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Third Voluntary National Review of the Republic of Azerbaijan 63 PROGRESS IN THEMATIC GOALS 5 The activities taken under SDG 2 aim to end hunger and ensure that everyone has access to safe and adequate food, and address important issues related to stunting in children under five years of age. To respond to this challenge the target is to double the incomes of small food producers, especially women, family farms and farmers, by providing equal access to land, other productive resources, relevant knowledge and financial services, through which to increase agricultural productivity and food prices in food markets. This can be achieved by providing timely access to information on food stocks in order to limit sharp fluctuations. 2.1. By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situa￾tions, including infants, to safe, nutri￾tious and su!cient food all year round. With the aim of improving the financial situation of vulnerable people, families of martyrs and people with disabilities, the Ministry of Labour and Social Pro￾tection of Population (MLSPP), in part￾nership with social partners, provided 100,000 families with food packages three times. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the State Committee for A!airs of Refugees and IDPs (SCARI) provided food aid to low-income families with the support of local and international organizations. Under the Memorandum of Under￾standing signed between the SCARI and the Korea International Cooper￾ation Agency (KOICA) in April 2020, packages of various food and medi￾cal products were distributed to IDPs settled in Baku, the elderly living alone aged above 65, and families of martyrs. Moreover, the Council for State Support to Non-Governmental Organizations provided funding for several projects aimed at distributing social aid packag￾es to low-income families to combat the a!ects of the pandemic. Investment in agriculture and access to credit Investment in the agricultural sector more than doubled during 2015-2019, including 65.4% from the public sector and about 3.0 times from non-public Goal 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. 64 sources. A particularly positive point is that since 2018, the investment from non-public sources in the agricultural sector has surpassed that of the public sector. While credit investment in agricul￾ture and the manufacturing industry decreased significantly in 2016-2017 compared to 2015, in 2019 it increased by over 6.9%. The proportion of farmers using credits also decreased significantly in 2016- 2017, in line with the general trend in credit investment, and began to in￾crease again in 2018. PROGRESS IN 5 THEMATIC GOALS 65 State support The state support system is an acceler￾ator for the development of agriculture. Therefore, in addition to the annual increase in the amount of state support for agriculture in Azerbaijan, special attention has been given to improving support mechanisms used. In this re￾gard, the Government is focusing its progammes on farmers who are in￾volved in ensuring the food security of the country, thereby ensuring an unin￾terrupted food supply for the population. The Decree “On the establishment of a new subsidy mechanism in the agri￾cultural sector” signed by the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan on June 27, 2019, establishes a new mechanism for support measures in the agricultural sector. These measures ensure ac￾countability, transparency and the e"- cient use of budget funds in the sector, and simplify and digitize the application process. In this connection, farmers have been receiving subsidies since January, 2020. Under the new mechanism, product subsidies are grouped into three cate￾gories: cultivation, crop and seed sub￾sidies. In the field of crop production, subsidies for fuel and motor oils, wheat and rice cultivation, together with sub￾sidies for purchasing mineral fertilizers, biohumus and pesticides at a discount￾ed price, have all been combined under the cultivation subsidy. As provided for in the Decree, the Agrarian Subsidy Council was established to bring the subsidy mechanism in line with the goals of agricultural development. The Council determines the regional spe￾cialization based on the base amount of AZN 200, the application of modern irrigation technology, the coe"cients to be applied for subsidies to the crop production sector, and seed quotas, taking into account the promotion of high-yield and high value-added crops. PROGRESS IN THEMATIC GOALS 5 66 The established coe"cients ensure that a certain amount of the farmers’ ex￾penses are covered by the State, while also stimulating the development of specific areas through the State subsi￾dy mechanism. To promote the more e"cient use of land resources, agricul￾tural cooperatives receive cultivation subsidies to support their activities, with cooperatives responsible for land of more than 50 hectares receiving a 10% increase in subsidy. 25% percent of the cultivation subsidy is provided in cash, with the remainder used to purchase agricultural inputs. In addition to cultivation subsidies, there are also product and seed subsi￾dies in the crop production sector. The product subsidy is paid to farmers in ad￾dition to the cultivation subsidy for each kilogram of crop product provided to suppliers. Plant species and coe"cients to which product subsidies are applied are determined by the Board. Product subsidies are currently provided for cotton, tobacco and sugar beet pro￾duction. Seed subsidies are provided to seed farmers in accordance with the quotas set by the Council for the sale of certified (1st and 2nd replication) seeds and saplings. In addition, in order to grant lump sum support to agricultural producers for re￾peated corn cultivation, subsidies were provided from the Ministry of Agricul￾ture from the Reserve Fund envisaged in the 2020 state budget. The Council also determined that, in 2021, subsi￾dies will be paid for soybeans, millet, sorghum, sunflower and potatoes, in addition to corn. The following subsidies are provided for the livestock sector: - Animal subsidies in the amount of AZN 100 for each healthy calf born through artificial insemina￾tion; - Apiculture subsidies in the amount of AZN10 AZN per calendar year for each bee colony kept by farm￾ers; - Sericulture subsidies in the amount of AZN 5 for each kilogram of fresh silkworm cocoon (excluding spun and karapacha cocoons) provided to to the supplier. From 2020, the provision of subsi￾dies to farmers for crop and livestock production will be managed through the Electronic Agricultural Information System (EAIS), in accordance with the “Rules for subsidizing agricultural pro￾duction” (Decree of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan No. 759 dated June 27, 2019). In addition to the farmer registration subsystem, the EAIS is in the process of incorporating the sub￾systems for subsidy, supplier, veterinary monitoring, agrarian analytics, seed/ sapling, phytosanitary control, agrarian equipment, laboratory, agrarian trade, agrarian credit, and agrarian insurance. Direct Subsidies In 2020, AZN 233 million in cultivation subsidies was allocated to farmers: AZN 29.5 million AZN for cotton production, AZN 1.2 million for tobacco and sugar beet production, and AZN 16 million for animal production (including AZN 8.8 million for artificial insemination, AZN 2.2 million for sericulture) and AZN 5 million for apiculture. PROGRESS IN 5 THEMATIC GOALS 67 In order to grant lump sum support to agricultural producers for the seed sup￾ply for repeated corn cultivation, AZN 60 subsidy was provided to producers per hectare of repeated corn cultiva￾tion through AZN 2.2 millon budget allocated to the Ministry of Agriculture from the Reserve Fund envisaged in the 2020 state budget. The Agrarian Credit and Development Agency under the Ministry of Agri￾culture of the Republic of Azerbaijan continued to fund the sale and leasing of soft loans, as well as for agricultural inputs, on preferential terms through authorized credit organizations. Logistics The Agrarian Credit and Development Agency funded the leasing and sale of 7,259 units of agricultural machinery in 2020 (compared to 4,117 units in 2019) on preferential terms: 39 grain harvest￾ers, 1,102 tractors, and 6,118 other types of machinery. Based on the 2,993 applications for support received, for the sale and leas￾ing of agricultural machinery, technolog￾ical equipment, and irrigation systems on preferential terms, credits amounting to AZN 37.3 million were issued and AZN 73.6 million was allocated through authorized credit organizations. Breeding animals In 2020, the Agrarian Credit and Development Agency received 423 applications for support and, accord￾ingly, provided subsidies in the amount of AZN 16.8 million for the purchase of 8,758 (5,074 head of cattle, 3,684 head of small cattle) breeding animals to farmers and businesses. In 2019, AZN 9.9 million was allocated for the purchase of 4,523 heads of breeding animals, in the form of credits and discounts. Agricultural credits In 2020, the Agrarian Credit and De￾velopment Agency provided soft loans in the amount of AZN 47.6 million (AZN 13.2 million for medium and large ag￾ricultural loans, AZN 34.4 million for microcredits), and AZN 37.3 million for machinery and equipment loan). A total of 5,515 people (5,330 individuals and 185 legal entities) benefited from these loans. In 2019, a total of 1,730 people (1,606 individuals, 124 legal entities) re￾ceived soft loans in the amount of AZN 53.4 million. In addition, a number of measures have been taken to provide financial resourc￾es to farmers. Within the framework of the Agricultural Competitiveness Im￾provement Project, jointly implemented by the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the World Bank, in 2020, a total of 30 sub-borrowers were provid￾ed with agricultural loans on preferential terms in the amount of AZN 6.7 million and 392 new jobs were created. One of the innovative activities of the project regarding the creation of agribusiness value chains, continued in 2020 with the provision of grant funds in the amount of AZN 1.92 million (USD 1.13 million). Other support measures - extension services Given the importance of increasing the knowledge and skills of farmers PROGRESS IN THEMATIC GOALS 5 68 and producers working in the agricul￾tural sector, 1,262 training sessions for 22,750 farmers were conducted in 2019. The Center for Agrarian Science and Innovation, Regional Agrarian Sci￾ence and Innovation Centers, Azerbai￾jan State Agrarian University, Agrarian Services Agency and Agrarian Credit and Development Agency, coordinat￾ed the training, which involved 590 trainers from research institutes across Azerbaijan. In 2020, 207 training ses￾sions on 66 topics were conducted in 60 districts of Azerbaijan; 155 trainers were involved and 1,547 farmers partic￾ipated. Training sessions were also conducted by the “Agrarian Supply and Procure￾ment” Open Joint-Stock Company on the preparation, storage and packaging of products for export, for farmers pro￾ducing pears, pomegranates, tomatoes and grapes in the Khachmaz, Kurdamir and Shamakhi regions of the country. Farmers were taught about the poten￾tial export markets for these products, the logistics channels to enable access to these markets, and the certificates for export and customs clearance. 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, includ￾ing through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and internation￾al levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed. The Ministry of Agriculture has pre￾pared the “2021-2024 Sectoral Stra￾tegic Plan on the agricultural section of the state budget of the Republic of Azerbaijan.” The purpose of the Sec￾toral Strategic Plan is to ensure food security through the e"cient use of existing natural economic resources in the country, to meet the needs of the industrial sector for raw materials and the needs of the population for food products through local production, and to achieve increased agricultural pro￾duction and employment in the regions in order to increase the export of ag￾ricultural products. The Plan also ad￾dresses the “Environmental protection, sustainable use of natural resources and management of the impact of cli￾mate changes on agriculture” and aims to implement the following measures in this regard: - Create mechanisms to mitigate the adverse impact of climate change and other natural phe￾nomena on agriculture; - Improve the mechanisms to mit￾igate the adverse impact of agri￾culture on the environment; - Improve the mechanisms to en￾sure the sustainable use of agricul￾tural lands and water resources; - Develop environmentally sound agricultural production. Together with these strategic activities, the Plan envisages the implementa￾tion of measures such as “Improving the system of human resource man￾agement and training” and “Improving the system of science, education and extension services in agriculture”. PROGRESS IN 5 THEMATIC GOALS 69 2.a. Increase investment, including through enhanced international coop￾eration, in rural infrastructure, agricul￾tural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to en￾hance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries. In 2020, the Center for Agrarian Sci￾ence and Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Azerbai￾jan began to apply innovative technol￾ogies, and modern breeding and bio￾technological research methods in the field of crop production and livestock production, throughout its associated scientific institutions. A smart garden system, providing auto￾mated subsoil irrigation and fertilization, has been installed in the innovative orchard on the 15-hectare territory of the Fruit and Tea Growing Research Institute of the Agrarian Science and Innovation Center. The system will save both water and fertilizer and will be more e!ective because it directly af￾fects the root of the plant. Agro-techni￾cal maintenance is controlled remotely by telephone or computer. Furthermore, the subartesian well drilled as a water source will be powered by solar panels. The AgroHackathon 2020 startup com￾petition was held at the Vegetable Pro￾duction Research Institute of the Agrari￾an Science and Innovation Center. More than 50 teams representing the coun￾try’s leading universities applied for the competition, with 15 teams representing 11 di!erent universities participating in the final stage of the competition and the top three winning teams receiving valuable prizes. In 2020 certification was received by enterprises and seed farms included in the Agrarian Science and Innovation Centre for the following seed supplies: 43.8 tons of standard seed (wheat, barley, peas, lentils, rice, vegetables, melons and fodder crops); 191.29 tons of pre-basic seed (wheat, barley, cot￾ton, peas, corn, rice, melons, potatoes and fodder crops); 2,413 tons of basic seed (wheat, barley, cotton, peas, corn, rice, potatoes, vegetables and fodder crops); 94,634 tons of R1 and R2 wheat and barley seed; 805.5 tons of corn seed; 40 tons of pea seed; 13,726 tons of potato seed; 206.41 tons of alfalfa seed; 12.01 tons of vegetable and mel￾on seed; 190 tons of R1 and R2 fibrous cotton seed; 1,552,000 units of tea; and 513,741 fruit saplings. 2.a.1. The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures. The index allocations to agriculture in the structure of state expenditures in 2019-2020 was less than 1 and varied between 0.49 and 0.60. This implies that the contribution of the agricultural sector to the economy is higher than the share of allocations made to agri￾culture in State expenditures. The volume of value added in agri￾culture, forestry, fisheries and hunting increased from AZN 3.4 billion in 2015 to AZN 4.7 billion in 2019 and AZN 5 bil￾lion in 2020. In 2019, the value added created in agriculture, forestry, fisheries PROGRESS IN THEMATIC GOALS 5 70 and hunting increased by 7.3% com￾pared to the preceding year. In 2020, although unfavourable climatic condi￾tions led to a slowdown in growth, the total value added created in agriculture increased by 1.9% compared to 2019. Overall, the value added created in the agricultural sector increased by 19.2% in real terms during 2016-2020. 2.c. Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facili￾tate timely access to market informa￾tion, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility. During 2020, the Agrariant Supply and Procurement OJSC organized fairs in Yasamal, Binagadi, Narimanov, Surakhani districts of Baku and Khirdalan city on the last day of every week on national holidays. The main purpose of the fairs was to prevent artificial price increases by intervening in the market, to facilitate the access of agricultural producers to the market, and to provide the popula￾tion with quality agricultural products at cheaper rates compared to market prices. Prices for some products were 20-30% lower than in other markets. In 2015, within the framework of a project jointly implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) a price information portal for agricultural products was created, which was later improved by the Ministry to create an Agricultural Electronic Price Information Portal (www.aqrarbazar.az). The Portal contains the following price information: - Prices for the field sale, wholesale, retail sale and supply by process￾ing enterprises of fruits, vegeta￾bles, potatoes and melons; - Retail prices for livestock products (meat, milk, egg, honey); - Prices for purchase by milk collec￾tion points; - Sales and wholesale prices of meat in live weight; PROGRESS IN 5 THEMATIC GOALS 71 - Sale prices for wool and hides by the population or slaughterhous￾es; - Field sales of cereals during the crop season and wholesale prices after the crop season; - Prices for procurement by supply enterprises of industrial plants and other crops used as industrial raw materials; - Retail prices of agricultural inputs (fodder, fertilizer, breeding ani￾mals). Prices for all types of crops are collected on a daily, weekly and monthly basis, depending on the product, taking into account low, medium and high levels. Food security Ensuring food security in the Republic of Azerbaijan is a key element of State poli￾cy. Activities in this area have thus been expanded and measures taken aimed at providing the country’s population with the required amount and quality of food on an uninterrupted basis. Activities have been implemented in three areas with a view to ensuring food security: 1. To increase the level of self-suf￾ficiency in food products, State support measures are being put in place to help entrepreneurs increase local production, such as subsidies, soft loans, tax and customs privileges, awareness raising, training, etc. 2. The Food Safety Agency of the Republic of Azerbaijan is now responsible for controlling the minimum quality and safety of food products. 3. To ensure the availability of qual￾ity food products for all segments of the population, appropriate measures are being taken by PROGRESS IN THEMATIC GOALS 5 72 agencies responsible for imple￾menting the State social policy. The “subsistence minimum”, based on the minimum consumer basket, is approved, and is also taken into account when deter￾mining pensions, allowances and social benefits. Moreover, the Ministry of Economy conducts monitoring activities to prevent monopolies, restriction of com￾petition, distribution of markets, the application of agreed prices, which contributes to the increase of food prices in the consumer market, and takes measures in line with the anti-monopoly leg￾islation against the manipulation of prices, price discrimination and dumping. In addition, the resources of the State Grain Fund, established under the Min￾istry of Emergency Situations, are used to prevent shortages of flour and bak￾ery products in the consumer market. To ensure the demand of the country’s population for grain and flour prod￾ucts can be met, two elevator facilities equipped with state-of-art devices and equipment, with a capacity of 100,000 tons and 60,000 tons were built and commissioned in the Sangachal settle￾ment of Garadagh district and Ganja city, respectively. The construction of another elevator complex with a capac￾ity of 100,000 tons in the Sangachal settlement is underway. With the com￾missioning of this complex, the total ca￾pacity of the elevator facilities will reach 260,000 tons. With the aim of ensuring that state food wheat reserves are met, as determined by the State Grain Fund, the begin￾ning of the wheat harvest season in the country is announced in the local media every year, and all information is posted on the Ministry’s o"cial web￾site. The announcement provides the names, addresses and contact numbers of grain collection points covering all grain-growing regions of the country. If there is a shortfall in the supply of high quality local food wheat, the State food wheat reserves are made up through imports, in accordance with the legis￾lation. Work is currently underway to import high quality wheat for storage in the Ministry’s Sangachal Grain Elevator. In order to bring new technical regula￾tions in line with international practic￾es in the field of food safety, ten draft regulatory acts were developed by the Codex Alimentarius National Commis￾sion in coordination with relevant state bodies and are included in the State Register of Legal Acts of the Ministry of Justice. The regulatory acts will ensure a higher level of human health protec￾tion and the safety and minimum quality of food and feed products. The inspections, monitoring, and inves￾tigations into poisoning incidents, certi￾fication, analysis of import-export oper￾ations and analysis of laboratory tests carried out in 2019 and 2020 revealed the key problems related to food safety, animal and plant health in the country. In response to the identified problems, nine risk profiles were developed for food safety, animal health and plant health, and scientific risk assessments carried out for each. PROGRESS IN 5 THEMATIC GOALS 73 Land plots were selected for the con￾struction of modern (stationary, modu￾lar and mobile) slaughterhouses in the regions and in Baku city, to promote the establishment of slaughterhouses in compliance with veterinary-sanitary and sanitary-hygienic requirements, together with the establishment of coordination mechanisms between the relevant cen￾tral and local executive authorities. As part of the FAO Partnership and Liaison O"ce in Azerbaijan project,“Improve￾ment of national capacity to conduct disease surveillance including veterinary diagnostics”, in 2020 an international expert interviewed field veterinarians and farmers, and conducted serological monitoring of plague in animals in Bilas￾uvar, Jalilabad and Lerik districts. Based on the results, a draft document on the establishment of a plague-free zone has been prepared for the World Organiza￾tion for Animal Health. PROGRESS IN THEMATIC GOALS 5
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37 Objectif 2 – Eliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable Au Burundi, l’ODD 2 est pris en compte dans le Plan National de Développement (2018- 2027) à travers les axes suivants: Axe 1 : Développement de l’agriculture, élevage et renforcement de la sécurité alimentaire ; Axe 9. Gestion durable de l’environnement ; Axe 10. Ressources en eau et assainissement global ; Axe 11. Changements et gestion des risques climatiques. La priorisation de cet ODD au Burundi a retenu les cibles 2.1; 2.2 et 2.3. Pour ce faire, le Gouvernement a adopté des politiques sectorielles dont:(i) la Politique Nationale d'Investissement Agricole (PNIA); (ii) le Plan d'Actions National d’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques (PANA) ; (iii) la Politique de la biodiversité ; (iv) la Politique Nationale de l'Eau et (v) le Plan Multisectoriel de la Nutrition. Les principales politiques et stratégies définies pour l’opérationnalisation de cet ODD sont : (i) la Stratégie Agricole Nationale (SAN) 2017-2030 ;(ii)le Document d’Orientation du Secteur d’Elevage (DOS-Elevage); (iii) la Stratégie Nationale de Développement de l’Aquaculture au Burundi; (iv) la Stratégie d’aménagement et de protection des bassins versants ;(v) la Stratégie de l’Horticulture; la Stratégie Maïs ; (vi) la Stratégie Riz et (vii) la Stratégie Banane. Plusieurs programmes et projets de développement ont été exécutés ou sont en cours d’exécution avec pour objectif de contribuer à la sécurité alimentaire et à la promotion d’une agriculture durable. Il s’agit du: (i) Projet d'Intensification de la Production Agricole et de Réduction de la Vulnérabilité (PIPARV-B); (ii) Projet d'Appui à l’Inclusion Financière Agricole et Rurale au Burundi (PAIFAR-B); (iii) Programme de Développement des Filières Phase II (PRODEFI II); (iv) Programme National pour la Sécurité Alimentaire et le Développement Rural de l'Imbo et du Moso (PNSADR-IM); (v) Projet d'Appui à la Compétitivité du Secteur Café au Burundi (PACSC); (vi) Projet de Restauration et Résilience du Paysage au Burundi(PRRPB); (vii) Projet Régional de Développement Agricole Intégré dans les Grands Lacs (PRDAIGL); (viii) Programme d'Appui Institutionnel et Opérationnel au Secteur Agricole (PAIOSA); (ix)Projet d'Appui à la Transformation de l'Agriculture dans la Région naturelle de Bugesera (PATAREB); (x) Projet de Productivité et de Développement des Marchés Agricoles￾Financement Additionnel (PRODEMA-FA) et(xi)Projet de Réhabilitation et de Renforcement des Infrastructures d'Elevage(PRRIE). En plus de ces programmes et projets, plusieurs fonds ont été créés et contribuent à la sécurité alimentaire et à la promotion d’une agriculture durable. Il s'agit notamment du: (i) Fonds Compétitif d’Investissement pour les Filières (FIF) et (ii) la Banque Communautaire et Agricole du Burundi. 38 Tableau 7 : Indicateurs associés à l’objectif 2 Indicateurs 2019 2.2.1. Prévalence de la malnutrition aigüe chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans 5 % 2.2.2. Taux de malnutrition chronique 56,5% 51.4%(Filles) 58.4%(Garçons) 2.2.3. Prévalence de l’insuffisance pondérale chez les moins 5 ans 29%dont 20.1% chez les filles et 31.8% chez les garçons 2.3.2. Nombre d’organisations faîtières fonctionnelles dans les filières thé, coton, palmier, riz, lait, etc. 1 2.3.1. Quantité de la production annuelle (en tonnes) Cultures vivrières en milliers de tonnes Céréales 504 Légumineuses 619 Tubercules et racines 3 723 Bananes 1 180 Cultures de rente Café (tonnes) Café cerise 141 255.6 Café vert 14 216.18 (2017-2018) Thé (tonnes) Thé sec 10.803 Thé vert 52.338 Coton (tonnes) 1.049 Produits d’élevage (en milliers de têtes) Bovins 767 Ovins 350 Caprins 3.140 Porcins 539 Volailles 2.920 39 Indicateurs 2019 2.3.2. Nombre d’organisations faîtières fonctionnelles dans les filières thé, coton, palmier, riz, lait, etc. 1 2.3.3. Quantité de la production annuelle (en tonnes ; nombre de têtes de bétail) (51,448 tonnes de beurre; 240.663,261 tonnes de viande; 27.490 tonnes de poissons; 318.726,397 tonnes de miel) en 2018 (81.314 vaches frisonnes et133.828 croisés, 95.812 caprins croisés boer et 55.375 croisés alpine ,114.624 porcins Large White) en 2018 Source: Les Rapports annuels sectoriels Cible 2.1: D’ici à 2030, éliminer la faim et faire en sorte que chacun, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes en situation vulnérable y compris les nourrissons aient accès tout au long de l’année à une alimentation saine, nutritive et suffisante Cette cible n’a pas encore d’indicateur de mesure approprié. Cependant les données décrites dans le tableau ci-haut et celles produites par la BRB (Rapport annuel 2018) et l’ISTEEBU (Enquête Nationale Agricole 2018) permettent de renseigner certains indicateurs. En effet, selon ces dernières sources, la production des principales cultures vivrières (bananes, tubercules, céréales légumineuses) a augmenté de 26,3% en passant de 4530,7 T en 2017 à 5722,1 T en 2018 (BRB, Rapport Annuel, p.8). Les interventions stratégiques sont entre autres: (i) structurer les producteurs dans leurs filières respectives; (ii) mettre en place un cadre institutionnel et légal approprié aux coopératives; (iii) intensifier la production agricole et halieutique;(iv) améliorer les systèmes de collecte, traitement et diffusion des données statistiques agricoles, animales et halieutiques ; (v) développer les nouveaux services financiers ruraux, notamment les Activités Génératrices de Revenus (AGR) et Groupes de Caution Solidaire pour les groupes vulnérables; (vi) mettre en place un organe de régulation des filières qui les incite à être plus viables, rentables et compétitives sur ces marchés; (vii) mettre en application effective le programme national de régionalisation de l'agriculture; (viii) renforcer le secteur de la micro finance ; (ix) mettre en place un système d’assurance agricole et de garantie adapté au secteur et (x) appuyer l'accès à des ressources durables (agricoles ou non) permettant d'augmenter la production pour l'autoconsommation et la commercialisation des surplus ainsi que d'augmenter les revenus des ménages. 40 Cible 2.2 : D’ici à 2030, mettre fin à toutes les formes de malnutrition, y compris en réalisant d’ici à 2025 les objectifs arrêtés à l’échelle internationale relatifs aux retards de croissance et à l’émaciation parmi les enfants de moins de 5 ans, et répondre aux besoins nutritionnels des adolescentes, des femmes enceintes ou allaitantes et des personnes âgées 2.2.1. Prévalence de la malnutrition aigüe chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans Le taux de prévalence de la malnutrition aigüe est de 4,5% au niveau national. Les franges les plus affectées sont celles de 6 à 11 mois et de 12 à 23 mois. Elles sont plus touchées que les enfants plus grands de 24 à 59 mois. Un total de 17 cas d’œdèmes nutritionnels ont été détectés soit 0,1%. Le taux est très différent entre les filles et les garçons avec 4,1% (3,7- 4,5%) contre 5,0% (4,5-5,4%). Treize districts sanitaires sur les 46 présentent des taux se situant entre 5% et 9,5%. Les contraintes majeures sont entre autres: (i) l’alimentation non équilibrée ; (ii) l’insuffisance d’information de la population sur la malnutrition ; (iii) le nombre élevé de personnes par famille ; (iv) les mères en mauvaise santé nutritionnelle ; (v) l’insuffisance des techniques de cultures améliorées ; (vi) l’insuffisance en kit et en formation des moniteurs agricoles ; (vii) l’insuffisance de la fumure organique, de l’engrais chimique, des pesticides, des semences sélectionnées et autres intrants et (viii) l'insuffisance du bétail. Récolte du café (principale culture d’exportation du Burundi) par Son Excellence Monsieur le Président de la République 41 En termes de perspectives, le Gouvernement envisage de: (i) promouvoir une alimentation équilibrée ; (ii) sensibiliser et former les parents d'enfants sur la consommation des aliments équilibrés ; (iii) augmenter la production agricole et d'animaux d'élevage ; (iv) Promouvoir les techniques de conservation de la récolte. 2.2.2. Taux de malnutrition chronique La prévalence de la malnutrition chronique est de 57,0% avec 25,6% sous sa forme sévère. Ce taux de près de 6 enfants sur 10, est de loin supérieur au seuil d’alerte de 40% fixé par l’OMS. Les garçons sont plus affectés que les filles quelle que soit la forme avec 60,6% contre 53,4% pour la malnutrition. Les enfants de 24 à 59 mois et de 12 à 23 mois sont les plus affectées avec respectivement 61,4% et 60,7%. La tranche de 0 à 11 mois qui est la moins touchée atteint 37,9%. A l’exception de la ville de Bujumbura (20,7%), toutes les autres provinces ont franchi le seuil de 50%. Les taux varient de 20,7% à 63,1% respectivement pour Bujumbura et Ngozi. Les contraintes majeures sont entre autres: (i) l’alimentation non équilibrée ; (ii) l’insuffisance de l’information de la population sur les bonnes pratiques nutritionnelles ; (iii) le nombre élevé de personnes par famille ; (iv) des mères en mauvaise santé nutritionnelle ; (v) l’insuffisance des techniques de cultures améliorées ; (vi) l’insuffisance des moniteurs agricoles et (vii) l’insuffisance de la fumure organique, de l’engrais chimique, des semences sélectionnées. En termes de perspectives, le Gouvernement envisage de : (i) promouvoir une alimentation équilibrée ; (ii) sensibiliser et former la population sur les bonnes pratiques alimentaires ; (iii) améliorer le système agricole ; (iv) appuyer la formation du personnel soignant sur la Prise en Charge Intégrée de la Malnutrition Aigüe(PCIMA); (v) réhabiliter et construire les sources d'eau aménagées et systèmes d'adduction d’eau potable et (vi) promouvoir l’accès de toutes les couches de la population à l’hygiène et à l’assainissement y compris les structures sanitaires et scolaires. 