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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_information_pages] | [TOKENS: 143] |
Category:Wikipedia information pages This category contains information for various Wikipedia processes and practices. To list a page in this category, do not edit this category page. Instead, edit the page you want to list, adding [[Category:Wikipedia information pages]] at the bottom or add the template {{information page}} at the top of the page. For the primary "help page", see Help:Contents or browse the Help menu or the Help directory. Contents Subcategories This category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total. Pages in category "Wikipedia information pages" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 372 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Images] | [TOKENS: 279] |
Contents Wikipedia:Images Images are one of the many types of media used on Wikipedia and may be photos, drawings, logos, or graphs. All pictures used must be legal in the United States, where Wikimedia's servers are located. Images are stored on the Wikipedia website or the partner Wikimedia Commons website. All free content is stored on "Commons" and images that have more onerous copyright restrictions are stored on Wikipedia, under a fair use rationale. Also, images that are used on the Main Page have a local version to prevent vandalism from appearing. Editors can also choose to have a local version stored on Wikipedia. Images are classified as files and use the prefix of File: or the deprecated prefix of Image:. The File namespace is one of several namespaces used on Wikipedia. Since Wikipedia is not censored, readers and editors may come across offensive images. Policy and guidelines Tutorials and help Maintenance Files by type Wikipedia:Featured pictures is a repository of images that have satisfied the Featured picture criteria and are used on the Main Page. Wikipedia:Picture of the day is an image which is automatically updated each day with an image from the list of featured pictures. The {{POTD}} template produces the image shown above. Category:Wikipedia Picture of the day lists the different templates that can be used. The current and now iconic Wikipedia logo is the third in a series of three. See also |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom] | [TOKENS: 12541] |
Contents Law enforcement in the United Kingdom Law enforcement in the United Kingdom is organised separately in each of the legal systems of the United Kingdom: England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Most law enforcement duties are carried out by police constables of a territorial police force. There are 48 police forces in the UK. These consist of 39 territorial police forces in England, four in Wales, one in Scotland and one in Northern Ireland. Each is responsible for most law enforcement and crime reduction in its police area. The territorial police forces of England and Wales are overseen by the Home Office and by a police and crime commissioner or other police authority, although they are operationally independent from government. The other three police forces are the British Transport Police (BTP), and the Civil Nuclear Constabulary (CNC), the Ministry of Defence Police (MDP), which provide specialist policing services. In addition, the National Crime Agency (NCA) is primarily tasked with tackling organised crime and has been compared to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the United States. The British model of policing is based on three interrelated concepts: the Office of Constable, operational independence, and policing by consent. Police constables have certain powers that enable them to execute their duties. Their primary duties are to protect the public by detecting and preventing crime. Police officers exercise their police powers independently of government and with the implicit consent of the public. "Policing by consent" is the phrase used to describe this. It expresses that the legitimacy of policing in the eyes of the public is based upon a general consensus of support that follows from transparency about their powers, their integrity in exercising those powers and their accountability for doing so. Most police constables in England, Scotland and Wales do not carry firearms. As of 2022[update], there were 142,526 police officers in England and Wales, 6,192 of which were firearms authorised. History In the 18th century, law enforcement and policing were organised by local communities based on watchmen and constables; the government was not directly involved in policing. The City of Glasgow Police, the first professional police, was established following an Act of Parliament in 1800. The first centrally organised police force in the world was created in Ireland, then a part of the United Kingdom, following the Peace Preservation Act in 1814 for which Sir Robert Peel was largely responsible. London had a population of nearly one and a half million people in the early 19th century but was policed by only 450 constables and 4,500 night watchmen. The concept of professional policing was taken up by Sir Robert Peel when he became Home Secretary in 1822. Peel's Metropolitan Police Act 1829 established a full-time, professional and centrally-organised police force for the greater London area known as the Metropolitan Police. In March 1839, Sir Edwin Chadwick presented The Royal Commission on Constabulary Forces to Parliament. This report was to evaluate how the burgeoning police force would work with "poor law" as well as to make the case to establish a national force based on the Metropolitan Police. Much of his argument was based around the necessity for protection of the developing capitalism that was growing in England at the time. Chadwick also addressed the concern that building out a powerful police state could lead to a reduction in civil and personal liberties, but argued that the fear of crime made English citizens slaves, and so were less free without aggressive policing. Legislation in the 1830s introduced policing in boroughs and many counties and, in the 1850s, policing was established nationally. The Peelian principles describe the philosophy that Sir Robert Peel developed to define an ethical police force. The principles traditionally ascribed to Peel state that: Nine principles of policing were set out in the 'General Instructions' issued to every new police officer in the Metropolitan Police from 1829. The Home Office has suggested this list was more likely to have been authored by Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne, the first and joint Commissioners of the Metropolitan Police. The police historian Charles Reith explained in his New Study of Police History (1956) that these principles constituted a philosophy of policing "unique in history and throughout the world because it derived not from fear but almost exclusively from public co-operation with the police, induced by them designedly by behaviour which secures and maintains for them the approval, respect and affection of the public". This approach to policing became known as "policing by consent". Other historians, such as Robert Storch, David Philips and Roger Swift, argue that Peel's Metropolitan Police were built on his experience of the Royal Irish Constabulary. Storch's view is that the English police force is not different to those of other nations and in fact follows a rather typical development as a colonial peacekeeping force. There is extensive documentation of police brutality in the 19th century, including excessive force, racial profiling, and several charges of murder. The controversies that plagued the early years of the police force were much the same as the current complaints against modern policing. The first women police officers were employed during the First World War. Hull and Southampton were two of the first to towns to employ women police, although Grantham was the first to have a warranted policewoman. Since the 1940s, police forces in the United Kingdom have been merged and modernised. Corruption at the Metropolitan Police's Flying Squad led to a conviction and resignations in 1977 after the Operation Countryman investigations. A Police Complaints Board was set up to handle allegations of malpractice in response. Changes took place to tighten police procedures in the 1980s, in response to the Scarman Report, to ensure that evidence and interviews were robust, in the introduction of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. In 1989, the West Midlands Serious Crime Squad was disbanded as a series of around 100 criminal cases failed or were subsequently overturned in the West Midlands, after new forensic techniques showed police officers had been tampering with statement evidence to secure convictions, including those of the Birmingham Six. The Police Complaints Board was replaced by the Police Complaints Authority in 1985, which itself was superseded by the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) in 2004. On 8 January 2018, the IPCC was replaced by the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC). National Crime Agency The National Crime Agency (NCA) is the UK's lead agency against organised crime, human and drug trafficking, weapons and cybercrime, including economic crime that goes across regional and international borders, but it can be tasked to investigate any crime. The NCA has a strategic role as part of which it looks at serious crime in aggregate across the UK, especially analysing how organised criminals are operating and how they can be disrupted. To do this, it works closely with regional organised crime units (ROCUs), local police forces, and other government departments and agencies. It is not a police force as such, but many of its employees do have the power of a constable. It is the UK's point of contact for foreign agencies such as Interpol, Europol and other international law enforcement agencies. On a day-to-day basis, the NCA assists police forces and other law enforcement agencies (and vice versa) under voluntary assistance arrangements. In extremis, the NCA Director General has the power to direct a chief officer of a police force to give directed assistance with NCA tasks where necessary (but only with consent of the relevant Secretary of State). The NCA itself can also be directed by the Secretary of State to give directed assistance to a police force or other law enforcement agency. It was established in 2013 as a non-ministerial government department, replacing the Serious Organised Crime Agency and absorbed the previously separate Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (CEOP) as one of its commands. It also assumed a number of responsibilities from other law enforcement agencies. The NCA has also assumed a range of functions from the National Policing Improvement Agency, which has been scrapped as part of the government's changes to policing. These include a specialist database relating to injuries and unusual weapons, expert research on potential serial killers, and the National Missing Persons Bureau. The agencies going into the NCA had a combined budget of £812 million, yet the new agency only had £464 million in its first year—a decrease of 43%. Some of the responsibilities of the former UK Border Agency (now Immigration Enforcement and Border Force) relating to border policing also became part of the NCA. Like its predecessor SOCA, the NCA has been dubbed the "British FBI" by the media. As of October 2021, the Director General is Graeme Biggar. Powers of officers Most police officers are members of territorial police forces. A person must make a declaration before taking up office as a constable and having any powers; although this is sometimes still known as the police oath, and the process sometimes referred to as "swearing in", it now takes the form of an "attestation" (in England and Wales and Northern Ireland) or a "declaration" (in Scotland). Their primary duties are the protection of life and property, preservation of the peace, and prevention and detection of criminal offences. The process is carried out in the presence of a magistrate, and is usually followed by the issue of a warrant card. This grants the officer all the powers and privileges, duties and responsibilities of a constable in one of the three distinct legal systems – England and Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland, and the territorial waters of that country. The limited circumstances where their powers extend across the border are described in the section above. Police powers can be grouped into three categories: There are many constables who are not members of territorial police forces. The most notable are members of the three forces referred to as special police forces: the British Transport Police, Ministry of Defence Police and Civil Nuclear Constabulary. Such officers have the "powers and privileges of a constable" in matters relating to their work. BTP and MDP officers have additional jurisdiction where requested by a constable of another force, in which case they take on that constable's jurisdiction. Upon request from the chief police officer of a police force, members of one of the above three forces can be given the full powers of constables in the police area of the requesting force. This was used to supplement police numbers in the areas surrounding the 2005 G8 summit at Gleneagles. Many acts allow companies or councils to employ constables for a specific purpose. There are ten companies whose employees are sworn in as constables under section 79 of the Harbours, Docks, and Piers Clauses Act 1847. As a result, they have the full powers of a constable on land owned by the harbour, dock, or port and at any place within one mile of any owned land. There are also forces created by specific legislation, such as the Port of Tilbury Police (Port of London Act 1968), Mersey Tunnels Police (County of Merseyside Act 1989) and the Epping Forest Keepers (Epping Forest Act 1878). Under Article 18 of the Ministry of Housing and Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation (Greater London Parks and Open Spaces) Act 1967, London Borough Councils are allowed to swear in council officers as constables for "securing the observance of the provisions of all enactments relating to open spaces under their control or management and of bye-laws and regulations made thereunder". Local Authority Parks Constables have all the powers of a constable in relation byelaws regulations and all enactments relating to open spaces, Article 19 of the Act was repealed by section 26(1) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Local Acts) and the power of arrest for Parks Constables is now contained in Section 24 of P.A.C.E 1984, further amendments to Article 19 covering coming to the aid and assistance of such a constable or officer were repealed by SOCPA 2005, as this provision is already covered in P.A.C.E 1984 (Legal Counsel 2007,2012). No enforcement agency with a power of arrest or detention can operate outside of the provisions of P.A.C.E 1984; therefore all local powers of arrest and detention were brought into line under section 26(1) P.A.C.E 1984. Police forces employ staff who perform many functions to assist officers and support the smooth running of their police force. They do not hold the office of constable. In England & Wales, the chief police officer of a territorial police force may designate any person who is employed by the police authority maintaining that force, and is under the direction and control of that chief police officer, as one of the following: PCSOs were created by the Police Reform Act 2002, with a range of standard powers, as well as additional powers that can be conferred at the discretion of their chief police officer. Unlike a police constable, a PCSO only has powers when on duty and in uniform, and within the area policed by their respective force. The policing support officer role was originally as three separate roles in Police Reform Act 2002, each with a specific list of discretionary powers that may be awarded by a chief constable: The Policing and Crime Act 2017 reformed this and streamlined it to the two roles above, and gave full discretionary powers to Chief Constables, such that they may assign any powers, other than powers reserved for constables only, to any police staff or volunteer. Until 1991, parking enforcement was primarily conducted by police-employed traffic wardens. Since the passage of the Road Traffic Act 1991, decriminalised parking enforcement has enabled local authorities to take on this role and now very few forces still employ police traffic wardens. These include the Metropolitan Police Service; however, they have combined the role with PCSOs as traffic community support officers. In Scotland, police custody and security officers have powers similar to those of detention officers and escort officers in England and Wales. Similar powers are available in Northern Ireland. Chief police officers of territorial police forces (and the British Transport Police) can also give limited powers to people not employed by the police authority, under Community Safety Accreditation Schemes. A notable example are officers of the Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency, who have been given powers to stop vehicles. This practice has been criticised by the Police Federation who described it as "half-baked". In Northern Ireland only, members of British Armed Forces have powers to stop people or vehicles, arrest and detain people for three hours and enter buildings to keep the peace or search for people who have been kidnapped. Additionally, commissioned officers may close roads. If necessary, they may use force when exercising these powers as long as it is reasonable. Under the Customs Management Act 1979, members of the armed forces may detain people if they believe they have committed an offence under the Customs & Excise acts, and may seize goods if they believe they are liable to forfeiture under the same acts. Service police/military police personnel are not constables under UK law and they do not have any police powers over the general public; however, they have the full range of policing powers that constables possess when dealing with service personnel or civilians subject to service discipline, drawing their powers from the Armed Forces Act 2006. The service police do assist territorial police forces in towns in the UK with nearby military barracks where there are likely to be significant numbers of service personnel off duty. In British Overseas Territories, they are sometimes sworn in as constables to assist and/or act as the police force (e.g. the British Indian Ocean Territory Police which is made up of tri-service police personnel and are known as "Royal Overseas Police Officers") and anywhere that British Forces are stationed or deployed. Generally, when carrying out this assistance, service policemen/women are unarmed, but have a range of PPE including batons, handcuffs and stab vests. In the United Kingdom, every person has limited powers of arrest if they see a crime being committed: at common law in Scotland, and in England and Wales if the crime is indictable – these are called "every person powers", commonly referred to as a citizen's arrest. In England and Wales, the vast majority of attested constables enjoy full powers of arrest and search as granted by the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. For the purposes of this legislation, constables is defined to mean all police officers, irrespective of rank. Although police officers have wide-ranging powers, they are still subject to the same laws as members of the public (aside from specific exemptions such as the carrying of firearms and certain road traffic legislation). There are additional legal restrictions placed on police officers such as the prohibitions on industrial action and on taking part in active politics. Jurisdictions and territories As of 2021[update], there were 39 territorial police forces in England, 4 in Wales, one in Scotland, and one in Northern Ireland. Every geographic place in the United Kingdom is defined in law as part of certain police area.[nb 1] In England and Wales this is currently defined in Section 1 of the Police Act 1996. A police area defines the geographic area for which a territorial police force is responsible for policing. This is different to legal jurisdiction (see below). Special police forces (such as the BTP) do not have police areas and ultimately the Chief Constable of a territorial police force is responsible for maintaining law and order throughout his/her police area even if, for example, BTP have a presence at railways stations within the police area. Scotland and Northern Ireland have national police forces. In England, Police forces are funded by a combination of sources including central government and through the police precept tax levied as part of Council Tax which is charged by local governments. The local police force precept can be increased via referendum. Since 2013, police forces in England (and Wales) have been overseen by a directly elected Police and crime commissioner (PCC) who holds the force to account for the public. PCCs do not have operational control of the police force, with operational management of the police force the responsibility of the chief constable in most English police forces, although the equivalent position is referred to as commissioner in the London Metropolitan Police and the City of London Police. Administration of police matters is not generally affected by the Government of Wales Act 2006. In 1981 James Anderton, Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police, called for the number of forces to be reduced to nine in England (one for each Region) and one for Wales. A 2004 proposal by the Police Superintendents' Association for the creation of a single national police force, similar to Garda Síochána was objected to by the Association of Chief Police Officers. The government did not accept the proposal at the time. Administration of police matters is not generally affected by the Government of Wales Act 2006. From 2005 to 2006, the government considered merging several territorial police forces in England and Wales. The review only concerned policing in outside of Scotland, Northern Ireland and Greater London. Likewise, the major non-territorial forces (British Transport Police, Civil Nuclear Constabulary, Ministry of Defence Police) are responsible to other government departments, and would not have been affected either. The primary argument for merging forces is that forces with 4,000 or more officers would perform better and could save costs. The view was supported by HM Inspectorate of Constabulary, who said in September 2005 that the existing structure was "no longer working". Merger proposals were announced by the Home Secretary in early 2006. They proposed reducing the number of police forces to less than 25, with Wales and several Regions of England having one force each. The consultation period on this second batch of mergers started on 11 April 2006, and would have finished on 11 August, with a target of April 2008 for the mergers coming into effect. On 20 June 2006 the then Home Secretary, John Reid, announced that the contested mergers would be delayed for further discussion. The only merger agreed to was with Lancashire Constabulary and Cumbria Constabulary. On 12 July 2006, the Home Office confirmed that all the mergers were to be abandoned, with the entire proposal taken back for consultation. In 2013, the 8 territorial police forces in Scotland were merged into a single Scottish police force, named "The Police Service of Scotland", or colloquially Police Scotland. Merging these forces had been first mooted in 2010, and was supported by the Scottish National Party, Scottish Labour Party and Scottish Conservative Party ahead of the 2011 Scottish Parliament election. After a consultation process, the Scottish Government confirmed on 8 September 2011 that a single police service would be created in Scotland. The Scottish Government stated that "reform will safeguard frontline policing in communities by creating designated local senior officers for every council area with a statutory duty to work with councils to shape local services. Establishing a single service aims to ensure more equal access to national and specialist services and expertise such as major investigation teams and firearms teams, whenever and wherever they are needed." The Police and Fire Reform (Scotland) Bill was published in January 2012 and was approved on 27 June 2012 after scrutiny in the Scottish Parliament. The Bill received royal assent as the Police and Fire Reform (Scotland) Act 2012. This created a force of approximately 17,000 police officers, the second largest in the United Kingdom after the Metropolitan Police in London. In March 2015, following the transfer of police oversight powers to the Scottish Government, the Justice Secretary announced proposals to further unify policing in Scotland by merging the British Transport Police's operations north of the border with Police Scotland. This proposal was eventually dropped due to costs and the complexities of jurisdictions. Territorial police constables have certain powers of arrest in another one of the UK's three legal jurisdictions than they were attested in. There are four main provisions for them to do so – arrest with a warrant, arrest without a warrant for an offence committed in their home jurisdiction whilst in another jurisdiction, arrest without a warrant for an offence committed in another jurisdiction whilst in that jurisdiction, and mutual aid. A fifth power of cross jurisdictional arrest was introduced by section 116 of the Policing and Crime Act 2017 which fills a loop hole in arrest powers in certain situations. This power came into force in March 2018. This new power allows a constable from one jurisdiction to arrest without warrant a person suspected of an offence in another jurisdiction whilst in their home jurisdiction. This power is in relation to more serious offences as listed in the act. The Act sets out how long the person can be detained in custody by the 'arresting force' in one jurisdiction until constables from the 'investigating force' in another jurisdiction can travel to re-arrest the person and deal accordingly. Below is a summary of these five powers with a practical example due to the complicated nature of this area of law. Note: this section applies to territorial police constables only, and not to others – except the British Transport Police, who also have certain cross-border powers in addition to their natural powers. Certain warrants can be executed by constables even though they are outside their jurisdiction: arrest warrants and warrants of committal (all); and a warrant to arrest a witness (England, Wales or Northern Ireland); a warrant for committal, a warrant to imprison (or to apprehend and imprison), and a warrant to arrest a witness (Scotland). A warrant issued in one legal jurisdiction may be executed in either of the other two jurisdictions by a constable from either the jurisdiction where it was issued, or the jurisdiction where it is executed. When executing a warrant issued in Scotland, the constable executing it shall have the same powers and duties, and the person arrested the same rights, as they would have had if execution had been in Scotland by a constable of a police force in Scotland. When executing a warrant issued in England & Wales or Northern Ireland, a constable may use reasonable force and has specified search powers provided by section 139 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. In very simple terms, this power allows constables of one jurisdiction to travel to another jurisdiction and arrest a person they suspect of committing an offence in their home jurisdiction. For example, constables from Cumbria Police investigating an offence of assault that occurred in their police area could travel over the border into Scotland and arrest the suspect without warrant found in Gretna. If a constable suspects that a person has committed or attempted to commit an offence in their legal jurisdiction, and that person is now in another jurisdiction, the constable may arrest them in that other jurisdiction. A constable from England & Wales is subject to the same necessity tests for arrest (as under section 24 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984) as they would be in England & Wales, a constable from Scotland may arrest if it would have been lawful to do so in Scotland and a constable from Northern Ireland is subject to the same necessity tests for arrest (as under Article 26 of the Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989.) as they would be in Northern Ireland. A person arrested under the above powers: In simple terms, this power gives a constable of one jurisdiction whilst in another jurisdiction the same power of arrest as a constable of the jurisdiction they are visiting. As a practical example, if constables from Police Scotland are over the border in Cumbria on enquiries and come across a burglary in progress they can arrest the suspect on suspicion of burglary using the same arrest powers as a constable of England or Wales. A constable from one legal jurisdiction has, in the other jurisdictions, the same powers of arrest as a constable of that jurisdiction would have. A constable from England or Wales has: A constable from Scotland has: A constable from Northern Ireland has: When a constable arrests a person in England & Wales, the constable is subject to the requirements of section 28 (informing of arrest), section 30 (taking to a designated police station) and section 32 (search on arrest). When a constable arrests a person in Scotland, the arrested person shall have the same rights and the constable the same powers and duties as they would have were the constable a constable of a police force in Scotland. When a constable arrests a person in Northern Ireland, the constable is subject to the requirements of Article 30 (informing of arrest), Article 32 (taking to a designated police station) and Article 34 (search on arrest). This power allows a constable of one jurisdiction to arrest without warrant a person suspected of an offence in another jurisdiction whilst in their home jurisdiction. The Policing and Crime Act 2017 sets out which offences this power of arrest will apply to in each jurisdiction (generally serious offences), and how long the person arrested can be kept in custody, with relevant authorities, by the "arresting force" to allow sufficient time for officers from the "investigating force" in another jurisdiction to travel and re-arrest the detained person for the purposes of their investigation. This relatively new power came into force in March 2018. Until the introduction of this power, there was an issue whereby a constable in his home jurisdiction could not arrest a person suspected of an offence in another jurisdiction without a warrant. Police forces often support each other with large-scale operations, such as those that require specialist skills or expertise and those that require policing levels that the host-forces cannot provide. Referred to as mutual aid, constables loaned from one force to another have the powers and privileges of a constable of the host force. Constables from the Metropolitan Police who are on protection duties in Scotland or Northern Ireland have all the powers and privileges of a constable of the host police force. A constable who is taking a person to or from a prison retains all the powers, authority, protection and privileges of his office regardless of his location. Regardless of where they are in the United Kingdom, a constable may arrest under section 41 and may stop and search under section 43 of the Terrorism Act 2000 on suspicion of terrorism (defined by section 40) Accountability From 22 November 2012, police authorities outside London were replaced by directly elected Police and Crime Commissioners or Police, Fire and Crime Commissioners. In London, the City of London Police continued to be overseen by City of London Corporation, whilst the Mayor of London has responsibility for the governance of the Metropolitan Police. The mayors of Greater Manchester and West Yorkshire also have responsibility for governance. In Northern Ireland, the Police Service of Northern Ireland is supervised by the Northern Ireland Policing Board. In Scotland, Police Scotland is overseen by the Scottish Police Authority. The British Transport Police and the Civil Nuclear Constabulary had their own police authority established in 2004. These forces operate across the United Kingdom and their responsibility is to the specific activities they were established to police. The official bodies responsible for the examination and assessment of police forces to ensure their requirements are met as intended are: As of June 2022[update], in addition to the London Metropolitan Police, six police forces are in special measures because they are failing. They are Cleveland, Greater Manchester police, Gloucestershire. Staffordshire and Wiltshire forces. London mayor Sadiq Khan said "(...) after 12 years of massive cuts. We've lost 21,000 experienced officers around the country, many of them in London. Because of City Hall funding we've managed to replace many of them, but clearly, with newer, inexperienced officers." Operations Throughout the United Kingdom, the rank structure of police forces is identical up to the rank of chief superintendent. At higher ranks, structures are distinct within London where the Metropolitan Police Service and the City of London Police have a series of commander and commissioner ranks as their top ranks whereas other UK police forces have assistants, deputies and a chief constable as their top ranks. All commissioners and chief constables are equal in rank. Police community support officers (PCSOs) were introduced following the passing of the Police Reform Act 2002, although some have criticised these as for being a cheap alternative to fully trained police officers. Uniforms, the issuing of firearms, type of patrol cars, and other equipment, varies by force. The custodian helmet which is synonymous with the "bobby on the beat" image is frequently worn by male officers in England and Wales (and formerly in Scotland), while the equivalent for female officers is the "bowler" hat. The flat peaked cap is worn by officers on mobile patrol and higher-ranking officers. Unlike police in most other developed countries, the vast majority of British police officers do not carry firearms on standard patrol; they carry an ASP baton and CS gas or PAVA spray. Officers are becoming increasingly trained in the use of and equipped with the TASER X2 as another tactical option. As of 2022[update], there were 142,526 police officers in England and Wales, 6,192 of which were firearms authorised. Every territorial force has a specialist Firearms Unit, which maintains armed response vehicles to respond to firearms-related emergency calls. The Police Service of Northern Ireland, Belfast International Airport Constabulary, Belfast Harbour Police, Civil Nuclear Constabulary and the Ministry of Defence Police are routinely armed. London's Metropolitan Police firearms unit is the Specialist Firearms Command (SCO19), but every force in the United Kingdom maintains its own armed unit. Metropolitan and City of London Police operate with three officers per armed response vehicle, composed of a driver, a navigator, and an observer who gathers information about the incident and liaises with other units. Other police forces carry two authorised firearms officers instead of three. Armed police carry various weapons, ranging from semi-automatic carbines to sniper rifles, baton guns (which fire baton rounds) and shotguns. All officers also carry a sidearm. Since 2009, Tasers have been issued to armed officers as an alternative to deadly force.[citation needed] The majority of officers on mobile patrol will do so in a marked police vehicle, namely an Incident Response Vehicle (IRV). Officers typically hold a 'response' permit, allowing them to utilise blue lights and sirens to make an emergency response. Some officers may not have undergone the additional training, and as such are only permitted to use emergency equipment when positioned at a scene or to pull over a vehicle. Officers who have undergone additional training to reach 'initial pursuit phase' standard are allowed to pursue vehicles, should they fail to stop. Vans are used as IRVs and, more specifically, to transport arrested suspects in a cage, who are unsuitable to be taken to custody in a car. Some forces utilise Area Cars in addition to IRVs. Like IRVs, they respond to 999 calls and are manned by officers from response teams. However, officers are trained as 'advanced' drivers – allowing them to drive high-performance vehicles and pursue fleeing vehicles in the tactical phase of a pursuit. Some drivers may also be trained in skills like Tactical Pursuit and Containment (TPAC). In addition, forces' specialist units utilise a wide variety of vehicles to help perform their role effectively. Roads Policing Units (RPU) utilise performance vehicles to primarily enforce traffic laws and pursue fleeing suspects. Armed Response Vehicles (ARV) are used to transport armed officers and carry weaponry. Tactical/operational support units use larger vans, equipped with windscreen cages and/or reinforced glass, to transport officers into public order situations. Forces also utilise unmarked vehicles for a wide-variety of roles. Covert surveillance vehicles are typically not fitted with any emergency equipment, as it is not necessary. Some forces utilise unmarked response vehicles to aid in proactive work. Similarly, some roads policing vehicles and ARVs are unmarked to help officers identity offences and use pre-emptive tactics to stop a suspect fleeing. Additionally, some forces have dedicated road crime units who use high-performance vehicles to primarily focus on organised criminals using the road committing offences. The College of Policing defines six curricula for new police constables, special constables and police community support officers: A number of alternative programmes exist to join police forces, including Police Now and Fast Track programmes to the rank of Inspector and Superintendent for those with substantial management experience in other sectors. Derived from the IPLDP and although not linked to a formal qualification as such; IL4SC requires the learning outcomes and National Occupational Standards (NOSs) are met in order to become compliant. This curriculum will bring an officer to the 'point of safe and lawful accompanied patrol'. This course equates to roughly 3.5 weeks of direct learning. Successfully completion of the PCSO NLP over a period of six months to a year will result in a non-mandatory Certificate in Policing and this equates to 10 weeks of direct learning and consists of six mandatory units. Four of these units also feature within the IPLDP and being a QCF qualification, this can allow for officers wishing to become police officers for 'Recognition of Prior Learning' (RPL) and the transfer of such units to the IPLDP scheme. All initial probationer training in Scotland is undertaken at the Scottish Police College (or SPC) at Tulliallan Castle. Recruits initially spend 12 weeks at the SPC before being posted to their divisions and over the next two years return to the SPC a number of times to complete examinations and fitness tests. Training is composed of four distinct modules undertaken at various locations with some parts being delivered locally and some centrally at the SPC. Training for Special Constables is delivered locally at seven locations throughout Scotland over a series of evenings and/or weekends. The training is split into two parts, with the first phase being delivered in a classroom environment before being sworn in as a Special Constable and the second phase is delivered after being sworn in. Upon successful completion of both parts of the training programme Special Constables are awarded a certificate of achievement and would be eligible to complete an abbreviated course at the Scottish Police College should they later wish to join the Police Service of Scotland as a regular officer. As all police forces are autonomous organisations there is much variation in organisation and nomenclature; however, outlined below are the main strands of policing that makes up police forces: In the United Kingdom, the Fixated Threat Assessment Centre is a joint police/mental health unit set up in October 2006 by the Home Office, the Department of Health and Metropolitan Police Service to identify and address those individuals considered to pose a threat to VIPs or the Royal Family. They may then be referred to local health services for further assessment and potential involuntary commitment. In some cases, they may be detained by police under the section 136 powers of the Mental Health Act 1983 prior to referral. As part of the wide-ranging review of the Home Office, the then Home Secretary, John Reid, announced in July 2006 that all British immigration officers would be uniformed. On 1 April 2007 the Border and Immigration Agency (BIA) was created and commenced operation. However, there were no police officers in the Agency, a matter that attracted considerable criticism when the Agency was established: agency officers have limited powers of arrest. Further powers for designated officers within the Agency, including powers of detention pending the arrival of a police officer, were introduced by the UK Borders Act 2007. The Government effectively admitted the shortcomings of the Agency by making a number of fundamental changes within a year of its commencement. On 1 April 2008 the BIA became the UK Border Agency following a merger with UKvisas, the port of entry functions of HM Revenue and Customs. The Home Secretary, Jacqui Smith, announced that the UK Border Agency (UKBA) "...will bring together the work of the Border and Immigration Agency, UK Visas and parts of HM Revenue and Customs at the border, [and] will work closely with the police and other law enforcement agencies to improve border controls and security." Within months of this, the Home Secretary revealed (in a 16-page response to a report by Lord Carlile, the independent reviewer of UK terrorism legislation) that the Home Office would issue a Green Paper proposing to take forward proposals by the Association of Chief Police Officers (England & Wales) for the establishment of a new 3,000-strong national border police force to work alongside the Agency. Following a major enquiry into the UK Border Agency that exposed significant flaws in the operation of border controls, the Home Secretary, Theresa May, announced in 2012 that the Border Force, which is responsible for manning all points of entry into the United Kingdom, would be split from the control of the UKBA and become a separate organisation with direct accountability to ministers and a "law-enforcement ethos". Brian Moore, the former Chief Constable of Wiltshire Police, was appointed as the first head of the new UKBF. There are certain instances where police forces of other nations operate in a limited degree in the United Kingdom: UK police officers have often served overseas as part of secondments to United Nations Police (UNPOL), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and European Union Police (EUPOL). These are typically training and mentoring posts, but sometimes involve carrying out executive policing duties. One of the most common merger proposals is to merge the City of London Police and London operations of the British Transport Police into the Metropolitan Police. The 2005–06 merger proposals had not included Greater London. This was due to two separate reviews of policing in the capital. The first was a review by the Department of Transport into the future role and function of the British Transport Police. The second was a review by the Attorney-General into national measures for combating fraud (the City of London Police is one of the major organisations for combating economic crime). Both the Metropolitan Police Commissioner, Sir Ian Blair, and the Mayor, Ken Livingstone, stated that they would like to see a single police force in London, with the Metropolitan Police also absorbing the functions of the British Transport Police in London. However, the proposal to merge both the BTP and City forces with the Met drew significant criticism from several areas: the House of Commons Transport Select Committee severely criticised the idea of the Metropolitan Police taking over policing of the rail network in a report published on 16 May 2006, while the City of London Corporation and several major financial institutions in the City made public their opposition to the City Police merging with the Met. In a statement on 20 July 2006, the Transport Secretary announced that there would be no structural or operational changes to the British Transport Police, effectively ruling out any merger The interim report by the Attorney General's fraud review recognised the role taken by the City Police as the lead force in London and the South-East for tackling fraud, and made a recommendation that, should a national lead force be required, the City Police, with its expertise, would be an ideal candidate to take this role. This view was confirmed on the publication of the final report, which recommended that the City of London Police's Fraud Squad should be the national lead force in combatting fraud, to "act as a centre of excellence, disseminate best practice, give advice on complex inquiries in other regions, and assist with or direct the most complex of such investigations". Separate from the proposals raised by the Mayor of London and Metropolitan Police Commissioner was a plan by the government to reform policing in the Royal Parks. Since 1872 this had been the responsibility of the Royal Parks Constabulary. A report by former Metropolitan Police Assistant Commissioner Anthony Speed provided three options to reform the RPC, and it was decided that it should be merged with the Metropolitan Police. The Met took over responsibility for policing the Royal Parks on 1 April 2004 with the formation of the Royal Parks Operational Command Unit. The full merger and abolition of the Royal Parks Constabulary took place in May 2006. In May 2016, following his election, the Mayor of London Sadiq Khan ordered a review, led by Lord Harris, of London's preparedness in the face of potential terror attacks. Amongst the recommendations, which were published in October 2016, was a revisiting of the idea of merging the Metropolitan Police, City of London Police and British Transport Police. In commenting, both the City Police and BTP cautioned against the proposal. The police are funded both by central government and by local government. Central government funding is calculated based by a formula, based on several population and socio-economic factors which are used to determine the expected cost of policing the area. For the 2017/18 fiscal year, the budget for local Police and Crime Commissioners to spend on police is £11 billion, with an extra £1.5 billion allocated to counter-terrorism and other special programmes. The combined funding will reduce from £12.3 billion in 2017/18 to £11.6 billion in 2020/21. His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) estimates that officer numbers will fall by around 2%. According to the National Audit Office, funding was decreased between 2011 and 2016 by 22% in real terms and police officer numbers fell by 20,000 from 2010 to 2017. Funding levels stayed the same in real terms between 2015 and 2018, with a decrease in central government funding made up for by an increase in local government funding. Increased spending in some areas such as counter-terrorism has been offset by decreased spending in other departments. In 2018 further funding cuts will force further cuts in the numbers of police officers. 