ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืฉืฃ ืืช ืขืืจื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืื"ื, ืงืืจื ืืืืืืื, ืฉืฉืืจืช ืืงืฆืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืชืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื"ื, ืืืืื ืจืื ืฉื ืืฆืืื, ืืืฉืืฃ ืืกืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืขืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืคืืฉืขื ืืืืื ื ืืฆืื ื ืืกืคืื. ื-1988 ืืืขื ืง ืื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืจ ืืืงืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจ-ืืืื. ืงืจืืืจื ืคืืืืืืช ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืชืื ืขืฉืจื ื-1988, ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช "ืืืืืื". ืืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืชื ืืขืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืืฆื ืืืงืื ืืชืฉืืขื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื, ืฉืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืืืืฅ. ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ื-12, ืืืชืื ื ืืกืื ื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืฉื ืืจื ืก, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื. ืืื ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืื ื ืืฆืจ ืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืฆืฆื ื ืืฆื ื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืืชืขืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืื. ืืื ืืชืคืงืืื ืืื"ื, ืื ืืชืคืงืื ืื ืืชืืื ืืืืคืขืืชืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืชืืืช. ื-1991 ื ืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืจืืฉืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืืง ืฉืืืจ. ืืืืจ ืืืืขืืื, ืขืงื ืืืชื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื, ืขืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื, ืฉื ืขืจืื ื-1992, ืืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืืฉื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืคืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคืจืืฉืชื ืฉื ืฉืืืจ, ืืชืืืื ื-1993 ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื. ืืืืื ืืกืข ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช, ืืชืคืจืกืื "ืคืจืฉืช ืืงืืืช ืืืืืืช". ืืืืคืขื ืืืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืจืช ืืื ืืืืฉืืช, ืืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืื "ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืืืจืช ืคืืฉืขืื" ื ืืกื ืืกืืื ืืืชื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืจืืืืช ืืืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชื. ืืจืืืื ืืืคื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืื ืืคืจืฉื, ืืขืืืงื ืืช ืืงืจืข ืืื ืืฉื ืืื. ืืงืืืช ืื ืืืฆืื ืืขืืื, ืืืืืื ืืชื ืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืคื ืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื, ืื ื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืงืฆื, ืืืื ื-52.1% ืืืงืืืืช (72,705 ืืชืื 139,522 ืงืืืืช ืืฉืจืื). ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืคืืช ืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืื ื-1993 ืืืืืืจ ืฉืืืกืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืจ ืืืคื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืื ืืืงืจ ืืืืจืืช ืคืืืืขื ืืจืืจ ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืื, ืงืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช, ื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื. ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืชื ืืคืื ืช ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืฆืืื ื ืื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืืกืื ืืืกืื ื', ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1995. ืืฉืชืชืคืืชื ืืืคืื ื ืืฆืืืช ืจืขื ื ื ืฉืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืชืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืจืื ืงืืืจื ืฉืขืืื ืืืืชืื "ืจืืื ืงืืืจ ืืช ืืฆืืื ืืช", ืืืชื ืืคืจืกืื ืจื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืขื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื. ื-29 ืืืื 1996 ื ืขืจืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืจืืข-ืขืฉืจื, ืืคื ืฉืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืฉืืจื. ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก, ืฉืืืืืฃ ืืช ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืฆืื, ืืจืื ืืืืง ืฉื ื-29,000 ืงืืืืช. ื ืืฆืืื ื ืืชืงืื ืืืคืชืขื ืืงืจื ืืคืจืฉื ืื. ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืจืืฅ ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืฆื ืคืจืก ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื 1.4%, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืงื ืฉื ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืคื ืืช ืืืงืจ ืืชืืคืื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืืช ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืกืืจ ืฉื ืืชื ืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืืชืืกืก ืขื ืชืืืฉืช ืืืกืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืขืงื ืืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืขืช ืคืืืืขื ืืชืืืืืช, ืืฆื ืืืืืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืกืืื ืืืกืื ืฉื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉืื. ืื ืืืขื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืจ ืคืขื ืืจืขืช ืคืจืก, ืขืงื ืืขืืื ืืกืืืืช ืืืฉืคืขื ืืจืืฉืืช ืฉื ืจืฆื ืจืืื, ืืืชื ืืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืชืืจืื ืืช, ืืืชื ื ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืกืืขืืช ืืืชืืจืืช ื"ืืืืืื-ืืฉืจ-ืฆืืืช". ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืื, ืคืจืก ืืืคืืข ืขืืืฃ ืื ืจืื, ืื ืฉืคืืข ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืืืจื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืชื ืืขืืช ืืืฆืืขื ืืงืจื ืืืืขืืืื ืคืขืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืขืื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืขืจืืืช ื ืื ืขื ืืืชืืื ืืืืฉืื, ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฆืข "ืขื ืื ืืขื" ืืืืคืืื ืขื ืืคืจ ืงืื ื ืืืื ืื, ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืขื ืชืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืื ืงืืคืืื ืฆืขืืจื ืืืืืช ืื"ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืง: "ื ืชื ืืื. ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื", ืืืืจืืช ืืจื ืืจื ืฉื, ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืฆืืืข ืื ืชื ืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืขืฅ ืืจืชืืจ ืคืื ืงืืฉืืืื ืืงืืคืืื ื ืืืืื ืขื ืกืืกืืืืช ืงืืืืืช ืืื "ืคืจืก ืืืืง ืืช ืืจืืฉืืื", ืฉืืื ืืคืงืืืื ืืืฆืืจืช ื ืืืืจ ืืืคื ืืฉืืื ืืงืจื ืขืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจืืื. ื ืืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืชื ืืืื 47 ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฆืขืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืจ ืงืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืึพ18 ืืืื ื 1996 ืขื ืึพ6 ืืืืื 1999. ืืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืื-ืคืืกืืื ื. ืืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืกืืื ืืืกืื, ืชืื ืืฆืืจื ืขื ืขืืงืจืื ืืคืื ืืงืืื ืืชืืืืืืืืช ืื ืกืืืืช ืจืง ืืืงืืื ืืงืืื ืืชืืืืืืืืชืื ืฉื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืืชืื ืืื, ืืชืขืืื ืืกืืจืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืืช, ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืฉืืจื ื ืืกืจื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืชืื ืืืกืืื ืืืกืื ื'. ืืชืืืืช ืกืคืืืืจ 1996 ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช ืืืขืืจ ืืจื, ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืคืืืฉื ืืกืืืืช. ื-24 ืืกืคืืืืจ 1996 ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืคืชืืืช ืื ืืจืืช ืืืืชื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืจืฆื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืจืช ืืืืชื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืฆืคืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืื ื ืืจืื 17 ืืืืื ืฆื"ื ืืืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืืืจืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื. ืืืืืืืช ืืชืคืชืื ืืขืงืืืช ืคืชืืืช ืืคืชื ืืฆืคืื ื ืฉื ืื ืืจืช ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืื ืฉืืืจืื ืืจืืืข ืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืฉืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืขื ื ืฉืืฉืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืชืืช ืืกืืื ืืจ ืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืขืจืขืจ ืืืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืง ืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืฉื ืชื ืืคืชืืืช ืคืชื ืืื ืืจื ืืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืขืช ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืคืฉืจืช "ื ืืืขื ืืกืืข ืงืืืื ื". ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจืืข ืืืืืื ื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืื ืืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจืืืื ืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืคืืกืืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืคืืช ืฉื ืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืืคืจืืช ืกืืจ ืืขืจืื ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืขืจืื ืืืขืืจืืืช, ืฉื ืคืกืงื ืชืื ืืืื ืกืคืืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืงืจื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืงืืื ืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืขืจืคืืช ืืคืกืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื, ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืกืืื ืืื ืืจืื. ืืคืกืื ืกืืื ืืช ืืืจื ืืืชืืืช "ืืกืื ืืืจืื" ืืื ืืืจ 1997. ืืืกืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืช ืืจืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืื, ืืืขื ืืืืจ ืืขืจืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืจืื ืกืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืื ืืืืืืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืืื. ืืื ืื ืืชืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ืฉืชื ื ืกืืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืฉืืืื ืขื ืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืงืจืื "ืฉืืืฉ ืืคืขืืืืช". ืื ืกืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฆืขื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ. ืืงืืฅ 1997 ืืชืจืืฉื ืฉื ื ืคืืืืขื ืืชืืืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืขืงืืืชืืื ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืชื ืงืฉืืช ืื'ืืื ืืฉืขื, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืืก ืืืจืื. ืืคืขืืื ืื ืขืืชื ืืคื ืืกืืื ื "ืืืืกื" ืฉืืืฆืขื ืืืชื ื ืชืคืกื. ืืชืืืจื ืืฉืืจืืจื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืจืื ืชืจืืคืช ื ืื ืฉืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืขื ืืฉืืจืจื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืกืืจืื ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืจืืฉื ืฉืืื' ืืืื ืืืกืื. ืงืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืฉ ืืช ืืกืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืกื ืืื ืืจืืืง, ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืก ืฉืืืจืฉ ืืืจืื ืื ืขืฆืจ ืื ืืืชืชื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืฉืฉ ืฉืืฉืคืื ืืขืืจืจ ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืืฉ ืืช ืืคืืืืขืื. ืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉื ื ืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืืคื ืื, ืืฆืืง ืจืืื ืืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก ืืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืจืง ืืืจืืื ืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 1999, ืฉื ืช ืืืื ืชื ืืืืจืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ื ืจืฆืื 4 ืื ืฉืื ืืคืืืืขืื, ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืชืืคืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืขื 2008. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืช ืืืืืฃ ืืื ืขืืจื. ืืงืืช ืืืืขืฆื ื ืขืฉืชื ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆื ืฉื ืืชื ื ืืืกืืจืช ืืคืงืช ืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืคืืขื ืขื ืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืฉืืืช ืฉืงืืื ืื. ืืืืจ ืชืงืืคื ืืจืืื ืฉื ืงืืคืืื, ืฉืืืืืื ืืจืฉื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืชืืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืชื ื ืืืกืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืกืื ืืืจืื ืื ืกืืืืช ื ืืกืคืืช, ืืื ืก ืื ืฉืื ืงืืื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืืช ืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 1998. ืืืืขืืื ืืกืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉืืชืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืคืืจ, ืื ืกืืื ื ืืกืคืช, ืฉืืืื 13% ืืฉืืื C ืฉืืืื ืฉืืืขืืจื ืืฉืืื A ื-B,โ 1% ื-12% ืืืชืืื, ืืืคืชืืืช ื ืื ืชืขืืคื ืืื-ืืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืกืขืืคื ืืืื ื ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืงืืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืื ืืชืื ืกื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืขืื ืื ืืืืืช ืื ืฉืื ืงืืื ืืื, ืืืื ืื ืคืืจืกื ื ืืกื ืืืฉ ืฉื ืืืื ื ืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืกืขืืคืื ืืงืืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืจื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฆืขื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืจืง ืืืง ืงืื ืืื ืกืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืจื: โืืชื ื โ ืืงืืื, ืื ืืชื ื โ ืื ืืงืืื.โ ืชืงืืคื ืื ืืชืืคืืื ื ืืืชืืงืืืืืช ืืจืืืืช ืื ืกืืืืช ื"ืคืขืืืืช" ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืคืขื. ืืืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื, ืื ืงืืคืืื ืืืืขืื ืขื ืกืืจืื, ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืืื ืจืื ืืืืืจ, ื ืฉืื ืืืขืื ืืกืืจืื. ืืืขื ืช ืื ืืก ืจืืก ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืง, ืืืืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืจืื, ืืืืชื ืืืกืืืชื, ืืืื ื ืกืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืงื ืขื ืืกืืก ืืืืืืช 1967, ืชืื ืฉืชืืืื ืืงื ืืืืืืง ืืืงืืข ืืืืจ ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืื. ืืืขื ืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืืชืขืงืฉ ืขื ืื ืฉืงื ืืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืงืืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืชืจ. ืฉืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืงืืจืื ืืช ืจืืื, ืืื: ืืกืื ืืืกืืงืื (4 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1997), ืืืช ืฉืืืฉื ืงืฆืื ืื ืืกืืืจืช ืฆื ืื ืื ืืืืชืงืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืื (23 ืืคืืจืืืจ 1997) ืืืกืื ืืฉืืืืช (5 ืืกืคืืืืจ 1997) ืฉืื ื ืืจืื 12 ืืืืื ืฉืืืืช 13 ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืื. ืืกืื ืืืกืืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืกืืจ ืืืื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืช ืืคืงืคืืง ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืงืืช ืืจืืื ืืจืืข ืืืืืช ืฉืคืขืื ืื ืกืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื. ืืขืงืืืช ื ืคืืืช ืืงืฆืื ืื ืืืืืข ืื"ืจ ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืง, ืขื ืืชืืืืืืชื ืืฆืืช ืืืื ืื ืชืื ืฉื ื ืืืืืืจื, ืขืืืฃ ืชืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืกืืจืื. ืชืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืช ืืืชืช ืขื ืื ืกืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืื ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืืืจ ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ, ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืืื ืื ืืฆืจื ืืฉืืจื ื ืืืืจืืงื ื. ืคืขืืืืช ืื, ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื'ืจื ืคืืืืื (ืื ') ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืฆืจื, ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืงืจื ืืืืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ื ืฉืืืฉื ืฉืจื ืืืฆืจ: ืื ืืจืืืืจ, ืืขืงื ื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืช โ ืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืคืจืง ืืื ืฉื ืืฉื ื. ืืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืื ืืจืืืืจ, ืื ืืฉื "ืจืฆืืขืช ืืืืืกืื" ืืืืื ืืืชืคืืจืืช ืืืืจืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื. ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืื ืืื ืคืจืฉ ืืืื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืฆืขืืื ืืืืืืืื[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื] ืฉื ืงื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉืืช 1998, ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืฉืืื ืจืขืืขืื ืขืื. ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืกืืืืช ืฉืืง ืืืคืฉื, ืืขืื ืขื ื ืก ืืช ืขืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืคืฉืืช ืืืช ืืืคืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืฉ ืชืคืืกื ืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืืืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืคืืฆืื ืืืคืืชืช ืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืืื. ืืืฉืืชื ืืืฆืขื ืืคืจืื ืฉื ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืชืืืช ืืืืืจืืืืฆืื ืืืืืข ืืืืฅ, ืืืื ืืืืื "ืจืฆืืขืช ืืืืืกืื", ืืืื ืฉืืจื ืืืชืคืืจืืชื ืฉื ืื ืืจืืืืจ ืืชืคืงืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจื ืจืคืืจืื ืืคื ืกืื ืฉืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืคื ืกืื ืชืงืฆืืืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืฆืืืจืช, ืืืจืืืช ืืขืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืฆืืืืจื. ืืื ืื ืืืกืคืช ืืคืขืื ืกืืืืจื ืฉืืืฉื, ืชืืืืช ืฉืืจืืชื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืช "Yes" ืืืืกืคืช ืืืจืืช ืืฉืืง ืฉืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืื-ืืืืืืืช. ืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืงื ืืขืืช ืืจืืคืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืื ืขื ืืขืื ืืจืืชื ืืคืืืืืืื ืึปืึผืึผ ืืขืืชืื ืืืจืืงืืช ืืฆืจืืืืช. ืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืืกื ืื ืืืง ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืืืืจื ืฉืืคืฉืจื ืืช ืจืฆื ืืฆืืง ืจืืื. ืืกืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืง ืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืืขืื ืฉืืคืืืืช ืืฉืืื ื ืื ืขื ืืืกืคืง ืื ืจืฉืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืกืื, ืืืขืงืืืช ืืชืงืคื ืฉืื ืขืืืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืืขืืื. ืืฉ ืืืืขื ืื ืื ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืคืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืขื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืจืืช ืืืคื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉ ืืืืขื ืื[ืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื] ืื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืขืงืืืช ืืชืจืกืืชืื ืืืคื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืื ื.[ื] ืขื ืืืช, ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืืจืชื. ืืืคืขืชื ืืชืงืฉืืจืชืืช ืืืืืืฉืช ืืืืื ืื ืชืืืืื, ืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืื ืขืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื. ืืืชืืจืืจืืช ืขื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืจืื ืื. ืืชืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืืฉ ืขืฉืจื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ื-21 ืืืฆืืืจ 1998 ืืฆืืืขื ืืื ืกืช ืืงืจืืื ืฉืืืฉืืช ืขื ืคืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืจื ืกืืื ืชืืจืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืงืืจื, ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืขืช ืื-ืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืขื ืืฃ ื ืืกืืื ืืชืื ืืื ืืข ืืช ืืืฆืืขื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืชื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืง, ืืืขืื ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื; ืืฆืืง ืืจืืื, ืฉืืืชื ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืคืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืจืืฅ ื ืืื; ืื ื ืืืื, ืฉืขืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืขืืื ืืฉืืจื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืคืจืฉื ืืจืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืจืืฅ, ืืืื ืชืื ืืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืชืืื ืืืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืืจืง, ืฉื ืืฆื ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืื 1999, ืืฉืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 56% ืืงืืืืช ืืืืืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืืืกืชื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืคืจืกืื ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืกืืคืืืช ืืืืืืข ืขื ื ืืืืช ืคืกืง ืืื ืืืคืืืืืืงื, ืืฉืืฆืืื ืขืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉืืืฆื ืืืืืืคื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืชืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ื ืืงืื ืฆืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืฉืื ืืงืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืื ืฉืืขืจ ืขื ืืื ืขืืืงืื ืืงืจืข ืืขื ืืืืื ื ืฉืจืืฉ ืื ืืฉืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืจ ืฉืืคืกืื ืืืืืจืืช 1999, ืคืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืชื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืืืืกื 1999 ืืื ื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืืจืช ืืืื ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชืงืืืช ืืืืืจืช "ืืืงืืจืืง ืคืืื". ืขื ื ืคืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืจืง ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2000, ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืคื ืืืืืจ ืืคืืืืืืงื. ืขื ืคื ืืืง, ืืชืคืืจืืช ืืจืง ืืืืจื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืฉืืชืงืืืื ืื ืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืืจืช ืื ืชืชืืคืฉืจ ืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืฆืืื. ืืคืืืช ืฉ"ืก, ืฉืื ืจืฆืชื ืืืกืชืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืื, ืกืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืคืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช, ืื ืกืืืขื ืืืขืืจืช ืืืง ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืชืืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืขืืืืชื ืืืคืชืืขื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืฉื ืืฉื ืืืืชื ืขืช ื"ืืืชื ืืืืจ" ืืืคืืคืืืจื ืคืืืช ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืจื ืืืฆืข "ืืืืช ืืื", ืชืงืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจืื ืืื ืืคืืืืขืื ืืงืจื ืืื ืืกืช ืฆื"ื ืืขืจืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืืช. ืืื ืงืจื ืื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืคืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืขืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืคื ืฉืื ืืืขืชื ืฆืจืืื ืืืชืืฆืข ืืคืจืื ืืืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ, ืขื ืคืืจืืง ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืคืจืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2002 ืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืคืืืฉ ืืขืืจืืง. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืขื ืืืื ืืคืืืฉื ืืื ืืขืืช ืืคืืงืื ืืืจืคืืจืื ืฉื ืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืขืืืชื ืืขืจืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื "ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชืื, ืคืขืืืืชืื ืืืชืงืืืืชื ืฉื ืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืืคืืชืื ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื" ืืืืกืืฃ ืื ืชืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ื ืฉื ืกืืื, ืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืชืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืขืฆืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืื. ืืคืืขื ืืชืืจืจ ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืขืืจืืง ืื ืืืื ืขืืจืืง ืื ืืื ืื ื ืฉืง ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืจืืื ืืขืจืืืื ืื ืืฉืคืขืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืกืืื ืืืกืืื ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืืชื ืฉืืืืืช ืืกื ืืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2002 ืืฆืืจืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ. ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืื ืฉืจืื ืขื ืื ืืืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืืคืกืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื 24%. ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืช ืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืืืืช 2003, ืืืฆืข ืื ืชื ืืื ืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ. ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉืืคืฅ ืืชืืง ืืืืฅ, ืกืืจื ืชืืืื, ืื ืืืกืืฃ ืงืืื ืืช ืืชืคืงืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืคืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืงืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฆืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืก ืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืง ืืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืฉื ืชืืื ืืืฆื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืฆืจ, ืขืจื ืจืคืืจืืืช ืืจืืืงืืช ืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืื ืืืืกืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื. ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืงืคืืืืืกืืืช ืชืงืืคื, ืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืคืืชืช ืืืฆืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืงืืฆืืฆืื ื ืจืืืื ืืชืงืฆืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืคืจืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืืชืืืช. ืืื ืืืืจ ืจืืืช ืขื ืืฆืืจื ืืงืฆืฅ ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืฉืง ื"ืืืฉ ืืจืื (ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืื) ืืกืืื ืขื ืืื ืืช ืืืืฉ ืืฉืื (ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื)". ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืชื, ืืืืฅ ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืฉืืื ืื ืงืืืื, ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืืคืืชืช ืฉืืขืืจื ืืก ืืืื ืกื. ืืืงืืื ืืจืืื ืืช ืืกืืก ืืืก ืืืืื ืคืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืก ืืชืืฉืื ืืชื ืืืืืืช. ืืืืฆืข 2004 ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืคืืชื ืืืจืืชืืช ืื ืื ืืก ืืืื ืกื ืืืก ืืืืจืืช (25% ืืขืืืช 36%) ืขื ืฉื ืช 2010 ืืืคืืชืช ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืืื (44% ืืขืืืช 50%). (ืืืื ืืืช ืืฉืชื ืชื ืืขืช ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืช 2012 โ ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืก ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืขืื ื-48% ืื-50% ืืฉื ืช 2013, ืืืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืืก ืืืื ืกื ืขื ื-40,000 ืฉ"ื ืืืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจืช.) ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืื ืืคืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืฉืืจ ื ืืื, ืื ืืชืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืจืง ืขื ืืขืื ืืื ืกื ืืื ืื ืืช ืืืขืื. ืขืจืื ืฉื ื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืก ืืื ืกื ืืืงืคื ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืืืืช. ืืืกืืจืช ืชืืงืื 147 ืืคืงืืืช ืืก ืืื ืกื, ืืืขืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืก ื-15% ื-20% ืขื ืจืืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื, ืืจืืืช ืื ืืืช ืืืืจืกื ืืจืืืืืช ืขื ืคืืงืืื ืืช, ืืืื ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืื ืขื ืฉืื ืืงืจืงืขืื. ืืชืืืืช 2004 ืืืืื ืงืืฆืืฅ ืืืืกืื ืขื ืงืฉืช ืจืืื ืฉื ืืืฆืจื ืฆืจืืื, ืืืงืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืืข"ื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืฉื 17%. ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืช ืืงืจืืืจืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืงืฆืืืืช ืจืืืื ("ืชืฉืืืื ืืขืืจื") ืืืืื ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืจืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืช ืื ื ืืขืื, ืืืืจืื, ืืขืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืงืฆืืืืช ืืฆืืช ืืขืืืื. ืืงืืฆืืฅ ืืงืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืจืืฃ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืฉืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืืืืคื ืืกืืจืชื ืคืขืื ืืืืืืช ืงืฆืื ืื (ืืืืืื ืืืง ืืืคืจื), ืื ืืื ืืืง ืืืงืืืืืฆืื. ืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืงืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืคืืขื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืขืจืื, ืฉืืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืกืืช. ืงืืฆืืฆืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืงืฆืืืืช ืคืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืื-ืืืจืืืช, ืืืืืืืื ืืืงืฉืืฉืื ืืขืืจืจื ืื ืฉื ืฉืืืชืืช ืืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืืืืช, ืืืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืืงื ืงื ืคื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื, ืืืขืืจื ืืืจืืช ืจืืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืคืื ืคืจืืืื. ื-2003 ืืื ืคืงื ืืืืจืกื ืื ืืืช "ืื ืขื", ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืงืืืฆืช "ืื ืคืืื" ืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืืฅ ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจื. ืืชืืืืช 2004 ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืช ืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืคื ืืช "ืฆืื" (50% ืืืืืจื) ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืขืืคืจ ืชืืืจืช ืืืฆื ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื. ืืืืื, ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืืงื ืจืืื ืื "ืขืกืงืช ืืฉืงืฉืืงื", ืขืืจืจ ืืืงืืจืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ืจืื, ืื ืืชืื ืขืืื ืืขืจื ืืื"ื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื. ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืง ืืืกืงืื ื ื ืืืจ ืืงืืืฆืช ืืฉืงืืขืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืชืื ืืจืื ืคืื, ืชืืืจืช 1.3 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื, ื-80% ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืง, ืขื ืคื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืกืืจื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืืจืกื. ืืืจืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช "ืืืง" ื ืืืจื ืืงืืืฆื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืื ืกืื ืืืืืคืงืก, ืืืืืจ ืืงืจืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืกืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืงืืืืื ืืืืืืคืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืง ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืืฉื ืช 2008 ืื ืืื ืืื ืง ืืืืืื ืคืจืืืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืคืืืช ื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืืืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืืฆืืจ ืชืืจืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืขืื. ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืขืืืืื, ืฉืื ืชืืืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืกืื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืชืืช ืขืืืจ ืื ื ืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2009, ืืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืื ืืืช ืืจืคืืจืื, ืืืฉืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืคืจืืฉืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืงืืข ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืื ืืจืคืืจืื ื ืืฉืื. ืืื ืืื ืคืชืจืื ืืืฉืืจ ืงืจื ืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืช, ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืงืจื ืืช ืืคื ืกืื ืืืืืจืช ืืงืจื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืช, ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืจืืช ืืืืืื. ืชืืื ืืช ืืกืืืข ืืคืฉืจื ืืงืจื ืคืืขืื ืืื ืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืคืจืขืื, ืืช ืชืฉืืื ืืคื ืกืื ืืืืจืื. ืฆืขื ืื ืืืื ืืืขืืื ื ืืืจืช ืฉื ืืคืจืฉืืช ืืขืืืชืื ืืงืจื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืช ืืืขืืืืืื ืืฆืืฆืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืืชืื. ืืงืจืืช ืกืืฃ ืืืื ืชื ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืฉืืง ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช "ืืขืืช ืืืจ". ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆืืชืื, ืฉืืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ื ืืืฆื ืืื ืงืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืงืืคืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืงืจื ืืช ืื ืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืขืืืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืจืชืืื ืืฉื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืื ืืื-ืฉืืืืื ืืืฉืง. ืขื-ืคื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืขืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืื 2002 ื-2004 ืขืื ืื-10%, ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืขื ืืืช ืขืื ื-12%. ืืจืืื ื ืจืืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืขืืืื ืืืจืืฉืช ืื ืืงืงืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจืืคืืช, ืื ืืงืจื ืืืจืืื ืฉืืฉืชืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืขืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืงืจื ืืืจืืื ืขืืืืื ืื ืคื ืกืืื ืจืื. ืืขืื ื ืืชืจืื ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืฆืื ืืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืชืฉืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืงืฆืืืืช. ืืฆื ืืืืงืืจืช, ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืชืคืจื ืืืืคื ืืฉืืขืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืง ืืืฉืจืื: ืืกืืฃ 2002 ืืชืงืฉืชื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืก ืืกืฃ ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืช, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืืื ืืืืคื ื ืืืจ. ืืื"ื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืคืื ื ืกืืช ืฉื ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2003 ืฆืืื ืื ืฉืืคืืจ ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืคืื ื ืกืืื ื ืืข, ืืื ืืฉืืจ, ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืฉื, ืืฆืืื ืืืขืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืงืืฆืืฆืื ืืชืงืฆืื (ืืฃ ืฉืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืขืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉื ื), ืืืช ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืขืืื, ืงืืืช ืืขืจืืืืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืืช ืืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืคืจืกืื ืืืืงืช ืืืืงืจ ืฉื ืื ืง ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืงืจื-ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืคื, ืืจืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืืืฆืืืื ืืืฉืง ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฆืื ืืื, ืืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืฆื ืืืืืืื ื ืืฆืืืืช ืืกืืจ ืืขืืืื ืืจืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืืฆืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืืก ืื-ืขืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืชืงืืช. ืืื ืชืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืืข ืืขืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืงืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืืง ืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืื ืกืช. ืขื ืืืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืข ืืกืชืืืืืืืช, ืืคืจื ืื ืกืืื ืืฆืืจ ืคืืืืืคื ืืืฆืืข ืขืจืืืช ืืฉืื ืขื, ืืฃ ืื ืืฆืืืจ ืฉืืืฉืื ืืฆืืืข ืืขื ืืชืื ืืช. ืืฉืขืืชื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืื ืกืช, ืืฆืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืื, ืื ืืฆืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืคืื ืืชืคืืจ ืื ืื ืืืืฆืข ืืฉืื ืขื. ืืืืฉื ื ืกืื ืื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืื ืืชืงืืื ืืฉืื ืขื. ืืช ืืชื ืขืจืืชื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืฉืืฆืื, ืืืืก ืืืืจืคืช ืืฆืื ืืจืคืืื ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช. ืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืชืืข ืงืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืขื, ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืฆืืืข ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืขื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืขืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืกืช. ื-7 ืืืืืืกื 2005, ืขืจื ืืืฆืืข ืืคืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ืคืื ืื ืฉืืืฉืช ืืืืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืชืคืืจืืชื. ืืื ื ืืืง ืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืชืคืืจ ืืืฉืฉื ืฉืืขืื ืฆืคืื ืืงืื "ืืกืืก ืืจืืจ ืฉืืกืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื" ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ืจืคืืจืืช ืืืจ" ืืื ืงืื ืืฉืืืื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืืืช ืฉืืืงืฉ ืืขืจืื ืืืกืืจืช ืชืคืงืืื. ื-30 ืืืืืืกื 2005 ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืืขืืืืชื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืืจื ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืกืคืืจืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืขืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืขืืืืชื ืืชืคืงืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืชืงืืฃ ืืช ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื, ืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืื "ืฉืืืื ืืืจืฆ". ืืกืคืืืืจ ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืื ืขื ืื ืืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืชื ืืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืฉืจืื, ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืืช ืืืืืจืช ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืคืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืจืื ืืชืคืงืืื. ืืืฆืขื ื ืืืชื ืขื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืคืจืฉ ืงืืืืช ืงืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืชืคืงืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืชื ืืขื. ืืชืืืืช ืืฆืืืจ 2005, ืืขืงืืืช ืคืจืืฉืชื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื ืืืคืืื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืฉื "ืงืืืื", ืืคื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืข ืขืฉืจื. ืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืฅ ืืืฉื ืคืืืืืื. ืขืืื ืื ืืื, ืฉืืชืืืื ืืชืืืื, ืืกืืจ ืืช ืืืขืืืืชื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืชืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคื, ืฉืืชืืืื ืืชืืืื ืื ืืื, ืขืืจ ืืืคืืืช "ืงืืืื". ืืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืืืืืช ื ืขืจืื ื-19 ืืืฆืืืจ 2005, ืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื ืขื 44% ืื ืืงืืืืช (ืืื 33% ืืฉืืื, 12% ืืคืืืืืื ื-9% ืืืฅ). ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2006 ืืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืขืชื ืืืืขืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื ืืืคืืื ืืืืจื ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืคืชืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืืขื. ืืื ื ืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืคืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืชื ืืขื, ืฉื ืืฉื ืืฉื ืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืงืืจ ืืฉืืืชืืช ืืชื ืืขื[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ]. ืืชืืืืืช ืืฆืขื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืืช ืืื ืืขืืจืืืช, ืืื ืืื ืืชืฉืืืืช ืขื ืฉื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืคืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืขื ื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืชืืงืื ืงืืกืืื ืืืื, ืืืฆืืืขื ืขื ืืขืืืื ืื ืืฆืขื ื ื ืงื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจ ื ืืืจื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ื-17, ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืฆื ืืงืืืืชื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช. ืืคืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ื"ืฆืขื ืงืืกืืื" ืืืชื ืืื ืคืจืืืืจืื ืจืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืืขื ืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-17 ืืืืื ืขืื ืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืฉืืื ื-12 ืื ืืืื, ืืืช ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืืขืื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืฃ ืขืืืืช ืืืืก ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืจืื, ืฉื ืจืื ืืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืืง ืืช ืืืคืืื. ืื ืืื ืืชืืืกื, ืงืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืืช, ืฉืคืืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช, ืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืืจืืช, ืื ืงืืข ืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืืช ืืืขื ืืฆืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืข ืฉืืืฉืื ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืชื ืืขื. ืืื ืกืช ื-17 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืกืื ื ืื ืฉืงืคืช ืืืืจืื ืืืชืืืฉืช ืืคืฆืฆืช ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืช. ืืฉื ืช 2008 ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืฆืขืช ืืืง ืคืจืืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืขืกืงื ืืืืกืืจ ืืฉืงืขื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืจืื. ื-14 ืืืืืืกื 2007 ื ืขืจืื ืืืืจืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื. ืืจืืื ืืขืืงืจื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืืื, ืกืืืื ืฉืืื, ืคืจืฉ ืืืคืื ืชืืืช ืืืืจืืฅ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื, ืชืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืขืืงืจื ืืืื ืืื ืคืขืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืคืืื, ืืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 72.8% ืืืืกืก ืืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืขืื ืืืคืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืงืืจืื, ืืืคืืจ ืืงืื ืืก, ืืืืืงืชื ืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืขืืืื ืืืงืื ื-36, ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืืืงืื ื-20. ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื ื ืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืฉื ืชืคืกื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืฉืืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืืงืืช ืืขืืช ืืงืืจื ืืืืืชืืช ืืืงืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจื ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืขืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืกืืคื ืืชืคืืจ. ืืืืืคืชื, ืฆืืคื ืืืื ื, ืืฉืื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืคืืืจื ืืื ืกืช. ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืืื ื ืขืฉืจื ืืื ืืจื ืืงืกืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืก ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืข ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืช ืขืืืชื ืฉืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืืฉ ืืืคืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขื ืืชืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืฆืข. ืืงืืคืืื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืคื ืืื ื ืืกืืกืืืืช ืืื "ืืืง ืืืืืืื, ืืืง ืืืืืื". ื-3 ืืคืืจืืืจ, ืืฉืืืขืืื ืืืจื ืชืื ืืืฆืข "ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื", ื ืคืื ืืืฉืงืืื ืจืงืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืงืจ ืืขืืจ, ืืืืื ืฉืืืฉืืชื ืชืคืขื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขื, ืืชืงืฃ ืืช ืืืฉืืช ืงืืืื ืขื ืื ืฉืื ืขืฉืชื ืืืช. ืืฉืจืื ืืืจ, ืฉืืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืกืืจืืื ืฉื ืืงืืคืืื, ืกืืคืจ ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืชื ื-2020 ืฉืืืืืื ืืืฆืืจื ืืืืชื ืฉืื, ืขืงื ืกืงืจืื ืคื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืขื ืืชืืืงืืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื ืืฉืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืจ ืืื, ืืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืฉืชืื ืข. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-18 ืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ื-27 ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืกืืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืจื ืงืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืฆืืคื ืืื ื ืืืคืจืฉ ืฉื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื. ืืืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ื-ืืชื, ืฉืืืืืฅ ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืจืื ืืื ืกืช (65 ื"ืืื), ืื ืฉืื ืฉืืขืื ืคืจืก ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืื ืงืืืืืฆืื ืฉืืืจืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื, ืืคืืืช ืืขืืืื, ืฉ"ืก, ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ื-31 ืืืจืฅ 2009 ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืงืื ืืืื 30 ืฉืจืื ื-9 ืกืื ื ืฉืจืื. ืืืื ื 2009 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช "ื ืืื ืืจ-ืืืื", ืฉืืืจืืื ืืืืข ืืกืืื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืงืืช ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืชื ืืช ืืคืืจืืื, ืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืขื ืืืืืื, ืืืชืืจ ืขื ืืืืช ืืฉืืื. ืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืขืฉืจื ืืืื ืืืืจ ื ืืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืจ, ืืืื ืงืฉืืจ ืืืืขืื ืขื ืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืืคื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ-ืืืื ื ืชืคืก ืืฆืืืืจ ืืชืคื ืืช ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืก ืืขืืืืชืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืืคื ืชืืืื ืืฉืืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2010 ืืืืืื ืืขืืช ืฉืจืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืืืฅ ืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืฉืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื ืืฆืืง ืืืจืื ืืืืฅ' ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืขื ืืฆืจืื ืืขืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืืจื ืืืฆื ืฉ"ื. ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื "ืงืืืืชื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืืืืืื... ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืกืืจืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืคืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืงืจืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื". ืืขืงืืืช ืฆืขื ืื ืคืกืงื ืืืกืชื ื ืืช ืืืขื ืืืืจื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืืจืืฃ ืืืฉืืจ ืืืชืืฉื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืจืงืื, ืืฉืืจ ืฉืืื ืืขืช ืืืื ืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื, ืืืืจ ืืืฆืข ืขืืคืจืช ืืฆืืงื, ืืืืจืืฃ ืืชืงืืคืช ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉื ืืขืื ืืกืืฃ ืืื 2010. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2010, ืืขืงืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืืขืื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืืงืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืื ืก ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืฆืืจืช ืืคืชืืจ ืืช ืืกืืกืื ืืืฉืจืืื-ืคืืกืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืฉืชื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉื ื ืขืืื ืืชืื ืืกืชืืืืืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืืืก, ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืฉื ืืืืจื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืช ืืขื ืืืืืื. ืืืงืืื, ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืฆื ืืืฉื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืชืงืืคื ืฉื 10 ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืืืกื 2011 ืืืจืขื ืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืืื ืืคืืืืข ืงืืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืจื ืกืื ื, ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืงืคืช ืจืงืืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืจืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2011, ืื ืืื ืืื"ื, ืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืจืืฉ ืืืื"ื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืงืจื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืฆืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืงืืื, ืคืขื ืืืืืจื ืืงืืขืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืจืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืจืฃ ืคืขืืืืช ืืื, ื-29 ืื ืืืืืจ 2012 ืืืฉืจื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืจืื ืืืื (ืืืืืื 67/19 ืฉืื) ืืช ืืืืจื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืื ื ืืฉืงืืคื ืฉืืื ื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืื"ื. ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืจืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืืื ืืคืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืจื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก, ืืคืืขื ืืืจ ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืง ืืืชื. ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืข ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืกืืจ ืงืืข. ื-11 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2011 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืืช ืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืก - ืืืกืืจืชื ืฉืืืจืจ ืืืขื ืฉืืื ืชืืืจืช 1,027 ืืกืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2012 ืืืกื ืฆื"ื ืืช ืืืื ื'ืขืืจื, ืจืืฉ ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืก, ืืขืงืืืช ืืจื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืคืชืืืช ืืืฆืข ืขืืื ืขื ื, ืฉื ืืขื ืืื ืืข ืืจื ืจืงืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืฆืข, ืืคืฉืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืกืชื ืฉื ื'ืืื ืืฉืขื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืืจื ืขืืื ืืจื, ืฉืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขื 2011, ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืข ืืกืืจืื, ืืชืืืื ืืืจืืงืื, ืืกืื ืืืืื ื ืกืืื ืืืงืืช ืืจืืช ืืืืื, ืชืื ืืฉืืจืช ืจืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืื ืืจืื ืืืงืืื. ืืคื ืืืฆืขื ืืจืื ืชืืกืืจ ืืกืืจืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืจืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืชืืฆืข ืืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ืื ืขื ืกืขืืืื. ืืืฆืขื ืืืชื ืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืื ื ืืืชื ืขื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืกืืจืื. ืกืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืื ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืื ืกืืืืืช ืชืงืืคืชื ืฉื ืืชืงื ื ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื. ืขื ืกืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืจืืข ืืืจ ื-1993. ืืคืชืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืืจืฃ ืฉื ืืื ืกืช, ื-31 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2011, ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืื โืืืจืื ืืจืขืื ืืช ืชืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืขื ืืขืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืื ืขืืื ืโ. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืจืขื ืืืืืช ืืืชืงื ืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืืื 3, ืืืงื ืืืืกื ื"ืืืกื", ืฉืืื ืขื ืืจืืื ื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืื ืื, ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืืืคื ืืฉืื ืื ืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช. ื-27 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2012 ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื"ื. ืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืชืืืข ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืขืฉืจ ืืจืื ืฉื 90% ืชืืื ืื ื ืงืืืช ืืื-ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืงื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืืืข ืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืฉ ื"ืฉืจ ืืืกืืจืืืื ืืืืืืช". ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืฆื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืกืืช ืืืกืื, ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืชื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืชื, ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืขืจื ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืื 2010 ืืืขืื ืื ืืืก ืขื ืกืืืจืืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืืื ืืช ืขื ืื"ืจ ืืืกืชืืจืืช, ืขืืคืจ ืขืื ื, ืขื ืขืกืงืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืง. ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืฉืืืฉืง ืฉืื ืฆืื ืืขืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขืืืื. ืืืื ืคืืฆืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช. ืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉืืขืืชื. ืืฉืงื ืืชืืืง ืืื ืืืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืงื ืืืช ืขืชืืืืช ืื"ื ืืฉื ืื ืืขืช ืืืกืืฃ. ืืืื ืืืช ืืืจืืจืืกืคืงืืืื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืขืช ืืืฉืืจ, ืืืืืช ืืฆืืืชื ืืื ืืขื ื ืจืืืช ืฉื ืคืืืขื ืืืฉืง ืืืืื ืืงื ืืื ืืืฉืจืืื.[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืกื ืืงืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืง ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืงื ืขื ืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืื ืืื. ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืืขืงืืืช "ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืืื ื", ืืืฉืฉืืช ืื ืืืข ืืืจื ืคืขืืืชื ืฉื ืืขืืืช ืืงืืืืืช ืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืคืื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื. ืืืื 2010 ืืฆืืจืคื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืคืืชืื ืืืืื (OECD). ืืืืื-ืืืืืกื 2011 ืคืจืฆื ืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืช ืืจืืื ืืจื ืืืืืืฉ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืคืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืืื ืฉืขืื ืืืืื, ืืืืืฅ ืืช ืจืื ืืืืฆืืชืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืฅ ืืืืืฆืืช, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืื 3, ืืืขืื ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืข"ื, ืืก ืงื ืืื ืขื ืืืง ืืืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืก ืืื ืกื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2012 ืืืืข ืืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ื-39 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื, ืืคืืืื ืืืืชืืื ื. ืืืจืขืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืขืืืืช ืืืกืื ื ืืกืคืืช. ืืืชืื ืืืกืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ื, ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืฉืจ ืืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืืชื ืืืขื ืืง ืืช ืืกืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืกืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ืขืชืืจื ืฉื ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืจืคืืืืช ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืกืืจ ืื ื ืืืชื. ืืชืงืืคื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืคืช ืฉืคืขืช ืืืืืจืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืืฉ ืืืกืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืคืขืช ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืชืืฉืื ืืืืื ื. ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืชืืกื ื ืจืง ื-700,000 ืืฉืจืืืื (ื-10%) ืืืืืื ื ื ืืชืจื ืขื ืขืืืฃ ืฉื ื-4.5 ืืืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืกืื. ืืฉื ืช 2010 ืคืจืฆื ืืฉืจืคื ืืืจืื ืื ื ืกืคื 44 ืื ื ืืื, ื-17,000 ืืืฉ ืคืื ื ืืืชืืื ืืงืจืื ื-25 ืงื"ืจ (25,000 ืืื ื) ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ื ืขืฆืื ืขืื ืืืฉ. ืฉืจืคื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืกืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืฉืืชืจืืฉ ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืชื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2011 ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืื ื, ืฉืขืกืงื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืงืืช ืืขืืืช ืืงืืจื ืืืืืชืืืช ืืืขืืืจ ืืช ืกืืืืืืชืื ืืืืฃ ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2012 ืืืงื ืืื ืืกืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืจื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืื ืขืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืกืืืืจ, ืืืชืื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืขืื ืฉืขืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืฃ ืืืื' ืืฆืืง ืื ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืชืืคืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชืื ืืื ืชืืงืฆืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืืจืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืืช ืืืงืื ืืจืืื ืื"ืค ืกืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืฉืืข. ืืกืืฃ ืื ืืืจ 2012 ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืคื ืืืืืช ืขื ืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืคืืืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืืงืื ื-36 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช 2008, ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ-ืื ืกืช. ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืชืคืงืื, ืืฉืืฆืืืขื ืื ื-75% ืืืืชืคืงืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ 2012 ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืขื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืชืืืืช 2013, ืืืื ืฉืงืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืืงืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืคืืืืช "ืืืืืื" ื"ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืจืฉืืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉืืื ืชื "ืืืืืื ืืืชื ื" ืืงืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืืจืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืชื ืืจืฉืืื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ื-31 ืื ืืืื, ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-19 ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืชื ืืฉืืืฉืืช. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืขื ืื ืืืืืจ 2013. ืืืจืฅ 2013 ืืืืกืืจืช ื ืืกืืื ืืช ืชืืืื ืฉื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืจืง ืืืืื - ืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืจืงืื, ืจื'ืค ืืืืค ืืจืืืื ืขื ืืฉืืช ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืชืืงืื ื, ืืืจื ืฉื ืงืืขื ืืืฉืืจ ืืขืงืืืช ืืืจืืขื ืืืฉื ืืขืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืชื ืฆื ืขื ืืืจืืขื ืืืฉื, ืืฉื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืกืืืืช, ืฉืืืคืจืื 2014 ื ืจืื ืืงืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืชืืื ืขื ืืกืื, ืื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื, ืืืืกืื ืืืจืืจื ืฉืื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืชืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืคื ืืจืืฃ ื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืืจืงืื ื ืขืจืื ืืคืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืืชืงืคื ืื ืื ืืืช ืืฉืืจืืจืืช, ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืฉืคืืืช ืืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืคืจืกืื ืืืืจืช ืืกืข ืืืืจืงืื. ืืืืง ืืืืกื ืืจืื ืืโืืฉืจืื ืืืืกื ืืฉืจืืโืืฆืจืื ืืกืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืช ืฆืืืืืช ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืจืื ืื ืืืฆืจืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ื-ืกืืกื. ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืกืื ืืืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืจืืฉื ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืคืช ืืจืฆื ืฉืืืฉื ื ืขืจืื ืืืืืื ื-12 ืืืื ื 2014 ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืก, ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืคืชืื ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืชืืจ ืืืืืคืื ืืืคืืืขื ืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืก ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืฆืข ื ืขืฆืจื ืืืขืื ื-400 ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืจืืืชื ืื ืฉื ืืืืก, ืืจืืืช ื-50 ืืกืืจืื ืฉืฉืืืจืจื ืืืืื ืขืกืงืช ืฉืืื. ืืื ืื, ื ืืฉืคื ืขืฉืจืืช ืกืืืงืื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืขืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฆืจื ืขืฉืจืืช ืจืืืื ืื ืืืืขื ืื. ื-8 ืืืืื 2014 ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืฆืข ืฆืืง ืืืชื ืืชืืืื ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืกื ืงืจืงืขืืช ืืืจืืง ืฉื ื-3 ืงืืืืืืจืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืชืงืคืืืช ืฉืื ื ืืืืก. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืจื ืืืืก ืืืคื ืจืงืืืช ืืคืฆืฆืืช ืืจืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืฉืจืื. ื-30 ืืืืื ื ืืืคื ืืืคืืชืืื ืฉื ืกืื ืจืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืกืื ืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืงืจื ืฉื'ืืขืืื, ืื-7 ืืืืืืกื ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืงืฉ ืืื ื ืืกืืืข ืืืฉืืช ืืืคืืชืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืข ืืืชืื ืืช ืืืกืืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช ืืืคืกืงืืช ืืฉ ืฉืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืื ืืฆืจืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืฉืจ ืืืฆื ืืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ื ืชืืื ืืืืจืคืช ืืืขืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ื ืืืจื ืืชืืืืช ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืจืง ืืืืื. ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืจืฉ ืืืฉืจืื ืืืกืืื ืืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืืืงืื ืืช ืืืจืงืื ืืงืืจ ืืืชืืืืืช ืืกืืกืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื, ืื ืืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืฆืข ืืกืชืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืขื ืฉืืืขืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ื-26 ืืืืืืกื, ืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืคืกืงืช ืืืฉ ืืกืืื ืืืืฆืข ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืฆืืขื ืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื-ืืืืืื ื, ืฉืื ืื ืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืฆืข, ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืขื ืื ืืฆืื ืืกืคืงืช ืืงืืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืชืงืืคื ืืคื ื ืืืืฆืข. ืืืืื 2014 ืืื ืขืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืคืืืืขื ืืจืืจ ืืฆื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืืงืืืืจ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืฆืขื ืืืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืคืืืืขืื ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืืคืืืืข ืืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืงืืืืช ืื ื ืชืืจื ืืืื ื ืจืฆืื 6 ืืฉืจืืืื. ื-3 ืืืจืฅ 2015 ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืจืืข ืืคื ื ืืืกืื ืืืชืืืฉ ืืื ืืืขืฆืืืช ืืืืจืื, ืืืกืืจ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช. ืืขืฆื ื ืฉืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืชืืื ืื ืืื ื ืื ืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืจืง ืืืืื. ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืงืื ืืจืก. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืจืขืื ืฉื 40 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืฆืจ ืืฉื ืช 2012, ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืืช ืืฆืคื ืืืืจืขืื ืชืงืฆืืื ืืจืื ืฉื 4.9% ืืฉื ืช 2013, ืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืชืงืฆืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืกืื, ืืืงื ื-2013 ืืืืงื ื-2014. ืืืคืจืื 2013 ืืืฉืจื ืจืคืืจืืช ืืฉืืื ืืคืชืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืกืืช ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืขืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืฉืจ ืืืง ืืจืืืืืืืช ืืคื ืืกืงื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืืชืืจืืชืืืช ืืืฉืง. ืืืื 2014 ืืงืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืื ืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืฃ ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืงืจ, ืืฉื ืืืื ืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืฆืืชืื ืืืืืฉ ืืื ื 2015, ืืื ืฉืงืืคืืช, ืฆืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืงืืข ืืจืคืืจืื ืืคื ืกืืืช. ืืื ื ืชืงืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืจืืคื ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืืจืืื"ื ืืื ืืืื ืงืื. ื-2 ืืืฆืืืจ 2014 ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืฆืืคื ืืื ื ืืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืจืฉื ืืืืืฉืื ืืชืจ ืฉืจื "ืืฉ ืขืชืื" ืืืื ืกืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ื-17 ืืืจืฅ 2015. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืขืฉื ืืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ื ืชืื ื ื "ืคืืืฉ" ืฉื ืืขื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืคืืช. ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืจ ืื ืขืฉื ืืืช ืืขืงืืืช ืชืืืืชื ืืืืง "ืืฉืจืื ืืืื". ืืืืื ืืกืคืจื "ืืืื: ืกืืคืืจ ืืื" ืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืื ืขื ืฉืคืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืคืื ืืืื ื "ืขื ืกืื ืฉืืืขื ืงืื ืกืคืืจืืืืืช ืฉืืกืจื ืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืคืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืื ื ืื ื ืืื ืคืืืฉ". ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืคืืืชื ืืืืืื ื-30 ืื ืืืื. ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช, ืืืจ ืฉืืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืฆืจื ืืฉื ืื ืืงืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืคืืกื ืฉืคืจืกื ืืืฃ ืืคืืืกืืืง ืฉืื ืืชื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจืืช ืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืฉืืชืคืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืขื ืืฆืืง ืืจืฆืื ืืืื ื, ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืืืืืชืืจ ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืืืฆืื ืืื-ืืืืืืื ืืืืืชืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืจืืช, ืืืืง ืืงืืคืืื ืืืจืฆืช ืืืฆืืขื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืื, ืคืจืกื ืกืจืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืขืืื ืืื ืืืจ: โืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืกืื ื. ืืืฆืืืขืื ืืขืจืืื ื ืขืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืงืืคื. ืขืืืชืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชื ืืืืืืืืกืื. ืจืืืชืื ืื ื ืืื V15, ืืฉ ืื ื "ืฆื 8", ืืฉ ืื ื ืจืง ืืชืื, ืฆืื ืืงืืคืโ. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืข ืฆืขืจ ืขื ืฉืืืจืื ืคืืขื ืืขืจืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืกืืฃ ืฉืืขืฉืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, "ืืืื ืืืฉืงืขืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืืขืืืื", ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืื ืืื. ื-14 ืืืื 2015, ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ื-34 ืืจืืฉืืชื, ืืืฉืื ืฆืจื ืฉื ืฉืขื ื ืขื 61 ื"ืืื. ืืขืืืจ ืืฉื ื, ื-26 ืืืื 2016, ืืฆืืจืคื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืขืื ื-66. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืืืืฃ ืืคืืจืืืจ 2017 ืืืืคื ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืฆืื ืื ืืื (ืจืื ืืืื). ืขื ืกืืฃ 2016 ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื, ืื ืืืืืฃ ืขื ืืื ืฆืื ืื ืืื. ืืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืฉืืืขืื "ืืืื" ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืืขืื ืืขืืื. ืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ 2015 ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืงืฃ ืืคืืืืขืื ืขื ืจืงืข ืืขื ื ืฉืืคืื ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืืื ืช ืืคืืืข ืืืกืื ืื-ืืงืฆื, ืืืืืฉืื ืชืืืจื ืืช ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืืื, ืืืืืจื ืืช ืืขื ืืฉื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืจื ืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช ืืืงืืื ืืช. ืื ืืืจืืจ ืืขื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืฉ ืืจืฅ, ืืืกืืฃ ืืืืฉ ืืื ื ืขืื ืฉืื ืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื, ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืจืืืื. ืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉื ืืืืขืืืช ืืงืื ืืจืก ืืฆืืื ื ืืขืืืื ื-37, ื-20 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2015, ืืืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืื' ืืืื ืื-ืืืกืืื ื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืชืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืจืฉ ืืืชื, ืื ืืืืคืชื ืืืจ ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืขืฅ ืื ืืฉืจืืฃ ืืืชื. ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืขืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืฉืืชืื ืฉื ืืืืกืืืจืื, ืืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืกืชื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืืชื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืชืืืืชื ืฉื ืื-ืืืกืืื ื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืืจ. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืฆืข ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืืช ืชืงืืคืืช ืฉื ืฆื"ื ืืืืื ื, ืืืืจื ืืื ืืข ืืขืืจืช ื ืฉืง ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืฉ ืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืกืืจืื. ืืืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืกืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืืื ืชืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืกืื ืืืคืจื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืจ ืฉื ืฉืชื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืฉื ืื, ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืืืช, ืืื ืืกืคืืืืจ 2015, ืขื ื ืฉืื ืจืืกืื, ืืืืืืืจ ืคืืืื. ืืืื 2016 ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื, ืฉืืชืคืืจ ืืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืกืช ืืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืคืื "ื ืืจืจืช ืืืชืืืืช". ืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืชืคืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื. ื-2018 ืืกืืกืื ืืืืจืื ื-ืืฉืจืืื ืืคื ืืขืืืืช ืืฉืืจ ืขื ืืืืจืช ืื"ื ืืชืืื ืืืจืื ื ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืืจืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืชืงืืคืช ืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื T-4 ืืชืงืืคืช ืืืกื ื ืืชืืืืฉืช ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืฉ ืืคืจืื, ืืชืงืคืืช ืฉืืื ื ืืจืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืกืืืืืช ืืืืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืขืืืช. ื-30 ืืืคืจืื 2018 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืืฉืฃ ืืืืข ืืืจืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืคื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืกืืืื ืืงืืฆืื ืฉืืืฆืื "ืืืืกื" ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืื ื ืืกืชื ืืืกืชืืจ ืืช ืชืืื ืืืชืื ืืคืืชืื ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื. ืืืจืชื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื. ืืืื ืืจื ืืืืืฆืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืช 20 ืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืฆืื ืฆื"ื ืืืจืืื ืืืชืืืื ืชืงืฃ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืขืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2018 ืืื ืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช, ืืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืฉืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืก. ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืชืจ ืฆื"ื ืฉืืจืช ืื ืืจืืช ืืจืืจ. ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืจืฅ 2018 ืืชืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืคืจืืช ืกืืจ ืืืื ืืืช ืขื ืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืกืืื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืก. ืืืืืืืช ื ืืจืื ื-220 ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืจืืื ืคืขืืื ืืจืืจ. ืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืขืื ืืืฉ ืืืคื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืช ืืืืจืฉ ืืขืืืฃ ืขืื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืช ืขืคืืคืื ื ืชืืขืจื, ืืืื ื ืชืืขืจื ืื ืคืฅ ืืจืงืืืช ืฉืฉืืืจื ืคืืกืืื ืื ืื ืืจืฆืืขื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืืืช ืคืืงืื ืืฆืคืื, ืืื ืืื ืืกื ืืงืจืืืช ืืืืฃ ืืืืืืขืื ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืฆืคืื ื ืืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืจืืช ืืจืืจ ืืชืงืคืืืช ืฉืืคืจ "ืืืืืืื" ืืฉืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืืโืืื ืื. ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืืกื ืฆื"ื, ืืืืฆืข ืืืืจื ืฉืืืจื, ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืื-ืขืื, ืืคืงื ืืืืจื ืืฆืคืื ืืช ืฉื "ืคืืืืืช ืื-ืงืืืก", ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื "ืื'ืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ื". ืืชืืืื ืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืืืช ืจืงืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืคืฆืืฅ ืืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืืืจื ืืืกืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืืจ 2018 ืืืืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืขื ืืืืืก. ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืกืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืฉ ืฆืื ืืจ ืืืกืคืื ืืงืืจ ืขืืืจ ืืืืืก, ืื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืืงืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืืืคื ืืฉืืจ ืืกืืื ืฉื ื-30 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืฉ, ืืืืขืื ืืคืื ืืขืืจืช ืืืกืฃ ืชืกืืืข ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืงืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืจืืงืื ืืืืฉื ืืจืืืค, ืกืืืื ืื ืืฆ'ืื, ืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืงืืจืื ืฉืืืกืคืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืก ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืจ. ืืจืืฉืืช 2019 ืืกืืืจ ืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืคื ืืจืืื ืืืืก: "ืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืกืื ืืงืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืืก ืืืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืืืืก. ืื ืืืง ืืืืกืืจืืืื ืฉืื ื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืขืื ืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื". ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืชืื ืชืคืืกื ืื ืืคืืืื ืืคื ืื ืคืืกืืื ื ืืื ืข ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืกืื ืฉืืื ืืืกืืจ ืืืื ื ืขื ืืคืืกืืื ืื. ืืืืื ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืงืืจ ืืืืืก ืืชืคืืจ ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืืคืืืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืจืืฉืืชื ืคืจืฉื ืืืงืืืืืฆืื. ืืฉื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืื ื-18 ืื ืืืืืจ 2018 ืืึพ17 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ืืชืคืืจ ืืชืคืงืื ืื ื-10 ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2019 ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืจืขื ืืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ื ืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืืข ืืื ืฉืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืก ืืฉืชืืืช ืขื ืืืง ืืืืกืฃ ืืงืืจื. ืืฉื ืช 2020 ืื"ื ืฆืืื ืื ืืคืืืช ืืจืืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืข ืืืจืืข ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืก ืืื ืืืืฉ. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2019 ืืืื ืืงืืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืื ืขืืื ืืืืื ืขืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืื ืข ืืืืจืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืขื ืคืืจืืืจ 2019. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืช ืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืืืืช ืืืฉืื, ืืชืงืืื ืืืืื 2334 ืฉื ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื, ืืืืจืฉืช ืืขืืงืจ ืืคืกืงืช ืื ืืืช ืืชื ืืืืืืช "ืืฉืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืืืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืจื ืืจืืฉืืื". ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืื ื ื ืงืื ืฆืขืืื ื ืื ืกื ืื, ื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืงืจืืื ื ืืืืคืกืงื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืกืืืช ืฉื ืืื"ื, ืฉืืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืืืืข ืขื ืืืจื ืืืคืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืชื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืืืืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืฉืืจืืจืืชื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื-14 ืืืื 2018 ื ืขืจื ืืงืก ืคืชืืืช ืฉืืจืืจืืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืจืืืค ืคืจืฉ ืืืกืื ืืืจืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืคืขืื ืขืืื ืกื ืงืฆืืืช ืืืืืืืช, ืืคืกืืง ืืืืื ืืืกืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืจ"ื, ืคืจืฉ ืืืื ืกืง"ื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืื"ื ืืกืืจ ืืช ืืงืื ืกืืืื ืืืืจืืงื ืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืช ืคืจืืฉืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ื, ืื ืืฉ ืืจืืืื ืืคืจืืฉื ืคืืืขื ืืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืขื ืฆื ืืืืจื ืืืจืืงืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืืืืช ืขื ืจืืช ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืช ืจืืืช ืืืืขื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืฆืขื ืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืฆืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉืื ("ืขืกืงืช ืืืื"). ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืช. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืชืงืจืจื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืจืืืค ืื ืชื ืืื. ื-4 ืืืืื 2017 ืืืงืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืื, ื ืจื ืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืง ืืงืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืกืืืข ืืฉืจืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืกืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ ืืืงืจ ืืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืคื. ืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืืคืจืื ืขื ื ืฉืื ืฆืจืคืช ืขืื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืคืฉื, ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืื ืืจืื. ืืื ืืชื ืขื ืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืกืืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืื-ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืขืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฆืื ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืงืืจืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืงื: ืืืืื 2016 ืขืจื ืกืื ืืืงืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืจืื 40 ืฉื ื ืืืืฆืข ืื ืืื, ืืฆื ืคืกืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืงืืืืช, ืืืงืืจ ืืงื ืื ืขื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืืงืืจ ืืจืืื ืื ืืืืชืืืคืื. ืืืื ื 2017 ื ืื ืืคื ื ืืืืขืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืจื ืืคืจืืงื (ืื ') ืืื ื ืคืืฉ ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืืื. ืืืืงืืจื ืืงื ืื ืื ืืืืืจ 2017 ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืจืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืขืช ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืจื ืงื ืืืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2017 ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืงืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืืจืืงื ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืคืืฉ ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืื ื, ืงืืืืืืื ืืืงืกืืงื. ืืฉื ืืื ืืก ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืคืืฉ ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืื ืืืข ืืืฆื ืืืืืคืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช. ืืกืืฃ 2017 ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืชืืื ืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืจืื ืืจืขื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื, ืืืขื ืืจืื, ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืชืงื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืฉ ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืฉืืืช ืืช ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืจืืชืจืืื ืืืกืืืื ืฉืืฉืจืื ื ืื ืขืช ืืืืืืืจื ืืืืืืชื ืืืชื ืืขื ืง ืืืืืจืฉืื ืืืืืื ื ืืงืืืืช. ื-2 ืืืคืจืื 2018 ืืืจื ืจืืื ืื ืืืกืืืชื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืืืจืฉืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืงืจื ืืืืฉื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืคืขืืื "ืืืฅ ืืืจืืคื ืขื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื ืื" ืืกืืช ืืืืกืื, ืื ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืื ืื ืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืจืืื ืื. ืืืงืื ืืืช, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืฉ ืขื ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื, ืืจืื ืืจืขื, ืืื ื ืฆืืืืช ืืื"ื ืืคืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืื ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจื ืืืจืืคื ืืขืื ืืืืงืืื ืืคืืจ ืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืชื ืืืืช ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืชืืื. ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืืื ืืืืืช ืืืกืชื ื ืื ืืืชืงื ืืืืืช, ืื ืืืชืงื ืื ืฉื ืืคืขืืืืช. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืช ืจืืฉ ืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืคืืืืจ ืืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช.ืืืกืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืกืืขืืช ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืชืืื ืืจืคืืจืืืช ืืฉืืง ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืืืฉืื ืชืงืื ืื ืืกืจ ืขืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืงืื ืื ืืฉื ืฉืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชื ืื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืขืงื ืงืฉืจืื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืืืฅ' ืืืขืื ืืืง, ืืืืื ืืืืืืกื 2016 ืืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืื ืื ืืื ืืืคื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืง, ืืืคืืจืืืจ 2017 ืืคื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืขืงืืืช ืขืชืืจืืช ืืื"ืฅ ืื ืืฉื. ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืงืจื ืืฉืจ ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืงืืืข. ืืืืื 2015 ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืฉืืืืจ: ืืืืื ืืืจืช ืืืืืืืืื ืืืงืืช ืชืืืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืงืืื. ืืืื ืืชืืืืช 2017 ืคืขื ืืกืืืจืช ืืชืืืื ืื ืืืืงืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืกืคืื ืืืืื ืคืืืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืชื ืื ืืชืืงืฃ ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ, ืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืฉืืจ ืืืกืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืงืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืื ืชืืงื ืืืืฃ ื ืคืจื. ืชืืงืื ืืืงืืงื ืขืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืขืจื ืืงืืช ืืชืืืื, ืื ืืืงืคื ืืืื ืื"ืฅ (ืื-2018 ืืฃ ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืกืช), ืื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืืงื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืช. ืขื ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืื ืืคืืขื ืืกืืืืืืช ืืืฉืจื ื ืืชื ื ืืกืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืงื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื. ืืืืืืกื 2015, ืืขืงืืืช ืขืชืืจื ืฉืืืืฉื ืกืืขืช "ืืฉ ืขืชืื", ืงืืข ืื"ืฅ ืื ืืืฆืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืกืื ืฉืจ ืืืขืื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืฉืจ. ืืขืงืืืช ืื, ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืื ืืชืืจื ืฉื "ืืืืืช ืืฉืจืื" ืืชืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ืืชืืืืช 2020 ื ืืจืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื. ืชืืืื ืืืคื ืืฉืจื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืจืคืืื ืฉื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืขืช ืืชืคืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืืื ืกืืจ ืืจืฆื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคืืข ืชืืืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืื ืชื ืืืืขืืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืขื ืฆืขืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืืจืฉืื. ืืืืฉื ืฆืืฆื ืืช ืืืคืขืืชืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืจืขืื ืืชืงืฆืืื ื-29.9 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืกืืฃ ืฉื ืช 2014, ื-54 ืืืืืืจื ืืืื ื 2019, ืืจืืื ืฉื 14 ืืืืืืจื ืฉ"ื ืืขืืืช ืืืขื ืืชืงืฆืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืชืืื ืืื, ืฉื ืืขื ืืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืคื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืช ืืื ืืืืขื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืคืจื ืกืืืืืช ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืื ืืคืื ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืจืื, ืืืฆืื, ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืืจื. ืืืืง ืืคืขืืืืชืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืชืืื ืืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืืืื. ื-27 ืืืจืฅ 2016, ืคืกื ืื"ืฅ ืืช ืกืขืืฃ ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืชืืื, ืื ื ืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืจืื ืฉื ืฉื ื ืืชืืงืื ื. ืืืื ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืขืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื, ืขื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืกืขืืฃ ืื. ืืฉื ืช 2016, ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืกืื ืคืจืื. ืืฉื ืช 2019, ืคืืจืกืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืจ ืืืงืืื ืื ืืืฉืจืื ืื ื ืืฆืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืขืจืืืช ืืชืืงืฆืืช ืืืชืืืืืืช ืขื ืกืื ืืช ืืืฉืืจ. ืืกืืฃ ืื ืืืจ 2016 ืืืฉืจ ืืืืฉืื "ืืชืืื ืืืืชื" ืืคืื ืืืืชื ืืืืจื ืืืชืจืื ืขืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืขืืช ืืชืคืืื ืืขืืจืืช, ืื ืืืื ืืืขืฆื ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ื ืฉืืช ืืืืชื. ืืืชืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืืืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืขืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืฉืช ืฉื ืืืชืืื, ืขื ืฉืืืงืคื ืืืื ื 2017. ืืชืืงืื ืืคืงืืืช ืืก ืืื ืกื ื ืงืืข ืฉืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืื ืืคืืืจ ืืืก ืืื ืกื ืืชืฉืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ื, ืฉืืื ื ืืฉืืืจืช ืื ืงืฆืื, ืืืืื ืืคืืืจ ืื ืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืจืฉืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืก ืขื ืืืืืช ืืกื 600,000 ืฉ"ื ืฉื ืืชื ื ืื ืืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืชืืืืงืช ืืืชื ืืคืจืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืืืืืื ืืขืืช ืืืกืคืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืชืืื ืจืืจืืืงืืืืืช ืืช ืืก ืืืื ืกื ืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืงืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืชืืงืื ืืงืืื. ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ 2015 ืืงืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื, ืืืงืฉืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืคืืื, ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืืขื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืจืืืง ืืืืชื ืืขืช. ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืจืฉืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจ 2016 ืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืืืจืื ืืืืืืข ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืคืขื ื ืืกืคืช ืืชืคืงืื ืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืืืืื. ื-24 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018, ืืืืจ ืคืจืืฉืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ื" ืืืงืืืืืฆืื, ืขืงื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืชืืืืชื ืืืืืคืงืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืจ ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืงืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ื-21. ื-26 ืืืฆืืืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืช ืคืืืืจื ืืงืืขื ืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืขืจืื ื-9 ืืืคืจืื 2019. ืืงืืคืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืช, ืขืืื ืืช ืจืืฆืชื ืืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืคืืืืช ืืืืื. ืืื ืืฃ ืฉืจืืื ืืช ืืืงืื ื-28 ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืขื ืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืืชืงืืืื ื-9 ืืืคืจืื 2019, "ืืืืืื" ืืื ื-35 ืื ืืืื ืืงืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืจืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืช ืืชื ืืืื ืื ืื ืกืืช ืืืืงืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื. ืกืืื ืืคืงืืขืช ืคืจืง ืืืื ืฉื ืงืฆื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืช ืคืืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืืฉื ืื, ืขืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืขืืจ. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืชืืื ืฆืืจืฃ ื ืชื ืืื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืคืืืช "ืืืื ื". ืื ืืกืฃ, ืฉืื ืข ืืช ืืคืืืช "ืืืืช" ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืืืืจืืช, ืืชืืืจื ืืืืืืช ืชืคืงืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉื ืคืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืงื ืืืืก ืจืคืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจืืื ืืคืืืช ืืืืืื ื-32 ืื ืืืื, ืืขืืืช 38 ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืคืืืช "ืืืื ื" ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืื ืื-ืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืืืคืืืช "ืืืืช ืืืืืื". ื-25 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2019 ืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืจืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืจ ืฉื ืชืื ืืืื 55 ืืืจื ืื ืกืช, ืืขืืืช 54 ืฉืชืืื ืืืจืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืจืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ, ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืื ืืฃ ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืื. ืืฉืื ืืชืคืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืขื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2019 ื ืขืจืื ืคืจืืืืจืื ืืจืืฉืืช "ืืืืืื", ืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ื-72.5% ืืืงืืืืช, ืืฉืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื, ืฉื ืขืจืื ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2020 ืืืืืื ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ื-36 ืื ืืืื, ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืฅ ืืื ืืืืืฆืชื ืฉื 61 ืืืืจื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืื ืขืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืจื ืกืืฃ ืชืงืืคืช ืืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืฅ, ืืขื ืจืงืข ืืชืคืจืฆืืช ืืงืืจืื ื, ื ืืชื ืืกืื ืงืืืืืฆืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื. ื-7 ืืืื, ืืืืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืชืืื ืฉื 72 ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืงืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืขืงืืืช ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืช ืืื ืื. ืืคื ื ืื ื ืืืชื ืขืชืืจื ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืืืช ืืื ืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื, ืื ืืืืง ืฉืืื ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืื ืคืืจืกื ืืกืืจ ืืื ืืขืช ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืืกืจ ืขืืื ืืขืกืืง ืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืืฉืคืื. ื-17 ืืืื 2020 ืืืฉืืข ืืงืื ืฆืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืืืฉ. ืืืืชื ืืขืื ืืืฉืืข ืื ื ืื ืฅ ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืืคื, ืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืฆื, ื-17 ืื ืืืืืจ 2021, ืื ืืืืืคื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืชืืืฉื. ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืง ืืืืคืช ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืืืืชืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืงืืืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืกืืืข ืืืขื ืงืื ืืืืจืืื. ืืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืชืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืกืืจืืืืืช ืืืฆืืื, ืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืฉืช ืืชืืืืื, ืฉืืืืืื ืืกืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืื ืชืฉืจื. ืืืงืืื ืืชืงืืืื ืืืืืช ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉืืชื ืขื ืจืงืข ื ืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืฉื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฉื. ืืขืงืืืช ืขืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืืชืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืกืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ. ืืืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืื ืขื ืืืืจื ืืืจืื, ืื ื"ื ืคืืืืจ, ืขื ืจืืืฉืช ืืืกืื ืื. ืืจืืืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ื ืขื ื ืืงืจืืืืช ืืืชืืกื ืืืคืจืง ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืชืืกื ืื ืื ืคืฉ. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฆืขื ืฆืขืืื ืืกืืคืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืฅ ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืฉืืื ืชื "ืชืืื ืืช ืืืื". ืืืื ืชืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืจืื ืืืคืจืง ืขื ืืชืืืช "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื" ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช ืืืืจืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืืืื ืขื ืืจืืงื ืืกืืื, ืื ืืืกืื ืขื ืกืืื ืื ืืชืืืฉ. ื-13 ืืืืืืกื 2020 ืืฆืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค, ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืื' ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื, ืืช ืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช-ืืฉืจืื ืื ืจืืื ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช. ืืคื ืืคืจืกืืืื, ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืกืืคืื. ื-11 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020 ืืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืจืื ืืช ืืืกืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืื. ืืกืืืื ืืื ื ืงืจืื "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื". ืืืกืื ื ืืชื ื-15 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2020 ืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช (ืืืชืืืืช) ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืืืช ืืขืจืืืืช, ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ื-10 ืืืฆืืืจ 2020 ืืืืจื ืืืืืฉ ืืืกืื ืขื ืืจืืงื ืืืฆืืจืคืืชื ืืืกืืื ืืืจืื. ื-22 ืืืฆืืืจ 2020 ื ืืชื ืืจืืื ืืกืื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืงื. ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืฆืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืกืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืจื ืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืจืืงื ืืจื ืกืืืื. ื-24 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2020 (ืฉืขืื ืืฉืจืื), ืืืืืข ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืค ืืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืฉื ืขืจืื ืืืฉืืชืฃ ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื, ืจืืฉ ืืืขืฆืช ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืกืืืื ืขืื ืื-ืคืชืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืขืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืคื ืจืฉืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืืืื ืืืื ื ื ืืืกืื ืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ื-6 ืืื ืืืจ 2021 ืืชืื ืืืฉืืช ืกืืืื ืขื ืืฆืืจืช "ืืกืืื ืืืจืื". ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2021 ืืืืืขื ืืชืืืขืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืขื ืืงืืจืช ืืืจืืขืื ืฉืืชืจืืฉื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืื ื-13 ืืืื ื 2014. ืืืื ื"ื ืืขืืืจ, ื"ื ืืืืืจ ื'ืชืฉืค"ื, 30 ืืืคืจืื 2021 ืืชืจืืฉ ืืกืื ืืืจืื, ืื ื ืกืคื 45 ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืคืฆืขื 102 ืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืชืืืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ื-6 ืืืจืฅ 2024 ืคืจืกืื ืืขืืช ืืืงืืจื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืงืจ ืืกืื ืืจ ืืืจืื ืืช ืืกืงื ืืชืื, ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืฉืืช, ืืืื ืฉืืืข ืื ืืื ืืคืืืช ืืื ืขืืื ืืืขืช ืขื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืื ืฆืืื ื ืืืืฆื ืืขืฉืืช ืืฉื ืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื. ืขืงื ืืขืืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื โ ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืจืงืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืฉืจืื, ืคืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช. ืืืงืืื ืืืืฆืข ืคืจืฆื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืฉืจืื. ื-23 ืืืจืฅ 2021 ืืชืงืืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืจืืข, ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื"ืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืจื ืืกืคืจ ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ื-36 ื-30, ืื ืืืคืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืช. ืืืคืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉ ืขืชืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืจ ืืคืื, ืขื 17 ืื ืืืื. ืื ืฉืื ืจืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืขื ืืง ืชืืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืื ืื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืืคืื, ืฉืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื, ืืื ืขื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ื-13 ืืืื ื ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืฉ, ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื ืคืชืื ืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืคื ืืืื ืืกืชืืืื ืืืชืจ ื-12 ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ื ืจืฆืืคืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืืจ ืืฉืืฉ ืืจืืฉ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื, ืืฉืจ ืชืืช ืื ืืืชื ื ืื ืขื ืืืงืืช ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืืขื ื ืืงืืคืื ืืืืฆืื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืืจืฉ ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืกืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืคืืืืืกืืจืื ืจืืื. ืืืจื ืื ืกืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืขืืจื, ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืคืืื ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืืช. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืื, ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืฆืืืขื ืื ื ืื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ืชืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืชืงื ืืช ืฉืขืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืืคืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืื ืื ืจืืฆืื ืืขืืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืืจื ืฉื ืืคืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืื ืกืคืฆืืคืืื ืฉืืงืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืฆืื ื ืื ืข ืืืืืืข ืืขืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืคืชืื ืื ื. ืขื ืจืงืข ืืืฆืข ืขืืืช ืืฉืืจ, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืข ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืืฆื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื. ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืคื ืืขืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืชืืจืืฆืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืกืืืืช ืืขืื ืืกืืืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืชืงืฆืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2021 ื ืื ื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืฉืืช ื ืชื ืืื ื-2019. ืืืงืก ืืื ืืื ืืืง ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืื ื ืื ืฅ ืฉืืืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืฃ ืืช ืืงืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืฆืื ืืืจ ืื "ืืื ืืื ืืืกืืืจื", ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืืจ ืืฆืื ืืืื ืจืืื. ืืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืืฉ, ืืืงืจ ืืช ืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืื ืขืื ืืคื ื ืคืจืกืืื. ืืื ืืฃ ืืฉืืืข ืืชืืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืื-ืืืืื ืืืกืื, ืืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืจืืื ืืช ืืชืืืืืืืชืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืช ื ืืงืื ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืกืืืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืืกืื. ื-29 ืืืฆืืืจ 2022, ืืืฉืืขื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืื ืืฉืืข. ืืื ืงืฆืจ ืืืืจ ืืจืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืคืกืง ืื"ืฅ ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืจืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืงื ืืืืกืจ ืกืืืจืืช ืงืืฆืื ื, ืขื ืจืงืข ืขืืจื ืืคืืืื ืืืฉื ืืฆื ืฉืืื ืฉืืฆืื ืืคื ื ืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืช ืืื ื ืืขืืืจืืช ืืก. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืจืขื ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืชืคืงืืืื ืฉืืืขื ืื: ืืืฉื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืคื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ืึพ4 ืืื ืืืจ 2023 ืืืจืื ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืชื ืืงืื ืจืคืืจืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืกืืจืช ืคืกืืืช ืืืงืื ืืคืกืงืช ืืชืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืื ืกืช ืืจืื ืจืืื, ืืืืื ืขืืืช ืืกืืืจืืช, ืืืืจืช ืชืคืงืื ืืืืขืืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืืขืฅ ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื ืื ืฉืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืื ืจืื ืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืคืจืกืื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืงืืขื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื, ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืข ืืืืชืขืจื ืื ืืืื ืืืงืืงื ืืจืื ืืขืงืจืื ืืช ืขืงื ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื, ืืืืืชื ื ืชืื ืืืฉืคื ืคืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืงืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืช "ืืืง ืื ืืฆืจืืช", ืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืืืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืฆืจืืช ืขืงื ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืืงืืงื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืื ืคืืืื. ืืจืคืืจืื ืฉืืืฆืขื ืืฆืจื ืืชื ืืืืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ื ืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืจืืืช ืืืงืฃ. ืืืืืื ืืขื ื ืฉืืืืื ืืืงืืงื ืืืืืื ืคืืืขื ืืขืฆืืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืฉืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืกื ืืืืืื ืืคืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืฉืชืืืื ืืช ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืช, ืขื ืืื ืืคืืืชื ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืืื. ื ืฉืืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ืืกืชืจ ืืืืช ืืืงืืขื ืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืขื ื ืฉืชืคืืข ืืจืฉืืช ืืฉืืคืืช. ืขื ืืฃ ืืืช, ืืืืฉืื ืื ืฆืืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืฉืืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืงื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืชืื ืืชืขืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื, ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืคืืืื ืงืฉื ืืขื. ืืืง ืืืชื ืืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืืื ืืจืืช ืืืืจืฅ ืืงืืืฆืช ืงืฆืื ืื ืืฆื"ื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืชืืจืื ื ืืืื "ืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืื" ืฉืืืืื ืืืคืกืืง ืืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืืืืื. ื-25 ืืืจืฅ ืงืจื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืขืฆืืจ ืืช ืืงืืงืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืืืืจ ืืกืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืคืืืืจืื, ืขืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืขืฆืืช ืืืืื ืืืืคืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืกืคืื ืื ืืืช ืืจืืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืื ื "ืืื ืืื ื". ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืื ืืืืืขื ืขื ืืฆืืจืคืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืง. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืจืคืืจืื ืืื ืืกื ืืฉืืืืช ืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืคืืืืฆืื. ืืื ืชืืื ืคืืืืจื ืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืืงืืื ืืฉืืืืช, ืงืืืื ืืงืืืืืฆืื "ืชืจืืื" ืืืืืืช ืืืืจืช ื ืฆืืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื, ืขื ืืื ืืฆืืขื ื ืื ืื ืืืืขืืืื. ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืจืฉื ืฉืชืืืื ืืืืจืช ื ืฆืืืช ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืืขืื, ืืืชืื ืื ืืื. ืืืกืืฃ ื ืืืจื ื ืฆืืืช ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืงืจืื ืืืืจืจ, ืืชืืืื ืฉื ืืกืคืจ ืืืจื ืงืืืืืฆืื, ืื ืืืขื ืขื ืืชืจืืื ืืืื ืืืงืคืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืช ืื ืฉืื. ืืชืืืื ืืืงืงื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืื ืขืืืช ืืกืืืจืืช, ืขืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืขืฉืจืช ืืืคืื ืืชื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืข ืขื ืืคืกืงืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืื. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืจื ืืืจืืกื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจืื. ืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืฉืื ื ืงืื ืืฆืขืืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืื ืืืคืืขืื. ืึพ9โ13 ืืืื, ืืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืฉืืืืจื ืจืงืืืช ืืขืืจ ืขืืืฃ ืขืื, ืืื ืฆื"ื ืืช ืืืฆืข ืืื ืืืฅ ืืกืืืื ืืืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืื-ืงืืืก. ืืกืืคื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืื ืืืืฆืข "ืฉืื ื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืืจืชืขื". ืืืืื 2023 ืืืืจ ืขืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืขืื ืืฆืคืื ืืฉืืืจืื, ืืฆื ืฆื"ื ืืืืฆืข ืืืช ืืื ืืขืืจ ื'ื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืืืื ืฉืื. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2023 ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืขืฆืจืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืก ืืงืืืื ืื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืขื ืกืขืืืื, ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืืฃ ืืฆื ืืืจืฉ ืืขืฆืจ ืฉื ืขืจื ืืกืขืืืืช, ืืืืื ืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืกืขืื. ืืช ืืืงืืจื ืืืื ืืืืืช ื ืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช. ื-26 ืืืฆืืืจ 2023 ืืืืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืืืช ืฉื 60%. ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืงืื, ืืคื ืคืจืกืืืื ืืจืื, ืืืฉื ืฉื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื. ืืชืืืืช 2024 ืคืืจืกื ืื ืืืจืื ืคืขืื ืื ืืืฉืฉื ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืจืืืืื ืื ืืจืฉืื ืืคืฆืฆื ืืจืขืื ืืช. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2023 ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืืขืฆืจืช ืืื"ื, ืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืฉืจืื ื ืืฆืืช "ืขื ืกืืคื ืฉื ืคืจืืฆืช ืืจื - ืืกืื ืืืกืืืจื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืขืืืื" - ืืกืื ืฉืืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืฆืืื. ืืืื ื 2024 ืฉืืื ืืขืืช ืืจืื ืืก ืืืงืจ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืจืืขื ืืืฉืื ื ืืกืคืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืจืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืฆืืืืืช ืืืื ืืฉืื. ืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืืืขืช ืืืืขืื: "ืืืชืืื ื ืืืฆืืืืจืช ืืคื ื ืืืืขืื ืืฉืื ืื ืขืืื, ืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืงืจืื ืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืขืืืง ืืชืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืงืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืจื ืฉื ืกืืืืืช ืจืืืฉืืช. ืืืช, ืชืื ืืฆืืจืช ืกืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืื ืคืืืขื ืืืืกื ืืืืฅ ืืืืื ืืจืกืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื". ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืคืจืกืื ืืืืขืื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืกื ืืื ืืกืชืืจื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืขื ืืจืื ืื ืืขื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืฆืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืจ ืืืืจืช ืฆืืืืืช ืืืฆืจืื. ืื ืืืืฆื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืจืืืฉ ืฉืืืฉ ืฆืืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืืขืืืช ืืงืืื ื ืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืืืชืืช. ืืืืื 2024 ืืืจืืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืจืืช ืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืืช (ืืืื'ืก, ืคืืฅ' ืืกืื ืืจื ืื ื ืคืืจืก) ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื, ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืชืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืฉื ืช 1988. ืืื ืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืืฉ ืฉื S&P ืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืฉืืืืืช ืืฉื ืืกืืืื ืื ืืืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืฉื ืขืืืืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืชืงืฆืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืช 2025. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2024 ืืืจืืื ืืืื'ืก ืืช ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉื ื ืืืืืคื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืชื ืืจืืืช. ืืฆืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืืกืื, ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืช ืืก ืขืจื ืืืกืฃ ื-17% ื-18%. ืขืื ืืคื ื ืืขืืืช ืืืืกืื, ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืคื ืืืขืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชื ืืงืจื ืืืชืจ ื-38% ืืขืืืช ืืืืฆืข OECD. ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืงืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืฆืขืืื ืฉืงืฉืืจืื ืืจืคืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช. ืืืฉื, ืฉืื ืื ืืืง ืืกืื: ืืฉืคืืื ืฉืื ื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืงืื ืฉื ืืคืืืืืืงืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืจืช ืฉืืคืืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจื-ืืืืจื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืคืืฃ ืืืกืืจ ื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืกืจ ืขืืื ืืขืกืืง ืืืขืจืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืชืืงืื ืืคืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ื ืืื. ืืืคืจืื 2025, ืืงืจืืช ืคืจืกืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืกืื ืฉื ืืจืืืค, ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืืืกืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืขืงื ืืขืืืฃ ืืืกืืจื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช, ืืืืื ืืืืจืืงืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืก ืืืืื 17% ืขื ืกืืืจืืช ืืฉืจืืืืืช. ื-25 ืืกืคืืืืจ 2025 ืงืืขื ืืขืืช ืืจืื ืืก ืื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืจืืฉื ืฉื"ื ืืคืขืื ืืืืคื "ืฉืืื ื ืจืืื ืืืืืงืจืืื". ืืฉืืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืคืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืฆืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืก ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืจืฉืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืืช. ืืื ื-2018 ืงืืื ืืขืืจื ืืจื ืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืื ืงืื, ืืงืืจ ืืืื ืืืืก. ืืื ืืืชืจ ืฉืืื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืงืืจ ืืงืื ืืช ืืขืืจืช ืืืกืคืื ืืืืคื ืกืืืจ, ืืชืื ืืืื ื ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืืข ืืกืืื. ืืืฉืืืช ืกืืขืช ืืืืื ืืืจืฅ 2019 ืืขื: "ืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืกืื ืืงืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืช ืฆืจืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืง ืืืืก ืืืืขืืจืช ืืกืฃ ืืืืืก." ืืืืฆืข ืฉืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจืจ ืฉืืชืคืืกื ืืฉืื. ืืชืื ืืืืฆืข, ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืจืื ืฉืืชืงืืื ืฉืงื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืจืช ืขืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืฆืขืช ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื, ื ืื ืืจืืื, ืืืกื ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืก ืืขืื. ืืืฉืจ ื ืืืจ ืืืืฉ ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืื, ืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืกืืจื ืืืกืคืืช ืืืกืืจืช "ืืืืขืื ืืงืืจืืช".[ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืจ] ืืืืื 2023 ืชืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืขืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืขืื ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืงื ืืฉื ืช 2004, ืืืช ืืชืืฆืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืชื ืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืื ืคืงืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืืืชืจื ืขืืืื. ืืืืชื ืืืืืฉ ืฉืื ืืฉื"ื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืกืื ืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืฉืืงืื ืืืจืชืขื ื ืื ืืืืก ืืืืฆืขืืช โืกืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืก, ืืจืืืช ืืกืืืืืื ืืืืืงืืื, ืืืฉื ืืืชืจืขื, ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืจืื ืืืฉืืื ืืกืคืจ 1". ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืฆืืช ืืืืืฉืื ืื ืงืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืกืื. ืืืื ืชืฉืจื 2023 ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช ืืื ืืืืก. ื-1 ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืืืฅ ืื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ืจืื ื ืืจ ืืืืฆืื ืืคืืขื ืืช ืชืืื ืืช "ืืขืจืืคื" ืืืืจืื ืืืืช ืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืืก, ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื ืืื ืื ืืงืื ืืกืืจื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืก. ืืืืงืจ 7 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2023, ืืื ืฉืืช, ืฉืืืช ืชืืจื, ื"ื ืืชืฉืจื ื'ืชืฉืค"ื, ืคืชืื ืืจืืื ื ืืืจืืจ ืืคืืกืืื ืื "ืืืืก" ื"ืื'ืืืื ืืืกืืืื ืืคืืกืืื ื" ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ. ืืืกืืช ืฉืืืืจ ื-4,300 ืจืงืืืช, ืืืจื ื-6,000 ืืืืืื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืขืฉืจืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉืจืืืืื, ืืืขืจ ืืืจื ืืืืชืงื ืื ืฆืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืขืืืฃ ืขืื ืืืกืืืืชื, ื-119 ืคืจืฆืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืจ, ืืืืืืืจ ืืืืื, ืชืื ื ืืืื ืงืจืืืช ืืจื ื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืขืืื. ืืืืืืื ืืืฆืขื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืก, ืจืฆืื ืืืจืื 1,173 ืื ื ืืื, ืืชืืื ืืืื ื-779 ืืืจืืื, ืืืืคื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ื-251 ืื ืฉืื, ืืืื ืืืจืื, ื ืฉืื, ืงืฉืืฉืื ืืชืื ืืงืืช. ืืฉืขืืช ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืชืืช ืืืื ื ืืช, ืฉืืืจื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืืืืื ืฆื"ื, ืฉืืื ืื ืืืชืืช ืืกืคืจืืช. ืืงืจืืืช ื ืืจืื ื-1,609 ืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืฆื ืืืฉืจืืื ื ืืจืื 329 ืืืืืื, 58 ืฉืืืจืื ื-10 ืื ืฉื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืช ืคืชื ืฆื"ื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืืช ืืจืื. ืืฉืจืื ืคืื ืชื ืืืืฉืืืื 29 ืืืฉืืืื ืืขืืืฃ ืขืื ื-22 ืืืฉืืืื ืืฆืคืื ื. ืืืืืื ื ืืจืื ืจืืืืช ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืคื ืืืืืื, ื ืืจื ืืจืก ื ืจืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืคืื ืืชืืฉืื ืืจืฆืืขื ื ืืืฆื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืชืืืจืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื. ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืขืื, ื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืฆืืจ ืืืชื ืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืืช'ืื ืืืืจืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืกืคื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืื ืฉืืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืืชืขืฆืืืช ืืืืืก, ืืจืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืกืืจื ืืงืืช ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืง ืืช ืืืืก, ืืื ืขืฉื ืฉืืืฉ ืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืืช ืืืืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืกื ืืืง ืืืืืจืื. ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืฆืืืืจื ื"ืฉืืืช ืืืืจืืืช" ืืคืจืืฆืชื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืืจื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืจืืืช, ืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืืจ ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืงืจ ืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืชืช ืชืฉืืืืช ืขื ืื. ืขื ืืืช ืื ืืืืืจ, ืืฉืื ืืจืืืื ืืจืฉืช NBC ืืืืจืืงื ืืช ืืืืจ: "ืืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืจืืืช [...] ืืืืจืืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืื ืงืจื". ืื ืืืืืจ 2025 ืคืจืกื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืื"ื ืืฉื "ืืืขืืจ ืชืคืืกืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืคืขื ืขื ืชืืืืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืืฆื"ื", ืืืกืืจืช ืกืืจืช ืื"ืืืช ืขื ืืฉืื 7 ืืืืงืืืืจ, ืืื ืงืืข ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉ ืืืจืืืชื ืืืื ืช ืชืคืืกืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืชืคืงืืื ืืจืืื "ืืืชืื ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืืจืช ืืกืืจืืืื ืืืจืช ืืืื ืืืคื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ื, ืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืกื"ื ืื ืืจืฉ ืืืืคื ืืคืขืืชื, ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืื ืขืื ื-7.10.23". ืืืืื 2024 ืืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืงืืจ ืืืื ื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืืืืงืืจ ื ืื ืืคืขื ืืจืืืขืืช ืืคื ื ืฉื ื ืืชื ืืงืื ืืจืก ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื, ืืงืืื ืคืืืฉืืช ืขื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื'ื ืืืืื, ืกืื ืืช ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืงืืื ืืืจืืก ืืืืืขืื ืื ืฉืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค. ื-19 ืืืืงืืืืจ 2024, ืืฉืขืืช ืืืืงืจ, ืฉืืืจ ืืจืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืื"ื ืืืื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืืืื"ื ืคืืข ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ื. ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืคืืืขื ืืื ืืื ื ืคืืขืื ืืืืจืืข. ื-4 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2025 ืืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืฆื ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค. ืืืืงืืจ ืืชืืงื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืฆื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื ืืืืืกืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืื ืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืฉืืชืคืช, ืืจืืืค ืืฆืืข ืืฆืขื ืืคืชืืขื ืืคืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืชืืงื ืฉืืืื ืขื ืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืชืคื ื ืืช ืืชืืฉืืื ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืชืฉืงื ืืช ืืืืืจ ื"ืจืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื" ืชืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืจืืงืืืช. ืืฆืขื ืื ืขืืจืจื ืชืืืืืช ืืื-ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืืชืื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืคืืกืืื ืื ืืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื-21 ืืืื 2025 ืืื ืก ื ืชื ืืื ืืกืืืช ืขืืชืื ืืื, ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืฆื ืฉื ื. ืืืกืืืช ืืขืืชืื ืืื ืืชืืืืก ืืคืกืืงืช ืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืคืืืืจื ืจืืฉ ืืฉื"ื ืจืื ื ืืจ, ืืกืืืืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ื, ืืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืืืืจืขื ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื, ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืคืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ื"ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ". ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉื "ื ืืื ืืืคืืคืื" ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืื: โืขืืฉืื ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืชืื, ืขื ืื ืชืงืคื ืืืชื ื ื-7 ืืืืงืืืืจ? [...] ืขื ืืืืกื F-35? ืขื ืื? ืขื ืื ืงืื? ืขื ืื? ืื ืชืงืคื ืืืชื ื ืขื ืืคืืคืื, ืงืืฆ'ื ืืงืืืื ืืื ืืจืื. ืื ืขืืื ืคืจืืืืช.