2.2.3. Prévalence de l’insuffisance pondérale chez les moins de 5 ans Le taux de prévalence pondérale chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans est de 29% dont 28,1% chez les filles et 31,8% chez les garçons selon l’EDS-III (2016-2017). Les contraintes majeures sont entre autres: (i) les pratiques alimentaires non appropriées suite au manque d’information de la population sur les bonnes pratiques alimentaires ; (ii) le nombre élevé de personnes par famille ; (iii) les mères en mauvaise santé nutritionnelle ; (iv) l’insuffisance des techniques de cultures améliorées ; (v) l’insuffisance des moniteurs agricoles et(vi) l’insuffisance de la fumure organique ainsi que de l’engrais chimique et de l’insuffisance des semences sélectionnées. En termes de perspectives, le Gouvernement envisage de: (i) promouvoir les bonnes pratiques alimentaires ; (ii) sensibiliser et former la population sur la consommation des aliments équilibrés et (iii) améliorer le système agricole. Les interventions stratégiques sont entre autres : (i) assurer la formation et l’éducation nutritionnelle; (ii) faire le dépistage de la malnutrition; (iii) introduire les cultures à haute valeur ajoutée; (iv) produire et diffuser l’information sur les opportunités de marchés au 42 niveau national, sous régional et international; (v) fournir des aliments nutritifs spécialisés en combinaison avec les activités de Communication au Changement de Comportement(CCC) aux enfants, aux adolescents et aux femmes et (vi) soutenir la mise en œuvre d’une politique et d’une stratégie nationales d’enrichissement des aliments. Cible 2.3: D’ici à 2030, doubler la productivité agricole et les revenus des petits producteurs alimentaires, en particulier les femmes, les populations locales, les exploitants familiaux, les éleveurs et les pêcheurs, y compris en assurant l’égalité d’accès aux terres, aux autres ressources productives et intrants, au savoir, aux services financiers, aux marchés et aux possibilités d’ajout de valeur et d’emploi autres qu’agricoles 2.3.1. Quantité de la production annuelle (en tonnes) L’agriculture contribue à elle seule à hauteur de 39,6 % au PIB, offre 84% d’emplois, fournit 95% de l’offre alimentaire et constitue le principal pourvoyeur de matières premières à l’agro-industrie. C’est un secteur à faible productivité due à des problèmes d’ordre structurel et conjoncturel. Les rendements agricoles et d’élevage actuels restent inférieurs aux rendements potentiels. En vue de relancer la production agricole et d’atténuer le déficit alimentaire, le Gouvernement s’est doté d’un Plan National d’Investissement Agricole (PNIA) qui se décline en 16 Plans Provinciaux d’Investissement Agricole (16 PPIA). Les contraintes majeures sont entre autres: (i) les aléas climatiques et ses conséquences; (ii) l’insuffisance des intrants agricoles et d’élevage; (iii) l’habitat dispersé; (iv) le morcellement des terres cultivables et(v) l’utilisation des engins prohibés dans la pêche avec comme conséquence la diminution de la production halieutique et la perte des espèces. En termes de perspectives, le Gouvernement envisage de: (i) protéger le capital productif; (ii) renforcer l’irrigation collinaire; (iii) promouvoir la politique de villagisation; (iv) appuyer les coopératives; (v) diversifier les multiplicateurs privés de semences sélectionnées et(vi) introduire de nouvelles techniques agricoles dont la mécanisation et redynamiser les structures d'encadrement agricoles afin de passer de l'agriculture d'autosuffisance à l'agriculture de commercialisation. 2.3.2. Nombre d’organisations faîtières fonctionnelles dans les filières café, thé, coton, palmier, riz, lait, etc. Seule la filière café fonctionne avec une organisation faitière. Des stratégies sont en cours de réflexions pour opérationnaliser les autres filières. Les contraintes majeures sont entre autres: (i) l’insuffisance/absence des faîtières fonctionnelles pour le café, le thé, le coton, le palmier et le lait ; (ii) le prix au producteur du café peu motivant ; (iii) les retards de paiement aux caféiculteurs ; (iv) la faible capacité d’accueil pour le thé ; (v) l'insuffisance des intrants agricoles pour le riz ; (vi) l’insuffisance des unités de transformation, de conservation et d’écoulement du lait ; (vii) les pratiques traditionnelles agricoles et (viii) le faible niveau d’instruction des gestionnaires. En termes de perspectives, le Gouvernement envisage de : (i) encadrer et structurer les coopératives ; (ii) organiser la société civile en faitières ; (iii) intéresser les caféiculteurs et les payer à temps ; (iv) augmenter le prix/ kg du café ; (v) étendre les complexes théicoles ; 43 (vi) disponibiliser les intrants pour le riz ; (vii) créer les unités de transformation et de conservation du lait ; (viii) moderniser l’agriculture et (ix) recycler les gestionnaires des Centres de Collecte de Lait( CCL). 2.3.3. Quantité de la production annuelle (en tonnes ; nombre de têtes de bétail) La production annuelle des spéculations majeures augmente au Burundi depuis 2016 et l’augmentation se poursuit saisonnièrement malgré les contraintes perçues dans le secteur agricole. Les chiffres suivants de 2018 font foi : Production de l'année 2018: 51 448 tonnes de beurre; 240.663,261 tonnes de viande; 27 490 tonnes de poissons; 318 726 397 tonnes de miel Nombre de têtes de bétail en 2018: 81 314 vaches frisonnes et 133 828 croisés; 95 812 caprins croisés boer et 55 375 croisés alpine ; 114 624 porcins Large White Tableau 8 : Estimation des besoins en lait, viande, œufs et poissons de 2016 à 2025 Année Lait (litres) Viande (kg) Œuf (nombre) Poisson (kg) 2016 911.028.411 468.243.216 7.491.891.450 215.520.165 2017 936.486.431 480.805.375 7.692.886.000 221.302.200 2018 961.610.750 493.136.033 7.890.176.530 226.977.681 2019 986.272.066 505.163.376 8.082.614.020 232.513.554 2020 1.010.326.753 516.828.959 8.269.263.340 237.882.918 2021 1.033.657.918 532.333.828 8.517.341.240 245.019.406 2022 1.096.607.734 548.303.867 8.772.861.870 252.369.999 2023 1.129.505.915 564.752.958 9.036.047.322 259.941.087 2024 1.163.391.093 581.695.546 9.307.128.741 267.739.320 2025 1.198.292.825 599.146.413 9.586.342.604 275.771.500 Source: MINEAGRIE (Document d'intensification agricole au Burundi); Données calculées à partir des projections de la population et des besoins journaliers par personne et par jour - Base de calcul - Besoin laitier: 0,25 litre par personne et par jour - Besoin en viande: 125 grs par personne et par jour - Besoins en œuf : deux œufs par personne et par jour - Besoins en poisson: 21 kgs par personne et par an Les contraintes majeures sont entre autres : (i) la rareté des races améliorées ; (ii) l’absence des recensements du bétail ; (iii) l’insuffisance des moyens de collecte des données statistiques agricoles ; (iv) la réduction des pâturages à cause de la pression démographique ; (v) les épizooties ; (vi) l’insuffisance des infrastructures d'élevage et (vii) l’insuffisance des médecins vétérinaires. 44 En termes de perspectives, le Gouvernement envisage de: (i) multiplier les pharmacies vétérinaires; (ii) repeupler le cheptel; (iii) promouvoir les centres naisseurs et des écloseries ; (iv) élaborer en concertation avec les pêcheurs des plans de pêche rationnelle; (v) faire régulièrement le recensement annuel du bétail; (vi) rendre disponibles les moyens de collecte des données; (vii) pratiquer la stabulation permanente; (viii) renforcer le Centre d'Insémination Artificielle et (ix) ouvrir une formation doctorale en médecine vétérinaire. Les interventions stratégiques sont entre autres: (i) mettre à la disposition de la recherche un financement adapté; (ii) mettre en place une plate forme de concertation Producteurs– Chercheurs-Vulgarisateurs; (iii) développer un canal de vulgarisation des acquis de la recherche; (iv) renforcer la coopération régionale et internationale en matière de recherche; (v) faciliter l’accès au crédit agricole et non-agricole adapté au milieu rural en particulier pour les femmes; (vi) aménager et protéger les marais, les périmètres irrigués et les bassins versants; (vii) réhabiliter et /ou construire des infrastructures de collecte et de stockage des produits agricoles (végétaux, animaux et halieutiques) dans les communes; (viii) intensifier l’agriculture-élevage notamment pour la production de la fumure organique et (ix) établir/renforcer les groupements agricoles, les organiser en réseaux et renforcer leur relation commerciale avec le secteur privé.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "bdi", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-bdi-2020-fr-2.pdf", "language": "fr", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2020 }
78 SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture The first indicator is the obesity rate of the adult population. Food security has largely been achieved in Belgium. It seemed thus more relevant to focus on an impact of the abundant diet in Belgium (and of sedentarity), that is obesity, as it is associated with non-com￾municable diseases such as diabetes, cardio-vascular diseases, and some cancers. The second indicator measures the area of organic agriculture, a proxy for sustainable agriculture. UN-Target: 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons. UNSTAT-Indicator: 2.2.1 Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height >+2 or <-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight). NVR-Indicator Adult obesity: percentage of population of 18 years and over. 11,5 12,0 12,5 13,0 13,5 14,0 14,5 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 2016 Chart 3. Adult obesity Percentage of population of 18 years and over Belgium Source: Scientific Institute of Public Health Definition: percentage of the adult population (18 years and over) with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30. The BMI is the weight of a person (in kg) divided by the square of its height (in meters). Objective: to be consistent with target 2.2, this indicator should decrease. Disaggregations: sex, education, income. Source: Scientific Institute of Public Health (2014), Drieskens, S. État nutritionnel. In: Gisle L, Demarest S (éd.). Enquête de santé 2013. Rapport 2: Comportements de santé et style de vie. WIV-ISP, Bruxelles; Scientific Institute of Public Health (2016), Belgian Health Interview Survey – Interactive Analysis, https://hisia. wiv-isp.be/SitePages/Home.aspx. UN-Target: 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality. UNSTAT-Indicator: 2.4.1 Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture. NVR-Indicator Organic agriculture area: percentage of agricultural area. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 2016 Chart 4. Organic agriculture area Percentage of agricultural area Belgium Source: calculations FPB (based on Statistics Belgium, Eurostat) EU-28 Definition: share of the total agricultural land where organic agriculture methods are used. Objective: to be consistent with target 2.4, this indicator should increase. Disaggregations: none. Source: calculations FPB based on Statistics Belgium (2016), Chiffres-clés de l’agriculture 2010-2015 and on Statistics Bel￾gium (2016), Agriculture biologique (last consulted 2/5/2017); calculations FPB based on Eurostat (2016), Organic crop area by agricultural production methods and crops, code org_cropar and on Eurostat (2016), Land use: number of farms and areas of different crops by type of farming, code ef_oluft (last consulted 2/5/2017).
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "bel", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-bel-2017-en-3.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2017 }
11 Belgium focuses on inte￾grated solutions, innovative value chains and systemic in￾novations in the food system. At stake here is the relation￾ship between diet, health and ecosystem sustainability. The aim is to arrive at a smaller footprint in food production, a reduced dependence of raw materials, the use and intake of alternative forms of proteins (algae, plants, insects), higher efficiency throughout the various links of the food supply chain, correct prices and safe and decent working conditions for the actors in the food chain – both domestically and in the world. Like in many other countries in the European region, prev￾alence of overweight and obesity is an issue of concern in Belgium. About 13.7% of the adult population is overweight or obese, largely due to unhealthy diets and physical inactivity. People with low income and/or education levels tend to be more obese. At the same time, the number of people in Belgium unable to afford a quality meal per day is increasing, with over 140,000 persons – over 1% of the population – assisted through food banks in 2016. High population density as well as the governments’ spatial planning policies have resulted in a strong competition for open space. The evolution of farming types has been influenced by the relative scarcity of land and some farming methods have had adverse environmental impacts on soil (degradation), wa￾ter quality (depletion of nitrate and phosphorus) and climate (release of greenhouse gases). On the other hand, Belgium has put in place several biodiversity-friendly measures on agricul￾tural lands and has in recent years enlarged its percentage of agricultural land used for organic farming to just over 5% - which is slightly below the EU average of 6.4% (indicator 4 in annex). The current Federal Action Plan on Nutrition and Health runs until 2020 and aims to positively influence the dietary habits of the population, in order to reduce preventable diseases, such as cardiovascular ones, as well as their risk factors. In consultation with the food operators (food in￾dustry, retailers, caterers and restaurants), the improve￾ment of products’ nutritional quality receives special at￾tention. Actions will focus inter alia on more comprehensive food labelling and stricter regulations when it comes to marketing towards children. Ongoing consultations with sector organizations aim at reducing the amount of salt, added sugars, saturated fat and portion sizes. Given the number of people in Belgium unable to afford a quality meal per day, Wallonia embedded a series of food related measures (social groceries, distribution of unsold food) in its earlier mentioned poverty eradication plan, and made it permanent through legislative action taken by the regional parliament on food aid to people in precarious situations. Belgian food banks 1 provide food assistance to people in need, paying particular attention to the nutritional quality of the products distributed, as well as to their suitability for consumption (2.1). The Brussels-Capital Region agreed in 2015 on a series of “from farm to fork” measures 2 for the next five years, including targets for the development of new urban farm￾ing projects with an objective of producing 30% of fruit and vegetables locally by 2035 and bringing about a 30% reduction in food waste by 2020 (2.1). SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 12 By 2019 Wallonia aims to make consumption and produc￾tion more sustainable across food supply chains, including by shortening the latter 3. The region has put in place in 2014 an online platform to facilitate the purchase in short circuit of local and seasonal products at the community level 4. It proposes a public procurement interface, linking suppliers of products of agricultural origin to canteens, restaurants and other regional and local public administra￾tions and institutions wishing to acquire food products and ornamental horticulture in short circuit 5. A first strategic plan for the development, processing and consumption of biological agriculture produce runs until 20206; it aims at doubling the usable acreage by 14% (using a 2012 base￾line) and involving almost 1700 officially certified biological exploitations (2.3, 2.4, 6.3). ‘Action labs’ are set up by the private sector in the region of Flanders in order to spur the innovation potential of the agro-food industry in making the food chain more sustainable. Examples include local soy culture, involv￾ing catering services, the use of biological bread-mak￾ing cereals and added value poultry, systematic and safe transfers of fresh and processed food waste, processing by-catch in fisheries, and producing antibiotics-free pork. Food chain-wide consultations are taking place among the various chain links on a voluntary basis, striving for bet￾ter collaboration, information sharing, good partnership relations and up-scaled joint solutions, while preserving contractual freedom. Consultations are taking place inter alia about adopting and complying with sustainability cri￾teria in the food industry and distribution’s order books. Flemish strategies on local food aim at restoring the link between consumers and producers, and cities with the countryside, following growing consumer demand to trace back their food. Various initiatives on farm products and urban gardening allotments thus receive support. Rural development planning in the same region 7 focuses on young farmers, innovation and education, increasing resil￾ience as well as economic and ecological sustainability, and strengthening the countryside’s vitality by firmly embed￾ding a swiftly evolving agricultural sector. Cross-cutting goals are innovation, environment and climate adaptation and mitigation, and demonstration projects for the benefit of farmers and horticulturists receive regional funding (2.4). Between 2013 and 2015, Belgium dedicated almost 15 percent of its ODA (around 220 to 240 million EUR an￾nually) to actions aimed at ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition and promoting sustainable agriculture abroad. In a deliberate effort to better struc￾ture its actions conceptually and to adapt them to the new international agenda, the Belgian development coopera￾tion in May 2017 launched a new strategy on agriculture and food security. This strategy revolves around two axes (inclusive economic growth and a rights based approach) and three overarching priorities (nutrition, gender equal￾ity and sustainability), puts the farmer center stage as a social entrepreneur and strives to enhance agricultural productivity within stable and efficient food systems on the one hand and to ban hunger and malnutrition on the other. Beyond goal 2, mainly SDGs 1, 3, 5, 13, 14, 15 and 16 are referenced in the strategy. Our main multilateral partners in this field are the CGIAR System Organization, the Food and Agriculture Or￾ganization (FAO) and the World Food Program (WFP). One third of the FAO’s un-earmarked voluntary contri￾butions originate in Belgium, which has contributed in no small way to the elaboration of the Committee on World Food Security’s voluntary guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forests in the context of national food security (VGGT). Together with Italy, Belgium is the only developed country in the world which also applies these guidelines at home to address domestic issues of land tenure. Belgium actively supports 13 the mandate and work of the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to food 8, reflecting our rights-based approach to food security. Many of the Belgian development actors have been focusing on increasing smallholders’ agricul￾tural productivity and income (2.3) as well as on invest￾ing in rural infrastructure, research and technology (2.a). The Government of Flanders has dedicated its en￾tire country strategy paper for Malawi to food securi￾ty and agriculture, committed an annual investment of 5 million EUR in this regard and is working with the WFP and the Agricultural Commodity Exchange for Africa (ACE) on the “Strengthening Farmer Organizations and Rural Structured Trade Mechanisms in Malawi” project, aiming to strengthen the economic situation of some 50,000 smallholder farmers (among whom 40% are women) by improving their access to agricultural markets. The Belgian development agency has set up Farmer Field Schools for smallholders in Rwanda (50% or more produc￾tivity increases for 73% of the involved farmers), supporting the establishment of homegrown and up-scaled solutions for extension services to increase farm yields and foster solidarity; provides institutional and operational support to that end in Burundi; and focuses its efforts in Benin also on the promotion of environmentally sustainable practices in production. The Belgian Royal Museum for Central Africa contributes with various partners in combating damage to harvests caused by the African fruit fly in countries such as Côte d’Ivoire, South Africa and Kenya (2.3). Indirect cooperation, implemented through Belgian civil society organizations, supports livelihoods development by smallholder farmers and attaches particular interest to the development of value chains. Concrete examples include the roll out in Senegal of a business skills and entrepreneurial development program for local farmers in terms of product quality, production and marketing. This unique partnership, involving also one of the big￾gest Belgian retail groups 9 aims to reach more than 100,000 rice, sesame and organic banana producers (including a sizeable proportion of women and youngsters). Other examples are the AgriCongo Alliance whereby 17 Belgian NGOs collaborate in strengthening the capacity of farmer organizations in the DRC in terms of land rights, rural infrastructure and rural financing; and the Farmers Fighting Poverty program with the Tanzania Horticultural Association whereby negotiated market linkages enabled an estimated 8000 farmers in Zanzibar to increase the price they received by 10 percent and paved the way for adopting more sustainable energy solutions in the fruit and vegetable value chain. The Belgian Investment Com￾pany for Developing Countries (BIO) has developed a large portfolio in terms of rural investment (2.a), through its Agricultural and Rural Impulse Fund (7,5 million USD equity investment in 2015) and through freshly provided loans to local banks and farming businesses in Paraguay, Mongolia and Senegal. Belgium houses the Bioversity International Musa Germplasm Transit Centre, which is considered the world’s largest banana gene bank. It helps securing biodiversity while promoting better nutrition through food rich in key micronutrients (2.5), including by introducing and testing banana varieties from Asia and the Pacific in East Africa. The Belgian Federal Science Policy Office participated in LEAP-Agri, the long-term EU-Africa research and innovation partnership on food and nutrition security and sustainable agriculture (2.4, 2.a), which has just rolled out a new five-year program with a joint call on research, mobility and capacity building activities.
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SDG 2/ ZERO HUNGER SDG 2/ ZERO HUNGER - 32 - SDG2 ZERO HUNGER End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutriton and promote sustainable agriculture SDG Indicator Unit Objectve Assessment i07. Adult obesity % o i08. Meat consumpton g/inhabitant/day i09. Organic agriculture area % The various policy levels have drafed new acton plans since the previous review in 2017. COLLABORATIVE PROCESSES The Made in Ostbelgien project of the Ger￾man-speaking Community focuses on regional short-chain products. The label aims to promote the sustainable development of the region, with closer links between producers and consumers that help strengthen the economy, secure jobs in the region, strengthen regional identty and preserve the cul￾tural landscape for future generatons. In Wallonia, the Walloon College for Sustainable Food developed Food Wallonia with a partcipa￾tory approach towards the end of 2022, an alliance between employment and environment in the area of food. To facilitate the transiton to a sustaina￾ble food system, Food Wallonia works around six objectves: • Ensuring access to sustainable food; • Contributng to the good health of citzens; • Generatng socio-economic wealth; • Protectng the environment; • Obtaining a high level of expertse and skills in sustainable food systems; • Applying responsible and efectve governance mechanisms. This acton plan comprehensively contributes to the EU Farm To Fork and Biodiversity strategies for 2030. In the French Community, a budget has been set aside to develop the provision of free meals in ele￾mentary schools where the pupils are generally the most socio-economically disadvantaged. The Flemish programme Flanders’ FOOD brings start-ups with protein innovatons in contact with established players in the food industry, to foster exchange and collaboraton. PESTICIDES With the Natonal Acton Plan for Pestcide Reduc￾ton 2023-2027, adopted in late 2022, the govern￾ment is stepping up its ambitons to reduce the impact of pestcide use on human health and the SDG 2/ ZERO HUNGER - 33 - environment. Flanders is also commited to reduc￾ing agricultural pestcides, with the preparaton of a Flemish Acton Plan on Sustainable Pestcide Use 2023-2027, and it also supports the EU ambiton to use 50% less pestcides by 2030. AGRICULTURE/PRODUCTION The Flemish objectves framework Vizier 2030 focuses on agricultural productvity in the short term, with a long-term focus on securing food resources. Nevertheless, the Flemish ambitons are more far-reaching. For example, agriculture is an im￾portant link in the transiton priority of the Circular economy. With the Flemish food strategy ‘Vlaamse Kost’ (Flemish cuisine), in additon to healthy food, the Flemish government is commited to a resilient, sustainable circular food economy that brings farm￾ers and citzens closer together, making a fair food price possible for both. This strategy should boost the agricultural sector to achieve both an equitable income for each link in the food chain (SDG 2.3) and sustainability (SDG 2.4). The Flemish Protein Strategy 2021-2030 ensures the sustainability and diversifcaton of protein produc￾ton. It involves a shif from animal to plant protein, as well as alternatve sources of protein. With the Strategic Plan for Organic Agriculture 2018-2022, Flanders was one step ahead of the EU organic regulaton in 2021. The plan refects rapidly growing consumer demand for more home-grown organic products, and aims to allow Flemish organic agricul￾ture to contnue its growth. In 2021, the Walloon government launched ‘Plan Bio 2030’, a new development plan for organic producton in Wallonia. The goal is to increase regional supply and demand for organic products, balancing the two to maximize the positve impact for the region. The strategic part of the plan sets ambitous development targets for the organic sector by 2030, including: 30% of agricultural land cultvated under organic rules, 4,720 farms under organic control, 1,490 processing plants for agricultural products under organic control, and a 14.9% share of organ￾ic products in the total share of food bought. The operatonal part of the plan contains the actons for an inital fve-year period (2021-2025). Both the development and implementaton of the plan are through a partcipatory approach with the gov￾ernments, associatons and representatves of the organic sector in Wallonia. FOOD AID The federal government has substantally increased the ofering of food aid. In 2020, €13 million was earmarked for the purchase of perishable foods. In 2023, €25 million has now been earmarked for purchases of these products. Government acton has also put together an ofering of material aid (shampoo, toothpaste, nappies, tampons, sani￾tary towels) with a budget of €8 million over three years. Although the link with food aid may not seem obvious, purchasing these essentals does weigh on a household’s budget. Thanks to the government organising the distributon of these products, many households have been able to spend part of their budget to buy new food products. In order to reduce the pernicious socio-economic and environmental impact of the use of biofuels, not to compromise food safety and limit the impact on food prices, the federal government decided to phase out the share of biofuels produced from food and feed crops. In Brussels, the Region and Communites have joined forces to provide structural resources to support coordinaton and consultaton on food aid, grocery stores and social restaurants. The Brussels Region is also bolstering the fnances of the Europe￾an Social Fund for the Most Deprived, implemented by the federal state, with an additonal budget of €17 million for the period 2021-2027. This support was strengthened in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, namely through a specifc call for pro￾jects on the right to food and food aid. The Good Food 2 strategy of the Brussels-Capital Region aims to give every Brussels citzen access to good food, adapted to their needs, while respectng a fair price for producers. The strategy supports projects that encourage the accessibility of good nutriton for all, provides for the training of social SDG 2/ ZERO HUNGER - 34 - and health professionals in the principles of good nutriton and aims to act at the neighbourhood level with actons that meet the specifc needs of neigh￾bourhoods where there is litle or no supply of good nutriton. INTERNATIONAL ACTIONS As the food crises are on the rise, the federal government is focusing both on short-term solu￾tons, through humanitarian contributons to the World Food Program (WFP), among other things, and long-term structural solutons by supportng the transiton to more sustainable food systems. There is specifc focus on: • Supportng agro-ecological methods; • Promotng a more inclusive approach (especially women and small-scale farmers); • Fostering access to safe, high-quality and afordable food; • Investment in research and access to innovatons. The federal government approaches this via the various channels of Belgian Internatonal Solidarity: support for a resilient and climate-friendly agricultural sector is one of the priorites within the governmental cooperaton, but also through mult￾lateral partners (contributons to the Flexible Fund of the UN Food and Agriculture Organizaton (FAO) and the Consultatve Group on Internatonal Agricultural Research (CGIAR)) and through non-governmental partners and university cooperaton. The Flemish Government has signed a new agreement with the UN Food and Agriculture Organizaton for the Flemish contributon 2022-2025 to the Flexible Voluntary Contributon (FVC) to the so-called Four Beters (beter producton, nutriton, environment and life), including innovatons to make agri-food systems in Africa more resilient to climate change. The Flemish development cooper￾aton in Malawi focuses entrely on the agricultural sector. Various grants have been made available to support both government and non-governmental projects to make the agricultural sector more resil￾ient to the efects of climate change and promote gender equality in the sector. The Brussels-Capital Region partcipates in a project in Kinshasa to address food insecurity. Thanks to this project, food products can be directly processed in rural areas into four, to create a value chain and reduce the number of middlemen, while developing the chain for selling and marketng products in cites. CHALLENGES There is a need for a transiton of the entre food system, with a comprehensive approach in all links of the chain. This needs to take socio-economic aspects into account, including the viability of farms and access to sustainable food for all. Climate mitgaton and climate adaptaton represent challenges for the agriculture and food sectors. The efects of climate change are complicatng the cultvaton of various crops. At the same tme, the agricultural sector also plays a role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Yet there are also oppor￾tunites for the sector as a linchpin in the transiton priorites of the circular economy, energy, climate and environment.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "bel", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-bel-2023-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2023 }
ODD 2 « Faim zéro » 71. Au terme du diagnostic de la situation alimentaire et nutritionnelle, il ressort que malgré les progrès importants accomplis, de nombreux défis restent encore à relever pour répondre présent au rendez-vous de 2030. L’insécurité alimentaire (9,6% en 2017 contre 11% en 2013) et le retard de croissance des enfants de moins de cinq ans (32% en 2014 contre 34% en 2017-2018) sont en recul au fil des ans au moment où la malnutrition chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans stagne (passant de 6,2% en 2014 à 6,8% en 2017-2018). 72. Les actions du Gouvernement avec l’appui financier des partenaires au développement ont permis, entre autres, de conseiller 147.882 femmes enceintes en 2019 contre 50 000 en 2018 sur la nutrition tout en leur donnant un supplément en fer/acide folique pendant la grossesse. Le nombre de mères d'enfant de 0 à 23 mois qui ont reçu des conseils sur l'alimentation optimale du nourrisson et du jeune enfant est en hausse passant de 60 000 en 2018 à 72 207 en 2019. Figure 4 : Prévalence de la malnutrition et du retard de croissance des enfants de moins de cinq ans par département au Bénin a) Prévalence de la malnutrition b) Prévalence du retard de croissance Source : MICS 2014, EDS 2017-2018, INSAE 73. Par ailleurs, une nette progression est observée au niveau du volume de production par unité de travail au Bénin de 2015 à 2019. En effet, le volume est passé respectivement de 6,6 à 7,3 et à 7,9 tonnes par unité de travailleur respectivement en 2015, en 2018 et en 2019. Ainsi, pour éliminer la faim et garantir la sécurité alimentaire au Bénin, les actions de politiques ci-après ont été menées : (i) la mise en œuvre progressive de la réforme du secteur agricole suivant les potentialités de chaque zone agro écologique avec la création de 12 Directions Départementales de l’Agriculture de l’Elevage et de la Pêche (DDAEP) pour les fonctions régaliennes et 07 Agences Territoriales de Développement Agricole (ATDA) pour la promotion des filières agricoles ; (ii) l’élaboration des Projets Nationaux de Développement des filières (PNDF) prenant en compte : (a) les Filières à Haute Valeur Ajoutée (ananas, anacarde et produits maraîchers) ; (b) les Filières Conventionnelles (riz, maïs et manioc) et (c) les Filières de l’Elevage (viande, lait et œufs de table) ; (iii) la mise en chantier du Projet d'Appui au Développement Agricole et à l'Accès au Marché (PADAAM) avec le FIDA à hauteur de 18 milliards FCFA qui opère dans 27 communes. Ce projet a pu aménager 530 hectares. Au cours de l’année 2019, par la maîtrise d’ouvrage déléguée, 1150 hectares de cultures maraîchères sont en train d’être aménagés ; (iv) l’introduction de nouvelles technologies dans les secteurs de l’ananas, du cajou et du riz qui permettent d’éviter l’infestation des champs et de gérer l’espace dans lequel se font les cultures de cajou et les autres techniques contre l’incendie. Ces nouvelles technologies ont permis de passer de 216.000 tonnes de production de riz en 2016 à 407 000 tonnes en 2019 ; (v) l’augmentation de la production cotonnière à 678 000 tonnes qui fait du Bénin, le premier producteur de l’or blanc en Afrique. Le Bénin est passé à l’utilisation des semences « délintées » pour améliorer sa production cotonnière. L’usine de délintage a été installée dans la commune de Bembèrèkè et permettra d’utiliser au plus 10 kg de graines par hectare contre 20 kg aujourd’hui. ; (vi) la mise en place de l’Agence Nationale de la Mécanisation financée au cours de l’année 2019 à hauteur de 800 millions FCFA en vue d’acquérir des équipements complémentaires. En 2018, 400 kits de tracteurs ont été mis en place en plus de ce que les producteurs ont déjà acheté ; (vii) dans le cadre de la recherche agricole, l’installation de 23 sites de recherches dans des villages pour accompagner les innovations mises en place par les habitants.