80% of UK people believe Britain is less safe due to cuts to police funding. In 2017, a report from the Inspectorate found that most police forces were providing a good service, though it noted that some aspects such as investigations and neighbourhood policing were being compromised by "rationing" and cutbacks. A report from the Inspectorate in March 2018 had similar findings; it reported improvement in neighbourhood policing and highlighted issues with response policing. Several current and former chief constables were raising concerns about whether the police can meet foreseeable challenges with current levels of funding. Issues The police service is often criticised for incidents that result in deaths due to police firearms usage or in police custody, as well as the lack of competence and impartiality in investigations (in England and Wales only) by the Independent Police Complaints Commission after these events. The Economist stated in 2009: Bad apples ... are seldom brought to justice: no policeman has ever been convicted of murder or manslaughter for a death following police contact, though there have been more than 400 such deaths in the past ten years alone. The IPCC is at best overworked and at worst does not deserve the "I" in its name. — The Economist The policy under which police officers in England and Wales use firearms has resulted in controversy. Notorious examples include the Stephen Waldorf shooting in 1983, the deliberate fatal shootings of James Ashley in 1998, Harry Stanley in 1999, and Jean Charles de Menezes in 2005, and the accidental non-fatal shooting of Abdul Kahar in 2006. From 1990 to July 2012, 950 deaths occurred in police custody. In 1997/98, 69 people died in police custody or following contact with the police across England and Wales; 26 resulted from deliberate self-harm. There are two defined categories of death in custody issued by the Home Office: Category A: This category also encompasses deaths of those under arrest who are held in temporary police accommodation or have been taken to hospital following arrest. It also includes those who die, following arrest, whilst in a police vehicle. Category B: Where the deceased was otherwise in the hands of the police or death resulted from the actions of a police officer in the purported execution of his duty. Hundreds of people kill themselves within 48 hours of being released from police custody. The Macpherson Report coined the phrase "institutionalised racism" to describe policies and procedures that adversely affect persons from ethnic minority groups after the death of Stephen Lawrence. In 2003, ten police officers from Greater Manchester Police, North Wales Police and Cheshire Constabulary were forced to resign after a BBC documentary, The Secret Policeman, shown on 21 October, alleged racism among recruits at Bruche Police National Training Centre at Warrington. In March 2005 it was reported that minor disciplinary action would be taken against twelve other officers in connection with the programme, but that they would not lose their jobs. In November 2003, allegations were made that some police officers were members of the British National Party.[citation needed] In June 2015, the Metropolitan Police Commissioner, Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe, said there was "some justification" in claims that the Metropolitan Police Service is "institutionally racist": I have always said if other people think we are institutionally racist then we are. It is no good me saying we are not and then saying you must believe me, it's nonsense, if they believe that. I think it is a label but in some sense there is a truth there for some people ... You're very much more likely to be stopped and searched if you're a young black man. I can't explain that fully. I can give you reasons but I can't fully explain it. So there is some justification ... I think in some ways society is institutionally racist. We see lack of representation in many fields, of which the police are one. The question of institutional racism arose again as a topic of controversy during the Covid-19 pandemic. The stop and search rate for all demographics rose, but increased more for certain ethnic (and age) groups. In the first lockdown, the rate of stop and search for Black and Asian people (and individuals aged 18-24) rose by 109% or more, for white people it rose by 89%. Before the pandemic, stop and search was already controversial due to disproportionate applications of it. Further, the style of stop and search used was reported to be cynical and unfair, with numerous incidences of officers using erroneous reasons to conduct a stop. Disproportionality was also noted in the deployment of Fixed Penalty Notices. Additionally, during the pandemic, the Metropolitan Police experienced controversy due to the kidnap, rape and murder of Sarah Everard, by then serving Metropolitan Police Officer, Wayne Couzens. This led to a report on practices and culture within the Metropolitan Police by Baroness Louise Casey, who concluded that the Metropolitan Police were institutionally racist. The Angiolini Inquiry into Wayne Couzens also discovered racist messages he had sent to other police officers via WhatsApp. At the beginning of 2005 it was announced that the Police Information Technology Organisation (PITO) had signed an eight-year £122 m contract to introduce biometric identification technology. PITO are using CCTV facial recognition systems to identify known suspects; a future link to the proposed National Identity Register has been suggested by some. The police have sometimes been accused of infringing on free speech. In December 2005, author Lynette Burrows was interviewed by police after expressing her opinion on BBC Radio 5 Live that homosexuals should not be allowed to adopt children. The following month, Sir Iqbal Sacranie was investigated by police for stating the Islamic view that homosexuality is a sin. The police have also been accused of taking sides in political controversy by, for example, marching in uniform at politicised Pride events. In 2025 Mr Justice Linden ruled that Northumbria Police had not acted impartially. He said: “The fact that the officers had publicly stated their support for transgender rights by taking part in the 2024 march would be likely to give the impression that they may not deal with the matter fairly and impartially.” Section 76 of the Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 came into force on 15 February 2009 making it an offence to elicit, attempt to elicit, or publish information "...of a kind likely to be useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism" about: a member of His Majesty's Armed Forces; a constable, the Security Service, the Secret Intelligence Service, or Government Communications Headquarters. Any person found guilty faces 10 years imprisonment and an unlimited fine. It is a defence for a person charged with this offence to prove that they had a reasonable excuse for their action. It is not otherwise illegal to photograph or film a police officer in a public place per se. Any film or photography recorded whilst a constable is dealing with an incident may be seized as it becomes evidence under section 19 of PACE 1984. Public order policing presents challenges to the approach of policing by consent. In April 2009, a total of 145 complaints were made following clashes between police and protesters at the G20 summit. Incidents including the death of 47-year-old Ian Tomlinson, minutes after an alleged assault by a police officer, and a separate alleged assault on a woman by a police officer, has led to criticism of police tactics during protests. In response, Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Paul Stephenson asked Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Constabulary (HMIC) to review policing tactics, including the practice of kettling. These events sparked a debate in the UK about the relationship between the police, media and public, and the independence of the Independent Police Complaints Commission. In response to the concerns, the Chief Inspector of Constabulary, Denis O'Connor, published a 150-page report in November 2009 that aimed to restore Britain's consent-based model of policing. During 2010 and 2011, it emerged that, while engaged in covert infiltration of protest groups, undercover police officers had entered into intimate relationships with a number of people on false pretences and under assumed aliases, in some cases sharing a home, making plans for weddings, or fathering children, only to vanish after some years when their role was complete. In 2015 a public inquiry under a senior judge was announced. In November 2015 the Metropolitan Police published an unreserved apology in which it exonerated and apologised to those women who had been deceived and stated the methodology had constituted abuse and a "gross violation" with severely harmful effects, as part of a settlement of their cases. In 2016 new cases continued to come to light. Recorded crime rose by almost a third in the three years to 2018, but charges or summons dropped by 26%, and arrests also fell. Neighbourhood policing capacity has fallen on average by at least a fifth since 2010. Neighbourhood policing is important in dealing with terrorism and gang crime, especially in communities where the police are distrusted. Yvette Cooper said the police were "performing a remarkable public service in increasingly difficult circumstances", though they were "badly overstretched" and responding with difficulty to increasing challenges like online fraud and online child abuse. Only a very small proportion of online fraud cases are investigated and the police are "woefully under-resourced" for the number of online child sexual abuse investigations they must undertake. Che Donald of the Police Federation of England and Wales said the government should acknowledge the "true cost of policing" or officers would be unable to keep the public safe. In 1988, 19 year old PC Eileen Waters alleged that another officer raped her in the police hostel section at her work, having only been in the force for around one year. She reported it the next day to colleagues. The Evening Standard reported that she was then targeted by a "horrific campaign of intimidation which led to a bloodstained truncheon being left in her locker." After 24 years of court cases, hearings and her case appearing before law lords in the House of Lords, in 2012 she was compensated by the Metropolitan Police, receiving £270,000. In 2016, allegations of serious sexual abuse were made against hundreds of police officers in England and Wales. Several forces in England and Wales received 436 allegations of abuse of power for sexual gain against 436 police officers, including 20 police community support officers and eight staff in the two years to March 2016. Mike Cunningham, inspector of constabulary and former chief constable of Staffordshire police said: "It's the most serious form of corruption. It is an exploitation of power where the guardian becomes an abuser. What can be worse than a guardian abusing the trust and confidence of an abused person? There can be no greater violation of public trust". Prior to Brexit there were concerns that the UK may lose access to important cross border databases of criminals, which would make it harder for the police to keep the public safe. Police leaders warned of "a significant loss of operational capacity" if the UK were to leave the EU without an agreement on policing. The Association of Police and Crime Commissioners sent a letter to Home Secretary Sajid Javid stressing the need for co-operation with European policing and justice organisations after March 2019. The letter stated that 32 measures were used daily including the European Arrest Warrant, the Schengen Information System (SIS) – a database giving alerts about individuals – and the European Criminal Records Information System. The letter stressed the importance and mutual benefit of continued cooperation between the UK and Europe to face mutual threats. The loss of access to SIS has led to police officers being unable to see alerts on criminals from EU countries, and vice versa. UK police agencies have replaced these with Interpol, but this comes with additional administrative overhead and reduced powers, and they are unable to know if they are missing any entries that are in SIS but not Interpol systems. The loss of access to European Investigation Orders has been especially damaging. However, the UK has retained access to DNA, fingerprint, vehicle and flight data. Critics have accused the police of "two-tier policing", claiming that they are politically biased and treat people from certain political or racial groups more harshly than others. These allegations have been popularised with the outbreak of Gaza war protests since 2023 and after the 2024 riots, and have primarily been promoted by the far-right and to a lesser extent the far-left. Critics on the left, such as Jamie Driscoll, argue that the police has a right-wing bias and is more harsh against left-wingers, ethnic minorities and pro-Palestinian groups. Critics on the right, such as Nigel Farage and Robert Jenrick, argue that the police has a left-wing bias and is more harsh against right-wingers and white people, and the white working class in particular. Accusations of two-tier policing have been dismissed by politicians across the political spectrum, including Labour prime minister Keir Starmer and Conservative home secretary Priti Patel. The Sunday Times and The Guardian described two-tier policing as a conspiracy theory in 2024, and it was also described as such in a 2025 research paper by criminologists at the University of Salford and Northumbria University. A 2025 report from the cross-party Home Affairs Select Committee concluded that there was no evidence of two-tier policing during the 2024 riots and other recent protests, describing accusations as "baseless", and stated that allegations of two-tier policing had undermined police officers. However, research by the Royal United Services Institute in 2024 concluded that there was a "two-tier approach" to extremism that benefited the far-right, with far-right violence widely dismissed as hooliganism while the same acts from Islamist groups were quickly classified as terrorism. A YouGov poll of 2,070 people conducted in August 2024 found partisan differences in beliefs in two-tier policing, with Conservative and Reform UK voters more likely to believe that the police were more strict against the far-right and young men and more lenient towards Muslims, black people, the far-left and climate activists. Labour and Liberal Democrat voters, in contrast, were more likely to disagree with this, and were more likely to believe the police were more strict with these groups and more lenient with the far-right and young men. In July 2024, peaceful Just Stop Oil climate protesters were given five-year sentences while a far-right rioter who assaulted a police officer was given a three-year sentence. Dale Vince said this disparity proved that there was "two-tier sentencing" and called for a review of the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022 to deal with this "completely disproportionate and inconsistent" system. During the 2024 riots, MP and Reform UK leader Nigel Farage and American businessman Elon Musk levelled accusations of two-tier policing, with Musk nicknaming Prime Minister Keir Starmer "two-tier Keir" and Farage suggesting that the police had dealt with the riots more harshly than other recent protests. After an incident at Manchester Airport in July 2024 in which a police officer was suspended from duty and four men were arrested, Farage accused Greater Manchester Police and the Crown Prosecution Service of two-tier policing for not announcing charges by October. Mike Neville, a retired Scotland Yard detective chief inspector, described disorderly behaviour at the 2024 Notting Hill Carnival, a celebration of Afro-Caribbean culture, as the "ultimate example of two-tier policing", and said that if the same behaviour was replicated at football matches or elsewhere it would be banned. In the summer of 2025, left-wing pro-Palestinian activists and politicians, including Jamie Driscoll and Owen Jones, made accusations of two-tier policing after the government proscribed Palestine Action as a terrorist organisation and the police arrested hundreds of peaceful protestors who expressed their support for the organisation. Protesters believed that the police had targeted them disproportionately, with far-right groups like the English Defence League still not proscribed and their supporters not persecuted. However, Jewish groups argued that the police had a two-tier bias in favour of these protesters in June 2025, after the police refused to arrest a pro-Palestine protester who had dressed as a Holocaust concentration camp inmate but replaced the star of David with a Muslim star and crescent. Overseas British Territories and Crown Dependencies Police Forces The Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories have their own police forces, the majority of which use the British model. Because they are not part of the United Kingdom, they are not answerable to the British Government; instead they are organised by and are responsible to their own governments (an exception to this is the Sovereign Base Areas Police; as the SBAs' existence is solely for the benefit of the British armed forces and do not have full overseas territory status, the SBA Police are responsible to the Ministry of Defence). Because they are based on the British model of policing, these police forces conform to the standards set out by the British government, which includes voluntarily submitting themselves to inspection by the HMIC. Their vehicles share similarities with the vehicles owned by forces based in the UK, such as the use of Battenburg markings. The fourteen British Overseas Territories are: Isle of Man Airport Police (disbanded) See also References External links |
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Contents Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor Andrew Albert Christian Edward Mountbatten-Windsor (born 19 February 1960), formerly Prince Andrew, Duke of York, is a member of the House of Windsor. He is the third child and second son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and a younger brother of King Charles III. Andrew was born second in the line of succession to the British throne and is eighth as of 2026. He served in the Royal Navy from 1979 to 2001. He saw active duty as a helicopter pilot during the Falklands War. He later became a helicopter instructor and commanded a warship. He married Sarah Ferguson in 1986, and was created Duke of York on their wedding day. They had two daughters, Beatrice and Eugenie, before separating in 1992 and divorcing in 1996. From 2001 to 2011, Andrew served as the UK's Special Representative for International Trade and Investment, but resigned following scrutiny of his expenses and associations with controversial figures. He continued to undertake official duties on behalf of Elizabeth II until 2019. Andrew had a long‑standing association with Jeffrey Epstein, the American convicted sex offender, which has attracted widespread criticism. In 2014, alleged Epstein abuse victim Virginia Giuffre said that she had been sex-trafficked to Andrew by Epstein and Ghislaine Maxwell. Andrew denied any wrongdoing, and in 2022 settled a civil lawsuit with Giuffre in the United States without admission of liability. In the same year, Elizabeth II removed his military affiliations and patronages, and he ceased using the style "Royal Highness". In 2025, Charles III removed Andrew's remaining royal styles and honours, and restricted his use of titles and peerages. He vacated Royal Lodge, part of the Crown Estate, and relocated to private accommodation on the Sandringham estate. Following the release of more Epstein files in early 2026, Andrew was arrested on suspicion of misconduct in public office and was later released under investigation. Early life During a 45-day tour of Canada in June and July 1959, Queen Elizabeth II discovered that she was pregnant. The pregnancy was not disclosed to the public during the tour. After her return to London, Buckingham Palace announced on 7 August that she would not undertake further public engagements, a customary indication of royal pregnancy. Andrew was born a prince at 3:30 pm on 19 February 1960 at Buckingham Palace, the third child and second son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He was christened Andrew Albert Christian Edward in the Music Room at the palace on 8 April. Andrew was the first child born to a reigning British monarch since Princess Beatrice, the youngest daughter of Queen Victoria, in 1857. Like his siblings, Charles, Anne and Edward, he was looked after by a governess, who oversaw his early education at Buckingham Palace. He later attended Heatherdown School near Ascot in Berkshire. In September 1973, he entered Gordonstoun in Moray, which his father and elder brother had also attended. He was nicknamed "the Sniggerer" by his schoolmates at Gordonstoun, because of "his penchant for off-colour jokes, at which he laughed inordinately". While there, he spent six months – from January to June 1977 – participating in an exchange programme at Lakefield College School in Canada. He left Gordonstoun in July two years later with A-levels in English, history, and economics. Naval military service The Royal Household announced in November 1978 that Andrew would join the Royal Navy the following year. In December, he underwent a series of sporting tests and examinations at the Aircrew Selection Centre, at RAF Biggin Hill, followed by further tests and interviews at HMS Daedalus and the Admiralty Interview Board, HMS Sultan. During March and April 1979, he was enrolled at the Royal Naval College Flight for pilot training, after which he was accepted as a trainee helicopter pilot and signed on for 12 years from 11 May 1979. On 1 September that year, Andrew was appointed a midshipman and entered Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. He also completed the Royal Marines All Arms Commando Course in 1979, for which he received his green beret. He was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant on 1 September 1981 and appointed to the Trained Strength on 22 October. After passing out from Dartmouth, Andrew undertook elementary flying training with the Royal Air Force at RAF Leeming, followed by basic flying training with the navy at HMS Seahawk, where he learned to fly the Gazelle helicopter. After being awarded his wings, he progressed to advanced training on the Sea King helicopter and carried out operational flying training until 1982. He subsequently joined 820 Naval Air Squadron on the aircraft carrier HMS Invincible. On 2 April 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, a British Overseas Territory administered by the United Kingdom and claimed by Argentina, triggering the Falklands War. Invincible was one of only two operational aircraft carriers available to the Royal Navy and therefore played a major role in the task force assembled to retake the islands. Andrew's presence on board, and the risk of a royal family member being killed in action, made the British government apprehensive, and the Cabinet sought to move him to a desk role for the duration of the conflict. The Queen, however, insisted that her son remain with his ship. Andrew served on Invincible as a Sea King helicopter co-pilot, flying missions that included anti-submarine and anti-surface warfare, Exocet missile decoy operations, casualty evacuation, transport, and search and air rescue. He witnessed the Argentine attack on SS Atlantic Conveyor. At the end of the war, Invincible returned to Portsmouth, where Elizabeth and Philip joined other families of the crew in welcoming the vessel home. According to historian Andrew Lownie, the Argentine military government planned, but ultimately did not attempt, to assassinate Andrew on Mustique in July 1982. Although he had brief assignments to HMS Illustrious, RNAS Culdrose, and the School of Service Intelligence, Andrew remained with Invincible until 1983. Commander Nigel Ward's memoir Sea Harrier Over the Falklands described Andrew as "an excellent pilot and a very promising officer." In late 1983, Andrew transferred to RNAS Portland and was trained to fly the Lynx helicopter. On 1 February 1984, he was promoted to lieutenant, after which Elizabeth appointed him her personal aide-de-camp. Andrew served aboard HMS Brazen as a flight pilot until 1986, including deployment to the Mediterranean Sea as part of Standing NRF Maritime Group 2. He undertook the Lieutenants' Greenwich Staff course. On 23 October 1986, he transferred to the General List and enrolled on a four-month helicopter warfare instructor's course at RNAS Yeovilton. Upon graduation, he served from February 1987 to April 1988 as a helicopter warfare officer in 702 Naval Air Squadron, RNAS Portland. He later served on HMS Edinburgh as officer of the watch and Assistant Navigating Officer until 1989, including a six-month deployment to the Far East as part of exercise Outback 88. From 1989 to 1991, Andrew served as flight commander and pilot of the Lynx HAS3 on HMS Campbeltown. He also acted as force aviation officer to Standing NRF Maritime Group 1 while Campbeltown was flagship of the NATO force in the North Atlantic from 1990 to 1991. He passed the squadron command examination on 16 July 1991, attended the Staff College, Camberley in 1992, and completed the Army Staff course. He was promoted to lieutenant-commander on 1 February and passed the ship command examination on 12 March 1992. From 1993 to 1994, Andrew commanded the Hunt-class minehunter HMS Cottesmore. From 1995 to 1996, Andrew was posted as senior pilot of 815 Naval Air Squadron, then the largest flying unit in the Fleet Air Arm. His main responsibility was to supervise flying standards and ensure effective operational capability. He was promoted to commander on 27 April 1999. He concluded his active naval career at the Ministry of Defence in 2001 as an officer of the Diplomatic Directorate of the Naval Staff. In July that year, Andrew was retired from the Active List of the Navy. He was made an honorary captain in 2004, promoted to rear admiral on his 50th birthday on 19 February 2010, and to vice admiral in 2015. Personal life In May 1978, the Evening News reported that Andrew had acquired the nickname "Randy Andy" (with "randy" being British slang for "sexually eager") while at Gordonstoun, owing to his being romantically involved with several women. UPI also used this nickname, stating that before beginning his naval career in 1979 he "seemed to be in training as a professional playboy". Andrew met the American photographer and actress Koo Stark in February 1981, before his active service in the Falklands War. In October 1982, they holidayed together on the island of Mustique. Tina Brown later described Stark as Andrew's only serious love interest. The couple separated in 1983 under pressure from the press and the palace. In 1997, Andrew became godfather to Stark's daughter. When Andrew faced accusations in 2015 regarding his association to Jeffery Epstein, Stark publicly defended him. Andrew married Sarah Ferguson at Westminster Abbey on 23 July 1986. On the same day, Elizabeth created him Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killyleagh; the first two of these titles had previously been held by both his maternal grandfather, George VI, and his great-grandfather George V. Andrew had known Ferguson since childhood; they had met occasionally at polo matches and became reacquainted at Royal Ascot in 1985. The couple initially appeared to have a happy marriage and had two daughters, Princess Beatrice (born 1988) and Princess Eugenie (born 1990), presenting a united public image during the late 1980s. Sarah's personal qualities were regarded as refreshing within the formal protocol of the royal family. Andrew's frequent travel due to his naval career, combined with relentless and often critical media attention on the Duchess of York, contributed to strains in the marriage. On 19 March 1992, the couple announced plans to separate and did so amicably. That August, tabloid newspapers published photographs of businessman John Bryan sucking Sarah's toes, effectively ending any prospect of reconciliation. Throughout the separation, Ferguson had maintained that Bryan was her financial adviser, a claim Andrew accepted. The marriage ended in divorce on 30 May 1996. Andrew spoke warmly of his former wife in 2008, saying, "We have managed to work together to bring our children up in a way that few others have been able to and I am extremely grateful to be able to do that." In May 2010, Ferguson was filmed by a News of the World reporter stating that Andrew had agreed that, if she were to receive £500,000, he would meet the donor and provide useful top-level business contacts. She was filmed receiving US$40,000 in cash as a down-payment. The newspaper reported that Andrew had no knowledge of the arrangement. In July 2011, Ferguson said that her multi-million-pound debts had been cleared through the intervention of her former husband, whom she described as a "knight on a white charger". In 2011, Ferguson said that she had made a "gigantic error of judgement" in allowing Epstein to pay off a debt for her, and apologised for accepting money from him. She nevertheless continued to defend Andrew's former friendship with Epstein. It later emerged that, following her public statement, she had sent an email to Epstein in which she referred to him as "a steadfast, generous and supreme friend". In 1999, Andrew was briefly in a relationship with Lady Victoria Hervey, who has since made a number of controversial statements in his support. As Andrew and Ferguson shared custody of their two daughters, the family continued to live at Sunninghill Park, which had been built for the couple near Windsor Great Park in 1990, until Andrew moved to Royal Lodge in 2004. In 2007, Ferguson moved into Dolphin House in Englefield Green, less than a mile from Royal Lodge. A fire at Dolphin House in 2008 led her to move into Royal Lodge, once again sharing a home with Andrew. Andrew's lease of Royal Lodge was for 75 years, held from the Crown Estate, with a single £1 million premium and a commitment to spend £7.5 million on refurbishment. In March 2023, it was reported that Andrew had been offered Frogmore Cottage after his nephew Prince Harry was asked to vacate the residence. The offer came amid reports that Andrew could no longer afford the running costs of Royal Lodge as he was due to lose his annual grant. In October 2025, it was reported that Andrew had paid a peppercorn rent for the Royal Lodge lease in return for upfront payments totalling £8.5 million, and that the legal agreement entitled him and his family to reside at the property until 2078. Later that month, Buckingham Palace announced that formal notice had been served to surrender the lease, and Andrew would reportedly move to Marsh Farm on the Sandringham estate, a private estate owned personally by the King. The Crown Estate subsequently clarified that Andrew "will not be owed any compensation for early surrender of the lease ... once dilapidations are taken into account". On 2 February 2026, Andrew left Royal Lodge and moved temporarily to Wood Farm on the Sandringham estate while his future accommodation continues to undergo renovation. Andrew is a keen skier, and in 2014 he bought a chalet in Verbier, Switzerland, for £13 million, jointly with his ex-wife. In May 2020, it was reported that they were in a legal dispute over the mortgage. To purchase the property, they had secured a loan of £13.25 million and were expected to pay £5 million in cash instalments which, with interest, totalled £6.8 million. Despite claims that the Queen would assist with the payment, a spokesperson for Andrew confirmed that she "will not be stepping in to settle the debt". The Times reported in September 2021 that Andrew and Ferguson had reached a legal agreement with the chalet's previous owner and would sell the property. The owner agreed to accept £3.4 million – half of what she was owed – after being informed that Andrew and Ferguson were experiencing financial difficulties. Proceeds from the sale were reportedly intended to contribute to Andrew's legal expenses in relation to the civil lawsuit with Virginia Giuffre. In June 2022, Le Temps reported that the chalet had been frozen because of a £1.6 million debt Andrew owed to unnamed individuals. Law professor Nicolas Jeandin told the newspaper "A sale is in principle impossible, except with the agreement of the creditor." On 2 June 2022, Andrew tested positive for COVID-19, and it was announced that he would not attend the Platinum Jubilee National Service of Thanksgiving at St Paul's Cathedral on 3 June. Andrew is a teetotaller. Andrew is a keen golfer and has held a low single-figure handicap. He served as captain of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews between 2003 and 2004 – during the club's 250th anniversary season – was patron of several royal golf clubs, and had been elected an honorary member of many others. In 2004, he was criticised by Labour Co-op MP Ian Davidson, who, in a letter to the NAO, questioned Andrew's decision to fly to St Andrews on RAF aircraft for two golfing trips. Andrew resigned his honorary membership of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews after the Queen removed royal patronages at several golf clubs. His honorary membership of the Royal Dornoch Golf Club was revoked the following month. Charitable work Andrew was patron of the Middle East Association (MEA), the UK's premier organisation for promoting trade and good relations with the Middle East, North Africa, Turkey, and Iran. After his role as Special Representative for International Trade and Investment ended, he continued to support UK enterprise without holding a formal position. Robert Jobson wrote that Andrew carried out this working effectively, noting that "He is particularly passionate when dealing with young start-up entrepreneurs and bringing them together with successful businesses at networking and showcasing events. Andrew is direct and to the point, and his methods seem to work". Andrew was patron of Fight for Sight, a charity dedicated to research into the prevention and treatment of blindness and eye disease, and was a member of the Scout Association. Andrew toured Canada frequently to undertake duties related to his Canadian military role. Rick Peters, former commanding officer of the Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada, stated that Andrew was "very well informed on Canadian military methods". He became patron of the charity Attend in 2003 and served as a member of the International Advisory Board of the Royal United Services Institute. On 3 September 2012, Andrew was among a team of 40 people who abseiled down The Shard, then the tallest building in Europe, to raise money for the educational charities the Outward Bound Trust and the Royal Marines Charitable Trust Fund. He also supported organisations focused on science and technology, becoming patron of Catalyst Inc and TeenTech. In 2014, Andrew visited Geneva, Switzerland, to promote British science at CERN's 60th anniversary celebrations. In 2013, it was announced that Andrew would become patron of London Metropolitan University and the University of Huddersfield. In July 2015, he was installed as Chancellor of the University of Huddersfield. In recognition of his promotion of entrepreneurship, he was elected to an Honorary Fellowship at Hughes Hall, in the University of Cambridge on 1 May 2018. On 19 November 2019, the Students' Union of the University of Huddersfield passed a motion to lobby Andrew to resign as its chancellor, while London Metropolitan University was also reviewing his role as patron. On 21 November, Andrew relinquished his role as Chancellor of the University of Huddersfield. In March 2019, Andrew took over the patronage of the Outward Bound Trust from his father, the Duke of Edinburgh, serving until his own resignation in November 2019. Andrew had been chairman of the organisation's board of trustees since 1999. In May 2019, it was announced that Andrew had succeeded Lord Carrington as patron of the Royal Fine Art Commission Trust. On 13 January 2022, it was announced that his royal patronages had been returned to the Queen to be redistributed among other members of the royal family. In January 2023, it was reported that King Charles III had agreed that Andrew could pursue some business interests. In July 2025, the philanthropy adviser Giving Evidence published research examining the impact of Andrew's charity patronages on the incomes of the organisations he supported prior to his retirement from public duties. The study found that revenues at roughly half of the 35 registered charities in England for which Andrew had been the sole royal patron rose after his patronage ended, while revenues at the other half fell. Researchers then compared the 35 charities with others across the country and found "no material differences in revenue patterns when Andrew's patronages ceased". This and earlier studies supported the conclusion that having a royal patron did not significantly affect charities' incomes. While touring India as part of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee in 2012, Andrew became interested in the work of Women's Interlink Foundation (WIF), a charity that helps women acquire skills to earn an income. He and his family later initiated Key to Freedom, a project intended to "find a route to market for products made by WIF". In 2014, Andrew founded the Pitch@Palace initiative to support entrepreneurs by amplifying and accelerating their business ideas. Entrepreneurs selected for Pitch@Palace Bootcamp were officially invited by Andrew to attend St James's Palace to pitch their ideas and connect with potential investors, mentors, and business contacts. In May 2018, he visited China and opened the Pitch@Palace China Bootcamp 2.0 at Peking University. On 18 November 2019, accountancy firm KPMG announced it would not renew its sponsorship of Pitch@Palace, and on 19 November Standard Chartered also withdrew its support. Amanda Thirsk became chief executive of Pitch@Palace in November 2019, following Andrew's withdrawal from royal duties. Thirsk resigned as chief executive of Pitch@Palace in April 2020, and by early 2021, ownership was transferred to Knox House Trustees (UK) Limited, a company ultimately owned by Doug Barrowman. In 2023, ownership of Knox House Trustees (UK) Limited was transferred to Andrew's accountant Arthur Lancaster. In November 2025, Pitch@Palace Global entered the dissolution process, initiated by its director, following the winding-up of its UK arm in 2021. Andrew founded the Prince Andrew Charitable Trust which aimed to support young people in different areas such as education and training. In May 2020, it was reported that the trust was under investigation by the Charity Commission regarding regulatory concerns about £350,000 in payments to his former private secretary Amanda Thirsk. He also established several awards, including the Inspiring Digital Enterprise Award (iDEA), a programme designed to develop digital and enterprise skills, the Duke of York Award for Technical Education, presented to talented young people in technical fields, and the Duke of York Young Entrepreneur Award, which recognised young entrepreneurial talent. Andrew was additionally involved with the private limited company the Duke of York's Community Initiative (known as the Yorkshire Foundation between 2005 and 2011) and with a separate charity of a similar name, both of which supported voluntary organisations in Yorkshire. The company and the charity were dissolved in 2023 and 2024, respectively. Trade and commercial activities From 2001 to July 2011, Andrew worked with UK Trade & Investment, part of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, as the United Kingdom's Special Representative for International Trade and Investment. The post, previously held by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, involved representing and promoting the UK at trade fairs and conferences around the world. His suitability for the role was challenged in the House of Commons by Shadow Justice Minister Chris Bryant in February 2011, during the 2011 Libyan civil war, on the grounds that he was "not only a very close friend of Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, but also ... a close friend of the convicted Libyan gun smuggler Tarek Kaituni". Further criticism arose after he hosted a lunch for Sakher El Materi, a member of the corrupt Tunisian regime, at Buckingham Palace around the time of the Tunisian Revolution. Andrew also formed a friendship with Ilham Aliyev, the president of Azerbaijan, who has been criticised for corruption and human-rights abuses by Amnesty International, and visited him both during and after his tenure as the trade envoy. As of November 2014, Andrew had met Aliyev on 12 occasions. These controversies, together with his ties to Epstein, led him to step down from the role in 2011. Reports indicated that Andrew maintained close ties with the Saudi royal family, which was deemed helpful to British trade interests, particularly in the defense sector. Andrew did not receive a salary from the UK Trade & Investment for his role as Special Representative, but he travelled on expenses-paid delegations and was alleged to have occasionally used government-funded trips paid for personal leisure, earning him the nickname "Airmiles Andy" in the press. On 8 March 2011, The Daily Telegraph reported: "In 2010, the Prince spent £620,000 as a trade envoy, including £154,000 on hotels, food and hospitality and £465,000 on