guid stringlengths 32 32 | question stringlengths 17 440 | answer stringlengths 1 613 | question_category stringclasses 7
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
d5cf7c460dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What are two types of agnosia? | Social-emotional agnosia and expressive agnosia | text | [] | [
{
"text": "For people with social-emotional agnosia, it is mainly the emotional states that are difficult for them to recognize. Studies have shown that subjects with amygdala damage perform poorly on both the Faux Pas test and the Strange Stories test."
},
{
"text": "Sometimes referred to as expressive... |
d5cf7c6e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What might feed on leaves of the evergreen tree related to hackberries found in Tropical Southern Asia, northern Australasia, Africa, and south and central America? | Trema are used as food plants sometimes by hepialid moths. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The fruit is a small drupe 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) in diameter. Trema species are sometimes used as food plants by the larvae of hepialid moths of the genera Aenetus, including A. splendens, which burrow horizontally into the trunk then vertically down, and Endoclita, including E. malabaricus ."
},
... |
d5cf7cbe0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | PPI's block the gastric hydrogen potassium of what object that a form of serves as a basis for nerve impulses in humans? | ATPase | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In humans, P-type ATPases serve as a basis for nerve impulses, relaxation of muscles, secretion and absorption in the kidney, absorption of nutrient in the intestine and other physiological processes."
},
{
"text": "Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) block the gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase (H ... |
d5cf7ce60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Leptospermum lanigerum and Leptospermum jingera are both endemic to what continent? | Australia | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Leptospermum jingera, commonly known as the stringybark tea-tree, is a species of shrub that is endemic to Victoria, Australia. It has papery bark on the larger branches, smooth bark on the younger stems, narrow egg-shaped to elliptical leaves, white flowers and silky-hairy, hemispherical fruit."
}... |
d5cf7d040dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How many species are there in the order in which the animal sometimes known as the scaly anteater is in? | 8 | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Pangolins, sometimes known as scaly anteaters, are mammals of the order Pholidota ( / fɒlɪˈdoʊtə /, from Ancient Greek ϕολιδωτός 'clad in scales'). The one extant family, Manidae, has three genera: Manis, Phataginus and Smutsia."
},
{
"text": "The order Pholidota comprises the eight species o... |
d5cf7d540dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The dilation, also known as annuloaortic ectasia, affects what root at the beginning at the aortic annulus and extending to the sinotubular junction? | The aortic root | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The aortic root is the portion of the aorta beginning at the aortic annulus and extending to the sinotubular junction. It is sometimes regarded as a part of the ascending aorta, and sometimes regarded as a separate entity from the rest of the ascending aorta."
},
{
"text": "In terms of the ca... |
d5cf7d7c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Of the components that NTCP binds together, which one is capable of inhibiting most Gram-positive bacteria? | bile salt | text | [] | [
{
"text": "As a cotransporter, NTCP binds two sodium ions and one (conjugated) bile salt molecule, thereby providing a hepatic influx of bile salts. Other transported molecules include steroid hormones, thyroid hormones and various xenobiotics: NTCP is a cell surface receptor necessary for the entry of hepatiti... |
d5cf7da40dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The lipase in BSDL is dependent on what other thing that is capable of inhibiting most Gram-positive bacteria? | bile salt | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Bile salt-dependent lipase (or BSDL ), also known as carboxyl ester lipase (or CEL) is an enzyme produced by the adult pancreas and aids in the digestion of fats. Bile salt-stimulated lipase (or BSSL) is an equivalent enzyme found within breast milk."
},
{
"text": "It contains bile salts (to ... |
d5cf7df40dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Who founded the field of the sort of study of symbols that are analyzed and categorized in a hierarchal system? | Ferdinand de Saussure founded semiotics, study of symbols analyzed and categorized. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Linguists and semioticians by the Tartu School viewed culture as a hierarchical semiotic system consisting of a set of functions correlated to it, and linguistic codes that are used by social groups to maintain coherence. These codes are viewed as superstructures based on natural language, and here t... |
d5cf7e1c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What do Senecioneae and Ageratum's have in common? | Senecioneae and Ageratum are both in the Asteraceae family of plants. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Cass. Senecioneae is the largest tribe of the Asteraceae, or the sunflower family, comprising about 150 genera and 3,000 species. Almost one-third of the species in this tribe are placed in the genus Senecio."
},
{
"text": "Ageratum ( / əˈdʒɛrətəm /) ( whiteweed in the USA) is a genus of 40 t... |
d5cf7e760dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | In which body part will you find the hypothalamus, the basal forebrain and paleomammalian cortex? | The brain contains the hypothalamus, the basal forebrain and paleomammalian cortex. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The anterior commissure also serves to connect the two amygdala. The ventral amygdalofugal pathway carries output from the central and basolateral nuclei and delivers it to a number of targets; namely, the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the basal forebrain, the brain stem, s... |
d5cf7e940dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Deltaarterivirus hemfev is part of what group of fevers thought to be possible causes of the Black Death? | Viral hemorrhagic fever | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Deltaarterivirus hemfev, formerly Simian hemorrhagic fever virus or simian haemorrhagic fever virus ( SHFV ), is a highly pathogenic virus in monkeys. It is a positive-stranded RNA virus classified in the family Arteriviridae. It is the only member of the subgenus Hedartevirus."