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[ 2 ]
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Rapport National volontaire (RNV)2016-2018 23 ODD 2 : ELIMINER LA FAIM, ASSURER LA SECURITE ALIMENTAIRE, AMELIORER LA NUTRITION ET PROMOUVOIR L’AGRICULTURE DURABLE Au Burkina Faso, l’ODD 2 est pris en compte dans le Plan national de développement économique et social (PNDES) à travers l’axe 2 « développer le capital humain » et l’axe 3 « dynamiser les secteurs porteurs pour l’économie et l’emploi ». Les effets attendus pour atteindre cet ODD sont : (i) l’état nutritionnelle de la population, en particulier des femmes et des enfants, est amélioré, (ii) le secteur primaire contribue à la sécurité alimentaire, à l’emploi décent, à l’approvisionnement de l’agro-industrie nationale et est respectueux des principes de développement durable et (iii) la résilience des ménages agro-sylvo-pastoraux, fauniques, et halieutiques aux risques est renforcée. Les principales politiques et stratégies définies pour l’opérationnalisation de cet ODD sont : (i) la Stratégie de développement rural (SDR) à l’horizon 2025, (ii) la Stratégie nationale de développement durable de l’agriculture irriguée (SNDDAI) adoptée en avril 2004, (iii) la Rapport National volontaire (RNV)2016-2018 24 Politique sectorielle production agro-sylvo-pastorale (PS-PASP) adoptée en mars 2018 , (ii) la Politique nationale de sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle (PNSAN) adoptée en octobre 2018 et (iii) la Politique nationale de développement durable de l’élevage (PNDEL) adoptée en septembre 2010. Au Burkina Faso 3 cibles accélératrices ont été retenues pour l’atteinte de l’ODD 2, il s’agit des cibles 2.1, 2.2 et 2.3. Cible 2.1 : D’ici à 2030, éliminer la faim et faire en sorte que chacun, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes en situation vulnérable, y compris les nourrissons, ait accès tout au long de l’année a une alimentation saine, nutritive et suffisante. Au cours de ces dernières années, des progrès ont été réalisés pour éliminer la faim, l'insécurité alimentaire et la malnutrition. En effet, le taux disponible apparent céréalier a connu une hausse significative qui est respectivement de 231 kg/ hbt/an en 2015 et 245 kg/ hbt/an en 2016. Le taux de couverture des besoins céréaliers a connu aussi une amélioration entre 2015 et 2018, passant de 104% en 2015 à 109% en 2018 (résultats définitifs de l’EPA) passant de 96% à 104% (résultats prévisionnels de l’EPA). En Outre, le taux de pauvreté alimentaire est passé de 58,5% à 57,7% (INSD, EMC 2014) entre 2009 et 2014 et l’incidence de la sous￾alimentation en milieu rural s’est établit à 15,4% en 2012 ainsi que la proportion de ménages qui n'arrivent pas à couvrir leur besoin énergétique à 45,40% en 2014. Pour engranger ses succès, le gouvernement s’est attaqué aux causes structurelles profondes de la faim tout en élargissant leurs filets de sécurité. Le Gouvernement a entrepris entre 2016 et 2017 : la mise à disposition aux acteurs vulnérables du monde rural de 35 036 tonnes d’engrais, 10 625 tonnes de semences, 22 161 équipements au profit de 280 029 producteurs dont 95 294 femmes pour les engrais, de 479 946 producteurs dont 196 352 femmes pour les semences et 18 232 producteurs dont 8 488 femmes pour les équipements. Pour faire face à l’insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle conjoncturelles, le Gouvernement et ses partenaires développent depuis 2012 un plan de réponse et de soutien aux personnes vulnérables. Pour l’année 2018, le coût total de ce plan est de 81,49 milliards de FCFA. Les actions majeures du plan pour l’année 2018 ont porté sur : les actions d’assistance alimentaire, les actions de résilience et les actions de nutrition. Les actions d’assistance alimentaire ont concerné : la distribution gratuite de 66 992 tonnes de vivres distribuées à 299 254 ménages pauvres d’un cout total de 18,44 milliards de FCFA, la distribution de cash inconditionnel d’un montant de 9,62 milliards de FCFA au profit de 228 345 bénéficiaires, l’Opérations de vente de 17 882 tonnes de céréales à prix social à 84 790 ménages d’un coût de 5,35 milliards de FCFA, la vente de 77 148 tonnes de céréales à prix subventionné aux Rapport National volontaire (RNV)2016-2018 25 personnes vulnérables à 243 333 ménages d’un coût opérationnel de 23,05 milliards de FCFA. Les actions de résilience ont concerné : (i) le soutien à la production maraîchère dans des zones vulnérables avec 4 535 kits de semences et d’engrais et 1 062 kits de petits matériels ont été mis à disposition de 6 752 ménages pour un montant de 170,25 millions de FCFA (ii) l’appui des producteurs de cultures pluviales des zones vulnérables avec 1 696 tonnes de semences de céréales d’un coût de 1,03 milliards de FCFA à 281 437 ménages et 339 tonnes de semences de niébé d’un coût de 358,06 millions de FCFA à 35 838 ménages , (iii) le soutien à la production céréalière de saison sèche de 2017-2018 avec 6 837,52 ha emblavés, (iv) la vente à prix subventionné de 4 562,40 tonnes d’aliments pour bétail dans les provinces à faible disponibilité de biomasse et sur les axes de transhumance. Cible 2.2 : D’ici à 2030, mettre fin à toutes les formes de malnutrition, y compris en réalisant d’ici à 2025 les objectifs arrêtés à l’échelle internationale relatifs aux retards de croissance et a l’émaciation parmi les enfants de moins de 5 ans, et répondre aux besoins nutritionnels des adolescentes, des femmes enceintes ou allaitantes et des personnes âgées. La malnutrition est un problème universel qui retarde le développement et dont les conséquences humaines sont inacceptables. Le Gouvernement conscient de cette problématique a pris en charge cette urgence et a enregistré des progrès considérables pour réduire la malnutrition aigüe et la prévalence de l’insuffisance pondérale chez les enfants. En effet, la prévalence de la malnutrition aigüe chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans a connu une baisse notable depuis 2015, passant de 10,4% en 2015 à 8,5% en 2018 et la prévalence de l’insuffisance pondérale chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans a connu une baisse depuis 2015, passant de 23 % en 2015 à 17,8% en 2018. Graphique 2: Tendance de la malnutrition Source : DN, ENN, 2017 Rapport National volontaire (RNV)2016-2018 26 Les actions majeures ayant contribué à l’amélioration de ces indicateurs sont : (i) l’acquisition des intrants nutritionnels au profit des FS , (ii) l’organisation des Journées Vitamine A+ ,(iii) la Prise en charge (PEC) des cas de malnutris , (iv) la Campagnes de Dépistage de la malnutrition couplées à la CPS , (v) le Renforcement de compétences des agents sur l’ANJE , (vi) La Supervision des acteurs dans la MEO des activités de nutrition ,(vii) et la poursuite du passage à l’échelle de la promotion de l’alimentation du nourrisson et du jeune enfant (ANJE). Le coût global de ces actions s’élevait à 7 126 407 598 pour les années 2016 et 2017 permettant la prise en charge de 194 674 cas de malnutrition aigüe sévère avec un taux de guérison comprise entre 86,9% et 92,48 % (rapports CSD santé 2016 et 2017). Cibles 2.3 : D’ici à 2030, doubler la productivité agricole et les revenus des petits producteurs alimentaires, en particulier les femmes, les autochtones, le s exploitants familiaux, les éleveurs et les pécheurs, y compris en assurant l’égalité d’accès aux terres, aux autres ressources productives et intrants, au savoir, aux service s financiers, aux marches et aux possibilités d’ajout de valeur et d’emploi autr es qu’agricoles. Au Burkina Faso, les petits agriculteurs jouent un rôle essentiel dans la sécurité alimentaire. Ils constituent en outre la majorité des personnes vivant dans l’extrême pauvreté d’où l’enjeu de doubler leur productivité. Pour ce faire, les investissements réalisés dans les domaines de la productivité agricole et des systèmes de production vivrière ont permis d’améliorer la sécurité alimentaire. Ainsi, les productions des cultures céréalières par actif agricole sont passées de 366,3 kg en 2011 à 437 kg en 2017, les productions par actif agricole des cultures de rente, de 81,34 kg en 2011 à 147 kg en 2017 et les productions par actif agricole des autres cultures vivrières ont atteint à 150 kg en 2017. Graphique 3: Tendance de la productivité (par actif agricole et en kg) Source : Tableau de bord du MAAH 2011- 2017 Rapport National volontaire (RNV)2016-2018 27 En valeur, et en s’intéressant au secteur primaire de façon globale, la production du secteur primaire par actif agricole a connu une légère croissance depuis 2015 en passant de 357,78 FCFA en 2014 à 378,75 FCFA en 2017. Les principales actions ont concerné les appuis aux productions agro-sylvo-pastorale. Ainsi pour la campagne 2017/2018, en matière de production végétale, les actions ont porté sur la mise à disposition de 6 711,22 tonnes de semences améliorées de céréales et d’autres cultures vivrières et de rente. Aussi, ont été mises à la disposition des producteurs : (i) 1 333 850 boutures de manioc et de patate, (ii) 8 588,95 tonnes d’engrais minéraux et de 10 742 unités d’équipements (3978 charrues, 3514 houes manga, 2335 charrettes, 764 butteurs et 151 semoirs). Au titre de l’amélioration de l’alimentation du bétail, entre 2016 et 2017, 64 570 tonnes de Sous-produits agro-industriels et 2 750 équipements (511 broyeurs polyvalent, 162 motoculteurs, 2077 charrettes) ont été mis à la disposition des acteurs de l’élevage. Au titre de la prévention des maladies animales prioritaires, ce sont au total 42 043 606 de têtes de volailles, 7 004 683 têtes de bovins et 619 953 têtes de petits ruminants qui ont été vaccinées respectivement contre la maladie de New Castle (MNC), la péripneumonie contagieuse bovine et la peste des petits ruminants entre 2016 et 2017. En outre, en matière d’accès aux crédits agricoles, l’Etat burkinabè a créé en 2018 une banque agricole d’un capital de démarrage de 14,2 milliards de CFA. Par ailleurs, un fonds de développement de l’élevage a été mis en place. Sur le plan juridique, la loi N° 034-2009/AN portant régime foncier rural favorise l’accès équitable de l’ensemble des acteurs ruraux aux terres rurales, sans distinction d’origine ethnique, de sexe, de religion, de catégorie sociale, de nationalité et d’appartenance politique à ces articles 07, 13, 16 et 75. En termes de difficultés, on peut noter principalement le faible taux d’accès aux crédits agricoles, les aléas climatiques et la pression parasitaire (chenille légionnaire d’automne), la faible maitrise de l’eau qui impactent négativement la production agricole et le disponible fourrager. En outre, on note des insuffisances : en matière de ressources financières, de capacités et compétences de certains acteurs, d’appui en intrants nutritionnels pour la prise en charge des malnutris aigus modérés dans 9 régions sanitaires, de données sur les carences en micronutriments et d’acteurs communautaires pour la mise en œuvre de la stratégie ANJE communautaire.
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46 Rapport national volontaire (2016-2022) Burkina Faso Cible 2.1. Cible 2.2. La sécurité alimentaire a toujours été au cœur des préoccupations des gouvernants du Burkina Faso eu égard aux besoins de consommation de plus en plus croissants de la population. D’ici à 2030, éliminer la faim et faire en sorte que chacun, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes en situation vulnérable, y compris les nourrissons, ait accès tout au long de l’année à une alimentation saine, nutritive et suffisante Au Burkina Faso, plus de la moitié de la population est en situation de pauvreté alimentaire. L’incidence de la pauvreté alimentaire25 est estimée à 50,7% en 2018. Elle présente des disparités selon le milieu et la région de résidence. En milieu rural, elle est de 62,0% contre 18,3% en milieu urbain. Selon les régions de résidence, le Nord (81,3%), le Centre-Nord (68,2%) et le Centre-Ouest (67,2%) ont les plus fortes incidences de pauvreté alimentaire. Les trois plus faibles incidences de pauvreté alimentaire sont enregistrées dans les régions des Cascades (31,2%), du Centre-Sud (37%) et du Centre (10%). À l’image de la pauvreté alimentaire, la sous-alimentation est aussi élevée. Il ressort que trois personnes sur 10 (30,8%) était en situation de sous-alimentation (EHCVM 2018). Cette sous￾alimentation est plus importante en milieu urbain (33,2%) qu’en milieu rural (25,2%). Selon les régions, la sous-alimentation est plus élevée dans la région du Nord avec 65,5% de prévalence contrairement à la région des Cascades où la prévalence est la plus faible (4,8%)26. La proportion des personnes structurellement vulnérables est dans une tendance globalement baissière sur la période 2016-2021. En effet, la proportion des personnes structurellement vulnérables est passée de 17,0% en 2017 à environ 9,0% en 2020. Toutefois, il est noté une détérioration de la situation sur la période 2020-2021 où le taux passe de 9,0% à 16,1%. La dégradation en 2021 s’explique en partie par l’augmentation du nombre de Personnes déplacées internes et la mauvaise campagne agricole 2020/2021. Mettre fin à toutes les formes de malnutrition, y compris en réalisant d’ici à 2025 les objectifs arrêtés à l’échelle internationale relatifs aux retards de croissance et à l’émaciation parmi les enfants de moins de 5 ans L’état nutritionnel de la population burkinabè, notamment des enfants, est en net amélioration en dépit de la situation alimentaire difficile. En effet, la prévalence du retard de croissance chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans est en baisse27, passant de 43% en 2003 à 35% en 2010 et à 23% en 2021. La même tendance est observée en ce qui concerne la prévalence de l’émaciation (21% en 2003 à 16% en 2010 et à 11% en 2021). Par ailleurs, l’excès pondéral qui touchait 5% des enfants en 2003, a baissé à 2% en 2010 et en 2021. ODD 2: Éliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable 47 Ces résultats s’expliquent en partie par la conduite de plusieurs interventions, notamment la supplémentation en vitamine A chez les enfants de 6 à 59 mois, le déparasitage des enfants de 12 à 59 mois, la mise en œuvre du protocole simplifié, la promotion des pratiques optimales de l’ANJE y compris la nutrition maternelle, le dépistage de la malnutrition à domicile (périmètre brachial de la mère) et la prise en charge communautaire de la malnutrition. Aussi, la actions de dépistage et de référencement des ASBC ont permis une meilleure prise en charge des cas de malnutrition des enfants. D’ici à 2030, doubler la productivité agricole et les revenus des petits producteurs alimentaires, en particulier les femmes, les autochtones, les exploitants familiaux, les éleveurs et les pécheurs Les petits exploitants agricoles ont été estimés à environ 60% des exploitants agricoles au Burkina Faso. La superficie moyenne exploitée par ces derniers était de l’ordre de 5,5 ha en 2021 contre 4,8 ha en 2019 et un effectif de cheptel en unité bétail de 8,7 en 202128. La productivité agricole des petits exploitants connaît une amélioration depuis 2019. En effet, la productivité de la terre chez les petits exploitants est passée de 106 693 FCFA/ha en 2019 à 281 426 FCFA/ha en 2020 puis à 337 883 FCFA/ha en 2021. En ce qui concerne la productivité du travail, elle a connu une hausse passant de 267 FCFA/H/Jour en 2019 à 760 FCFA/H/Jour en 2020 et à 807 FCFA/H/Jour en 2021. Les femmes ont une productivité de la terre moindre par rapport aux hommes en 2019 mais la situation s’est inversée à partir de 2020. Quant à la productivité du travail, elle est restée moindre chez les femmes comparativement aux hommes (cf. graphique ci-dessous) sur toute la période. L’amélioration de la productivité des petits exploitants, notamment des femmes, peut s’expliquer par les différentes mesures d’incitation à la production, à la subvention aux intrants agricoles (engrais et semences améliorées) et aux équipements ainsi que l’application du quota d’allocation d’au moins 30% de terres nouvellement aménagées aux femmes. La proportion des superficies nouvellement aménagées allouées aux femmes est passée de 45,94% en 2018 à 50,30% en 2020. 48 Rapport national volontaire (2016-2022) Burkina Faso Le revenu net moyen des petits exploitants connaît une augmentation depuis 2019. Il est passé de 54 269 FCFA en 2019 à 300 579 FCFA en 2020 et à 330 709,52 FCFA en 2021. Il est constaté une accentuation des disparités de revenu moyen net depuis 2019 entre les femmes et les hommes. En effet, l’écart de revenu est passé de 28 312 FCFA en 2019 à 134 433 FCFA en 2021. A) Politiques publiques mises en œuvre Les politiques agricoles pour orienter et fédérer les actions de tous les acteurs pour l’atteinte des Objectifs de développement durable sont : - la Politique sectorielle « production agro-sylvo-pastorale » à l’horizon 2026 ; - la Politique nationale de sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle (PNSAN) ; - la Politique nationale de développement durable de l’élevage (PNDEL) à l’horizon 2025. Ces politiques publiques devraient permettre d’ici à 2026 de créer dans le secteur agricole 267 500 emplois, d’atteindre un taux d’accroissement de la valeur ajoutée du secteur agricole de 6%, de réduire la prévalence de la sous-alimentation à 5%, de réduire l’incidence de la pauvreté en milieu rural à une valeur inférieure à 35% et d’atteindre un taux de commercialisation des produits agricoles (y compris cultures de rente) de 50%. Des mesures stratégiques ont été initiées par le Gouvernement pour accélérer la transformation structurelle de l’agriculture burkinabè afin d’impacter significativement la situation alimentaire et nutritionnelle. L’initiative présidentielle « produire un million de tonnes de riz paddy d’ici à 2021 » s’inscrit dans cette dynamique. Elle a pour objectif principal d’assurer au pays une autosuffisance alimentaire en riz, de limiter les importations estimées à 500 000 tonnes par an et de créer des emplois sur toute la chaîne de valeur. À cela, il faut ajouter la promotion en cours du modèle d’exploitation agricole innovant et performant dont l’objectif global est d’intensifier et de diversifier la production agricole par la mobilisation des eaux souterraines pour une production soutenue. En outre, la création et l’opérationnalisation de la Centrale d’approvisionnement en intrants et matériels agricoles (CAIMA) a été créée pour répondre aux besoins du monde agricole en intrants et en matériels agricoles de qualité. Dans le cadre du renforcement de la situation nutritionnelle des enfants notamment des scolaires, il a été lancé, au cours de l’année 2021, l’initiative présidentielle « assurer à chaque enfant en âge scolaire au moins un repas équilibré par jour ». L’initiative a pour objectif de contribuer à l’amélioration de la nutrition chez les enfants à travers la disponibilité des denrées alimentaires par un approvisionnement optimal des cantines scolaires, l’amélioration des revenus 49 des ménages en état de précarité alimentaire, l’amélioration de la valeur nutritionnelle des menus proposés dans les cantines scolaires. L’appui alimentaire aux PDI et communautés hôtes a également contribué à l’amélioration de leur situation nutritionnelle. Au cours de la seule année 2021, plus de 740 494 personnes vulnérables (PDI et ménages hôtes) ont bénéficié de la distribution gratuite de 37 321 tonnes de céréales, 9 330 tonnes de légumineuses et l’octroi de 2 333 tonnes d’huile à 105 785 ménages. B) Effets de la COVID-19 et de la crise sécuritaire sur l’ODD 2 La crise sécuritaire a eu un effet perturbateur sur le secteur agricole. En effet, les investissements réalisés dans des zones en proie à l’insécurité ne peuvent être exploités par les populations bénéficiaires. Cette situation a occasionné l’abandon de certaines zones d’intervention par les projets/programmes au profit des zones beaucoup plus stables exposant ainsi les zones initialement ciblées à l’insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle. Les estimations font ressortir que 687 000 personnes sont en insécurité alimentaire dont 25 000 personnes en situation d’urgence du fait des attaques terroristes29. Aussi, les populations elles-mêmes ont déserté massivement les zones rurales affectées par la crise sécuritaire avec pour corollaire la perte des actifs de productions agro-sylvo-pastorales des ménages touchés, la baisse de production dans certaines localités, la hausse de la précarité et de la pauvreté des ménages agricoles déplacées. Environ 178 ha de bas-fonds rizicoles et 3 500 ha de superficies céréalières sont demeurés inexploités dans la région du Nord. La perte de superficies en 2020 est estimée à plus de 36 500 ha dans la région du Centre-Nord. La propagation de la COVID-19 a eu des répercussions sur la production agricole et la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle des ménages. En effet, sur le plan de la production, la campagne de saison sèche 2019/2020 a connu une perturbation des derniers cycles de production des cultures maraîchères et des abandons de production du fait des difficultés d’écoulement et du manque d’infrastructures de stockage adéquates. La production perdue due aux abandons de superficies est estimée à environ 38 000 tonnes30. En ce qui concerne la campagne 2020/2021, les impacts ont été observés sur le niveau d’encadrement des producteurs, l’acquisition d’intrants et autres moyens de production et la main-d’œuvre agricole et sur la chaîne d’approvisionnement des produits agricoles et d’élevage. Sur le plan nutritionnel, l’indice de privation alimentaire dans les ménages basé sur les expériences vécues par le ménage montre un effet négatif de la COVID-19 sur la faim sévère. En milieu urbain, 3,1% des ménages ont connu une faim sévère contre 2,7% en milieu rural du fait de la COVID-19. Les effets dans le secteur de l’élevage et de l’environnement sont non négligeables. En effet, les offres de produits d’élevage (viande, lait) et des Produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) ont subi une baisse du fait de la perturbation des chaines de collecte et l’arrêt de productions des unités de transformation. Conclusion partielle Le pays enregistre une baisse de toutes les formes de malnutrition. Par ailleurs, il connaît une amélioration de la production et des revenus des petits exploitants agricoles. Les défis qui se dégagent sont l’amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire, notamment dans les zones structurellement en insécurité alimentaire, l’amélioration et la diversification de la production agricole notamment des petits exploitants agricoles et la réduction des écarts de revenus issus de la production agricole. En termes de recommandations, il s’agit de : - renforcer en équipements et intrants les petits producteurs notamment les femmes ; - promouvoir le développement des Produits forestiers non ligneux ; - renforcer le développement de la culture de contre-saison ; - développer la statistique dans le secteur de l’élevage ; - mettre en place des mécanismes d’investissements structurants pour faire des zones pastorales de véritables pôles de croissance de développement de l’élevage ; - renforcer les bonnes pratiques agroécologiques.
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[ 2 ]
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16 . Pour l’élimination de la faim et la lutte contre la malnutrition, en dépit des actions entreprises par le Gouvernement, la sécurité alimentaire demeure toujours un défi. En 2018, 50,7% de la population était en situation de pauvreté alimentaire3 (EHCVM 2018) avec de fortes disparités selon le milieu et la région de résidence. En milieu rural, elle est de 62,0% contre 18,3% en milieu urbain. Selon les régions de résidence, le Nord (81,3%), le Centre-Nord (68,2%) et le Centre-Ouest (67,2%) ont les plus fortes incidences de pauvreté alimentaire tandis que les faibles taux sont enregistrés dans les régions des Cascades (31,2%), du Centre-Sud (37%) et du Centre (10%). Par ailleurs, la proportion des personnes structurellement vulnérables était de 16,1% en 2021. 50,7% de la population en 2018 était en situation de pauvreté alimentaire 17 Malgré la situation alimentaire préoccupante, l’état nutritionnel des enfants est en amélioration. La prévalence du retard de croissance chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans est passée de 43% en 2003 à 23% en 2021.