travel." Official documents relating to Andrew's business trips between 2001 and 2011 will not be released by the Foreign Office until 2065. As the United Kingdom's Special Trade Representative, Andrew travelled widely to promote British businesses. The United States diplomatic cables leak revealed that Tatiana Gfoeller, the United States Ambassador to Kyrgyzstan, had reported Andrew discussing bribery in Kyrgyzstan and the investigation into the Al-Yamamah arms deal. According to Gfoeller, he "was referencing an investigation, subsequently closed, into alleged kickbacks a senior Saudi royal had received in exchange for the multi-year, lucrative BAE Systems contract to provide equipment and training to Saudi security forces." The dispatch continued: "His mother's subjects seated around the table roared their approval. He then went on to 'these (expletive) journalists, especially from the National Guardian [sic], who poke their noses everywhere' and (presumably) make it harder for British businessmen to do business. The crowd practically clapped!" In May 2008, Andrew attended a goose-hunt in Kazakhstan with President Nursultan Nazarbayev. In 2010, it emerged that the president's son-in-law, Timur Kulibayev, had paid Andrew's representatives £15 million – £3 million above the asking price – via offshore companies, for Andrew's Surrey mansion, Sunninghill Park. A BBC investigation later reported that Kulibayev had financed the purchase in part through a loan from Enviro Pacific Investments, a firm which Italian prosecutors concluded had received funds linked to a 2007 bribery scheme. The BBC further reported that the final payments associated with the alleged scheme occurred only weeks before contracts were exchanged for Sunninghill Park, raising questions about whether Andrew may have inadvertently benefited from the proceeds of crime, and whether appropriate due-diligence checks had been carried out. Kulibayev denied any involvement in bribery or corruption, has not been charged, and his lawyers stated that the loan had been obtained on commercial terms and later repaid with interest. He frequently appeared in US diplomatic cables as one of the individuals who had accumulated significant wealth in gas-rich Kazakhstan. It was later reported that Andrew's office had attempted to secure a crown estate property close to Kensington Palace for Kulibayev at the time. In May 2012, Swiss and Italian police investigating "a network of personal and business relationships" allegedly used for "international corruption" examined the activities of Enviro Pacific Investments, which charged "multi-million pound fees" to energy companies seeking to operate in Kazakhstan. The trust is believed to have paid £6 million towards the purchase of Sunninghill, which now appears derelict. A Palace spokesman responded: "This was a private sale between two trusts. There was never any impropriety on the part of The Duke of York". Libby Purves wrote in The Times in January 2015: "Prince Andrew dazzles easily when confronted with immense wealth and apparent power. He has fallen for 'friendships' with bad, corrupt and clever men, not only in the US but in Libya, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tunisia, wherever." In May 2016, a further controversy arose when the Daily Mail alleged that Andrew had brokered a deal to assist a Greek and Swiss consortium in securing a £385-million contract to build water and sewerage networks in two of Kazakhstan's largest cities while serving as trade envoy, and that he stood to gain a £4-million commission. The newspaper published an email from Andrew to Kazakh oligarch Kenges Rakishev – who had allegedly brokered the sale of Sunninghill Park – and reported that Rakishev had arranged meetings for the consortium. After initially stating that the email was a forgery, Buckingham Palace sought to block its publication as a privacy breach. The Palace denied that Andrew had acted as a "fixer" calling the article "untrue, defamatory and a breach of the editor's code of conduct". Former Foreign Office minister, MP Chris Bryant commented: "When I was at the Foreign Office it was very difficult to see in whose interests he [Andrew] was acting. He doesn't exactly add lustre to the Royal diadem". Andrew, during his tenure as the UK's Special Representative for International Trade and Investment, faced significant controversy regarding his role in fostering arms deals with Saudi Arabia, particularly in relation to alleged bribery and corruption involving BAE Systems. In March 2011, Kaye Stearman of the Campaign Against the Arms Trade told Channel 4 News that the organisation viewed Andrew as part of a wider problem: "He is the front man for UKTI. Our concerns are not just Prince Andrew, it's the whole UKTI set up. They see arms as just another commodity but it has completely disproportionate resources. At the London office of UKTI the arms sector has more staff than all the others put together. We are concerned that Prince Andrew is used to sell arms, and where you sell arms it is likely to be to despotic regimes. He is the cheerleader in chief for the arms industry, shaking hands and paving the way for the salesmen." In January 2014, Andrew took part in a delegation to Bahrain, a close ally of the United Kingdom. Andrew Smith, a spokesman for CAAT, said: "We are calling on Prince Andrew and the UK government to stop selling arms to Bahrain. By endorsing the Bahraini dictatorship Prince Andrew is giving his implicit support to their oppressive practices. When our government sells arms it is giving moral and practical support to an illegitimate and authoritarian regime and directly supporting their systematic crackdown on opposition groups. (...) We shouldn't allow our international image to be used as a PR tool for the violent and oppressive dictatorship in Bahrain." Smith also stated: "The prince has consistently used his position to promote arms sales and boost some of the most unpleasant governments in the world, his arms sales haven't just given military support to corrupt and repressive regimes. They've lent those regimes political and international legitimacy." In November 2020, following reviews of emails, internal documents, and unreported regulatory filings, as well as interviews with former bank insiders, Bloomberg Businessweek reported that Andrew had used his royal status and his role as trade envoy to assist David Rowland and his private bank, Banque Havilland, in securing clients around the world. The Rowland family were among Andrew's investment advisers, and he attended the bank's official opening ceremony in July 2009. In his email exchanges with Jeffrey Epstein in May 2010, Andrew described Rowland as his "trusted money man" although despite Andrew's encouragement for Epstein to invest in the Rowlands' venture he appeared to be reluctant. It has been alleged that Banque Havilland sought to service dictators and kleptocrats. In 2021, Bloomberg News reported that a firm connected to Rowland had been paying off Andrew's debts. In November 2017, Andrew borrowed £250,000 from Banque Havilland, adding to an existing £1.25 million loan that had been "extended or increased 10 times" since 2015. Documents indicated that although the "credibility of the applicant" had been questioned, the loan was approved in an effort to "further business potential with the Royal Family". Eleven days later, in December 2017, £1.5 million was transferred from an account at Albany Reserves – controlled by the Rowland family – to Andrew's account at Banque Havilland, paying off the loan due in March 2018. In February 2026, The Daily Telegraph reported that, in February 2010, while serving as the UK's trade envoy, Andrew forwarded a confidential Treasury briefing on the Icelandic financial crisis to Jonathan Rowland, the chief executive of Banque Havilland. In December 2024, it was reported that Andrew had invited Chris Yang, a Chinese businessman initially identified as "H6" in legal documents, to events at royal residences. Yang had been authorised by a royal aide, Dominic Hampshire, to act on Andrew's behalf when dealing with potential investors in China. Yang was barred from entering the United Kingdom in 2023 due to alleged involvement in "covert and deceptive activity" on behalf of the Chinese Communist Party. Andrew ceased all contact with Yang following government concerns. According to a 2025 report by The Telegraph, UK intelligence agencies deemed Andrew a potential national‑security risk because of his repeated meetings and close relationship with Yang, with concerns dating back to 2021 that his vulnerability and access could be exploited. In 2025, it was reported that Andrew had met Cai Qi – who later became the first-ranked member of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and de facto chief of staff to Xi Jinping – in London in 2018 and in Beijing in 2018 and 2019. Cai had been suspected of receiving sensitive information from British nationals Christopher Cash and Christopher Berry, though charges against them were dropped by the Crown Prosecution Service in 2025. The London meeting formed part of a welcome event for a Beijing delegation attended by then-Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, Scottish former first minister Nicola Sturgeon, former Cabinet Office minister David Lidington, and London Mayor Sadiq Khan. Andrew's subsequent meetings with Cai were connected to the expansion and launch of his Pitch@Palace business initiative in China. Finances Andrew received a £249,000 annuity from Queen Elizabeth II, which was reduced by King Charles III in April 2023. In the twelve-month period up to April 2004, he spent £325,000 on flights, and his trade missions as special representative for UKTI cost £75,000 in 2003. The Sunday Times reported in July 2008 that, for "the Duke of York's public role ... he last year received £436,000 to cover his expenses". He also receives a Royal Navy pension of £20,000. In June 2019, Andrew arranged a private Buckingham Palace tour for Jay Bloom and Michael Evers, businessmen from the US cryptocurrency mining company Pegasus Group Holdings, which had agreed to pay his ex-wife up to £1.4 million for her role as a "brand ambassador". Bloom and Evers were driven into the Palace in Andrew's car from their Knightsbridge hotel and later attended his Pitch@Palace event at St James's Palace before dining that evening with Andrew, Ferguson, and their daughter Beatrice. Ferguson was promoting Pegasus's plan to use thousands of solar-powered generators to mine Bitcoin in Arizona, though the project collapsed after acquiring only 615 of the planned 16,000 units and generating just $33,779 (£25,000) in cryptocurrency. Ferguson first met Bloom in Las Vegas in 2018, and he and Evers visited London frequently in 2019, meeting the York family on several occasions. In October 2019, Ferguson signed a contract via Alphabet Capital, a British company owned by Adrian Gleave, through which she was paid more than £200,000 for Pegasus-related work. Court documents showed that Andrew also received £60,500 traced to Gleave's businesses, though neither party explained the payments. Several months after Andrew's controversial 2019 Newsnight interview, his private office established the Urramoor Trust, which owned both Lincelles (established 2020) and Urramoor Ltd (established 2013), and was, according to The Times, set up to support his family. Lincelles was voluntarily wound up in 2022. Andrew was described as a "settlor but not a beneficiary" and did not own either company, though Companies House listed him and his long-time private banker Harry Keogh as persons with "significant control". In March 2022, it was reported that, on 15 November 2019, the wife of jailed former Turkish politician İlhan İşbilen had transferred £750,000 to Andrew in the belief that it would help her secure a passport. He repaid the money 16 months later after being contacted by İşbilen's lawyers. The Telegraph reported that the payment had been described to the bankers "as a wedding gift" for his elder daughter, Beatrice, though court documents did not suggest that Beatrice was aware of the transaction. İşbilen alleges that a further £350,000 was paid to Andrew through businessman Selman Turk, who she is suing for fraud. Turk had received the People's Choice Award for his business Heyman AI at a Pitch@Palace event held at St James's Palace days before the £750,000 transfer. In October 2025, it was reported that in December 2019 Andrew received £60,500 from Adrian Gleave, whose company Alphabet Capital Limited had also funneled money from Nebahat İşbilen to Andrew and Ferguson. Court documents indicated that Alphabet Capital had made – and might continue to make – substantial payments to Andrew, despite being listed as a dormant company with minimal turnover. Gleave had links to SVS Securities, a firm shut down by regulators over pension mis-selling. Tarek Kaituni, a Libyan-born convicted gun smuggler, introduced Andrew to Selman Turk in May or June 2019 and met him on at least two occasions. Kaituni, for whom Andrew had allegedly lobbied a British company, had reportedly given Beatrice an £18,000 gold and diamond necklace for her 21st birthday in 2009 and was invited to Eugenie's wedding in 2018. Andrew also received "half" of £100,000 that Turk claimed was a payment to businessman Adrian Gleave to fund a search for "finding yoghurt production facilities in America". In October 2025, The Guardian reported that Andrew was set to receive a one-off six-figure payment from King Charles III's private funds to help finance his move from Royal Lodge to a smaller property on the Sandringham estate. He would also receive an annual stipend worth several times his £20,000 naval pension. Allegations Andrew was a friend of Jeffrey Epstein, an American financier who pleaded guilty in 2008 to soliciting prostitution from a person under the age of 18. In December 2010, Andrew was photographed walking with Epstein in Central Park during a visit to New York City. In July 2011, Andrew's role as trade envoy was terminated, amid escalating controversy over his associations, particularly with Epstein. In 2011, prominent Epstein accuser Virginia Giuffre told the Daily Mail that she never had sexual contact with then-Prince Andrew, but later alleged she was trafficked by Epstein to Andrew on several occasions. On 30 December 2014, a court filing in Florida by the lawyers Bradley J. Edwards and Paul G. Cassell alleged that Andrew was among several prominent figures, including lawyer Alan Dershowitz and "a former prime minister", who had participated in sexual activities with a minor later identified as Virginia Giuffre (then known by her maiden name, Virginia Roberts), who was allegedly trafficked by Epstein. In January 2015, there was renewed media and public pressure for Buckingham Palace to explain Andrew's connection with Epstein. The Palace stated that "any suggestion of impropriety with underage minors is categorically untrue", and later repeated the denial. Giuffre stated that she had sex with Andrew on three occasions, including during a trip to London in 2001 when she was 17, and later in New York and on Little Saint James in the US Virgin Islands during an orgy. She alleged that Epstein paid her $15,000 after she had sex with Andrew in London. Flight logs place Andrew and Giuffre in the locations where she said their meetings occurred. Andrew and Giuffre were also photographed together, with his arm around her waist and Ghislaine Maxwell in the background, though Andrew's supporters have repeatedly claimed the image is fake or edited. An email sent by "G Maxwell" to Epstein in 2015, released as part of the Epstein files, appears to confirm that a photograph had been taken, stating: "In 2001 I was in London when [redacted] met a number of friends of mine including Prince Andrew. A photograph was taken as I imagine she wanted to show it to friends and family." In August 2019, court documents associated with the defamation case between Giuffre and Maxwell revealed that a second woman, Johanna Sjoberg, alleged that Andrew had placed his hand on her breast while posing for a photo with his Spitting Image puppet in Epstein's mansion. In January 2026, another Epstein victim alleged, through her lawyer Bradley J. Edwards, that she had been sent to the UK for a sexual encounter with Andrew at Royal Lodge in 2010, when she was in her twenties. Her lawyer also said that she was subsequently shown around Buckingham Palace and served tea. In February 2026, the BBC reported on a 2011 legal letter from the Epstein files. The letter alleged that in 2006, an unnamed exotic dancer was hired for $10,000 to perform at Epstein's Florida home for him and Andrew and was then propositioned for a threesome. She stated she was paid only $2,000. In 2011, The Daily Telegraph reported that Epstein's private jet, the "Lolita Express", had once landed at the Royal Air Force station, RAF Marham in Norfolk. It has been alleged that Andrew "pulled strings" so that Epstein could use the RAF base. In November 2019, the BBC's Newsnight broadcast an interview between Andrew and presenter Emily Maitlis, in which he discussed his friendship with Epstein publicly for the first time. Andrew said he met Epstein in 1999 through Maxwell, contradicting comments made by his private secretary in 2011 that the two met in "the early 1990s". In the interview, Andrew denied having sex with Giuffre on 10 March 2001, as she alleged, saying he had been at home with his daughters after attending a party at a PizzaExpress branch in Woking with his elder daughter, Beatrice. The interview was believed by Maitlis and the Newsnight team to have been approved by the Queen, though "palace insiders" quoted by The Sunday Telegraph disputed this. Although Andrew was reportedly pleased with the outcome – giving Maitlis and the Newsnight team a tour of Buckingham Palace – the interview received overwhelmingly negative reactions from the media and the public. It was described as a "car crash", "nuclear explosion level bad", and the worst public-relations crisis for the royal family since the death of Diana, Princess of Wales. In August 2021, Giuffre sued Andrew in the federal District Court for the Southern District of New York, accusing him of "sexual assault and intentional infliction of emotional distress". On 29 October 2021, Andrew's lawyers filed a response stating that he "unequivocally denies Giuffre's false allegations". On 12 January 2022, Judge Kaplan rejected Andrew's attempts to dismiss the case, allowing the lawsuit to proceed. In February, the case was settled out of court, with Andrew making a donation to Giuffre's charity for victims of abuse, without any admission of liability. On 20 November 2019, Buckingham Palace announced that Andrew was suspending his public duties "for the foreseeable future". The decision, made with the Queen's consent, was accompanied by an insistence that Andrew sympathised with Epstein's victims. Other working royals took over his commitments in the short term. On 24 November, the palace confirmed that Andrew would step down from all 230 of his patronages. The scrutiny of Andrew's relationship with Epstein also led to scrutiny of other public figures' ties to Epstein, notably the relationship of Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway, and Epstein. In March 2020, Andrew hired Mark Gallagher, a crisis-management expert who had assisted high-profile clients falsely accused during Operation Midland. In May 2020, it was announced that Andrew would permanently resign from all public roles due to his ties to Epstein. In January 2022, Andrew's social-media accounts were deleted, his page on the royal family's website was rewritten in the past tense, and his military affiliations and patronages were removed to emphasise his withdrawal from public life. He also stopped using the style His Royal Highness (HRH), although it was not formally removed. In June 2022, Rachael Maskell, Labour MP for York Central, introduced a 'Removal of Titles' private members bill in the House of Commons, which would have enabled the monarch or a parliamentary committee to strip aristocratic titles from individuals deemed unworthy. In March 2022, Andrew made his first public appearance in months, helping the Queen walk into Westminster Abbey for a memorial service for his father, the Duke of Edinburgh. In June 2022, Andrew took part in the private elements of the Garter Day ceremony, including lunch and the investiture of new members, but was excluded from the public procession amid reports that his brother Charles and nephew William had intervened to prevent him appearing in view of the public. Following the death of Queen Elizabeth II on 8 September 2022, Andrew appeared in civilian clothing at various ceremonial events. Andrew wore military uniform for a 15-minute vigil beside the Queen's coffin at Westminster Hall on 16 September. In October 2022, it was reported that Andrew no longer received government funding. In November 2022, it was reported that he was set to lose his police protection, as he was no longer expected to undertake public duties in line with King Charles's wishes. His armed personal protection officers were expected to be replaced by private security guards, likely to be funded by Charles, at an estimated cost of up to £3 million per year. In January 2023, it was reported that Andrew could no longer use his suite of rooms at Buckingham Palace. In August 2024, The Telegraph reported that King Charles would withdraw funding for Andrew's security by the end of October, requiring him to pay for future security operations at Royal Lodge. On 2 November 2025, Defence Secretary John Healey confirmed that Andrew's honorary rank of vice-admiral – retained after he relinquished his other military titles in 2022 – would be removed following direction from Charles III, a process finalised by 13 December. He continues to hold the South Atlantic Medal with rosette, awarded to all who served in the Falklands War. On 3 November, letters patent were issued removing Andrew's style of "Royal Highness" and the title "prince"; without these honorifics, it was agreed that he would use the family surname Mountbatten-Windsor. His appointments to the Royal Victorian Order and Order of the Garter were also rescinded, and his banner removed from St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, the chapel of the Order of the Garter. Later that month, Andrew's life membership of the Savage Club was withdrawn. Commemorative plaques bearing his name were removed from several locations in the Falkland Islands, and Mid and East Antrim Council agreed to rename Prince Andrew Way in Carrickfergus. On 19 November, Metropolitan Police firearms-licensing officers requested that Andrew voluntarily surrender his firearms and shotgun certificate, which he did. No reason for the surrender was given. Rohan Silva, a former Downing Street aide, claimed that, when they met in 2012, Andrew had commented, "Well, if you'll pardon the expression, that really is the nigger in the woodpile." The former home secretary Jacqui Smith also claimed that he made a racist comment about Arabs during a state dinner for the Saudi royal family in 2007. Buckingham Palace denied that Andrew had used racist language on either occasion. During his four-day tour of Southern California in 1984, Andrew squirted paint at American and British journalists and photographers who were reporting on the visit, after which he told Los Angeles county supervisor Kenneth Hahn, "I enjoyed that." The incident damaged reporters' clothing and equipment, and the Los Angeles Herald Examiner submitted a $1,200 bill to the British consulate seeking compensation. The Guardian wrote in 2022 that "his brusque manner with servants is well-documented. A senior footman once told a reporter who worked undercover at Buckingham Palace that on waking Andrew "the response can easily be 'fuck off' as 'good morning'". Former royal protection officer Paul Page said in an ITV documentary that Andrew kept a collection of "50 or 60 stuffed toys" and would "shout and scream and become verbally abusive" if they "weren't put back in the right order by the maids". Page later alleged in the documentary Prince Andrew: Banished that different women visited Andrew daily, and that when one was denied entry by security, Andrew allegedly called an officer a "fat, lardy cunt" over the phone. Page, who was earlier convicted of fraud, said of Andrew: "He's a bully." Andrew's former maid, Charlotte Briggs, also recalled arranging the teddy bears on his bed and told The Sun that when she was bitten by his Norfolk Terrier in 1996 he laughed and "wasn't bothered". She said she had been reduced to tears after being reprimanded for not properly closing the heavy curtains in his office, adding that his behaviour contrasted with that of his brothers Charles and Edward, who "weren't anything like him" and his father Philip, whom she described as "so nice and gentlemanly". Emma Gruenbaum, a massage therapist, told The Sun that Andrew regularly overstepped boundaries, making sexual comments during appointments. She said he talked continually about sex during their first session and asked about when she had last had sex. Gruenbaum said Andrew arranged regular massages for around two months, and she believed the requests stopped when he realised he would not get more. In 2025, Andrew Lownie alleged in his book Entitled: The Rise and Fall of the House of York that Andrew reprimanded a palace employee for not using the proper name and title when referring to his grandmother Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, calling him a "fucking imbecile". Another employee recounted that Andrew would "explode one minute and then try to take it back the next". Emails disclosed as part of the Epstein files in early 2026 appear to indicate that, between 2010 and 2011, Andrew may have knowingly shared confidential information with Epstein about his official work as trade envoy; trade envoys have a duty of confidentiality over sensitive, commercial, or political information arising from their official visits. It is further alleged that in 2010, Andrew passed on an email conversation about the Royal Bank of Scotland and Aston Martin to Terence Allen and David Stern. In February 2026, Thames Valley Police stated that they were considering investigating Republic's report concerning Andrew for suspected misconduct in public office and an alleged breach of official secrets. On the morning of 19 February 2026, his 66th birthday, Andrew was arrested on suspicion of misconduct in public office. Unmarked police cars were seen at the Sandringham estate, where he had been living since leaving his home in Windsor. Thames Valley Police stated that they were searching addresses in Berkshire and Norfolk, and it was subsequently confirmed that officers were searching Royal Lodge in Windsor Great Park, where Andrew previously lived. Charles III released a statement expressing his "deepest concern", and said that "the law must take its course". Andrew was released from a Norfolk police station later that day, under investigation, after undergoing around 12 hours of detention and questioning; Reuters photographer Phil Noble's photograph of a "shell-shocked, haunted" Andrew sitting in his car earned international attention. This was the first arrest of a senior member of the British royal family since that of King Charles I in 1647, and the first arrest of a sibling of the reigning monarch since that of Elizabeth I in 1554. Titles, styles, honours and arms As a son of the reigning monarch, he was styled at birth as "His Royal Highness The Prince Andrew". On 23 July 1986, the day of his wedding, he was created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness, and Baron Killyleagh, and assumed the style "His Royal Highness The Duke of York". He was occasionally known as Earl of Inverness in Scotland and Baron Killyleagh in Northern Ireland. In 2019, in light of Andrew's friendship with the convicted sex offender Epstein, residents of Inverness began a campaign to strip him of his earldom, saying that "it is inappropriate that Prince Andrew is associated with our beautiful city". In 2022, a renewed petition was launched in Inverness, and the residents of Killyleagh expressed the view that he should also lose his barony. Rachael Maskell, the Labour Co-op MP for York Central, said she would seek ways to make Andrew give up his dukedom if he did not do so voluntarily; the City of York Council voted unanimously to remove his honorary freedom of the city, and several York councillors called for him to lose the title Duke of York. In January 2022, Andrew ceased using the style "Royal Highness" in a public capacity, though he remained permitted to use it privately. On 17 October 2025, following discussions with King Charles III, Andrew agreed to cease using his peerages and honours, including his dukedom and his knighthoods as a Royal Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter and a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order. His banner of arms, which had hung in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, since 2006 to signify his membership of the Order of the Garter, was removed. On 30 October, Buckingham Palace announced that Charles III had begun a "formal process" to remove his brother's style, titles, and honours. Andrew's name was removed from the Roll of the Peerage the same day. Although this did not revoke his peerages, it meant he was no longer entitled to any place in the orders of precedence in the United Kingdom derived from them, and ceased to be addressed or referred to by any title derived from his peerages in official documents. His profile was taken down from the royal website the following day. Letters patent were issued on 3 November removing the style "Royal Highness" and the title "prince" from Andrew, and on 1 December a notice, backdated to 30 October, was published in The London Gazette stating that his appointments to the Order of the Garter and Royal Victorian Order had been annulled. He is to use the surname "Mountbatten-Windsor", in accordance with the 1960 Privy Council declaration on the family surname by Queen Elizabeth II. On 13 December, the Ministry of Defence announced that the Defence Council of the United Kingdom had removed Andrew's honorary rank of vice-admiral, whereupon he reverted to the rank of commander (retired). As of 2026[update], Andrew is eighth in the line of succession to the British throne. However the government is planning to introduce a bill to remove him from the line of succession. He is also a Counsellor of State, but will not be called upon to act in that capacity as he is not a working member of the royal family. In 2019, Andrew's military affiliations were suspended and on 13 January 2022 they were formally returned to Queen Elizabeth II. Canada New Zealand United Kingdom Depictions Andrew was portrayed by Rufus Sewell in the 2024 Netflix drama film Scoop, which depicts the 2019 BBC Newsnight interview "Prince Andrew & the Epstein Scandal". He was portrayed by Michael Sheen in the 2024 three-part Amazon MGM Studios drama series A Very Royal Scandal, which also centres on the interview. Andrew was portrayed by Tom Byrne in the fourth season, and by James Murray in the final two seasons, of Netflix's The Crown. References Bibliography External links |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_deletion] | [TOKENS: 4204] |
Contents Wikipedia:Guide to deletion Deletion of a Wikipedia page removes the complete page (and all previous versions) from public view. Deletion happens when a page is unsuitable, unhelpful, or does not meet the required criteria. Two further deletion processes exist to address undesirable material that may have been added to a page or visible in a log. The deletion policy explains when deletion is acceptable. This page explains the processes available, and how deletion discussions work when articles are concerned. There is a separate guide to image deletion. You may have come here because a deletion notice of some kind was added to an article that you wrote. Please read this guide to see what happens now and how you can participate in the communal decision-making process. Summary of deletion processes Deleting an entire Wikipedia page or file: Deleting specific text within a page: Overview of the AfD deletion process All text created in the Wikipedia main namespace is subject to several important rules, including three cardinal content policies (Wikipedia:Neutral point of view, Wikipedia:Verifiability, and Wikipedia:No original research) and the copyright policy (Wikipedia:Copyrights). Together, these policies govern the admissibility of text in the main body of the encyclopedia, and only text conforming to all four policies is allowed in the main namespace. A failure to conform to a neutral point of view is usually remedied through editing for neutrality, but text that does not conform to any of the remaining three policies is usually removed from Wikipedia, either by removing a passage or section of an otherwise satisfactory article or by removing an entire article if nothing can be salvaged. This guide deals with the process of addressing articles that contravene Wikipedia:Verifiability and Wikipedia:No original research, which are often listed or "nominated" on Wikipedia:Articles for deletion. A fifth, special, content policy additionally governs a large set of articles and has a top priority within its scope of application: Biographies of living persons and articles with material that relates to living persons require sensitive treatment (Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons). Articles that contravene this policy in a way that is not easily treatable may also be listed (if they are not deleted outright). Articles that violate Wikipedia:Copyrights are listed on the project page for copyright problems for further action. When an article is nominated for deletion, the Wikipedia community may discuss its merits for a period usually no less than seven days, in order to come to a public rough consensus about whether the article is unsuited to Wikipedia. Following seven days of discussion, an experienced Wikipedian will determine if a consensus was reached and will "close" the discussion accordingly. A list of similar processes for other kinds of pages, including user pages, templates, categories, and redirects, is here. General advice If the page is in your own user space (i.e. starts with "User:YourName/"), then you can request immediate deletion of the page at any time. Simply edit the page and put the template {{db-u1}} at the top of the page. An administrator will see that the page is in your own user space and delete it. User talk subpages, with names beginning with "User talk:YourName/", can normally be deleted in the same way, but your main user talk page, named simply "User talk:YourName" with nothing else on the end, can't be deleted except under very exceptional circumstances, nor can any page which was your user talk page but which has been moved to a new title. Please remember that the deletion process is about the appropriateness of the article for inclusion in Wikipedia. A deletion nomination is not a rejection of the author or an attack on their value as a member of the Wikipedia community. Therefore, please do not take it personally if an article you've contributed to is nominated for deletion. Over time, Wikipedians have invested a great deal of thought in the question of what may and may not be included in the encyclopedia. The cardinal article policies mentioned above form the core requirements for textual contributions to the mainspace. However, some Wikipedians have also written a number of standards and guidelines that are intended to provide guidance in specific areas; note that such guidelines cannot supersede the requirements of the above policies. Please take the time to review the standards Wikipedians abide by in evaluating content. Please remember that AfD is a busy and repetitive place. The people who volunteer to work the AfD process may seem terse, gruff and abrupt. They are not (usually) being intentionally rude. We value civility and always try to assume good faith. However, often over a hundred articles are nominated for deletion each day. Experienced Wikipedians have been through thousands of deletion discussions and have read and thought through many of the same arguments many times before. For speed, some employ shorthands (described in the § Shorthands section below) rather than typing out the same reasoning and arguments again and again. They are trying to be efficient, not rude. Deletion discussions follow the normal Wikipedia talk page etiquette. Please be familiar with the policies of not biting the newcomers, Wikiquette, no personal attacks, biographies of living persons and civility before contributing. A sockpuppet is an account created by a vandal or bad-faith contributor in an attempt to bias the deletion process. A close variation is the "meatpuppet", people recruited from outside Wikipedia to try to alter the result of a discussion (for example, if your article about a web forum is up for deletion and you post a call for other forum members to "help keep our website in Wikipedia"). Because these tactics are common, comments by new users in deletion discussions may sometimes be viewed with suspicion. These users are difficult to distinguish from legitimate new users who are interested in improving the project. If someone notes that you are a new user, please take it in the spirit it was intended—a fact to be weighed by the closing admin, not an attack on the person. Consensus is ultimately determined at the discretion of the closing admin after considering the contribution history and pattern of comments. Civil comments and logical arguments are often given the benefit of the doubt while hostile comments are presumed to be bad-faith. Verifiable facts and evidence are welcome from anybody and will be considered when the discussion is closed. You and others are welcome to continue editing the article during the discussion period. Indeed, if you can address the points raised during the discussion by improving the article, you are encouraged to edit a nominated article (noting in the discussion that you have done so if your edits are significant ones). There are, however, a few restrictions upon how you may edit an article: Deletion process Deletion of articles from Wikipedia occurs through one of four processes. Before nominating an article for Articles for deletion (AfD), please: After reviewing the above section, if you still think the article should be deleted, you must nominate it and open the AfD discussion. Nomination is a three-stage process. Please carefully follow the instructions on the Articles for deletion page. You must perform all three stages of the process (they are listed under the single page instructions). Nominations follow a very specific format because we transclude the discussion page onto a consolidated list of deletion discussions. This makes it more efficient for other participants to find the discussion and to determine if they have anything relevant to add. Incomplete nominations may be discarded or ignored. If you need help, ask. Anyone can make a nomination, though anonymous users cannot complete the process without help from a logged-in user. The nomination, however, must be in good faith. Nominations that are clearly vandalism may be discarded. Anonymous users cannot complete the process, as they are technically prohibited from creating new pages. Nominations already imply a recommendation to delete the article, unless the nominator specifically says otherwise, and to avoid confusion nominators should refrain from explicitly indicating this recommendation again in the bulleted list of recommendations. (Some nominations are performed by experienced users on behalf of others, either because they are inexperienced with the AfD process or because the deletion recommendation was the result of a separate discussion.) Discussion occurs on a dedicated discussion page, a sub-page of Wikipedia:Articles for deletion named after the article. Unlike speedy deletion, which can potentially involve just a single editor, AfD involves multiple editors. The purpose of this is in part to ensure that articles are not erroneously deleted or kept. Editors are not expected to know everything. AfD is designed to place "multiple layers of swiss cheese" (see the Swiss Cheese model) in the process, to reduce the possibility of an erroneous conclusion being reached. Other editors can find things that one editor has overlooked or not been aware of. This process does not work when editors merely echo the rationales of others, and do not double-check things for themselves. The best way to help AfD to continue to work is always to check things out for yourself before presenting a rationale. (For example: If the assertion is that the subject is unverifiable, have a look yourself to see whether you can find sources that other editors may have missed.) Anyone acting in good faith can contribute to the discussion. The author of the article can make their case like everyone else. As discussed above, relevant facts and evidence are welcome from anyone but the opinions of anonymous and/or suspiciously new users may be discounted by the closing admin. Please bear in mind that administrators will discount any obviously bad faith contributions to the discussion when closing the discussion. On the other hand, a user who makes a well-argued, fact-based case based upon Wikipedia policy and does so in a civil manner may well sway the discussion despite being anonymous. For consistency, the form for the discussion is a bulleted list below the nomination text. You may indent the discussion by using multiple bullets. Mixing of bullets and other forms of indentation is discouraged because it makes the discussion much harder for subsequent readers to follow. Sign any contribution that you make by adding ~~~~ to the comment. Unsigned contributions may be discounted at the discretion of the volunteer who closes the discussion. Please do not refactor the discussion into lists or tables of recommendations, however much you may think that this helps the process. Both the context and the order of the comments are essential to understanding the intents of contributors, both at the discussion closure and during the discussion. Refactoring actually makes the job of determining consensus at the time of closure much harder, not easier. Always explain your reasoning. This allows others to challenge or support facts, suggest compromises or identify alternative courses of action that might not yet have been considered. It also allows administrators to determine at the end of the discussion, whether your concerns have been addressed and whether your comments still apply if the article was significantly rewritten during the discussion period. "Votes" without rationales may be discounted at the discretion of the closing admin. The purpose of the discussion is to achieve consensus upon a course of action. Individuals will express strong opinions and may even "vote". To the extent that voting occurs (see meta:Polls are evil), the votes are merely a means to gauge the degree of consensus reached so far. Wikipedia is not a democracy and majority voting is not the determining factor in whether a nomination succeeds or not. Please do not "spam" the discussion with the same comment multiple times. Make your case clearly and let other users decide for themselves. Experienced AfD participants re-visit discussions that they have already participated in. They are looking for new facts, evidence or changes to the article which might change their initial conclusion. In this situation, strike through your previous comment using <s>...