},
{
"text": ... |
d5cf7ee40dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Is cobra a Capra? | It is not. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Capra is a genus of mammals, the goats, composed of up to nine species, including the wild goat, the markhor, and several species known as ibexes. The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a domesticated subspecies of the wild goat ( Capra aegagrus )."
},
{
"text": "In English it is the c... |
d5cf7f160dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Do cobras and capras belong to the same family? | They do not. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Capra is a genus of mammals, the goats, composed of up to nine species, including the wild goat, the markhor, and several species known as ibexes. The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a domesticated subspecies of the wild goat ( Capra aegagrus )."
},
{
"text": "In English it is the c... |
d5cf7f660dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Psychological projection and Narcissistic defenses are both types of what? | Defense mechanisms | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Narcissistic defenses are among the earliest defense mechanisms to emerge, and include denial, distortion, and projection."
},
{
"text": "Psychological projection is a defense mechanism in which the ego defends itself against unconscious impulses or qualities (both positive and negative) by d... |
d5cf7f8e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Psychological projection and Narcissistic defenses both involve what? | Denying the existence of a problem | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Narcissistic defenses are among the earliest defense mechanisms to emerge, and include denial, distortion, and projection."
},
{
"text": "Psychological projection is a defense mechanism in which the ego defends itself against unconscious impulses or qualities (both positive and negative) by d... |
d5cf7fb60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is common between vestibular nuclei and cranial nerve nucleus in terms of where they are found? | They are both found in the brain | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The vestibular nuclei ( VN) are the cranial nuclei for the vestibular nerve located in the brainstem . In Terminologia Anatomica they are grouped in both the pons and the medulla in the brainstem ."
},
{
"text": "A cranial nerve nucleus is a collection of neurons ( gray matter) in the brain s... |
d5cf7fde0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | CCK A and CCK are both mainly located where? | In the small intestine. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "CCK A is mainly expressed in the small intestine, and is involved in the regulation of enzyme secretion by the pancreas, secretion of gastric acid in the stomach, intestinal motility and signalling of satiety (fullness). CCK B is expressed mainly in the central nervous system, and has functions relat... |
d5cf7ffc0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Do England and China spell councilor the same way in government titles? | No, the former spells it Counsellors while the later spells it Councillor | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Counsellors of State are appointed from among the following: The Duke of Edinburgh and the four adults next in succession (provided they have reached the age of 21). The current Counsellors of State are currently The Prince of Wales, The Duke of Cambridge, The Duke of Sussex and The Duke of York."
... |
d5cf80240dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Do Ctenophora form in comb structures? | They do not. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Ctenophora ( / tɪˈnɒfərə /; singular ctenophore, / ˈtɛnəfɔːr / or / ˈtiːnəfɔːr /; from Ancient Greek: κτείς, romanized : kteis, lit. 'comb' and φέρω, pherō, 'to carry'; commonly known as comb jellies) comprise a phylum of invertebrate animals that live in marine waters worldwide."
},
{
"text"... |
d5cf80560dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the commonality between Ctenophora and Comb? | Invertebrate organisms. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Ctenophora ( / tɪˈnɒfərə /; singular ctenophore, / ˈtɛnəfɔːr / or / ˈtiːnəfɔːr /; from Ancient Greek: κτείς, romanized : kteis, lit. 'comb' and φέρω, pherō, 'to carry'; commonly known as comb jellies) comprise a phylum of invertebrate animals that live in marine waters worldwide."
},
{
"text"... |
d5cf807e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Is Chromoprotein used in Chromatin remodeling? | No it is not. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Chromatin remodeling is the dynamic modification of chromatin architecture to allow access of condensed genomic DNA to the regulatory transcription machinery proteins, and thereby control gene expression."
},
{
"text": "A chromoprotein is a conjugated protein that contains a pigmented prosthe... |
d5cf80ce0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Is oxytocin an essential fatty acid? | It is not. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Essential fatty acids, or EFAs, are fatty acids that humans and other animals must ingest because the body requires them for good health but cannot synthesize them. The term \"essential fatty acid\" refers to fatty acids required for biological processes but does not include the fats that only act as... |
d5cf80f60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Is the grouping Cetacea part of one of the basic ranks of taxonomy? | No, it's not species or a genus. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The white-tailed mole ( Parascaptor leucura) is a species of mammal in the family Talpidae. It is found in Bangladesh, China, India, and Myanmar . It is the only species in the genus Parascaptor ."
},
{
"text": "A taxon is usually assigned a rank when it is given its formal name. The basic ra... |
d5cf816e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What are Spinothalamic tract and Lateral vestibulospinal tract made of? | Fibers | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The lateral part of the vestibulospinal tract is the major portion and is composed of fibers originating in the lateral, superior, and inferior vestibular nuclei (primarily the lateral). It projects ipsilaterally down to the lumbar region of the spinal cord."
},
{
"text": "It is a bundle of l... |
d5cf818c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What are the protocols associated with the eradication of the thing associated with lymphomas of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in the stomach, esophagus, colon, rectum, or tissues around the eye (termed extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the cited organ), and of lymphoid tissue in the stomach (termed d... | Helicobacter pylori eradication protocols | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Helicobacter pylori eradication protocols is a standard name for all treatment protocols for peptic ulcers and gastritis in the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection. The primary goal is not only temporary relief of symptoms but also total elimination of H. pylori infection."