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3.2. SDG # 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 3.2.1. Introduction One of the biggest success of the Bangladesh agriculture sector has been achieving food security for 160 million people in the country. The significant progress in the food security front primarily comes through efficient food delivery mechanism, improved rural infrastructure, liberalized agricultural inputs, and integration of product markets. All these factors have contributed positively towards increasing production of major crops, mainly cereal and vegetable crops. However, the country needs to tackle a host of challenges in future if it is to ensure food security for its growing population, to meet their nutritional requirement, and to ensure a balanced diet for its population. The high impact of disaster and climate risk on agriculture requires mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation strategies within the agriculture sector. 3.2.2. 7th Plan Policies and Strategies for Food Security The widely accepted World Food Summit definition reinforces the multidimensional nature of food security as including food accessibility, availability, utilization, and stability. Acknowledging the complexities of the concept, Bangladesh placed the focus mainly on food availability and utilization measures of food security. Food security strategy under the 7th Five Year Plan has been in line with the following objectives of the National Agriculture Policy-2013, National Food Policy (NFP-2006) and the National Food Policy Plan of Action (2008-2015): • Ensuring sustainable and profitable agricultural production system • Ensuring adequate and stable supply of safe and nutritious food • Enhancing purchasing power of people for increased food accessibility • Ensuring adequate nutrition for all Considering the holistic dimension of food security issue, the following strategies will have to be implemented during the 7th FYP (2016-2020): 14 • Nutrition oriented food-based safety net channels of Public Food Distribution System (PFDS) to be promoted; • Direct interventions on food-based nutrition in identified communities/ vulnerable areas of the country, where the prevalence of underweight and stunting is higher than average, to be encouraged; • The annual monitoring of National Food Policy Plan of Action (NFP-POA) and Country Investment Plan (CIP) to be continued up to preparation & finalization of new National Food and Nutrition Security Policy (NFNSP); • Private sector participation to manage and operate modern food storage facilities to be explored for food stock management to help smoothing extreme seasonal price variation; • Food grain fortification initiatives to be strengthened and the preparation of Road Map for fortified food grains to be explored; and • The present public procurement system to be made effective through applied research and utilizing price signals in the markets; 3.2.3. Sustainable Agriculture Improvement of agriculture sector and acceleration of its growth is a national priority for ensuring food security and reducing rural poverty. Steady growth in agriculture along with a strong emphasis on rice production has enabled Bangladesh to achieve near self-sufficiency in cereal production. The sector is getting more diversified and passing through a transition from subsistence farming towards commercial orientation. Agricultural practices need to be modified in order to adapt to the projected changes in climate conditions as well as the increasing disaster risk. In order for preventing, mitigating and reducing disaster and climate risks, we are focusing on the following: • Sustainable and productive agriculture systems, including farm technologies and crop diversification to adjust to new temperature and precipitation patterns; • Changing livestock breeding practices, and shifting grazing patterns; • Developing and managing climate resilient food production systems; and • Developing and using drought, saline, flood tolerant crop varieties; 3.2.4. Performance of Crop Sector Since independence, rice production has more than tripled from 11 million tonnes (milled rice) in 1972 to about 34.9 million tonnes in FY15. Since late 1990s, most of this growth has occurred due to development and adoption of improved rice varieties through R&D. Use of good quality seed, stress-tolerant crop varieties (salt, heat, water logging/submergence), and hybrid rice has increased production manifold. This was hugely supported by irrigation 15 in the dry season. The production of other cereal crops like wheat, maze, have also grown phenomenally. 3.2.5. Key Strategies/Priorities of Crop and Livestock sub-sectors Policies and Strategies under 7th FYP for the Crop Sub-sector are as follows: • Creating Opportunities for Sustainable Agriculture and Green Growth • Application of Science and Technology for higher levels of Food Production • Crop Zoning and Land Use Planning • Agricultural Inputs- Seeds and Fertilizers • Promoting agricultural diversification and expansion of Horticultural Crops • Introduction and Popularization of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) • Increased Farm Mechanization • Boosting Agro-Processing Industries • Value Chain Development • Intensified Agricultural Credit • Mainstreaming Women in Agriculture • Agriculture in the newly Accreted Coastal Land and Marine Islands The goals and objectives for the livestock sub sector are to promote:  Sustainable improvements in animal productivity of milk, meat and egg including products processing and value addition;  Sustained improvements in income generation, nutrition and employment opportunities for the landless, small and marginal farmers, and women in livestock rearing;  Increased private sector participation and investments in livestock production, livestock services, market development and export of livestock products and by￾products. 3.2.6. Fisheries Sub-Sector The vision 2021 of the government targets surplus production of fish and shrimp for export. We want to achieve this target with concomitant improvement in safety standard of fish production. Alongside, the 7th FYP promotes increased participation of women in fish cultivation. The idea is not only about enhancing productivity, but also ensuring livelihood security and equitable distribution of benefits. We are also equally mindful about the conservation of potential fisheries resources and aquatic biodiversity of water bodies. 16 3.2.7. Strategies and Policies of the Forest Sub-Sector People’s participation will be continued in afforestation programme in all marginal lands and buffer zone of forests. Integration of tree plantation and crop cultivation will be practiced. To prevent the extent of damage by cyclones and tidal surges, creation of 500 meter wide permanent Coastal Green Belt along the coast will be continued. 3.2.8. State of Nutrition in Bangladesh The Perspective Plan of Bangladesh (2010-2021) envisions a minimum intake of 2,122 k.cal/person/day of food for all. We also envisage ensuring standard nutritional food for at least 85% of the population. The 7th FYP targets interdependent but coordinated interventions across diverse sectors such as agriculture, health, water and sanitation, education, food and disaster management. The National Food Policy-NFP (2006) and the National Food Policy Plan of Action comprehensively address food security and nutritional issues. Bangladesh has made commendable progress in eradicating hunger in the last two decades. The underweight children under-five years of age have come down to 32.6% in 2014 (female: 33.1%, male: 32.2%) from 66% in 1990. The level of stunting has declined consistently from 50.6% in 2004 to 36.1% in 2014. Increased food production and crop diversification, increased availability of livestock and poultry products, increased literacy of women aged 15-24, reduction of fertility rate, enhanced measles vaccination coverage, increased safety-net coverage, smaller family size, and spread of vitamin A supplementation coverage have been the factors contributing to the success. The ‘State of Food Insecurity (SOFI) 2015’ Report jointly prepared by FAO, IFAD and WFP indicates that the proportion of hungry people in total population of Bangladesh has reduced from 32.8% in 1990 to 16.4% in 2014. However, as for micronutrient deficiencies, a third of pre-school children and half of pregnant women are anaemic. Vitamin A deficiency affects one child in five, and vitamin B12 deficiency one child in three. Early marriage and related teenage pregnancies leading to a high prevalence of low birth weight (22%) are among the key determinants of malnutrition. Similarly, only half of the children are exclusively breastfed and complementary feeding practices are inadequate to meet the nutritional requirements of infants and young children. 3.2.9. Addressing Nutrition Issues The Institute of Public Health & Nutrition (IPHN) has been assigned as the institutional home for nutrition studies and awareness building. Nutrition Programme of the Government has been mainstreamed through an operational plan titled National Nutrition Services (NNS) to provide regular nutritional services. Ministry of Agriculture provides extension services for different crops fortified with nutrition elements, newly developed by research institutes of 17 Bangladesh. A new variety of rice namely, ‘Golden Rice’, fortified with beta carotene as Vitamin A supplement is a major achievement, which are being extended in suitable areas. The multidimensional approach to address the intergenerational health impact include awareness on child/women nutrition, food value and food diversity. Iron-folic acid supplementation among pregnant, lactating women and adolescent girls to cover iron￾deficiency anaemia are being distributed through health and family planning facilities. Vitamin A capsules distribution for children is continuing. Post-partum Vitamin-A distribution to improve vitamin A status of neonates through breast milk is being scaled up. Monitoring of salt iodization has been strengthened. Zinc for treatment of diarrhoea has been adequately promoted. Expansion of intestinal parasite treatment, including the distribution of albendazole tablets, along with a separate deworming programme is being considered. With the coverage of IMCI, zinc tablets are expected to be freely provided to children with diarrhoea. To help assist exclusive breast-feeding of new born babies up to six months, maternity leave for the working mothers has been increased to six months by the government, which augmented the nutritional status of the new-born babies. The National Social Security Strategy (NSSS) acknowledges the importance of nutrition for vulnerable people. The strategy advocates a consolidated income transfer under a reformed Vulnerable Women’s Benefit (VWB) programme. The Government has already started introducing fortified rice distribution, a cash grant for vulnerable women and nutrition BCC in its VGD programme. 3.2.10. Data Availability to Monitor the Implementation of SDG-2 There are 8 targets including 3 Means of Implementation under this goal with 13 indicators to monitor the progress. However, metadata related to 5 indicators are yet to be finalized by the UNSC (2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.4.1, 2.5.1, 2.c.1). According to the ‘Data Gap Analysis for Sustainable Development Goals: Bangladesh Perspective’ Report (2017), data related to 5 indicators are readily available in Bangladesh. The available baseline figures and their milestone targets against the SDG indicators are provided in Annex-2. 18
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41 Progress against targets 2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round Improved nutrition and safe food production are in the top priority agenda in the production system of the Government of Bangladesh. For improving the nutritional status of the people, the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) has given the emphasis on crop diversification. During last few years Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) has developed 35 rice varieties, 170 different crops varieties by Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), 9 jute varieties by Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), 8 sugarcane varieties by Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute (BSRI), 7 cotton varieties by Cotton Development Board (CDB) and 55 varieties of different crops by Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) have been released. The government emphasizes the engagement of women in agriculture through homestead gardening, one house one farm programme, providing training, agricultural inputs, easy access to the financial institute, empowering through group approach. To address under￾nutrition and vitamin deficiency, the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) has extended the crop varieties enriched with zinc and iron content varieties as part of recent innovations of the MoA. In 2019, More than five lac farmers are trained on homestead gardening, vegetable production to build their awareness of nutrition status. The MoA is introducing Integrated Pest Management (IPM), Integrated Farm Management Component (IFMC), Integrated Disease Management (IDM), Pheromone trap, bio rational pesticide, 42 organic agriculture, Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) in the farmers’ field to ensure safe nutritious crop production. According to FAO, the prevalence of undernourishment (PoU) which is an estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normally active and healthy life was 15.2 per cent in 2016 in Bangladesh. Based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) of FAO, the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity was 32.2 per cent in 2016. 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons Height-for-age measures the linear growth of a child. A child who is more than two standard deviations below the median (-2 SD) of the WHO reference population in terms of height-for￾age is considered short for his or her age or stunted. Stunting reflects a failure to receive adequate nutrition over a long period and is worsened by recurrent and chronic illness. Bangladesh has made some progress in reducing the proportion of stunted children, which declined from 36.1 per cent in 2014 to 30.8 per cent in 2017 (BDHS 2014 and 2017). However, according to MICS done by BBS, the stunting rate was 42 per cent in 2012-13, which has come down to 28 per cent in 2019, urban 26.4 per cent & rural 28.4 per cent (MICS, BBS, 2012-13 & 2019). Weight-for-height measures body mass in relation to body length and describe the current nutritional status of a child. A child who is more than two standard deviations below (-2 SD) the reference median for weight-for-height is considered to be too thin for his or her height or wasted. This condition reflects acute or recent nutritional deficits. According to BDHS, the proportion of wasted children was 14.3 per cent in 2014, which has declined to 8.4 per cent in 2017. However, the MICS 2019 report reveals it 9.8 per cent. Child obesity is emerging as a serious health problem all over the world. Interestingly, it has begun to emerge as a problem in Bangladesh simultaneously with the undernourishment problem. In 2012-13 the proportion of overweight children stood at 1.6 per cent, which has increased to 2.4 per cent in 2019 (MICS 2012-13 & 2019). The government has already recognized that overweight is an issue of importance, particularly in urban life, and efforts are on to raise awareness against obesity and to promote healthy lifestyle change. However, MOHFW’s nutritional interventions are being pursued through the operational plan of National Nutrition Services with an estimated cost of US$ 93.48 million to be spent by 2022. Nutrition specific activities include a promotion, protection, and support to Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices, promotion of maternal and adolescent nutrition, control of micronutrient deficiencies, vitamin A, D and calcium supplementation, iron-folic acid and zinc supplementation, multiple micronutrient powder supplementation for targeted children, management of moderate and severe acute malnutrition, preventive and curative nutrition services for the elderly population, prevention of overweight and obesity, 43 social behaviour change communication (SBCC), good hygiene practices, food fortification, nutrition services in hard to reach areas and urban slums, etc. 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment Bangladesh has achieved self-sufficiency in major cereals like rice and potato. It has tremendous success in growing vegetables and year-round fruits. However, climate change poses a huge threat to the success. To enhance the farm productivity and income of small-scale food producers, the Ministry of Agriculture has now given the emphasis on efficient use of agricultural input, mechanization, producing more high-value crops, building market linkages and facilitating agro-processing. To enhance crop productivity, the Ministry of Agriculture has already set a yield target for 2030 and is taking initiatives to increase the crop yield. Table 2.1 Crop yield target and status Sl. No. Crops Yield (Tonnes/Hectare) Base Year (2015) Status (2018-2019) Target 2030 1 2 3 4 5 01. Rice 3.05 3.12 6.10 02. Wheat 3.03 3.28 6.06 03. Maize 6.97 8.71 13.96 04. Potato 20.76 20.97 41.00 05. Pulse 1.14 1.27 2.28 06. Oil Seed 1.18 1.34 2.36 Source: MoA, BBS (2018-2019) Boro rice cultivation is irrigated mostly through groundwater. Water efficiency is around 30- 40 per cent, which causes depletion of water table resulting in the intrusion of salinity, arsenic contamination, etc. Considering these issues, the Ministry of Agriculture has executed an irrigation water use policy, which enhances the conservation and use of rain and surface water. To harmonize surface and groundwater construction of rubber dam, use of buried pipes, solar power operated Shallow Tube Well (STW) and dug well, Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) method, drip irrigation system, fita-pipes, and sprinkler irrigation systems are in practice through some projects. Motivation programmes of the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) are continuing among the farmers to replace more water-consuming rice (Boro) by less water consuming rice (Aman & Aus) varieties to enhance water efficiency and balance surface water. 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality Bangladesh is one of the top 10-food grain-producing countries in the world. In recent years, conventional agriculture has been criticized for the overuse of chemical fertilizers. The 44 depletion of soil organic matter is the prime cause of low productivity. It is considered as one of the most serious threats to the sustainability of agriculture. Plants in the organic systems are cultivated without agrochemicals but in Bangladesh, most soils have less than 17g/kg organic matter. Farmers are facing difficulties with soil fertility related to organic matter depletion. Total land area under organic cultivation in Bangladesh has been estimated at 0.177 million hectares representing only 2 per cent of the country’s total cultivable land. Soil is a critical element of successful agriculture and is the source of the nutrients to grow crops. To sustain productivity maintenance of soil fertility is one of the greatest challenges, which are intensifying day by day due to high cropping intensity and crop diversification. The average organic matter content of Bangladesh soil is one per cent or below. Initiatives have been taken by the government to cultivate green manuring crops in the current fallow lands in between two crops, encourage in marketing compost, vermi-compost, tricho-compost cultivation of Dhaincha (green manuring crop) with a view to preserving soil fertility. DAE is also emphasizing on crop rotation and crop diversification. Using soil test based recommended dose of fertilizer at the farmers' field level is also a very important initiative to conserve soil health. The Ministry of Agriculture has taken initiatives to combat climate change risks in agriculture, which are- development of submergence, heat, cold, salinity tolerant and short duration rice varieties. Moreover, heat tolerant wheat varieties, short duration oil seeds and pulses, accommodating to cropping pattern for increasing cropping intensity covering current fallow lands, floating beds for vegetables and rice seedling production are among those. The initiatives of the government has been contributing in the productivity enhancement as well as poverty reduction through employment generation. 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and ensure access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed Maintaining plant and animal genetic diversity will allow future generations to select stocks or develop new breeds to cope with emerging issues, such as climate change, diseases and changing socio-economic factors. In this context, it is important to know the percentage of local breeds at risk, not-at-risk or at the unknown level of risk of extinction at a point in time as well as its trend. In Bangladesh 47 crops are threatened, 35 are landraces crops and 17 are risk fish for extinction; 5 animal species are at risk. 2.a Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries Public investment in agriculture, which complements private investment, is of significant importance in enhancing productive capacity. The Government of Bangladesh seeks to promote the use of agricultural technology with supportive policies, reforms, and incentives for raising productivity. Agricultural Orientation Index (AOI) for government expenditure shows the type of government commitment to agriculture relative to other sectors. 45 AOI is the ratio of the share of government expenditures on agriculture to the contribution of agriculture to the economy where agriculture comprises crops, forestry, fishing, and hunting sector. It is calculated as: AOI = ((Central government expenditures on agriculture/Total government expenditure)/ (Agricultural value-added/ GDP)). An AOI exceeding one indicates that the government gives more importance to agriculture relative to its contribution to the economy. A value of less than one indicates other sectors receive more importance by the government. According to FAO, the Agriculture Oriental Index of Bangladesh was 0.53 in 2015, meaning agriculture receives half as much priority in government investment compared to its contribution to the economy’s GDP. Table 2.2 Net ODA to Agriculture, 2015-19 (Million US$) 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 215.0 227.3 210.2 189.6 228.1 Source: Flow of External Resources into Bangladesh, ERD Developed countries have to provide adequate support to developing countries to close the gap between required investment and available domestic resources for public investment in agriculture. The total official flows to the agricultural sector in Bangladesh have a rising trend with annual fluctuations that peaked at US$ 228.1 million in 2018-19. 2.b Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round In 2014-15, the Government of Bangladesh has provided agricultural export subsidies amounting to US$ 54.71 million, which has increased to US$ 76.9 million in 2017-18 and then declined to US$ 73.7 million in 2018-19. Challenges  Raising crop production and productivity to feed the growing population in the context of shrinking agricultural land and climate change impacts  Yield gap minimization  Commercialization of agriculture  Increasing resource use efficiency and judicious use of agricultural inputs  Increased private investments in agriculture and agro-processing value chains  Expanding irrigation and farm mechanization with appropriate technology including better use of renewable energy  Intrusions of saline water into the groundwater table  Data gap regarding SDGs targets & indicators  Scarcity of quality feeds and fodders for livestock  Scarcity of quality fish feeds, fingerlings and post larvae  Emerging and re-emerging diseases with trans-boundary diseases  Adverse impacts of climate change  Inadequate organized post-harvest technologies and facilities 46 Sudden shock on production of rice due to natural disaster or other factors can make the market volatile, which ultimately brings the price shocks. In that case, the consumers particularly lower income/vulnerable groups suffer. Conversely, due to huge production the price level of paddy and rice can be lower which may discourage the farmers to produce paddy in course of time. Way forward  Sustaining targeted rice production through i) genetic improvement, ii) stress breeding, iii) hybridization and biotechnological interventions, iv) germplasm enhancement;  Enhancing mechanization and labour efficiency to manifold the volume of output per unit of labour by i) developing business model, ii) cost-effective management and maintenance plan, iii) minimizing yield loss and post-harvest loss, and iv) capacity building;  Strengthening research–extension-farm linkages;  Curtailing adoption lag through location specific collaborative rapid dissemination by awareness building, seed support and market development;  Improved rice crop-soil-water management for combating varied stresses;  Ensuring fair price of rice and paddy through providing policy directions for proper govt. procurement and price declaration, value chain development and market control;  Ensuring nutrition security through nutraceutical rice research activities, bio- fortification and value added rice based bakery production;  Exploration of unutilized land resources and profitable rice based cropping patterns;  Risk minimization through strategic development for averting production, market, price and institutional uncertainties/risks in coping with climate change;  Development and promotion of environmentally sound farming practices;  Promote community seed production, storage and distribution & build up seed SME;  Ensuring quality seed and feed for fisheries sector;  Building effective partnership with private sector & development partners;  Conservation & up-gradation of genetic resources;  To formulate a medium to long term strategy to reduce the food loss/waste in different sectors  A nationwide awareness programme on dietary diversification should be implemented;  Need to build the paddy silos across the country for procurement of paddy from the farmers (including marginal farmers) with a view to providing incentives to the local farmers. Good practices I) Weather-based rice crop management system As a staple food, rice plays a crucial role in ensuring food security in Bangladesh. It also has a significant (25 per cent of total production) non-human consumption (e.g. livestock). The weather-based rice crop management system focuses on food security and responsiveness to climate change in Bangladesh. Weather-based rice crop management system has potential for reducing poverty by increasing the rice yield, avoiding insect and disease outbreaks, efficient agricultural water management, labour and energy, reduce losses, risks, reduce pollution with judicious use of agricultural chemicals through proper management in time and also provide guidelines for selection of rice varieties best suited according to the anticipated climatic conditions and reducing the overall production cost as well. II) Pre-paid metering system for irrigation The pre-paid metering system for collecting irrigation charges has been introduced first in Barind Multi-purpose Development Authority (BMDA) under the Ministry of Agriculture of Bangladesh. 47 BMDA is the pioneer organization that uses the pre-paid metering system to collect irrigation charges from the irrigation water users. It is a computerized automatic irrigation charge collection system. The system is highly technical and now this system is practicing in all irrigation equipment of Rajshahi and Rangpur division of BMDA. The next step of the prepaid meter is the prepaid tele-metering system by which all the data of the irrigation pump will be available at the server of BMDA. Therefore, there will be no need to go to the point of the irrigation pump to collect data. Innovative cases: Attract and kill method for the control of cucurbit fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) and fruit flies (Bactrocera dorsalis) of mango, guava, and orange is found to be an excellent innovative case. In this method, fruit flies can be successfully controlled by attracting both male and female flies without spraying any toxic chemical pesticide. In traditional and widely used pheromone traps, only male fruit flies can be attracted and killed, while in this method both male and female fruit flies can be attracted and controlled. This innovation is an excellent output of the project, Development and expansion of bio-rational based integrated pest management technologies of vegetables, fruits, and beetle leaf. Business cases: Industrialization in agriculture sector refers innovative idea “Farmers hub”. “Farmers hub” is a total business-related terminology in which the owner of a particular farmer’s hub provides quality seed, fertilizer, other equipment, lending machinery, improved drainage facility by means of business purpose. In farmer’s hub, farmers get all sorts of information related to cultivation procedure, processing, grading, packing, preservation techniques. Farmers in a group gather together with a large number of crops and goods and they bargain with the buyers to get maximum price, which is impossible by individual farmers alone. Farmers group are formed in total business aspects. If in need farmer are trained with necessary training. “Farmers hub” established in a particular place. Establishment costs mainly goes to the owner itself. One of main features of this innovative idea is to use appropriate amount of irrigation water use through drip irrigation and others. In Bangladesh “farmers hub” introduced by Syngenta foundation. Syngenta foundation established 120 Farmers hub in Rajshahi and Rangpur region, which successfully introduced agriculture business in Bangladesh. Leave No One Behind (LNOB): To achieve the target of SDG 2.1 particularly to address the issue of food access with a view to improving the food security and nutrition, Ministry of Food has launched Khaddya Bandhob Karmosuchi (Food Friendly Programme) for the extreme poor families across the country. Under this Programme five million ultra-poor families (about 25 million people) have been targeted as the recipients of ration for the five lean months (March, April, September, October and November) of the year. A nominal price of Tk-10/ per kilo of rice is charged where a poor family is entitled to 30 Kilos of rice per month. In fiscal year 2017-18 a total quantity of 2.98 lakh tonne (budgetary provision of Tk. 2,380.35 million) food grain was distributed and in current fiscal year 2018- 19, a quantity of 7.44 lakh tonnes (budgetary provision Tk. 5,950.7 million) has been allocated and total quantity of 4.46 lakh tonnes rice was distributed up to December 2018.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "bgd", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-bgd-2020-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2020 }
Food security is related to the availability of and ac￾cess to food to ensure an active and healthy lifestyle. To achieve this, it is necessary to develop coherent policies to increase agricultural production without damaging the environment and without increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Solutions are usually sought in organic farming, short chains between producers and consumers, developing a good regulatory framework for quality control of foods, communicating with consumers to promote healthy eating. However, the greatest contribution would come from agricultural research and innovation and the building of sustainable food systems. The objective for Bulgaria can be formulated as de￾velopment of a comprehensive food policy to en￾sure healthy nutrition patterns from sustainable food systems. This objective is linked to other Goals and Targets of the 2030 Agenda – maintaining bio￾diversity, green agriculture and access to genetic re￾sources. Challenges It is important to control food quality in a free market and to maintain a good care for child nutrition It is important to control advertising of food and beverages contributing to an unhealthy eating pattern for children It is important to work for the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases caused by unhealthy eating More measures are needed for reallocation of unsold food and care for homeless and starving people The proportion of overweight people aged over 18 is increasing, according to Eurostat data. 2008 50.8% 2017 >>>> 59.5% There is a decrease in the share of agriculture in the country's GVA and a decrease in the sector's weight in the total employment in the economy. The exist￾ing irrigation infrastructure in the country remains in a critical physical condition and is functionality de￾graded, which leads to significant losses of irrigation water in the linear infrastructure and therefore to its high cost. There are challenges in the use of modern digital technologies for precision agriculture, such as farmers' lack of awareness of the essence and bene￾fits of using them and the lack of digital skills.31 The challenge for Bulgaria is to direct investment to rural areas and agriculture. Measures taken on healthy nutrition and against hunger The framework, in which national measures are im￾plemented, includes the Health Act, the National Health Strategy 2014-2020, the National Program for Prevention of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases 2014-2020, programs for prophylaxis and early diag￾nosis of chronic non-communicable diseases. As of Jan. 1, 2019, a new Law on Food has been introduced for reading at the National Assembly. Its primary pur￾pose is to ensure a high level of protection of health and consumer interests regarding foods. The Law also covers the aspects of the promotion of food and bev￾erages that contribute to an unhealthy diet of children. Regulations are in force for healthy nutrition for chil￾dren in kindergartens and children's kitchens, as well as for healthy nutrition for pupils. In 2018, a Regula￾tion on the Physiological Norms of Nutrition for the Population was adopted. In addition to the regula￾tions, collections of recipes for the preparation of healthy foods for the three age groups have been published. Those collections ensure the implementa￾tion of the regulations. Recommendations for the nu￾trition of the population have been developed and published – “Recommendations for healthy nutrition for pregnant and lactating women”, “Recommenda￾tions for healthy nutrition for breast-fed children”, “Recommendations for healthy nutrition for children 3-6 years old”, “Recommendations for the nutrition of pupils aged 7-19”, “Recommendations for healthy eating for the population over 19 years old”. The recommendations are disseminated in the country through the Regional Health Inspectorates (RHIs) and are used in public awareness campaigns. To provide food for the people in need, VAT was eliminated in 2016 on goods subject to food banking 31 Analysis of the social and economic development of the coun￾try after its accession to the EU. Ministry of Finance, 2019. END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION, AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 42 41 according to a list announced in 2017. A positive ex￾ample are the food banks built by the Bulgarian Red Cross, which are a reliable mechanism for collecting donated food and financial resources. Food packages or meals are prepared and delivered directly to the target groups of the vulnerable local population with the active recruitment and participation of volunteers from different age groups. Another good example is the activity of the Bulgar￾ian Food Bank (BFB), which has provided food indus￾try companies since 2012 with the opportunity to save and donate excess food to organizations that care for people in need. In 2018 alone, the BFB saved the destruction of over 156,000 kg of food donated by 50 companies and distributed to 54 partner or￾ganizations, helping over 16,000 people in need. Between May 2017 and April 2018, the MAFF and the Bulgarian Food Safety Agency conducted three studies on the existence of a “double standard” in the supply of foods at the Bulgarian and European markets. The studies identified a number of differ￾ences in the composition of products offered under the same brand in the markets of Eastern and West￾ern Europe. Differences in product composition have raised the issue of consumer equality in the EU and the need for legislative changes at EU level. In March 2019, the European Parliament voted on the New Deal for Consumers package. The new re￾quirements will be incorporated into the national legislation of the EU Member States. In October 2018, an Advisory Board was established at the “For the food” Foundation, which attracted experts in the field of dietetics, nutrition and pre￾vention of obesity in Bulgaria and abroad: doctors who are involved in this issue and are very knowl￾edgeable about scientific trends in the field. Measures taken on sustainable agriculture Land is a national wealth of strategic importance for the Bulgarian state. The Law on the Protection of Agricultural Land regulates the conditions and order by which the constitutional norm for particular pro￾tection of agricultural land is fulfilled. A National Strategic Plan for Agriculture will be de￾veloped after 2020, with measures against rural de￾population and in particular for the attraction of young people in such regions. The preconditions for good training of young employees are in place. Budgetary expenditure on agricultural research and development is increasing – from 13.869 million EUR in 2010 to 21.484 EUR million in 2018, according to Eurostat data. A National Strategy for Conservation of Biological Diversity has been adopted, in line with the Strate￾gic Plan for Biological Diversity 2011-2020, as well as with the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2020. Strategic priorities and measures related to the man￾agement of Natura 2000 have been identified within the National Prioritised Action Framework (NAPD) in order to be able to adapt to climate change and realize other ecosystem benefits, including measures on agri￾cultural and forest habitats and species. Pursuant to the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Ge￾netic Resources, to which Bulgaria is a Party, and to Regulation (EU) 511/2014 on compliance measures for users from the Nagoya Protocol in the EU, the Law on Biological Diversity sets out the conditions for access to the Bulgarian genetic resources by the National Gene Bank for Plant Genetic Resources in the city of Sadovo, the “National Bank for Industrial Microorganisms and Cell Cultures” and the National Genetic Reserve of Bulgaria in Cattle Breeding, and indicates the competent authorities responsible for compliance with them. In recent years, there has been an uptake of digital technologies in agriculture. The Strategy for Digiti￾zation of Agriculture and Rural Areas of the Republic of Bulgaria until 2027 sets out the medium-term strategic framework of the policy for digital trans￾formation of agriculture. The Law on Support to Farmers is important for maintaining a balance between the economic, envi￾ronmental and social aspects of this Goal. The Law regulates the implementation of the measures of Programme “Rural Development” 2007-2013, as well as of Programme “Rural Development” 2014-2020. Aid is granted to farmers who operate and are regis￾tered in disadvantaged areas or areas covered by the Natura 2000 network. Achieved results Intensive processes of restructuring the production structures in agriculture and the processing industry are underway. Some good results are observed due to the direct payments of the First pillar of the EU Common Agricultural Policy, in particular through targeted support for cattle, fruit, vegetables, protein cultures and cotton.32 There is dynamic development of organic produc￾tion, which is a result of both the favorable climatic conditions and the presence of ecologically pre￾served areas, as well as the increased demand and interest of consumers in healthy foods. 32 Action Plan for the Implementation of the National Develop￾ment Programme: Bulgaria 2020 in the Period 2019-2020, Oc￾tober 2018, p. 53. 43 42 Areas with organic farming are increasing – from 0.5% of the arable land in 2010 to 2.6% in 2018, ac￾cording to Eurostat data. The agricultural factor income per annual work unit (the labor productivity indicator) increased – at in￾dex=100 in 2010 to 241.82 in 2019, according to Eu￾rostat data. In the end of 2018, the number of registered organic operators is 6,660, increasing more than eight times compared to 2010. The areas to which organic produc￾tion methods are applied increase more than six times and reach 162,332.4 ha. In 2018, the number of opera￾tors in the organic production control system repre￾sents 7.2% of the total registered farmers.33 2018 > 2010 Number of registered biological operators 8 times According to the Executive Agency of Fishery and Aquaculture, there are 739 aquaculture farms in op￾eration at the beginning of 2019. There is a broad range of research activities aimed at integrating re￾search into agricultural activities. The Agricultural Academy holds and maintains 350 certificates of protected products issued by the Pat￾ent Office. In 2017, 16 applications were filed in the Patent Office. The Academy's institutes have imple￾mented 29 projects funded and supported by vari￾ous international institutions. 33 Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry. Annual report on the situation and development of agriculture (Agricultural Re￾port 2019), p. 51. Local civil initiatives include activities for the sus￾tainable use of municipal grassland. Several munici￾palities have become involved in the so-called “knowledge area” (Godech, Berkovitsa, Varshets and Chiprovtsi). They participate in the international “HNV-Link” project. The project aims to work for high nature-value farming: training, innovation and knowledge within a network of organizations and people interested in promoting high nature-value farming systems and areas. “Business Incubator” Association – Gotse Delchev, which is an entrepreneurship promotion center, is a partner in the “New Entrant netWork: Business mod￾els for innovation, entrepreneurship and resilience in European agriculture” (NEWBIE) funded under Ho￾rizon 2020. In 2019, the first Bulgarian winner of the Innovative New Farmer Award – “NEWBIE of the Year” was selected. The award winner cultivates more than 1,200 acres of land in a border area and produces fodder for the farms in the region. He has overcome one of the biggest challenges in Bulgaria – very fragmented land with many owners and heirs. Thanks to his tenacity, he has signed 200 contracts with more than 1,000 heirs in order to consolidate and cultivate the land effectively. Training center and production base for sustainable agriculture began to operate in 2019 in the village of Nadarevo, Targovishte municipality. It is developing as a center for vocational training and social enter￾prise. The project focuses on training of young peo￾ple who do not study, work or attend other forms of vocational education and training. 44
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48 SDG2: End Hunger, Achieve Food Security & Improved Nutrition & Promote Sustainable Agriculture Access to food is a basic human right. Food security and access to nutritious food is necessary for health and wellbeing. It is estimated that in The Bahamas 1 in every 6 people in the country suffers from chronic hunger24. The Bahamas imports $1 billion worth of food annually, which accounts for more than 90% of national consumption. Efforts to reduce dependence on imported food have the potential to move the country further towards food security, reduce unemployment and stimulate domestic economic growth. The responsibility for food safety is divided among multiple ministries. The Ministry of Health is responsible for Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points training for all food handlers, while the Department of Public Health is responsible for the surveillance, reporting and analysis of foodborne disease trends. The Department of Environmental Health is responsible for meat inspections at the abattoir and sanitary inspections of food establishments. The Ministry of Agriculture has responsibility for creating an enabling environment for the protection and preservation of national agricultural and marine resources for future generations and the implementation of food recalls25. The Bahamas Bureau of Standards and Quality is charged with developing national regulatory standards, based on international and regional principles and practices, to improve the overall quality environment for products and services. The Bahamas also has a host of biodiversity and genetic resources unique to the different islands. 24 Hands for Hunger : http://dev.handsforhunger.org/resources/hunger-facts/ 25Working Paper, State of the Nation Working Paper on Human Capital p. 89 49 Key Interventions for Implementing SDG2 Food Affordability Measures With the Government’s recently announced increase in value-added tax from 7.5% to 12%, concerns were raised about the affordability of healthy foods. However, the Government has announced that the breadbasket staples will be 0% rated for VAT and that fruits and vegetables would be among those 0% rated breadbasket items.26 The Government has also utilized reduced customs duty rates to positively impact the cost of nutritious foods. The Establishment of BAMSI In 2014, the Government established The Bahamas Agriculture and Marine Science Institute (BAMSI) in North Andros, on Andros Island – the largest of The Bahama islands. BAMSI is an 800-acre research and demonstration farm which promotes crop production, provides training and research in the fields of agriculture and marine science to inform policy, equips Bahamians for careers in the agricultural field and seeks to reduce dependency on imported food by supplying the country with domestically grown food and eventually replacing a significant portion of imported food27. Initially, the two main crops were bananas and papayas. They have since been expanded to coconuts, limes, avocados, cabbage, sweet peppers and honey28. 26 Turnquest, A. (2018, June 6). Breadbasket Items List To Include Healthier Goods. The Tribune. Retrieved from http://www.tribune242.com/news/2018/jun/06/breadbasket-items-list-to-include-healthier-goods/ 27 Gibbs, Gina 17 October 2014 28 Bahamas Agriculture and Marine Science Institute Website [http://www.bamsibahamas.com/index.html] Picture 21: Experimentation with pineapple farming at BAMSI in North Andros Island. 50 Backyard Farming Initiatives The Ministry of Agriculture and Marine Resources has, since January 2015, conducted Backyard Farming initiatives throughout the country in various communities including in economically depressed communities and at the behavioural schools for young people: the Simpson Penn Centre for Boys and the Willie Mae Pratt Centre for Girls. National Food and Nutrition Security Policy Launched In April 2017, the Ministry of Agriculture and Marine Resources launched a National Food and Nutrition Security Policy and Agenda for Action for the Bahamas to: i. improve the food, nutrition and health status of the population; ii. ensure the consumer has sufficient knowledge about the relationship between dietary practices and physical fitness to protect their health, wellbeing and environment; and iii. provide adequate supplies of safe nutritional food that are available on continuous basis and accessible to all people of The Bahamas 29. The Ministry is presently preparing a plan for the implementation of the policy. Food Safety With respect to food safety, the Government passed new legislation namely, the Food Safety and Quality Act 2016, Plant Protection Act 2016, and Animal Health and Production Act 2016 to strengthen the regulation of agriculture-based products in accordance with international best practices. Additionally, the Bahamas Bureau of Standards and Quality is in the process of developing the Bahamas National Standardization Strategy to ensure adequate regulation of food products. The work of the Bureau will include the development of Food Labelling Standards (including requirements mandating use of expiry date labels) approved by the Council of the Bureau of Standards and Quality and revision of the Standards Act and Weights and Measures Act. 29 Draft National Food & Nutrition Security & Agenda for Action for the Bahamas. A food Secure Nation. Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture and Marine Resources 2017 51 Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources With respect to access to genetic resources, The Bahamas is preparing to sign on to NAGGOYA Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization30 and to develop a regulatory framework to implement the Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources. Food Assistance Programmes The Ministry of Social Services and Urban Development and numerous charities also provide food assistance programmes which include soup kitchens and school feeding programmes. Food assistance programmes through the Department of Social Services are currently budgeted at $12.8 million in the 2018/2019 fiscal year. The Role of CSOs in Combatting Hunger A number of CSOs have emerged to tackle hunger in The Bahamas. Many engage in surplus food rescue particularly from the hospitality industry, the storage of non-perishable goods and food distribution to communities. Challenges Faced Implementing SDG2 Programmes The following issues are likely to impact the implementation of SDG2:  The country must strengthen its food security programmes to better guarantee access to nutritious food on a regular basis.  Because of its small size (leading to scale diseconomies) and the high cost of inputs, including labour, The Bahamas relies heavily on food imports.  Farming is not yet seen as an attractive industry to many Bahamians.  Logistics networks to move agricultural products across the archipelago in a time effective manner are not well developed.  For agricultural development, it is necessary to provide the educational and technical support to small and larger scale farmers. 30 Smith, Xian, 15 June 2016, $1.9 Project to Protect The Bahamas’ Genetic Materials. Nassau Guardian. Found at: http://www.thenassauguardian.com/bahamas-business/40-bahamas-business/65575-19mproject-to-protect-bahamas-genetic-material  More emphasis should be placed on easier land acquisition for farming, innovative financial and credit products for agriculture; support for entrepreneurship initiatives; and support for the creation of partnerships for investments in agriculture.