</s> (if you are changing your mind) or to explicitly comment "no change" to confirm that you have considered the new evidence but remain unconvinced. Do not remove or modify other people's comments even if you believe them to be in bad faith—unless the user has been banned from editing the relevant pages, or is making a blatantly offensive personal attack or a defamatory comment about a living person. It is acceptable to correct the formatting in order to retain consistency with the bulleted indentation. It is also acceptable to note the contribution history of a new user or suspected sockpuppet as an aid to the closing admin. If, in a deletion discussion, you refer to Wikipedia policies or guidelines, you are responsible for making a good faith effort to represent those policies or guidelines accurately. Policies and guidelines reflect widespread community consensus. If you disagree with a guideline, you should raise your concern on the guideline's talk page; contradicting or misrepresenting policies and guidelines in deletion discussions is disruptive of the discussion process. After seven days, links to discussions are automatically moved from Wikipedia:Articles for deletion#Current discussions to the below section Old discussions. Depending on the backlog, a discussion may remain open for several more days, during which it is still acceptable to add comments to the discussion. A volunteer (the "closing admin") will review the article, carefully read the discussion, weigh all the facts, evidence and arguments presented and determine if consensus was reached on the fate of the article. The desired standard is rough consensus, not unanimity. Please also note that closing admins are expected and required to exercise their judgment in order to make sure that the decision reached by the community complies with the spirit of all Wikipedia policy and with the project goal. A good admin will transparently explain how they determined consensus. Common outcomes are "speedy keep" or "keep" or "merge" or "redirect" or "userfy/draftify" or "delete" or "speedy delete". Discussions which fail to reach rough consensus, so that the community could not decide either for or against a particular action are closed as "no consensus"; this means that no particular action is taken, defaulting to the article being kept. The closing statement may also include a strong recommendation for an additional action such as a "merge" or "redirect". In many cases, keeping or deleting may be conditional on the community's acceptance of the additional action. These recommendations do represent the community consensus and also should not be overturned lightly. However, these are actions which can be taken by any editor and do not require "admin powers". If they are challenged, the closure should be discussed and decided on the respective article Talk pages. A second deletion discussion is unnecessary. The discussion is preserved for future reference in accordance with the deletion process, both for consultation as non-binding precedent and for determining when a previously deleted article has been re-created. In some rare cases in the past, deletion discussions have been blanked as a courtesy, leaving the history available (example: the 2005 deletion discussion for Rational objectivism; however, discussions are no longer indexed by web search engines.) The closing admin will also perform any necessary actions to implement the outcome. If the consensus is to merge the article and the merger would be non-trivial, it is acceptable for the admin to only begin the proposed article merger process by use of appropriate templates (if consensus is not clear on merger target, use {{Afd-merge required}}; if merger target is clear, use both {{Afd-merge to}} on source page and {{Afd-merge from}} on destination talk page). Recommendations and outcomes Your vote should be made in bold. This table summarizes the end state of several aspects of a page: its page history, the article itself, its status as a stand-alone article as opposed to a redirect, and how much content is retained. While editors are encouraged to discuss the deletion, a bolded AfD recommendation ("Delete", "Keep", etc.) should be left only once by an editor in a deletion discussion unless the previous one is struck. Editors may leave multiple recommendations as alternatives when unsure, for instance "Merge or redirect". If you disagree with the consensus The consensus of the community about an article's disposition is generally respected, and should not be overturned or disregarded lightly. Sometimes, however, users disagree with the consensus arrived at in the AfD quite strongly. If you disagree with the consensus, it is a good idea to first try to understand why the community made its decision. You may find that its reasoning was sensible. However, if you remain unsatisfied with the community's decision, there are a few options open to you. If you think that an article was wrongly kept after the AfD, you could wait to see if the article is improved to overcome your objections; if it isn't, you can renominate it for deletion. If and when you do renominate, be careful to say why you think the reasons proffered for keeping the article are poor, and why you think the article must be deleted. If you think that an article was wrongly deleted, you can recreate the article. If you do decide to recreate it, pay careful attention to the reasons that were proffered for deletion. Overcome the objections, and show that your new, improved work meets Wikipedia article policies. It can help to write down the reasons you think the article belongs on Wikipedia on the article's discussion page. If you manage to improve on the earlier version of the article and overcome its (perceived) shortcomings, the new article cannot be speedily deleted, and any attempt to remove it again must be settled before the community, on AfD. Finally, if you are unsatisfied with the outcome of an AfD because you believe that a procedural issue interfered with the AfD or with the implementation of its outcome, you can challenge the closure at Wikipedia:Deletion review, where deletions are reviewed by the community over a period of seven days. The consensus reached at this forum has the authority to overturn AfD closures. Note, however, that by long tradition and consensus, Deletion review only addresses procedural problems that may have hampered an AfD. For example, if the participants of an AfD arrived at one decision but the closing administrator wrongly executed another, a consensus at Deletion review can overturn the administrator's action. It must be emphasized that the review exists to address procedural (or "process") problems in AfDs that either made it difficult for the community to achieve a consensus, or prevented a consensus that was achieved from being correctly applied. It does not exist to override community consensus. If the outcome of the AfD was arrived at fairly and applied adequately, it is unlikely that the closure will be overturned after a review. For more information, please see Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Deletion review. Can I recreate an article that was deleted in the past? Articles that have been deleted in the past generally should not be re-created unless the reason for deletion is specifically addressed (for information on determining the reason why the page was deleted, see Wikipedia:Why was the page I created deleted?). If the article was deleted at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion, you should read the full deletion discussion before re-creating. Articles that are re-created without any substantial changes can be re-deleted immediately (see CSD G4). This applies regardless of whether you wrote the original article. If you are uncertain whether your new article will adequately address the original reasons for deletion, you may wish to create a draft version of it in your sandbox and then request feedback at deletion review. Some example scenarios: In some cases, articles may be deleted for erroneous reasons. For example, the deletion summary may claim that the article included no assertion of significance, but in fact the article did explain why the subject is significant. In this case, contact the administrator who deleted it, or request undeletion at deletion review. Note that if you copy and paste text from a deleted article (that you did not write yourself) into a new article, you should visit Wikipedia:Cut and paste move repair holding pen to request an administrator to repair the history and correctly give credit to all authors. Articles that are restored via deletion review will automatically include the original history. Articles that are deleted by the Wikimedia Foundation for legal reasons (see Wikipedia:Office actions) should never be re-created without the Foundation's explicit approval. Shorthands As discussed above, experienced Wikipedians use specialized jargon in an effort to communicate efficiently. Often, if a Wikipedian uses capitalized letter abbreviations, you can find what they are talking about by affixing WP: in front of their capitalized abbreviation and searching for an article of that name. "NPOV", for example, can be found at WP:NPOV. Be sure to match capitalization. Other examples of shorthand in general include: As a courtesy, when dealing with articles written by new contributors, one should avoid shorthand to facilitate their learning Wikipedia policy and improve their future contributions. Miscellaneous advice See also Notes |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94:%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA] | [TOKENS: 243] |
קטגוריה:מעוטרי נס הקוממיות קטגוריות־משנה דף קטגוריה זה כולל את 24 קטגוריות המשנה הבאות, מתוך 24 בקטגוריה כולה. (לתצוגת עץ) דפים בקטגוריה "מעוטרי נס הקוממיות" דף קטגוריה זה כולל את 115 הדפים הבאים, מתוך 115 בקטגוריה כולה. (לתצוגת עץ) |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:How_to_move_a_page] | [TOKENS: 3668] |
Contents Wikipedia:Moving a page A page can usually be renamed if the existing title is incorrect or needs to be changed; this is called moving a page. Do not move a page by cutting and pasting its content. Instead, follow the instructions at § How to move a page. If you expect the move to be controversial or if you encounter a technical barrier, you can request that someone else move the page at Wikipedia:Requested moves. Files can only be moved by administrators and file movers, but file moves can be requested. Category moves should be investigated and planned before they are initiated. Reasons for moving a page There are several good reasons to move a page: Before moving a page Consider listing pages that you want to move at Wikipedia:Requested moves. You can list them at Wikipedia:Requested moves/Technical requests if it appears unlikely that anyone would reasonably disagree with the move, and: For other cases, follow the instructions for controversial and potentially controversial moves: Do not move or rename a page by copying and pasting its content, because doing so fragments the edit history. Wikipedia's copyright license requires acknowledgement of all contributors, and editors continue to hold copyright on their contributions unless they specifically give up this right. Hence, it is required that edit histories be preserved for all major contributions until the normal copyright expires. See also Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia. How to move a page To move a page: You did it! If the move is successful, the page will be moved to the new title and you will see a message saying "The page has been moved to ...". The old title will become a redirect, so links to the old title will still go to the new page. Successful moves are recorded in the move log at the old title only, not the new one; if there had been a discussion about the move, it can be useful to copy the automatic move summary in a new comment in the discussion. If a page already exists at the target name, you can only move it if it simply redirects to the present name and only has one revision, in which case you can move over the redirect. If the new title exists, but is a redirect to the old title and has only a single entry in its page history, then you can rename the page using the regular procedure. The most common case in which this applies is that of re-renaming a page back to its original name. If a redirect has more than just one line in the page history but still a minor edit history, file a technical move request at Wikipedia:Requested moves/Technical requests. Cleaning up after a move After successfully moving a page, you should perform a number of resulting clean-up tasks, such as updating the article prose to use the new name and updating any navigational templates to link directly to the new title rather than via a redirect. Whether any one of the below clean-up tasks is required will depend on the circumstances of the move. Some of the most involved clean-up tasks are limited to moves that introduce a change in "topic structure", for example when an article is moved to a title which previously referred to a disambiguation page. A change in topic structure occurs when a page previously referred to a topic and after the move refers to a different topic. This most commonly occurs when an article is promoted to be the primary topic for a name or vice versa, such as moving Mercury (planet) to Mercury. In rare cases, one topic may have its name usurped by a different topic. For example, in 2018 an article about a retail company was moved from Shinola to Shinola (retail company) and the previous article became about a completely unrelated brand of shoe polish. Other move procedures You arer account is able to perform a round-robin swap. Most users are not able to perform this process. Please visit WP:RM/TR for help swapping pages. Most users lack permission to move pages in the category namespace, as only administrators, page movers, and bots can move Category pages. For these users, the Move button is not displayed. Users follow the procedure at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion § Speedy renaming and merging and let a bot handle it, especially for complex cases. Moving a category manually is possible, but it requires significant post-move cleanup, and can be time-consuming. A category move is not complete until the old category contains only the soft redirect and no pages. To move a category manually: When pages are listed in a category that is not shown in the wiki-markup, this most likely means that a template placed on those pages is adding the category. When the category is moved, the template must also be changed. After the template is updated with the new category, the pages with the template are automatically placed into the job queue and will eventually be updated with the new category. If there are a very large number of pages transcluding the template(s), the process of updating all pages through the job queue may take days, weeks, or even months to complete. Protected pages or templates may require elevated privileges to accomplish the change. In such cases, the normal protected edit request process should be followed. Depending on the number of templates and articles that require elevated privileges to edit them, it may be more appropriate to involve an administrator from the beginning of the process (see Wikipedia:Categories for discussion). Administrators or file movers can move pages in the file namespace. When such a page is moved the associated file is moved as well. The move leaves a redirect that functions like the file itself. For instance, the image can be displayed by linking to a redirect to it. In non-controversial cases you can request a file to be moved by adding the template {{rename media}} to the description page of the file. Files should generally only be moved for one of nine reasons. You can also use a script to add the rename request. Twinkle or LuckyRename (specialized for this job) can do this. For more information about appropriate names for pages in the file namespace, see Wikipedia:File names. To move a file: Files uploaded to Wikimedia Commons cannot be moved by Wikipedia administrators or filemovers. c:Commons:File naming describes how Commons files should be named. In general, Commons aims to provide stable file names as there might be external file clients and file moving involves significant human and computing resources. Thus renaming should be used with caution. To request the rename of a file at Commons, follow the instructions at Commons:File renaming. When moving a page, the talk page is automatically moved as well. A talk page may include subpages, such as archives, to-do pages, good article nominations, and the like. To ensure that these subpages are moved, check "Move all subpages, if applicable" during the move process. Talk subpages can be moved along with the move target. A list of talk page subpages is visible in the "Special:MovePage" form. If subpages were not moved, they will show as redlinks on the new talk page. To locate lost subpages, use Special:Prefixindex; enter the name of the old article page followed by a "/" and set the namespace to Talk. Move individual subpages as needed. On some occasions, one might inadvertently move a talk page incorrectly assumed by the MediaWiki software to be a talk subpage of a different article. For example, Talk:A/B testing is the talk page for A/B testing, but not technically a subpage for Talk:A. If a mover uses move-subpages on Talk:A, the move operation would incorrectly move Talk:A/B testing. (This is not an issue for the article mainspace, as it does not have subpages enabled.) Administrators and page movers are also given an option to move up to 100 subpages. They can also use the Mass move tool by adding the following line to their common.js page, which will add a "Mass move" link to their tools menu on the left of the page: A portal consists of a main portal page plus tens, sometimes hundreds, of interconnected subpages. To rename a portal efficiently, post at Wikipedia:Requested moves/Technical requests to ask for an administrator to move the page and its subpages, and once that is done, post at Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/Tasks to ask for an AWB user to scan all the portal pages to fix the outdated links. You may also need to visit Categories for Discussion to have a category renamed, if the portal's pages have been placed in a category; and Template talk:Portal, if the {{Portal}} template does not recognise the new name. A page that is a redirect can be moved like any other page, although it is rarely useful because it has the same detrimental effect on page history as copy-pasting content to a new page, and making the old page a redirect: when moving a redirect page to a new page name, the redirect on the old page (now directing to the new redirect page) will have to be altered in order to avoid double redirects. So the content of the old page will no longer redirect to the page containing the history of that old page. The effect is that the whereabouts of the page history of the old page (now seemingly a "recently created page") are a bit trickier to find, while on the other hand the new page has a history attached to it not clarifying why it would need to be a redirect page. However, if a redirect page has to be evacuated (for example, to reuse its title), but contains a valuable edit history, then it should be moved (unless merging of history is suitable). If a redirect page does not redirect to the page it would need to be redirecting to, then the only viable strategy that respects page histories is to adapt the redirect on that page, without moving the page. Advanced move procedures Usurping a page title is the process of moving an existing page to a new title followed by creating a new page (such as a new article or a disambiguation page) on the old title, or redirecting the old title to a different destination. Once the move of the original page is completed, the old title instantly becomes a redirect, and the redirect can then be edited to become a separate, possibly unrelated article, disambiguation page, or some other type of page. If in doubt, holding a discussion before such a move following the instructions on the requested moves page is recommended. If you wish to create the new page initially before a decision is made from a discussion, you can create it using a different, unused title for the new page you wish to create, and then usurp the title once this is agreed. It is permitted to usurp a page title for a new article, and it generally does not require administrative assistance, though good judgment should be used in determining if these are best positions for both pages. Before boldly usurping a title, it is strongly recommended that you check all incoming links and fix them as necessary. To do this, while on the new page bearing the old title, click on "What links here" below "Tools" in the menu on the left. This will list all the pages linking to the old title. Once you reach this list, check the incoming links on each of these pages and if necessary, modify them to point to the new title of the old page. For more information, see Help:What links here and Wikipedia:Disambiguation pages with links. If there are so many pages linking to the old title that you feel you cannot make all the changes yourself, place the template {{Converted}} at the top of the new page you created on the old title. This will let others know that the move was recently made, and that all these changes are necessary. You arer account is able to perform a round-robin swap. Most users are not able to perform this process. Please visit WP:RM/TR for help swapping pages. To swap pages A and B while preserving page history: This sequence is sometimes called a "round-robin move" and does not require deletions as it relies on the redirect-suppressing (red move) feature, available to administrators and page movers. The classical sequence has an advantage that it relies only on conventional operations such as WP:G6. Help with this task can be found at Wikipedia:Page mover § Round-robin page moves. The same sequences, but with only two moves, can be used for half-swapping (chain shifting) two pages (such that A would become C and B would become A) To undo a move from page A to page B, simply move page B back to page A. However, if someone intervened to the A→B redirect, then the move cannot be fixed without special privileges, in which case the guidance about undiscussed moves at the "requested moves" page may be helpful. Note that the usual "undo" link on history or diff pages does not work on moves. An easy way to rename the page back is clicking "View logs for this page" from the history page, typing in the previous page name that you want to revert to and then "revert" link from the corresponding record in Special:Log. The software requires that the redirect be pointing to the page you're moving it from. Therefore, if a user moved page A to page B and then to page C, you cannot simply move C to A. If a bot has not "fixed" the double A→B redirect yet (see above), then you have to: If page A has subsequently been edited, or the move software is behaving weirdly, only an admin can sort things out: "Move wars" are highly unproductive, and leave vast numbers of pointless redirects littering the place, which some poor soul will have to fix. After undoing a move, if you do not need B as a redirect, tag it for deletion (using the appropriate process on the wiki you're using, for instance 'speedy deletion' or list it at 'redirects for discussion'), or (administrators only) just delete it. Move restrictions To be able to move pages yourself, you must be logged in and you must have an autoconfirmed account (i.e., generally you must have had the account for four days and made at least ten article edits with it). With a few exceptions, autoconfirmed users have the technical ability to move any page. Administrators can protect pages from moves, so that only administrators can move them. If a page is protected from moves only, the "Move" feature will be hidden. Pages that are protected from editing are implicitly protected from moves. If the old page was protected, its protection settings will generally be automatically copied to the new page, and thus be recorded in the protection log (against the new page name). If pending changes were enabled, the pending changes settings will also be moved and logged in the pending changes log against the new page title (since December 2016). Page histories Moving a page preserves its entire edit history before and after the move in one place, as if the page had always been named that way. The move itself is recorded in the edit histories of both pages with an edit summary of the form: "user name moved page old name to new name". You should never just move a page by cutting all the text out of one page, and pasting it into a new one; old revisions, notes, and attributions are much harder to keep track of if you do that. (But you may have to if, for instance, you're splitting a page into multiple topics. If you do, note it in the new page's edit summary and talk page stating where you took the text from.) In some circumstances, administrators can fix this by merging page histories. If you find a cut-and-paste move that needs to be fixed, please follow the instructions at Wikipedia:Requests for history merge to have an administrator take care of it. Technical details Some technical restrictions prevent page names from beginning with a lowercase letter, containing certain characters, and using formatting such as italics. There are templates to fix or signal these restrictions: These query strings can be added to the URL of Special:MovePage in order to fill out fields and check boxes in advance. After moving a page, the MediaWiki software marks the old one as a new page, as the entry in the page table connects a new page name to the page ID. The revision table just gets entries about the move, nothing else, because the relation between page ID and revision IDs remains the same. This model avoids "changing the history", a kind of "historical revisionism". More moves back and forth are possible, and the page history of the current title always shows all moves, and that of the other title only contains the edit line of the latest move. The move log was introduced in MediaWiki 1.5 in 2005, so pages moved before MediaWiki 1.5 do not have an entry in their move logs. The oldest moves recorded in the move log date to June 28, 2005. Before the release of MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.16 in August 2016, information about a redirect overwritten by a moved page was lost. Starting with that version, deletion of the redirect has been added to the deletion log; this is the only way that non-administrators (i.e., page movers) can insert entries in the deletion log. If the deletion was the result of an earlier move of the page that is now moved back, that information is still available in the history of that page. There was a bug in earlier versions of MediaWiki that caused inaccurate dates in edit histories. In these versions of the software, if a page was moved over a redirect, the edit history of the newly created redirect would show the latest move with the correct user name, but with the date and time when the overwritten redirect was created. The date and time of the actual page move was therefore lost (though it appeared in the recent changes list). See a demonstration of this bug. See also |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_information] | [TOKENS: 5191] |
Contents Classified information Classified information is confidential material that a government, corporation, or non-governmental organisation deems to be sensitive information, which must be protected from unauthorized disclosure and that requires special handling and dissemination controls. Access is restricted by law, regulation, or corporate policies to particular groups of individuals with both the necessary security clearance and a need to know. Classified information within an organisation is typically arranged into several hierarchical levels of sensitivity—e.g. Confidential (C), Secret (S), and Top Secret (TS). The choice of which level to assign a file is based on threat modelling, with different organisations have varying classification systems, asset management rules, and assessment frameworks. Classified information generally becomes less sensitive with the passage of time, and may eventually be reclassified or declassified and made public. Governments often require a formal security clearance and corresponding background check to view or handle classified material. Mishandling or unlawful disclosure of confidential material can incur criminal penalties, depending on the nature of the information and the laws of a jurisdiction. Since the late twentieth century, there has been freedom of information legislation in some countries, where the public is deemed to have the right to all information that is not considered to be damaging if released. Sometimes documents are released with information still considered confidential redacted. Classified information is sometimes also intentionally leaked to the media to influence public opinion. Governmental classification levels In many jurisdictions, for example, the United States and United Kingdom, Top Secret (TS) is the highest level of classified information. Prior to 1942, the United Kingdom and other members of the British Empire used Most Secret, but this was later changed to match the United States' category name of Top Secret in order to simplify Allied interoperability. The unauthorized disclosure of Top Secret information is expected to cause harm and be of grave threat to national security. It is desired that no document be released which refers to experiments with humans and might have adverse effect on public opinion or result in legal suits. Documents covering such work field should be classified "secret". Secret material is often regarded as causative of "serious damage" to national security if it were publicly available, although not as serious harm as in the case of Top Secret classification. Confidential material is material that would cause "damage" or be prejudicial to national security if publicly available. It is used in the US since as early as 1936. A relatively recent revision of its definition is in Executive Order 13526. Restricted material would cause "undesirable effects" if publicly available. Some countries do not have such a classification in public sectors, such as commercial industries. Such a level is also known as "Private Information". Such a level existed within the US Government during World War II but is no longer used. The Official-Sensitive classification replaced the Restricted classification in April 2014 in the UK. Unlike information only marked Official, information that belong to this class is of some interest to threat actors. Compromise is likely to cause moderate damage to the work or reputation of the organisation and/or the government. This class of information forms the generality of government business, public service delivery and commercial activity. Compared to the higher levels, the consequence of compromise is lower but not nonexistent. Unclassified information is low-impact, and therefore does not require any special protection. Corporate classification Private corporations often require written confidentiality agreements and conduct background checks on candidates for sensitive positions. Policies dictating methods for marking and safeguarding company-sensitive information are common in companies, especially as regards information that is protected under trade secret laws. New product development teams are often sequestered and forbidden to share information about their efforts with un-cleared employees. Other activities, such as mergers and financial report preparation generally involve similar restrictions. However, corporate security generally lacks the standardised hierarchical clearance and sensitivity structures and the criminal sanctions of government classification systems. In the U.S., the Employee Polygraph Protection Act prohibits private employers from requiring lie detector tests, but there are a few exceptions. International classification systems When a government agency or group shares information between an agency or group of other country's government they will generally employ a special classification scheme that both parties have previously agreed to honour. For example, the marking Atomal, is applied to U.S. Restricted Data or Formerly Restricted Data and United Kingdom Atomic information that has been released to NATO. Atomal information is marked COSMIC Top Secret Atomal (CTSA), NATO Secret Atomal (NSAT), or NATO Confidential Atomal (NCA). BALK and BOHEMIA are also used. For example, sensitive information shared amongst NATO allies has four levels of security classification; from most to least classified: A special case exists with regard to NATO Unclassified (NU) information. Documents with this marking are NATO property (copyright) and must not be made public without NATO permission. COSMIC is an acronym for "Control of Secret Material in an International Command". The Traffic Light Protocol was developed by the Group of Eight countries to enable the sharing of sensitive information between government agencies and corporations. This protocol has now been accepted as a model for trusted information exchange by over 30 other countries. The protocol provides for four "information sharing levels" for the handling of sensitive information. By country Most countries employ some sort of classification system for certain government information. For example, in Canada, information that the U.S. would classify SBU (Sensitive but Unclassified) is called "protected" and further subcategorised into levels A, B, and C. On 19 July 2011, the National Security (NS) classification marking scheme and the Non-National Security (NNS) classification marking scheme in Australia was unified into one structure. As of 2018, the policy detailing how Australian government entities handle classified information is defined in the Protective Security Policy Framework (PSPF). The PSPF is published by the Attorney-General's Department and covers security governance, information security, personal security, and physical security. A security classification can be applied to the information itself or an asset that holds information e.g., a USB or laptop. The Australian Government uses four security classifications: OFFICIAL: Sensitive, PROTECTED, SECRET and TOP SECRET. The relevant security classification is based on the likely damage resulting from compromise of the information's confidentiality. All other information from business operations and services requires a routine level of protection and is treated as OFFICIAL. Information that does not form part of official duty is treated as UNOFFICIAL. OFFICIAL and UNOFFICIAL are not security classifications and are not mandatory markings. Caveats are a warning that the information has special protections in addition to those indicated by the security classification of PROTECTED or higher (or in the case of the NATIONAL CABINET caveat, OFFICIAL: Sensitive or higher). Australia has four caveats: Codewords are primarily used within the national security community. Each codeword identifies a special need-to-know compartment. Foreign government markings are applied to information created by Australian agencies from foreign source information. Foreign government marking caveats require protection at least equivalent to that required by the foreign government providing the source information. Special handling instructions are used to indicate particular precautions for information handling. They include: A releasability caveat restricts information based on citizenship. The three in use are: Additionally, the PSPF outlines Information Management Markers (IMM) as a way for entities to identify information that is subject to non-security related restrictions on access and use. These are: There are three levels of document classification under Brazilian Law No. 12.527, the Access to Information Act: ultrassecreto (top secret), secreto (secret) and reservado (restricted). A top secret (ultrassecreto) government-issued document may be classified for a period of 25 years, which may be extended up to another 25 years. Thus, no document remains classified for more than 50 years. This is mandated by the 2011 Information Access Law (Lei de Acesso à Informação), a change from the previous rule, under which documents could have their classification time length renewed indefinitely, effectively shuttering state secrets from the public. The 2011 law applies retroactively to existing documents. The government of Canada employs two main types of sensitive information designation: Classified and Protected. The access and protection of both types of information is governed by the Security of Information Act, effective 24 December 2001, replacing the Official Secrets Act 1981. To access the information, a person must have the appropriate security clearance and the need to know. In addition, the caveat "Canadian Eyes Only" is used to restrict access to Classified or Protected information only to Canadian citizens with the appropriate security clearance and need to know. SOI is not a classification of data per se. It is defined under the Security of Information Act, and unauthorised release of such information constitutes a higher breach of trust, with a penalty of up to life imprisonment if the information is shared with a foreign entity or terrorist group. SOIs include: In February 2025, the Department of National Defence announced a new category of Persons Permanently Bound to Security (PPBS). The protection would apply to some units, sections or elements, and select positions (both current and former), with access to sensitive Special Operational Information (SOI) for national defense and intelligence work. If a unit or organization routinely handles SOI, all members of that unit will be automatically bound to secrecy. If an individual has direct access to SOI, deemed to be integral to national security, that person may be recommended for PPBS designation. The designation is for life, punishable by imprisonment. Classified information can be designated Top Secret, Secret or Confidential. These classifications are only used on matters of national interest. Protected information is not classified. It pertains to any sensitive information that does not relate to national security and cannot be disclosed under the access and privacy legislation because of the potential injury to particular public or private interests. Federal Cabinet (King's Privy Council for Canada) papers are either protected (e.g., overhead slides prepared to make presentations to Cabinet) or classified (e.g., draft legislation, certain memos). The Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China (which is not operative in the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau) makes it a crime to release a state secret. Regulation and enforcement is carried out by the National Administration for the Protection of State Secrets. Under the 2024 revision of the "Law on Guarding State Secrets", state secrets are defined as those that concern: Secrets can be classified into three categories: In France, classified information is defined by article 413-9 of the Penal Code. The three levels of military classification are Less sensitive information is "protected". The levels are A further caveat, spécial France (reserved France) restricts the document to French citizens (in its entirety or by extracts). This is not a classification level. Declassification of documents can be done by the Commission consultative du secret de la défense nationale (CCSDN), an independent authority. Transfer of classified information is done with double envelopes, the outer layer being plastified and numbered, and the inner in strong paper. Reception of the document involves examination of the physical integrity of the container and registration of the document. In foreign countries, the document must be transferred through specialised military mail or diplomatic bag. Transport is done by an authorised conveyor or habilitated person for mail under 20 kg. The letter must bear a seal mentioning "Par Valise Accompagnee-Sacoche". Once a year, ministers have an inventory of classified information and supports by competent authorities. Once their usage period is expired, documents are transferred to archives, where they are either destroyed (by incineration, crushing, or overvoltage), or stored. In case of unauthorized release of classified information, competent authorities are the Ministry of Interior, the 'Haut fonctionnaire de défense et de sécurité ("high civil servant for defence and security") of the relevant ministry, and the General secretary for National Defence. Violation of such secrets is an offence punishable with seven years of imprisonment and a 100,000-euro fine; if the offence is committed by imprudence or negligence, the penalties are three years of imprisonment and a 45,000-euro fine. The Security Bureau is responsible for developing policies in regards to the protection and handling of confidential government information. In general, the system used in Hong Kong is very similar to the UK system, developed from the colonial era of Hong Kong. Four classifications exists in Hong Kong, from highest to lowest in sensitivity: Restricted documents are not classified per se, but only those who have a need to know will have access to such information, in accordance with the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance. New Zealand uses the Restricted classification, which is lower than Confidential. People may be given access to Restricted information on the strength of an authorisation by their Head of department, without being subjected to the background vetting associated with Confidential, Secret and Top Secret clearances. New Zealand's security classifications and the national-harm requirements associated with their use are roughly similar to those of the United States. In addition to national security classifications there are two additional security classifications, In Confidence and Sensitive, which are used to protect information of a policy and privacy nature. There are also a number of information markings used within ministries and departments of the government, to indicate, for example, that information should not be released outside the originating ministry. Because of strict privacy requirements around personal information, personnel files are controlled in all parts of the public and private sectors. Information relating to the security vetting of an individual is usually classified at the In Confidence level. In Romania, classified information is referred to as "state secrets" (secrete de stat) and is defined by the Penal Code as "documents and data that manifestly appear to have this status or have been declared or qualified as such by decision of Government". There are three levels of classification: "Secret" (Secret/S), "Top Secret" (Strict Secret/SS), and "Top Secret of Particular Importance" (Strict secret de interes deosebit/SSID). The levels are set by the Romanian Intelligence Service and must be aligned with NATO regulations—in case of conflicting regulations, the latter are applied with priority. Dissemination of classified information to foreign agents or powers is punishable by up to life imprisonment, if such dissemination threatens Romania's national security. In the Russian Federation, a state secret (Государственная тайна) is information protected by the state on its military, foreign policy, economic, intelligence, counterintelligence, operational and investigative and other activities, dissemination of which could harm state security. The Swedish classification has been updated due to increased NATO/PfP cooperation. All classified defence documents will now have both a Swedish classification (Kvalificerat hemlig, Hemlig, Konfidentiell or Begränsat Hemlig), and an English classification (Top Secret, Secret, Confidential, or Restricted).[citation needed] The term skyddad identitet, "protected identity", is used in the case of protection of a threatened person, basically implying "secret identity", accessible only to certain members of the police force and explicitly authorised officials. At the federal level, classified information in Switzerland is assigned one of three levels, which are from lowest to highest: Internal, Confidential, Secret. Respectively, these are, in German, Intern, Vertraulich, Geheim; in French, Interne, Confidentiel, Secret; in Italian, Ad Uso Interno, Confidenziale, Segreto. As in other countries, the choice of classification depends on the potential impact that the unauthorised release of the classified document would have on Switzerland, the federal authorities or the authorities of a foreign government. According to the Ordinance on the Protection of Federal Information, information is classified as Internal if its "disclosure to unauthorised persons may be disadvantageous to national interests." Information classified as Confidential could, if disclosed, compromise "the free formation of opinions and decision-making of the Federal Assembly or the Federal Council," jeopardise national monetary/economic policy, put the population at risk or adversely affect the operations of the Swiss Armed Forces. Finally, the unauthorised release of Secret information could seriously compromise the ability of either the Federal Assembly or the Federal Council to function or impede the ability of the Federal Government or the Armed Forces to act. According to the related regulations in Turkey, there are four levels of document classification: çok gizli (top secret), gizli (secret), özel (confidential) and hizmete özel (restricted). The fifth is tasnif dışı, which means unclassified. Until 2013, the United Kingdom used five levels of classification—from lowest to highest, they were: Protect, Restricted, Confidential, Secret and Top Secret (formerly Most Secret). The Cabinet Office provides guidance on how to protect information, including the security clearances required for personnel. Staff may be required to sign to confirm their understanding and acceptance of the Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1989, although the Act applies regardless of signature. Protect is not in itself a security protective marking level (such as Restricted or greater), but is used to indicate information which should not be disclosed because, for instance, the document contains tax, national insurance, or other personal information. Government documents without a classification may be marked as Unclassified or Not Protectively Marked. This system was replaced by the Government Security Classifications Policy, which has a simpler model: Top Secret, Secret, and Official from April 2014. Official Sensitive is a security marking which may be followed by one of three authorised descriptors: Commercial, LocSen (location sensitive) or Personal. Secret and Top Secret may include a caveat such as UK Eyes Only. Also useful is that scientific discoveries may be classified via the D-Notice system if they are deemed to have applications relevant to national security. These may later emerge when technology improves so for example the specialised processors and routing engines used in graphics cards are loosely based on top secret military chips designed for code breaking and image processing. They may or may not have safeguards built in to generate errors when specific tasks are attempted and this is invariably independent of the card's operating system.