},
{
"text":... |
d5cf81b40dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What forms the basis of the test for the thing for which the Helicobacter pylori eradication protocols were created? | The ability of H. pylori to secrete the urease enzyme, which catalyzes the conversion of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Helicobacter pylori eradication protocols is a standard name for all treatment protocols for peptic ulcers and gastritis in the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection. The primary goal is not only temporary relief of symptoms but also total elimination of H. pylori infection."
},
{
"text":... |
d5cf82180dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Which of the two meanings of the word mace is an acronym, the procedure done to treat fecal incontinence or the product made by Mace Security International? | The procedure is. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The Malone antegrade continence enema (MACE), used to treat fecal incontinence, is like the Mitrofanoff procedure as it uses the Mitrofanoff principle and, thus, can be considered an analogous procedure. As fecal and urinary incontinence frequently co-exist, a MACE is often created at the same time a... |
d5cf82400dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Do the Center for American Indian Languages and Sociolinguistics research in India collaborate? | Yes they do. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Sociolinguistic research in India is the study of how the Indian society affects and is affected by the languages of the country . India is a highly multilingual nation, where many languages are spoken and also studied, both as part of linguistics and with the aim of aiding community development."
... |
d5cf82680dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Would Carl Rogers have been able to practice cognitive behavioral therapy on his patients? | Because he did not have a medial qualification, he likely would not have been able to practice cognitive behavioral therapy because it deals with psycho-social intervention, which required certification in psychotherapy. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The term \"counselling\" is of American origin, coined by Carl Rogers, who, lacking a medical qualification was prevented from calling his work psychotherapy. In the U.S., counselling psychology, like many modern psychology specialties, started as a result of World War II."
},
{
"text": "Cogn... |
d5cf82900dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What element is common in both Thymidine triphosphate and Uridine monophosphate? | Phosphorus | text | [] | [
{
"text": "It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside uridine. UMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase uracil; hence, it is a ribonucleotide monophosphate. As a substituent or radical its name takes the form of the prefix uridylyl-."
},
{
"text": "Deo... |
d5cf82b80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Is Sarcosuchus a kind of Protozoa? | It is not. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Sarcosuchus is commonly classified as part of the clade Pholidosauridae, a group of crocodile-like reptiles ( Crocodyliformes) related but outside Crocodylia (the clade containing living crocodiles, alligators and gharials). Within this group it is most closely related to the North American genus Ter... |
d5cf82e00dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the commonality between Sarcosuchus and Sarcomastigophora? | They are both single celled family of organisms. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The characteristics of phylum sarcomastigophora are : (1) Nucleus is of one type except in the stages of certain foraminifera. (2) Locomotory organ either pseudopodia or flagella or both. (3) Reproduction asexual , but when sexually it is essentially by syngamy (4) Spore formation is absent. Example ... |
d5cf83080dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | In which distal portion of the limbs can you find the disease Thromboangiitis obliterans? | They are in the autopodia, otherwise known as the hands and feet. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Limbs are attached to the pectoral girdle or pelvic girdle. The one bony element of the upper limb is the stylopodium, the two bones of the lower limb are the zeugopodium. The distal portion of the limbs, that is, the hands or feet, are known as autopodia."
},
{
"text": "Thromboangiitis oblit... |
d5cf83300dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Do Thromboangiitis obliterans and Agnosia affect the same parts of the body? | No, Thromboangiitis obliterans affects the hands and feet while Agnosia affects the dominant parietal lobe. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "It is present in lesions of the dominant parietal lobe, and is a component of Gerstmann syndrome . Patients perceive only parts of details, not the whole object. Patients cannot point at another person's body parts, but can point at their own body parts. Usually a patient has a form of associative ag... |
d5cf83800dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | To which continent does the Romanesco dialect and Uralic languages pertain to? | Europe | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The Uralic languages ( / jʊəˈrælɪk /; sometimes called Uralian languages / jʊəˈreɪliən /) form a language family of 38 languages spoken by approximately 25 million people, predominantly in Northern Eurasia."
},
{
"text": "Romanesco ( Italian pronunciation: [romaˈnesko]) is one of the central ... |
d5cf83a80dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How are VEGFR-2 inhibitor and Angiogenesis inhibitor related? | They are both used in treating cancer | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Angiogenesis inhibitors were once thought to have potential as a \" silver bullet \" treatment applicable to many types of cancer, but the limitations of anti-angiogenic therapy have been shown in practice."
},
{
"text": "Reduction of VEGF expression reduces blood flow to tumor and stops tumo... |
d5cf83d00dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Which one was thought to be a major breakthrough - Angiogenesis inhibitor or VEGFR-2 inhibitor? | Angiogenesis inhibitor | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Angiogenesis inhibitors were once thought to have potential as a \" silver bullet \" treatment applicable to many types of cancer, but the limitations of anti-angiogenic therapy have been shown in practice."