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[ 2 ]
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24 b. SDG2 Zero Hunger: Three priority targets out of the eight indicators matched to the associated NDP goals (see Table 2). Table 2. SDG2 priority targets versus associated NDP goals and action numbers SDG Priority Targets Associated NDP Goals and Action Numbers SDG2.1 Goal 7.1.1; 7.1.2; 7.1.3; 7.1.4; 7.1.5; 7.1.6; 7.1.8; 5.4.3; 5.4.3; 5.6.1 SDG2.2 Goal 7.1.1; 7.1.2; 7.1.3; 7.1.4; 7.1.5; 7.1.6; 7.1.8; 5.4.3; 5 SDG2.3 Goal 8.2.2; 8.2.3, 8.3.2; 14.9.1; 14.9.2; 14.9.6; 14.9.7; 14.9.8 In the NDP, Goal 7 (free of poverty and discrimination), Goal 8.2 (addressing land ownership) and Goal 8.3 (strengthening administration of crown land) support this SDG extensively. Lack of access to food will impact the health and wellness of the population (Goal 5.4). There is also explicit mention in Goal 5.6 of the importance of healthy diets related to maternal and prenatal care (Goal 5.6: reproductive and sexual health). Goal 14.9 of the NDP relates to creating an enabling microeconomic environment for the development of the food production sector as well as increasing productivity in that sector. Picture 10: Locally grown fruits and vegetables
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "bhs", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-bhs-2018-en-4.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "s", "type": "vnr", "year": 2018 }
Voluntary Review / Implementation of Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals in Bosnia and Herzegovina 40 SDG 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture According to the Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina (the first results for GDP in 2017), agriculture, forestry and fishery accounted for 5.6 % of GDP. The share of agricultural and food products within the foreign trade of Bosnia and Herzegovina is significant and the available data shows that the agriculture sector deficit is going down and that in 2017 the export-to-import ratio was 35 %.9 Around 1,000 legal entities and around 360,000 rural households in Bosnia and Herzegovina are involved in agricultural production, of which one third is registered as agricultural holdings. A pilot census on agriculture conducted in 2010 (by the Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Federal Institute of Statistics and the Republika Srpska Institute of Statistics) shows that the average utilization of agricultural land per holding consists of on average of four parcels or 1.97 ha per farm, which is far below the EU-27 average of 14.3 ha (EUROSTAT). The data indicates one of the key problems in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is the large number of agricultural holdings and the consequent small size of such holdings and their economic and production power. If you combine the small average size of these holdings with the fragmentation of agricultural land and dual production, then it becomes an important problem and a strategic priority that requires addressing in the future. Although long-term trends indicate a decreasing number of people engaged in agriculture in Bosnia and Herzegovina, according to the International Labor Organization (ILO), 15.7 %10 of people are employed in agriculture, of whom 38 % are women. Over the last 10 years, the land area where the most common types of crops are grown, and the level of production have remained almost unchanged. There are 2.2 million hectares of agricultural land in Bosnia and Herzegovina of which 1.6 million hectares is arable land and 600,000 hectares pasture.11 The size of the land best suited to agricultural production (land capability classes I and II) in Bosnia and Herzegovina is small at just 300,000 hectares. According to the data provided by the Bosnia and Herzegovina Mine Action Centre (BHMAC) for 2016, the total mine-suspected area in the country is 1,145 km2 (2.3% of the total area of Bosnia and Herzegovina) with agricultural land accounting for the largest share. 5.6 % of GDP stems from agriculture, forestry and fshing Voluntary Review / Implementation of Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals in Bosnia and Herzegovina 41 Climate change in Bosnia and Herzegovina is characterized by an increase in the mean temperature. Over the past one hundred years, temperature has increased by an average of 0.8 °C (which corresponds to global trends) showing an accelerated trend in warming. As a result, the mean temperature over the last decade (2000–2010) was the highest in the past 120 years. It is expected that the length of dry periods, the frequency of flash floods and the intensity of soil erosion will increase over the course of this century. The Strategic Plan for Rural Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2018–2021) envisages support to rural development and its implementation would result in reduced inequality between rural and urban populations. Development policies and analyses will focus on sustainable planning, management, conservation and utilization of agricultural land in order to expand the discourse from standard land planning to more complex long-term and sustainable programming. This program needs to be implemented in particular in the northern parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina because of the strong pressure of non￾agricultural activities on agricultural land. EU and state grants should aim to protect agricultural complexes and to decrease soil degradation in order to achieve food safety. Bosnia and Herzegovina does not face the challenge of the undernutrition of its population. The findings of Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) IV for 2011 show that 2 % of children under the age of five were underweight and less than 1 % of children under the age of five were severely underweight. Over the past several years, there has been an increasing trend in overweight children in Bosnia and Herzegovina and MICS IV (from 2011) estimates that nearly every sixth child under five years of age in Bosnia and Herzegovina is overweight (17%), which is an increase of 2.6 % compared to the findings of MICS III in 2006. When it came to Roma, 9 % of Roma children under the age of five in Bosnia and Herzegovina were underweight (four times the rate for their non-Roma peers). 9 The Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Foreign Trade in Goods in 2017, October 2018. 10 The Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Labor Force Survey, 2018. 11 The Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the entity institutes of statistics, 2016. 1.97 ha 14.3 ha average area of land used per farm BiH EU 27
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "bih", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-bih-2019-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2019 }
!"#$"%&&'()'*+,(%-()$'.,%'&/&.*()*01%'2%-%1#!3%).'$#*1& !" SDG 2. END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE According to the indicators of the Agency for Statistics of BiH in 2021, 5% of GDP is made up of agriculture, forestry, and fishing, while food production makes up 1.8% of GDP. In terms of foreign trade exchange of agricultural products in 2021, imports were almost four times as high as exports. Of the total number of employees, 2.5% are employed in the agricultural sector (2021 average). Informal employment is also high: according to the ILO methodology, that percentage in 2021 was 9.5%. Although BiH has significant potential for the development of the agricultural sector, there are also problems of a structural nature that slow down the development of this sector (transport infrastructure, fragmentation of agricultural land into smaller plots, etc.). The pilot census of agriculture commenced in October 2022, encompassing a total of 15,887 farms and households. This initiative involves the collection of data pertaining to various aspects of agriculture, including the geographical distribution of agricultural farms, the utilization of agricultural land for diferent types of crops, the number of livestock categorized by species, rural indicators, workforce information, ecological farming practices, irrigation methods, agro￾environmental indicators, and agricultural production techniques, among others. The purpose of this census is to gather comprehensive and accurate data related to the agricultural sector. The upcoming comprehensive agriculture census, scheduled to be completed by the end of 2023, holds great significance as a vital statistical survey. This census is particularly noteworthy as it will provide high￾quality data for analyzing the current state and potential of the agricultural and rural sectors. Furthermore, it will serve as a foundation for strategic planning of their development across all levels of organization. Conducting a full agriculture census in compliance with international statistical standards is also of paramount importance, as it fulfills a key obligation in the Stabilization and Association Process. This achievement will contribute to facilitating BiH’s progress toward European Union membership. The COVID-19 pandemic and the conflict in Ukraine have caused disruptions in the food supply in BiH, which has been further aggravated by occasional droughts and floods in the country. The rise in food and energy prices has significantly worsened the financial situation of households, where vulnerable groups are the hardest hit. In 2022, the rise in prices of food and non￾alcoholic beverages amounted to 21.5%, compared to 2021, while prices from the “electricity, gas and other energy sources” category increased by 16.5 %. Research shows that citizens resort to diferent methods of meeting the basic needs !"#$%&'()*(+!,+- ,./01.12343562*67*481294*:;<;*429*3=1* >?>34524@01*91A106/.123*8640>*52*B6>254*429*C1DE186A524 #$ of life, from borrowing to turning to agricultural production. 11 In order to facilitate transport in the novel situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, eforts were made to create a list of vital products and a list of cargo truck border crossings, as well as of possible trade measures that will improve the flow of goods and ensure the market food supply. In this regard, the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations of BiH, in cooperation with the entity-level ministries responsible for trade and the relevant services in BD BiH, created a priority list of the necessary goods to be released through the priority￾truck Green Lanes at certain border crossings between CEFTA countries, which accelerated transit of goods in the new situation. In the FBiH, the financial support programme is implemented through the programmes of plant and animal production, rural development and other forms of financial support. In 2021, farmers in the FBiH were granted 86.2 million BAM as part of the aforementioned support 11 UNDP, UNICEF: Social Impact Assessment of COVID-19 in BiH: Third Household Survey programmes, and for 2023, a record￾high 164 million BAM budget for support to farmers was adopted. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the FBiH Government allocated 8.2 million BAM in financial assistance to export-oriented companies, cooperatives, trades and other legal entities in the agriculture and food sector. In terms of strategic documents pertaining to agriculture and rural development, the agriculture and rural development strategies for the period 2021-2027 have been adopted in the RS and BD. Meanwhile, in the FBiH, the strategic document is currently undergoing the adoption process. These strategies outline the long-term plans and priorities for promoting and enhancing the agricultural and rural sectors in their respective regions. The goal of developing the aforementioned strategies is to increase agricultural production on a sustainable basis, improve the conformity of the production structure, increase the processing of agricultural products and advance the more harmonious rural development. The intersectoral priorities include the fight against climate change, gender equality and improvement of the position of rural women, poverty reduction and caring for the elderly. In 2021, a total of BAM 75 million was allocated from the Agrarian Budget in the RS, of which 73% of the total amount was spent on plant and animal production, 18% on rural development, and 9% on systemic and other measures. A total of around 13 million BAM was allocated from the Compensation Fund. In 2021, around 16 million BAM was paid out in agricultural incentives in the BD BiH. In 2022, a new measure was introduced that was related to the support for self-employment of rural women, while this measure has been in force in the BD BiH since 2019. Target 2.1: By 2030 end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and suficient food all year round Indicator Trend Description of trend Adjusted SDG indicator 2.1.2: Food insecurity in adult population, % As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the crisis in food supply, there is a deterioration in the value of indicators in BiH. The data for the year 2020 (12.9%) indicates a departure from the target, which is 5% for 2023. Target 2.2: By 2030 end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving internationally agreed targets by 2025 relating to stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons Indicator Trend Description of rend SDG indicator 2.2.1: Proportion of children moderately or seriously stunted Although the proportion of children moderately or seriously stunted is decreasing, despite disruptions in food supply on the global market, the value for 2020 (9.1%) indicates that the target value (5%) for 2023 will not be reached. It is important to note that most children are moderately, not severely stunted, and that there is a higher prevalence of obesity in children. !"#$"%&&'()'*+,(%-()$'.,%'&/&.*()*01%'2%-%1#!3%).'$#*1& #% ACCESS TO FOOD BY THE MOST VULNERABLE From October 2022 to February 2023, UNDP conducted a mapping of all soup kitchens in BiH in terms of spatial distribution, capacity, number of beneficiaries and other important aspects of their work, with the aim of developing concrete recommendations for public policies and technical measures that contribute to reducing hunger in the country . The conducted research showed that there are currently 53 organizations in BiH that distribute free meals, with 34 facilities located in the FBiH, 18 facilities in the RS and one facility in the BD BiH. The largest number of facilities are managed by humanitarian/non-profit organizations in BiH. The current number of beneficiaries in 53 soup kitchens in BiH is close to 18,000. The most vulnerable groups of society among the beneficiaries of soup kitchens include pensioners, the unemployed, single parents, people with developmental disabilities, and members of the Roma population. An example of good practice: EU4AGRI The implementation of the EU4AGRI project began in BiH in mid-2020. By the end of 2024, EU4AGRI will invest over 20 million EUR in the agriculture and food sector in BiH, strengthening the companies for a strong domestic economy and the institutions for successful management of EU funds. EU4Agri support makes a key contribution to the BiH sustainable agriculture through the development of key policies and strategies (e.g., the FBiH Agricultural Development Strategy), strengthening agricultural advisory services and harmonization of the BiH policies with the EU acquis. The fundamental activities were initiated towards developing the Strategic Plan for Rural Development of BiH 2022-2027, the Strategy of Agricultural and Rural Development of the FBiH 2021-2027, the Law on the Regulation of the Wine Market in BiH, the Rulebook on Viticulture and Wine Register, as prerequisites for better integration of the BiH agricultural and food sector into the European Union. In addition, EU4AGRI provided significant technical support to the functional analysis of three entity￾level ministries, the development of an agricultural forecasting system, the Business Planning Academy for access to EU funds through which 61 advisors were trained to support access to EU funds, and the creation of a digital platform for access to EU funds in BiH. 91 investment projects were supported with 11.7 million EUR, benefiting more than 971 beneficiaries. With the continuous development of BiH agriculture, EU4AGRI also addresses major strategic, scientific, and technological challenges by driving innovation in the agricultural sector. Figure 26. Konjević polje, EU4AGRI beneficiary, “Agrofood”, Senad Omerović Figure 25. Worker employed through EU4B project, eco cheese Pudja. He is also an EU4AGRI beneficiary
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "bih", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-bih-2023-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2023 }
17 SDG 2 “Zero Hunger”. In the context of the increasing influence of external challenges, ensuring food security and independence remains one of the priorities of the state socio￾economic policy of the Republic of Belarus, which is associated with the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goal in the field of food security at the national level. In the period 2020-2021, characterized by external and internal challenges, the food system of Belarus demonstrated a high level of efficiency and the capability to ensure national food security. Today Belarus is self-sufficient in terms of food supply and export-oriented, which excludes the possibility of hunger and ensures the country's food security. The country has approved the Doctrine of National Food Security of the Republic of Belarus until 2030 as a system of official public policy provisions; a food security monitoring system has been established in accordance with international recommendations. In the 2021 global food security rating, Belarus ranked 36th out of 113 countries and was characterized as a state with favourable conditions for food supply. As for accessibility of food for the population, the share of domestically produced products is 77 per cent, which fully ensures the country's food security. The domestic market is characterized by a high level of self-sufficiency. At the same time, due to the prevailing climatic conditions, some types of vegetables and fruits, fish, and crustaceans dominate in the import structure. Rational consumption rates have been achieved for almost all key staple foods. The country is actively working to maintain the quality and safety of products, including through the improvement of the system of technological regulations and production standards, as well as in accordance with international requirements. The development of new competitive food products, especially preventive and functional nutrition, is in demand. The development of the agro-industrial complex is ensured in accordance with the State Programme "Agricultural Business" for 2021-2025, which defines economically feasible volumes of agricultural production for meeting the needs of the domestic market and ensuring effective exports, as well as measures to stabilize the financial situation in the industry. Within the agro-industrial complex, farms are the most popular organisational and legal form of business in the agricultural sector of the republic (about 3,462 farms are registered). The food sector is developing dynamically in Belarus. The volumes of production in the agricultural sector allow to increase the export potential of the country. Belarus is one of the world's largest exporters of dairy products, flax fibre, 18 rapeseed oil, sausage products, sugar, and poultry meat. The share of agricultural products and food products in the total volume of goods exported by the Republic of Belarus is 16.8 per cent. Belarus exports food products and agricultural raw materials to 109 countries of the world.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "blr", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-blr-2022-en-3.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2022 }
7 SDG 2. In the 2021 global food security rating, Belarus ranked 36th out of 113 countries and was characterized as a state with favourable conditions for food supply. 8 Against the background of external and internal challenges, as well as the sanctions maintained by Western countries, Belarus demonstrates every capability to fully guarantee its food security.
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INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO DE BOLIVIA 2021 - 21 - ODS 2: Hambre cero Poner fn al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y mejorar la nutrición hasta el año 2030, son encarados por el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia a través de la implementación de acciones dirigidas a mejorar el acceso a la alimentación e incrementar la producción de alimentos diversos. En este sentido, se busca alcanzar la seguridad alimentaria con soberanía, considerando por un lado la implementación de políticas bajo un enfoque de sustitución de importaciones que permita abastecer al mercado interno con alimentos de origen nacional y el fortalecimiento de la agricultura familiar como principal actor en la provisión de alimentos sanos y nutritivos. Por efectos de la pandemia y las acciones asumidas por el Gobierno de facto, las cadenas agroalimentarias se vieron afectadas, principalmente en la obtención de insumos, el acceso a mano de obra y la falta de transporte, por lo que se puso en riesgo el abastecimiento de alimentos y el ingreso principalmente de los pequeños productores. En este contexto, el mayor desafío que asume el Gobierno es garantizar el abastecimiento de alimentos, considerando el rol de la agricultura familiar en la provisión de alimentos y el establecimiento de mecanismos que permitan consolidar circuitos cortos de abastecimiento campo ciudad y ciudad campo, la logística de toda la cadena productiva de alimentos y sus insumos; y mayor acceso a tecnología en todo el proceso productivo. Meta 2.2 De aquí a 2030, poner fn a todas las formas de malnutrición, incluso logrando, a más tardar en 2025, las metas convenidas internacionalmente sobre el retraso de crecimiento y la emaciación de los niños menores de 5 años y abordar las necesidades de nutrición de las adolescentes, las mujeres embarazadas y lactantes y las personas de edad. La correcta alimentación constituye la base para garantizar el bienestar y el potencial humano, por ello, desde el embarazo hasta la edad de dos años del bebé, se constituye en una etapa decisiva para el futuro de los niños. Asimismo, en la edad de 0 a 59 meses ocurren los cambios más importantes en el crecimiento y desarrollo de las y los niños, por lo que es en esta etapa que una buena nutrición garantiza un adecuado desarrollo del sistema inmunológico y progreso de las habilidades y destrezas para el desarrollo psicomotor de la niñez que prepara su ingreso al sistema escolar. Dada la importancia de la alimentación y la nutrición para el desarrollo sostenible, Bolivia se ha planteado eliminar el hambre, la desnutrición y reducir la malnutrición, promoviendo que todas las personas tengan acceso a dietas más saludables. Entre los resultados se establece que hasta el año 2030 se reducirá a 6,4% el porcentaje de niñas y niños menores de cinco años con desnutrición crónica. Entre 2008 y 2016, el porcentaje de menores de cinco años con desnutrición crónica se redujo en 11,1 puntos porcentuales que fueron el resultado de acciones dirigidas a la nutrición de la niñez en el marco de los planes nacionales y de la declaración del milenio. La brecha entre áreas urbana y rural disminuyó de 21,4 puntos porcentuales en 2008 a 11,5 puntos porcentuales en 2016. INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO DE BOLIVIA 2021 - 22 - Gráfco 7. Porcentaje de niños menores de cinco años con desnutrición crónica, 2008 y 2016 Fuente: Encuesta de Demografía y Salud 2008 y Encuesta de Demografía y Salud 2016 MDS: Meta de Desarrollo Sostenible La meta nacional planteada al año 2030 es reducir la proporción de niños menores de cinco años con desnutrición crónica a 6,4%, por lo que la combinación de políticas y acciones integrales contempladas por el país serán importantes para lograr este desafío, entre los más relevantes se encuentran: ● Política de Alimentación y Nutrición, compuesta por 9 programas multisectoriales en municipios priorizados por condición de vulnerabilidad. ● Programa Multisectorial Desnutrición Cero, que está dirigido a erradicar la desnutrición crónica en niños menores de cinco años con énfasis en los menores de dos años. ● Las Unidades de Nutrición Integral, que se encuentran a nivel municipal, desarrollan las actividades de promoción, prevención y tratamiento de la desnutrición y defciencias de micronutrientes y se articulan las actividades que realizan los sectores de educación, justicia, desarrollo rural, agropecuario y medio ambiente, producción y microempresa, agua y servicios básicos. ● Programa Multisectorial de Alimentación y Nutrición, que fortalece al Programa Multisectorial Desnutrición Cero, toda vez que su visión se dirige a eliminar el hambre, la desnutrición crónica y reducir la malnutrición para alcanzar el ejercicio pleno del Derecho Humano a la Alimentación Adecuada. Meta 2.3 Para 2030, duplicar la productividad agrícola y los ingresos de los productores de alimentos en pequeña escala, en particular las mujeres, los pueblos indígenas, los agricultores familiares, los pastores y los pescadores, entre otras cosas mediante un acceso seguro y equitativo a las tierras, a otros recursos de producción e insumos, conocimientos, servicios fnancieros, mercados y oportunidades para la generación de valor añadido y empleos no agrícolas. La producción agrícola desempeña un rol estratégico en la economía boliviana al constituirse en la principal fuente de alimentos y materia prima para el mercado interno y la exportación. Este sector se caracteriza por la presencia de una diversidad de productores sujetos a diferentes condiciones o factores de producción como el tamaño de propiedad y tipo de tecnología; y según categoría de productores de pequeña, mediana y gran escala. Aspecto que es considerado en la defnición de políticas sectoriales y de desarrollo para este sector. En este sentido y en el marco del Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social y la Agenda Patriótica 2025, se vienen implementando políticas que priorizan a los pequeños productores campesinos e indígenas de la INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO DE BOLIVIA 2021 - 23 - agricultura familiar, considerando su aporte fundamental en la oferta de alimentos y la seguridad alimentaria. Dentro los principales cultivos de la agricultura familiar se encuentran el maíz, arroz, trigo, papa y quinua, entre otros. Para el incremento de la producción de alimentos, los mayores esfuerzos están dirigidos a la mejora de la productividad o rendimiento agrícola7 . Esta mejora responde a un mayor acceso a tecnología, insumos, asistencia técnica y otros servicios de apoyo a la 7 El rendimiento o productividad, se asume como la producción expresada en kilogramos obtenida por unidad del factor tierra en hectáreas. En términos generales, la mejora de los rendimientos en el país permitirá el desarrollo de la producción agrícola. producción; saneamiento de la propiedad agraria, entre otros. En los últimos años la productividad o rendimiento de algunos cultivos tuvieron mejoras signifcativas, sin embargo, en el 2020, cultivos como el maíz, hortalizas y algunas legumbres decrecieron por efecto de la pandemia y las restricciones asumidas por el gobierno de facto. Si bien esta mejora contribuye a un incremento de la producción, estos niveles aún son insufcientes, principalmente en aquellos productos que el país es defcitario. Gráfco 8. Rendimiento agrícola según principales cultivos, 2015 y 2020 (Kilogramos por hectárea) Fuente: Ministerio de Desarrollo Rural y Tierras Meta 2.4 Para 2030, asegurar la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción de alimentos y aplicar prácticas agrícolas resilientes que aumenten la productividad y la producción, contribuyan al mantenimiento de los ecosistemas, fortalezcan la capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático, los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, las sequías, las inundaciones y otros desastres, y mejoren progresivamente la calidad del suelo y la tierra. Los sistemas de producción en Bolivia, están prácticamente defnidos a través de: i) una agricultura tradicional, donde se asienta las prácticas o costumbres ancestrales, su cultivo es manual y/o con la participación de arrastre animal, poco desarrollo tecnológico, sus productos y derivados están destinados al autoconsumo y mercado local; ii) una agricultura semimecanizada; y, iii) una agricultura moderna que contempla el uso intensivo de tecnología, vinculándose a la agroindustria y mercado externo. En ese marco, Bolivia considera la necesidad de profundizar estrategias que tienen el propósito de garantizar las funciones productivas y ambientales de los componentes y sistemas de vida de la Madre Tierra, a través de acciones de recuperación de los recursos naturales como suelos, agua y cobertura vegetal. Las acciones más relevantes que asume el Gobierno, son la implementación de programas de fortalecimiento INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO DE BOLIVIA 2021 - 24 - a la base productiva, gestión de riesgos y desastres por efecto del cambio climático, seguro agrícola, riego, mecanización, acceso fnanciero, entre otros. Otro factor determinante en el incremento de la producción es la superfcie cultivada, que en este último quinquenio incrementó, alcanzando en el 2020 una superfcie cultivada de 3,9 millones de hectáreas. Gráfco 9. Superfcie cultivada, 2015 y 2020 (Millones de hectáreas) Fuente: Ministerio de Desarrollo Rural y Tierras Considerando el incremento de la superfcie cultivada y la mejora de los rendimientos de algunos cultivos, la producción agrícola se ha incrementado a 20,2 millones de toneladas. Esta producción corresponde a productos destinados al consumo de alimentos y como materia prima para la agroindustria. Gráfco 10. Producción agrícola, 2015 y 2020 (Millones de toneladas métricas) Fuente: Ministerio de Desarrollo Rural y Tierras INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO DE BOLIVIA 2021 - 25 - Meta 2.5 Para 2020, mantener la diversidad genética de las semillas, las plantas cultivadas y los animales de granja y domesticados y sus especies silvestres conexas, entre otras cosas mediante una buena gestión y diversifcación de los bancos de semillas y plantas a nivel nacional, regional e internacional, y promover el acceso a los benefcios que se deriven de la utilización de los recursos genéticos y los conocimientos tradicionales y su distribución justa y equitativa, como se ha convenido internacionalmente. Los recursos ftogenéticos son un recurso esencial para la producción agrícola sostenible. su conservación y usos efcaces, son fundamentales para salvaguardar la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, ahora y en el futuro. Para cumplir este desafío se requiere de un fujo continuo de cultivos mejorados y variedades adaptadas a condiciones de agroecosistemas particulares. En Bolivia, la gestión y administración de los Bancos de Germoplasma, promueve el uso de material genético para asegurar la disponibilidad de la diversidad genética. A su vez se desarrollan programas de mejoramiento y generación de nuevas variedades de alto rendimiento y calidad, adecuadas a los sistemas de producción del país, fortaleciendo además las capacidades de resiliencia de los pueblos, a los cambios climáticos y factores adversos. Hasta la gestión 2020, el Banco de Germoplasma estaba compuesto por 19.766 accesiones de diversos cultivos como cereales y leguminosas, frutos del valle, hortalizas, forestales, granos andinos, tubérculos y raíces, forrajeras. Al 2030 se proyecta alcanzar 21.195 accesiones para su caracterización y conservación. Gráfco 11. Composición del Banco Nacional de Germoplasma, 2020 Fuente: Dirección Nacional de Innovación – INIAF, 2021 Actualmente las accesiones del Banco Nacional de Germoplasma, se hallan resguardadas en dos Centros de Innovación. Se proyecta la construcción del Banco de Germoplasma en el departamento de Cochabamba.