[citation needed] The U.S. classification system is currently established under Executive Order 13526 and has three levels of classification—Confidential, Secret, and Top Secret. The U.S. had a Restricted level during World War II but no longer does. U.S. regulations state that information received from other countries at the Restricted level should be handled as Confidential. A variety of markings are used for material that is not classified, but whose distribution is limited administratively or by other laws, e.g., For Official Use Only (FOUO), or sensitive but unclassified (SBU). The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 provides for the protection of information related to the design of nuclear weapons. The term "Restricted Data" is used to denote certain nuclear technology. Information about the storage, use or handling of nuclear material or weapons is marked "Formerly Restricted Data". These designations are used in addition to level markings (Confidential, Secret and Top Secret). Information protected by the Atomic Energy Act is protected by law and information classified under the Executive Order is protected by Executive privilege. The U.S. government insists it is "not appropriate" for a court to question whether any document is legally classified. In the 1973 trial of Daniel Ellsberg for releasing the Pentagon Papers, the judge did not allow any testimony from Ellsberg, claiming it was "irrelevant", because the assigned classification could not be challenged. The charges against Ellsberg were ultimately dismissed after it was revealed that the government had broken the law in secretly breaking into the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist and in tapping his telephone without a warrant. Ellsberg insists that the legal situation in the U.S. in 2014 is worse than it was in 1973, and Edward Snowden could not get a fair trial. The State Secrets Protection Act of 2008 might have given judges the authority to review such questions in camera, but the bill was not passed. When a government agency acquires classified information through covert means, or designates a program as classified, the agency asserts "ownership" of that information and considers any public availability of it to be a violation of their ownership—even if the same information was acquired independently through "parallel reporting" by the press or others. For example, although the CIA drone program has been widely discussed in public since the early 2000s, and reporters personally observed and reported on drone missile strikes, the CIA still considers the very existence of the program to be classified in its entirety, and any public discussion of it technically constitutes exposure of classified information. "Parallel reporting" was an issue in determining what constitutes "classified" information during the Hillary Clinton email controversy when Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs Julia Frifield noted, "When policy officials obtain information from open sources, 'think tanks,' experts, foreign government officials, or others, the fact that some of the information may also have been available through intelligence channels does not mean that the information is necessarily classified." Former government intelligence officials are usually able to retain their security clearance, but it is a privilege not a right, with the President being the grantor. The Washington Post reported in an investigation entitled "Top Secret America" that, as of 2010, "An estimated 854,000 people ... hold top-secret security clearances" in the United States. Clearance is a general classification, that comprises a variety of rules controlling the level of permission required to view some classified information, and how it must be stored, transmitted, and destroyed. Additionally, access is restricted on a "need to know" basis. Simply possessing a clearance does not automatically authorize the individual to view all material classified at that level or below that level. The individual must present a legitimate "need to know" in addition to the proper level of clearance. The classification markings NOFORN (NF) is information may not be disseminated to any foreign government, foreign national, foreigners, international organizations or any individuals that are not citizens of the United States of America. The document designation classification Federal Employees Only (FED ONLY) is a limited dissemination control established by the Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) executive. FED ONLY dissemination controls are authorized only to U.S. Government official employees, executive branch agencies, or United States armed forces of the U.S. Active Guard Reserve. Federal Employees and Contractors Only (FEDCON) is a limited dissemination control for authorized individuals or employees who enter a contract with the United States to perform a specific job. The document designation marking indicator for Sensitive But Unclassified (SBU) is information that requires special handling and limited dissemination controls that falls under category of the CUI Policy. Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) is information that falls within a law, regulation, and government-wide policy that require safeguarding to be protected from unauthorized disclosure. No individual may have access to CUI information unless he or she has been granted an authorization. In addition to the general risk-based classification levels, additional compartmented constraints on access exist, such as (in the U.S.) Special Intelligence (SI), which protects intelligence sources and methods, No Foreign dissemination (NoForn), which restricts dissemination to U.S. nationals, and Originator Controlled dissemination (OrCon), which ensures that the originator can track possessors of the information. Information in these compartments is usually marked with specific keywords in addition to the classification level. Government information about nuclear weapons often has an additional marking to show it contains such information (CNWDI). For originally classified documents, the date of the original classification is scheduled for an automatic declassification of 10 years or 25 years, from the date of original classification. "50X1-HUM" is information that reveals the identity of a confidential human source or a human intelligence source which is exempt from scheduled automatic declassification. "50X2-WMD" is classified information exempt from automatic declassification at 10 years and 25 years that reveal information that reveals key elements and design of weapons of mass destruction assembly, production and deployment. Strictly Secret and Confidential Secret Confidential Reserved US, French, EU, Japan "Confidential" marking to be handled as SECRET. Top Secret Highly Secret Secret Internal Foreign Service: Fortroligt (thin black border) Top Secret Secret Confidential For Official Use Only Top Secret Secret Confidential Limited Use Top Secret Secret Confidential Restricted Distribution Absolute Secret Secret Confidential Service Document Class 1 Secret Class 2 Secret Class 3 Secret Confidential Philippines (Tagalog) Matinding Lihim Mahigpit na Lihim Lihim Ipinagbabawal Strict Secret of Special Importance Secret for Service Use Of Special Importance (variant: Completely Secret) Completely Secret (variant: Secret) Secret (variant: Not To Be Disclosed (Confidential)) For Official Use State Secret Strictly Confidential Confidential Internal Most Secret Very Secret Secret Restricted Top Secret Secret Confidential Restricted Table source: US Department of Defense (January 1995). "National Industrial Security Program - Operating Manual (DoD 5220.22-M)" (PDF). pp. B1 - B3 (PDF pages:121–123 ). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019. See also References External links |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Reverting] | [TOKENS: 2300] |
Contents Help:Reverting Reverting on Wikipedia refers to the process of undoing or otherwise negating the effects of one or more edits, typically restoring the page, or a section of it, to a previous version in either exact wording or meaning. This action can take various forms. Partial reversion involves restoring a specific part of the page to a prior version while retaining other edits. Self-reversion involves an editor undoing their own previous edits. Reversion does not necessarily require the use of the undo tool. Any editing method that effectively returns the page to a previous state is classified as a reversion. While reverting can sometimes be appropriate, undoing good-faith contributions can disrupt collaboration and lead to disputes. Excessive or unjustified reversions may result in administrative actions against the user performing the reverts, including a temporary editing block. To prevent edit warring, the three-revert rule (as outlined in Wikipedia's edit warring policy) restricts an editor from making more than three reversions—including partial ones—on a single page within a 24-hour period. Before reverting Before performing a revert, carefully consider the consequences of dismissing another editor's contributions, as well as any subsequent edits linked to the original change. Assess the specific elements of the edit that are problematic and contemplate the editor's intentions. Rather than reverting entirely, consider improving the edit to enhance the article's quality. If only a portion of the edit is objectionable, a partial reversion may be more appropriate; complete reversions should be used sparingly and are effectively executed using the undo tool. In the edit summary or on the article's talk page, provide a succinct explanation detailing why the change is being reverted or why the reversion is beneficial. In instances of blatant vandalism, clearly disruptive edits, or unexplained content removal, a brief explanation may suffice. However, in situations involving content disputes, offering a well-reasoned and politely worded justification is important to avoid unnecessary disagreements and to promote constructive collaboration. Reverting Reverting edits can be done in several ways: manual reverting, restoring a past version, undo, and rollback. Undo is the most commonly used method. The most basic method is manual reverting, which means directly editing the page to match an earlier state, ideally by copying and pasting text from an earlier version of the page to ensure accuracy and consistency. This relies on only basic word processing or text editing skills. There is no functional difference between manual reverting and regular editing except that an edit is considered to be a manual revert if it happens (intentionally or not) to match an earlier version of the article. If it does, your edit is tagged as a manual revert. Otherwise, it is considered a regular edit. You can also restore a past version of the page. Essentially, you load the text editor with a past version of the page, and then publish that, making it the current version. To do this: Of course, you can also change the past version before publishing, but this would not be considered "restoring a past version". The Wiki software enables editors to easily revert (undo) a single edit from the history of a page, without simultaneously undoing other changes that have been made since. To do this, view the page history or the diff for the edit, then click on "undo" next to the edit in question. The software will attempt to create an edit page with a version of the article in which the undesirable edit has been removed, but all later edits are retained. There is a default edit summary, but this can be modified before saving. It is also possible to undo several consecutive edits, even if they conflict among themselves: view the "diff" to be removed (by selecting the earliest and most recent revisions in the history and clicking "compare selected revisions"), and click the "undo" link. An attempt to undo can fail if the software is unable to figure out how to undo the changes, usually because a subsequent edit has modified a line of text that it needs to change. When this happens, you have to rely on a manual revert as described above. In the mobile web interface, editors cannot – by default – easily access mechanisms for undoing edits. With Advanced Mobile Contributions (AMC) turned on, editors can access an "undo" button on page histories only, which opens the desktop view undo interface.[needs update] Administrators and rollbackers have additional links that: Rollback links appear on the user contributions pages, user watchlists, recent changes pages, history pages and diff pages. Note that in the last case, rollback links can be misleading, since reversion is not necessarily to the old version shown (the diff page may show the combined result of edits, including some by other editors or only part of the edits the rollback button would revert). To see the changes the rollback button will revert, view the specific diff that compares the last version from the last editor with the last version from the previous editor. The rollback link looks similar to this: [rollback: # edits] Rollback works much more quickly than undo, since it: On the other hand, it is not as versatile as undo, since it does not allow specification of which edits have to be undone. One may want to revert more or fewer edits than the rollback does, or edits that do not include the last edit. It also does not allow adding an explanation to the automatic edit summary without external scripts. Rollback without an edit summary should only be used in certain circumstances; most commonly to revert obvious vandalism. Rolling back a good-faith edit or even during an edit war may be interpreted as "I think your edit was no better than vandalism, and reverting it doesn't need an explanation". The rollback right can be revoked on misuse: refer to its main page. If someone else edited or rolled back the page before you clicked the "rollback" link, or if there was no previous editor, you will get an error message. The Twinkle gadget provides similar functionality. It displays three links when viewing the latest diff of a page: In cases of flood vandalism (rapid changes to many articles), administrators and global rollbackers may choose to hide vandalism and reverts from recent changes. To do this, add &bot=1 to the end of the URL used to access a user's contributions. For example: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=SomePersistentVandal&bot=1. When the rollback links on the contributions list are clicked, the revert and the original edit that you are reverting will both be hidden from recent changes, unless you click the "bots" link in the Recent Changes to set hidebots=0. The edits are not hidden from contributions lists, page histories or watchlists. The edits remain in the database and are not removed, but they no longer flood "Recent changes". The aim of this feature is to reduce the annoyance factor of a flood vandal, with relatively little effort. This should not be used for reverting a change you just don't like, but is meant only for massive floods of simple vandalism. Reverting images To revert an image to a previous version, go to the image page and click on "File history." You will then see a list of past edits and a thumbnail graphic of each. Logged-in users will also see a "Revert" link for versions other than the current one. Click on a Revert link to make the change. If the image is at Wikimedia Commons you must click through to the image page there to do the revert. Then scroll down to the thumbnails. Beside the thumbnail you wish there will be the word "Revert". You will need to be logged in at Commons. Reverting multiple non-contiguous edits Ultimately, it is the responsibility of the person reverting edits on the page to be sure that any intervening helpful edits are not reverted, or unhelpful edits re-applied to the article. In some instances, it is possible to progressively undo changes starting from the most recent and working backward in time, skipping those edits which are not to be reverted. The success of being able to do this will depend on where the various edits are located within the article text. If they overlap or are close together within the text, the software will consider them to be conflicting with more recent edits and not permit an "undo" operation. In some cases, it is easier to begin with this technique as it may revert at least some of the unhelpful edits, providing a point from which it is easier to begin hand editing. When considering reverting multiple edits, one should examine all the intervening edits. These are often a mix of both helpful and unhelpful edits. The goal is to remove the effect of the unhelpful edits and leave the helpful ones. This can be done either by undoing the unhelpful edits or reverting to a version of the page prior to the beginning of the unhelpful edits and re-applying, by hand, the helpful edits. To re-apply helpful edits, or revert unhelpful edits, it is usually easier to copy-and-paste portions of a version of the article which contains, or does not contain those edits. In complex situations, this may result in combining portions of text from multiple versions of the article. The choice of starting this process from the current version as your base text, or using a prior version as your base will depend on the relative extent and localization within the article text of the changes which are to be kept and those to be reverted. It is usually easier to have the by-hand operation be on localized areas of text, rather than those changes spread throughout an article. This can be a long (hours) and complex process. It can be quite helpful to use the "Show changes" button in the edit window to compare the current diff against a diff, in a different tab or window, of the changes which you are attempting to remove or re-apply. If you are re-applying edits by other editors, you should state the original author(s) and which edit(s) in your edit summary to provide appropriate credit. If you are reverting to a prior version with the intent of re-applying changes in follow-up edits, you should explicitly say so in the edit summary of your reversion and use the {{in use}} template to indicate to other editors that you are working on the article. This is particularly important because the editors responsible for any edits which you have reverted will immediately be notified that their edit has been reverted. If there is no indication that you are working on the article, particularly if you are working to re-apply helpful edits, the other editors may edit the article in the intervening time, creating an edit conflict. Having an edit reverted can be upsetting to other editors, particularly if considerable time and effort were put into performing the edit. If you are planning to re-apply such edits, it is best to let the editors know that up-front. The choice of method to use in complex situations is often based on your experience with the process and the available tools. Keep in mind that if you get into a situation which you find difficult to resolve, it is always possible to completely revert your own edit(s) and return the article to the condition in which you found it before the edit. See also |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_mountaineering_at_the_2026_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sprint] | [TOKENS: 299] |
Contents Ski mountaineering at the 2026 Winter Olympics – Men's sprint The men's sprint competition in ski mountaineering at the 2026 Winter Olympics was held on 19 February at the Stelvio Ski Centre in Bormio, Italy. The event made its Olympic debut. It was won by Oriol Cardona of Spain. This was only the second Winter Olympic gold for Spain; Francisco Fernández Ochoa won the previous one in 1972 in alpine skiing. Russian Nikita Filippov, competing as an Individual Neutral Athlete, won the silver medal and Thibault Anselmet of France won bronze. Background At the 2025–26 ISMF Ski Mountaineering World Cup, only three sprint events were held before the Olympics. Jon Kistler, Oriol Cardona and Thibault Anselmet won one each. The 2025 World champion was Cardona. Ski Mountaineering consists of skiing uphill with "skins" on the bottom of the ski, these are carpet-like coverings that provide grip to the skier. The athletes then remove their skis and place them in their backpack, before climbing a rise on foot. They then return to their skis to finish their climb. Once they reach the ascent, they remove the skins and ski downhill to the finish line. Qualification Results Top 3 in each heat and the fastest 3 (LL) overall qualify to the Semifinals. References |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Columns] | [TOKENS: 660] |
Contents Help:Columns colbegin and colend To create columns in an article one may use {{colbegin}} and {{colend}}. Note that this is not supported by Internet Explorer version 9 and below or Opera version 11 and below — see {{Div col}} for details. To illustrate the use of these templates, this example uses the {{lorem}} template to generate Lorem ipsum placeholder text. produces: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. You can also use {{col-begin}}, {{col-break}}, and {{col-end}}. But don't use this variety to set numbered or bulleted lists in columns, because {{col-break}} breaks the list up, which is a problem for accessibility. As such: creates Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. CSS MediaWiki:Common.css defines the following styles: Templates CSS3 multicolumn support The templates {{div col}} and {{divbegin}} use a feature in CSS3 that is implemented in: See also |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext] | [TOKENS: 3274] |
Contents Help:HTML in wikitext The MediaWiki software, which drives Wikipedia, allows the use of a subset of HTML5 elements, or tags and their attributes, for presentation formatting. However, most HTML functionality can be replicated using equivalent wiki markup or templates. These alternatives are generally preferred within articles because they are often simpler for most editors to use and less intrusive in the editing interface. Wikipedia's Manual of Style recommends when and where these alternatives should be used. (See Help:Wikitext for wikitext equivalents to HTML tags not otherwise discussed below.) HTML can also be useful outside articles, such as for formatting within templates. For assistance with using Cascading Style Sheets on Wikipedia, see Help:Cascading Style Sheets. Some tags that resemble HTML are actually MediaWiki parser and extension tags, and so are actually wiki markup. HTML included in pages can be validated for HTML5 compliance by using validation. Note that some elements and attributes supported by MediaWiki and browsers have been deprecated by HTML5 and should no longer be used. Tutorials This help page gives only an overview of allowed markup. For further assistance and detailed specifications: Attributes HTML attributes provide additional information about an element and are always specified in the start tag. They are formatted as a name/value pair like name="value". Global attributes apply to all tags. Attributes not listed here are not allowed by MediaWiki: HTML5 microdata attributes apply to all tags: Other tags such as <table> support specific attributes – these are listed in the appropriate section. This is red text. The MediaWiki Sanitizer.php does some cleanup on attributes. A best practice is to use the proper syntax. Elements These HTML elements are supported by the MediaWiki software. This section gives a brief overview of the HTML element, an example, relevant wikimarkup and templates. The <h1>...</h1> through <h6>...</h6> tags are headings for the sections with which they are associated. <h1> is used for the article title. Headings are styled through CSS and added to the page's table of contents. Wikimarkup: surround the text with the appropriate number of equal signs. Headers formatted with wikimarkup add an link. Templates: {{fake heading}} for use in documentation <p>...</p> tag places content into a separate paragraph. HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language Wikimarkup: Separate paragraphs by a single blank line. HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language <p>...</p> is especially useful in lists, for list items with multiple paragraphs: This is a paragraph. This is another paragraph in the same item. Note that the closing tag </p> is not strictly necessary for MediaWiki installations that output HTML 5 (such as Wikipedia). <br> inserts a line break. See H:BR for the other 4 versions that the MediaWiki software converts to <br /> in the HTML that browsers read. HyperTextMarkup Language Templates: <hr> or <hr /> represents a paragraph-level thematic break and presents as a horizontal rule. Wikimarkup: use ---- Templates: {{hr}} <!--...--> formats the enclosed text as a hidden comment. HyperText Be careful with spacing around comments. Surrounding a comment with blank lines will result in a blank paragraph, perceived as an extra two blank lines: Content line 1 Content line 2 <abbr>...</abbr> creates a tooltip to define an abbreviation or acronym that is displayed on mouse-over. HTML Templates: {{abbr}} <b>...</b> formats text stylistically offset from other text (bold) without conveying extra importance. HyperText Markup Language Wikimarkup: Use ''' to open and close bold text. HyperText Markup Language <bdi>...</bdi> isolates the content from the surrounding text-direction settings. اليمين إلى اليسارleft to right اليمين إلى اليسارleft to right Support: Firefox, Chrome <bdo>...</bdo> specifies the text direction. Attributes and values: HyperText Markup Language <blockquote>...</blockquote> presents text in an offset block. HyperText Markup Language Templates: {{quote}}; supports pre-formatted attribution and source parameters. For other specialized quotation templates, see Category:Quotation templates. <cite>...</cite> contains the title of a work. This is a new definition in HTML5— in the previous XML implementation <cite> was used to contain a citation or a reference to other sources. No formatting is applied when this tag is used. HyperText Markup Language <cite>...</cite> is generally not used directly in Wikipedia articles, and is often misused; see Wikipedia:HTML 5#cite for replacement instructions. <code>...</code> formats a section of computer code. Styled with CSS through mediawiki.skinning/elements.less as a black monospaced typeface with a grey background (#F8F9FA) and border (#EAECF0). Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Lorem ipsum https://example.com dolor sit amet Lorem ipsum https://example.com dolor sit amet Templates: {{code}} uses <syntaxhighlight>. See the "See also" section at the template page for additional code-markup templates. See § samp and § kbd on this page for semantic markup of output and input, respectively. <data>...</data> formats a machine-readable version of contents. HTML for Dummies Attributes: value <del>...</del> formats deleted text. HyperText Markup Language <dfn>...</dfn> is used for indicating the defining instance of a term. Definition Templates: {{dfn}} <em>...</em> represents a span of text with emphatic stress (i.e. semantic emphasis). In most browsers, it renders as italic. HyperText Markup Language Templates: {{em}} <i>...</i> represents a span of text offset from its surrounding content without conveying any extra emphasis or importance, and for which the conventional typographic presentation is italic text. HyperText Markup Language Wikimarkup: Use '' to open and close italic text. HyperText Markup Language <ins>...</ins> indicates a range of text that has been added. Styled as underlined text. Used on talk pages to indicate refactored text; see WP:REDACT. HyperText Markup Language <kbd>...</kbd> indicates user input such as keyboard input or voice commands (but no gray background as with the template {{kbd}}). Press Enter Templates: <mark>...</mark> represents a run of text in one document marked or highlighted for reference purposes, due to its relevance in another context. Marked text is formatted with a yellow background by default. HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language Support: Not supported by Internet Explorer 8 and below. <pre>...</pre> element represents a block of preformatted text. In MediaWiki, <pre> is actually a parser tag and not HTML, but the function is the same. It also prevents the parsing of templates. <pre> parses HTML entities. If you want to escape this, replace & with &, or use <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> instead. Templates: <q>...</q> is used to mark a short quotation. There has been very little implementation of this element in Wikipedia yet. HyperText Markup Language MOS:QUOTATIONS says Wikipedia should instead use "", {{quote}}, or <blockquote>. <ruby>...</ruby> marks spans of phrasing content with ruby annotations. Browsers that do not support ruby characters will show the ruby text in normal size, enclosed in parentheses and after the normal content. 東 京 Templates: <s>...</s> is used to indicate inline content that is no longer accurate or relevant and that has been struck from the page. It is not appropriate when indicating document edits; to mark a span of text as having been removed from a document, use <del>. HyperText Markup Language Templates: {{strikethrough}} (for inline content), {{strikethroughdiv}} (for block content) <samp>...</samp> indicates sample output from a program or computing system. Examples include: output of a program, script, or Wikipedia template; status displays or audio announcements made by an app or device; file system directory listings and samples from them, such as paths and file names. sample output: HTML Templates: {{samp}} applies monospace styling, and gives the text in dark grey to distinguish from code (<code>) and input (<kbd> or {{kbd}}). <small>...</small> format small text. HyperText Markup Language Templates: <strong>...</strong> formats a span of text with strong importance or unusual emphasis; in most browsers it renders as boldface. This should generally not be used in Wikipedia articles, per WP:Neutral point of view policy. See MOS:BOLD on use of this element and other boldfacing. Most semantic emphasis, including in quoted material, should be rendered with the <em> element. HyperText Markup Language Templates: {{strong}} <sub>...</sub> formats a span of text as a subscript. HyperText Markup Language Templates: <sup>...</sup> formats a span of text as a superscript. HyperText Markup Language Templates: <time>...</time> defines either a time (24 hour clock), or a date in the Gregorian calendar, optionally with a time and a time-zone offset. 10:00 Attributes: datetime Support: Not supported by Internet Explorer 8 and below. <u>...</u> represents a span of text offset from its surrounding content without conveying any extra emphasis or importance, and for which the conventional typographic presentation is underlining; for example, a span of text in Chinese that is a proper name (a Chinese proper name mark), or span of text that is known to be misspelled. <u> was presentational element of HTML that was originally used to underline text; this usage was deprecated in HTML4 in favor of the CSS style {text-decoration: underline}. In HTML5, the tag reappeared but its meaning was changed significantly: it now "represents a span of inline text which should be rendered in a way that indicates that it has a non-textual annotation". This facility is intended for example to provide a red wavy line underline to flag spelling errors at input time but which are not to be embedded in any stored file (unlike an emphasis mark, which would be). HyperText Markup Language Templates: {{underline}} (which supplies the recommended CSS style) <var>...</var> formats text in italics to indicate a variable in a mathematical expression or programming context, or placeholder text that the reader is meant to mentally replace with some other literal value. Templates: <wbr> is a word break opportunity; that is, it specifies where it would be OK to add a line-break where a word is too long, or it is perceived that the browser will break a line at the wrong place. Now is the time to become a power editor, by learning HyperText Markup Language Now is the time to become a power editor, by learning HyperText Markup Language As the browser window is adjusted narrower, the second example wraps between Hyper and Text. Do not leave blank lines between items in a list unless there is a reason to do so, since this causes the MediaWiki software to interpret each item as beginning a new list. <dl>...</dl>, <dt>...</dt> and <dd>...</dd> are used to create a description list (formerly definition list) with terms and descriptions. Terms are displayed in bold and descriptions are indented. Each term must include one or more descriptions. Wikimarkup: <dt> is created using ; while automatically enclosed in <dl>...</dl>. <dd> is created using : for each value. For a single or first value the : can be placed on the same line after ; where subsequent values must be placed on separate lines. Templates: {{defn}} <ol>...</ol> represents an ordered list; <ul>...</ul> represents an unordered list; <li>...</li> represents a list item within either type of list. Wikimarkup: use * for items in an unordered list and # for ordered lists. Templates: for a variety of specialized uses, see Category:List formatting and function templates. <div>...</div> is a generic container for flow content that displays as a block element. <span>...</span> is a container for flow content that displays as an inline element. HyperText Markup Language <table>...</table> defines a table. Attributes: <th>...</th> defines a table header; styled as centered and bold. Attributes: <caption>...</caption> adds a caption to a table. Attributes: <thead>, <tfoot> and <tbody> are not supported, but are automatically generated when the page is rendered. Obsolete/deprecated elements These elements are now obsolete and either deprecated or removed in HTML5, although they are still supported by browsers. Their use should be avoided on Wikipedia. These tags either have an alternate tag or a template that replaces their function with CSS; except for <big>...</big>, the tags are being replaced by editors on pages throughout Wikipedia (see Wikipedia:Linter for more details). See Wikipedia:HTML5 § Obsolete elements and attributes for more details on obsolete HTML parts and their replacements. <big>...</big> (obsolete) was used to render text in a "large" font. Templates: {{big}} uses CSS. <center>...</center> (obsolete) was used to center text elements. Templates: {{center}} uses CSS. <font>...</font> (obsolete) was used to set the font size, font face and color of text. Templates: {{font}} uses CSS. <rb>...</rb> (obsolete) was used to mark base text in a ruby annotation. For replacements, see: Help:HTML in wikitext#rp, rt, rtc, ruby <strike>...</strike> (obsolete) formatted strike-through characters; use <s>...</s> or <del>...</del> instead, depending on the context. <tt>...</tt> (obsolete) formatted text in a fixed-width font. Use <code>, <kbd>, <var>, or <samp> instead, depending on the context. Templates: {{mono}} uses CSS. Unsupported elements These elements are not supported, but have equivalent wiki markup. Attempting to use any element not whitelisted by Sanitizer.php will result in the markup showing as plain text. <a> is used to create links. Use the [[ ]] wikimarkup for internal/intrawiki links and interwiki links, and [ ] for external links. <input> is used to create forms. The <inputbox> extension tag is used to create a text box with a button. HTML Tidy HTML Tidy is an outdated HTML4 library[vague] that is slated for removal. Tidy parses the MediaWiki output and cleans it up to increase the likelihood that valid HTML4 is rendered. For example, with Tidy enabled, <br>, </br>, <br/>, <br.> all rendered as <br />. Tidy is not enabled for MediaWiki interface pages. Tidy was never perfect and has been known to introduce errors. Exceptions In some pages in the MediaWiki namespace, typically the short messages like button labels, HTML is not parsed, and tags will be exposed. User and sitewide CSS and JavaScript pages are interpreted as if inside a <pre> block. See Help:User style. Validation The MediaWiki software attempts to fix HTML errors, but it does not catch all of them. Where HTML is used, it is helpful to verify it with the W3C Markup Validation Service. Parser and extension tags For a machine-generated list, see Special:Version#mw-version-parser-extensiontags. It may include tags not documented here. See also References External links |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Magic_words] | [TOKENS: 621] |
Contents Help:Magic words Magic words (including parser functions, variables, and behavior switches) are features of wiki markup that give instructions to Wikipedia's underlying MediaWiki software. For example, certain magic words are used to suppress or position the table of contents, disable indexing by external search engines, or produce output dynamically based on the current page or on user-defined conditional expressions. Some of these features are especially useful for templates. This page is a quick reference for magic words. For more comprehensive information, refer to the main MediaWiki documentation: General information In general, there are three types of magic words: The software generally interprets magic words in the following way: Magic words compared to templates: Most magic words can be used where needed on a page, but see MOS:ORDER for guidance on placing some magic words that are behavior switches (such as {{DEFAULTSORT:}} and {{DISPLAYTITLE}}). Behavior switches If this switch is not intended to be transcluded with the template's contents, it should be used inside <noinclude>...</noinclude> (or on a template documentation page inside <noinclude>...</noinclude>), similarly to template categories. Variables Note: The magic words above can also take a parameter, in order to parse values on a page other than the current page. A colon (:) is used to pass the parameter, rather than a pipe (|) that is used in templates, like {{MAGICWORD:value}}. For example, {{TALKPAGENAME:Wikipedia:MOS}} returns Wikipedia talk:MOS on any page. Caution: Attempting to use (some) page name variables to create a wikilink to an image page, category page or interlanguage link will produce a different effect: this will respectively place the image on the page, add the page to the category, or create an interlanguage link at the edge of the page. To override this normal behavior, prefix the variable with a colon (:); for example [[:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]. For more details on parser functions that relate to page names and namespaces, see: meta:Help:Page name § Variables and parser functions. Parser functions Page IDs can be associated with articles via wikilinks (i.e. Special:Redirect/page/3235121 goes to this page). To output numbers without comma separators (for example, as "123456789" rather than "123,456,789"), append the parameter |R. If, in these conditional functions, empty unnamed parameters are to be parsed as empty rather than as text (i.e. as empty rather than as the text "{{{1}}}", "{{{2}}}", etc.), they will require trailing pipes (i.e. {{{1|}}}, {{{2|}}}, etc., rather than {{{1}}}, {{{2}}}, etc.). Magic words can sometimes behave weirdly when substituted or nested. It's possible to subst some magic words (so that the page stops being updated if the value of the word changes). Here are some examples of how this works: See also Notes |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_conflict_(2024%E2%80%93present)] | [TOKENS: 1585] |