},
{
"text": "Reduction of VEGF expression reduces blood flow to tumor and stops tumo... |
d5cf83ee0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Can a patient who tests as a carrier for a disease without symptoms transmit it to others or develop symptoms later? | Yes, an asymptomatic carrier can both transmit the disease and experience symptoms later. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In medicine, any disease is classified asymptomatic if a patient tests as carrier for a disease or infection but experiences no symptoms. Whenever a medical condition fails to show noticeable symptoms after a diagnosis it might be considered asymptomatic. Infections of this kind are usually called su... |
d5cf84160dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Do the right gastric artery and the inferior epigastric vein both anastomose with other veins or arteries? | Yes, the right gastric artery anastomoses with the left gastric artery and the inferior epigastric vein anastomoses from the superior epigastric vein. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In human anatomy, inferior epigastric vein refers to the vein that drains into the external iliac vein and anastomoses from the superior epigastric vein. Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named artery, the inferior epigastric artery . The interfoveolar ligament, seen from in front."
... |
d5cf843e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | In what part of the body is the epigastrium and the superior epigastric artery located? | They are both located in or near the abdomen. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In anatomy, the epigastrium (or epigastric region) is the upper central region of the abdomen. It is located between the costal margins and the subcostal plane ."
},
{
"text": "In human anatomy, the superior epigastric artery is a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the abdominal wa... |
d5cf848e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Has there been different interpretations and debates about both the split of Primates from Dermoptera and the hypothesis that Glires form a monophyletic group? | Yes, they both have other interpretations and debates. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Glires (from Latin glīrēs, dormice) is a clade (sometimes ranked as grandorder) consisting of rodents and lagomorphs ( rabbits, hares, and pikas ). This hypothesis that these form a monophyletic group has been long debated based on morphological evidence, although recent morphological studies strongl... |
d5cf84b60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Are the symptoms of anorectal abscess and perineal hernia the same? | While they may have similar pain symptoms, a perineal hernia is apparent through swelling on one side, while an anorectal abscess is detected through pain when sitting. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Perineal hernia is a hernia involving the perineum ( pelvic floor ). The hernia may contain fluid, fat, any part of the intestine, the rectum, or the bladder. It is known to occur in humans, dogs, and other mammals, and often appears as a sudden swelling to one side (sometimes both sides) of the anus... |
d5cf84d40dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the tone system that characterizes the Central Franconian dialects of Ripuarian and Moselle Franconian dialects? | It has a simple tone system called pitch accent. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The German-speaking Community of Belgium comprises both Ripuarian and Moselle Franconian dialects. The Central Franconian dialects are part of the Rhinelandic continuum stretching from the Low Franconian language area in the northwest to the Rhine Franconian dialects in the southeast."
},
{
"... |
d5cf84fc0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the relationship between idiom and drift in language? | Idiom is the realized structure of a language and drift is the generation of new languages, and therefore when a new language structure is realized, it is idiom. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Idiom is the realized structure of a language, as opposed to possible but unrealized structures that could have developed to serve the same semantic functions but did not. Language grammar and syntax is often inherently arbitrary and peculiar to a particular language or a group of related languages."... |
d5cf85240dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the name of the disease with pathognomonic indicators of the presentation of low blood pressure and mental status changes? | That would indicate the Reynolds' pentad. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Pathognomonic (rare synonym pathognomic) is a term, often used in medicine, that means \"characteristic for a particular disease \". A pathognomonic sign is a particular sign whose presence means that a particular disease is present beyond any doubt."
},
{
"text": "When the presentation also ... |
d5cf854c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Is Inferior alveolar nerve related to Torus mandibularis? | It is not. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The inferior alveolar nerve (sometimes called the inferior dental nerve) is a branch of the mandibular nerve, which is itself the third branch of the trigeminal nerve. The inferior alveolar nerves supply sensation to the lower teeth."
},
{
"text": "Torus mandibularis is a bony growth in the m... |
d5cf85ce0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Who coined the term that is used to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth? | The term systematic was coined by Carl Linnaeus. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Systematics, in other words, is used to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth. The word systematics is derived from Latin word `systema', which means systematic arrangement of organisms. Carl Linnaeus used ' Systema Naturae ' as the title of his book."
},
{
"text": "Taxonomy is... |
d5cf86280dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Would scholars of critical historiography utilize a historical-grammatical method in their research? | It is likely that they would not, given that critical historiography emphasizes the ambiguous relationship between the past and the writing of history, while historical-grammatical method is about identifying a single meaning in a text. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Critical historiography approaches the history of art, literature or architecture from a critical theory perspective. Critical historiography is used by various scholars in recent decades to emphasize the ambiguous relationship between the past and the writing of history."
},
{
"text": "The a... |
d5cf87220dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How would someone receiving local anesthesia need to be cared for if they are still aware of pain? | A general anesthesia would need to be used in order to prevent anesthesia awareness. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Patients are still aware of pain even after full conduction block has occurred; hence, general anesthetics and/or analgesics must also be given to prevent anesthesia awareness . Neuromuscular blocking drugs are often classified into two broad classes: Leptocurares, which are thin and flexible molecul... |
d5cf874a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Where is boobialla and creeping boobialla both commonly found? | They are both found in the southern parts of Australia. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Boobialla is common along the coast of South Australia and in Western Australia it occurs south from Shark Bay to the South Australian border. It grows in sandy soils, often between rocks or near sandstone. Myoporum insulare is invasive in several African countries and in the western coastal areas of... |
d5cf87720dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How does the Ancient Greek meaning of Myoporum apply to where Myoporum insulare grows? | Myoporum insulare grows in sandy soils and between rocks, growing in a dry area and needing its "pores" to "be shut" to retain moisture. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The name Myoporum is derived from the Ancient Greek myo meaning \"to close\" or \"to be shut\" and poros meaning \"pore\", referring to the ability of (some) plants in this genus to exist in dry areas, or possibly to the appearance of the glands on the leaves."