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Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 50 SDG 2: Zero Hunger ‘End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture’ Overview of SDG 2 Food security and the advancement of sustainable agriculture are critical focus areas for the GOB, the private sector and our citizens. In this effort the government is seeking to transform and re-position the agriculture sector to be technology-driven and competitive. The 2021 food import bill had a value of BDS $709.12 million of which 67% were manufactured goods (54% processed goods, 13% are beverages including water and alcoholic drinks) while only 33% were agricultural and fish products, Figure 12. This composition has remained fairly consistent when compared to data from the 1980s. To address this at the regional level, Barbados has signed on to the CARICOM “25 x 2025” Agri-Food Systems initiative which is meant to reduce foreign food imports into CARICOM countries by 25% by 2025. The vulnerable & infants Nutritious & sufficient food Agricultural productive capacity Climate proofing the agricultural sector Sustainable food production Malnutrition Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 51 Figure 12 Value of Agricultural Imports in 2020 and 2021 Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Security (2022) Even as government attempts to reduce its dependence on imports, current global food prices present a constraint to access. Global food prices have risen sharply due to the war in Ukraine, with a knock-on effect on the local retail market thus impacting on people’s access to affordable food, Figure 13. In response, the GOB in 2022 worked with local retailers to maintain an agreed markup, on critical food items. Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 52 Figure 13 Food inflation in the English and Dutch speaking Caribbean (2022) Source: Regional Report (2022) Caribbean Food Security & Livelihoods Survey Impacts of COVID 19 and the Cost of Living Crisis Because Barbados does not have that luxury of natural resources, ample land, water and climate to replace the 67% of manufactured goods and beverage imports, Barbados’ food security strategy is one of self-reliance where a country relies on some level of domestic food production but imports a significant amount of its food. Thus, the food security strategy for Barbados takes a three (3) -fold approach using explicit and competitive policies to:  Maintain some of its own food supplies by: - Maximizing its Domestic Production Capability;  Safeguard its external food supplies by: - Encouraging firms to grow food for Barbados in overseas territories that share strong ties with Barbados and mutual values on food security;  Import Diversification: - Diversifying its imported food supplies by sourcing from countries with large surpluses over domestic consumption, to offset/avoid inevitable supplier disruptions. The food security strategy’s effectiveness must be underscored by a food stockpiles plan that maintains a threshold of several weeks of local and imported food supplies, in the same manner that there is a fiscal plan for ensuring the local earning of foreign exchange, to maintain Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 53 the exchange reserves above a certain threshold. To support this, the Barbados-Guyana Food Terminal which will be a building complex with a National Packhouse and a Food Terminal are being established with planning permission approved for construction to begin. A state-of the art Abattoir has also been agreed on to support the butchering and storage of meat. Agriculture development has a multi-dimensional role which becomes increasingly evident as a country develops and is integral to both economic and social development and consequently to the SDG goals. Against this backdrop, the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Security (MAFS) has set out a new vision and mission and strategic objectives that reflect this understanding. The new vision is to become a food and nutritionally secure country and the leader in sustainable tropical food and agriculture solutions in CARICOM by 2024, in the Americas by 2026 and internationally by 2028. The mission is uniting and optimizing the many dimensions of agriculture to enhance the food and nutrition security and food systems of the nation. While hunger in Barbados is below 5%, over-nutrition is at near crisis levels with 52.4% of adults and one (1) in every three (3) children overweight or obese. Obesity is due, mainly, to the over￾consumption of “ultra-processed”, “energy-dense” foods and especially “empty-calorie” foods, which are generally low-cost; but also to other major factors, such as insufficient exercise and genetics. Furthermore, more than one (1) in every three (3) adults suffered from hypertension; one (1) in every five (5) adults has diabetes and eight (8) out of every ten (10) deaths in Barbados are caused by NCDs. Nutrition plays a significant role in preventing and reversing these diseases. Consequently, nutritional security to ensure the health of the nation is a national priority for Barbados. The agricultural sector’s intervention and strategy on nutrition security focuses on the nutritional quality resulting from how food is grown and processed, to ensure that foods provided to its citizens are of high intrinsic quality. Our agricultural sector is supported by regional partners including the Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI), which provides technical (and other) support in genetic mapping, germplasm and disease reduction. Further, we have adopted a partnership approach and have signed regional Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 54 Snapshot of Barbados’ progress towards achieving SDG 2 Policies agreements with two of our CARICOM neighbours including: The Agreement for a Strategic Dialogue and Cooperation Platform between Barbados and Suriname and the St. Barnabas Accord between Barbados and the Cooperative Republic of Guyana. Many of these initiatives are interwoven and intended to increase the incomes of farmers as well as introduce climate smart agricultural practices to reduce losses due to climate change. Prevalence of undernourishment (%) (2019) 4.1 Prevalence of obesity, BMI ≥30 (% of adult population) (2016) 23.1 Human trophic level (best 2, 3 – worst) (2017) 3 Cereal yield (tonnes per hectare of harvested land) (2018) 2.9 Sustainable Nitrogen Management Index (best – 0, 1.41 worst) (2015) 1.2 Exports of hazardous pesticides (tonnes per million population) (2019) 0.0 Percentage of arable land equipped for irrigation (2018) 77.130 Barbados Herbs, Spices and Condiments Industry Development Plan 2015 – 2022 The goal of the Development Plan is to map a pathway towards real growth, competitiveness and sustainability of the Herbs, Spice and Condiments industry in Barbados. The Plan focuses on select herbs, spices and condiments namely, onions, hot peppers, thyme, marjoram, parsley, ginger, chives, celery, coriander and basil. It includes a review of the international, regional and local situations as they relate to production, trade, and price trends for herbs, spices and condiments. The Plan also provides 30 https://data.humdata.org/dataset/faostat-food-security-indicators-for-barbados Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 55 Programmes, Projects & Initiatives a review of past and present initiatives which support the advancement of the sector as well as an Action Plan for the further advancement of the industry. The National Tree Planting Programme- The Barbados One Million Trees Food Security and Mitigation Initiative (1M TFSMI) The Barbados One Million Trees Food Security and Mitigation Initiative is a project that focuses on soil conservation and reducing soil erosion, while also promoting food security and climate change mitigation. The project involves the planting and maintenance of plants (for food) and medicinal herbs, which will increase local food production and reduce the country's food import bill. The project also seeks to restore Barbados’ natural fruit tree populations through the planting ofspecies such as dunks, ackees, guavas, plums and golden apples, as well as fruits from other Caribbean countries, including Suriname’s dragon fruit and rambutan. To date, over 430,000 trees have been planted under the initiative. This initiative aims to create significant jobs in the agricultural sector and raise public awareness of the importance of planting and maintaining trees to combat climate change. In addition, the initiative supports several SDGs, such as reducing net greenhouse gas emissions (Goal 13: Climate Action), increasing food security, and creating jobs and supporting economic growth in Barbados (Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth). Overall, the Barbados One Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 56 Million Trees Food Security and Mitigation Initiative represents a vital step towards building a sustainable and resilient food-secure future for Barbados. Community Agricultural Response and Empowerment Project (CARE) The CARE Project in Barbados is an initiative aimed at promoting sustainable agriculture and food security among vulnerable communities. It enables these communities to plant their own food. This initiative is in response to the food insecurity challenges posed by the COVID 19 Pandemic and the Russia/Ukraine War. The project is funded by the European Union (EU) and implemented by the Barbados Agricultural Society, in collaboration with several community-based organizations. The CARE Project focuses on providing training opportunities for small-scale farmers, with an emphasis on agro-ecology and climate-smart agricultural practices. It also seeks to address issues of food waste and food insecurity by promoting healthy local food production, distribution and consumption. One of the key components of the CARE Project is the establishment of community gardens, where residents can grow their own fresh produce and learn about sustainable agriculture practices. The project also provides training on value-added processing and marketing, which will assist small under – employed farmers to increase their income and contribute to local food systems. Apart from Goal 2, the CARE Project is contributing to the achievement of several other SDGs, including, SDG 8 (decent work and economic growth), and SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production). By promoting sustainable agriculture and local food systems, the project is helping to build resilience and reduce poverty among vulnerable communities in Barbados. Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 57 Farmers Empowerment and Enfranchisement Drive (FEED) FEED is one of a suite of similar agricultural empowerment programmes aimed at reducing agricultural imports and increasing food security, especially to vulnerable populations in Barbados. The programme is meant to provide employment to the under – and/or unemployed who wish to create a livelihood in a range of agricultural pursuits and therefore reduce our reliance on food imports. Some of the key components of the programme are that farmers will have access to land and irrigation at subsidized rates and a three (3) month training course is a prerequisite in the areas of budgeting, farm management, technology in agriculture to name a few. Table 6 shows production data, Table 7 identified the land allocated to famers under the FEED programme. Table 6 Total Production from the FEED Program in 2021 and 2022 Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Security Table 7 the Placement of Farmers and the Allocated Acreage Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Security Year Acreage Forecasted Yield (lbs) Projected avg value (wholesale) Projected avg value (Retail) 2021 9.875 217,544 $590,803.64 $878,889.23 2022 116.14 2,389,918 $4,996,970.63 $7,649,296.98 Total production from FEED program 2021 and 2022 Farming District Parish # of farmers placed # of acres allocated 1 Mount Poyer St. Lucy 117 92.5 2 Fairy Valley Christ Church 28 27 3 Graeme Hall Christ Church 18 19 4 Spencer’s Plantation Christ Church 28 27 5 Bath Plantation* St. John 6 63 6 Wakefield St. John 28 25 7 River Plantation** St. Philip 16 24 8 Bawdens** St. Andrew 6 11 9 Greenland** St. Andrew 3 9.5 10 Turner’s Hall** St. Andrew 16 34.7 11 Sedge Pond St. Andrew 1 2.5 12 Pine Basin** St. Michael 7 7 13 Spring Hall St. Lucy 1 1 275 343.2 FEED Allocations (Acres and # of farmers) Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 58 Hope Agricultural Training Project This project involves the construction of a facility in the northern part of Barbados which offers training in both crop production and animal husbandry. The project will support practical training in agriculture to tertiary-level as well as primary and secondary level students. Climate Smart Aquaponics Project Five Caribbean countries, namely, Barbados, Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, the Commonwealth of the Bahamas and St. Lucia are partnering with the CDB to increase access to climate smart agriculture. The project builds the capacity of small-scale farmers (mainly in aquaponics farming) which not only provides a financial incentive to these farmers but also builds climate resilience in line with several UN SDG Goals. The project supports innovative solutions, which are especially needed as regional economies face a variety of climate-driven events. The St. Barnabas Accord The St. Barnabas Accord is a bilateral agreement signed between Barbados and Guyana. The agreement aims to enhance cooperation in various areas by leveraging each country’s comparative advantage. Some areas of cooperation being considered include manufacturing, agriculture and energy. In the agricultural sector, the Accord focuses on increasing agricultural productivity and promoting food security through south-south cooperation. The agreement outlines several measures, such as the creation of a joint working group on food and nutritional security, the export of various agricultural products from Guyana to Barbados, the lease of land in Guyana to Barbados for animal husbandry and crop production, and the establishment of a food terminal in both countries for local use and export. Caribank.org Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 59 Aspects of the animal husbandry production are already underway as the GOB continues to work closely with Guyana to achieve the goal of having a million Barbados Black Belly sheep within the next five years. This initiative is also expected to yield a new crossbreed between Barbados’ Blackbelly Sheep and Guyana’s local sheep, to develop a regional brand of sheep to reduce the importation of lamb and mutton products into the region. In fact, in August 2022, Guyana received 132 Blackbelly sheep from Barbados and more tranches are expected in the coming months. This programme will benefit local sheep farmers, including women, the youth and differently abled persons. The Accord also aims to promote aquaculture training and establish a youth exchange program at agriculture ministries. Additionally, the agreement includes provisions for Barbados to become a center for the processing of meat and fish products for the Eastern Caribbean and for the production of eucalyptus trees and cane grass for use in a biomass plant. It also targets the SDG Goal 2, by promoting sustainability mainly in the agricultural sector31 31 Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade Barbados. Available at: https://www.foreign.gov.bb/saint-barnabus-accord￾for-cooperation-signed/ Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 60 The Barbados / Guyana Food Terminal The Barbados/Guyana Food Terminal is a joint initiative between the two countries aimed at enhancing food security and promoting agricultural trade in the region. The project is an initiative of the St. Barnabas Accord and involves the establishment of a food terminal with operational plants and facilities in both Barbados and Guyana. The terminal will serve both local markets and export markets in the Caribbean and beyond, offering a range of agricultural products such as beef, poultry, fruits, vegetables, and coconut products. When completed, the Terminal will be able to store over 40 containers of food and will be equipped with a processing and packaging plant as well as cold storage facilities for seafood packing and processing. The facility is to be built according to state-of-the-art specifications and is scheduled to be constructed in 2023. It will serve as a food logistic hub, aimed at addressing the CARICOM Regional import substitution initiative “25 BY 2025”. This initiative is meant to reduce foreign imports into the Caribbean by 25% by 2025 and the Hub will feature processing and packaging facilities for meat and fish products, aimed at positioning Barbados as a center for this processing in the Eastern Caribbean. Furthermore, Barbados and Guyana's agriculture ministries will establish a youth exchange program for aquaculture training. Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 61 The Barbados/Guyana Food Terminal project will improve food security, promote regional agricultural trade and provide healthy(ier) food options for vulnerable citizens in the region. The construction of the facility will lead to lower transportation costs, lower storage and distribution fees. This initiative will support several other UN SDGs including Goal 8 (Decent work and Economic growth) for both countries, Goal 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) and Goal 12 (Responsible consumption and production). The Tissue Culture Lab The MAFS is embarking on a program to expand the tissue culture lab. The new facility will make available to farmers a wider range of clean planting materials as well as serve as a germplasm bank for crops. It is expected that the availability of clean material will result in increased production through the achievement of higher yields. The facility is also expected to be a ready source of planting materials for the country’s export program. Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 62 The School Meals Department The Ministry of Education, Technological and Vocational Training (METVT) is responsible for the school feeding programme across the island. School feeding has long been globally recognised as an integral tool in the facilitation of learning and as a much-needed safety net for a nation’s poor and disadvantaged families. It is indisputable that the school aged child needs a healthy diet to grow, develop and have the energy to study, learn, and be physically active. Taking these factors into account, a school meals programme must not only aim to feed children but must nourish their bodies while encouraging them to develop healthy eating habits. In so doing, the programme must act as an instrument to stimulate the development of our children and to complement broader health and nutrition education goals both nationally and in the school environment, while inculcating healthy eating habits from an early age. This is of particular importance in addressing prevalent issues such as childhood obesity and the increased development of NCDs in children. It is this insight that drives the long term goal of the School Meals Department to revamp the feeding programme into one that not only aims to provide the school aged child with a meal at lunch time, but one that recognises its social responsibility to the health and well-being of our children and of our nation by extension, by increasing its focus on the purpose and value of the meals that it provides. This is a goal that must be approached from several points in order to be achieved, and will require a multisectoral approach to the provision of school meals. Currently, four school meals centres provide thousands of lunches to students and in times of disaster, the School Meals Department assists with providing lunches to the hospital and the prison. #ActOnFacts – The Food in Schools Matters This campaign encourages public and policymaker support for the introduction of policies limiting the sale and marketing of foods full of sugar, fats and salt in and around schools, while increasing the availability of healthy foods and drinking water. Spearheaded by the Healthy Caribbean Coalition (HCC), the campaign brings together a raft of partners: UNICEF, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Commission, the Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA), the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Barbados (HSFB), the Heart Foundation of Jamaica (HFJ), the Jamaica Youth Advocacy Network (JYAN), with the technical collaboration of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 63 Civil Society and NGO initiatives In recognizing this SDG goal, the METVT is currently constructing a new state-of-the art modern facility capable of preparing 12,000 to 15,000 meals per day, and catering to emergency situations in the event of a national disaster. The Barbados Organisation of Parents of the Disabled The Barbados Organisation of Parents of the Disabled hosts events for persons with disabilities to network and gain support, form partnerships and access services to better help persons with disabilities and their caregivers. The Organisation’s ‘Eat What You Grow’ project encourages households to supplement their grocery bills with food grown in their backyard. The project also sources food vouchers for families caring for persons with disabilities and hopes to provide these vouchers on a monthly basis in the future as a means to address SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being and SDG 1: No Hunger. The Barbados Red Cross Society The Barbados Red Cross Society’s ‘Meals On Wheels’ programme aims to reduce hunger in the needy population in Barbados. The Red Cross Society works alongside the National Assistance Board to identify beneficiaries and the programme provides meals to 56 recipients weekly. Needy persons can also make direct requests for assistance. Future improvements under the project include the establishment of a kitchen garden which will serve a dual purpose: to offset costs associated with meal preparation and provide healthier meals for those in need. Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 64 SDG Targets under Goal 2 and Barbados’ Progress This dashboard highlights Barbados’ progress with respect to the achievement of the SDG targets under SDG 2: End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition and Promote Sustainable Agriculture. Targets - SDG 2 – End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition and Promote Sustainable Agriculture Barbados’ Progress By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round. By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older people. By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers. By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality. By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels. Target met or likely to be met by 2030/ substantial progress Moving away from target/ deterioration Fair progress but acceleration is needed No trend data available Limited or no progress Insufficient data/ not applicable
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "brb", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-brb-2023-en-5.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2023 }
Barbados Voluntary National Review 2023 4 Barbados’ Progress in Achieving the 17 Sustainable Development Goals SDG in Focus Progress toward the Goal Barbados is making meaningful progress towards achieving food security and meeting the nutritional needs of our people. Local food production has been enhanced and several initiatives are being implemented to ensure an adequate and healthy diet for all, especially for the poor and people in vulnerable situations. Barbados is committed to decreasing food imports by 25% by 2025.
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Brunei Darussalam’s Voluntary National Review Report at the 2020 United Nations High-Level Political Forum | 16 Sustainable Development Goal 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Image: His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam reaping the first commercial harvest of Sembada 188 paddy at Wasan Agricultural Area, in February 2019. Brunei Darussalam is committed to strengthening the country’s food security, which will ensure its citizens’ access to adequate supply of safe and nutritious food at affordable prices. ENSURING FOOD SECURITY Brunei Darussalam’s sources of food are largely through imports whereby in 2019, the country imported food from over ninety countries. To minimise this heavy reliance on imports, various initiatives and programmes have been implemented to increase domestic production and capacity, in order to increase the country’s self-sufficiency levels. The Government, through the Ministry of Primary Resources and Tourism (MPRT), has strengthened efforts to develop its agricultural sector. In 2018, the gross output of agricultural production was B$436.3 million, representing an increase of 6.6% from B$409.3 million in 2017. Of this, 56.1% (B$244.6 million) was derived from the livestock industry; 14.6% (B$63.7 million) was produced by the crop industry; whereas the remaining balance (29.3%) with an estimated value of B$128 million was contributed by the agrifood industry. All of these agricultural industries have each Brunei Darussalam’s Voluntary National Review Report at the 2020 United Nations High-Level Political Forum | 17 shown an increase of 6.6% in production value as compared to 2017. Rice is a staple food in Brunei Darussalam and as reiterated by His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan and Yang Di￾Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam, attaining self￾sufficiency in rice production will remain a national priority. The Department of Agriculture and Agrifood (DOAA) continues to put greater efforts to increase local production by employing hybrid and high yielding varieties, adopting modern farming and dual seasons cropping practices, encouraging domestic entrepreneurship, including among the youth, as well as introducing commercial-based rice production at a larger scale. New planting areas have also been developed, such as the Agricultural Development Area of Kandol, which is an area of 500 hectares operated by PaddyCo, a newly established government-owned company. The first phase of the project has started since early 2019 and the second phase is expected to commence in the second half of 2020. The project is expected to contribute 6,000 to 8,000 Metric Tonnes of paddy, an equivalent of 3,600 to 4,800 Metric Tonnes of milled rice, which will contribute 11% - 15% of the national rice requirement by 2025. Other initiatives include field research and trials of different varieties of rice from Republic of Indonesia, Republic of the Union of Myanmar and People’s Republic of China, to test their suitability to Brunei Darussalam’s climate and soil conditions. All these efforts will enable the country to achieve its trajectory of rice self-sufficiency by three￾folds over the next five to six years. The Government has reassured that there is always an adequate supply of rice in the market sold at reasonable prices. Such commitment was evident during the COVID￾19 pandemic, in which the general public was reassured of the sufficient rice stock of more than six-months supply. In its efforts to ensure the standard and safety of its produce, the country has in place policies and legislations, in line with international practices, to cover elements of prevention against infection of diseases; public health; agricultural pests and noxious plants; and protection of plant varieties. These include the Wholesome Meat Order 2011, Quarantine and Prevention of Disease Act (Cap. 47) (1984 Ed), Brunei Good Self Sufficiency Achievements 3.3% annual growth in agricultural and agrifood production between 2015 and 2018. 100% self-sufficiency level (SSL) reached for production of chicken eggs. 90% and 29% SSL for production of poultry meat and red meat. 47% and 37% SSL for production of vegetables and fruits. Brunei Darussalam’s Voluntary National Review Report at the 2020 United Nations High-Level Political Forum | 18 Agricultural Practice which is equivalent to the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Good Agricultural Practice, Good Animal Husbandry Practices and Good Manufacturing Practice. Such regulatory mechanisms together with various initiatives for production are aimed towards sustainable agriculture. Brunei Darussalam also undertakes regional and bilateral cooperation, as part of its efforts to ensure adequate, affordable, safe and nutritious food supply. CHILD NUTRITION One of Brunei Darussalam’s priority initiatives in the prevention and control of obesity and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is to focus on optimal nutrition status from the early years. This strategic initiative, known as ‘Giving Every Child the Best Start in Life’, has adapted the World Health Organization (WHO)’s global targets for identifying priority areas in maternal, infant and young child nutrition. The Ministry of Health (MOH) is committed to monitoring the progress of achieving targets, among others, in reducing stunting among Regional Initiatives Food Security and Nutrition ASEAN Ministers of Agriculture and Forestry Framework:  Formation of ASEAN Integrated Food Security Framework.  Strategic Plan of Action on ASEAN Food Security 2015 -2020. ASEAN Plus Three (People’s Republic of China, Japan and Republic of Korea): Strategic cooperation focused on agendas related to, among others, food security, sustainable forest management, adaptation and mitigation of climate change, animal health and prevention of crop and livestock diseases, and productivity improvement:  Implementation of ASEAN Plus Three Emergency Rice Reserve Agreement.  Implementation of ASEAN Plus Three Food Security Information System. Bilateral arrangements Selected Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)/Protocol with:  Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Kingdom of Thailand in the area of Technical Cooperation Programme on Rice Production Technology;  Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh on cooperation in livestock as well as on scientific and technical cooperation in agriculture;  General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China on the Protocol on Inspection, Quarantine and Veterinary Sanitary Requirements for Wild Aquatic Products to be Exported from Brunei Darussalam to the PRC;  Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar on agricultural cooperation;  Government of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam on ‘The Use of Hotline for Information – Exchange to address Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing’ as well as on cooperation in agriculture and fisheries.  Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute on cooperation in agricultural research and development. Brunei Darussalam’s Voluntary National Review Report at the 2020 United Nations High-Level Political Forum | 19 children under-five, reduction in low birth weight, controlling childhood obesity, increasing the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months, and reducing childhood wasting. The Government continues to strengthen whole of nation actions under the ‘National Strategy for Maternal, Infant and Young Child Nutrition (MIYCN) in Brunei Darussalam 2014-2020’, which was the first national framework for MIYCN in the country. Brunei Darussalam promotes exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, and recently launched an initiative to provide free breastpumps for newly expecting mothers. Also provided are free breastfeeding classes for expecting mothers as well as a dedicated hotline for those who need breastfeeding advice. Additionally, the prices for milk formula for children are controlled through the Price Control Act (Cap. 142). In 2017, as part of efforts to achieve the country’s vision for a healthier nation, Brunei Darussalam introduced excise taxes on food products with high sugar and monosodium glutamate (MSG) contents. The amount of tax imposed is B$4.00 per ten litres on drinks with sugar content of six grams or more per 100 ml and of 30% of the price for MSG. Healthier choices in schools are promoted through the ‘School Canteen Guidelines’ and the ‘Drinking Water Policy’. Meanwhile, for maintaining nutrition in child care centres, a ‘National Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines for Child Care Centres’ was developed in 2019, which represents a milestone in the development of an essential public health policy for children especially in ensuring their optimal nutrition and adequate physical activity. These guidelines, developed by the MOH in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports (MCYS), serve to guide all local child care centre providers when establishing their centres, to ensure optimum and supportive environments for infants’ and young children’s nutrition and activity needs. These guidelines also serve as a useful resource and reference guide for policymakers and related stakeholders particularly those involved in the management, operations and regulations of child care centres. The MOH has also implemented the Healthier Choice Logo since 2017, whereby food industries, particularly food manufacturers and food suppliers, either international or local, are encouraged to reformulate and produce healthier choice products in the market. Products that comply with the healthier choice criteria can be awarded a healthier choice logo to be affixed onto their packaging. This helps to create demand and supply of healthier choice products in Brunei Darussalam. To meet nutritional goals, mitigate obesity and improve access to equal and equitable education, in order to achieve the fullest potential of all students, Brunei Darussalam, through the Ministry of Education, offers two forms of food programmes in schools: i) The ‘Feeding Scheme’, started in 1954, serves healthy meals and/or snacks to eligible students in primary schools and hostels nationwide. In 2019, 29,755 students were eligible; and ii) The ‘Program Harapan dan Anak Harapan’, developed in June 2018, targets the most disadvantaged 41 primary schools (to supplement the Feeding Scheme) and 5 secondary schools to provide meal plans. In 2019, 11,695 students were eligible.