Contents Syrian conflict (2024–present) The Syrian conflict is a series of ongoing disputes and clashes in Syria following the fall of the Assad regime. Numerous actors have been involved, including clashes between the newly formed Syrian transitional government, led by former Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) leader Ahmed al-Sharaa, Assad loyalists, Alawite groups, and Druze insurgents; between elements of the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army (SNA) and the government on one side, and the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) on the other; as well as incidents involving a limited Israeli military invasion. Background On 27 November 2024, a coalition of opposition groups called the Military Operations Command, led by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham and the Southern Operations Room, launched a major offensive against the Syrian Army and other pro-government forces in Aleppo, Idlib, Hama and Homs Governorates. This was followed by other rebel offensives from the Southern Operations Room, the SDF and the Syrian Free Army which all began seizing Syrian government territory in the country's south and east. On 29 November, rebel forces entered Aleppo as Syrian Army positions collapsed across the country. On 7 December, rebel forces entered Damascus and the next day, on 8 December, Bashar al-Assad was reported to have fled the capital. The Syrian Army confirmed Assad was no longer in power and had fled the country, resulting in the collapse of his regime and ending over 60 years of Ba'athist rule and 54 years under the Assad dynasty. Assad and his family fled to Moscow and were granted asylum in Russia. The fall of Assad has been said to mark the end of the Syrian civil war. Syrian prime minister Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali recognized the transfer of power to the Syrian Salvation Government, which established a caretaker government in Damascus with Mohammed al-Bashir serving as the prime minister. Ahmed al-Sharaa, the leader of the Syrian Salvation Government and emir of Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham, became de facto leader of Syria. On 8 December 2024, the day that the Assad regime fell, Israel invaded southern Syria, subsuming the Golan Heights buffer zone and capturing Quneitra, Mount Hermon, and surrounding towns and villages, while also carrying out a bombing campaign against Syrian military bases. Israel has since maintained a military occupation of the buffer zone. The Turkish-backed SNA launched an offensive against the SDF, which ended with the capture of Manbij on 11 December. At the Syrian Revolution Victory conference held in Damascus on 29 January 2025, the new government appointed al-Sharaa as president of Syria during the transitional phase and announced the dissolution of several armed militias and their integration into the Syrian Army under the Ministry of Defense. Western Syria Southern Syria North and East Syria Clashes broke out between SDF and SNA forces as SDF forces began to enter government-controlled towns in northern Aleppo, which government forces were retreating from due to the HTS-led offensive on Aleppo from Idlib. On 1 December 2024, SNA captured the towns of as-Safirah, Khanasir and the Kuweires airbase, while clashes occurred between SNA and SDF in the Sheikh Najjar district of Aleppo city. On 6 December 2024, the SNA launched an offensive targeting the SDF-controlled city of Manbij. As the last SDF-controlled area west of the Euphrates, Manbij represented a crucial strategic point for Turkey's goal of pushing the SDF eastward beyond the river to enable the SNA to advance toward Kobani. According to the SOHR and the pro-SDF thinktank Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD), Turkey conducted drone strikes on SDF positions in Manbij. On 9 December 2024, the SOHR reported, the SDF withdrew from most of Manbij after intense fighting with the SNA and Turkish airstrikes on Qarqozaq bridge. On 11 December, Mazloum Abdi, commander-in-chief of the SDF, announced that SDF soldiers "will be withdrawn from the area as soon as possible" following a US-brokered ceasefire agreement. On 12 December 2024, a truce mediated by the United States was announced, though it was ended days later. On 17 December 2024, the truce was extended by a week. Turkish Armed Forces launched airstrikes in the vicinity of Kobani later that month. On 23 December 2024, the SDF's Manbij Military Council (MMC) launched a counteroffensive in the eastern countryside of Aleppo to regain control of positions around the Tishrin Dam and to gain further territory along the Euphrates River. Fighting was halted following the signing of the 10 March agreement, between the SDF and the Syrian transitional government. On 10 March 2025, the SDF signed the 10 March agreement with the Syrian caretaker government, agreeing to integrate into Syria's state institutions, securing minority rights, establishing a ceasefire throughout Syria, and retaining limited authority over North and East Syria. Delays in implementing the 10 March agreement, with both sides accusing each other of obstruction, along with the cancellation of the SDF–STG talks in Paris on 25 July and again on 9–10 August, heightened hostilities between the SDF and the Syrian transitonal government, which ultimately led to clashes between the two. The first clashes were reported on 2 August 2025, near Dayr Hafir and al-Khafsah. On 12 August, one Syrian Army soldier was killed in clashes with the SDF near Dayr Hafir. In addition the government's Ministry of Information claimed that two civilians were killed and three injured. Coinciding with the clashes the Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) warned of a 'wider conflict' if the US does not remain fully engaged in preventing the collapse of the March agreement. On 6 October 2025, clashes erupted between forces affiliated with the Syrian Democratic Forces and government troops in the neighborhoods of Ashrafiyah and Sheikh Maqsoud. Following the confrontation, government forces closed all roads leading into the two neighborhoods, effectively restricting movement and access. Residents protested the closures, demanding freedom of movement, and some demonstrations were met with tear gas and live fire by security forces. Heavy exchanges of fire, including small arms and medium weapons, were reported in the neighborhoods, resulting in casualties on both sides and displacing some families. Kurdish authorities accused the government-aligned forces of attempting to infiltrate the neighborhoods and targeting civilians. The Syrian Ministry of Defense stated that army movements in northern and northeastern Syria respond 'to repeated SDF attacks on civilians and security forces'. Calm returned to the Kurdish-majority neighborhoods of Sheikh Maqsoud and Ashrafiyah after a preliminary agreement between Syrian government forces and the Syrian Democratic Forces. Operations against ISIS sleeper cells continued after the fall of the Assad regime. In eastern Syria in particular, the SDF, in coordination with the Global Coalition, carried out 79 security operations, resulting in the arrest of 203 ISIS members, including senior figures, in 2025. These operations also led to the killing of more than 14 ISIS members, including commanders. On 13 December 2025, two U.S soldiers and an U.S civilian interpreter were killed by an alleged Islamic State gunman in the city of Palmyra, central Syria. The gunman was shot dead by security forces during the attack. According to the Syrian Interior Ministry, the attacker was a new recruit in Syria's internal security forces who was suspected of Islamic State ties. See also Notes References |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/2026_February_18&action=edit&editintro=Portal:Current_events/Edit_instructions] | [TOKENS: 1660] |
Editing Portal:Current events/2026 February 18 The daily current events "blank" boxes are now generated daily by an efficient bot, so the instructions below this only apply if the bot has been disabled. If you reached this page via the current date box's "edit" link, check whether the portal box has already been initiated, and already contains the following (parsed) wiki code (use copy/paste from the code below, if necessary, to correct any syntax errors): Then save the page, before adding any news items. This will help insure the new day displays according to the current events portal design. Note that the above items: CURRENTYEAR, CURRENTMONTH, and CURRENTDAY, all will display as positive integers once the page is saved.For example, the code to generate March 27, 2009 (Friday) in the box should appear as {{Current events|year=2009|month=3|day=27|content=... Click on the small "edit" link in the top right corner of the box that you want to edit. Only administrators are allowed to edit the actual page. Copy and paste: – — ° ′ ″ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥ ± − × ÷ ← → · § Sign your posts on talk pages: ~~~~ Cite your sources: <ref></ref> {{}} {{{}}} | [] [[]] [[Category:]] #REDIRECT [[]] <s></s> <sup></sup> <sub></sub> <code></code> <pre></pre> <blockquote></blockquote> <ref></ref> <ref name="" /> {{Reflist}} <references /> <includeonly></includeonly> <noinclude></noinclude> {{DEFAULTSORT:}} <nowiki></nowiki> <!-- --> <span class="plainlinks"></span> Symbols: ~ | ¡ ¿ † ‡ ↔ ↑ ↓ • ¶ # ∞ ‹› «» ¤ ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ € ₠ ₣ ƒ ₴ ₭ ₤ ℳ ₥ ₦ ₧ ₰ £ ៛ ₨ ₪ ৳ ₮ ₩ ¥ ♠ ♣ ♥ ♦ 𝄫 ♭ ♮ ♯ 𝄪 © ¼ ½ ¾ Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}} Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́ IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}} Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help): |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Section] | [TOKENS: 2930] |
Contents Help:Section A page can and should be divided into sections, using the section heading syntax. In the modern Vector 2022 skin, which became the new default in January 2023, a table of contents (ToC) is automatically generated for pages and talk pages that are using section headers.[a] This page explains the syntax of these elements. For information about how to name sections or how to use sections to structure articles, please read the Guide to layout. Creation and numbering of sections Sections are created by creating their headings, as below. These are sometimes called "levels" based on the number of equal signs before and after, so that the top "Section" above with two equal signs is a "level two" heading, the subsection is a "level three" heading, and the "sub-subsection" is "level four". The maximum level number is six. Please do not use a "level one" heading (only one equals sign on each side, i.e.: =Heading=). This would cause a section heading as large as the page title at the top of the page. Heading names of sections (including subsections) should be unique on a page. Using the same heading more than once on a page causes problems: Sections are numbered in the table of contents (not applicable in Vector 2022). For the ordering of (appendix & footer) sections, see: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout § Order of article elements. The section and subsection hierarchy in wikitext is mainly determined by the level of the headings, so any text without a new heading is automatically considered part of the preceding section or subsection. This means there is no direct way to indicate that trailing text belongs to the parent section. If making this distinction is important, reordering the text or simply adding another subsection are common approaches. Table of contents (TOC) A table of contents (TOC) sidebar lists the section headings of a page, unless the magic word __NOTOC__ is added to the article's wikitext. The mobile site and apps use an alternative navigation scheme, which is unaffected by the magic word. The TOC on the sidebar of a page may still be disabled by certain TOC templates, such as {{Compact TOC}}. To hide the TOC on legacy skins but allow it to be displayed on the sidebar in the default Vector 2022 skin, replace __NOTOC__ in the specific page or template code with {{Hide inline TOC}}. Some templates also allow you to re-enable the TOC manually on specific pages by adding a parameter, usually specified in their documentation pages. The sections below only apply to the Legacy Vector 2010 skin and are no longer relevant on the English Wikipedia, which defaults to Vector 2022 since 2023. The auto-generated TOC is not maximally appropriate or useful in all article types, such as long list articles and glossaries, so there are numerous replacement templates. To use one, place the replacement TOC template, such as {{Compact TOC}} (which can be customized for many list styles) where needed. You are encouraged to put __NOTOC__ at the top of the article to ensure correct functionality, but in many cases the regular TOC will be suppressed just by the addition of the replacement TOC template. When either __FORCETOC__ or __TOC__ (with two underscores on either side of the word) is placed in the wikitext, a TOC is generated even if the page has fewer than four headings. Using __FORCETOC__ places the TOC immediately before the first section heading. Using __TOC__ places the TOC at the same position as this code. Most articles have introductory text before the TOC, known as the "lead section". Although usually a section heading should immediately follow the TOC, using __TOC__ can prevent you from being forced to insert a meaningless heading just to position the TOC correctly (i.e. not too low). However, if there is any text at all between the TOC and the first heading, this will cause problems with accessibility. The TOC can, in some instances, be floated either right or left using {{TOC right}} or {{TOC left}} when it is beneficial to the layout of the article, or when the default TOC gets in the way of other elements. Before changing the default TOC to a floated TOC, consider the following guidelines: Template:TOC right was proposed for deletion in early July 2005, but there was no consensus on the matter. The archive of the discussion and voting regarding this may be seen at Wikipedia:Templates for deletion/TOCright. The Manual of Style discussion can be found here. An extenuating circumstance may require the width of a TOC to be adjusted as a percentage of a page. For example: {{TOC left|width=30%}} The template {{Horizontal TOC}} lays out the TOC in a horizontal list rather than a vertical one. It can be practical in a TOC with many brief entries. The ability to display a long TOC without scrolling makes it suited for tables where the rows contain section headings. By default, the TOC includes all the headings in the page, whatever their level. When an article or project page has a very large number of subsections, it may be appropriate to hide lower-level subsections from the TOC. You can specify a limit for the lowest-level section that should be displayed using {{TOC limit|n}}, where n is the number of = signs that are used on each side of the lowest-level section header that should be displayed (e.g. 3 to show all headings down to ===sub-sections=== but hide ====sub-sub-sections==== and all headings below that). The limit=n parameter can also be given to {{TOC left}} or {{TOC right}} the same way. Section linking In the HTML code for each section there is an "id" attribute holding the section title. This enables linking directly to sections. These section anchors are automatically used by MediaWiki when it generates a table of contents for the page, and therefore when a section heading in the ToC is clicked, it will jump to the section. Also, the section anchors can be manually linked directly to one section within a page. The HTML code generated at the beginning of this section, for example, is: A link to this section (Section linking) looks like this: (NB section links are case sensitive, including the first character (Help:Link).) To link to a section in the same page you can use [[#section name|displayed text]], and to link to a section in another page [[page name#section name|displayed text]]. The anchors disregard the depth of the section; a link to a subsection or sub-subsection etc. will be [[#subsection name]] and [[#sub-subsection name]] etc. An underscore and number are appended to duplicate section names. E.g. for three sections named "Example", the names (for section linking) will be "Example", "Example_2" and "Example_3". However, after editing section "Example_2" or "Example_3" (see below), one, confusingly, arrives at section "Example" from the edit summary. If a section has a blank space as heading, it results in a link in the TOC that does not work. For a similar effect see NS:0. To create an anchor target without a section heading, you can use the {{anchor}} template or a span: <span id="anchor_name"></span>. To format a link to a section with a section sign ("§") rather than with "#" or custom text, use {{Section link}} (or {{slink}}). For example, {{Section link|Foo|Bar}} is equivalent to a Foo#Bar link, but is formatted Foo § Bar. Notes: For linking to an arbitrary position in a page see Section linking (anchors). A link that specifies a section of a redirect page corresponds to a link to that section of the target of the redirect. A redirect to a section of a page will also work, try e.g. the redirect page Section linking and redirects. A complication is that, unlike renaming a page, renaming a section does not create any redirect from the old section name. Therefore, incoming links to the old section name will have to be fixed. This problem can be fixed by adding a manual anchor link to the old name, using the Anchor template. However, if you do not want to retain links to the old names, you will need to track them down and fix them. There is no separate What links here feature for sections: the list does not distinguish between links to one section or another and links to the entire page. The following possible workarounds will help "future proof" incoming links you make to a section, but they will not help with tracking down simple links to sections during a rename: Redirect pages can be categorized by adding a category tag after the redirect command. In the case that the target of the redirect is a section, this has, to some extent, the effect of categorizing the section: through the redirect, the category page links to the section; however, unless an explicit link is present, the section does not link to the category. On the category page, redirects are displayed with class redirect-in-category, so they can be shown in e.g. italics; this can be defined in MediaWiki:Common.css. See also WP:Categorizing redirects. Section editing Sections can be separately edited by clicking special edit links labeled "" by the heading, or by right-clicking on the section heading. Inserting a section can be done by editing either the section before or after it. An editor can merge one section with the previous section by deleting the heading. Navigation on pages from "talk" namespaces provides a special link labeled "New section", "+", or "Add topic" used to create a new section to the end of the page.[b] The link can be removed from a page with the magic word __NONEWSECTIONLINK__ or added with __NEWSECTIONLINK__. The URL for such an action looks like: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=edit§ion=new. In this case, a text box having as title "Subject:", will appear and the content you type in it will become the name of the new section heading. There is no input box for the edit summary; it is automatically created. By default, there is no link to edit the lead section of a page, so the entire page must be edited. Lead section editing can be enabled through Preferences → Gadgets → Appearance → Add an link for the lead section of a page. You can also click "" at another section and manually change section=n in the url to section=0. Section edit links can be removed, for example in archives, with the magic word __NOEDITSECTION__. Some templates automatically add it. The preview in section editing does not always show the same as the corresponding part of the full page, e.g., if on the full page an image in the previous section intrudes into the section concerned. Also, <ref>s usually become hidden; see #Editing a footnote for a solution. The edit page shows the list of templates used on the whole page, i.e., also the templates used in other sections. Subsections are included in the part of the section that is edited. Section numbering is relative to the part that is edited, so on the relative top level there is always just number 1, relative subsections all have numbers starting with 1: 1.1., 1.2, etc.; e.g., when editing subsection 3.2, sub-subsection 3.2.4 is numbered 1.4. However, the heading format is according to the absolute level. To edit a footnote rendered in a section containing the code <references />, edit the section with the footnote mark referring to it (see Help:Footnotes). Previewing the section will show a preview of the footnote. When conditionally (using a parser function) transcluding a template with sections, the "edit" links of this and subsequent sections will edit the wrong section or give the error message that the section does not exist (although the page (including TOC) is correctly displayed and the TOC links correctly). This is because for the targets of the "edit" links the content of conditionally included templates is considered part of the page itself, and the sections are counted after expansion.Thus, the "edit" links of the sections of the included template link to the page itself instead of the template, and the "edit" links after the included template link to the correct page but the wrong section number.More generally, conditional sections give such a complication.The problem does not occur when transcluding a template with a conditional name (which has more advantages). Use {{void}} for the template to transclude to produce nothing. Editing sections of included templates The editing facilities can also be applied to a section of an included template. This section, Help:Editing sections of included templates, is an example. Advantages of separate pages: Advantages of one combined page with sections: An alternative is composing a page of other pages using the template feature (creating a compound document by transclusion). This allows easy searching within the combined rendered page, but not in the combined wikitext. As a disadvantage, a title for each page has to be provided. For the pre-expand include size limit, this is disadvantageous even compared with one large page: the pre-expand include size is the sum of the pre-expand include sizes of the components plus the sum of sizes of the wikitexts of the components. Section transclusion Template-style section transclusion (TST) is an older method of transcluding sections. Mark off sections in the text using this markup: After labeling the respective (sub-)section, you may use a template call to transclude the section. For example, to transclude a section called chapter1 from a page called pageX: The target page defines the location of the section. Image placement Sections for demo above This section is linked to from #Section linking. See also Manual of style Footnotes |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Table] | [TOKENS: 6859] |
Contents Help:Table A table is an arrangement of columns and rows that organizes and positions data or images. Tables can be created on Wikipedia pages using special wikitext syntax, or HTML syntax, and many different styles and tricks can be used to customise them. Tools To automatically insert a table, click or (Insert a table) on the edit toolbar. In the Vector toolbar the table icon is in the "Advanced" menu. The following wikitext is inserted when Insert a table is clicked. The sample text ("Header text" or "Example") is intended to be replaced with actual data. Row numbers (1-3) and column letters (A-C) have been substituted below to help visualization. Wikitext Produces: You can fill in the table while in source mode. Or use the visual editor (VE). To create more complex table structures in source mode with cells that span multiple rows or columns, see § Colspan and rowspan. With the visual editor (VE) you directly fill in the cells without having to go through wikitext. VE makes it easy to add, remove, and rearrange/reorder rows or columns. In VE this is what shows up when clicking the table icon (in the "Insert" menu): For more complex table structures, the visual editor offers cell-merging operations; see details here. In addition, it is usually possible to add or import a table that exists elsewhere (e.g., in a spreadsheet, on another website) directly into the visual editor by: Other tools, such as those used to create wiki tables from Excel, can be used to create wikitable markup from spreadsheet and database tables. See § External links for a list of some. Table basics Tables can be added to articles and other pages using either standard HTML table elements, or with special wikicode markup developed just to facilitate creating tables without a knowledge of HTML. Each mark, except table end (|}), optionally accepts one or more attributes. Attributes must be on the same line as the mark. Commonly included attributes with table scope include: class, for example class="wikitable"; or style for CSS styling. Other attributes have row- or column scope, e.g., scope, to indicate row or column header cells; rowspan, to extend cells by more than one row; and colspan, to extend cells by more than one column. Wikicode syntax tutorial A table may be created entirely in wikicode using special table markup developed for the purpose. No knowledge of HTML is required. Use {| to begin a table, and |} to end it. Each one needs to be on its own line: Optional parameters like class may be placed on the Begin-table delimiter line. See § Class below. An optional table caption is included with a line starting with a vertical bar and plus sign "|+" and the caption after it: To start a new table row, type a vertical bar and a hyphen on its own line: "|-". The codes for the cells in that row start on the next line. For details about rows, see § Row operations below. Type the codes for each table cell in the next row, starting with a bar: Cells can be separated with either a new line and a single bar, or by a double bar "||" on the same line. Both produce the same output: Wikitext Produces For details about table cells, see § Cell operations below. Optional parameters can modify the display and styling of cells, rows, or the entire table. The simplest way to add styling is to set the wikitable CSS class, which in Wikipedia's external style sheet is defined to apply a gray color scheme and cell borders to tables using it: Wikitext Produces The table parameters and cell parameters are the same as in HTML, see http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/struct/tables.html#edef-TABLE and Table (HTML). However, the <thead>, <tbody>, <tfoot>, <colgroup>, and <col> elements are currently not supported in MediaWiki, as of December 2021[update]. A table can be useful even if none of the cells have content. For example, the background colors of cells can be changed with cell parameters, making the table into a diagram, like meta:Template talk:Square 8x8 pentomino example. An "image" in the form of a table is much more convenient to edit than an uploaded image. If all the cells in a row are empty the cells still show up. If the header cell is also empty for that row all the cells show up, but they are narrow. That can be fixed with a simple <br> in one of the cells. That is what is done here: {{sort under}} is simpler for putting the sorting arrows below the header text in order to narrow a table. With colspan and rowspan cells can span several columns or rows; (see § Colspan and rowspan, below) Displaying a pipe character as part of the text of a table cell requires a workaround. See § Rendering the pipe. Column headers are identified by ! scope="col" | instead of |. Row headers are identified by ! scope="row" | instead of |. Each header cell should be on a separate line in the wiki-markup. The scope="col" and scope="row" markup should be used for column and row headers in all data tables because it explicitly associates the header with the corresponding cells, which helps ensure a consistent experience for screen readers. The Manual of Style requires the use of scope for column and row headers. For complex tables, when a header spans two columns or rows, use ! scope="colgroup" colspan="2" | or ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2" | respectively to clearly identify the header as a column header of two columns or a row header of two rows. When headers are unclear, this can cause accessibility issues; therefore, use id= to set a unique value without spaces on each header, then reference the id(s) on the data cells that have unclear headers using headers= with a space separating each id. Header cells typically render differently from regular cells, depending on the browser. They are often rendered in a bold font and centered. If this rendering is not desired from an aesthetic point of view, the table can be styled with the "plainrowheaders" class which left-aligns the row headers and removes the bolding. Left-alignment of row headers only occurs if class=wikitable and scope=row are both used. A typical example may be marked up like this: Wikitext Produces Examples Both of these generate the same output. Choose a style based on the number of cells in each row and the total text inside each cell. Wikitext Produces (without borders). In this example class="wikitable" is used to style the table with Wikipedia's external style sheet for tables. It adds borders, background shading, and bold header text. Wikitext Produces Whole table operations One or more classes may be added to the § Begin-table delimiter line at the top of the table, and may be used to supply predefined style to the table. The wikicode table class attribute corresponds directly to the "class" attribute of the HTML <table> element. To add multiple classes to a table, place them all on the same line, embedded in double quotes and separated by a space: Some predefined classes are: Note: Template:Table may also be used to apply classes to the § Begin-table delimiter line. Explicit table captions (or titles) are recommended for data tables as a best practice; the Wikipedia Manual of Style considers them a high priority for accessibility reasons (screen readers), as a caption is explicitly associated with the table, unlike a normal wikitext heading or introductory sentence. All data tables on Wikipedia require captions. A caption is provided with the |+ markup, similar to a table row (|-), but it does not contain any cells, and is not within the table border. Captions are always displayed, appearing as a title centered (in most browsers), above the table. A caption can be styled (with inline, not block, CSS), and may include wikilinks, reference citations, etc. Many article editors dislike table captions when the table is directly below, or not far away from, a similar article heading. But screen reader users still need a table caption to quickly browse from table to table. In this case use the popular {{sro}} template: Template:Screen reader-only. Add the template to the table caption, and then only screen reader users will see it. Example: For current table caption and summary guidelines see the w3.org page: Caption & Summary, in Tables Tutorial. Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). The summary info in the paragraph below is out of date: A summary provides an overview of the data of a table for text and audio browsers, and does not normally display in graphical browsers. The summary (also a high Manual of Style priority for tables) is a synopsis of content, and does not repeat the caption text; think of it as analogous to an image's alt description. A summary is added with summary="Summary text here.", on the same line as the {| that opened the table, along with any class= and other parameters for the table as a whole. The summary= attribute is, however, obsolete in HTML 5. Wiki markup example showing left-aligned caption with a source citation: Produces It is possible to create cells that stretch over two or more columns. For this, one uses |colspan=n | content. Similarly, one can create cells that stretch over two or more rows. This requires |rowspan=m | content. In the table code, one must leave out the cells that are covered by such a span. The resulting column- and row-counting must fit. Wikitext Produces In the code, the cell | colspan="2" | A spans two columns. In the next column, a cell expected to contain "B" does not exist. Similar: in the code, cell | rowspan="2" | BBB spans two rows. A cell expected to contain "BBBB" does not exist. Wikitext Produces Using rowspan=2 for cell G combined with rowspan=3 for cell F to get another row below G and F won't work, because all (implicit) cells would be empty. Below is the same table with the order of the declared rows and cells shown in parentheses. The uses of rowspan and colspan are also shown. Wikitext Produces Although cell C is in column 2, C is the 1st cell declared in row 3, because column 1 is occupied by cell A, which was declared in row 2. Cell G is the only cell declared in row 5, because cell F occupies the other columns but was declared in row 4. Table style A style element may be added to apply to the entire table, to all the cells § in a row, or just to individual cells in the table. Adding a style to a column requires a template such as {{table alignment}} (for horizontal alignment of text). To add style to the entire table, add the style element to the § Begin-table delimiter line at the top of the table. in some cases, it may be better to use the style encapsulated in one of the predefined classes; see § Class. Text alignment (right/center/left) for the whole table (except the headers in a table using class=wikitable) can be done at the top line of the table wikitext: Text alignment for a column can be done with {{table alignment}}. The height of the whole table can be specified using standard CSS style properties on the § start table indicator line: You may also specify the § height of individual rows, and if they add up to more than the table height you specified or if word wrapping increases row height, the table height you specified will be ignored and the table height increased as needed to accommodate all the rows (except on mobile where the bottom of the table will be cut off). Note: Wikipedia:HTML 5#Table attributes. CSS to replace obsolete attributes for borders, padding, spacing, etc. Add a border around a table using the CSS property border: thickness style color;, for example border:3px dashed red. This example uses a solid (non-dashed) gray border that is one pixel wide: Wikitext Produces Note the bottom-row texts are centered by style="text-align: center;" to match the centering of the stars in their cells. As long as the File: specs omit the parameter |thumb they don't show the caption lines in the table (only during mouse-over). The border color darkgray matches typical tables or infoboxes in articles; however, it could be any color name (as in style="border: 1px solid darkgreen;") or use a hex-color (such as: #DDCCBB). Wikitext Produces If all cells have the same border color, the resulting double borders may not be wanted; add the border-collapse: collapse; CSS property on the table opening tag to reduce them to single ones (cellspacing=... is obsolete). Additionally, the W3C allows the use of the otherwise obsolete border= attribute on the table root ({|) if its value is "1". This adds a one-pixel border, in the default color, to the table and all of its cells at once: Using the border-collapse property to combine the double borders, as described above: Wikitext Produces Two table classes floatleft and floatright (case sensitive) help floating the table and adjusting table margins so that they do not stick to the text. floatleft floats the table to the left and adjusts right margin. floatright does the opposite. Example: Wikitext As it appears in a browser: This paragraph is before the table. Vestibulum sapien nisl, ornare auctor, consectetuer quis, posuere tristique, odio. Fusce ultrices ullamcorper odio. Ut augue nulla, interdum at, adipiscing non, tristique eget, neque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Ut pede est, condimentum id, scelerisque ac, malesuada non, quam. Proin eu ligula ac sapien suscipit blandit. Suspendisse euismod. Ut accumsan, neque id gravida luctus, arcu pede sodales felis, vel blandit massa arcu eget ligula. Aenean sed turpis. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Donec sem eros, ornare ut, commodo eu, tempor nec, risus. Donec laoreet dapibus ligula. Praesent orci leo, bibendum nec, ornare et, nonummy in, elit. Donec interdum feugiat leo. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Pellentesque feugiat ullamcorper ipsum. Donec convallis tincidunt urna. Alternatively, you can use CSS to get the same result: {| class="wikitable" style="float:left; clear:left; margin-right:8px;" {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:8px;" This paragraph is before the table. Vestibulum sapien nisl, ornare auctor, consectetuer quis, posuere tristique, odio. Fusce ultrices ullamcorper odio. Ut augue nulla, interdum at, adipiscing non, tristique eget, neque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Ut pede est, condimentum id, scelerisque ac, malesuada non, quam. Proin eu ligula ac sapien suscipit blandit. Suspendisse euismod. Ut accumsan, neque id gravida luctus, arcu pede sodales felis, vel blandit massa arcu eget ligula. Aenean sed turpis. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Donec sem eros, ornare ut, commodo eu, tempor nec, risus. Donec laoreet dapibus ligula. Praesent orci leo, bibendum nec, ornare et, nonummy in, elit. Donec interdum feugiat leo. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Pellentesque feugiat ullamcorper ipsum. Donec convallis tincidunt urna. To center a table horizontally, use style margin: auto, which applies to the left and right margins. Text does not flow around centered tables as it does for floated tables; that is, no text appears to either side: Wikitext As it appears in a browser: Text before table... ...text after table. Style margin:auto may be combined with top and bottom margin in the standard way for CSS, e.g. style="margin:1em auto" defines top and bottom margins of 1em, and automatic (centered) left and right margins. Tip: For Android Chrome, use: Note: align="center" is deprecated in HTML5, and does not work well in Mediawiki software. For example, it will not override the left alignment of tables via class=wikitable. Headers can be frozen so they're always at the top (or left) as one scrolls through a large table. See {{Sticky header}} and {{Sticky table start}}. Nesting data tables with header cells makes it difficult for assistive screen readers to parse them sensibly. Editors sometimes use headerless tables as an aid to content layout, especially where it is easier than the equivalent use of divs and CSS styling. For complex layouts, rowspan and colspan may be used, but again it is sometimes simpler and more maintainable to use nested tables. Nested tables must start on a new line. In the following example, five different tables are shown nested inside the cells of a sixth, main table. None has any header cells. Automatically, the two tables |A| and |B|B| are vertically aligned instead of the usual side-by-side of text characters in a cell. float is used to fix each of tables |C| and |D| to their own position within one cell of the table. This may be used for charts and schematics. Wikitext: Column operations There are column and cell operations for width. See Help:Width of tables, columns, and cells. There are also column, cell, and table operations for text alignment (right, left and center alignment). See Help:Table/Advanced#Column alignment. It is part of a much larger section of info on aligning text in individual table cells, or the table as a whole. See also: {{table alignment}}. This template allows easy aligning of text in a column, or multiple columns. To insert, remove, or rearrange whole columns, see Help:Creating tables#Move/delete row/column. This is much faster and easier to do in the visual editor than in the wikitext editor. To sort some or all columns in a table see Help:Sortable tables. Width This is a complex subject. Please see the main page: Row operations Table rows are added after the § table start indicator, and after any optional § whole table markup such as a caption, table summary, or § column scope attributes. To start a new table row, type a vertical bar and a hyphen on its own line: "|-". The codes for the cells in that row start on the next line. An id for § anchoring in-links, and § row style may be included on the same line. Row style (height, width, borders, text alignment, background color, bolding, italics, etc.) may be added to a wikitable row by appending CSS style properties to the row start line after the |- indicator. Here is an example increasing the height of the middle row. The top row has italic text. The last row has bold text and a yellow background. Either the word yellow can be used, or the hex-color (such as: #FFFF00): Wikitext Produces The row also contains an id attribute; this will be explained later in the section about linking directly to a row. With row headers you need to use a separate row in the wikitext for the row header cell. Here below is what a table looks like if the data cell wikitext is on the same line as the row header wikitext. The data cell text is bolded, and the data cell backgrounds are the same shade of gray as the column and row headers. Wikitext Produces Here is the table with a separate wikitext row for each row header cell. The data cells have plain unbolded text, and a lighter background. Wikitext Produces Table rows may be numbered with the assistance of templates provided for the purpose. See Help:Sortable tables sections on row numbers, and these templates: You can link directly to a row in a wikicode table, by including an id attribute on the line with the § row start indicator whose value is the anchor for the link. For example, you could code: and then link to it using The [[#mid|middle row]] is the tallest one. which produces: Regardless of whether wikitable format or HTML is used, the wikitext of the rows within a table, and sometimes even within a collection of tables, may have much in common, e.g.: In such a case, it can be useful to create a template that produces the syntax for a table row, with the data as parameters. This can have many advantages: Example: Using {{Help:Table/example row template}} Wikitext Produces For a conditional row in a table, we can have: Wikitext Produces With comments to explain how it works, where note how the second row is missing: Wikitext Produces Cell operations At the start of a cell, add your parameter followed by a single pipe. For example, style="width: 300px;"| sets that cell to a width of 300 pixels. To set more than one parameter, leave a space between each one. Wikitext Produces By default, text is aligned to the vertical middle of the cell (2nd column in table below). CSS can be used to vertically align individual cells, or single rows. Relevant wikitext: The example below illustrates the need for top alignment of a row. Imagine someone scrolling down the page, seeing the tops of "empty" columns, and wondering why they're empty. To align the text to the top of each cell in the row, apply the style="vertical-align: top;" CSS to the row. Wikitext Produces Documentation and more options for the CSS vertical-align property is here. The contents of a cell can be indented or padded on any side. Also, the text can be aligned. In the third row the text is aligned to the right. See the following examples. Wikitext Produces Pattern for arguments: The arguments to style="padding: " can be seen as being ordered by a 12-hour clock, starting at noon and going clockwise, in the following sense: "top" is associated with noon (i.e. 12 o'clock, the top of a clock), "right" is 3 o'clock, "bottom" is 6 o'clock, and "left" is 9 o'clock. The arguments are ordered clockwise starting at noon: top → right → bottom → left (see this[note 3] footnote for an example with an explanation). This same order is also used elsewhere, such as when specifying § cell borders with border-style: . Setting default cell padding Use cellpadding= to set the default padding for each cell in a table. If class=wikitable is used then cellpadding is ignored. The default space between cells can be changed using cellspacing=. If cellpadding is not used Wikitext Produces Using cellpadding=10: Wikitext Produces Using cellpadding=0: Wikitext Produces Using cellpadding=0 and cellspacing=0: Wikitext Produces The same § CSS used for tables can be used in a cell's format specifier (enclosed in |...|) to put a border around each cell: Wikitext Produces Only the image cells have individual borders, not the text. The lower hex-colors (such as: #616161) are closer to black. Typically, all borders in a table would be one specific color. The style='border:' and style='border-style:' properties can accept the following arguments: Wikitext Produces To set the left, right, bottom, or top border of a single cell, one may use style='border-style:' which takes between 1 and 4 arguments, each of which is either none, solid, double, dotted, dashed, groove, ridge, inset, outset, inherit, or initial. These arguments are ordered according to the § pattern described here. For instance, style="border-style: solid none solid none;" where the four parameters correspond respectively to the 'border-style: top right bottom left;' borders of the cell. For reasons described after this example, there are many ways to change the following code that would not result in any changes to the table that is actually displayed. Wikitext Produces Note, however, that in the following table, none of the central cell's (i.e. Middle_Center's) borders are removed despite the code style="border-style: none none none none;": Wikitext Produces This happens because the code class="wikitable" places a border (top, right, bottom, and left) around every cell in the table so that, for instance, there are actually two borders between the cells "Middle_Center" and "Middle_Right". So to remove the border between cells "Middle_Center" and "Middle_Right", it is necessary to remove both the right border of "Middle_Center" and the left border of "Middle_Right": Wikitext Produces To remove selected external borders of a wikitable, both remove them from the adjacent cells and begin the whole table with code like {| class="wikitable" style="border: none;". Replacing {| class="wikitable" with {| style="border-collapse: collapse;" has the effect of removing all cell borders that would otherwise appear by default around every cell in the table. With this change, you must insert a single cell border between two adjacent cells rather than remove two cell borders. See {{Table cell templates}} for a large set of templates to configure text and color in cells in a standard way, producing stock output. For example: "Yes" ({{Yes}}), "No" ({{No}}), "—" ({{N/A}}), "N/A" ({{N/A|N/A}}), "?" ({{dunno}}), on colored backgrounds. For example, see Comparison of text editors, which makes frequent use of table cell templates. You can add tooltips to columns by using the {{Tooltip}} template. Simply replace the column-title with {{Tooltip|Column title|The tool tip}}, which makes it appear like so: Column title. Use {{abbr}} (same format) for abbreviations. For example: Pop. Workarounds See Help:Table/Advanced § Scrolling tables and the following sections for scrolling, sticky headers, and combinations thereof. A horizontal scrollbar for the whole page shows up for any wikitable that is too wide for the screen. To create a scrollbar just for the table the following code may be used. Place the following code above a wikitable initialization: Then, after the closing bracket for the wikitable, place the following code: This will prevent the table from causing the entire page to scroll when scrolling through the table horizontally. For more info see: Template:Sticky header#Known issues. {{diagonal split header|HEADER-FOR-ROW-HEADERS|HEADER-FOR-COLUMN-HEADERS}} can be used to diagonally split a header cell, as in the top-left cell in the rendered result below:[note 4] Wikitext Produces Cell borders can be hidden by adding border: none; background: none; to the style attributes of either the table or the cell,[note 5] though this may not work in older browsers. Another use case for this is for implementing aligned multi-column tables: Wikitext Produces The removal of the link on an image is dependent on it being purely decorative (as it will be ignored by assistive devices). Wikitext Produces When cell content that contains a pipe character does not render correctly, simply add an empty format for that cell. The second pipe character in a line of |cell code will not display; it is reserved for adding a format. Wikicode between the first and second pipe is a format, but since emptiness or an error there is ignored, it just disappears. When this happens, add a dummy format. (For a real format, see § HTML attributes.) Use a third pipe character to render your first pipe character. Rendering the first pipe when it is the third pipe in the cell code. Wikitext Produces The third and later pipe characters will render, but to display two adjacent pipe characters in a cell, (instead of having them act as the first pipe at the start of a new cell), other pipe-rendering options are needed. Instead of using a dummy format to render a pipe, you can render it directly by 1) <nowiki>|</nowiki> (preferred) or 2) html: | or |. Each line of cell code in the following table has one wikicode pipe. Displaying adjacent pipes Wikitext Produces The magic word {{!}}, because of the order in which things are parsed, is equivalent to typing in a single | pipe character. The single <nowiki />| parser-tag does not apply here. See how they do not escape the second pipe, as | and <nowiki>|</nowiki> did above: Common mechanisms that do not work in tables. Wikitext Produces Classes There are several other CSS classes, besides the basic class=wikitable, documented § above. In the first line of table code, after the {|, instead of specifying a style directly, you can also specify a CSS class, which may be used to apply styles. The style for this class can be specified in various ways: Instead of remembering table parameters, you just include an appropriate class after the {|. This helps keep table formatting consistent, and can allow a single change to the class to fix a problem or enhance the look of all the tables that are using it at once. For instance, this: Wikitext Produces becomes this: Wikitext Produces simply by replacing inline CSS for the table by class=wikitable. This is because the wikitable class in MediaWiki:Common.css contains a number of table.wikitable CSS style rules. These are all applied at once when you mark a table with the class. You can then add additional style rules if desired. These override the class's rules, allowing you to use the class style as a base and build up on it: Wikitext Produces Notice that the table retains the gray background of the wikitable class, and the headers are still bold and centered. But now the text formatting has been overridden by the local style= statement; all of the text in the table has been made italic and 120% normal size, and the wikitable border has been replaced by the red dashed border. Indenting tables While tables should not normally be indented, when their surrounding paragraphs are also indented, you can indent tables using margin-left. To achieve the same indentation as a colon, use margin-left:1.6em. Wikitext Produces Indentation applied to only the first line of the table wiki text, (the line that begins with "{|") is sufficient to indent the entire table. :::{| class=wikitable Do not attempt to use colons for indentation anywhere within the rest of the table code (not even at the beginning of a line), as that will prevent the MediaWiki software from correctly reading the code for the table. Public domain image tables It may be difficult or time-consuming to convert a table on the web to a wikitable, especially if it can't be copied and pasted into the visual editor or a spreadsheet. It can be even more time-consuming if it is both difficult and regularly updated. See Commons:Template:PD-chart. All image tables and charts are in the public domain unless they contain copyrightable things such as photos, etc. Those can be removed. So if necessary, take a screenshot, crop out the table with any image editor, and upload it to the Wikimedia Commons. Add {{PD-chart}} to it. See also Some commonly used table templates using TemplateStyles: Notes External links |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute] | [TOKENS: 2283] |