},
{
"text": "Boobialla is comm... |
d5cf879a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What types of functions do the three-dimensional network of extracellular matrices have? | They can have both structural and pathogenic functions. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In biology, the extracellular matrix ( ECM) is a three-dimensional network consisting of extracellular macromolecules and minerals, such as collagen, enzymes, glycoproteins and hydroxyapatite that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells."
},
{
"text": "Although this ma... |
d5cf87c20dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Are Malignant pleural effusion and Pleural empyema caused by the same thing? | Malignant pleural effusion is caused by cancer and Pleural empyema is caused by bacteria or other microorganisms after pneumonia, chest surgery, or some other injury to the chest. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Pleural empyema is a collection of pus in the pleural cavity caused by microorganisms, usually bacteria. Often it happens in the context of a pneumonia, injury, or chest surgery."
},
{
"text": "Malignant pleural effusion is a condition in which cancer causes an abnormal amount of fluid to col... |
d5cf87ea0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | A CT scan can be used to rule out blockage to what structure of the biliary tract? | It can rule out blockage to the bile ducts. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Abdominal ultrasound, MR scanning ( MRCP) or a CT scan is usually performed to rule out blockage to the bile ducts. This may be needed if a condition causing secondary biliary cirrhosis, such as other biliary duct disease or gallstones, needs to be excluded."
},
{
"text": "The biliary tract, ... |
d5cf88120dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Do both iridectomies and hemicorporectomies remove parts of the body? | Yes, An iridectomy, also known as a surgical iridectomy or corectomy, is the surgical removal of part of the iris and a Hemicorporectomy is a radical surgery in which the body below the waist is amputated including the legs, genetalia and urinary system among others. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Hemicorporectomy is a radical surgery in which the body below the waist is amputated, transecting the lumbar spine. This removes the legs, the genitalia (internal and external), urinary system, pelvic bones, anus, and rectum."
},
{
"text": "An iridectomy, also known as a surgical iridectomy o... |
d5cf88620dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How do the plants called "flax' in New Zealand differ from the flax plant used to make linen in the western world? | The plants called "flax" in New Zealand are members of the genus Phormium. The common flax plant used to make linen is of the genus Linum. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Route 495 is a 3.45-mile-long (5.55 km) freeway in Hudson County, New Jersey, in the United States that connects the New Jersey Turnpike ( Interstate 95, I-95) at exits 16E and 17 in Secaucus to New York State Route 495 (NY 495) inside the Lincoln Tunnel in Weehawken, providing access to Midtown Manh... |
d5cf888a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How many species are in the genus of the family Asphhodelaceae that are called "flax" in New Zealand? | Phormium is a genus of two plant species. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Route 495 is a 3.45-mile-long (5.55 km) freeway in Hudson County, New Jersey, in the United States that connects the New Jersey Turnpike ( Interstate 95, I-95) at exits 16E and 17 in Secaucus to New York State Route 495 (NY 495) inside the Lincoln Tunnel in Weehawken, providing access to Midtown Manh... |
d5cf88b20dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Can the Bornean slow loris and the Sunda slow loris be found in the same country? | The Bornean slow loris and the Sunda slow loris can both be found in Indonesia. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The Sunda slow loris ( Nycticebus coucang) or greater slow loris is a strepsirrhine primate and a species of slow loris native to Indonesia, West Malaysia, southern Thailand and Singapore. It measures 27 to 38 cm (11 to 15 in) from head to tail and weighs between 599 and 685 g (21.1 and 24.2 oz)."
... |
d5cf88da0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Does the genus that the Bornean slow loris is part of include slender lorises? | No, the Loris genus covers the slender lorises while the Bornean slow loris is part of the Nycitebus genus. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Loris is the common name for the strepsirrhine primates of the subfamily Lorinae (sometimes spelled Lorisinae) in the family Lorisidae. Loris is one genus in this subfamily and includes the slender lorises, while Nycticebus is the genus containing the slow lorises . Lorises are nocturnal and arboreal... |
d5cf892a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What organ that Substance P can be found also is affected by the condition PRES and RPLS? | The brain. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome ( PRES ), also known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome ( RPLS ), is a rare condition in which parts of the brain are affected by swelling, usually as a result of an underlying cause."
},
{
"text": "The deduced amino acid sequence... |
d5cf89520dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Do Periapical granuloma and Granuloma inguinale occur in the same region of the body? | No, Periapical granuloma, also sometimes referred to as a radicular granuloma or apical granuloma, is an inflammation at the tip of a dead (nonvital) tooth and Granuloma inguinale is characterized by genital ulcers. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Granuloma inguinale is a bacterial disease caused by Klebsiella granulomatis (formerly known as Calymmatobacterium granulomatis) characterized by genital ulcers. It is endemic in many less-developed regions."