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25 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 2 End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition and Promote Sustainable Agriculture OVERVIEW OF TARGETS AND ACHIEVEMENTS Food security remains an important agenda and a major concern for Brunei Darussalam, and the COVID-19 pandemic has made it even more crucial. As the country’s food sources are largely dependent on imports, at the rate of around 70 per cent in 2022, Brunei Darussalam continues to ensure a stable food availability through sustainable agriculture production as well as ensuring an adequate supply of safe and nutritious food. Brunei Darussalam is committed to further strengthening the food system by accelerating the production growth of the agriculture and fisheries sectors, promoting both domestic and foreign direct investments, and increasing productivity through the use of technology to meet domestic demand and for exports. Collective efforts need to be accelerated to ensure more equitable, sustainable, and resilient food systems to achieve Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, at all levels. Data availability for Goal 2 is limited to provide a complete picture. There is early indication of improvement in nutritional outcomes. However, Brunei Darussalam is currently facing the unhealthy patterns of a rise in Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs). On promoting sustainable agriculture, Brunei Darussalam is on track to enhance productivity of agricultural producers, especially in rice production. Brunei Darussalam also has stable consumer food price index to lower down the risk of food insecurity, especially for low-income households. Figure 7 Progress of Selected Indicators in Goal 2 INITIATIVES AND IMPLEMENTATION Food Security MPRT strives to increase food supply and strengthen value chain models to achieve self-sufficiency and food security. Food availability has been stable and undernourishment remains low. Key projects have helped to ensure increased production from agriculture, fisheries and livestock, as well as achieving the country’s self-sufficiency targets for a number of commodities. Attaining self-sufficiency in rice production remains a national priority, as rice is the staple food for Brunei Darussalam. The development and growth in agriculture and livestock industries have been further supported through funding to explore key activities such as the use of innovative technology and modern techniques to boost productivity, and opening of new industrial sites. 26 Greater efforts continue to be invested in increasing the local production by employing hybrid and high yielding varieties, adopting modern farming and dual seasons cropping practices, encouraging domestic entrepreneurship, including among the youth, as well as introducing commercial-based rice production at a larger scale. One of the factors contributing to the growth in paddy production is the increase in the cultivation area of high yielding hybrid varieties i.e. Sembada 188, and it is anticipated that the paddy production will continue to rise in the near future as more irrigated rice production areas shift towards planting these high yielding varieties. PaddyCo Sdn. Bhd has successfully expanded the area cultivated with rice at the Kandol Agriculture Development Area from 8.23 hectares in 2019 to 68.23 hectares on July 2022 and will be expanded further up to 173.23 hectares in 2023. The Kandol Agriculture Development Area can potentially further contribute approximately 5.7 per cent towards the country’s rice self-sufficiency rate. Other joint-venture projects and programmes to ensure sustainability in developing the agriculture and fisheries sectors include the management of hatching and breeding projects for rostris blue shrimps; and development of a breeding site for fry (fingerlings) using the Recirculating Aquaculture System technology and a fish breeding site (sea juveniles). To further increase the quantity and quality of domestic rice production as well as regulate domestic rice prices to consumers, other initiatives include the Buy-Back Paddy Scheme, Milling Service Fees and for the purchase of hybrid rice seeds to be distributed to the local rice farmers. With these initiatives, dependencies on imported goods of agricultural-based food products will be minimised, and local business opportunities in agricultural sector will also be promoted. Figure 8 Self-Sufficiency Achievement (Source: Brunei Darussalam Agriculture and Agrifood Statistics in Brief, 2021) Food Safety Brunei Darussalam is committed to ensuring the nation’s health, specifically in its efforts to ensure the safety and quality of food. Brunei Darussalam Food Authority (BDFA) was established on 1 January 2021, as a competent authority aimed at supporting functions in overseeing legislation and rules such as Fresh Meat Order (2011) (Amendment) (2020) and Public Health (Food) Regulations, Term 182 (Amendment) (2020), enacted to further strengthen food safety and quality issues in the country. Operationally, BDFA conducts routine activities to ensure food imported into Brunei Darussalam meets food safety requirements, such as conducting microbiological and chemical testing for consignments of imported meat before being approved to be sold in the country, as well as safety confirmation for processed food imported. BDFA also facilitates the development of the local food industry towards meeting the export market’s needs by inspecting food processing premises and producing the required certifications such as Export Health Certificate, Free Sales Certificate for processed foods, and the Declaration of Free from Animal Fat. 27 Nutrition On the nutrition front, Brunei Darussalam continues with its strategic initiative, ‘Giving Every Child the Best Start in Life’, which has adopted the World Health Organisation (WHO)’s global targets for identifying priority areas in maternal, infant and young child nutrition. MOH continues to monitor the progress of achieving maternal, infant and young child nutrition outcomes such as reducing stunting among children under-five, and childhood wasting, controlling childhood obesity, and increasing the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months. Compared to some countries in the region which are ‘burdened’ with citizens suffering from up to three forms of malnutrition – overweight, anaemic or stunted growth – Brunei Darussalam is ‘burdened’ with citizens experiencing one form of malnutrition – being overweight. Brunei Darussalam ranks the second highest among ASEAN countries in obesity rates, whereby nearly 20 per cent of adolescents are obese and the same worrying trends are seen in younger children with a one per cent increase in the prevalence of obesity every year since 2009. A December 2020 survey by the MOH, which involved 183 parents and 140 companies in the food and beverages and advertising industries, indicated that social media was the most frequently used platform to advertise junk food, followed by billboards. The vast majority of respondents believe that inappropriate advertising of food and beverages can contribute to rising childhood obesity. As one of MOH’s Strategic Plan 2019-2023 initiatives and in line with WHO’s recommendations in tackling child obesity, the Code of Responsible Marketing of Food and Beverages to Children in Brunei Darussalam was launched in 2021, which spells out food advertising guidelines that stated for all ads promoting sugar-sweetened beverages, energy drinks, syrups as well as items classified as desserts such as cakes, biscuits and pastries are not permitted. The Code will be implemented in phases on various advertising and marketing platforms such as printed media on billboards, posters, newspapers, and magazines, during exhibitions, in cinemas, news websites as well as local radio and television channels. Other initiatives such as for maintaining nutrition in child care centres, a ‘National Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines for Child Care Centres’, Healthier Choice Logo, whereby food industries, particularly food manufacturers and food suppliers, either international or local, are encouraged to reformulate and produce healthier choice products in the market, as well as Food Programmes in schools implemented through MOE, i.e. the Feeding Scheme and the Program Harapan dan Anak Harapan, which targeted children from the most disadvantaged, continued to be implemented and monitored by the respective ministries. Food Systems Resilience and Recovery from COVID-19 Since the start of the pandemic, issues of disruptions of short supply of food is not only unique to Brunei Darussalam, but also globally. As a food-importing country, Brunei Darussalam also faces some food items shortages, which drives up food prices, as evident in the rising consumer price index in recent years since 2020. In response, MOFE has made efforts to ensure sufficient rice stock of more than six-months’ supply and sold at reasonable prices. Prices of essential products necessary to meet daily dietary requirements such as cooking oil, rice and powdered infant milk, among others are also being regulated through the enforcement of the Price Control Act. Achieving resiliency in food production and thus ensuring food security for the nation, requires a whole-of-nation approach and a unified institutional network between the government and the private sectors to strengthen Brunei Darussalam's position in increasing the nation’s food production network to achieve self-sustainability. Towards this, in line with the commitment as well as the priorities identified in Brunei Darussalam’s Economic Blueprint, a food industry roadmap has been prepared as a guideline to increase the production of safe, Halal, and high-quality food and strengthening the value chain of the food system. 28 Figure 9 Consumer Price Index (Source: Department of Economic Planning and Statistics, Ministry of Finance and Economy) MPRT remains committed to ensure the positive growth of the agriculture and agri-food sector by ensuring strategies and initiatives to boost production and productivity continue to be implemented by developing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and working closely with local farmers and food manufacturers such as through Agriculture Pilot Project, Contract Farming for youth, Business Expansion Program, Local Market Facilitation, Export Market Facilitation, as well as opening up new areas for crops, livestock and paddy production. While continuous research and development (R&D) activities conducted by academic institutions such as provided by Universiti Teknologi Brunei’s (UTB) Centre for research on Agri-food and Technology (CrAFT) - Brunei Darussalam’s first and only research facility focusing on agriculture, food science and nutrition - which provides R&D services to food and beverages businesses, as well as raising awareness towards high quality and Halal practices in food provisions conducted by Halalan Thayyiban Research Centre under Universiti Islam Sultan Sharif Ali (UNISSA). All these endeavours, with support from organisational bodies within the Government and private sectors have the promising potentials to contribute to Brunei Darussalam’s sustainable agriculture and agri-food sector, and hence contribute to the country’s diversification efforts. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES For Brunei Darussalam, the issue of food security is made with reference to food self-reliance and attaining self-sufficiency through sustainable agriculture to increase domestic food production. The COVID-19 pandemic tested global food systems, particularly the supply chain, and with a heavy reliance on imported food, Brunei Darussalam faced challenges. Despite the Government’s continued effort to implement various initiatives, strategies, and policies to support self-sufficiency, more must be done to achieve Wawasan Brunei 2035 targets as well as towards zero hunger. Reflecting on the COVID-19 pandemic and challenges of food security, there must be more actions taken to ensure that there are always preparations and contingencies for unforeseen interruptions such as disrupted food supplies and production operations, in particular on supporting farmers to meet the growing demand with the possibility of scarcity of resources. There is a particular concern with the effects of this on reducing poverty and supporting low-income households. This necessitates policy interventions to support input and food distribution systems, by finding possible solutions, which includes strengthening the small to medium agri-food enterprises through agro-dealer networks to engage in a successful food system transformation programme. -1.3 1.0 -0.4 1.9 1.7 3.7 -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 % change, year-on-year Food Non-Food Inflation 29 FEATURE 2 Youths and Innovative Agricultural Practices It is encouraging for Brunei Darussalam to witness a growing interest from the youths in agriculture, innovating within practices and the sector. The younger generation can help introduce innovations and potentially offer new solutions to some of the world’s sustainability challenges. There are several notable examples of this. Youth for Sustainable Farming Agronect: Brunei Darussalam's Agronect is a digital application developed by sisters, Sarinah and Nursheila Ziziumiza, that provides education and immersive training experiences for farmers and agri-food entrepreneurs, which gives them access to resources they require for sustainable agriculture practices. The platform is designed to make experiential learning of sustainable farming without the need for space, materials, and travel. Through Virtual Reality for training and simulation, the app is found to have improved competency skills while reducing errors by 85 per cent and accelerates learning with an 80 per cent retention rate, four times more concentrated than traditional classroom instruction. The Agronect application has recently won the Grand Award in APEC Digital Prosperity Award in Bangkok, Thailand, and finalist in SheLovesTech Local Round and Global Round in Singapore, and Special Mention Award in APEC App Challenge in Bangkok, Thailand. It has been credited for not only being an innovative platform for smarter farming techniques and wider participation in the supply chain, but also a concrete contribution to the bio-circular-green economy. The developers continue to explore opportunities and collaborative efforts to promote modern-day farming practices for a secure and sustainable food source. Agronect wins APEC Award for its education and immersive training for farmers AgroBIZ Project: AgroBIZ is a collaborative project between LiveWire Brunei and the Institute of Brunei Technical Education (IBTE) providing a platform and training, turning small￾scale agrobusinesses into profit making. In this project, agropreneurs had the opportunity to develop 10 hectares of paddy fields while also receiving the practical skills required to be successful commercial farmers. In February 2020, the first batch of 10 hectares of paddy recorded a yield of 8.5 metric tonnes of paddy per hectare, one of the highest in the country. Through this project Sembada188 yield was planted at the IBTE Agro-Technology Campus plot in Kampong Wasan and the outcome managed to double Agrobiz’s target of Metric Tonne per hectare. This remarkable success was the result of the site’s irrigation infrastructure, rainwater harvesting and use of pesticide-free and organic fertilisers which were deployed using modern methods including drones. The programme AgroBiz was expanded to AgroBiz Plus giving a special focus on underprivileged individuals to encourage skill development and economic participation through agropreneurship. AgroBIZ programme has successfully churned out agrobusinesses and technopreneurs that are still actively operational today. More youth led companies like AgroZid Company, and Golden Green are emerging with sustainable and green practices at the heart of their businesses, leading Brunei Darussalam in food security. Other agrosector related products have seen a rise in organic and natural-based materials to generate yields such as Econic Farm and Baja Buddies producing organic fertiliser and BN Greenbay Agriculture specialising in hydroponic systems. Founders of AgroZid – a farming business formed by AgroBiz programme graduates
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[ 2 ]
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31 4.2 SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture In its first VNR report, Bhutan reported that 97 percent of households were food sufficient, and that various interventions were underway to improve nutrition, including through implementation of the Food Security and Nutrition Policy. However, food sufficiency was mainly on account of high food imports; and the self-sufficiency ratio for Bhutan’s staple cereal, rice, for example, was only 45 percent. Rural households still experienced seasonal food shortages, and approximately four percent of people in rural areas reported experiencing food insufficiency. Despite significant improvements, child nutrition as well as micronutrient deficiencies in children, adolescent girls and women remained a significant public health concern, as covered below. It was noted, however, that more recent data was required to ascertain improvements as several interventions—such as increased maternity leave to allow for exclusive breastfeeding—had been initiated over the years. The need to include indicators that evaluate school feeding programmes and the nutrition status of children in schools was also highlighted, given major systemic and implementation gaps associated with the programme. Likewise, gaps in ensuring sustainable agricultural productivity remained, despite numerous interventions to enhance agriculture production for improved food and nutrition security.33 In particular, it was noted that the sector’s vulnerability to climate change impacts and climate change induced disasters posed significant threat to undoing the gains achieved thus far. The Sector Adaptation Plan of Action (SAPA) 2016 had identified forest and biodiversity, food security and agriculture, and water resources, as the most vulnerable sub-sectors to climate change impacts. While hunger is no longer a major concern, achieving food security with improved nutrition, and ensuring sustainable food production with resilient agricultural systems remains a critical challenge for Bhutan. In the 12th FYP, NKRA 8 on ‘food and nutrition security’ aims to increase food production to enhance food self-sufficiency (defined as being able to meet consumption needs, particularly for staple food crops from domestic production rather than importing); and to enhance nutrition security (specifically addressing the nutritional needs of women and children to reduce prevalence of malnutrition). 4.2.1 Enhancing nutrition security As mentioned, more up-to-date data is required for a better understanding of the nutrition situation in the country today. This is expected to be available only after the next National Nutrition Survey (NNS) scheduled in 2022. Therefore, as presented in the first VNR report and based on the NNS 2015, about 21 percent of Bhutanese children below the age of five years are stunted, while 4.3 percent are reported as wasted, and nine percent are underweight. Higher 33 These include the National Rehabilitation Programme (NRP) to benefit rural farmers; the User Right System (URS), an innovative landholding system, to enhance economic livelihood opportunities; and a series of programmes to accelerate growth of the agriculture sector with a focus on drivers of change, including irrigation development, farm mechanization and addressing human-wildlife conflict management. 32 rates of stunting were reported for the eastern regions (29.1%), rural areas (26.1%), and children from lower wealth quintiles. Despite substantial reduction, prevalence of anemia remains a severe public health concern— with 44 percent of six- to 59- month-old children, 35 percent of non-pregnant women, and 31 percent of adolescent girls reported to be anemic. Only 51 percent of children in Bhutan were exclusively breastfed in 2015. As such, concerns remain today over the persistence of stunting and micronutrient deficiencies. At the same time, Bhutan’s first Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) conducted in 2016 had reported that over-nutrition is an emerging issue among Bhutanese adolescents in school—with about 11.4 percent being overweight and two percent being obese. Consumption of junk foods was found to be high, with 40 percent drinking carbonated soft drinks at least once a day and 32.2 percent eating fast-food at least four times per week. Regular consumption of fruits and vegetables was reported by only 32 percent and 42 percent respectively—with consumption significantly lower in boarding schools. Overall, the NCD risk factor survey report 2019 indicates that 11.4 percent of the Bhutanese population are obese, 33.5 percent are overweight, and 3.1 percent are underweight. Some progress can be noted in terms of interventions to address the nutrition concerns in the country. The National Health Policy is under revision, and a National Nutrition Strategy is under development—both of which are expected to have a bearing on improving multi-sectoral collaboration towards more effective nutrition programmes and services. The implementation of the Goods and Services Tax Act of Bhutan 2020 (also covered later) will impose higher excise taxes on unhealthy (junk) foods. More emphasis is being placed on providing nutritious meals to children, as the National School Feeding Programme transitions to the National School Feeding and Nutrition Programme. For this, cost-optimised nutritious school menus are being designed, using an online menu optimiser platform and based on local and seasonal food. Additional strategies under development include a behaviour change communication campaign, to improve dietary and health practices of school children; and an improved school curriculum, complemented by a digital and interactive game-based learning platform, to enhance nutrition and health education.34 To provide timely data for improved policy decisions and effectiveness of school-based feeding programmes, a real-time and integrated nutrition, health and education monitoring and evaluation system has been developed and rolled out in all schools. To facilitate with producing healthy and safe meals, national standards are being developed for school kitchen, stores and kitchen equipment. Necessary infrastructure such as kitchen and stores are being upgraded, to facilitate the expansion of school meals to additional rural schools. Efforts are underway to optimise and reduce costs for the National School Feeding and Nutrition Programme’s supply chain, in support of the plan to scale up the programme to reach 95 percent of all schools by 2021. 35 In order to increase availability of fresh and nutritious foods for school meals, efforts are underway to enhance the production and entrepreneurial capacity of local smallholder farmers groups, and to connect farmers across the country with schools within their vicinity. Investments are also being made towards addressing micronutrient deficiencies, with 34 Brief on WFP’s Support to Nutrition in Bhutan (2019-2023), December 2020. 35 Ibid. 33 development of a regulatory and compliance framework for the National Food Fortification Programme, building capacities of the relevant agencies, and construction of a blending facility to produce sufficient fortified rice and laboratory capacities for quality testing and analysis. The COVID-19 pandemic has posed some risk to nutrition intake of children and communities, given reduced household income, higher food prices, reduced availability of fresh foods, and a tendency to opt for more processed foods. To help address this issue, a community outreach programme on eating and staying healthy during the pandemic was launched, in partnership with relevant stakeholders. Also, as previously mentioned, the national lockdowns and prolonged school closures due to the pandemic caused disruption to the school-feeding programme—which is an essential source of nutrition especially for students from rural backgrounds. This has therefore highlighted a need for holistic measures to be considered when implementing education in emergency situations, including the continued provision of nutritious food supplies, among others. 4.2.2 Sustainable food production Dependency on imports to ensure food sufficiency remains high, especially for staple foods. Today, Bhutan continues to import large quantities of rice, potato, chili, vegetables, and livestock products—with rice being the major commodity of import at 60,267 MT of rice worth Nu. 1.88 billion. In all, the total annual import of agriculture and livestock products in 2018 was Nu.3.83 billion, and Nu.1.94 billion respectively.36 Agriculture productivity is constrained by a combination of factors including declining cultivable land, increasing human-wildlife conflict, population drifts, abandonment of farmland and house, feminisation of agriculture, farm labour shortage, and increasing farming costs. According to the recently developed RNR Strategy 2040, these factors along with declining public investments in the RNR sector have led to decreasing shares of the agriculture sector to GDP, from 24 percent in 2004 to 15.89% in 201837, and to 15.82 percent in 201938. With arable land at less than three percent, the total land area under cultivation is reported to be 189,499 acres. 39 As part of efforts to increase area for agricultural production, a total of 578.1 acres of fallow land was brought under cultivation since 2019. With provisions for new terracing and terrace consolidation, and implementation of sustainable land management programmes across the country to work with vulnerable agriculture land, a total of 4,278.72 acres of agricultural land was also developed. In addition, a total of 80.6 km of new irrigation schemes have been completed or initiated—benefitting more than 1400 households across eight dzongkhags. 40 36 Bhutan Trade Statistics 2018. 37 RNR Strategy 2040. 38 National Accounts Statistics 2020. NSB. 39 The percentage of arable land according to the RNR Census of Bhutan 2019 was estimated at 2.83 percent. 40 State of the Nation Report, December 2020. 34 Although the agriculture sector employs more than 51 percent of the population41, farm labour shortage has been reported as a major constraint to farming42—which is further compounded by the feminisation of agriculture (women make up 61.7 percent of those directly employed in agriculture43). The shortage is attributed to rural-urban migration prompted by drudgery and high risk involved in farming, lack of modern facilities in rural areas, and better income opportunities elsewhere with the growth of other sectors. Efforts to enhance production continue through the provision of seeds/seedlings, agrochemicals (insecticides, herbicides and pesticides), fertilizers and electric fencing to farmers; and by making government machineries available to farmers for hiring. Research and development are ongoing, with new varieties being released to improve crop resilience. Commercial farming is also being supported, for example with the aggressive promotion of quinoa in all 20 dzongkhags, following its introduction in 2015 and the release of four varieties in 2018. Around 76.96 MT of quinoa was produced during 2019-2020, and processing and packing options are also being provided. In addition, 99 mixed-fruit orchards supporting 98 households, along with 18 focus villages for fruits and nuts comprising 365 households, has been established; and interventions to improve mandarin farming is continuing, given that it is one of the highest horticultural produce earnings for Bhutanese.44 To date there are 312 commercial agriculture farms (inclusive of groups and cooperatives), creating employment for more than 562 individuals. In addition, state owned enterprises are operating 14 commercial agriculture farms with a total farm size of 1342.95 acres across the country. Efforts to enhance livestock production on a commercial scale has had some success.45 However, the livestock sub-sector faces several challenges including social stigma with regard to rearing livestock for slaughter. Although yet to be quantified through scientific research, livestock activities are also observed to be placing increasing pressure on the limited land leading to degradation; and is raising biodiversity and environmental concerns due to forest grazing through free-range livestock farming system.46 In efforts to improve access to credit, which also remains a constraining factor, the National CSI Development Bank has been providing credit facilities to farmers. As of December 2020, the bank extended credit facility amounting to Nu. 667.244 million, to more than 2272 people involved in agriculture and livestock production. Complimenting this, the National Credit Guarantee Scheme is also intended to provide an additional financing window to those interested in taking up or expanding agricultural and livestock production activities.47 To minimise post-harvest losses, cold storage facilities are being increased. Currently, there are nine cold storages across the country, two of which are operated by the National Post 41 Labour Force Survey 2019. 42 The 12th FYP document notes that 53 percent of farming households reported farm labour shortage as a constraint to farming. 43 Labour Force Survey 2019. 44 State of the Nation Report, December 2020. 45 Bhutan today has achieved 100 percent egg self-sufficiency, 93 percent dairy self-sufficiency, 44.95 percent meat self-sufficiency, and 24 percent fresh fish self-sufficiency. Milk production increased to 57,546 MT, up by 1,639 MT from 2018. For better accessibility and quality fodder for ruminants, 1,480 acres of improved pasture were developed, bringing the total to 20,889 acres across the country today. In addition, 1,042 bio-gas plants were established to promote green livestock farming practices. 46 RNR Strategy 2040. 47 Ibid. 35 Harvest Centre, five by state-owned enterprises, and two by private operators. In addition, to ensure supply of safe and nutritious food and livestock products, three integrated cold stores will be built for the eastern, central and western regions of the country; with more sub-regional cold storages to be worked out as required. However, limited technology options and low uptake capacity, coupled with shortfalls in the post-harvest and food distribution system remain major challenges to ensuring food security, as well as to farmers’ livelihoods. These key issues came to the fore as the COVID-19 pandemic set in, necessitating the closure of international borders and two nationwide lockdowns. The need to increase food production and ultimately achieve import substitution— in at least a few agriculture commodities and livestock products to begin with—received renewed focus, as did the need to address key marketing challenges.48 In this regard, “sensible import substitution” is a possibility proposed under the Ministry of Economic Affairs (MoEA)’s Diagnostic Trade Integration Strategy Update (DTISU 2020). The idea is to work with the potential for import substitution in “standard products already produced naturally” in the country—particularly through the promotion and support of commercial crop farming, adoption of the “farm-to-table model”, and enhancement of farm￾industry linkages. This will require feasibility studies to indicate the actual and potential comparative advantage of possible products; and the provision of better business infrastructure, fiscal support and incentives based on such studies. 49 The experience of implementing the Economic Contingency Plan (ECP)—under which Nu. 571 million was allocated to boost agriculture and livestock production, including by supporting those laid off to take up agriculture, promoting winter vegetables, and strengthening the supply chain and sourcing—also brought into focus critical gaps and issues along the entire value chain. More on this is provided in Box 2. Related to this is the need for better data management so that sector-wide agriculture data is made available and utilised towards more efficient production planning, and targeting of agriculture services. While multiple datasets exist within the sector, most are not connected as revealed by a data diagnostic study carried out for the sector.50 In this respect, to improve agricultural statistics, market related data, and data on rural livelihoods including farmer income, a near real-time integrated agriculture statistical, monitoring and reporting system will be developed over the course of the 12th FYP. 4.2.3 Climate-resilient agriculture practice As reported for the first VNR exercise, various climate-smart agriculture options are being pursued to ensure Bhutan’s agriculture production system is sustainable and resilient to changing climate scenarios. Nevertheless, with Bhutan’s inherent vulnerabilities to the effects of climate change, changing weather patterns continue to cause sporadic but intense agricultural damage and impact food production and rural livelihood. Damage to infrastructure 48 Marketing challenges are posed by lack of real-time information on commodity prices, knowledge gap on demand and supply conditions, market outlets, economy of scale both for export as well as domestic markets, inadequate mechanism for product standardisation, grading, packaging and labelling, lack of processing and value addition and infrastructures. 49 Diagnostic Trade Integration Strategy Update (DTISU 2020). Dept. of Trade, MoEA, RGoB 50 Stakeholder consultation with WFP Country Office. 36 further leads to disruption in essential services such as roads and communication facilities, and causes marketing challenges for agricultural products. As such, increased impetus to develop climate smart and resilient farming technologies remains a priority for the country. In the 12th FYP, the climate smart and disaster resilient development programme aims to formulate and implement climate change responsive policies in agriculture and farming. The programme will promote green climate technologies, management of pests, diseases and disaster in the agriculture sector.51 In the longer term as well, environment friendly road construction, climate proofing of irrigation infrastructure, plantations, and renewable energy remain as main priorities. Towards this, priority initiatives will include the development of climate smart and resilient farming technologies and practices; maintenance of carbon sequestration capacity of the forest ecosystem; development of integrated agriculture landscape systems; promotion of green technologies (Biogas, Green infrastructure, Organic inputs, etc.); and strengthening of agrometeorological information and data management.52 However, capacity to conduct research and development in climate change science remains limited, and is further challenge by low investments in this area. There is therefore a need for increased investments in climate change research, innovation and technology within the sector. In addition, the 12th FYP’s National Organic Flagship Programme is working towards commercialising organic production. It will do this with the provision of bio-inputs and organic seeds, development of an organic value chain and market system, and the development and institution of organic certification systems. The programme is targeting the organic production of eight selected commodities for export and four for domestic consumption; aims to produce approximately 254,000 metric tonnes of bio-inputs within five years; and generate approximately 1,500 new jobs and engage around 33,000 farmers across the country. To date, a total of 2,146.8 MT of Organic Flagship Commodities were produced and traded, generating Nu. 261.28 million in income to the farmers. About 1,048 farmers are currently engaged in organic farming covering 2,410.32 acres around the country. A total of 505 households has been registered under Local Organic Assurance System (LOAS), and 234 households operating 2,230.55 acres have been certified under this. Three small-scale organic manure production units were upscaled, and three new units of organic manure production were established. Six smaller compost production units were also established in Land Use Certificate Programme (LUC) areas in Trashigang, Tashiyangtse, Mongar and Pemagatshel. A total of 100 MT of organic manure was produced.53 4.2.4 Way forward The experience from the Covid-19 pandemic has underscored the significance of the agriculture sector, as structural and persistent issues were exposed with immediate impact on food trade. It has highlighted the need for greater public investments to address these issues, including the need for enhanced agricultural and food productivity; improved food distribution systems; efficient, comprehensive and systematic value chain management protocols especially for priority agricultural commodities; and better emergency preparedness. 51 12th FYP Document. 52 RNR Strategy 2040. 53 State of the Nation Report, December 2020. 37 Along with this, there is a need to streamline the monitoring and evaluation of investments made into the agriculture sector—including assessments on farm outputs vis-a-vis investments and inputs, and the impact on farming households. This requires sustained efforts to improve agricultural statistics, which includes development of market-related data; data on rural livelihoods including farmer income; and a near real-time integrated agriculture statistical, monitoring and reporting system. At the same time—based on the efforts and experience of engaging youth in farming, and in supporting local food production to enhance food and nutrition security during the pandemic— it has presented the possibilities for reform, and serves as a timely reminder for Bhutan to find long-term and transformative solutions for its food system. Building on the learnings from handling the situation thrown up by the pandemic, it is an opportune time to develop a holistic agriculture policy—one that considers both short and long￾term requirements including a move from “food security” to “food sovereignty”; is inclusive and takes into consideration the dynamics of agricultural workforce; fully considers the impacts of climate change and sustainability issues associated with agriculture productivity; and can be translated into actions that will cater to needs not just during “normal” times but during unforeseen events such as natural disasters and the current pandemic. 38 Box 2: Priority support measures during the COVID-19 pandemic and lessons for the agriculture sector The Agriculture Stimulus Package been given national priority in the Economic Contingency Plan, in order to increase agriculture production, food security and resilience in the wake of the pandemic. Amidst travel restrictions imposed to prevent the spread of COVID-19, a range of support measures have been provided across the value chain to boost local agriculture and livestock production. These include technical assistance, additional support for marketing, post-harvest management, value-addition, and provision of year-round connectivity and road access. For example, priority has been given to production of winter/off-season vegetables in the southern dzongkhags, to reduce their imports as well as to meet the demand in northern dzongkhags where production is not feasible. To ensure uninterrupted export of food products, travel arrangements were facilitated for the export of 1,165.24 MT fresh fruits (worth Nu.393.5 million), 16,445 MT fresh vegetables (worth Nu. 365.24 million), and 1,561.55 MT spices (worth Nu.807.48 million) to India and Bangladesh; and 1,100 MT fresh milk to the neighbouring State of Assam in India— as of November 2020. As part of the School and Hospital Feeding Programme (SHFP), 180 schools across the country were linked with a total of 522 Cooperatives and Farmers’ Groups (FGs), and State-owned Enterprises. In addition, eight FGs were linked with traders, the armed forces, and institutions. A 50-acre integrated farm was established at Phaitang, Nubi Gewog in Trongsa by the Farm Machinery Corporation Ltd. (FMCL), which started supplying vegetables to schools and hospitals under the dzongkhag. Further, a farm covering more than 100 acres is under development at Wangrey, Tangsibji Gewog. An aggregation centre was set up at Damchu to source, store and distribute fruits and vegetables, and to help farmers, and facilitate export. Over the year, 11 new cooperatives and 62 new FGs were formed, taking the total to 87 and 616 as of November 2020. Value addition equipment, worth Nu. 2.825 million, was provided to 27 registered cooperatives and FGs on a 70:30 cost-sharing basis—under the Cooperative Business Development Scheme. A total of 17 market infrastructures were also established. As the pandemic set in, critical gaps came to the fore—in terms of food distribution and handling, reliability of market and food prices, and management and coordination across government agencies. The RNR Strategy 2040 noted “a very short” food supply chain, “indicating the missing link between the producer, middleman and the consumers.” The need to establish an end-to-end value chain was underscored, as the public sector had to be involved in sourcing and distributing food to consumers. It became clear that the agriculture ministry would need to develop a platform—where producers and consumers meet over a reliable market (wholesale and/or retail) and institute mechanisms to trace products to farms for quality control. The pandemic also illustrated how during natural calamities, suppliers often expect and keep a bigger profit margin—resulting in huge price fluctuations for food commodities. Therefore, in ensuring a reliable market for the food produced, the need to create competitive markets benefitting both producers and consumers, as well as the need to institute a pricing policy to facilitate fair prices for local food products, was made clear. The nationwide lockdown also brought out issues of weak coordination within the RNR sector, as well as across all levels of government agencies. Additionally, as the RNR Strategy 2040 noted: “The unorganised/weak value chain management of RNR produce resulted in huge wastage of food products or the quality of produce getting deteriorated in the process.” This therefore made it clear that there is a need for: better emergency preparedness facilitated by an SOP for the relevant agencies; as well as for establishing “efficient, comprehensive and systematic value chain management protocols for important agricultural commodities…”. Source: State of the Nation Report, December 2020; and RNR Strategy 2040
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25 ODD2 : Eliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable Les ressources agropastorales qui constituent les principaux piliers de l’économie centrafricaine, disposent d’énormes potentialités encore sous exploitées. Pourtant, environ 3 millions de personnes dépendent directement ou indirectement des activités liées à l’exploitation de ces ressources qui est restée au stade familial. Or, les cultures et pratiques pastorales du type familial et traditionnel ne suffisent pas à combler le déficit alimentaire du pays et à générer des revenus aux populations. En outre, les productions sont en constante baisse depuis plus de trois décennies en raison de certaines difficultés liées aux facteurs exogènes (la chute constante des prix de produits agricoles et la baisse de la demande mondiale) et endogènes (l’absence d’une loi règlementant le foncier rural, l’insuffisance de l’encadrement des producteurs, la dégradation avancée des pistes rurales et l’insécurité généralisée dans les zones de production). Les crises récurrentes ont provoqué ces dernières années, le déplacement massif des populations constituées majoritairement de la main d’œuvre féminine dans le secteur agropastoral, exposant, plus de la moitié de la population à l’insécurité alimentaire et aux risques de pandémies affectant ainsi le processus de développement humain. En RCA, 1 ménage sur 2 est en insécurité alimentaire. ⇒ Selon le PAM, le nombre de personnes concernées par l’insécurité alimentaire sévère est passé de 580 000 personnes en 2015 à 460 000 en 2017 et 320 000 en 2018 soit une diminution de plus de 250 000 personnes représentant une baisse de 44,8% sur la période de 2016 à 2018 ; ⇒ le nombre de personnes concernées par l’insécurité alimentaire modérée est passé de 1,2 millions de personnes en 2015 à 1,8 millions de personnes entre 2016 et 2018 soit une augmentation de plus de 600 000 personnes représentant une hausse de 50% entre 2015 et 2018 ; ⇒ la situation nutritionnelle des enfants de moins de 5 ans en RCA est classée dans le seuil d’alerte. La prévalence de la malnutrition aiguë globale (MAG) est passée de 6,6% en 2015 à 7,1% en 2018 et le taux de malnutrition aiguë sévère (MAS) (1,9%) frôle le taux d’urgence4 . Sur seize préfectures que compte la RCA, sept présentent les taux de MAS supérieurs à 2%. Il s’agit de la Vakaga, la Kémo, la Ouaka, l’Ombella-M’poko, la Nana-Grébizi, l’Ouham￾Péndé et la Mambéré- Kadéi. ⇒ la situation des enfants souffrant d’une insuffisance pondérale s’est légèrement améliorée entre 2015 et 2018, passant de 20,8% à 19,6%5 . Pour la période 2017-2021 qui coïncide avec la mise en œuvre du RCPCA, la RCA a retenu une (1) cible sur cinq (5) permettant de traduire ses efforts vers l’élimination de la faim. Il s’agit de la cible C2.1 : d’ici à 2030, éliminer la faim et faire en sorte que chacun, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes en situation vulnérable, y compris les nourrissons, ait accès tout au long de l’année à une alimentation saine, nutritive et suffisante (Pilier 2 RCPCA). La politique du Gouvernement en matière d’élimination de l’insécurité alimentaire et de la malnutrition vise à promouvoir les secteurs productifs durables notamment l’agriculture et l’élevage afin d’assurer la sécurité alimentaire. L’ambition du Gouvernement est de faire du secteur agropastoral un secteur prioritaire, c’est-à-dire mieux organisé et mieux encadré le système de production afin d’aider la RCA à briser le cycle de la violence en offrant des possibilités d’emplois et 4 Ministère de la Santé/Programme Alimentaire Mondial, PNSAN 2018 5 Ministère de la Santé/Programme Alimentaire Mondial, PNSAN 2018 26 de revenus plus attrayants à un grand nombre de jeunes travailleurs, y compris les combattants démobilisés ainsi que les réfugiés rapatriés et les personnes déplacées. La redynamisation de ce secteur permettra de relever de manière substantielle la croissance économique et améliorer les conditions de vie des populations. En définitive, ce secteur devrait profiter à la population par l’autosuffisance alimentaire, l’augmentation des revenus, la réduction de la pauvreté et enfin contribuer au développement humain durable. Par ailleurs, la signature par le Gouvernement du pacte sur le Programme Détaillé pour le Développement de l’Agriculture en Afrique (PDDAA) permettant l’engagement des partenaires autour de la sécurité alimentaire, le Plan National pour l’Investissement Agricole et la Sécurité Alimentaire et Nutritionnelle (PNIASAN) et le soutien à la poursuite de certains volets agricoles dans certaines régions malgré la crise avec l’appui technique des partenaires au développement ( PAM, FAO, FIDA, BM, BAD, NEPADOMS) à travers la distribution des kits agricoles (semences et outils de production) aux paysans, ont contribué à lutter contre l’insécurité alimentaire. Toutefois, l’engagement de ces différents partenaires, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir une agriculture durable en RCA demeure une préoccupation qui est loin d’atteindre les objectifs mondiaux en matière de sécurité alimentaire et de nutrition.