Contents Cambodian–Thai border dispute Cambodia and Thailand have been involved in a territorial dispute over certain areas of their border. The dispute began in the 1950s, shortly after Cambodia's independence from France, and first centred on ownership of the Preah Vihear temple. The case was brought to the International Court of Justice (ICJ), who decided in 1962 in favour of Cambodia. The issue became dormant over the following decades as Cambodia fell into civil war, but remained unresolved as sections of the countries' borders were never jointly demarcated. The dispute erupted into open conflict in 2008, following Cambodia's nomination of the temple as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Thai protesters pushing their government over the issue. The clashes led to a request for interpretation from the ICJ to clarify the 1962 ruling, which was decided in 2013. During this round of conflict, disputes also arose over other overlapping border areas, including those around the ancient Khmer temples of Prasat Ta Muen Thom and Prasat Ta Krabey. The conflict subsided for over a decade until it erupted again in 2025, with the worst fighting since the dispute began. The dispute mostly stems from the Franco-Siamese treaties of 1904 and 1907, which defined the final boundary between Siam (as Thailand was then known) and French Indochina, the borders of which were inherited by Cambodia. While the treaty defined the relevant segment of the boundary along the watershed line of the Dangrek Mountains, demarcation of the border by French surveyors produced maps that deviated from the line in the now-disputed areas, including around the Preah Vihear temple. While Thailand argued at the ICJ that it never approved the maps and that the temple's location on a cliff, more accessible from the Thai side, indicated that it was on Thai territory, the ICJ decided in favour of Cambodia largely based on the fact that Siam never officially protested the map or claimed ownership of the temple while it was under French control. Cambodia also views itself as having rightful claims to the temples due to closer cultural affinity as successor to the Khmer Empire. The two countries also have a large area of overlapping maritime claims resulting from continental shelf (exclusive economic zone) claims announced by Cambodia in 1972 and Thailand in 1973. A memorandum of understanding signed in 2001 agreed to the joint development of the disputed area south of the 11th parallel north, though there has been little progress since. Background At its greatest extent around the 11th–13th centuries, the influence of the Khmer Empire extended across a large area of Mainland Southeast Asia, and many Angkor-era monuments are found throughout the present-day areas of not only Cambodia, but also Thailand and Laos. By the late 19th century, when the French established a protectorate over Cambodia, most of the present Cambodia–Thailand border areas were under the control of Siam. As a result of the Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893, Siam was forced to cede extensive territorial claims over its Lao and Cambodian tributaries to French Indochina. Further subsequent negotiations led to the Franco-Siamese treaty of 1904, in which Siam ceded further areas on the right bank of the Mekong River, and the treaty of 1907, which ceded the areas of Inner Cambodia, including the ancient Khmer capital of Angkor. These treaties established the boundary between Siam and French Indochina, the latter of whose borders with Thailand were inherited by Cambodia and Laos when they gained independence in 1954. Among the boundaries established by the treaties, the border between what is now northern Cambodia (including Oddar Meanchey and Preah Vihear provinces) and Thailand's Isan region (Buri Ram, Surin, Sisaket, and Ubon Ratchathani provinces) was defined along the watershed line of the Dangrek Mountains. The treaties also stipulated that the boundary be demarcated by a mixed commission composed of Thai and French officials. Two commissions were accordingly set up in accordance with each of the treaties, overseeing work performed by French surveyors. The maps resulting from the surveys were printed and published in Paris, and submitted to the two governments. It was later found that the maps contained significant deviations from the watershed line in several areas, including those of the now-disputed temples, especially Preah Vihear. However, the Thai government did not dispute the maps at the time, and recently revealed documents indicate that, as early as 1911, the government was aware that the applicable map showed the Preah Vihear temple as being located within Cambodia. During World War II, Thailand, under the dictatorship of Plaek Phibunsongkhram, allied with the Empire of Japan and invaded French Indochina in 1940 to pursue its irredentist pan-Thai ideology and reclaim what it regarded as Thailand's lost territories. Thailand briefly annexed parts of the areas ceded in 1904 and 1907, but had to relinquish the claims when the war ended with the defeat of Japan. Temple of Preah Vihear case The dispute between the two countries arose following Thai authorities' stationing of troops since 1954 at the Preah Vihear temple (known in Thai as Phra Wihan), in a disputed area between Preah Vihear province of Cambodia and Sisaket province of Thailand. Cambodia complained to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 1959, and it judged in 1962 that the temple is situated in Cambodian territory. The dispute stemmed from the different maps each party used in national delimitation. France, who was the protector of Cambodia at the time, agreed with Siam in Franco-Siamese boundary treaty of 1904. The Mixed Commission was set up in 1905, and it was to carry out delimitation between Siam and Cambodia. Cambodia used the map published by French geographers in 1907 (called "Annex I map") which showed the Temple in Cambodian territory. While Thailand used the provisions of the treaty of 1904 which reads: The frontier between Siam and Cambodia starts, on the left shore of the Great Lake, from the mouth of the river Stung Roluos, it follows the parallel from that point easterly direction until it meets the river Prek Kompong Tiam, then, turning northwards, it merges with the meridian from that meeting-point as far as the Pnom Dang Rek mountain chain. From there it follows the watershed between the basins of Nam Sen and the Mekong, on the one hand, and the Nam Moun, on the other hand, and joins the Pnom Padang chain the crest of which it follows eastwards as far as the Mekong. Upstream from that point, the Mekong remains the frontier of the Kingdom of Siam, in accordance with Article 1 of the Treaty of 3 October 1893. This would deem the temple as being located within Thai territory. The ICJ judged on 15 June 1962 that Annex I map did not bind both parties because it was not the work of the Mixed Commission per the treaty. However, both parties adopted the map and the demarcation line in it, therefore had a binding character. The Siamese government did not disagree or object to the map, hence Thailand was bound by it, according to the legal principle "Qui tacet consentire videtur si loqui debuisset ac potuisset." ICJ ruled by nine to three that the Temple was located in Cambodian territory and Thailand was obliged to withdraw all stationed troops there, and by seven to five, that Thailand restore to Cambodia any objects removed from the ruins since 1954. Maritime claims In accordance with the 1958 Convention on the Continental Shelf, of which both countries were signatories, Cambodia and Thailand announced unilateral claims to continental shelf rights in 1972 and 1973, respectively. The two overlap significantly, stemming from different determinations of the equidistant line between Cambodia's coast and Thailand's southern coast on the opposite side of the Gulf of Thailand, as well as from conflicting lateral boundary claims between Thailand's Ko Kut and Cambodia's Koh Kong. Cambodia's claims, in particular, include waters directly around the southern half of Ko Kut in Thailand—a claim not supported by international law and made based on an interpretation of the 1907 treaty that scholars have described as "dubious" and "highly questionable", which Thailand rejects. The two countries signed a memorandum of understanding in 2001 that agreed to the joint development of the disputed area south of the 11th parallel north and delimitation of the boundary in the area north of the parallel. However, there has been little progress since. Joint Boundary Commission In 1997, the two countries' governments agreed to establish a Joint Boundary Commission to oversee the demarcation of their borders, and in 2000, a memorandum of understanding was signed, laying down the framework for process. 2008 crisis The dispute resurfaced in 2008 when the Cambodian government was preparing to nominate the Temple of Preah Vihear to the UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The Thai government of Samak Sundaravej initially signed a communiqué supporting the nomination, but this was seized upon by the anti-government protest group People's Alliance for Democracy to attack the government as part of its protests, which led to the 2008 Thai political crisis. Facing nationalistic sentiment, Samak's government changed its stance and withdrew its support. The situation escalated with military units facing each other in the disputed areas, breaking out into armed clashes on several occasions. Disputes also arose over other overlapping border areas, including those around the ancient Khmer temples of Prasat Ta Muen Thom and Prasat Ta Krabey. The conflict led to a request for interpretation from the ICJ over the territory covered by the 1962 judgment. In 2013, the court ruled that it included the cliff on which the temple stood (referred to in the case as a promontory), but not all of the surrounding area, including the nearby hill of Phnom Trap. 2025 conflict In 2025, tensions increased in several disputed areas along the border, especially with clashes in the Emerald Triangle area on 28 May. Following several diplomatic and political incidents, the crisis broke out into open armed conflict on 24 July. Thailand and Cambodia agreed to an unconditional ceasefire on 28 July, but the ceasefire would be broken on 8 December after Thailand launched air strikes along its border with Cambodia. In Dec 2025, US President Donald Trump intervened and claimed that both countries agreed to a ceasefire but border skirmishes have continued. Thailand said a truce would only be possible after Cambodian forces withdraw and landmines were removed, while Cambodia said it must keep fighting to defend its sovereignty. Both sides reported fresh attacks, including air strikes and rocket fire. Many are being displaced in the conflict. References External links |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94:%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94:_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%94%D7%94_BNC] | [TOKENS: 298] |
קטגוריה:ויקיפדיה: ערכים עם מזהה BNC קטגוריה הכוללת את כל הערכים הכוללים את מזהה BNC - צ'ילה (P1890) קטגוריות־משנה קטגוריה זו כוללת את קטגוריית המשנה הבאה בלבד. (לתצוגת עץ) דפים בקטגוריה "ויקיפדיה: ערכים עם מזהה BNC" דף קטגוריה זה כולל את 200 הדפים הבאים, מתוך 2,368 בקטגוריה כולה. (לתצוגת עץ) |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/מר_הפקרה] | [TOKENS: 5503] |
תוכן עניינים מר הפקרה "מר הפקרה – מורשתו של נוטש החטופים" הוא ספר עיון שיצא לאור בשנת 2024 וכולל מאמרים, איורים וטקסטים ספרותיים העוסקים בביקורת כלפי ראש הממשלה בנימין נתניהו, ובפרט בנוגע לתפקודו ביחס לחטופים שנחטפו במהלך טבח שבעה באוקטובר. הספר מכיל טקסטים קצרים אותם כתבו בני משפחות חטופים, לצד דמויות מפתח בציבוריות הישראלית, בתרבות ובאקדמיה, בהם זוכה פרס נובל פרופסור אהרן צ'חנובר, ראש המוסד לשעבר תמיר פרדו, ראש השב"כ לשעבר יובל דיסקין, הרמטכ"ל ושר הביטחון לשעבר משה יעלון והרמטכ"ל לשעבר דני חלוץ, הסופרים צרויה שלו, אפרים סידון ואיל מגד, וזוכי פרס ישראל והפרופסורים אניטה שפירא, דוד הראל ואסא כשר. חיבור, הדפסה והפצה הספר הוא פרי יוזמה של "פורום חיים – פורום משפחות להצלת החטופים", המאגד משפחות חטופים וחטופות הפועלות מאז טבח שבעה באוקטובר לשחרור בנות ובני המשפחות בקריאה להפסקת המלחמה והשבת כל החטופים והחטופות בהסכם, באופן מיידי. יותר ממיליון וחצי שקלים גויסו במימון המונים למען הוצאת הספר שהודפס בדפוס בארי. המהדורה הראשונה של 10,000 עותקים אזלה ולאחריה הודפסה מהדורה מלאה יותר – בשתי פעימות של 50 אלף כל אחת, שהחל מ-18 באוגוסט אף נמכרת ברשת סטימצקי. באוגוסט 2024 הוצב יעד התרמה בסך שני מיליון שקלים, והכוונה היא להדפיס מאות אלפי עותקים עוד ב-2024. הספר תורגם לאנגלית בשם Dark Legacy. במסגרת הוצאת הספר יצא גם סרטון שבו לוקחות חלק ארבע אמהות – עינב צנגאוקר (שבנה מתן נחטף ולבסוף שוחרר ב-13 באוקטובר 2025) הדס קלדרון (שילדיה ארז וסהר נחטפו והוחזרו בעסקת 2023, ואביהם עופר נחטף והוחזר בעסקת 2025, לאחר פרסום הספר), ד"ר מעיין שרמן (שבנה רון נחטף חי ונרצח) ויעל אדר (שבנה תמיר נחטף פצוע ונרצח). הפצת הספר לוותה בקמפיין נרחב על שערי העיתונים בישראל ובצילום הספר באתרים שונים בארץ ובעולם. לקראת נאומו של בנימין נתניהו בקונגרס האמריקאי ביולי 2024 קיימו משפחות מפורום חיים פגישה בבניין הקונגרס עם שורה של נבחרי ציבור אמריקנים והעניקו לחלקם את הספר בגרסה האנגלית. בין 100 חברי קונגרס וסנאט היו גם יו"ר בית הנבחרים לשעבר ננסי פלוסי וחברי הקונגרס קלייבורן, דלורו, רסקין, מקגברן וטקנו. כמו כן, ברחובות וושינגטון נסעו משאיות הנושאות את כריכת הספר. אחדים מחברי הכנסת מן האופוזיציה, בהם נעמה לזימי, אפרת רייטן ויוראי להב הרצנו, הקריאו קטעים מהספר במליאת הכנסת. תוכן הספר הספר כולל כ-330 עמודים ומורכב מקטעים קצרים – של שני עמודים לכל היותר – רובם בפרוזה, מיעוטם בשירה, וכן מאיורים. 282 כותבים ומאיירים תרמו לספר – בני משפחות החטופים, אנשי רוח, אקדמיה וביטחון. בסוף הספר מופיע פרק "ציר הזמן – כך הכשיל נתניהו באופן שיטתי את המשא ומתן לשחרור החטופים", ובו לקט ידיעות מהעיתונות בנושא זה, מ-17 בינואר ועד 7 ביולי. כל הכותבים עוסקים בנושא אחד: בנימין נתניהו, וכל אחד מהם עושה זאת דרך הסיפור האישי שלו, החוויות שלו מאז שבעה באוקטובר, או דרך תחום עיסוקו ותחום מומחיותו. לצד סיפורים אישיים של חברות וחברי הקיבוצים, ניתן למצוא בספר ניתוחים של אישיותו של נתניהו, התנהגותו בשנות כהונתו בראשות ממשלת ישראל, והערכות מצב על עתיד המדינה בהובלתו. עינב צנגאוקר, אימו של מתן שנחטף מביתו בניר עוז, כתבה כי פעולותיו של ראש הממשלה "נעצו חץ בליבי – כאמא של מתן – וחידדו לי את מדיניות ההפקרה המתמשכת" והוסיפה כי היא מרגישה נבגדת על ידי ההנהגה שבה בחרה. פרופסור דן אריאלי כתב כי רבים מהעם חשים כי המדינה בגדה בהם ובחוזה איתם. עדינה משה, שנחטפה מביתה בקיבוץ ניר עוז לעזה ושוחררה מהשבי לאחר 49 ימים, סיפרה כי החטוף חיים פרי, שנרצח בשבי החמאס, אמר לה "ביבי לא ימהר לשחרר אותנו, אנחנו שמאלנים" ומדברת על "בגידה של ראש הממשלה שלי". עמוס מלכא, ראש אמ"ן לשעבר, כתב כי נתניהו מסכן את ביטחון ישראל. דן נתניהו, בן דודו של בנימין נתניהו, כתב כי ראש הממשלה מפקיר ומחרב את המדינה לאורך שנים בביטחון ובכלכלה. אפרת (כהן) מצ'יקווה, מומחית לדיפלומטיה תרבותית ואחייניתם של גדי ומרגלית מוזס, דנה בנושא לקיחת אחריות וערכים כגון מחויבות ודוגמה אישית בתרבות היפנית, ותוהה לגבי מחויבות ההנהגה הישראלית להחזרת וזניחת הערכים של לקיחת אחריות, הנהגה ויושרה. עו"ד אבי כאלו, לשעבר ראש מחלקת שבויים ונעדרים באמ"ן, דן בנושא בריחת האחריות של ההנהגה הישראלית ובעיקר של נתניהו העומד בראשה, ובמאמציו למנוע את הקמתה של ועידת חקירה ממלכתית. הסופרת שהם סמיט מציגה דו-שיח דמיוני בין ראש הממשלה לבין אזרחית שאומרת בין היתר: "ציפינו מהמדינה שתשמור ותגן עלינו. אחרי הכל, לשם מה קיימות מדינות?". אפרים סידון כתב את השיר 'לילה בחוף קיסריה'. הסופרת שירי ארצי כתבה על ילדתה שזעקה 'איך לא מחזירים אותם, תסבירי לי אמא?'. פרופסור דוד הראל כתב כי 'איננו רוצים מלך, אלא מנהיג אמיתי'. פרופסור חגי לוין כתב כי מורשת נתניהו היא הפקרת בריאות הציבור, הפקרת החיים עצמם. בוגי יעלון, לשעבר הרמטכ"ל ושר הביטחון בחלק ממשלות נתניהו, כתב כי הפקרת החטופים תהיה מורשתו של נתניהו לדיראון עולם. מאמרה של פרופ' אניטה שפירא עוסק בשאלה 'איך ייזכר בנימין נתניהו בהיסטוריה?', והיא מרחיבה: תמי ארד, סופרת ואשתו של הנווט הנעדר רון ארד, נתנה תשובה לשאלה זו וכתבה: "נתניהו ייזכר כראש הממשלה שהפקיר במודע אזרחים וחיילים לגורלם למען שרידותו הפוליטית". פרופ' אווה אילוז עונה ברוח דומה: "נתניהו ייזכר כמנהיג ללא כבוד וללא אהבה". אל"ם (מיל') רמי מתן קובע כי "הפקרת החטופים היא חרפה וכתם לדיראון עולם. הכתם הזה יהיה חרוט על מצחו של נתניהו לכל הדורות." ברוח דומה כתב רא"ל (מיל') משה יעלון. חברת הכנסת לשעבר קסניה סבטלובה עונה: "ההיסטוריה תזכור את נתניהו בתור ראש הממשלה המושחת והכושל ביותר בתולדות ישראל", וכך אומר גם פרופ' מרדכי קרמניצר: "בדברי ימי ישראל יהיה שמו לדיראון עולם". השחקן דרור קרן כתב שנתניהו "ייזכר כאיש שהפקיר, איש כזב, שנס כל חייו מתוצאות מעשיו, שהישרדותו הייתה תמצית משילותו, והוא נשא את שם עמו לשווא." לעומתם כותב אלוף (מיל') נמרוד שפר: "לכן, ביבי, לא נזכור אותך ולא נזכיר אותך. נְבַכֶּה את מתינו בשקט, נחבק את החוזרים בשקט, נתקן ונאחה את השברים האיומים ששברת בנו, גם כן בשקט, ובלי להזכירך במילה. נגזר עליך להיעלם מחיינו, להתפוגג כמו מעולם לא היית, זו תהיה מורשתך – דממה ואין." הכותבים, על פי סדר הופעתם בספר חלק מהכותבים, בהם נילי מרגלית, אפרת (כהן) מצ'יקווה, אלעד אור, אבי מרציאנו, עינב צנגאוקר, יעל אדר והדס קלדרון, הם קרובי משפחה של חטופים, נרצחים והרוגים. המאיירים, על פי סדר הופעתם בספר ראו גם קישורים חיצוניים על הספר: הערות שוליים |
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94:%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94:_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%94%D7%94_NCL] | [TOKENS: 287] |
קטגוריה:ויקיפדיה: ערכים עם מזהה NCL קטגוריה הכוללת את כל הערכים הכוללים את גובה (P2048) קטגוריות־משנה קטגוריה זו כוללת את קטגוריית המשנה הבאה בלבד. (לתצוגת עץ) דפים בקטגוריה "ויקיפדיה: ערכים עם מזהה NCL" דף קטגוריה זה כולל את 200 הדפים הבאים, מתוך 250 בקטגוריה כולה. (לתצוגת עץ) |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Link] | [TOKENS: 6141] |
Contents Help:Link This page explains how to make links to pages on Wikipedia (wikilinks), to other Wikimedia projects (interwiki links), and to other websites (external links). It also explains how to make anchors within Wikipedia pages. For guidelines on how to use links, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking. Wikilinks (internal links) A "wikilink" is our common name for an internal link, that is, a link from one page to another page within the same Wikipedia (for example, within the French Wikipedia) or within the same Wikipedia project (for example, within Wiktionary). A wikilink is enclosed in double square brackets. On any Wikimedia page, [[A123]] produces a wikilink with the display text A123 and the target page A123 on the project you're currently on. For instance, here on the English Wikipedia, the wikilink would lead to the following URL (note the "en" in the address): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A123 To link to a section in another page, append a hash mark, pound or number sign (#) followed by the section name to the page name: Note the use of piping, done to hide the # character. This is appropriate in Wikipedia articles. Alternatively, format such section links with the section sign (§) instead of a # by using the {{Section link}} template (alias {{slink}}): Note: you cannot use the § directly. That is, use section link or Page name § Section name rather than Page name#Section name. A third option is to use a redirect (link to a page which link directly to a section, see MOS:SECTLINK). Outside of article space, such as in talk page discussions, using the raw # syntax is fine. Wikipedia inherits this syntax from HTML. These section links work the same true regardless of nesting, i.e. whether you link to a section header, a subsection header or a sub-subsection header (sections nestled inside other sections): Note that this means that each header title must be unique across the entire page (or your browser will simply link to the first one encountered). You do not and cannot indicate "a section within a section" — [[Page name#Section name#Subsection name|Displayed text]] doesn't work as intended. To link to a section on the page you're already on, you may omit the page name: Omitting the page name is recommended when linking to a section in the same page because the link will work as expected when previewing changes or after moving the page. It also makes it clear you intend a same-page link. Note that section names are entirely case sensitive, in contrast to article links, where the first letter is not case sensitive. The characters [ ] { } | (right and left square bracket, right and left curly braces, and the vertical bar) require encoding when linking to a section. That is, you cannot use these characters inside the [[ ]] of a link. See note. For more information, see Help:Section. See also Wikipedia:Redirect § Targeted and untargeted redirects. Use a vertical bar | (the "pipe" symbol) to create a link with different display text than the name of the target page. Such a link is called a piped link. Within the link brackets [[target|text]], the part preceding the pipe gives the actual title of the link target page, and the part following the pipe gives the link display text: Letters and other non-punctuation characters immediately following the closing bracket of a wikilink — with no whitespace in between — get appended to the link display text. The target is unchanged. This syntax provides a shorthand to link to an article by its canonical title while displaying inflected link text that grammatically agrees with the inline text: When a wikilink is opened, Wikipedia tries to resolve the Wikilink target title to its canonical target page. See § Conversion to canonical form When resolving the target page, the target title is treated as case-sensitive except for the first character: When an edit is previewed before saving, if the target of a newly made link turns out to be a disambiguation page, such as the Peacemaker page, the link should be changed to one of the choices on that page unless the link is purposely in a hatnote. If necessary, the new link can be piped, such as in [[Peacemaker (character)|Peacemaker]], which appears as Peacemaker and links to the article about the fictional characters. Readers should not be directed to disambiguation pages unless there is no other option but to do so. If the target page of a wikilink does not exist, it is displayed in red font and is called a "red link": This link is an example of a red link On hover over the red link, a tool tip provides more information about the red link. If a red link is opened, the user is taken to a blank page where it is possible to create a page using that red linked title. While on that blank page, other red links to this (non-existent) title can be detected using the "What links here" feature. A self link is a wikilink with a target page identical to the page on which it appears. Self links behave like regular body text, with no action upon interaction, and are rendered as bolded body text: [[Help:Link]] is a self link to this page, so it appears on this page as Help:Link and has no action upon interaction. Some types of wikilink target pages result in special behavior: When targeting these page types, the special behavior can be suppressed to display a regular wikilink by prepending a colon character : to the target page: Less common ways in which link targets are reinterpreted are described below in #Conversion to canonical form. When editing source, links are inserted or deleted simply by adding or removing pairs of square brackets enclosing the text concerned (plus handling piped links). There are some helpful tools: Interwiki links An interwiki link links to a page on another Wikimedia project website, such as Meta or another language Wikipedia. The target site must be on the interwiki map specified for the source wiki. These links have the same [[...]] syntax as wikilinks (see previously), but take a prefix ":x:" which specifies the target site. For example, [[m:Help:Link]] links to the "Help:Link" page on Meta, while [[:commons:Athens]] links to page "Athens" on Wikimedia Commons as: commons:Athens. Interwiki links can be piped, just as with wikilinks. Remember that an interlanguage link should be preceded by a colon if it is to be displayed, where it is inserted in the text, as an inline interlanguage link; otherwise it will be displayed in the list of interlanguage links at the side of the page (which is appropriate only if it is the most closely corresponding page in the other language Wikipedia). Thus (incorporating the pipe trick), [[:ja:Wikilink|]] would be used to link to Wikilink on Japanese Wikipedia. Example: ([[:ja:URL|]] links to URL on Japanese Wikipedia). Interwiki links (like external links) are displayed in a slightly paler blue than ordinary wikilinks. The MediaWiki page formatting does not detect whether these target pages exist, so they are never displayed in red. External links External links use URLs to link directly to any web page. External links are enclosed in single square brackets (rather than double brackets as with internal links), with the optional link text separated from the URL by a space (not a "|" as with internal links). When rendered, external links are followed by an external link icon. For example, will be rendered as The URL must be specified in full, including the protocol: for example [http://...] or [https://...]. Short form URLs that are accepted in some other (non-Wikimedia) contexts like [example.org/ link text] or [www.example.org/ link text] are not accepted and will not result in a link being generated. Instead, the link generating markup including the square brackets will be copied directly to the marked-up output, thus "[example.org/ link text]" or "[www.example.org/ link text]". When no link text is specified, external links appear numbered: [http://www.example.org/some-page][http://www.example.org/some-other-page] becomes . Links with no square brackets display in their entirety: http://www.example.org/ displays as http://www.example.org/. For more detailed information on external linking practices, see Help:URL § Linking to URLs. Also note that Special:LinkSearch can be used to find all pages linking to a given site. The external link syntax can also be used to link to particular pages within Wikipedia that are not accessible by wikilinks, such as page history, the edit view, an old version of a page, the diff between two versions, etc. It can also be used to create a navigational image. To display an external link without the arrow icon, place the external link syntax between <span class="plainlinks">...</span> tags. For instance, <span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Link&action=history this page's history]</span>, or its template equivalent {{Plainlink}} {{plainlink|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Link&action=history|name=this page's history}}, will be rendered as: this page's history. If you make frequent use of this, the CharInsert gadget (which can be activated under Preferences → Gadgets → Editing → CharInsert), has an option to insert this text in its "Wiki markup" mode. In mid-2015, Wikipedia and all other Wikimedia sites were changed to use HTTPS to encrypt all traffic. Accessing a URL like http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Link will result in the webserver redirecting you to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Link. Therefore, when making an external-style link to an internal page (that is, using single square brackets, or a bare URL), https should be specified to avoid the needless redirect, as in https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Link&action=history. In the past, when Wikipedia could be accessed via either HTTP or HTTPS, a protocol-relative URL could be used to make an external link (or external-style link to an internal page) which would use http: or https: depending on how the page the link appeared on was accessed, as in [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Links]. However, as all Wikimedia sites now require HTTPS, this linking style is obsolete and should no longer be used. http: or https: should be explicitly specified as appropriate for the target site (preferring https:, where available). Anchors A link from an origin page points to either a whole target page or to a particular spot on a target page. An "anchor" is the computer code that marks a destination spot on a target page. A link to an anchor is sometimes referred to as an "anchor link". Wikipedia automatically creates an anchor for each section and subsection heading. As discussed below, editors may also create anchors anywhere on a target page using HTML code or the {{anchor}} template. Renaming a section or subsection changes its automatic anchor, leaving no target for pre-existing anchor links that use the old name. To preserve the old target, editors often create an anchor using the old heading name. A link to a section title (as in the examples above) points to an HTML anchor that Wikipedia automatically generates on the target page. Editors can create anchors on smaller units of text using the {{Anchor}} template or, alternatively, the HTML code <span class="anchor" id="Anchor name">...</span>. Editors create anchors to Links to anchors can also be added to external URLs and to interwiki links, again using the # syntax. Section links still work through page names that are redirects. For example, if Danzig redirects to Gdańsk, then Danzig#History will link to the "History" section of the article Gdańsk. It is also possible for the target of a redirect to be defined as a specific section or anchor of a page (these work only if JavaScript is enabled). Indeed, according to the Manual of Style, it may be preferable to define such redirects, and use them when linking to those sections/anchors, rather than linking using the [[Page name#Section or anchor name|displayed text]] or {{Section link|Page name|Section name}} syntax. This way, if the section or anchored text later becomes its own article, links via the redirect won't need to be rewritten. For example, Wikipedia:Section link redirects specifically to the section Help:Link#Anchors on this page. A quirk of the way this works is that if one were to add a section name when using such a link, it would override the section specified by the redirect. So Wikipedia:Section link#Interwiki links would go to the "Interwiki links" section of this page. Such overriding of section redirects should be avoided. The {{Visible anchor}} template can be used to create an anchor that is highlighted when is linked to (click here for an example). The template's first parameter will be used as both the anchor and the display text (|text= can be used to provide different display text). If more than one section on a target page has the same title, a link to the title goes to the first section with that title. If the link should be to another section with the title, or a title that differs only in capitalization (Example vs. EXAMPLE), append to the linked title _2, _3, and so on, without a space (or 2, 3, and so on with a space), counting from the top of the target page and without regard to whether a section is a top-level section or a subsection. For example, multiple sections titled "History" may be linked to as "History", "History_2" (or "History 2"), and so on. Anchors can also be used to link to any part of a section. For example, if you want to link to the fifth sentence of a section, you place an anchor at the start of that sentence, and you can then link to that anchor in the same way as you would link to any other anchor. However, just as with section names, duplicate anchor names only link to the first one. Since anchors aren't displayed, you have a much greater freedom in picking unique anchors, such as by appending the current date and time to the anchor name (for example, by naming an anchor for section "ThisSection" like so: {{Anchor|ThisSection_2014-09-22_18-05a1}} ). Anchors can be placed anywhere, including at the start of a clause, and inside notes and citations, though it is advisable to test first in your sandbox before trying some exotic new kind of location for the first time. Also the anchor has to be placed after any indicators that are only recognized at the start of a line (such as == for new section, * for new bullet point, : for indentation), as the anchor should still work, but the start-of-line indicator usually no longer will (and you may not always notice this, perhaps especially if you are in a hurry). There are a small number of special anchor names. See § Table row linking. To create an anchor for a row of a table, see Help:Tables and locations § Section link or map link to a row anchor. However, [[#top]] and [[#toc]] are reserved names that link to the top of a page and the table of contents, respectively. Piped link A piped link is an internal link or interwiki link where the link target and link label are both specified. This is needed in the case that they are not equal, while also the link label is not equal to the link target with the last word extended: This allows linking a word or phrase within the text of a page rather than using "see also", even if the wording does not exactly correspond with the name of the target page. With a suitable browser and depending on the preferences set, one can still see the link target: when you point at the link, the name shows up in a hover tooltip and is also shown in the status bar. For instance: [[Train station|station]] will show: station This is useful where the word "station" is used in an article on trains; from the context, it would be clear that a train station is meant. The piped link is more convenient to the user than a link to station which might be a disambiguation page. The word piped refers to the use of the pipe character "|" used to separate the good description from the actual link. This character is named after another use of it; see Pipe (computing). There are various tricks to get the same result with less typing: An alternative to a piped link is using a redirect page. For example, it is unnecessary to say [[Mark Twain|Samuel Clemens]]. Samuel Clemens is a redirect to Mark Twain, so saying [[Samuel Clemens]] is sufficient. A minor drawback of redirects is that "Related changes" will only display the changes to the redirect page, not the redirect target. The pipe trick uses the pipe character ("|") to automatically convert the label of a piped link for several kinds of wikilinks. This saves time and avoids potential errors. When the last character of a link is the pipe character, the software will remove the parenthesized part of the title and namespace prefixes and handle commas in the title. This processing happens after clicking "Publish", and the generated text is saved with the rest of the page's wiki markup. Just like for the three or four tildes when signing on Talk pages and the use of subst, in a preview, the result already shows up in the preview itself, but the conversion in the edit box is not yet shown. Press "Show changes" to see the change in the wikitext: The pipe trick does not work in edit summaries, within <ref> tags, or with section links. In cases where the pipe trick doesn't work, the link has to be written out in full manually: Article titles: Pages in other namespaces: As with all links, it is possible to blend a suffix when using the pipe trick as well: Subpage links A wikilink needs a [[fullpagename]], and this is not optional except when it links to or from a subpage. A wikilink to its parent page is [[../]], and, although no page name is given, the fullpagename is rendered. On the parent a wikilink to a subpage can use [[/subpagename]] to render a subpagename instead. Although subpages are created in article space, subpage linking does not fully function there. Subpage linking works as expected to link to any pages under a root parent page: Consider that there are about 140 subpages of the Manual of style arranged in 97 branches, 35 of which have two subpages, and 5 of which have three subpages. Subpage links save typing. Say you're editing this closely related group of fullpagenames: To see this page's array of subpage variables and markup four levels deep, see /one/two/three/four, and from there go to level two at one/two. Markup [[../]] addresses the basepagename, except when a pagename includes a / slash character (allowed), the basepagename/subpagename variables' characters are skewed. To see all this, and how adding an extra ../ construct fixes the resulting redlink, see /sub/page/name1/sub/page/name2/subpage level 3, and from there go to sub/page/name2. Note that the top of every subpage shows the navigation links to all parent subpagenames. From these you can easily gauge levels and linking constructs. For more information: Special pages links To create a link to a special page: [[Special:PrefixIndex/HMS]] → Special:PrefixIndex/HMS Because the ampersand character (&) is disallowed, it is not possible to create an ordinary link containing &action=edit or &redirect=no in the URL query string. In these cases, use templates or magic words, see #Links containing URL query strings. For example, you can use a template such as {{Plain link}} to encode a Wikimedia url link, such as one pointing to a special page with parameters. gives Changing link appearance The ways that various links are displayed in browsers, as described above, are the default display styles in the default skin. Users can change the way they see links: Hatnote links A hatnote is a note that sits on top of a paragraph like a hat. Such as the one below. Sometimes, an article might have a section in which it explains a concept that already has its own, dedicated article. In this case, you could add a 'Main page' link, as is done here. This can be established by using the {{Main}} template. In the visual editor, such a template can be created using Insert > Template > Main, and then setting the 'Page 1' parameter equal to the page to be referred to. The 'Label 1' parameter may optionally be used to set the text the link is displayed as. Up to five of these links may be specified. In the source editor, the code {{Main|page1|page2|l1 = label1|l2 = label2}} can be used where page1 and label1 refer to the 'Page 1' and 'Label 1' parameters in the visual editor. Here as well, up to five of these may be present. The following hatnote templates and their texts also exist: Hover tooltips In many browsers, holding the cursor over a link (mouseover) shows a hover tooltip containing the text of the link's HTML title attribute. MediaWiki – the software which runs Wikipedia – sets this to the target page name (without any section indication) if it's a wikilink, the page name with prefix if it's an interwiki link, and the link address (URL) if it's an external link. (This can be switched off in the user preferences.) The browser may also show similar information, including any section indication, in the status bar. For these effects a piped link is useful even if it is not followed; for example, for displaying the meaning of an acronym. It is possible to produce a hover tooltip without a link, using the {{Tooltip}} template. Disallowed characters A link whose target contains disallowed characters (see WP:Page name) will be displayed without markup, as in [[A{b}]]. Conversions are automatically made to non-literal characters in wiki and interwiki links. For example, [[Help:Page%20name]] becomes Help:Page name. However, the opposite is true for external links; literal characters are converted into non-literal characters. For example, most browsers convert .../wiki/! to .../wiki/%21. Some characters in a web address link need to be represented as escape characters because they are reserved for Wikipedia edits. Examples include %5B for [, %5D for ], %3C for <, %3E for >, %7B for {, %7D for }, %7C for |, and %26 for &. More can be found by reading about percent encoding. Numeric character references (e.g. [ or [) should not be used in external links because the ampersand character (&) has a special meaning in a URL. In excessive cases, an automatic percent encoder such as the one at W3 Schools (use the second JavaScript form under "URL Encoding Functions") is probably the simplest solution. For example, pasting Help talk:Citation Style 1/Archive 41#{{Cite book}} and |contribution problems into that form yields the wikilink [[Help%20talk%3ACitation%20Style%201%2FArchive%2041%23%7B%7BCite%20book%7D%7D%20and%20%7Ccontribution%20problems]], which appears as Help talk:Citation Style 1/Archive 41#{{Cite book}} and |contribution problems, as desired. Because the ampersand character (&) is disallowed, it is not possible to create an ordinary link containing &action=edit or &redirect=no in the URL query string. These kinds of links can be helpful in user pages. Also, a redirect page can have categories and you might wish to view or edit these in a single click. There are three ways to create these links: Link reports The navigable links to a page are wikilinks, redirects, and external-styled wikilinks. The {{orphan}} tag can be placed on pages with no incoming wikilinks. Each link to a page is a link to a name. No one report shows all links to the content. The What links here tool, on every page, will report all wikilinks and all redirects to the content of that page. (You get the wikilinks to the redirects too.) The search parameter linksto will find wikilinks only. Both report (invisible) wikilinks placed by a transclusion through a {{template}}. The difference between them is that linksto reports a count of links to a page name, while WhatLinksHere reports a map of links to the page as content. The navigable links to a section of a page are wikilinks, redirects, and URL-styled wikilinks. The difference between a redirect and a wikilink is most pronounced where a redirect targets a section, when you cannot add your own #section to it even though it appears as [[page name]]. A wikilink that links to a section and that appears as [[page name#section name]] can link to that section through the canonical page name (the title on the page with the actual content) or through the page name of any redirect to it, in which case the page name is the name of a redirect page. To find wikilinks to a section requires two or more reports. The more redirects there are, the more reports there are to run. If there are no redirects involved, one report from "Links to" is enough. To report links from a page, you simply list all the wikilinks on that page. One way to send a query to the API is by creating an external link (§ External links). For example, using an external link very much like a search link, you can send the API a request to list the link properties of "wp:example". It should interpret it correctly as "Wikipedia:Example", pageid 25263910. To make a page register as a link to a page, but without actually showing the link, make a link to it, but label it with a space character using the pipe trick: [[pagename| ]]. Additional link-related functions For the effect that links have on date formatting, see Help:Date formatting and linking. Another link-dependent feature is related changes, which make it possible to view recent changes to all pages which are linked from the current page (or which are members of the category, if it is a category page). For information on how to link to pages from an image, see mw:Extension:ImageMap. Several templates have been created to make linking easier (although they are not usually used in article space). These include {{tl}} and {{tlx}} for linking to templates, and {{cl}} and {{lc}} for linking to categories. More can be found in Category:Internal link templates. Conversion to canonical form As described previously, if a link target begins with a lower case letter, it will be interpreted as if it began with the equivalent capital letter. If the target contains a namespace prefix, then the whole prefix and the first character after the colon are case-insensitive (so uSeR:jimbo Wales links to User:Jimbo Wales). In link targets, spaces and underscores (which are effectively equivalent) are ignored if they come at the start, at the end, or immediately before or after the colon following a namespace prefix. Consecutive spaces / underscores are treated as a single space. Hence _User_: Jimbo_ __ Wales__ links to User:Jimbo Wales. HTML character references and percent-encoded characters are replaced with their raw character. For example, [[département]] produces département, and [[%40]] produces @. Links which resolve to invalid page titles are displayed as unmarked-up wikitext. Titles indicated by wikilinks are displayed in canonical form (with correction of capitalization and excess spaces / underscores removed, as described previously) in the following places: The prefixes in interwiki links are treated similarly to namespace prefixes: they are insensitive to case and to spaces before and after the colon. However the first character after the colon is not automatically capitalized (whether it is interpreted as a capital depends on the configuration of the target wiki). See also Notes For example, the section "[Closed] Complaint" can be linked with [[#.5BClosed.5D Complaint]]. Hint: A table of contents will automatically encode section links the correct way, so one easy way to get the link properly encoded is to copy it from the address bar of your browser. Do note that such an URL will also have other characters encoded, even though they do not interfere with templates or wikicode. |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Directories_and_indexes] | [TOKENS: 104] |