},
{
"text": "Periapical granuloma, also sometimes referred to as a radicular granul... |
d5cf89700dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What most commonly used antimineralocorticoid is also the most commonly used medication in the treatment of hirsuitism? | Spironolactone is the most commonly used medication in the treatment of hirsutism. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Spironolactone is the most commonly used medication in the treatment of hirsutism in the United States. High doses of spironolactone, which are needed for considerable antiandrogenic effects, are not recommended for men due to the high risk of feminization and other side effects."
},
{
"text"... |
d5cf89c00dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | In single tablet antiretroviral drug combinations, the drugs are used usually come from at least how many different classes? | Usually at least two different classes. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Multiple antiretroviral drugs are often combined into a single pill in order to reduce pill burden . Some of these combinations are complete single-tablet regimens; the others must be combined with additional pills to make a treatment regimen."
},
{
"text": "Combinations usually consist of th... |
d5cf89f20dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | A condition which is significantly different from a normal waking state can be caused by what factors? | An altered state of consciousness can result from a variety of factors, including alterations in the chemical environment of the brain, insufficient oxygen or blood flow in the brain, and excessive pressure within the skull | text | [] | [
{
"text": "An altered level of consciousness can result from a variety of factors, including alterations in the chemical environment of the brain (e.g. exposure to poisons or intoxicants ), insufficient oxygen or blood flow in the brain, and excessive pressure within the skull. Prolonged unconsciousness is unde... |
d5cf8a1a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The rites of Dionysos and the Eleusinian Mysteries, as well as Yoga and Meditation are examples what type of condition significantly different from a normal waking state? | They are examples of early religious use of altered states of consciousness. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "An altered state of consciousness ( ASC ), also called altered state of mind or mind alteration, is any condition which is significantly different from a normal waking state."
},
{
"text": "Altered states of consciousness might have been employed by humans as early as 30,000 years ago. Mind-a... |
d5cf8a380dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the other major division of the carotenoid group besides the division of yellow pigments that gives egg yolk it's color? | The other major division of the carotenoid besides xanthopylls, is the one formed by the carotenes. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Xanthophylls (originally phylloxanthins) are yellow pigments that occur widely in nature and form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group; the other division is formed by the carotenes."
},
{
"text": "The characteristic color of egg yolk indicates the presence of a xanthophyll pigm... |
d5cf8a600dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What are the substrates of the enzyme whose isozymes use NAD+ as a cofactor to accept electrons and protons? | They are (S)-malate and NAD +. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The most common isozymes of malate dehydrogenase use NAD+ or NADP+ as a cofactor to accept electrons and protons. However, the main difference of malate oxidase is that it normally employs FAD as redox partner as alternative. Contrary to pyridine based NAD+/NADP+, FAD comprises a quinone moiety, whic... |
d5cf8a880dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What common activity can malate dehydrogenase and malate oxidase do? | They can both catalyze a chemical reaction. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In enzymology, a malate oxidase ( EC 1.1.3.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (S)-malate and O 2, whereas its two products are oxaloacetate and H 2 O 2 . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on th... |
d5cf8aa60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Camel flu has what in common with SARS and COVID-19? | They are all caused by coronaviruses. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses ), while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. In cows and pigs they cause diarrhea, while in mice they cause hepatitis and encephalomyelitis ."
}
] |
d5cf8ace0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Betweein AICAR and CAIR which has aminoimadzole in it's chemical structure? | both | text | [] | [
{
"text": "5'-Phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole (or CAIR) is an intermediate in the formation of purines . It is formed by phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase ."
},
{
"text": "5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide ( AICAR) is an intermediate in the generation of inosine monophosphat... |
d5cf8af60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | between histidine and AICAR which plays a role in the binding functions of hemoglobin? | histadine | text | [] | [
{
"text": "5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide ( AICAR) is an intermediate in the generation of inosine monophosphate. AICAR is an analog of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) that is capable of stimulating AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) activity."
},
{
"text": "The most pervasive is the amino... |
d5cf8b1e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | The method for detecting irritated nerves by lightly tapping over the nerve elicit a sensation of tingling was first published in what year? | Tinel's sign was first written about by Jules Tinel who wrote about it in a journal article published in October 1915. German neurologist Paul Hoffmann independently also published an article on the sign six months earlier, in March 1915. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Tinel's sign (also Hoffmann-Tinel sign) is a way to detect irritated nerves. It is performed by lightly tapping ( percussing) over the nerve to elicit a sensation of tingling or \" pins and needles \" in the distribution of the nerve. Percussion is usually performed moving distal to proximal. It is n... |
d5cf8b500dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How do Fibrous dysplasia and Fibromuscular dysplasia differ in the body structures affected? | Fibrous dysplasia is a bone disorder, while Fibromuscular dysplasia is a disease of the blood vessels. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Fibromuscular dysplasia ( FMD) is a non- atherosclerotic, non-inflammatory disease of the blood vessels that causes abnormal growth within the wall of an artery. FMD has been found in nearly every arterial bed in the body although the most common arteries affected are the renal and carotid arteries."... |
d5cf8b820dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How many alpha helices are in a globin fold and how many globins are known to occur in vertebrates? | There are eight alpha helices in a globin fold and eight globins in vertebrates. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Eight globins are known to occur in vertebrates: androglobin, cytoglobin, globin E, globin X, globin Y, hemoglobin, myoglobin and neuroglobin . Although the fold of the globin superfamily is highly evolutionarily conserved, the sequences that form the fold can have as low as 16% sequence identity."