โ ื-12 ืืืคืจืื, ื ืฉืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืจืืืค ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืขื ืืกืื ืืจืขืื ืืืฉ ืืืงืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืคืืืืื 60 ืืื. ื-2015 ืขื ืคืจืืฉืช ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ื-2018 ืืืืกืื ืืงืืื ืืคืฉืจื ืืืจืื ืืืคืงืืื ืืกืื"ื ืืคืงื ืขื ืืชืงื ืื, ืจืืช ืืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืชื ืขื 3.67%, ืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืขืฉืจ ืืืืชื ืขื 300 ืง"ื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืืืค ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืืกืื ื-2018 ืืชืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืกื ืงืฆืืืช, ืืืืฆื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืืชืืืฉืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืช ืฉืื. ื-31 ืืืื ืคืจืกืื ืกืื"ื ืฉืืจืฉืืช ืืืจืื 408.6 ืง"ื ืืจืืช ืืขืฉืจื ืฉื 60%. ืืคื ืืขืจืืืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ืื ืขืฉืจ ืคืฆืฆืืช ืืจืขืื. ืืฉื ืืจืืืช ื ืฉืง ืืจืขืื ื ืฉืืืฉ, ื ืืชืจ ืืืืจืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืจ ืืจืืื ืฉืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืจืขืื ืืช ืืคืืฆืืฅ. ืืกืืฃ ืืฆืืืจ 2025 ื ืคืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืค ืืืืืืชื ืืคืืืจืืื ืฉื ืื ื ืขื ืืืขืืจ ืืฉืื ื' ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืก, ืกืืืืืช ืืืจืื, ืืื ืื ืืคืืจืืง ืืืืืืื ืื ืฉืงื, ืืืืกืืจ ืืืคืฉืจื ืืื ืกืืจืื. ืื ืืืืชื ืคืืืฉืชื ืืฉืืฉืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืค ืืฉื ืช 2025. ืื ืืืืืจ 2025, ืืกืขืืืื ืืืืืจืืงืืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืืืืกื F-35 ืืงืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืจืขืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืืื, ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืื ืืจืืืืืฆืื ืืฉื ืช 2023. ืืืื 13 ืืืื ื 2025 ืืืจื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ื-ืืืืืื ื ืขื ืืืฆืข ืขื ืืืืื, ืฉืืืจืชื ืืื ืกืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืื ืชืงืฃ ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืขืจืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืงื ื ืืจืขืื ืืืชืจื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืื ืืื ืืชื ืงืฉ ืืืื ืืจืืฉื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืช, ืืื ืืคืงื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืกืืื ืกืืืื, ืจืืื"ื ืฆืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืงืจื, ืืืืขื ื ืืจืขืื ืืืืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืกืืืืืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื 30 ืืืจืืื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืืจืกื ืื ืืื ืื ืืชืฉืชืืืช. ืืืื 22 ืืืื ื ืืฆืืจืคื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืชืงืืคืืช ื ืื ืืืจืื, ืืชืงืคื ืืชืงื ื ืืืจืขืื. ื-24 ืืืื ื ืืืืจืื ืืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืืืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืืืช ืคืกืงื. ื-5 ืืคืืจืืืจ 2026 ืคืจืกื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืชืฉืืืืชืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืงืช ืืืืงืจ ืืช ืืืจืืขื ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืงืืืืจ. ืืืกืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืคื ืืืืืืขืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืช ืืกืืืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืืื ืืืืก ืื ืกืืืช ืฆื"ื ืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืช 2000 ืืืืชื ืชืงืืช ืืฉื ืช 2005. ืืชืืืื ืืืกืื ืคืจืกืื ืืกืคืจ ืขืืชืื ืืื ืืขื ืืช ืฉืืืกืื ืืืื ืกืืืืคืื ืืฉืงืจืื. ืืจืืื"ื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืงืื ืืขื ืฉืืืกืื "ืฉืงืจื ืืื ืืคืืืืืื", ืืื ืืขื ืื ื"ื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืื"ืจ ืืืืคืืืืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืคืจืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืกืื. ืคืจืฉืืืช ืคืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืช ืคืขืืืืชื ืืคืืืืืืช ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืคืขืืื ืืขื ืืช ืืคืืืืื: ืฉืฉ ืคืจืฉืืืช ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืืจื, ืืชืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืชืืงืื ื ืกืืจื ืืืฉืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืืข ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ืชื ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืืฉื ืืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืขืงืืืช ืคืจืฉืช ืืจ-ืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืจ 1997, ืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืืช ืื ืืื ืืขืืจื ืืงื ืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ื ืคืชืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืขืงืืืชืื ืืืืืฆื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื. ืืืกืืฃ, ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืงืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืื, ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืคืจืฉื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืขืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืง ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืจืืืืช, ืื ืฆืืื ืื "ืืืชื ืืืืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืขืื ืชืืืืืช". ืืคืจืฉืช ืขืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืกืคืืืืจ 1999, ืืืขืื ืืฉื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืงืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืจ ืขืืื, ืืืืืช ืขืืืืืช ืฉืืืฆืข. ืืกืคืืืืจ 2000 ืืืืืฆื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืขืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื, ืืจืื ืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืงืืจื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืงืืจืช ืคืจืฉืช ืขืืื, ืขืื ืืฉื ืฉืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืจื ืืืืงืชื ืืืืฉืืช ืืชื ืืช ืฉืืืชื ืงืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืขืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืจืืืฉ ืืืื ืช ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืงืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืฉ ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืฉืชื ืืคืจืฉืืช, ืื ืืืืง ืฉื ืืืกืจ ืจืืืืช, ืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืจืฅ 2011, ืคืจืกื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืจืืื ืืจืืงืจ, ืชืืงืืจ ืืชืืื ืืช "ืืืงืืจ", ืฉืื ืืขื ืื ืืฉื ืื 1999โ2008 ื ืกืขื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืคืืชื ืืืืฅ ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืคืื ืคืจืืืื, ืื ืืืจื ืืืจืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืคืืืืืืงื ื-2002. ืืชืืงืืจ, ืฉื ืืืข ื"ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืืืืจืก", ืืืื ืืืืืงื ืฉื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืงื ืืฉืืจืชืืช. ืืื ืืืจ 2017 ืงืืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืกืืืจืช ืืืืืงื. ืืื ืืื ืืืจ 2017 ื ืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ื ื ืืฉืืื: "ืชืืง 1000", ืืืืื ืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืจื ืื ืืืืฆ'ื ืื'ืืืืก ืคืืงืจ ื"ืชืืง 2000" ืืขืืกืง ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืื ืื"ื "ืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช", ื ืื ื ืืืืก, ืฉืืื โ ืขื ืคื ืืืฉื โ ืืฆืืข ืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืงื ืืกืืงืืจ ืืืืกืคืช ืืชืืื ืืืขืื ืืชืืืจื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืชืืื ืช ืืคืฆืช "ืืฉืจืื ืืืื". ืขื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืคืื ืืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืจืืืช "ืื ืืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืืื". ืืืืื ืืืงืืจืืช, ืืขืื ืืืจื ืื ืกืช ื"ืืืืืื" ืืฆืขืืช ืืืง ืื ืืืขืืช ืืืงืืจืืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืื ืืฆืขื, ืฉื ืืืขื ืืฉื "ืืืง ืืืืืฆืืช", ืฉืืคืื ืชืืฆืืืชืื ืฉื ืืงืืจืช ืืฉืืจื ืืืขืืจื ืืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืฉืืจื ืชืฆืืื ืขืืืชื ืืขื ืืื ืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื. ืืืฆืขืืช ืขืืจืจื ืืืงืืจืช ืื ืืขื ืืืคืืื ืื ืื ื ืืขืื ืืืื ืขื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2017, ืืืืืข ื ืชื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืช ืื"ืจ ืืขืืช ืืคื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืกืช, ืืืื ืืืกืื, ืืืืืืื "ืืืง ืืืืืฆืืช", ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฆืขืช ืืืืง ืื ืชืืื ืขื ืืงืืจืืชืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2018, ืืืืจ ืืฉื ื ืืืฆื ืฉื ืืงืืจืืช, ืืืืขื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืกืงื ื ืื ื ืืฆืื ืชืฉืชืืช ืจืืืืชืืช ืืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืืงืื. ื"ืชืืง 1000" ืืืืกื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ื"ืชืืง 2000" ืืืืกื ืื ืชื ืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืงืฉืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืขืช ืืืฉืืจื, ืืกืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืขื ืืคืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืชื ืืืชืคืืจ. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืขื ืืช ืืืฉืืจื ืืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืืืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืงืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืืืืจืื "ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืฉืชืืจืจ ืืืจืืฉื ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืขื ืืชืืืฉืืช ืืกืจืืช ืืกืืก ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืงืืจื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืคืขืืชื ื ืืื" ืจืื ืืืจื ืืงืืืืืฆืื ืืืคืจื ืจืืฉื ืืืคืืืืช ืื, ืืชืืืฆืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืงืช ืืืคืืช ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืชื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืจืืช ืืืืคืช ืืืืง "ืชืืง 4000", ืืื ืืงืืจื ืคืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื 433 ืฉื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืขื ืจืฉืืช ื ืืืจืืช ืขืจื, ืืื ืืืื ื 2017. ืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืื: ืืขื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืช "ืืืง" ืฉืืื ืืืืืืฅ', ืื ื"ืืืช "ืืืง" ืกืืื ืื ืืืจ, ืื ื"ื ืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืคืืืืจ ืืืืขืฅ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ื ืืจ ืืคืฅ. ื-2 ืืืจืฅ 2018 ืืจืืฉืื ื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืืจื ืืืงืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืฉื ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื. ืฉื ืืื ืืืืฉืืืื, ืคืืืืจ ืืืคืฅ, ืืชืื ืขื ืืกืื ืขื ืืืื ื. ื ืชื ืืื ืืขื ืฉืืกืืืื ืืื ืจืง ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืจื. ื-2 ืืืฆืืืจ 2018, ืคืจืกืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฉืจืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืื ื ืืฆืื ืชืฉืชืืช ืจืืืืชืืช ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืงืืืช ืฉืืื, ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืงืืืช ืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืกืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช. ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืขื ืฉืืืืืืชืื ืืชืงืืื ืืืืืฆืช ืืืจืื ืืืงืฆืืข ืืืฉืจื ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืืฃ ืงืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืกืื ืืคืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืฅ' ืืืืื ืืชืจ 'ืืืืื' ืกืืงืจ ืืืชื ืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืชืงืืคื ืืืืืืจืช. ืื ืืกืฃ ืืขื ืฉืืืงืืจื ืื ืืชื ืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืื ืช, ืขืงื ืกืืจืื ืืืืงืจืื ืืขืืช ืืืชื ืคื ืื ืืื ืคื ืื ืขื ืขืื ืืืืื ื. ืขื ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืืื ืืชืืงืื 1000, 2000 ื-4000 ืืฆื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืคืืฃ ืืฉืืืืข ืื ืชืคืืจืกื ืืคื ื ืืืืืจืืช, ืืฉืื ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืข ืืคื ื ืืืืืจืืช. ืืืืขืื ืืืชื ืืืชืจืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ื, ืืืชื ืืช ืืงืฉืชื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืืืืงืืืกืงื ืืืืืฉ ืืขืกืงืื ืกืคื ืกืจ ืคืจืืจืืื'. ืืืืขืื ืงืืขื ืื ืื ืขืืื ืืืืืืจ 300 ืืืฃ ืืืืจ ืฉืงืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ. ื ืชื ืืื ืขืชืจ ืืื"ืฅ ื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืคืกืง ืฉืืืืขืื ืชืงืืื ืืืื ื ืืกืฃ ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืคื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืคืจืืื ื ืืกืคืื, ืืฉื ืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืขื ืืื ื. ืืคืืจืืืจ 2019 ืืืืืข ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืงืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืคืืฃ ืืฉืืืืข, ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืชืืงืื: ืืชืืง 1000 ื-2000 ืืืฉืืช ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื, ืืืชืืง 4000 ืืืฉืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื. ืืชืืืื ืืืฉืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืกืข ืฆืื ื ืืื ืืืืคืขืืช ืืืฅ ืคืกืื ืขื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืคืจืงืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืคืจืงืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืจื, ืฉืืืืจืื ืชืืื ืืขืืื ืงืืฆืื ืืช ืืขื ืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืืื. ืืฉืืืืข ืืชืงืืื ืืืฉื ืืจืืขื ืืืื ืืืืงืืืืจ ืืืชื ืืฉื ื. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2019 ืืืืืข ืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืชื ืืืฉืื ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืชืืง 4000 ืืืขืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืื ืื ืืชืืงื 1000 ื-2000. ืืชืืืื ืืฆื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืขื ืฉืื ืืชื ืืืงืืจืช ืืจืืคื ืขื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืคืช ืืืืง (ืืืฉืืจื, ืคืจืงืืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื). ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืืืฉ ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืืืืืืกืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฉืื, ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืฉืคื ืชืื ืืื ืืืื ืชื. ืืขืงืืืช ืืืฉืช ืืชื ืืืฉืื, ืืืืฉื ืขืชืืจื ืืื"ืฅ ืฉืืจืฉื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ, ืืืชืื ืืืืืช ืืจืขื-ืคื ืืกื. ื-2 ืืื ืืืจ 2020, ืืชืคืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืชืืงื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืง โ ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ื-1 ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืฉื ืืื"ืจ ืืื ืกืช ืืงืืืช ืืกืื ืืช ืืืขืืืชื ืืืื ืคืืืื. ื-28 ืืื ืืืจ 2020 ืืืืจ ืฉืจืฉืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืจืื ืืืืขืื ื ืื ืืชื ืืืกืื ืืช, ืืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืืงืฉื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืขืืช ืืืืฉ ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ื-24 ืืืื 2020 ืืื ืืฉืคืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืื ืืื ืชืงืฉืืจืชื ืืฆืืืืจื ืืืื. ื-30 ืื ืืืืืจ 2025 ืืืืฉ ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืงืฉืช ืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื, ืืฆืืง ืืจืฆืื. ืืช ืืงืฉืชื ื ืืืง: ืืืื 2024 ืืืืฉ ืืชืืืข ืืจืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืืืื ืืงืฉื ืืฆื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืฉืืจืช ืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืจืขืืช ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืฆืขื ืืืืื, ืืจืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืจืฆื, ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืื ืืช ื ืื ืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืืจืืืช ืืืงืฉืจ ืฉื ืืจืขืื. ืืืงืฉื ืืืืฉื ืื ืืืคื ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืืืงืืื ืืืืฉื ืืงืฉื ืืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืืืืก - ืืืื ืกื ืืืืจ, ืืกืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืฃ. ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2024 ืืืืืข ืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื ืื ืืืฆืื ืฆืืื ืืขืฆืจ ื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืคืฉืขื ืืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืจืฆืืขืช ืขืื. ืขื ืคื ืืืช ืืืื, ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืจืืืื ืืคืฉืขืื ืฉื ืืจืขืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืื, ืจืฆื, ืจืืืคื ืืืืืื ืช ืชืงืืคืืช ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื ื ืชืืืื. ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืฆืืช ืฆืืื ืืืขืฆืจ ืืื ืฉ-124 ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืขืฆืืจ ืืืืกืืืจ ืืช ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืกื ืืชืืืื. ืืฆืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืืฆืช ืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืชืคืกืืช ืืืคืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืืง ืืืื-ืืืืื. ืชืคืงืืืื ืืขืืงืจืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืฉื ื ืฉื ืฆืืื ืืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืืืกืืืจืื ืื ืฆืืื ื ืชื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ื, ืืื ืืคืงื ืกืืืจืช ืืื"ื ืฉื ืืจื ืืืืฆืข ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืฆืขืืจ ืขืื, ืืื ืจืืคื ืืกืืคืจ. ืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื, ืืืืฉืข, ืืื ืคืจืืคืกืืจ ืืืชืืืืงื, ืืขืื ืฉื ืฉืืคืืช ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื, ืฉืืฉื ื ื ืชื ืืื. ื ืืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื (ืืืงื) ืืืืกืื (ืืืืจ ืืื, ืืจื) ืืฉื ืช 1972. ืืฉื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืช, ื ืืขื, ืฉืืืืื ืืืจื ืืชืฉืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืจืื, ืืืฉ ืขืกืงืื ืืกืื ืืจืกืื; ืืืชื ื ืืขื ืืฉ ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืฉื ื ืืืื. ืืฉื ืช 1979 ืืชืืจืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืกืื. ื-1981 ื ืืฉื ืืคืืืจ ืงืืืืก, ื ืืฆืจืื ืืจืืืืช ืฉืขืืจื ืืืืจ ืงืื ืกืจืืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืื ืืฉืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืืจืืจ ืืื"ื, ืขืืจื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืชืืืืงืกื. ืืฉื ืืื ืืชืืจืฉื ื-1989. ืืืจืฅ 1991 ื ืืฉื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจื ืื ืืจืฆื, ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืชื ืขืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ื"ืื ืขื". ืฉืจื ืืื ืืชื ืฉื ืืกืืคืจ, ืืืฉืืจืจ ืืืืื ื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืจืฆื, ืฉืืืฉื ืืคืกืืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืื ืฉื ื ืื ืื, ืืืืจ ืืืื ืจ. ื-2002 ืจืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืืกืจืื ืืกืืื ืฉื 1.8 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ. ื-2007 ืจืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื 1.7% ืืื ืืืช ืืืจืช NMDM, ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืชื ืืืืืงืืืกืงื, ืชืืืจืช 600 ืืืฃ ืืืืจ. ื-2010 ืืืจ ืืืชื ืชืืืจืช 4.3 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืืฉืงืคืื ืจืืื ืฉื 13.2 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืขื ืคื "ืคืืจืืก ืืฉืจืื", ืืื ื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืื ื-50 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืช ืฉืชื ืงืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืจื ืขืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืกืจืื, ืฉืขืจืื ื-25 ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืืขืฉืืจ ืืฉืืื ื ืืืืื, ืืฉื ืื 2023โ2024, ืขืืจ ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉืชืืช ืงืืฆื ืื, ื ืืชืื ืืชืืงืื ืืงืข ืืคืฉืขืชื ืื ืืชืื ืืืกืจืช ืืืืืช ืืขืจืืื ืืช. ื-17 ืืืืื 2024 ื ืืฉืฃ ืื ืขืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชื ืืื ืืืฉืคืืชื, ืืื ืืฉื ืื 2018โ2023, ืขืืื ืขื 30 ืืืืืื ืฉืงืืื. ืืืจืฅ 2016 ืคืจืกื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืืืื ืกืจื ื ืกืืืืก ืืคืืืกืืืง ืฉืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืืืจืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ื ืขืฆืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืฉ 1 ืืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืกืืืง ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืืจืืช ืืฉืชื ืฉืจื. ืืชืืืื ืืืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืขื ืกื 279 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื. ื-11 ืืืื ื 2017, ืงืืข ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืจืข ืฉืคืืจืกื ืืืืจื ืืคืืืข ืืืืื ืืช ืกืจื ื ืืฉืื ืืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืคืืฆืืืื ืืขืื 15 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคื. ืืขืงืืืช ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืคืืืจ ืกืจื ื ืืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช. ืขืจืขืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืกืจื ื ืขื ืคืกืง ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ื ืืื. ืืงืฉืช ืจืฉืืช ืขืจืขืืจ ืฉืืืืฉ ืกืจื ื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืขืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืฃ ืืื. ืืืฆืืืจ 2018 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืขื ืกื 200 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ื ืื ืืขืืชืื ืื ืื ืืกืคืืช, ืฉืคืจืกื ืื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืฉืคืื ืืื ืื ืื ืงืืื ืืืืืช ืืกืคืืืช ืืคื ืกืื, ืืชืืืจื ืืื ืฉืืช ืืืื ืขืืืช ืืจืจื, ืืืฉื ื ืืืืขื"ืฉ ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืื, ืชืคืขื ืืืืืชื ืืชืืงืื. ืืืื 2023, ืืืฉืื ืคืฉืจื, ืฉืืืกืืจืชื ื ืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืชืืืขืชื ืืืกืคืืช ืืคืจืกื ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืืชื ืื ืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืก ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืช ืืจืจื ืื ืืช ืื ืื. ืืื ืืืจ 2022 ืืืื ืืืชืืจืจ ืชืืืขืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืืจ ื ืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืจื, ืขื ืฉืืขื ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืฉืื "ืืืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืงืืงืื ืืืืคืื ืคืกืืืืืืจื". ื-21 ืื ืืืืืจ 2022 ื ืคืกืง ืฉืืืืืจื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืจืข ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืื ืืืฉืคืืช ื ืชื ืืื 62,500 ืฉ"ื ืคืืฆืืืื ืืชืืกืคืช 35,000 ืฉ"ื ืฉืืจ ืืจืื ืืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืคื. ื-16 ืื ืืืืืจ 2023 ืืืช ืืฉืคื ืืฉืืื ืืจืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืจืฆื ืืชืฉืืื ืคืืฆืืืื ืืกื ืืืขืื ืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื ืืืื ืฉืืจืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืฆื ืืขื ืื ืืฉ ืืกืื ืกืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืื ื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืคืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืชืคื ืืื ืืืืื. ืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืคืกืง ืื ืืกืฃ 50 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ื. ืืจืฆื ืขืจืขืจ ืขื ืคืกืง ืืืื, ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืคืกืง ืืืื ืื ืงืืข ืฉืืจืฆื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืจืื 290 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื, ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืชืฉืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืืืืื ื. ืืฉื ืช 2025 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืืช ืืฉืื ืืจืข ืืืืืช, ืืื ืชืืืขืืช ื ืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื, ืืืืขื ืฉืจืื, ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื. ืืืคืจืื 2025 ืืืืฉ ื ืชื ืืื ืชืืืขืช ืืฉืื ืืจืข ื ืื ืคืขืืืช ืืืืื ืฉืงืื ืืจืกืืจ, ืขื ืกื ืืฆื ืืืืืื ืฉ"ื. ืืชืืืขื ืขืืกืงืช ืืฉืืืฉื ืคืจืกืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืขื ืืืืืจื ืื ื ืชื ืืื ืงืืื ืฉืืื ืืงืืจ, ืื ืืขื ืื ืื "ืืคืจืกืื ืืืืืจ ืคืืืข ืืืกืืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืชืงืื ืืืขืจืื ืืืืืงืจืืื". ืืืืืื ืืื ืชื ืคืชืื ืืจืกืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืื, ืฉืชืื ืคืืืช ืืฉืขื ืืืืก 500 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื, ืืืืืฉื ืฆืื ืืืืชืจ ื-750 ืืืฃ ืฉ"ื ืฉืชืจืื ื-4,800 ืืืฉ. ืกืคืจืื ืกืคืจืื ืืขืจืืืชื: ืืขืงืืืช ืืืื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืขืกืง ื ืชื ืืื ืืืชืืืช ืกืคืจ ื ืืกืฃ, ืฉื ืงืจื ืชืืืื "ืืฉืื ืืืจืื" ืืืืืฉื ื ืงืจื "ืื ืืจ ืืืฉืจืืื", ืืืฃ ืงืืื ืืงืืื ืขื ืคืจืกืืื ืืืื"ื, ืืืฆืืช ืืืืขืืช ืืืจืื ืืช, ืื ืขื ืื ืืกืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืืช, ืื ื ื ืชื ืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ. ืคืจืกืื ืืืืงืจื ืืงืจืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืจืฉืช ืขืืืื ืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ ืืื ืืืงืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืกืช ืืืื ืืืกืื โข ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืืชืขืฉืืื ื ืืจ ืืจืงืช โข ืืฉืจื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืชื ืืงืืืื ืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจืช ืืืืฉื ืืช, ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืกื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืง ืืกืจืืืืฃ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืจืืืช ืืืกืคืืจื ืืืงื ืืืืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืืืชืฉืชืืืช ืืื ืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื, ืฉืจ ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืจ ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืฅ โข ืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ื"ืฅ โข ืกืื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื, ืฉืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืจ ืืืฉืคืืื, ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืจืืชื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืคืืจ ืกืืคืจ โข ืฉืจืช ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืกืืจืืง โข ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืืื ืขืืืืช ืกืืืื โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฆืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' โข ืฉืจ ืืืืฅ ืืืขืื ืกืขืจ โข ืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืงืืฉ โข ืฉืจ ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉืืื ืงืจืขื โข ืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืจื ืจืื โข ืฉืจ ืืชืคืืฆืืช ืืืืืืง ืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืขืืืื ืฉืืงืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืืืื: ืืืืื ืืืืื โข ืืฆืืื ืกืืืืจืืฅ' ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืืฆืจ: ืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืช โข ืืฉืืื ื ืืจื โข ืืฆืืง ืืื โข ืืื ืขืืืจ โข ืืื ืืืงืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืฉืคืืื: ืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉืจืื ื ืืกืคืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื: ืืืื ืืืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago] | [TOKENS: 15505] |
Contents Santiago Santiago (/หsรฆntiหษหษกoส/ SAN-tee-AH-goh, US also /หsษหn-/ SAHN-; Spanish: [sanหtjaษฃo]), also known as Santiago de Chile (Spanish: [sanหtjaษฃo รฐe หtสile] โ), is the capital and largest city of Chile and one of the largest cities in the Americas. Located in the Chilean Central Valley within the Santiago Basin, between the Andes to the east and the Chilean Coastal Range to the west, it anchors the Santiago Metropolitan Region and its conurbation of Greater Santiago, which comprises more than forty communes and concentrates over a third of the national population and around 45% of Chileโs GDP.[citation needed] Most of the city lies between 500 and 650 m (1,640โ2,133 ft) above sea level, with recent urban growth extending into the Andean foothills. The basin that Santiago occupies has been inhabited since at least the 10th millennium BC, with early agricultural villages established along the Mapocho River and later incorporated into the Inca sphere of influence. During the Spanish invasion of the Americas, conquistador Pedro de Valdivia founded the colonial city of Santiago del Nuevo Extremo on 12 February 1541, laying out a grid plan around the Plaza Mayor (now Plaza de Armas). Despite early food shortages, Indigenous attacks, floods, and devastating earthquakesโnotably in 1647โthe city consolidated as the capital of the Captaincy General of Chile. Santiago remained the political center during the Chilean War of Independence, beginning with the First Government Junta in 1810 and culminating in patriot victory at the Battle of Maipรบ in 1818, and subsequently expanded through 19th-century railway construction, state-building projects, and the creation of major educational and cultural institutions. The city today is the political and administrative heart of Chile: it houses the presidential palace and the main organs of the executive and judiciary, while the National Congress meets primarily in nearby Valparaรญso. Economically, Santiago is the countryโs principal industrial, commercial, and financial hub and a regional center for services, hosting the headquarters of major Chilean companies, regional offices of international organizations such as the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), and several of the nationโs leading universities and research institutes. Urban growth has been marked by the emergence of high-rise business districts such as Sanhattan, dominated by Gran Torre Santiago, the tallest building in South America and the second tallest building in Latin America (behind Mexico's T.Op Torre 1). Santiagoโs urban landscape combines a 19th-century neoclassical core and surviving colonial churches with extensive modern residential districts, standalone hills such as Cerro Santa Lucรญa and Cerro San Cristรณbal, and parklands along the Mapocho River, including Parque Forestal, Parque Bicentenario, and Santiago Metropolitan Park. The city has a cool semi-arid climate with Mediterranean characteristics, warm, dry summers and cool, wetter winters; its location in an enclosed valley contributes both to its scenic views of the high Andes and to chronic air pollution and winter smog. Santiago is served by Arturo Merino Benรญtez International Airport, a dense network of urban highways, and one of Latin Americaโs most extensive metro systems. Etymology The name "Santiago" was chosen by the Spanish conqueror Pedro de Valdivia when he founded the city in 1541 as "Santiago del Nuevo Extremo", in reference to his home region of Extremadura and as a tribute to James the Great, the patron saint of Spain. The saint's name appears in various forms in Spanish, such as Diego, Jaime, Jacobo, or Santiago, with the latter derived from the Galician evolution of Vulgar Latin Sanctu Iacobu. Allegedly, there was no indigenous name for the area where Santiago is located, but the Mapuche language uses the adapted name Santiaw. In Chile, several entities share the name "Santiago", which can often lead to confusion. The commune of Santiago, also referred to as Santiago Centro, is an administrative division encompassing the area occupied by the city during colonial times. It is governed by the Municipality of Santiago and led by a mayor. This commune is part of Santiago Province, which is headed by a provincial delegate appointed by the President of the Republic, and it is also part of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, governed by a popularly elected governor. When the term "Santiago" is used without further clarification, it typically refers to Gran Santiago ('Greater Santiago'), the metropolitan area characterized by continuous urban development. This area includes the commune of Santiago and over 40 other communes, encompassing much of Santiago Province and parts of neighboring provinces. The definition of the metropolitan area has evolved over time as the city has expanded, incorporating smaller cities and rural areas. Residents of the city and region are referred to as santiaguinos (for males) and santiaguinas (for females). History Archaeological evidence suggests that the first human groups arrived in the Santiago basin around the 10th millennium BC. These groups were primarily nomadic hunter-gatherers, traveling from the coast to the interior to hunt guanacos during the Andean snowmelt. By around 800 AD, the first permanent settlers established agricultural communities along the Mapocho River, where they cultivated crops such as maize, potatoes, and beans, and domesticated camelids. The villages of the Picunche people (as they were known to Chileans) or the Promaucae (as referred to by the Incas) were under Inca rule from the late 15th century to the early 16th century. The Incas established a settlement of mitimas in the valley, located in the center of present-day Santiago, with fortifications such as Huaca de Chena and the El Plomo hill sanctuary. According to Chilean historian Armando de Ramรณn, the area served as a base for failed Inca expeditions to the south and was a junction along the Inca Trail. Pedro de Valdivia, a conquistador from Extremadura sent by Francisco Pizarro from Peru, arrived in the Mapocho valley on 13 December 1540, after a long journey from Cusco. Valdivia and his party camped by the river on the slopes of the Tupahue hill and gradually began interacting with the Picunche people who lived in the area. Valdivia later called a meeting with the local chiefs, during which he explained his plan to establish a city on behalf of Charles I of Spain. The city would serve as the capital of his governorship of Nueva Extremadura. On 12 February 1541, Valdivia officially founded the city of Santiago del Nuevo Extremo ('Santiago of New Extremadura') in honor of the Apostle James, the patron saint of Spain. The city was established near Huelรฉn, which Valdivia renamed Santa Lucรญa. He assigned the city's layout to master builder Pedro de Gamboa, who designed a grid plan. At its center, Gamboa placed a Plaza Mayor, which became the town's central hub. Surrounding the plaza, plots were designated for the cathedral, the jail, and the governor's house. The city was divided into eight blocks from north to south and ten blocks from east to west, between the Mapocho River and the Caรฑada with each quarter-block, or solar, granted to settlers. The colonial architecture following the grid plan consisted of one or two-story houses, adobe walls, tile roofs, and rooms around interior corridors and patios. Valdivia left for the south with his troops months later, initiating the Arauco War. Santiago was left vulnerable, and a coalition of Mapuche and Picunche tribes led by chief Michimalonco destroyed the city on 11 September 1541, despite the efforts of a Spanish garrison of 55 soldiers defending the fort. The defense was led by Spanish Conquistadora Inรฉs de Suรกrez. When she realized they were being overpowered, she ordered the execution of all indigenous prisoners, displaying their heads on pikes and throwing some towards the attackers. In response to this brutal act, the indigenous forces dispersed in fear. The city was gradually rebuilt, with the newly established city of Concepciรณn gaining political prominence as the Royal Audiencia of Chile was established there in 1565. However, the ongoing threat of the Arauco War and frequent earthquakes delayed the establishment of the Royal Court in Santiago until 1607, which solidified the city's status as the capital. During the early years of the city, the Spanish suffered from severe shortages of food and other supplies. The Picunches had adopted a strategy of halting cultivation and retreating to more remote locations, which isolated the Spanish and forced them to resort to eating whatever they could find. The shortage of clothing meant that some Spanish had to dress with hides from dogs, cats, sea lions, and foxes. Although Santiago was facing the threat of permanent destruction early on, due to attacks from indigenous peoples, earthquakes, and floods, the city began to grow rapidly. Out of the 126 blocks designed by Pedro de Gamboa in 1558, 40 were occupied. In 1580, the first major buildings in the city started to be erected, marked by the placement of the foundation stone of the first Cathedral in 1561 and the building of the church of San Francisco in 1572. Both of these structures were primarily made of adobe and stone. In addition to the construction of significant buildings, the city began to thrive as the surrounding areas welcomed tens of thousands of livestock. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the growth of the city was hindered by a series of disasters including an earthquake, a smallpox epidemic in 1575, the Mapocho River floods in 1590, 1608, and 1618, and a devastating earthquake on 13 May 1647 which resulted in the death of over 600 people and affected over 5,000 others. Despite these setbacks, the capital of the Captaincy General of Chile continued to grow, with all the power of the country being centered on the Plaza de Armas in Santiago. In 1767, the corregidor Luis Manuel de Zaรฑartu launched one of the most significant architectural projects of the colonial period, the Calicanto Bridge, connecting the city to La Chimba on the north side of the Mapocho River. He also began constructing embankments to prevent river overflows. Although the bridge was completed, its piers were frequently damaged by the river. In 1780, Governor Agustรญn de Jรกuregui hired the Italian architect Joaquรญn Toesca, who designed several important buildings, including the cathedral's faรงade, the Palacio de La Moneda, the San Carlos Canal, and the completion of the embankments during the government of Ambrosio O'Higgins. These works were officially opened in 1798. The O'Higgins government also opened the road to Valparaรญso in 1791, connecting the capital with the country's main port. On September 18, 1810, the First Government Junta was proclaimed in Santiago, marking the beginning of Chileโs path to independence. The city, which became the capital of the newly formed nation, faced various challenges, particularly from military actions in the vicinity. Although institutions like the Instituto Nacional and the National Library were established during the Patria Vieja, they were shut down after the patriotsโ defeat at the Battle of Rancagua in 1814. The royal government continued until 1817, when the Army of the Andes emerged victorious at the Battle of Chacabuco and restored the patriot government in Santiago. However, independence was still uncertain. The Spanish army achieved further victories in 1818 and advanced toward Santiago, but their progress was finally halted at the Battle of Maipรบ on April 5, 1818, on the Maipo River plains. With the end of the war, Bernardo O'Higgins was accepted as Supreme Director and, like his father, undertook several important projects for the city. During the Patria Nueva era, previously closed institutions were reopened. The General Cemetery was inaugurated, work on the San Carlos Canal was completed, and the drying riverbed in the south arm of the Mapocho River, known as La Caรฑada, which had been used as a landfill for some time, was transformed into an avenue now known as the Alameda de las Delicias. Two earthquakes struck the city in the 19th century: one on November 19, 1822, and another on February 20, 1835. Despite these disasters, the city continued to grow rapidly. In 1820, the population was recorded as 46,000, but by 1854, it had risen to 69,018. By 1865, the census reported 115,337 residents. This significant increase was due to suburban expansion to the south and west of the capital, as well as the growth of the bustling district of La Chimba, which resulted from the division of old properties in the area. This new peripheral development marked the end of the previous checkerboard structure that had dominated the city center. During the Republican era, several institutions were founded, including the University of Chile, the Normal School of Preceptors, the School of Arts and Crafts, and the Quinta Normal. The latter comprised the Museum of Fine Arts (now the Museum of Science and Technology) and the National Museum of Natural History. These institutions were established primarily for educational purposes, but also served as examples of public planning during that period. In 1851, the first telegraph system connecting the capital to the Port of Valparaรญso was inaugurated. During the "Liberal Republic" and the administration of Mayor Benjamรญn Vicuรฑa Mackenna, a new phase in the urban development of the capital was initiated. One of the main projects during this period was the remodeling of Cerro Santa Lucรญa, which had fallen into disrepair despite its central location. In his effort to transform Santiago, Vicuรฑa Mackenna initiated the construction of the Camino de Cintura, a road surrounding the entire city. The redevelopment of Alameda Avenue also took place during this time, turning it into the city's main road. Also during this era, O'Higgins Park was established with the help of European landscapers in 1873. The public park, known for its large gardens, lakes, and carriage trails, became a landmark in Santiago. Other notable structures were also opened during this period, including the Teatro Municipal opera house and the Club Hรญpico de Santiago. In addition, the 1875 International Exposition was held in the Quinta Normal grounds. Santiago emerged as the central hub of the national railway system. On 14 September 1857, the first railway arrived in the city and terminated at the Santiago Estaciรณn Central railway station, which was under construction at the time and officially opened in 1884. During this period, rail lines connected Santiago to Valparaรญso and regions in northern and southern Chile. The streets of Santiago were also paved, and by 1875, there were 1,107 railway cars in the city, while 45,000 people used trams daily. As the new century began, Santiago underwent various changes due to the rapid growth of industry. Valparaรญso, which had previously been the economic center of the country, gradually lost its prominence to the capital. By 1895, 75% of the national manufacturing industry was located in Santiago, while only 28% was in Valparaรญso. By 1910, major banks and shops had established themselves in the central streets of Santiago, further diminishing the role of Valparaรญso. The enactment of the Autonomous Municipalities Act empowered municipalities to establish various administrative divisions within the Santiago department, with the goal of enhancing local governance. In 1891, the municipalities of Maipรบ, รuรฑoa, Renca, Lampa, and Colina were created, followed by Providencia and Barrancas in 1897, and Las Condes in 1901. The La Victoria departmento was also divided, leading to the creation of Lo Caรฑas in 1891, which was then further split into La Granja and Puente Alto in 1892, followed by La Florida in 1899, and La Cisterna in 1925. The San Cristobal Hill underwent a prolonged process of development during this period. In 1903, an astronomical observatory was established on the hill, and the following year, construction began on a 14-meter (46 ft) statue of the Virgin Mary. Today, the statue is visible from various points in the city. However, the shrine was not completed until several decades later. The 1910 Chile Centennial celebrations marked the beginning of several urban development projects. The railway network was expanded, connecting the city and its growing suburbs with a new ring and route to Cajรณn del Maipo. A new railway station was also built in the north of the city: the Mapocho Station. The Parque Forestal was established on the southern side of the Mapocho river, and new buildings such as the Museum of Fine Arts, the Barros Arana public boarding school, and the National Library were opened. In addition, a sewer system was installed, serving approximately 85% of the city's population. The 1920 census estimated the population of Santiago to be 507,296 inhabitants, equivalent to 13.6% of the total population of Chile. This represented a growth of 52.5% from the 1907 census, an annual increase of 3.3%, which was almost three times the national average. This growth was mainly due to an influx of farmers from the southern regions who came to work in the factories and railroads that were being built. However, this growth was concentrated in the suburbs and not downtown. During this time, the downtown district consolidated as a commercial, financial, and administrative center, with the establishment of various shops and businesses around Ahumada Street and a Civic District in the vicinity of the Palace of La Moneda. The latter project involved the construction of modernist buildings for the offices of the ministries and other public services, as well as the start of the construction of medium-rise buildings. Meanwhile, the traditional residents of the center began to migrate to more rural areas like Providencia and รuรฑoa, which attracted the oligarchy and European immigrant professionals, and San Miguel for middle-class families. Additionally, in the periphery, villas were built by various organizations of the time. Modernity also spread in the city, with the introduction of the first theaters, the expansion of the telephone network, and the opening of Los Cerrillos Airport in 1928, among other advancements. The perception that the early 20th century was a time of economic prosperity due to technological advancements was in stark contrast to the living conditions of lower social classes. The previous decades of growth resulted in an unprecedented population boom starting in 1929, but was met with tragedy as the Great Depression hit. The collapse of the nitrate industry in the north left 60,000 people unemployed, compounded by a decline in agricultural exports, resulting in an estimated 300,000 unemployed people nationwide. Desperate for survival, many migrants flocked to Santiago and its thriving industry. However, they often found themselves struggling to find housing, with many being forced to live on the streets. The harsh living conditions resulted in widespread diseases like tuberculosis, and took a toll on the homeless population. At the same time, unemployment rates and living costs skyrocketed, while the salaries of the people in Santiago fell. The situation would change several years later with a new industrial boom fostered by CORFO and the expansion of the state apparatus from the late 1930s. At this time, the aristocracy lost much of its power, and the middle class, composed of merchants, bureaucrats, and professionals, acquired the role of setting national policy. In this context, Santiago began to develop a substantial middle- and lower-class population, while the upper classes sought refuge in the districts of the capital. Thus, the old moneyed class, who previously frequented Cousiรฑo and Alameda Park, lost their hegemony over popular entertainment venues, and the National Stadium emerged in 1938. In the following decades, Santiago continued to grow at an unprecedented rate. In 1940, the city had a population of 952,075 residents, which increased to 1,350,409 by 1952, and reached 1,907,378 in the 1960 census. This growth was reflected in the urbanization of rural areas on the outskirts of the city, where middle and lower-class families with stable housing were established. In 1930, the urban area covered 6,500 hectares, which increased to 20,900 in 1960 and to 38,296 in 1980. Although growth was mainly concentrated in communities such as Barrancas to the west, Conchalรญ to the north, and La Cisterna and La Granja to the south, the center of the city lost population, leaving more space for commercial, banking, and government development. The upper class, on the other hand, began to settle in the foothills of Las Condes and the La Reina sector. The regulation of growth in Santiago only began in the 1960s with the creation of various development plans for Greater Santiago, a concept that reflected the city's new reality as a much larger urban center. In 1958, the Intercommunal Plan of Santiago was released, which proposed a limit of 38,600 urban and semi-urban hectares for a maximum population of 3,260,000 residents. The plan also included plans for the construction of new avenues, such as the Amรฉrico Vespucio Avenue and Panamericana Route 5, as well as the expansion of 'industrial belts'. The 1962 World Cup provided a new impetus for city improvement efforts, and in 1966, the Santiago Metropolitan Park was established on Cerro San Cristรณbal. The Ministry of Housing and Urbanism (MINVU) also began to eradicate shantytowns and build new homes. Finally, the Edificio Diego Portales was constructed in 1972. In 1967, the new Pudahuel International Airport was opened, and after years of discussion, construction of the Santiago Metro began in 1969. The first phase of the Metro, which ran beneath the western section of Alameda, was opened in 1975 and soon became one of the most prestigious buildings in the city. Over the following years, the Metro continued to expand, with two perpendicular lines in place by the end of 1978. Building telecommunications infrastructure was also an important development of this period, as reflected in the construction of the Torre Entel, which, since its construction in 1975, has become one of the symbols of the capital and remained the tallest structure in the country for two decades. After the military coup of 1973 and the establishment of the military regime, significant changes in urban planning did not occur until the 1980s when the government embraced a neoliberal economic model. In 1979, the master plan was revised, expanding the urban area to over 62,000 hectares for real estate development. This led to urban sprawl, particularly in La Florida, causing the city to reach 40,619 hectares in size in the early 1990s. According to the 1992 census, Santiago became the country's most populous municipality, with 328,881 residents. On March 21, 1981, a fire in the Torre Santa Marรญa killed 11 people. A powerful earthquake struck the city on 3 March 1985, causing minimal casualties but leaving many homeless and destroying numerous historic buildings. With the onset of the transition to democracy in 1990, the city of Santiago surpassed four million inhabitants, with the majority residing in the south, particularly in La Florida, which was the most populous area, followed by Puente Alto and Maipรบ. The real estate development in these municipalities, as well as in others such as Quilicura and Peรฑalolรฉn, was largely driven by the construction of housing projects for middle-class families. Meanwhile, high-income families relocated to the foothills, now commonly referred to as Barrio Alto, boosting the population of Las Condes and giving rise to young communes, including Lo Barnechea and Vitacura, both established in 1981 and 1991, respectively. The area around Providencia Avenue became an important commercial hub in the eastern sector. This development extended to the Barrio Alto, which became an attractive location for the construction of high-rise buildings. Major companies and financial corporations established themselves in the area, giving rise to a thriving modern business center commonly known as Sanhattan. The departure of these companies to Barrio Alto and the construction of shopping centers all around the city created a crisis in the city center. To reinvigorate the area, the government transformed the main shopping streets into pedestrian walkways, as it did in the 1970s, and offered tax benefits for the construction of residential buildings, which attracted young adults. The city faced a series of problems due to disorganized growth. During the winter months, air pollution reached critical levels and a layer of smog blanketed the city. In response, the authorities implemented legislative measures to reduce industrial pollution and placed restrictions on vehicle use. To address the problem of transportation, the metro system underwent significant expansion, with lines being extended and three new lines added between 1997 and 2006 in the southeastern sector. In 2011, a new extension was inaugurated in Maipรบ, bringing the total length of the metropolitan railway to 105 kilometers (65 mi). In the early 1990s, the bus system also underwent a major reform. In 2007, the master plan known as Transantiago was established, although it has faced various challenges since its implementation. Entering the 21st century, rapid development continued in Santiago. The Civic District was revitalized with the creation of the Plaza de la Ciudadanรญa and the construction of the Ciudad Parque Bicentenario, which marked the bicentenary of the Republic. The trend of constructing tall buildings continued in the eastern sector, which was highlighted by the opening of the Titanium La Portada and Gran Torre Santiago skyscrapers in the Costanera Center complex. On 27 February 2010, a powerful earthquake hit the capital city of Santiago, causing damage to some older buildings and rendering some modern structures uninhabitable. This sparked a heated discussion about the actual implementation of mandatory earthquake standards in the city's modern architecture. Despite urban integration efforts, socioeconomic inequality and geosocial fragmentation remain two of the most important problems, both in the city and in the country. These problems have been considered one of the factors that led to the "Estallido Social", a series of massive protests and severe riots carried out between 2019 and 2020. The protests led to a serious civil confrontation, which led to thousands of arrests and accusations of human rights violations. Meanwhile, the demonstrations registered serious episodes of violence against public and private infrastructure, mainly in the surroundings of Plaza Baquedano, with the Santiago Metro being one of the most affected by these episodes: more than half of its stations registered damage (several being partially set on fire) and only eleven months later the network returned to full normal service.[citation needed] Geography The city lies in the center of the Santiago Basin, a large bowl-shaped valley consisting of broad and fertile lands surrounded by mountains. The city has a varying elevation, gradually increasing from 400 meters (1,300 feet) in the western areas to more than 700 m (2,297 ft) in the eastern areas. Santiago's international airport, in the west, lies at an altitude of 474 m (1,555 ft). The historic center, Plaza de Armas, lies at 565 m (1,854 ft). Estadio San Carlos de Apoquindo, at the eastern edge of the city, has an elevation of 960 m (3,150 ft). The Santiago Basin is part of the Intermediate Depression and is remarkably flat, interrupted only by a few "island hills;" among them are Cerro Renca, Cerro Blanco, and Cerro Santa Lucรญa. The basin is approximately 80 kilometers (50 miles) in a northโsouth direction and 35 km (22 mi) from east to west. The Mapocho River flows through the city. The city is flanked by the main chain of the Andes to the east and the Chilean Coastal Range to the west. On the north, it is bordered by the Cordรณn de Chacabuco, a mountain range of the Andes. At the southern border lies the Angostura de Paine, an elongated spur of the Andes that almost reaches the coast. The mountain range immediately bordering the city on the east is known as the Sierra de Ramรณn, which was formed due to tectonic activity of the San Ramรณn Fault. This range reaches 3296 meters at Cerro de Ramรณn. The Sierra de Ramรณn represents the "Precordillera" of the Andes. 20 km (12 mi) further east is the even larger Cordillera of the Andes, which has mountains and volcanoes that exceed 6,000 m (19,690 ft) and on which some glaciers are present. The tallest is the Tupungato mountain at 6,570 m (21,555 ft). Other mountains include Tupungatito, San Josรฉ, and Maipo. Cerro El Plomo is the highest mountain visible from Santiago's urban area. During recent decades, urban growth has outgrown the boundaries of the city, expanding to the east up the slopes of the Andean Precordillera. In areas such as La Dehesa, Lo Curro, and El Arrayan, urban development is present at over 1,000 meters of altitude. The natural vegetation of Santiago is made up of a thorny woodland of Vachellia caven (also known as Acacia caven and espinillo) and Prosopis chilensis in the west and an association of Vachellia caven and Baccharis paniculata in the east around the Andean foothills. Santiago has a cool semi-arid climate (BSk according to the Kรถppen climate classification), with Mediterranean (Csb) patterns, while the eastern areas, being closer to the mountain range, have a true Mediterranean climate (Csb): warm dry summers (October to March) with temperatures reaching up to 35 ยฐC (95 ยฐF) on the hottest days; winters (April to September) are cool with cool to cold mornings; typical daily maximum temperatures of 14 ยฐC (57 ยฐF), and low temperatures near 0 ยฐC (32 ยฐF). In climate station of Quinta Normal (near downtown) the precipitation average is 286.3 mm, and in climate station of Quebrada de Macul between the communes of Peรฑalolรฉn and La Florida (in higher grounds near the Andes mountains) the precipitation average is 438 mm. In the airport area of Pudahuel, mean rainfall is 276.9 millimeters (10.90 inches) per year, about 80% of which occurs during the winter months (May to September), varying between 50 and 80 mm (1.97 and 3.15 in) of rainfall during these months. That amount contrasts with a very sunny season during the summer months between December and March, when rainfall does not exceed 4 mm (0.16 in) on average, caused by an anticyclonic dominance continued for about seven or eight months. There is significant variation within the city, with rainfall at the lower-elevation Pudahuel site near the airport being about 20 percent lower than at the older Quinta Normal site near the city center. Santiago's rainfall is highly variable and heavily influenced by the El Niรฑo Southern Oscillation cycle, with rainy years coinciding with El Niรฑo events and dry years with La Niรฑa events. The wettest year since records began in 1866 was 1900 with 819.7 millimeters (32.27 in) โ part of a "pluvial" from 1898 to 1905 that saw an average of 559.3 millimeters (22.02 in) over eight years incorporating the second wettest year in 1899 with 773.3 millimeters (30.44 in) โ and the driest 1924 with 66.1 millimeters (2.60 in). Typically there are lengthy dry spells even in the rainiest of winters, intercepted with similarly lengthy periods of heavy rainfall. For instance, in 1987, the fourth wettest year on record with 712.1 millimeters (28.04 in), there was only 1.7 millimeters (0.07 in) in the 36 days between 3 June and 8 July, followed by 537.2 millimeters (21.15 in) in the 38 days between 9 July and 15 August. Precipitation is usually only rain, as snowfall only occurs in the Andes and Precordillera, being rare in eastern districts, and extremely rare in the central and western districts of the city. In winter, the snow line is about 2,100 meters (6,890 ft), and it ranges from 1,500โ2,900 meters (4,921โ9,514 ft). The city is affected only occasionally by snowfall. The period between 2000 and 2017 has been registered 9 snowfalls and only two have been measured in the central Santiago (2007 and 2017). The amount of snow registered in Santiago on 15 July 2017 ranged between 3.0 cm in Quinta Normal and 10.0 cm in La Reina (Tobalaba). Temperatures vary throughout the year from an average of 20 ยฐC (68 ยฐF) in January to 8 ยฐC (46 ยฐF) in June and July. In the summer days are very warm to hot, often reaching over 30 ยฐC (86 ยฐF) and a record high close to 38 ยฐC (100 ยฐF), while nights are very pleasant and cool, at 11 ยฐC (52 ยฐF). During autumn and winter the temperature drops, and is slightly lower than 10 ยฐC (50 ยฐF). The temperature may even drop to 0 ยฐC (32 ยฐF), especially during the morning. The historic low of โ6.8 ยฐC (20 ยฐF) was in July 1976. Santiago's location within a watershed is one of the most important factors determining the climate of the city. The coastal mountain range serves as a screen that stops the spread of maritime influence, contributing to the increase in annual and daily thermal oscillation (the difference between the maximum and minimum daily temperatures can reach 14 ยฐC) and maintaining low relative humidity, close to an annual average of 70%. It also prevents the entry of air masses, with the exception of some coastal low clouds that penetrate to the basin through the river valleys. Prevailing winds are from the southwest, with an average of 15 km/h (9 mph), especially during the summer; the winter is less windy. Santiago is located on the Pacific Ring of Fire, where two tectonic plates, the Nazca and South American Plates, collide. This results in a high frequency of earthquakes. The first recorded earthquake to hit Santiago was in 1575, just 34 years after its founding. The most devastating earthquake in the city's history took place in 1647, inspiring the novel The Earthquake In Chile by Heinrich von Kleist. In response to the destructive earthquakes of 1960 (Valdivia) and 1985 (Algarrobo), Santiago implemented strict building codes to minimize damage from future earthquakes. In 2010, Chile was hit by the sixth largest recorded earthquake with a magnitude of 8.8 on the moment magnitude scale. The earthquake caused the death of 525 people, 13 of whom were in Santiago, and resulted in an estimated cost of 15โ30 billion US dollars. Although many homes were damaged, the stricter building codes prevented the scale of destruction seen in the Haiti earthquake of the same year, in which over 100,000 people lost their lives. While large earthquakes pose a threat, smaller earthquakes from local faults in and around Santiago are also a significant risk. In particular, the San Ramรณn and El Arrayรกn faults in the east and north of the city are considered to be particularly dangerous. The eastern neighborhoods of Santiago are also susceptible to landslides, especially of the debris flow type, which pose a significant hazard to the area. Environmental issues Santiago has a serious air pollution problem. Despite a decrease in air pollution in the 1990s, the level of pollution has not significantly improved since 2000. In fact, a study conducted by a Chilean university in 2010 showed that the pollution levels in Santiago had doubled since 2002. Particulate matter air pollution, specifically PM2.5 and PM10, frequently exceeds the standards set by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization, posing a significant threat to public health. One of the major sources of air pollution in Santiago is the El Teniente copper mine smelter, which operates year-round. The government typically does not classify it as a local pollution source, as it is located just outside the reporting area of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, 110 kilometers from downtown. During the winter months, thermal inversion can trap and concentrate smog and air pollution in the Central Valley. However, Santiago has made significant progress in wastewater treatment, with the Mapocho Wastewater Treatment Plant beginning operations in 2012. This development increased the cityโs wastewater treatment capacity to 100%, making Santiago the first capital city in Latin America to achieve full coverage of potable water, sewerage, and municipal wastewater treatment. Demographics According to data collected in the 2002 census by the National Institute of Statistics, the Santiago metropolitan area population reached 5,428,590 inhabitants, equivalent to 35.9% of the national total and 89.6% of total regional inhabitants. This figure reflects broad growth in the population of the city during the 20th century: it had 383,587 inhabitants in 1907; 1,010,102 in 1940; 2,009,118 in 1960; 3,899,619 in 1982; and 4,729,118 in 1992. (percentage of total population, 2007) The growth of Santiago has undergone several changes over the course of its history. In its early years, the city had a rate of growth 2.9% annually until the 17th century, then down to less than 2% per year until the early 20th century figures. During the 20th century, Santiago experienced a demographic explosion as it absorbed migration from mining camps in northern Chile during the economic crisis of the 1930s. The population surged again via migration from rural sectors between 1940 and 1960. This migration was coupled with high fertility rates, and annual growth reached 4.9% between 1952 and 1960. Growth has declined, reaching 1.4% in the early 2000s. The size of the city expanded constantly; The 20,000 hectares Santiago covered in 1960 doubled by 1980, reaching 64,140 hectares in 2002. The population density in Santiago is 8,464 inhabitants/km2.[citation needed] The population of Santiago has seen a steady increase in recent years. In 1990 the total population under 20 years was 38.0% and 8.9% were over 60. Estimates in 2007 show that 32.9% of men and 30.7% of women were less than 20 years old, while 10.2% of men and 13.4% of women were over 60 years. For the year 2020, it is estimated that the figures will be 26.7% and 16.8%. 4,313,719 people in Chile say they were born in one of the communes of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which, according to the 2002 census, amounts to 28.5% of the national total. 