Contents Wikipedia:Directories and indexes The following is a list of Wikipedia's directories and indexes. New to Wikipedia? See the contributing to Wikipedia page or our tutorial for everything you need to know to get started. Administration pages Administrative namespaces are intended for use by editors or by automated tools for the administration and governance of the encyclopedia. Encyclopedia proper Content namespaces are intended for use by readers as part of the encyclopedia. The vast content (articles) of the encyclopedia has been organized into several different "table of contents" as seen below. |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pictures] | [TOKENS: 12085] |
Contents Help:Pictures This tutorial explains how to insert pictures into Wikipedia articles using wikitext. This is one of the most frequently asked questions. It describes options for specifying placement, alt text, captions, sizes and links, and contains advice about panoramas and avoiding image stackups. There is also a technical document describing the syntax and a simple guide for beginners. The same syntax is used regardless of whether a file is from Wikipedia or Wikimedia Commons. If you need help uploading an image, or selecting a suitable image for an article, see the image use policy and the Manual of Style. Images on most websites are copyrighted and should not be uploaded; see the copyright policy. Please upload the highest resolution image possible, but keep the file size under 1,000 megabytes. Before you add an image to an article, view the image's image description page to make sure its copyright status is clearly stated, preferably with one of the image copyright tags. Infobox picture If an article already has an infobox at the top right, then the usual place for the article's first picture is within the infobox. For guidance on the syntax for doing this, see Help:Infobox picture. In very brief summary, one hurdle that trips up many people when attempting to add an image to an infobox template is that most internally provide the wiki code that "wraps" the image. Accordingly, you do not usually add the brackets, number of pixels, and other code details you will learn about below, when placing an image in infoboxes – just the file name next to a field labeled | image =. Adding such extraneous code will cause many infoboxes to break. Also, be aware that some infoboxes require that the file's name be placed without the file/image namespace prefix. Thus, and for example, if File:Name.jpg does not work, try just Name.jpg. Thumbnails An existing English Wikipedia or Wikimedia Commons image can be inserted into a page with the basic wikitext [[File:...|thumb|Caption text]].[a] Using thumb generates a thumbnail picture, typically sized differently from the original image. For guidance on the caption text to associate with images, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions. Several options can affect a thumbnail's placement and size, described below. The next two subsections describe how to add images with text wrapping. Note: It is strongly recommended to place the image on its own line rather than inline with text, as inline placement may disrupt paragraph formatting. By default a thumbnail is floated to the right of the page, with the text flowing around it. However, our first example specifies left with thumb. Just below the example you can see what the resulting picture looks like: The above text gives the image file name Wikipedesketch.png, the image type thumb and alignment left, the alt text "A cartoon centipede reads books and types on a laptop.", and the caption "The Wikipede edits Myriapoda." A Wikipedia reader can click on the thumbnail, or on the small double-rectangle icon below it, to see the corresponding file page which will let the user see the image in its original size. Although the above text may appear in multiple lines for formatting purposes, the actual image text is on one line, as it uses spaces without any line breaks. The [[ and the first | must be on the same line; other spaces and line breaks are ignored if they are next to | characters or just inside the brackets. Some parts of the image syntax, such as the alt=, do not allow spaces or line breaks, and the easiest way to get it right is to omit unnecessary spaces and line breaks. Alt text is intended for visually impaired readers. Often the caption or article will describe the image adequately, and where this is the case you can write alt=caption or preferably more specificity for example: alt=toothbrush|caption=A picture of a red toothbrush. If additional alt text is added, it should be a succinct description that complies with the content policies; see WP:ALT for accessibility guidelines and Help:ALT for examples. Unlike alt text, a caption can contain Wiki markup like ''[[Myriapoda]]''. The caption text is placed underneath the picture. Here is the same example again, this time in the context of some colored lorem ipsum dummy text with asterisks (*) indicating where the image syntax appears in the text: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. * * Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Curabitur pretium tincidunt lacus. Nulla gravida orci a odio. Nullam varius, turpis et commodo pharetra, est eros bibendum elit, nec luctus magna felis sollicitudin mauris. Integer in mauris eu nibh euismod gravida. Duis ac tellus et risus vulputate vehicula. Donec lobortis risus a elit. Etiam tempor. Ut ullamcorper, ligula eu tempor congue, eros est euismod turpis, id tincidunt sapien risus a quam. Maecenas fermentum consequat mi. Donec fermentum. Pellentesque malesuada nulla a mi. Duis sapien sem, aliquet nec, commodo eget, consequat quis, neque. Aliquam faucibus, elit ut dictum aliquet, felis nisl adipiscing sapien, sed malesuada diam lacus eget erat. Cras mollis scelerisque nunc. Nullam arcu. Aliquam consequat. Curabitur augue lorem, dapibus quis, laoreet et, pretium ac, nisi. Aenean magna nisl, mollis quis, molestie eu, feugiat in, orci. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Avoid referring to images as being "on the left". Image placement is different for viewers of the mobile version of Wikipedia, and is meaningless to people having pages read to them by assistive software. Instead, use captions to identify images. The default placement for a thumbnail is on the right: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. * * Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Curabitur pretium tincidunt lacus. Nulla gravida orci a odio. Nullam varius, turpis et commodo pharetra, est eros bibendum elit, nec luctus magna felis sollicitudin mauris. Integer in mauris eu nibh euismod gravida. Duis ac tellus et risus vulputate vehicula. Donec lobortis risus a elit. Etiam tempor. Ut ullamcorper, ligula eu tempor congue, eros est euismod turpis, id tincidunt sapien risus a quam. Maecenas fermentum consequat mi. Donec fermentum. Pellentesque malesuada nulla a mi. Duis sapien sem, aliquet nec, commodo eget, consequat quis, neque. Aliquam faucibus, elit ut dictum aliquet, felis nisl adipiscing sapien, sed malesuada diam lacus eget erat. Cras mollis scelerisque nunc. Nullam arcu. Aliquam consequat. Curabitur augue lorem, dapibus quis, laoreet et, pretium ac, nisi. Aenean magna nisl, mollis quis, molestie eu, feugiat in, orci. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Avoid referring to images as "being on the right". Image placement is different for viewers of the mobile version of Wikipedia, and is meaningless to people having pages read to them by assistive software. Instead, use captions to identify images. Although most thumbnails are combined with flowing text and are placed to the right or left, you can also place a thumbnail without text flowing around it. One way is to center it, using center or centre: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. * * Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. You can also place the picture to the left, without flowing text, using none: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. * * Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. By default, thumbnail images on Wikipedia have a width of 220 pixels (px) if the image's wikitext does not have an explicitly defined size. This is the width determined by default that is used by anonymous visitors and users who have not customized their preferences. You can set a different default width for yourself in My preferences under "Appearance » Files". The options are 120px, 150px, 180px, 200px, 220px, 250px, 300px, and 400px. Any image narrower than the preferred width is displayed at its actual, narrower width, without being stretched to fill the preferred width. Images with text should generally use a caption and the thumb (thumbnail) option; the default results in a display 220 pixels wide (170 pixels if the upright option is used), except for those logged-in users who have set a different default in their user preferences. In general, do not define the size of an image unless there is a good reason to do so. Some users have small screens or need to configure their systems to display large text; "forced" large thumbnails can leave little width for text, making reading difficult. In addition, forcing a "larger" image size at say 260px will actually make it smaller for those with a larger size set as preference. Sometimes a picture may benefit from a size other than the default; see the image use policy for guidance. Since the MediaWiki software dynamically scales inline images, there is no technical reason to reduce file size via scaling or quality reduction when uploading images, although non-free images may require scaling due to copyright concerns (see the non-free image resolution guidelines for further information). Also, compressing PNGs may be useful, because PNG files can be safely resized without losing quality. The default behavior can make a tall, thin picture come out too large. For example: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. * * Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Curabitur pretium tincidunt lacus. Nulla gravida orci a odio. Nullam varius, turpis et commodo pharetra, est eros bibendum elit, nec luctus magna felis sollicitudin mauris. Integer in mauris eu nibh euismod gravida. Duis ac tellus et risus vulputate vehicula. Donec lobortis risus a elit. Etiam tempor. Ut ullamcorper, ligula eu tempor congue, eros est euismod turpis, id tincidunt sapien risus a quam. Maecenas fermentum consequat mi. Donec fermentum. Pellentesque malesuada nulla a mi. Duis sapien sem, aliquet nec, commodo eget, consequat quis, neque. Aliquam faucibus, elit ut dictum aliquet, felis nisl adipiscing sapien, sed malesuada diam lacus eget erat. Cras mollis scelerisque nunc. Nullam arcu. Aliquam consequat. Curabitur augue lorem, dapibus quis, laoreet et, pretium ac, nisi. Aenean magna nisl, mollis quis, molestie eu, feugiat in, orci. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Fusce convallis, mauris imperdiet gravida bibendum, nisl turpis suscipit mauris, sed placerat ipsum urna sed risus. In convallis tellus a mauris. Curabitur non elit ut libero tristique sodales. Mauris a lacus. Donec mattis semper leo. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Vivamus facilisis diam at odio. Mauris dictum, nisi eget consequat elementum, lacus ligula molestie metus, non feugiat orci magna ac sem. Donec turpis. Donec vitae metus. Morbi tristique neque eu mauris. Quisque gravida ipsum non sapien. Proin turpis lacus, scelerisque vitae, elementum at, lobortis ac, quam. Aliquam dictum eleifend risus. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Etiam sit amet diam. Suspendisse odio. Suspendisse nunc. In semper bibendum libero. Proin nonummy, lacus eget pulvinar lacinia, pede felis dignissim leo, vitae tristique magna lacus sit amet eros. Nullam ornare. Praesent odio ligula, dapibus sed, tincidunt eget, dictum ac, nibh. Nam quis lacus. Nunc eleifend molestie velit. Morbi lobortis quam eu velit. Donec euismod vestibulum massa. Donec non lectus. Aliquam commodo lacus sit amet nulla. Cras dignissim elit et augue. Nullam non diam. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Aenean vestibulum. Sed lobortis elit quis lectus. Nunc sed lacus at augue bibendum dapibus. The upright option can help fix this by informing the Wikipedia layout system that the image should have a narrower width than usual: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. * * Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Curabitur pretium tincidunt lacus. Nulla gravida orci a odio. Nullam varius, turpis et commodo pharetra, est eros bibendum elit, nec luctus magna felis sollicitudin mauris. Integer in mauris eu nibh euismod gravida. Duis ac tellus et risus vulputate vehicula. Donec lobortis risus a elit. Etiam tempor. Ut ullamcorper, ligula eu tempor congue, eros est euismod turpis, id tincidunt sapien risus a quam. Maecenas fermentum consequat mi. Donec fermentum. Pellentesque malesuada nulla a mi. Duis sapien sem, aliquet nec, commodo eget, consequat quis, neque. Aliquam faucibus, elit ut dictum aliquet, felis nisl adipiscing sapien, sed malesuada diam lacus eget erat. Cras mollis scelerisque nunc. Nullam arcu. Aliquam consequat. Curabitur augue lorem, dapibus quis, laoreet et, pretium ac, nisi. Aenean magna nisl, mollis quis, molestie eu, feugiat in, orci. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Fusce convallis, mauris imperdiet gravida bibendum, nisl turpis suscipit mauris, sed placerat ipsum urna sed risus. In convallis tellus a mauris. Curabitur non elit ut libero tristique sodales. Mauris a lacus. Donec mattis semper leo. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Vivamus facilisis diam at odio. Mauris dictum, nisi eget consequat elementum, lacus ligula molestie metus, non feugiat orci magna ac sem. Donec turpis. Donec vitae metus. Morbi tristique neque eu mauris. Quisque gravida ipsum non sapien. Proin turpis lacus, scelerisque vitae, elementum at, lobortis ac, quam. Aliquam dictum eleifend risus. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Etiam sit amet diam. Suspendisse odio. Suspendisse nunc. In semper bibendum libero. Proin nonummy, lacus eget pulvinar lacinia, pede felis dignissim leo, vitae tristique magna lacus sit amet eros. Nullam ornare. Praesent odio ligula, dapibus sed, tincidunt eget, dictum ac, nibh. Nam quis lacus. Nunc eleifend molestie velit. Morbi lobortis quam eu velit. Donec euismod vestibulum massa. Donec non lectus. Aliquam commodo lacus sit amet nulla. Cras dignissim elit et augue. Nullam non diam. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Aenean vestibulum. Sed lobortis elit quis lectus. Nunc sed lacus at augue bibendum dapibus. The upright option normally creates an image that is about 75% of the width of the default. The exact width is computed by starting with the default thumbnail width, multiplying it by 0.75, and rounding to the nearest multiple of 10. Normally the default width is 220px so an upright image is 170px wide; changing one's default width within the range from 120px to 400px results in upright image widths ranging from 90px to 300px. If the upright factor 0.75 is too large or too small, it can be specified explicitly. A factor of 1.0 uses the default thumbnail width, which is the same as not specifying upright at all with the thumb option; a factor less than or greater than 1.0 creates an image smaller or larger than the default. For example: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. * * Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Curabitur pretium tincidunt lacus. Nulla gravida orci a odio. Nullam varius, turpis et commodo pharetra, est eros bibendum elit, nec luctus magna felis sollicitudin mauris. Integer in mauris eu nibh euismod gravida. Duis ac tellus et risus vulputate vehicula. Donec lobortis risus a elit. Etiam tempor. Ut ullamcorper, ligula eu tempor congue, eros est euismod turpis, id tincidunt sapien risus a quam. Maecenas fermentum consequat mi. Donec fermentum. Pellentesque malesuada nulla a mi. Duis sapien sem, aliquet nec, commodo eget, consequat quis, neque. Aliquam faucibus, elit ut dictum aliquet, felis nisl adipiscing sapien, sed malesuada diam lacus eget erat. Cras mollis scelerisque nunc. Nullam arcu. Aliquam consequat. Curabitur augue lorem, dapibus quis, laoreet et, pretium ac, nisi. Aenean magna nisl, mollis quis, molestie eu, feugiat in, orci. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Fusce convallis, mauris imperdiet gravida bibendum, nisl turpis suscipit mauris, sed placerat ipsum urna sed risus. In convallis tellus a mauris. Curabitur non elit ut libero tristique sodales. Mauris a lacus. Donec mattis semper leo. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Vivamus facilisis diam at odio. Mauris dictum, nisi eget consequat elementum, lacus ligula molestie metus, non feugiat orci magna ac sem. Donec turpis. Donec vitae metus. Morbi tristique neque eu mauris. Quisque gravida ipsum non sapien. Proin turpis lacus, scelerisque vitae, elementum at, lobortis ac, quam. Aliquam dictum eleifend risus. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Etiam sit amet diam. Suspendisse odio. Suspendisse nunc. In semper bibendum libero. Short, wide images sometimes benefit from upright factors greater than 1.0. Factors greater than about 2.5 can generate large images that cause problems with some browsers; for one way to handle wider images, see Panoramas below. For example: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. * * Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Curabitur pretium tincidunt lacus. Nulla gravida orci a odio. Nullam varius, turpis et commodo pharetra, est eros bibendum elit, nec luctus magna felis sollicitudin mauris. Integer in mauris eu nibh euismod gravida. Duis ac tellus et risus vulputate vehicula. Donec lobortis risus a elit. Etiam tempor. Ut ullamcorper, ligula eu tempor congue, eros est euismod turpis, id tincidunt sapien risus a quam. Maecenas fermentum consequat mi. Donec fermentum. Pellentesque malesuada nulla a mi. Duis sapien sem, aliquet nec, commodo eget, consequat quis, neque. Aliquam faucibus, elit ut dictum aliquet, felis nisl adipiscing sapien, sed malesuada diam lacus eget erat. Cras mollis scelerisque nunc. Nullam arcu. Aliquam consequat. Curabitur augue lorem, dapibus quis, laoreet et, pretium ac, nisi. Aenean magna nisl, mollis quis, molestie eu, feugiat in, orci. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Be careful not to overstretch images for which the original file is quite small (except with SVG images, see below). If the original file is 120 pixels wide, and it's stretched beyond that, the pixels making it up will start to be visible. SVG images are an exception: Being vector images, they have no pixels, just instructions on how to draw the image that can be scaled up indefinitely, and the "image size" in the file description is arbitrary. You can also display an image of a specified width. Typically, if you specify a width in pixels, it should be at least 300px. Widths greater than about 550px may cause problems with some browsers, as stated above. To specify the exact height of a picture, letting the width scale to match, prefix the height with x. The following example resizes the image to a height of 60px: If you specify both width and height of a picture, it is sized to whichever value would make it smaller. This will cause a picture to fit in a certain area, regardless of the image's actual size. Since the proportions of File:Flag of Scotland.svg are 5×3, specifying a width of 120px generates a 120×72px image, and specifying a height of 60px generates a 100×60px image, so a size field of 120x60px generates the smaller of the two, namely, the 100×60px image: Despite its name, the parameter "upright" is now used for both tall and wide images. Although pixel counts are easier to understand than upright factors, they adjust less well to user preferences. For example, suppose a picture contains some detail and by default is a bit too small, and you want to increase it by about 10%. Although upright=1.1 and 240px do the job equally well for the common case where the default width is 220 pixels, many of the users who set the default width to 300 pixels to work better with their high-resolution screens will be annoyed with 200px because it will make the picture a third smaller than their preferred size. In contrast, upright=1.1 will display the picture to them with a width of 330 pixels, and this is more likely to work well on their displays. To clarify, "upright=0.75" is equivalent to "upright", and "upright=1" leaves the image at its default size (220px when not logged in), equivalent to not using "upright" at all. For convenience, a few conversions are as follows: Pixel counts are typically better than upright factors for displaying combinations of pictures, some of which have known and limited sizes, and for displaying tiny icons that are intended to be combined with text. Replacing thumb with frame causes the image to be displayed in its native size, that is, the size that it was originally uploaded with. This use is obsolete and should not be used because it is disruptive for many displays, especially mobile devices. Instead, if an article would be better with pictures resized in some way other than the default, use the "upright" parameter. Users should set their own preferences if they want pictures resized and article authors should not do this. If anyone has a justification for using the frame feature then please share on the talk page. For historical reference, here is an example of it being used: Very large pictures should not be put directly into articles, as they cause problems in some browser environments. Images wider than 550px or so are often better treated as a panorama, which can be created with the {{Wide image}} template. For example: Images can be excerpted from DjVu or PDF files, with an optional page parameter. For example: Avoiding stack-ups One of the problems many users of floating pictures hit is that multiple pictures sometimes stack up vertically, particularly with large screens and wide images. For example, in many browsers the two pictures at the right of this text stack up awkwardly. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Often the best solution to this is simply to add more text, as is done below, but this sometimes is not possible. The following subsections show some other possible solutions to the problem. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Curabitur pretium tincidunt lacus. Nulla gravida orci a odio. Nullam varius, turpis et commodo pharetra, est eros bibendum elit, nec luctus magna felis sollicitudin mauris. Integer in mauris eu nibh euismod gravida. Duis ac tellus et risus vulputate vehicula. Donec lobortis risus a elit. Etiam tempor. Ut ullamcorper, ligula eu tempor congue, eros est euismod turpis, id tincidunt sapien risus a quam. Maecenas fermentum consequat mi. Donec fermentum. Pellentesque malesuada nulla a mi. Duis sapien sem, aliquet nec, commodo eget, consequat quis, neque. Aliquam faucibus, elit ut dictum aliquet, felis nisl adipiscing sapien, sed malesuada diam lacus eget erat. Cras mollis scelerisque nunc. Nullam arcu. Aliquam consequat. Curabitur augue lorem, dapibus quis, laoreet et, pretium ac, nisi. Aenean magna nisl, mollis quis, molestie eu, feugiat in, orci. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Fusce convallis, mauris imperdiet gravida bibendum, nisl turpis suscipit mauris, sed placerat ipsum urna sed risus. In convallis tellus a mauris. Curabitur non elit ut libero tristique sodales. Mauris a lacus. Donec mattis semper leo. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Vivamus facilisis diam at odio. Mauris dictum, nisi eget consequat elementum, lacus ligula molestie metus, non feugiat orci magna ac sem. Donec turpis. Donec vitae metus. Morbi tristique neque eu mauris. Quisque gravida ipsum non sapien. Proin turpis lacus, scelerisque vitae, elementum at, lobortis ac, quam. Aliquam dictum eleifend risus. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Etiam sit amet diam. Suspendisse odio. Suspendisse nunc. In semper bibendum libero. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Curabitur pretium tincidunt lacus. Nulla gravida orci a odio. Nullam varius, turpis et commodo pharetra, est eros bibendum elit, nec luctus magna felis sollicitudin mauris. Integer in mauris eu nibh euismod gravida. Duis ac tellus et risus vulputate vehicula. Donec lobortis risus a elit. Etiam tempor. Ut ullamcorper, ligula eu tempor congue, eros est euismod turpis, id tincidunt sapien risus a quam. Maecenas fermentum consequat mi. Donec fermentum. Pellentesque malesuada nulla a mi. Duis sapien sem, aliquet nec, commodo eget, consequat quis, neque. Aliquam faucibus, elit ut dictum aliquet, felis nisl adipiscing sapien, sed malesuada diam lacus eget erat. Cras mollis scelerisque nunc. Nullam arcu. Aliquam consequat. Curabitur augue lorem, dapibus quis, laoreet et, pretium ac, nisi. Aenean magna nisl, mollis quis, molestie eu, feugiat in, orci. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Perhaps the easiest way to handle multiple floating pictures is to alternate them left then right (or right then left); this way they do not come into contact with one another, and so cannot stack up in an unattractive way. This has a disadvantage, though: people with very low screen resolutions (such as those using netbooks) may find the result too awkward, albeit still readable. This may also cause conflicts with WP:SANDWICH. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Curabitur pretium tincidunt lacus. Nulla gravida orci a odio. Nullam varius, turpis et commodo pharetra, est eros bibendum elit, nec luctus magna felis sollicitudin mauris. Integer in mauris eu nibh euismod gravida. Duis ac tellus et risus vulputate vehicula. Donec lobortis risus a elit. Etiam tempor. Ut ullamcorper, ligula eu tempor congue, eros est euismod turpis, id tincidunt sapien risus a quam. Maecenas fermentum consequat mi. Donec fermentum. Pellentesque malesuada nulla a mi. Duis sapien sem, aliquet nec, commodo eget, consequat quis, neque. Aliquam faucibus, elit ut dictum aliquet, felis nisl adipiscing sapien, sed malesuada diam lacus eget erat. Cras mollis scelerisque nunc. Nullam arcu. Aliquam consequat. Curabitur augue lorem, dapibus quis, laoreet et, pretium ac, nisi. Aenean magna nisl, mollis quis, molestie eu, feugiat in, orci. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Curabitur pretium tincidunt lacus. Nulla gravida orci a odio. Nullam varius, turpis et commodo pharetra, est eros bibendum elit, nec luctus magna felis sollicitudin mauris. Integer in mauris eu nibh euismod gravida. Duis ac tellus et risus vulputate vehicula. Donec lobortis risus a elit. Etiam tempor. Ut ullamcorper, ligula eu tempor congue, eros est euismod turpis, id tincidunt sapien risus a quam. Maecenas fermentum consequat mi. Donec fermentum. Pellentesque malesuada nulla a mi. Duis sapien sem, aliquet nec, commodo eget, consequat quis, neque. Aliquam faucibus, elit ut dictum aliquet, felis nisl adipiscing sapien, sed malesuada diam lacus eget erat. Cras mollis scelerisque nunc. Nullam arcu. Aliquam consequat. Curabitur augue lorem, dapibus quis, laoreet et, pretium ac, nisi. Aenean magna nisl, mollis quis, molestie eu, feugiat in, orci. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. It is common to have two pictures that logically should be grouped together. The {{multiple image}} template is one way to do this. For example: The same template can also align pictures vertically: A gallery displays several pictures in an array or similar layout. Before making a gallery, read the image use policy for galleries. Generally, a gallery should not be added so long as there is space for images to be effectively presented adjacent to text. Technically, a gallery can be produced in different ways. One simple and flexible method is table syntax. For example: Another simple way is the specialized <gallery> tag, which works like this: Which produces: You can also specify alt text and other image rendering parameters like page number for pdfs: Which produces: The gallery tag also offers some parameters, such as widths, heights and mode among others. The full documentation is available at mw:Help:Images#Gallery syntax. For example: produces: The {{Gallery}} template offers a third method: As a final resort, you can force the browser to insert a break, making all text and pictures appear below the bottom of the first picture. This can produce rather unattractive gaps, particularly in the accompanying text. Remember that text will flow and wrap differently for other users, based on their chosen browser, screen resolution, default font size, accessibility options, number of toolbars and sidebars (such as instant messaging panes) and more. Do not force page design just so that it looks pretty on your display. Hack only where absolutely necessary. Wherever possible, just use the simplest logical page flow. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Plain pictures Most pictures in articles are thumbnails, but sometimes more specialized needs require finer grained control. A plain picture with no formatting can be inserted with: In this plain picture the text A cartoon centipede reads books and types on a laptop. is not visible as a caption. Instead, it appears as the title text of the image, commonly displayed as a tooltip during a mouseover. In a thumbnail the alt text defaults to empty, but a plain picture's alt text defaults to its title text if given and to the picture's file name if not; this default can be overridden with an explicit alt=Alt text option. Title text, like alt text, will ignore any Wiki markup. A plain picture can be placed anywhere in the article, and acts as a big character in the text, so that nearby text does not float or wrap around it. For example: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. ** Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. A plain picture defaults to the image's native size. This can be overridden with an explicit size. For example: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. ** Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. The frameless option causes a plain picture to default to the same size as a thumbnail. As with thumbnails, the default can be adjusted with the upright=factor option. If you use the common default of 220 pixels for thumbnail widths, the following example image's width will be 220 × 0.2 pixels, which rounds to 40 pixels: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. ** Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. The border option adds a one-pixel border, which can be useful when it is important to distinguish image from background. Here is the same picture with and without a border. This generates " ". Like thumbnails, plain pictures can be floated left or right with text flowing around them; or centered or put left without text flow. The only difference is that the right parameter is required to float a plain picture to the right, whereas floating right is the default for thumbnails. For example: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. * * Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Curabitur pretium tincidunt lacus. Nulla gravida orci a odio. Nullam varius, turpis et commodo pharetra, est eros bibendum elit, nec luctus magna felis sollicitudin mauris. Integer in mauris eu nibh euismod gravida. Duis ac tellus et risus vulputate vehicula. Donec lobortis risus a elit. Etiam tempor. Ut ullamcorper, ligula eu tempor congue, eros est euismod turpis, id tincidunt sapien risus a quam. Maecenas fermentum consequat mi. Donec fermentum. Pellentesque malesuada nulla a mi. Duis sapien sem, aliquet nec, commodo eget, consequat quis, neque. Aliquam faucibus, elit ut dictum aliquet, felis nisl adipiscing sapien, sed malesuada diam lacus eget erat. Cras mollis scelerisque nunc. Nullam arcu. Aliquam consequat. Curabitur augue lorem, dapibus quis, laoreet et, pretium ac, nisi. Aenean magna nisl, mollis quis, molestie eu, feugiat in, orci. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. When a plain picture appears in text, it is aligned so that its vertical middle is roughly where the center of a lower-case "x" would be; if the image is larger than the line is tall, it sticks out both above and below. The vertical alignment syntax provides several options to adjust this. For example, the baseline option: generates "xx" instead of the default "xx". Available options for vertical alignment, next to the output that they generate, are baseline, middle (the default), sub, super, text-top, text-bottom, top, and bottom. Normally a picture links to its image page, which describes the image, who created it, and links to the original image at full resolution. This is usually best for the reader, and is often required by the uploader's choice of a CC-BY-SA license for the image. If the image is in the public domain, not requiring attribution to the uploader, you can create a plain picture that links to some other location by using the link option. To link to some other page, specify its name in the link option along with an appropriate caption that hints to readers what will happen if they click on the link. This caption serves both as title text for the tooltip, and as alt text for visually disabled readers. For example, [[File:Flag of France.svg|20px|link=France|France]] generates a flag that links to the article France. To link to an external site, specify its URL in the link option along with an appropriate caption. For example, [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|20px|link=http://www.belgium.be/en/|Belgium government portal]] generates a flag that links to the English-language portal of the Belgian government. To link to another Wikimedia site, use the site abbreviation. For example, [[File:Orcus symbol.svg|20px|link=wikt:🝿]] generates , which links to the (English) Wiktionary entry for that symbol. A purely decorative image, which conveys no information and does nothing when it is clicked on, can be specified with an empty alt attribute. For example, [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] generates a flag that is purely decorative. However, purely decorative files are only legally usable in this way if they are in the Public Domain or comply with WP:NFCC. You can link different parts of an image to different locations using an image map. For example, in the image at right, clicking a circle roughly corresponding to the left portrait takes the reader to William Jennings Bryan, clicking the right portrait goes to Arthur Sewall, and clicking anywhere else goes to http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/democrats.html. This image is generated by the following markup: This imagemap markup specifies that the title text (tooltips) for the three regions are "William J. Bryan", "Arthur Sewall", and "1896 Democrats", respectively. The alt text for an imagemap region is always the same as its title text; the alt text for the overall image is given in the first line of the imagemap's markup. The underlying image's native dimensions are 3916×1980, and the coordinates are given in these dimensions rather than in the 300px resizing. As described in the image map documentation, regions can be specified as circles, rectangles, and arbitrary polygons, and the blue "i" icon can be moved or suppressed. Also, the image can be specified as a thumb or frame, which means it has alt text and a caption in the usual way, with a double-rectangle icon instead of the blue "i" icon . To do this easily, you can use a Commons gadget, called ImageMapEdit, by Dario D. Müller (ImageMapEdit_Howto). To use it, first you must enable ImageMapEdit (by clicking the check box) on the Preferences widget page (which is at the end of the second group of gadgets). Then below a Commons image appears the ImageMapEdit > link, which activates the widget. Let's look at the example of an eye, in which we will select the area of the pupil with a circle: Copy the contents of Generated wikicode, on the clipboard. With Edit (source), paste the clipboard contents in the article (occasionally a template, and in this case: in this help) of Wikipedia, as appropriate. Add in the code (<imagemap> ...) of the image (already copied in the article) the width that you think is appropriate (in this case we have chosen 250px) in the line of the file name, as shown: The result will be: Try moving the mouse cursor over the pupil. ImageMap is not enabled to contain a footer, for this reason we must include the above code in a table. For example: Overlaying annotations on an image Some diagrams are uploaded without text, so that they can be used in multiple languages; or one may desire to add clickable links to an image. In such cases, text annotations can be added to an image with the templates Template:Annotated image or Template:Annotated image 4. These templates allow wikitext (e.g., regular text, wikilinks, and reference templates) to be included on the image itself. They may also be used to crop an image so as to focus on a particular portion of it, or alternatively, expand the white area around an image for better placement of wikitext. A different annotation system called ImageAnnotator is used on Wikimedia Commons. Theoretically this allows for annotations to be collected in one place, but it does not seem to work except on file pages. Dark mode For skeleton black and white images, it's possible to use the css "skin-invert-image" class, the colors will invert only in dark mode, as shown bellow: For galleries, the <gallery> tag currently does not support adding classes to individual images[b], but this option is available in the {{gallery}} template. Linking without displaying Let us say you want to link to the picture without displaying it. You can do it by adding a colon before the "File:" prefix. You can take them to the image page, where it tells them who uploaded it, when, what the copyright status is, etc.: You can make the link say anything you want. When the link is clicked the image is displayed with other text information at a reasonable size. The user can click through the resulting medium-sized image to get to the full size highest resolution image. You can also send the user directly to the image: This says Media: instead of File:. When the user clicks on the link, the browser goes directly to the image. As before, you can change the text so it says anything you want. This can be awkward if the image is quite large, for the full size image will be displayed when the user clicks the link. Finally, you can link to one image from a thumbnail's small double-rectangle icon , but display another image using "|thumb=Displayed image name". This is intended for the rare cases when the Wikipedia software that reduces images to thumbnails does a poor job, and you want to provide your own thumbnail. In the following example, the double-rectangle links to File:Anime stub 2.svg but the image displayed is File:Anime stub.png: Image frames Multiple images can be displayed in an image frame: They can also be cropped and stacked inside the frame: In case an image will not render If the image will not render, and instead the wikicode is shown in the article, it may have the following causes: Tips See also Notes |
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_summary_legend] | [TOKENS: 199] |
Contents Wikipedia:Edit summary legend This is a list of commonly used edit summary abbreviations. Find a more concise list at quick reference. Select from the box above for more abbreviations and terms. Note: This page does not state any official guidelines regarding edit summary content. For more information about that, see Help:Edit summary, which strongly encourages editors to provide accurate and detailed summaries. Addition of category Addition of comment Addition of navigational template Addition or rephrasing: brief text Addition or rephrasing: longer text Alphabetization Capitalization Cleanup Copy edit Correction Creation of a new article Disambiguation Edit that is explained on the article's talk page Formatting Grammar Headers Last good version Links: external Links: internal Links: interwiki Manual of Style Merge Miscellaneous Move Noteworthiness Null edit Organization Original research Point of view Punctuation Recategorization Redirect Reference Removal of ambiguity Removal of text Reply Revert Sandbox Snap double redirect Spelling Tweaks Typo User experienced edit conflict Whitespace See also |
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