... |
d5cf8baa0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Are the number of IFN-alpha genes in humans equal to number of globins in vertebrates? | No, there are 13 different IFN-alpha genes in humans and 8 globins in vertebrates. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In humans, there are 13 different IFN-alpha genes, designated as IFN-α1, -α2, - α4, - α5, - α6, - α7, - α8, - α10, - α13, - α14, - α16, - α17 and - α21, and one each of the IFN beta (IFNB), IFN-Epsilon, IFN-Kappa and IFN-Omega genes. The human IFNA gene family shares 70-80% amino acid sequence homolo... |
d5cf8bfa0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Is the Papyrus sedge taller or shorter than the Kyllinga? | The Papyrus sedge is taller than the Kyllinga as it can grow up to a height of 5m while the Kyllinga only attains a height of a meter. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Papyrus sedge (and its close relatives) has a very long history of use by humans, notably by the Ancient Egyptians—it is the source of papyrus paper, one of the first types of paper ever made.This tall, robust, leafless aquatic plant can grow 4 to 5 m (13 to 16 ft) high.[4] It forms a grass-like clum... |
d5cf8c220dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Which gene encodes the kappa opioid receptor and what does it likely control in the human body? | The kappa opioid receptor is encoded by the OPRK1 gene and it may likely be used to control natural addiction. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Northbound, the freeway is six lanes wide from Sheppard Avenue to Finch Avenue, where one lane diverges onto an off-ramp, re-emerging north of Finch. Southbound, it is six lanes wide from Steeles south to Sheppard. At Steeles Avenue, the freeway enters the Regional Municipality of York."
},
{
... |
d5cf8c400dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Which parts of the human body has opioid receptors and what are the endogenous opioids? | The endogenous opioids are dynorphins, enkephalins, endorphins, endomorphins and nociceptin, opioid receptors can be found in the brain,spinal cord and digestive tract. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Opioid receptors are a group of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors with opioids as ligands. The endogenous opioids are dynorphins, enkephalins, endorphins, endomorphins and nociceptin. The opioid receptors are ~40% identical to somatostatin receptors (SSTRs)."
},
{
"text": "Opioids are su... |
d5cf8c720dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Do Camptothecin and Doxorubicin have the same number of letters for initials or a different number of letters? | They have the same number of letters for initials. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Its planar structure is thought to be one of the most important factors in topoisomerase inhibition. CPT binds to the topoisomerase I and DNA complex (the covalent complex) resulting in a ternary complex, and thereby stabilizing it. This prevents DNA re-ligation and therefore causes DNA damage which ... |
d5cf8c9a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Of camptothecin, doxorubicin, and anti-topisomerase antibodies, which of the three are shortened to initials with three letters? | All three are shortened to three letters. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Its planar structure is thought to be one of the most important factors in topoisomerase inhibition. CPT binds to the topoisomerase I and DNA complex (the covalent complex) resulting in a ternary complex, and thereby stabilizing it. This prevents DNA re-ligation and therefore causes DNA damage which ... |
d5cf8cc20dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | In which living organisms can we generally find β-rings? | β-rings are found in β-carotene which are found in plants. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Plants, in general, contain six ubiquitous carotenoids: neoxanthin, violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein and β-carotene. Lutein is a yellow pigment found in fruits and vegetables and is the most abundant carotenoid in plants. Lycopene is the red pigment responsible for the color of tomato... |
d5cf8cea0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Which substance that is responsible for the color of tomatoes can cause discoloration of the skin? | Lycopene is responsible for the color of tomatoes and can cause the discoloration of the skin. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Hyperbilirubinemia is the main differential diagnosis to be considered in evaluating jaundice suspected to be carotenemia. Excessive consumption of lycopene, a plant pigment similar to carotene and present in tomatoes, can cause a deep orange discoloration of the skin."
},
{
"text": "Plants, ... |
d5cf8d3a0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Which countries are the Nepenthes robcantleyi and Nepenthes viridis endemic to? | The Nepenthes robcantleyi and Nepenthes viridis are both endemic to the Philippines. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Nepenthes viridis is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Philippines. It is known only from coastal areas at low altitude and has been recorded from Dinagat, Samar, and a number of surrounding islets. It is closely allied to the N. alata group of species."
},
{
"text": "Nepenthes robcantl... |
d5cf8d620dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | People in what profession are supported by the Community Practitioner Alliance CiC and the The Community Practitioners and Health Visitors Association? | health care | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The Community Practitioners and Health Visitors Association is a Trade union and professional association for health care staff in the UK and Ireland. It is part of Unite the Union ."
},
{
"text": "The Community Practitioner Alliance CiC is a not for profit company providing a wide range of s... |
d5cf8d940dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Does the range of height of the Pandanus galucocephalus plant cover the average mature height that the Pandanus heterocarpus tree grows to? | Yes | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Pandanus glaucocephalus is a species of plant in the family Pandanaceae, endemic to Mauritius . The grey trunk of Pandanus glaucocephalus barely has any stilt-roots. A low (6-8m), branching tree. The 20 cm-wide trunk is grey, and bears only a few stilt-roots (or none at all), near the base of the ste... |
d5cf8dbc0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How many meters taller, at least, can the largest of plants of the genus Pandanus grow than the average mature height of the Pandanus heterocarpus species? | 13 meters more | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Often called pandanus palms, these plants are not closely related to palm trees. The species vary in size from small shrubs less than 1 m (3.3 ft) tall, to medium-sized trees 20 m (66 ft) tall, typically with a broad canopy, heavy fruit, and moderate growth rate."