67.6% of the inhabitants of Santiago claim to have been born in one of the communes of the metropolitan area. In communes such as Santiago Centro and Independencia, according to 2017 census, 1/3 of residents is a Latin American immigrant (28% and 31% of the population of these communes, respectively). Other communes of Greater Santiago with high numbers of immigrants are Estaciรณn Central (17%) and Recoleta (16%). Economy Santiago is the industrial and financial center of Chile, and generates 45% of the country's GDP. Some international institutions, such as ECLAC (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean), have their offices in Santiago. The strong economy and low government debt is attracting migrants from Europe and the United States. Santiago's steady economic growth over the past few decades has transformed it into a modern metropolis. The city is now home to a growing theater and restaurant scene, extensive suburban development, dozens of shopping centers, and a rising skyline, including the second tallest building in Latin America, the Gran Torre Santiago. It includes several major universities, and has developed a modern transportation infrastructure, including a free flow toll-based, partly underground urban freeway system and the Metro de Santiago, South America's most extensive subway system. Santiago is an economically divided city (Gini coefficient of 0.47). The western half (zona poniente) of the city is, on average, much poorer than the eastern communes, where the high-standard public and private facilities are concentrated. The Costanera Center, a mega project in Santiago's Financial District, includes a 280,000-square-meter (3,000,000 sq ft) mall, a 300-meter (980 ft) tower, two office towers of 170 meters (558 ft) each, and a hotel 105 meters (344 ft) tall. In January 2009 the retailer in charge, Cencosud, said in a statement that the construction of the mega-mall would gradually be reduced until financial uncertainty is cleared. In January 2010, Cencosud announced the restart of the project, and this was taken generally as a symbol of the country's success despite the Great Recession. Close to Costanera Center another skyscraper is already in use, Titanium La Portada, 190 meters (623 ft) tall. Although these are the two biggest projects, there are many other office buildings under construction in Santiago, as well as hundreds of high rise residential buildings. In February 2011, Gran Torre Santiago, part of the Costanera Center project, located in the called Sanhattan district, reached the 300-meter mark, officially becoming the tallest structure in Latin America. Santiago is Chile's retail capital. Falabella, Paris, Johnson, Ripley, La Polar, and several other department stores dot the mall landscape of Chile. The east side neighborhoods like Vitacura, La Dehesa, and Las Condes are home to Santiago's Alonso de Cordova street, and malls like Parque Arauco, Alto Las Condes, Mall Plaza and Costanera Center are known for their luxurious shopping. Alonso de Cordova, Santiago's equivalent to Rodeo Drive or Rua Oscar Freire in Sรฃo Paulo, has exclusive stores like Louis Vuitton, Hermรจs, Emporio Armani, Salvatore Ferragamo, Ermenegildo Zegna, Swarovski, MaxMara, Longchamp, and others. Alonso de Cordova also houses some of Santiago's most famous restaurants, art galleries, wine showrooms and furniture stores. The Costanera Center has stores like Armani Exchange, Banana Republic, Faรงonnable, Hugo Boss, Swarovski, and Zara. There are plans for a Saks Fifth Avenue in Santiago. Several mercados in the city such as the Mercado Central de Santiago sell local goods. Barrio Bellavista and Barrio Lastarria have some of the most exclusive night clubs, chic cafรฉs and restaurants. Transportation Arturo Merino Benรญtez International Airport (IATA: SCL) is Santiago's national and international airport and the principal hub of LATAM Airlines, Sky Airline, Aerocardal and JetSmart. The airport is located in the western commune of Pudahuel. The largest airport in Chile, it is ranked sixth in passenger traffic among Latin American airports, with 14,168,282 passengers served in 2012 โ a 17% increase over 2011. It is located 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city center. Peldehue airport in Colina began operations on 13 December 2021. It will be able to service up to 25 flights each hour. Santiago is also served by Eulogio Sรกnchez Airport (ICAO: SCTB), a small, privately owned general aviation airport in the commune of La Reina. Trains operated by Chile's national railway company, Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado (EFE), connect Santiago to several cities in the south-central part of the country: Rancagua, San Fernando, Talca (connected to the coastal city of Constituciรณn by a different train service), Linares and Chillรกn. All such trains arrive and depart from the Estaciรณn Central railway station (Central Station), which can be accessed by bus or subway. The proposed SantiagoโValparaรญso railway line would connect Santiago with Valparaรญso in 45 minutes, and expansions of the commuter rail network to Melipilla and Batuco are under discussion. Bus companies provide passenger transportation from Santiago to most areas of the country as well as to foreign destinations, while some also provide parcel shipping and delivery services. There are several bus terminals in Santiago: A network of free flow toll highways connects the various areas of the city. They include the Vespucio Norte and Vespucio Sur highways, which surround the city completing a nearly full circle; Autopista Central, the section of the Pan American highway crossing the city from north to south, divided in two highways 3 km (1.9 mi) apart; and the Costanera Norte, running next to the Mapocho River and connecting the international airport with the downtown and with the wealthier areas of the city to the east, where it divides into two highways. Other free flow toll roads connecting Santiago to other cities, include: Rutas del Pacรญfico (Ruta 68), the continuation of the Alameda Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Avenue to the west, provides direct access to Valparaรญso and Viรฑa del Mar; Autopista del Sol (Ruta 78), connects Melipilla and the port of San Antonio with the capital; Autopista Ruta del Maipo (a.k.a. "Acceso Sur") is an alternative to the Pan American highway to access the various localities south of Santiago; Autopista Los Libertadores provides access to the main border crossing to Argentina, via Colina and Los Andes; and Autopista Nororiente, which provides access to the suburban development known as Chicureo, north of the capital. Santiago has 37% of Chile's vehicles, totaling 991,838, of which 979,346 are motorized. An extensive network of streets and avenues crisscrosses Santiago, facilitating travel between the different communities that make up the metropolitan area. In the 1990s, the government attempted to reorganize the public transportation system. New routes were introduced in 1994, and the buses were painted yellow. However, the system faced significant issues such as route overlaps, high levels of air and noise pollution, and safety concerns for both riders and drivers. To address these problems, a new transportation system called Transantiago was devised. It was officially launched on February 10, 2007, combining core services across the city with the subway and local feeder routes, all under a unified payment system using a contactless smartcard called Tarjeta bip! The change was not well received by users, who complained of a lack of buses, excessive transfers between buses, and reduced coverage. While some of these issues were eventually addressed, the system developed a poor reputation that it struggled to overcome. As of 2011, fare evasion remained persistently high. In 2019, the government rebranded the public transportation system as RED, aiming to distance it from the problematic Transantiago brand. Santiago Metro has seven operating lines (1, 2, 3, 4, 4A, 5 and 6), extending over 149 km (93 mi) and connecting 143 stations. The system carries around 2,400,000 passengers per day. Two underground lines (Line 4 and 4A) and an extension of Line 2 were inaugurated in 2005 and 2006, while an extension of Line 5 was inaugurated in 2011. Line 6 was inaugurated in 2017, adding 10 stations to the network and approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) of track. Line 3 opened on 22 January 2019, with 18 new stations. EFE provides suburban rail service under the brandname of Metrotren. There are 2 southbound routes. The most popular is the Metrotren Nos service, between the Central Station of Santiago and Nos station, in San Bernardo. This line, inaugurated in 2017, serves 8 million people per year, with 12 trains serving 10 stations with a frequency of 6 minutes during rush hours, and 12 during the rest of the time. The other route is the Metrotren Rancagua service, between the Central Station of Santiago and the Rancagua station, connecting Santiago with the regional capital of O'Higgins. Red (formerly known as Transantiago) is the name of Santiago's comprehensive public transportation system. It operates by integrating local feeder bus lines, main bus lines, EFE commuter trains, and the metro network. The system features an integrated fare system that enables passengers to make transfers between bus, metro, and train services using a single, contactless smartcard known as "Bip!". Additionally, it offers reduced fares for senior citizens, high school students, and university students. Taxicabs are prevalent in Santiago and are easily recognizable by their black bodies and yellow roofs, as well as their orange license plates. Another type of taxi called radiotaxis can be ordered by phone and can come in any make, model, or color, but must always have the orange license plates. Colectivos are shared taxis that follow a specific route and charge a fixed fee for the ride. Cabify, Uber and DiDi are also available in Santiago, though authorities warn they currently operate outside the law. The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Santiago - to and from work, for example - on a weekday is 53 min. Just 4,3% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit (considering transfers) is 14 min, while 17,4% of riders wait less than 5 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.03 km, while 18% travel for over 12 km in a single direction. Between 2012 and 2023, cycling in Santiago shifted from a marginal to a consolidated mode of urban transport. According to mobility surveys, the share of trips made by bicycle increased from around 4 % in 2012 to approximately 7.8 % by 2023, overpassing cities such as London, equivalent to about 1.5 million daily trips. This growth coincided with a sustained expansion of cycling infrastructure, particularly after 2015, when national and metropolitan programs accelerated the construction of bike lanes. By 2025, Santiago had the largest cycling networks in Latin America, although its continuity and design quality still vary significantly between communes. Dedicated bike lanes have reduced conflicts with motor traffic and pedestrians, yet many cyclists continue to ride in mixed traffic where the network remains fragmented. Helmet and light use are mandatory in Chile. As of 2006, Santiago was home to 992,000 vehicles, 979,000 of which were motorized. This made up 37.3% of Chile's total vehicle count. 805,000 cars passed through the city, which is 37.6% of the national total[clarification needed] or one car for every seven people. The main road is the Avenida Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, better known as Alameda Avenue, which runs northeast and southwest. From north to south, it is crossed by Autopista Central and the Independencia, Gran Avenida, Recoleta, Santa Rosa, Vicuรฑa Mackenna and Tobalaba avenues. Other major roads include the Avenida Los Pajaritos to the west and Providencia Avenue and Apoquindo Avenue to the east. Finally, the Amรฉrico Vespucio Avenue acts as a ring road. During the 2000s, several urban highways were built through Santiago in order to improve the situation for vehicles. The road General Velรกsquez and sections of the Pan-American Highway in Santiago were converted into the Autopista Central, while Amรฉrico Vespucio became variously the highways Vespucio Norte Express and Vespucio Sur, as well as Vespucio Oriente in the future. Following the edge of the Mapocho River, Costanera Norte was built to link the northeast of the capital to the airport and the downtown area. All these highways, totaling 210 km in length, have a free flow toll system. Administrative divisions Greater Santiago lacks a metropolitan government for its administration, which is distributed between authorities, complicating the operation of the city as a single entity. The highest authorities in Santiago are considered to be the governor of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, who is popularly elected to the office, now held by Claudio Orrego, and the regional presidential delegate of Santiago Metropolitan Region, an official appointed by the president of Chile. The conurbation of Greater Santiago does not fit perfectly into any administrative division, as it extends into four different provinces and 35 communes plus 11 satellite communes which together make the Santiago Metropolitan Area. The majority of its 641.4 km2 (247.65 sq mi) (as of 2002) lie within Santiago Province, with some peripheral areas contained in the provinces of Cordillera, Maipo, and Talagante. Although there is no official consensus in this regard, the communes of the city are usually grouped into seven sectors: north, center, northeast, southeast, south, southeast and southwest. Culture Only a few historical buildings from the Spanish colonial period remain in the city, because โ like the rest of the country โ Santiago is regularly hit by earthquakes. Extant buildings include the Casa Colorada (1769), the San Francisco Church (1586), and Posada del Corregidor (1750). The cathedral on the central square (Plaza de Armas) is a sight that ranks as high as the Palacio de La Moneda, the Presidential Palace. The original building was built between 1784 and 1805, and architect Joaquรญn Toesca was in charge of its construction. Other buildings surrounding the Plaza de Armas are the Central Post Office Building, which was finished in 1882, and the Palacio de la Real Audiencia de Santiago, built between 1804 and 1807. It houses the Chilean National History Museum, with 12,000 objects that can be exhibited. On the southeast corner of the square stands the green cast-iron Commercial Edwards building, which was built in 1893. East of that is the colonial building of the Casa Colorada (1769), which houses the Museum of Santiago. Close by is the Municipal Theater of Santiago, which was built in 1857 by the French architect Brunet of Edward Baines. It was badly damaged by an earthquake in 1906. Not far from the theater is the Subercaseaux Mansion and the National Library, one of the largest libraries of South America. The Former National Congress Building, the Justice Palace, and the Royal Customs Palace (Palacio de la Real Aduana de Santiago) are located close to each other. The latter houses the Museum of pre-Columbian art. A fire destroyed the building of the Congress in 1895, which was then rebuilt in a neoclassical style and reopened in 1901. The Congress was deposed under the military dictatorship (1973โ89) of Augusto Pinochet, and after the dictatorship was newly constituted on 11 March 1990, in Valparaรญso. The building of the Justice Palace (Palacio de Tribunales) is located on the south side of the Montt Square. It was designed by the architect Emilio Doyรฉre and built between 1907 and 1926. The building is home to the Supreme Court of Chile. The panel of 21 judges is the highest judicial power in Chile. The building is also the headquarters of the Court of Appeals of Santiago. Bandera street leads toward the building of the Santiago Stock Exchange (the Bolsa de Comercio), completed in 1917, the Club de la Uniรณn (opened in 1925), the Universidad de Chile (1872), and toward the oldest churchhouse in the city, the San Francisco Church (constructed between 1586 and 1628), with its Marian statue of the Virgen del Socorro ("Our Lady of Help"), which was brought to Chile by Pedro de Valdivia. North of the Plaza de Armas ("Square of Arms", where the colonial militia was mustered) are the Paseo Puente, the Santo Domingo Church (1771), and the Central Market (Mercado Central), an ornamental iron building. Also in downtown Santiago is the Torre Entel, a 127.4-meter-high television tower with observation deck completed in 1974; the tower serves as a communication center for the communications company, ENTEL Chile. The Costanera Center was completed in 2009, and includes housing, shopping, and entertainment venues. The project, with a total area of 600,000 square meters, includes the 300-meter high Gran Torre Santiago (South America's tallest building) and other commercial buildings. The four office towers are served by highway and subway connections. Within the metropolitan area of Santiago, there are 174 heritage sites in the custody of the National Monuments Council, among which are archeological, architectural and historical monuments, neighborhoods and typical areas. Of these, 93 are located within the commune of Santiago, considered the historic center of the city. Although no santiaguino monument has been declared a World Heritage Site by Unesco three have already been proposed by the Chilean government: the Incan sanctuary of El Plomo, the church and convent of San Francisco and the palace of La Moneda. In the center of Santiago are several buildings built during the Spanish domination and that mostly correspond to, as the Metropolitan Cathedral and the aforementioned church of San Francisco Catholic churches. Buildings of the period are those located on the sides of Plaza de Armas, as the seat of Real Audiencia, the Post Office or the Casa Colorada. During the nineteenth century and the advent of independence, new architectural works began to be erected in the capital of the young republic. The aristocracy built small palaces for residential use, mainly around the neighborhood Republica and preserved until today. To this other structures adopted artistic trends from Europe, as the Equestrian Club of Santiago, the head offices of the University of Chile and the Catholic University, Central Station and the Mapocho Station, Mercado Central, join the National Library, Museum of Fine Arts and the Barrio Parรญs-Londres, among others. Various green areas in the city contain within and around various sites of heritage character. Among the most important are the fortifications of Santa Lucia hill, the shrine of the Virgin Mary on the summit of San Cristobal hill, the lavish crypt of the General Cemetery, Parque Forestal, the O'Higgins Park and the Quinta Normal Park. In Santiago's major theater companies are located, hosting several national and international projects, with the highest expression during the International Theater Festival known as Santiago a Mil, which takes place every January since 1994 and has gathered more than one million spectators. Also is the Planetarium at the University of Santiago de Chile. To carry out various cultural, artistic and musical events, there are several precincts within which highlight the Mapocho Cultural Center, 100 Matucana Cultural Center, the Gabriela Mistral Cultural Center, Centro Cultural Palacio de La Moneda, the Movistar Arena and the Caupolican Theater. On the other hand, the opera and ballet performances are permanently accepted by the Municipal Theater of Santiago, located in the heart of the city and which has a capacity of 1500 spectators. There are 18 cinemas in the capital with a total of 144 rooms and over 32,000 seats, the projection centers than 5 arthouse add. For children and teenagers, there are several entertainment venues, such as amusement park Fantasilandia, the National Zoo or the Buin Zoo on the outskirts of the city. The Bellavista, Brasil, Manuel Montt, Plaza รuรฑoa and Suecia account for most of the nightclubs, restaurants and bars in the city, the main evening entertainment centers in the capital. In order to promote the economic development of other regions, the law prohibits the construction of a casino in the metropolitan region, but nearby are the casino from the coastal city of Vina del Mar, 120 km from distance from Santiago, and Monticello Grand Casino in Mostazal, 56 kilometers south of Santiago, which opened in 2008. Santiago has a wealth of museums of different kinds, among which are three of 'National' class administered by the Directorate of Libraries, Archives and Museums (DIBAM): the National History Museum, National Museum of Fine Arts and the National Museum of Natural History. Most of the museums are located in the historic city center, occupying the old buildings of colonial origin, such as with the National History Museum, which is located in the Palacio de la Real Audiencia. La Casa Colorada houses the Museum of Santiago, while the Colonial Museum is housed in a wing of the Church of San Francisco and the Museum of Pre-Columbian Art occupies part of the old Palacio de la Aduana. The Museum of Fine Arts, though it is located in the city center, was built in the early twentieth century, especially for housing the museum and in the back of the building was laid in 1947, the Museum of Contemporary Art, under the Faculty of Arts of the University of Chile. Quinta Normal Park also has several museums, among which are the already mentioned Natural History, Artequin Museum, the Museum of Science and Technology, and the Santiago Railway Museum. In 2010, the Museum of Memory and Human Rights was inaugurated, which commemorates the victims of human rights violations committed during the country's military dictatorship. In other parts of the city there are some museums such as the Aeronautical Museum in Cerrillos, Museum of Tajamares in Providence and the Museo Interactivo Mirador in La Granja. The latter opened in 2000 and designed mainly for children and youth has been visited by more than 2.8 million visitors, making it the busiest museum in the country. The most important public library is the National Library located in downtown Santiago. Its origins date back to 1813, when it was created by the nascent Republic and was moved to its current premises a century later, also home to the headquarters of the National Archives. In order to provide more closeness to the population, incorporating new technologies and complement the services provided by public libraries and the National Library was opened in 2005 the Library of Santiago at Barrio Matucana. Santiago has two symphony orchestras: There are a number of jazz establishments, some of them, including "El Perseguidor", "Thelonious", and "Le Fournil Jazz Club", are located in Bellavista, one of Santiago's "hippest" neighborhoods, though "Club de Jazz de Santiago", the oldest and most traditional one, is in รuรฑoa. Annual festivals featured in Santiago include Lollapalooza and the Maquinaria festival. The most widely circulated newspapers in Chile are published by El Mercurio and Copesa and have earned more than the 91% of revenues generated in printed advertizing in Chile. Some newspapers available in Santiago are: Santiago is home to the major Chilean television networks including the public broadcaster TVN and the privately held Canal 13, Chilevisiรณn, La Red and Mega. In addition, the radio stations ADN Radio Chile, Radio Agricultura, Radio Concierto, Radio Cooperativa, Radio Pudahuel and Radio Rock & Pop are located in the city. Santiago is home to some of Chile's most successful soccer clubs. Colo-Colo, founded on 19 April 1925, has a long tradition, and has played continuously in the highest league since the establishment of the first Chilean league in 1933. The club's wins include 30 national titles, 10 Copa Chile successes, and champions of the Copa Libertadores tournament in 1991, the only Chilean team to have won this tournament. The club hosts its home games in the Estadio Monumental in the commune of Macul. Universidad de Chile has 18 national titles and 5 Copa Chile wins. In 2011 they were champions of Copa Sudamericana, the only Chilean team to have won this tournament. The club was founded on 24 May 1927, under the name Club Deportivo Universitario as a union of Club Nรกutico and Federaciรณn Universitaria. The founders were students of the University of Chile. In 1980, the organization separated from the University of Chile and the club is now completely independent. The team plays its home games in the Estadio Nacional de Chile in the commune of รuรฑoa. Club Deportivo Universidad Catรณlica (UC) was founded on 21 April 1937. It consists of fourteen different departments. This team plays its home games in Estadio San Carlos de Apoquindo. Universidad Catรณlica has 13 national titles, making it the third most successful soccer club in the country. It has played the Copa Libertadores more than 20 times, reaching the final in 1993, losing to Sรฃo Paulo FC. Several other soccer clubs are based in Santiago, including Uniรณn Espaรฑola, Audax Italiano, Palestino, Santiago Morning, Magallanes and Barnechea. Other sports, mainly tennis and basketball, are also popular. The Club Hรญpico de Santiago and the Hipรณdromo Chile are the two horseracing tracks in the city. Santiago hosted the final stages of the official 1959 Basketball World Cup, where Chile won the bronze medal. The city held a round of the all-electric FIA Formula E Championship on 3 February 2018, on a temporary street circuit incorporating the Plaza Baquedano and Parque Forestal. It was the first FIA sanctioned race in the country. The 2023 Pan American Games were held in Santiago. The 2027 Special Olympics World Summer Games will be held in Santiago. This will mark the first time that a Spanish speaking country, the southern hemisphere and Latin America has ever hosted the Special Olympics World Games. There is an extensive network of bicycle trails in the city, especially in the Providencia commune. The longest section is the Americo Vespuccio road, which contains a very wide dirt path with many trees through the center of a street used by motorists on both sides. The next longest path is along the Mapocho River along Andrรฉs Bello Avenue. Many people use folding bicycles to commute to work. The city's main parks are: There are ski resorts to the east of the city (Valle Nevado, La Parva, El Colorado) and wineries in the plains west of the city. Cultural venues include: The main sports venues are Estadio Nacional (site of the 1962 World Cup final), Estadio Monumental David Arellano, Estadio Santa Laura, and Estadio San Carlos de Apoquindo. As in most of Chile, the majority of the population of Santiago is Catholic. According to the National Census, carried out in 2002 by the National Statistics Bureau (INE), in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, 3,129,249 people 15 and older identified themselves as Catholics, equivalent to 68.7% of the total population, while 595,173 (13.1%) described themselves as Evangelical Protestants. Around 1.2% of the population declared themselves as being Jehovah's Witnesses, while 2.0% identified themselves as Latter-day Saints (Mormons), 0.3% as Jewish, 0.1% as Eastern Orthodox and 0.1% as Muslim. Approximately 10.4% of the population of the Metropolitan Region stated that they were atheist or agnostic, while 5.4% declared that they followed other religions. In 2010 construction was initiated on the Santiago Bahรก'รญ Temple, serving as the Bahรกสผรญ House of Worship for South America, in the commune of Peรฑalolen. Construction at the site was completed and the temple was dedicated in October 2016. Education The city is home to numerous universities, colleges, research institutions, and libraries. The largest university and one of the oldest in the Americas is Universidad de Chile. The roots of the university date back to the year 1622, as on 19 August the first university in Chile under the name of Santo Tomรกs de Aquino was founded. On 28 July 1738, it was named the Real Universidad de San Felipe in honor of King Philip V of Spain. In the vernacular, it is also known as Casa de Bello (Spanish: House of Bello โ after their first Rector, Andrรฉs Bello). On 17 April 1839, after Chile's independence from the Kingdom of Spain, it was renamed the Universidad de Chile, and reopened on 17 September 1843. The Pontificia Universidad Catรณlica de Chile (PUC) was founded in June 1888 and was ranked as the best school in Latin America in 2014. On 11 February 1930 it was declared a university by a decree of Pope Pius XI. It received recognition by the Chilean government as an appointed Pontifical University in 1931. Joaquรญn Larraรญn Gandarillas (1822โ1897), Archbishop of Santiago, was the founder and first rector of the PUC. The PUC is a modern university; the campus of San Joaquin has a number of contemporary buildings and offers many parks and sports facilities. Several courses are conducted in English. Ex-president, Sebastiรกn Piรฑera, minister Ricardo Raineri, and minister Hernรกn de Solminihac all attended PUC as students and worked in PUC as professors. In the 2010 admission process, approximately 48% of the students who achieved the best score in the Prueba de Selecciรณn Universitaria matriculated in the UC. International relations Santiago is home to a number of international relations institutions, such as the Regional Unit for International Affairs (URAI) of the Metropolitan Regional Government of Santiago, responsible for analyzing and managing the Santiago Metropolitan Regionโs bilateral and multilateral relations with Latin America and the rest of the world; the International Cooperation Commission of the Metropolitan Regional Council of Santiago; the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chile; the National Migration Service; the National Headquarters for Migration and International Police of the Investigations Police of Chile; the General Directorate for Export Promotion; the Chilean Agency for International Cooperation for Development; the International Relations Unit of the Municipality of Peรฑalolรฉn; and municipal migration offices in 32 communes of the Santiago Metropolitan Area. Santiago serves as the national and Latin American regional headquarters for several international organizations, such as the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, and CAF โ Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean. In the field of international relations and higher education, the main actors in Santiago are the Office of the Vice President for International Affairs of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, the Office of International Relations of the University of Chile, the Department of International and Interuniversity Relations of the University of Santiago, Chile, the Office of International Relations of the Adolfo Ibรกรฑez University, the Vice-Rectorโs Office for International Affairs of the Andrรฉs Bello University, the Directorate of Globalization of the University of Development, and the General Directorate of International Relations of the Diego Portales University. Santiago also hosts higher education and research institutions specializing in International Relations, such as the Institute of International Studies of the University of Chile, the Institute for Advanced Studies of the University of Santiago, Chile, the Diplomatic Academy of Chile โAndrรฉs Belloโ (ACADE), and the National Academy of Political and Strategic Studies (ANEPE). Santiago is twinned with: Santiago is part of the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities from 12 October 1982.[citation needed] See also References Bibliography External links |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9tion-Ville] | [TOKENS: 1055] |