},
{
"text": "It is endemic ... |
d5cf8de40dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What are two organs that can be affected by both ischemia and ischemic colitis? | the large intestine and the bowels | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Both large and small bowel can be affected by ischemia. Ischemia of the large intestine may result in an inflammatory process known as ischemic colitis. Ischemia of the small bowel is called mesenteric ischemia."
},
{
"text": "Ischemic colitis (also spelled ischaemic colitis) is a medical con... |
d5cf8e0c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How many multi-word medical terms, at least, begin with the word 'Ischemic'? | Three | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Ischemia results in tissue damage in a process known as ischemic cascade. The damage is the result of the build-up of metabolic waste products, inability to maintain cell membranes, mitochondrial damage, and eventual leakage of autolyzing proteolytic enzymes into the cell and surrounding tissues."
... |
d5cf8e5c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Is the standard ending for a zoological tribe the same as the ending used for the taxonomic of algae? | No | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Accordingly, working within animals alone, subfamily -inae, tribe -ini, and subtribe -ina are unique suffixes to their specific taxonomic ranks. At the other extreme, working within algae alone, -eae suffixes class -phyceae, suborder -ineae, family -aceae, subfamily -oideae, and tribe -eae."
},
{... |
d5cf8e8e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Are L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase and ATP:D-glucosamine phosphotransferase both transferases for the same type of group? | No | text | [] | [
{
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)."
},
{
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, speci... |
d5cf8eb60dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What family of fauna does the tree known as the Moreton Bay Fig and as the hauli tree in the Philippines both belong to? | Moraceae | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Ficus septica (called hauli tree in the Philippines, 稜果榕 in China and Taiwan) is a shrub or tree of the family Moraceae living at low altitudes from northeast India to north Australia ( Queensland ), and throughout Malesia. It lives on the edge of the vegetation, often in degraded environments."
},... |
d5cf8ede0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What country can both the species Ficus Macrophylla and Ficus Septica both be found in? | Australia | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Ficus septica (called hauli tree in the Philippines, 稜果榕 in China and Taiwan) is a shrub or tree of the family Moraceae living at low altitudes from northeast India to north Australia ( Queensland ), and throughout Malesia. It lives on the edge of the vegetation, often in degraded environments."
},... |
d5cf8f060dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the typical cause of iatrogenic reactions that occur following the use of vaccines in pets? | A harmful immune-mediated reaction | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Adverse reactions, such as allergic reactions to drugs, even when unexpected by pharmacotherapists, are also classified as iatrogenic. The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is iatrogenic as well. Bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics have evolved in response to the overprescription ... |
d5cf8f560dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | How many of the thing that the mountain .57 miles north of Cutthroat Peak in the US state of Washington is named after do humans have? | Humans have 12 of that thing (molar teeth). | text | [] | [
{
"text": "The mountain is part of the Okanagan Range which is a subset of the Cascade Range. Set in the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Molar Tooth is situated south of Cutthroat Pass, and 0.57 miles (0.92 km) north of Cutthroat Peak, which is also its nearest higher peak."
},
{
"text": "Humans hav... |
d5cf8f7e0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Is UDP-glucose a substrate for N-acetylglucosamine kinase? | No | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In enzymology, a N-acetylglucosamine kinase ( EC 2.7.1.59) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, whereas its two products are ADP and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate ."
},
{
"text": "Uridine diphosphate... |
d5cf8f9c0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Which variable in the standard Heckman correction setup has a value that is determined by the model? | The variable X has a value determined by the model. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In contrast, an endogenous variable is a variable whose value is determined by the model. An endogenous change is a change in an endogenous variable in response to an exogenous change that is imposed upon the model."
},
{
"text": "A well-known example of the control function approach is the H... |
d5cf8fc40dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | Which variable in the standard Heckman correction setup can experience an endogenous change in response to an exogenous change that is imposed upon the model? | The variable X can experience an endogenous change. | text | [] | [
{
"text": "In contrast, an endogenous variable is a variable whose value is determined by the model. An endogenous change is a change in an endogenous variable in response to an exogenous change that is imposed upon the model."
},
{
"text": "A well-known example of the control function approach is the H... |
d5cf8fec0dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | At minimum, how many cancers types would be classifiable as a reproductive system disease? | Six | text | [] | [
{
"text": "A reproductive system disease is any disease of the reproductive system . Reproductive tract infection ( RTI) are infections that affect the reproductive tract, which is part of the Reproductive System."
},
{
"text": "Examples of cancers of the reproductive system include: Breast cancer - Can... |
d5cf90140dba11ecb1e81171463288e9 | What is the system of the body that is primarily affected by both lymphoproliferative and immunoprofilerative disorders? | The immune system | text | [] | [
{
"text": "Immunoproliferative disorders, are disorders of the immune system that are characterized by the abnormal proliferation of the primary cells of the immune system, which includes B cells, T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, or by the excessive production of immunoglobulins (also known as antibodies)... |
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