Contents Pรฉtion-Ville Pรฉtion-Ville (French pronunciation: [petjษฬ vil]; Haitian Creole: Petyonvil) is a commune and a suburb of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, in the hills east and separate from the city itself on the northern hills of the Massif de la Selle. Founded in 1831 by president Jean-Pierre Boyer, it was named after Alexandre Sabรจs Pรฉtion (1770โ1818), the Haitian general and president later recognized as one of the country's four founding fathers. The district is primarily a residential and touristic area. It had a population of 283,052 at the 2003 Census, which was officially estimated to have reached 376,834 in 2015. Many diplomats, foreign merchants and wealthy people who engage in business reside in Pรฉtion-Ville. Despite the distance from the capital and the general affluence of the district, the lack of administrative enforcement has led to the formation of shantytowns on the outer edges of the district, as poor locals migrate upward and have settled there in search of job opportunities. On 28 or 29 August 2020, Haitian Lawyer Monferrier Dorval was assassinated in front of his home. On 7 July 2021, Haitian president Jovenel Moรฏse was assassinated at his private residence. 2010 earthquake On 12 January 2010, around 4:53 pm, a 7.0 earthquake struck the Pรฉtion-Ville area. The earthquake caused the collapse of a hospital in the city. The 7.0-magnitude earthquake destroyed many buildings in Port-au-Prince, and a lot of homes in the Montana area, including the Hรดtel Montana. The Club de Pรฉtion-Ville golf course was converted into a tent city by the US Army and housed 50,000 to 80,000 Haitians in 2010. Its tennis courts hosted elements of the US 82nd Airborne division. The club was built in the 1930s and had around 300 members at the time. The golf clubhouse was turned into a field hospital. In early February 2010, the Israeli-based humanitarian organization, IsraAid, opened a child education center in the Pรฉtion-Ville tent city, in conjunction with other agencies, such as Operation Blessing. The center was set up initially in the tents from the Israel Defense Forces' field hospital. The "Muncheez" pizza restaurant was turned into a community soup kitchen. It served approximately 1,000 free meals a day. Before the quake, the restaurant chain was a place where few even in Pรฉtion-Ville could afford to eat. After the quake, owners realized that the food stored at the three restaurants would spoil before it would get back into business and decided to give it all away. Although still living in the streets, the cooks still came to cook for the masses. Owners distributed blue bracelets throughout Pรฉtion-Ville, one bracelet for one meal. They selected one of the outlets to become the soup kitchen and moved all 105 employees to that site to cook. When food ran out after two days, the Hรดtel Montana donated what could be salvaged from their freezers. When they began running out of fuel, cooking oil and food, a convoy from relatives of the owners in the Dominican Republic arrived, funded by donations with more food and fuel. USAID supplied fuel, cooking oil and food to cook, and World Vision supplied bulgur and lentils. Electricity was restored to some sectors at the beginning of February and to most of the rest of the city later. 2021 assassination of Jovenel Moรฏse On 7 July 2021, then-President of Haiti Jovenel Moรฏse was assassinated by a group of 28 gunmen while sleeping in his private residence located in Pรฉtion-Ville. Facilities The Club de Pรฉtion-Ville country club was built in the 1930s and has Haiti's only golf course, a nine-hole course. It also contains tennis courts and a swimming pool. The Club de Pรฉtion-Ville is not in the suburb of Pรฉtion-Ville, but is actually in Bourdon.[citation needed] The El Rancho Hotel & Casino is in Pรฉtion-Ville. It was built from the private estate of Albert Silvera, a sports and luxury car collector who was one of the pioneers of Haiti's hotel industry. In the neighborhood of Juvenat, the Hotel Karibe is a 174-room hotel with a spa, restaurant and conference center. In 2014, it hosted the Miss Haiti pageant. Cabane Choucoune is a cabaret and thatch-roofed club. It was built on 1940 by Max Ewald. It is known as one of the best mรฉringue dance clubs. It has featured Haitian artists such as Nemours Jean-Baptiste as well as international entertainers. Education Union School Haiti is in Pรฉtion-Ville. Notable people See also References External links |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Central_Library?action=edit&redlink=1] | [TOKENS: 585] |
ืืฆืืจืช ืืืฃ "National Central Library" ืืืฆืืจืช ืืฃ ืืืฉ, ืืชืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืฉืืื ืืชืืืช ืืืงืกื ืืืื (ืืขืืจื ื ืืกืคืช). ืื ืืืขืชื ืืืฃ ืื ืืืขืืช, ืืืชืื ืฉืชืจืฆื ืืืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืคืชืืจ Back ืืืคืืคื. ืืคื ื ืคืจืกืื ืขืจื ืืืฉ: ืืืจื ืคืจืกืื ืขืจื: ืืืืชืืื ืืืฉืื: ืขืจื ืืืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืืืื ืืคืืืช ืืื ืืฉืคืืื, ืืฉืืืฉืคื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืจื ืฉื ื ืืฉื ืืขืจื. ืืืงืืคืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื, ืืืฆืืคืืื ืืื ืฉืืขืจืืื ืืืืื ืืคืืืช ืงืฆืช ืืขืืจ ืืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืช. ืขืจื ืงืฆืจ ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืืืง, ืืืคืืื ืืืืืฅ ืืืฉืงืืข ืืืชืืืช ืคืกืงื ืื ืฉืชืืื ืืคืืืช. ืกืืื ื ืคืืกืืง: ึพ โ โ โฆ ืงืื ืืืงื: โข ยท [] [[]] () {{}} {{{}}} ืชืืืื ืืชืืืืื: ~ | ยฐ ยฑ โ ร ยฒ ยณ + ืชืืืื ืขืืจืืื: ืึผ ืึน ืึผ ืึท ืึธ ืึถ ืึต ืึด ืึณ ืึฒ ืึฑ ืึฐ ืึป ืฉื ืฉื ืชื ืืืืื ืืืช |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืกืคืจืืื_ืืืืืืืช_ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช_ืืืืืจื] | [TOKENS: 508] |
ืชืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืกืคืจืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืกืคืจืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืืืืืจื (ืืงืจืืืืืช: Nacionalna i sveuฤiliลกna knjiลพnica u Zagrebu) ืืื ืืกืคืจืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืงืจืืืืื ืืืกืคืจืืื ืืืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืจื. ืืกืคืจืืื ื ืืกืื ืืฉื ืช 1607 ืืืืจืชื ืืขืืงืจืืช ืืืืชื ืืคืชื ืืืฉืืจ ืืช ืืืืจืฉืช ืืืชืืื ืืงืจืืืืืช, ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืกืฃ ืืชืื ืื ืืกืคืจื ืขืชืืงืื, ืืจืืืื ืืืืืงืื, ืืฆืืจืืช ืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืงืจืืืืื. ืืื ืฉืืจืืชื ืืกืคืจืืื ืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืกืคืจืืืชืืืช ืืชืขืจืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช. ืืื 1995 ืืื ื ืืฆืืช ืืืฉืื ื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืฆืืจืช ืงืืืืื ืืืืืงื ืืืจืื ืืืจื. ืงืืฉืืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืื |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_power_line] | [TOKENS: 4876] |
Contents Overhead power line An overhead power line is a structure used in electric power transmission and distribution to transmit electrical energy along large distances. It consists of one or more conductors (commonly multiples of three) suspended by towers or poles. Since the surrounding air provides good cooling, insulation along long passages, and allows optical inspection, overhead power lines are generally the lowest-cost method of power transmission for large quantities of electric energy. Construction Towers for support of the lines are made of wood (as-grown or laminated), steel or aluminum (either lattice structures or tubular poles), concrete, and occasionally reinforced plastics. The bare wire conductors on the line are generally made of aluminum (either plain or reinforced with steel, or composite materials such as carbon and glass fiber), though some copper wires are used in medium-voltage distribution and low-voltage connections to customer premises. A major goal of overhead power line design is to maintain adequate clearance between energized conductors and the ground so as to prevent dangerous contact with the line, and to provide reliable support for the conductors, resilience to storms, ice loads, earthquakes and other potential damage causes. Today,[when?] some overhead lines are routinely operated at voltages exceeding 765,000 volts between conductors, with even higher voltages possible in some cases. Classification by operating voltage Overhead power transmission lines are classified in the electrical power industry by the range of voltages: Structures Structures for overhead lines take a variety of shapes depending on the type of line. Structures may be as simple as wood poles directly set in the earth, carrying one or more cross-arm beams to support conductors, or "armless" construction with conductors supported on insulators attached to the side of the pole. Tubular steel poles are typically used in urban areas. High-voltage lines are often carried on lattice-type steel towers or pylons. For remote areas, aluminum towers may be placed by helicopters. Concrete poles have also been used. Poles made of reinforced plastics are also available, but their high cost restricts application. Each structure must be designed for the loads imposed on it by the conductors. The weight of the conductor must be supported, as well as dynamic loads due to wind and ice accumulation, and effects of vibration. Where conductors are in a straight line, towers need only resist the weight since the tension in the conductors approximately balances with no resultant force on the structure. Flexible conductors supported at their ends approximate the form of a catenary, and much of the analysis for construction of transmission lines relies on the properties of this form. A large transmission line project may have several types of towers, with "tangent" ("suspension" or "line" towers, UK) towers intended for most positions and more heavily constructed towers used for turning the line through an angle, dead-ending (terminating) a line, or for important river or road crossings. Depending on the design criteria for a particular line, semi-flexible type structures may rely on the weight of the conductors to be balanced on both sides of each tower. More rigid structures may be intended to remain standing even if one or more conductors is broken. Such structures may be installed at intervals in power lines to limit the scale of cascading tower failures. Foundations for tower structures may be large and costly, particularly if the ground conditions are poor, such as in wetlands. Each structure may be stabilized considerably by the use of guy wires to counteract some of the forces applied by the conductors. Power lines and supporting structures can be a form of visual pollution. In some cases the lines are buried to avoid this, but this "undergrounding" is more expensive and therefore not common. For a single wood utility pole structure, a pole is placed in the ground, then three crossarms extend from this, either staggered or all to one side. The insulators are attached to the crossarms. For an "H"-type wood pole structure, two poles are placed in the ground, then a crossbar is placed on top of these, extending to both sides. The insulators are attached at the ends and in the middle. Lattice tower structures have two common forms. One has a pyramidal base, then a vertical section, where three crossarms extend out, typically staggered. The strain insulators are attached to the crossarms. Another has a pyramidal base, which extends to four support points. On top of this a horizontal truss-like structure is placed. A grounded wire is sometimes strung along the tops of the towers to provide lightning protection. An optical ground wire is a more advanced version with embedded optical fibers for communication. Overhead wire markers can be mounted on the ground wire to meet International Civil Aviation Organization recommendations. Some markers include flashing lamps for night-time warning. A single-circuit transmission line carries conductors for only one circuit. For a three-phase system, this implies that each tower supports three conductors. A double-circuit transmission line has two circuits. For three-phase systems, each tower supports and insulates six conductors. Single phase AC-power lines as used for traction current have four conductors for two circuits. Usually both circuits operate at the same voltage. In HVDC systems typically two conductors are carried per line, but in rare cases only one pole of the system is carried on a set of towers. In some countries like Germany most power lines with voltages above 100 kV are implemented as double, quadruple or in rare cases even hextuple power line as rights of way are rare. Sometimes all conductors are installed with the erection of the pylons; often some circuits are installed later. A disadvantage of double circuit transmission lines is that maintenance can be difficult, as either work in close proximity of high voltage or switch-off of two circuits is required. In case of failure, both systems can be affected. The largest double-circuit transmission line is the Kita-Iwaki Powerline. Insulators Insulators must support the conductors and withstand both the normal operating voltage and surges due to switching and lightning. Insulators are broadly classified as either pin-type, which support the conductor above the structure, or suspension type, where the conductor hangs below the structure. The invention of the strain insulator was a critical factor in allowing higher voltages to be used. At the end of the 19th century, the limited electrical strength of telegraph-style pin insulators limited the voltage to no more than 69,000 volts. Up to about 33 kV (69 kV in North America) both types are commonly used. At higher voltages only suspension-type insulators are common for overhead conductors. Insulators are usually made of wet-process porcelain or toughened glass, with increasing use of glass-reinforced polymer insulators. However, with rising voltage levels, polymer insulators (silicone rubber based) are a lower cost, shorter life span option. China has already developed polymer insulators having a highest system voltage of 1100 kV and India is currently developing a 1200 kV (highest system voltage) line which will initially be charged with 400 kV to be upgraded to a 1200 kV line. Suspension insulators are made of multiple units, with the number of unit insulator disks increasing at higher voltages. The number of disks is chosen based on line voltage, lightning withstand requirement, altitude, and environmental factors such as fog, pollution, or salt spray. In cases where these conditions are suboptimal, longer insulators must be used. Longer insulators with longer creepage distance for leakage current, are required in these cases. Strain insulators must be strong enough mechanically to support the full weight of the span of conductor, as well as loads due to ice accumulation, and wind. Porcelain insulators may have a semi-conductive glaze finish, so that a small current (a few milliamperes) passes through the insulator. This warms the surface slightly and reduces the effect of fog and dirt accumulation. The semiconducting glaze also ensures a more even distribution of voltage along the length of the chain of insulator units. Polymer insulators by nature have hydrophobic characteristics providing for improved wet performance. Also, studies have shown that the specific creepage distance required in polymer insulators is much lower than that required in porcelain or glass. Additionally, the mass of polymer insulators (especially in higher voltages) is approximately 50% to 30% less than that of a comparative porcelain or glass string. Better pollution and wet performance is leading to the increased use of such insulators. Insulators for very high voltages, exceeding 200 kV, may have grading rings installed at their terminals. This improves the electric field distribution around the insulator and makes it more resistant to flash-over during voltage surges. Conductors The most common conductor in use for transmission today is aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ACSR). Also seeing much use is all-aluminum-alloy conductor (AAAC). Aluminum is used because it has about half the weight of a comparable resistance copper cable (though larger diameter due to lower specific conductivity), as well as being cheaper. Copper was more popular in the past and is still in use, especially at lower voltages and for grounding. While larger conductors lose less energy due to lower electrical resistance, they are more costly than smaller conductors. An optimization rule called Kelvin's Law (named for Lord Kelvin) states that the optimum size of conductor for a line is found when the cost of the energy wasted in the conductor is equal to the annual interest paid on that portion of the line construction cost due to the size of the conductors. The optimization problem is made more complex by additional factors such as varying annual load, varying cost of installation, and the discrete sizes of cable that are commonly made. Since a conductor is a flexible object with uniform weight per unit length, the shape of a conductor strung between two towers approximates that of a catenary. The sag of the conductor (vertical distance between the highest and lowest point of the curve) varies depending on the temperature and additional load such as ice cover. A minimum overhead clearance must be maintained for safety. Since the temperature and therefore length of the conductor increase with increasing current through it, it is sometimes possible to increase the power handling capacity (uprate) by changing the conductors for a type with a lower coefficient of thermal expansion or a higher allowable operating temperature. Such conductors which offer reduced thermal sag are known as composite core conductors or type 4 HTLS conductors, and include brand names from various manufacturers such as ACCC, ACCR, HVCRC and Losag. In lieu of steel core strands that are often used to increase overall conductor strength, HTLS conductors use a composite core made principally of carbon fiber that offers a coefficient of thermal expansion about 1/10 of that of steel. While the composite core is nonconductive, it is substantially lighter and stronger than steel, which allows the incorporation of 28% more aluminum (using compact trapezoidal-shaped strands) without any diameter or weight penalty. The added aluminum content helps reduce line losses by 25 to 40% compared to other conductors of the same diameter and weight, depending upon electric current. The carbon core conductor's reduced thermal sag allows it to carry up to twice the current ("ampacity") compared to all-aluminum conductor (AAC) or ACSR. The power lines and their surroundings must be maintained by linemen, sometimes assisted by helicopters with pressure washers or circular saws which may work three times faster. However this work often occurs in the dangerous areas of the Helicopter heightโvelocity diagram, and the pilot must be qualified for this "human external cargo" method. For transmission of power across long distances, high voltage transmission is employed. Transmission higher than 132 kV poses the problem of corona discharge, which causes significant power loss and interference with communication circuits. To reduce this corona effect, it is preferable to use more than one conductor per phase, or bundled conductors. Bundle conductors consist of several parallel cables connected at intervals by spacers, often in a cylindrical configuration. The optimum number of conductors depends on the current rating, but typically higher-voltage lines also have higher current. American Electric Power is building 765 kV lines using six conductors per phase in a bundle. Spacers must resist the forces due to wind, and magnetic forces during a short-circuit. Bundled conductors reduce the voltage gradient in the vicinity of the line. This reduces the possibility of corona discharge. At extra high voltage, the electric field gradient at the surface of a single conductor is high enough to ionize air, which wastes power, generates unwanted audible noise and interferes with communication systems. The field surrounding a bundle of conductors is similar to the field that would surround a single, very large conductorโthis produces lower gradients which mitigates issues associated with high field strength. The transmission efficiency is improved as loss due to corona effect is countered. Bundled conductors cool themselves more efficiently due to the increased surface area of the conductors, further reducing line losses. When transmitting alternating current, bundle conductors also avoid the reduction in ampacity of a single large conductor due to the skin effect. A bundle conductor also has lower reactance, compared to a single conductor. While wind resistance is higher, wind-induced oscillation can be damped at bundle spacers. The ice and wind loading of bundled conductors will be greater than a single conductor of the same total cross section, and bundled conductors are more difficult to install than single conductors. Overhead power lines are often equipped with a ground conductor (shield wire, static wire, or overhead earth wire). The ground conductor is usually grounded (earthed) at the top of the supporting structure, to minimize the likelihood of direct lightning strikes to the phase conductors. In circuits with earthed neutral, it also serves as a parallel path with the earth for fault currents. Very high-voltage transmission lines may have two ground conductors. These are either at the outermost ends of the highest cross beam, at two V-shaped mast points, or at a separate cross arm. Older lines may use surge arresters every few spans in place of a shield wire; this configuration is typically found in the more rural areas of the United States. By protecting the line from lightning, the design of apparatus in substations is simplified due to lower stress on insulation. Shield wires on transmission lines may include optical fibers (optical ground wires/OPGW), used for communication and control of the power system. At some HVDC converter stations, the ground wire is used also as the electrode line to connect to a distant grounding electrode. This allows the HVDC system to use the earth as one conductor. The ground conductor is mounted on small insulators bridged by lightning arrestors above the phase conductors. The insulation prevents electrochemical corrosion of the pylon. Medium-voltage distribution lines may also use one or two shield wires, or may have the grounded conductor strung below the phase conductors to provide some measure of protection against tall vehicles or equipment touching the energized line, as well as to provide a neutral line in Wye wired systems. On some power lines for very high voltages in the former Soviet Union, the ground wire is used for PLC systems and mounted on insulators at the pylons. Overhead insulated cables are rarely used, usually for short distances (less than a kilometer). Insulated cables can be directly fastened to structures without insulating supports. An overhead line with bare conductors insulated by air is typically less costly than a cable with insulated conductors. A more common approach is "covered" line wire. It is treated as bare cable, but often is safer for wildlife, as the insulation on the cables increases the likelihood of a large-wing-span raptor to survive a brush with the lines, and reduces the overall danger of the lines slightly. These types of lines are often seen in the eastern United States and in heavily wooded areas, where tree-line contact is likely. The only pitfall is cost, as insulated wire is often costlier than its bare counterpart. Many utility companies implement covered line wire as jumper material where the wires are often closer to each other on the pole, such as an underground riser/pothead, and on reclosers, cutouts and the like. Because power lines can suffer from aeroelastic flutter driven by wind, Stockbridge dampers are often attached to the lines to reduce the vibrations. Compact transmission lines A compact overhead transmission line requires a smaller right of way than a standard overhead powerline. Conductors must not get too close to each other. This can be achieved either by short span lengths and insulating crossbars, or by separating the conductors in the span with insulators. The first type is easier to build as it does not require insulators in the span, which may be difficult to install and to maintain. Examples of compact lines are: Compact transmission lines may be designed for voltage upgrade of existing lines to increase the power that can be transmitted on an existing right of way. Low voltage Low voltage overhead lines may use either bare conductors carried on glass or ceramic insulators or an aerial bundled cable system. The number of conductors may be anywhere between two (most likely a phase and neutral) up to as many as six (three phase conductors, separate neutral and earth plus street lighting supplied by a common switch); a common case is four (three phase and neutral, where the neutral might also serve as a protective earthing conductor). Overhead lines (transportation) Overhead lines or overhead wires are used to transmit electrical energy to trams, trolleybuses or trains. Overhead line is designed on the principle of one or more overhead wires situated over rail tracks. Feeder stations at regular intervals along the overhead line supply power from the high-voltage grid. For some cases low-frequency AC is used, and distributed by a special traction current network. Further applications Overhead lines are also occasionally used to supply transmitting antennas, especially for efficient transmission of long, medium and short waves. For this purpose a staggered array line is often used. Along a staggered array line the conductor cables for the supply of the earth net of the transmitting antenna are attached on the exterior of a ring, while the conductor inside the ring, is fastened to insulators leading to the high-voltage standing feeder of the antenna. Use of area under overhead power lines Use of the area below an overhead line is limited because objects must not come too close to the energized conductors. Overhead lines and structures may shed ice, creating a hazard. Radio reception can be impaired under a power line, due both to shielding of a receiver antenna by the overhead conductors, and by partial discharge at insulators and sharp points of the conductors which creates radio noise. In the area surrounding the overhead lines it is dangerous to risk interference; e.g. flying kites or balloons, using ladders or operating machinery. Overhead distribution and transmission lines near airfields are often marked on maps, and the lines themselves marked with conspicuous plastic reflectors, to warn pilots of the presence of conductors. Construction of overhead power lines, especially in wilderness areas, may have significant environmental effects. Environmental studies for such projects may consider the effect of bush clearing, changed migration routes for migratory animals, possible access by predators and humans along transmission corridors, disturbances of fish habitat at stream crossings, and other effects. Aviation accidents General aviation, hang gliding, paragliding, skydiving, balloon, and kite flying must avoid accidental contact with power lines. Nearly every kite product warns users to stay away from power lines. Deaths occur when aircraft crash into power lines. Some power lines are marked with obstruction markers, especially near air strips or over waterways that may support floatplane operations. The placement of power lines sometimes use up sites that would otherwise be used by hang gliders. History The first transmission of electrical impulses over an extended distance was demonstrated on July 14, 1729 by the physicist Stephen Gray.[citation needed] The demonstration used damp hemp cords suspended by silk threads (the low resistance of metallic conductors not being appreciated at the time). However the first practical use of overhead lines was in the context of telegraphy. By 1837 experimental commercial telegraph systems ran as far as 20 km (13 miles). Electric power transmission was accomplished in 1882 with the first high-voltage transmission between Munich and Miesbach (60 km). 1891 saw the construction of the first three-phase alternating current overhead line on the occasion of the International Electricity Exhibition in Frankfurt, between Lauffen and Frankfurt. In 1912 the first 110 kV-overhead power line entered service followed by the first 220 kV-overhead power line in 1923. In the 1920s RWE AG built the first overhead line for this voltage and in 1926 built a Rhine crossing with the pylons of Voerde, two masts 138 meters high. In 1953, the first 345 kV line was put into service by American Electric Power in the United States. In Germany in 1957 the first 380 kV overhead power line was commissioned (between the transformer station and Rommerskirchen). In the same year the overhead line traversing of the Strait of Messina went into service in Italy, whose pylons served the Elbe crossing 1. This was used as the model for the building of the Elbe crossing 2 in the second half of the 1970s which saw the construction of the highest overhead line pylons of the world. Earlier, in 1952, the first 380 kV line was put into service in Sweden, in 1000 km (625 miles) between the more populated areas in the south and the largest hydroelectric power stations in the north. Starting from 1967 in Russia, and also in the USA and Canada, overhead lines for voltage of 765 kV were built. In 1985 overhead power line was built in Soviet Union between Kokshetau and the power station at Ekibastuz, this was a three-phase alternating current line at 1150 kV. In 1999, in Japan the first powerline designed for 1000 kV with 2 circuits were built, the Kita-Iwaki Powerline. In 2002 the building of the highest overhead line commenced in China, the Yangtze River Crossing, its two 346.5 m (1,137 ft) high suspension towers beginning service in 2004. In the 21st century, replacing steel with carbon fiber cores (advanced reconductoring) became a way for utilities to increase transmission capacity without increasing the amount of land used. Mathematical analysis An overhead power line is one example of a transmission line. At power system frequencies, many useful simplifications can be made for lines of typical lengths. For analysis of power systems, the distributed resistance, series inductance, shunt leakage resistance and shunt capacitance can be replaced with suitable lumped values or simplified networks. A short length of a power line (less than 80 km) can be approximated with a resistance in series with an inductance and ignoring the shunt admittances. This value is not the total impedance of the line, but rather the series impedance per unit length of line. For a longer length of line (80โ250 km), a shunt capacitance is added to the model. In this case it is common to distribute half of the total capacitance to each side of the line. As a result, the power line can be represented as a two-port network, such as with ABCD parameters. The circuit can be characterized as where The medium line has an additional shunt admittance where See also References Further reading External links |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library/Free_resources] | [TOKENS: 96] |
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