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[ 2 ]
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RCA : Rapport national volontaire sur les 5objectifs du développement durable retenus en 2023 24 ODD2 : Eliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité ali￾mentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable Sur la période 2017-2023 qui couvre la mise en œuvre du RCPCA, la RCA a retenu une cible sur 5 permettant de traduire ses efforts vers l’élimi￾nation de la faim. Il s’agit de la cible 2.1 : d’ici à 2030, éliminer la faim et faire en sorte que cha￾cun, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes en situation vulnérable, y compris les nourris￾sons, ait accès tout au long de l’année à une ali￾mentation saine, nutritive et suffisante (Pilier 2 RCPCA). La politique du Gouvernement en matière d’éli￾mination de l’insécurité alimentaire et de la mal￾nutrition en RCA vise à promouvoir les secteurs productifs durables notamment l’agriculture et l’élevage afin d’assurer la sécurité alimentaire. Comme il a été préconisé dans le document du RCPCA, la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition font partie des domaines dans lesquels des syner￾gies fortes doivent exister entre les actions hu￾manitaires d'urgence, le relèvement à court terme et le développement à moyen et long termes. Le taux de prévalence de la sous-alimen￾tation persiste en RCA. Le Rapport OCHA 2022 estime que 2,4 million de personnes se trouvent dans le besoin de sécurité ali￾mentaire dont 1,2 million en insécurité ali￾mentaire aigüe. Ce chiffre est en nette progression entre 2018 et 2021, soit envi￾ron 600.000 personnes de plus. Les vio￾lences armées prolongées ont engendré non seulement des effets perturbateurs sur la fonctionnalité des marchés avec un impact sur les prix et les chaînes d'appro￾visionnement mais aussi la baisse de la production agropastorale provoquée par les déplacements des personnes affec￾tées par les violences. La lutte contre la malnutrition des en￾fants ne semble pas non plus tendre vers l'atteinte de la cible. Selon le Rapport OCHA 2022, 148.130 enfants de moins de 5 ans sont atteints de malnutrition aigüe sévère et modérée. Les données de l'enquête MICS et de l’enquête sur la nu￾trition révèlent que la prévalence du re￾tard de croissance mesurée par l'indice taille/âge est passée de 19,6 % en 2018 à 39,8 % en 2021. La prévalence de l'insuf￾fisance pondérale mesurée par l'indice poids/taille quant à elle est passée de 7,1 % en 2018 à 5,4 % en 2021 ; par contre l'insuffisance pondérale aigüe est passée du seuil de 1,9 % en 2018 à 3,2 % en 2021. La situation alarmante du secteur de l'ali￾mentation et de la nutrition constitue une préoccupation majeure des interventions des partenaires humanitaires. On dé￾nombre 97 partenaires opérant dans le secteur pour des besoins en ressources évaluées à 163,4 million de dollar, la plus forte enveloppe attendue. Le Gouvernement doit en conséquence or￾ganiser une cellule d'alerte et de veille pour : suivre le niveau de production des pro￾duits alimentaires, définir les seuils de pé￾nurie et d'alerte, surveiller l'évolution du prix des produits alimentaires et organiser le fonctionnement des marchés. L'atteinte de l'ODD2 doit inclure l'agricul￾ture durable afin que l'offre alimentaire et nutritionnelle soit garantie de façon pé￾renne. L'accent doit être mis sur la valori￾sation de la production agricole et de l'éle￾vage. La production agricole est essentiel- RCA : Rapport national volontaire sur les 5objectifs du développement durable retenus en 2023 25 lement destinée à l'exportation et à la consom￾mation finale des ménages et ne crée pas assez de valeur ajoutée ni d'emplois durables. L’ambition du Gouvernement est de faire du sec￾teur agropastoral un secteur plus prioritaire, c’est-à-dire mieux organiser et mieux encadrer le système de production afin d’aider la RCA à bri￾ser le cycle de la violence en offrant des possibi￾lités d’emplois et de revenus plus attrayants à un grand nombre de jeunes travailleurs, y compris les combattants démobilisés ainsi que les réfu￾giés rapatriés et les personnes déplacées. Il per￾mettrait de relever de manière substantielle la croissance économique et améliorer les condi￾tions de vie des populations. En un mot, ce sec￾teur devrait profiter à la population par l’autosuf￾fisance alimentaire, l’augmentation des revenus, la réduction de la pauvreté et enfin contribuer au développement humain durable. Toutefois, malgré l’engagement de ces diffé￾rents partenaires, assurer la sécurité alimen￾taire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir une agriculture durable en RCA constituent une pré￾occupation qui est loin d’atteindre les objectifs mondiaux en matière de sécurité alimentaire et de nutrition.
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26 Goal-by-goal actions As the world’s population continues to grow, one of our greatest challenges will be to ensure food security for all. Hunger and food insecurity remain a pressing problem, with signifcant negative consequences on the development potential of and quality of life in many countries. Although most of the world’s food-insecure populations are in developing countries, all countries face unique food security challenges. In Canada, food insecurity cuts across demographics and geography, and domestic action is required for Canada to address the specifc challenges faced by its more vulnerable populations, including its northernmost and Indigenous communities. Food security is of paramount concern to federal, provincial and territorial governments in Canada. Canada’s approach to sustainable food production and food security are areas of shared responsibility between federal departments, provincial, territorial and municipal governments, industry stakeholders and communities. While the federal government has a leadership role in developing Canadian policies and program strategies that support domestic food security, provinces and territories operate their own programs to improve access to food within their jurisdictions. Ultimately, effectively addressing food insecurity and eliminating hunger in Canada will require collaboration between all levels of government as well as with partners, including non-governmental organizations, industry, Indigenous peoples and communities. SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 27 Leaving no one behind Canada monitors food security through diverse mechanisms. The Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) offers some of the more comprehensive cross-sectional data sets related to health status, health-care utilization and health determinants for the Canadian population at the sub-provincial level. The CCHS also monitors the prevalence of income-related household food insecurity, which, given the strong link between income and food security, makes the CCHS one of Canada’s key tools in monitoring domestic food insecurity. The most recent CCHS data for all provinces and territories suggest that between 2011 and 2012, 91.6% of Canadian households were food secure. Food-secure households are those that gave no indication of any income-related barrier to food access. During that period, however, 8.4% of Canadian households—representing more than 2 million people aged 12 and older—reported experiencing income-related food insecurity. These households were classifed as either moderately or severely food insecure. Food security emerged as a key theme in the consultations to inform a Canadian Poverty Reduction Strategy. Canadians highlighted the importance of quality nutrition for children facing poverty across the country. Food security was a key concern among First Nations, Inuit and Métis participants, in particular. They said that the high prices of, and limited access to, nutritious food in many communities, particularly in northern, isolated areas, are major issues. Canada is actively working to identify communities where food insecurity is an issue. Children, racialized communities and Indigenous peoples all experience higher levels of food insecurity on average than the rest of the Canadian population. For example, 1 in 5 Nunavut households report being in a state of severe food insecurity, with adults and/or children reducing their food intake or skipping meals entirely on a regular basis. The Government of Canada supports a suite of multi-faceted programs that target vulnerable populations. These programs aim to provide fnancial assistance to promote healthy behaviours and coping skills through activities that include nutrition education, food assistance, breastfeeding promotion and support, collective food preparation and food budgeting. While programming is available to broadly support communities in addressing food insecurity, a concerted effort has been made to support initiatives that focus action on areas where the need is the most acute. The Nutrition North Canada (NNC) Program was launched in 2011 to support bringing healthy food to isolated northern communities. NNC works with stores across the North and food suppliers in southern Canada to help make perishable, nutritious food more affordable and more accessible in remote, isolated communities in the North. The Aboriginal Head Start in Urban and Northern Communities Program has been active since 1995 and annually provides between 4600 and 4800 children, in 134 urban and northern communities, with programming that fosters Indigenous culture and language, education and school readiness, health promotion, nutrition, social support and parental involvement. Similarly, the Aboriginal Head Start on Reserve Program, implemented in 1998, supports over 14,000 First Nations children on reserve to foster education, health promotion, culture and language, nutrition, social support and parental/family involvement. Since 1993, the Community Action Program for Children has funded approximately 415 projects in over 3,000 communities. The projects provide more than 223,000 vulnerable children and parents/caregivers with health and development activities, parenting skills programs, nutritional support and collective kitchens, physical activity programs, outreach and home visits. SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 28 Rising to the challenge In addition to providing targeted programming at the community level and funding to support the economic well-being of Canadians, the federal government is working with provinces and territories, Indigenous peoples, civil society and industry to develop a Food Policy for Canada. The Policy will set a long-term vision for health, environment, social and economic goals related to food, while identifying actions to be taken in the short term. Food availability is an obvious and important factor related to reducing food insecurity. One element in ensuring suffcient quantities of safe and nutritious food is a 2011-2012 2007-2008 2011-2012 2007-2008 2.1.2.PR.a Food insecurity, moderate Number of persons in households, 12 years and over Household food security status for First Nations adults (18 years and over) living on reserve 2.1.2.PR.a Food insecurity, severe Number of persons in households, 12 years and over 2008-2010 40.1% 2008-2010 14.1% Household food security status for First Nations children (0-11 years) living on reserve 2008-2010 44.9% Proportion of Inuit adults (25 years and over) who lived in a household with food insecurity in the past 12 months 2012: Inuit in Inuit Nunangat* 52% 2012: Inuit outside Inuit Nunangat 14% 2012: Non-Indigenous 8% 2010-2015 Proportion moderately food insecure Proportion severely food insecure Proportion food insecure (not available by level of severity) Males: 716,566 Females: 880,923 Males: 543,928 Females: 761,130 Females: 344,612 Males: 246,639 Females: 334,026 Males: 245,292 Proportion of Inuit adults (25 years and over) who lived in a household with food insecurity in the past 12 months 2011-2012 2007-2008 2011-2012 2007-2008 2.1.2.PR.a Food insecurity, moderate Number of persons in households, 12 years and over Household food security status for First Nations adults (18 years and over) living on reserve 2.1.2.PR.a Food insecurity, severe Number of persons in households, 12 years and over 2008-2010 40.1% 2008-2010 14.1% Household food security status for First Nations children (0-11 years) living on reserve 2008-2010 44.9% Proportion of Inuit adults (25 years and over) who lived in a household with food insecurity in the past 12 months 2012: Inuit in Inuit Nunangat* 52% 2012: Inuit outside Inuit Nunangat 14% 2012: Non-Indigenous 8% 2010-2015 Proportion moderately food insecure Proportion severely food insecure Proportion food insecure (not available by level of severity) Males: 716,566 Females: 880,923 Males: 543,928 Females: 761,130 Females: 344,612 Males: 246,639 Females: 334,026 Males: 245,292 Household food security status for First Nations adults (18 years and over) living on reserve 2011-2012 2007-2008 2011-2012 2007-2008 2.1.2.PR.a Food insecurity, moderate Number of persons in households, 12 years and over Household food security status for First Nations adults (18 years and over) living on reserve 2.1.2.PR.a Food insecurity, severe Number of persons in households, 12 years and over 2008-2010 40.1% 2008-2010 14.1% Household food security status for First Nations children (0-11 years) living on reserve 2008-2010 44.9% Proportion of Inuit adults (25 years and over) who lived in a household with food insecurity in the past 12 months 2012: Inuit in Inuit Nunangat* 52% 2012: Inuit outside Inuit Nunangat 14% 2012: Non-Indigenous 8% 2010-2015 Proportion moderately food insecure Proportion severely food insecure Proportion food insecure (not available by level of severity) Males: 716,566 Females: 880,923 Males: 543,928 Females: 761,130 Females: 344,612 Males: 246,639 Females: 334,026 Males: 245,292 Household food security status for First Nations children (0-11 years) living on reserve 2011-2012 2007-2008 2011-2012 2007-2008 2.1.2.PR.a Food insecurity, moderate Number of persons in households, 12 years and over Household food security status for First Nations adults (18 years and over) living on reserve 2.1.2.PR.a Food insecurity, severe Number of persons in households, 12 years and over 2008-2010 40.1% 2008-2010 14.1% Household food security status for First Nations children (0-11 years) living on reserve 2008-2010 44.9% Proportion of Inuit adults (25 years and over) who lived in a household with food insecurity in the past 12 months 2012: Inuit in Inuit Nunangat* 52% 2012: Inuit outside Inuit Nunangat 14% 2012: Non-Indigenous 8% 2010-2015 Proportion moderately food insecure Proportion severely food insecure Proportion food insecure (not available by level of severity) Males: 716,566 Females: 880,923 Males: 543,928 Females: 761,130 Females: 344,612 Males: 246,639 Females: 334,026 Males: 245,292 SDG indicator 2.1.2.PR.a Food insecurity, moderate Number of persons in households, 12 years and over 2011-2012 2007-2008 2011-2012 2007-2008 2.1.2.PR.a Food insecurity, moderate Number of persons in households, 12 years and over Household food security status for First Nations adults (18 years and over) living on reserve 2.1.2.PR.a Food insecurity, severe Number of persons in households, 12 years and over 2008-2010 40.1% 2008-2010 14.1% Household food security status for First Nations children (0-11 years) living on reserve 2008-2010 44.9% Proportion of Inuit adults (25 years and over) who lived in a household with food insecurity in the past 12 months 2012: Inuit in Inuit Nunangat* 52% 2012: Inuit outside Inuit Nunangat 14% 2012: Non-Indigenous 8% 2010-2015 Proportion moderately food insecure Proportion severely food insecure Proportion food insecure (not available by level of severity) Males: 716,566 Females: 880,923 Males: 543,928 Females: 761,130 Females: 344,612 Males: 246,639 Females: 334,026 Males: 245,292 SDG indicator 2.1.2.PR.a Food insecurity, severe Number of persons in households, 12 years and over *Inuit Nunangat is the homeland of Inuit of Canada. It includes the communities located in the four Inuit regions: Nunatsiavut (northern coastal Labrador), Nunavik (northern Quebec), the territory of Nunavut and the Inuvialuit region of the Northwest Territories. These regions collectively encompass the area traditionally occupied by Inuit in Canada. (Source: http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs￾enm/2011/ref/dict/pop149-eng.cfm) SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 29 commitment to investments that support productive capacity and effcient distribution and utilization of food. Canada undertakes actions to increase agricultural production by supporting sustainable resource management, investing in the research capacity of stakeholders, encouraging investment in targeted communities and regions, and advancing actions that focus on increasing labour availability. Canada has a number of initiatives designed to support sustainable food production systems and enable the implementation of resilient agricultural practices. These initiatives include research by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) and cost-shared programming between federal and provincial/territorial governments that support environmentally benefcial management practices for agricultural landscapes. For example, AAFC’s Agro￾Ecosystem Resilience Strategy guides departmental investments into soil, water, air, climate and biodiversity research to ensure long￾term protection of these resources while maximizing the resilience of agricultural lands to future climate scenarios. The Agricultural Clean Technology Strategy guides AAFC investments into developing and promoting technologies, such as precision agriculture, which helps farmers mitigate their impact on the environment. Supporting farmers and protecting farmland are important to the continued growth and sustainability of Canada’s agricultural sector. Canada invests in a variety of measures that aim to address climate change and related hazards. One measure is the development of new crop strains and varieties to resist novel climate-related pests and diseases, as well as strains that are hardier to various climate-related stressors. Investments in soil and water management help ensure resilience against weather extremes resulting in too much or too little water. Canada’s Drought Watch initiative, for example, allows farmers to access accurate and up-to-date soil water moisture information and predictive tools to optimally manage their growing and harvesting operations. Engagement Strategies to support resilient food production and distribution require signifcant collaboration and communication between partners. For example, the Government of Canada is undertaking signifcant efforts to engage Indigenous peoples in the development of policies and programs related to food security. Recognizing the vital perspective of Indigenous peoples in the creation of A Food Policy for Canada, the Government of Canada made efforts to ensure Indigenous representation in various forums supporting the development of the Policy and provided targeted support to enable national Indigenous organizations to engage their members in a way that was culturally appropriate. Another example of collaboration with partners is the Canadian Agricultural Partnership (CAP), which launched on April 1, 2018. CAP is a 5-year, $3 billion federal, provincial and territorial investment in Canada’s agriculture, agri-food and agri-based products sector. This initiative will help to ensure the sector’s continued innovation, growth and prosperity. CAP will enhance collaboration and competitiveness of the sector by augmenting its science and innovation capacity, encouraging adoption of innovative products and practices, and emphasizing sustainable and clean growth. The Government of Canada will help support the resilience and sustainability of the sector by helping farmers adapt to climate change, conserve water and soil resources and grow their businesses to meet increasing global food demand sustainably. Fertilizer Canada Fertilizer Canada, an industry association representing manufacturers, wholesale and retail distributors, recognizes that a sustainable agriculture industry is critical to meeting the SDGs. The organization is heavily invested in the 4R Nutrient Stewardship Framework for management of crop nutrients: the right source, rate, time and place. Global food security cannot be achieved without the use of commercial fertilizers, so Fertilizer Canada is involved in a variety of partnerships that are committed to implementing the Framework. With the use of this standardized, science-based framework, industry stakeholders can ensure that food is sustainably produced and farmers can increase yields and produce abundant and quality food. SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 30 In Canada, sector-specifc round tables are effective mechanisms in bringing together federal, provincial and territorial policy makers and industry leaders. These round tables help set priorities and long￾term strategies. One such example is the Canadian Roundtable for Sustainable Crops (CRSC), a federally funded, member-based organization that facilitates cross￾commodity collaboration on sustainable agriculture issues and opportunities facing grain sector participants. Composed of grower, industry, customer and environmental organizations, the CRSC is a national, industry-led forum developing and showcasing Canada’s grains sustainability performance. Canada and the world Internationally, Canada is working with a broad range of partners to ensure food security and nutrition for the world’s poorest and most￾vulnerable people, to build capacity for sustainable agricultural practices and to support and protect the planet’s biodiversity. Canada supports the UN Convention to Combat Desertifcation and identifes priority areas for research that will increase knowledge of the factors contributing to, and the impacts of, desertifcation and drought. Canada also supports biodiversity through its commitment to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity and cooperates in conservation activities at the global level, in particular with the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, led by the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization. In 2015, Canada provided $489 million in international assistance to support agriculture, fshing, food security and nutrition. In the same year, Global Affairs Canada disbursed $1.8 billion in support of nutrition-specifc programming and multi-sectoral interventions, including agriculture, health and social protection. Canada’s Feminist International Assistance Policy recognizes that fair access to resources for women farmers reduces the number of families and children suffering from chronic hunger. Almost 80% of women in least-developed countries list agriculture as their primary economic activity; however, they represent less than 20% of landowners and often receive little return for their agricultural output. Canada’s international assistance aims to improve women’s incomes and productivity through greater adoption of climate-smart methods of food production. This includes supporting local woman-led agricultural businesses, including local women’s cooperatives and associations, which are best-placed to support food security and economic sustainability at the local level. For example, in collaboration with an agricultural producers’ union, the Union des producteurs agricoles￾développement international, Canada is working to improve food security for 790,000 persons—including 400,000 women—in the rural areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti and Senegal by strengthening the capacity of small farming business organizations, as well as the capacity of their members to ensure sustainable agricultural development. Due to the intersection of food insecurity and discriminatory social and cultural practices, women and girls are disproportionately affected by malnutrition. This results in a greater likelihood of anemia, which decreases their productivity and earning potential, and increases their risk of death during childbirth and poor birth outcomes. Canadian assistance makes it easier for women, girls and all young children to access nutritious foods and supplements. Canada uses its leadership in the Scaling Up Nutrition movement to advance greater coherence in health and nutrition interventions, as well as advancing gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls, with a particular emphasis on adolescent nutrition. Canada’s humanitarian food assistance is provided through trusted and experienced UN and NGO partners, based on identifed needs, and contributes to its humanitarian assistance objectives of saving lives, maintaining human dignity and alleviating suffering. Canada recognizes that humanitarian crises and food insecurity affect men, women, boys and girls differently. As such, Canada is committed to working with its partners to integrate gender considerations into humanitarian assistance to ensure specifc needs are met and that women and girls have a voice in humanitarian response. As a party to the Food Assistance Convention, Canada adheres to the principles of providing food assistance that seeks to improve the effectiveness, effciency and quality of food assistance provided to the world’s most-vulnerable populations. Since 2013, Canada has consistently exceeded its minimum annual commitment of $250 million in food assistance. SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 31 Canada is also a long-standing supporter of school meals programming, having provided fexible, predictable support to the UN World Food Programme to implement school meals programs since 2003. Next steps Eliminating hunger and malnutrition in the world is a monumental yet achievable task. It is a task requiring that countries look within—to better identify and support mechanisms to reduce food insecurity in their own jurisdictions—as well as enable knowledge transfer and support for food security initiatives in other countries. Canada will continue to work domestically to: • Implement comprehensive strategies and programming that will support the sustainable production of agriculture within Canada; • Target programming to enhance food security within communities that are currently food insecure; and • Collaborate with Indigenous peoples to close food insecurity gaps and other socioeconomic gaps between Indigenous and non￾Indigenous Canadians. Canada will also continue to work with international partners, including developing countries, to tackle hunger, support food security and improve sustainability of agriculture worldwide. In line with its World Humanitarian Summit and Grand Bargain commitments, Canada is: • Shifting its humanitarian funding from a year-on-year model to a multi-year response, where appropriate, such as in protracted crises; • Providing cash-based food assistance to increase the quality and effectiveness of comprehensive humanitarian responses; and • Piloting an innovative joint initiative with the UN Rome-based agencies, which are mandated to eliminate hunger to increase the resilience of populations affected by protracted emergencies.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "can", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-can-2018-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2018 }
SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 37 Statistics Canada, Canadian Income Survey 38 fnfnes.ca 39 2015–2016 First Nations Regional Health Survey Note: For more information on the survey, consult: fnigc.ca/online-library/?wpv_aux_current_post_id=409&wpv_aux_parent_ post_id=409&wpvview_count=516&wpv-publication-topic%5B%5D=frst-nations-regional-health-survey-phase-3 40 2017 Aboriginal Peoples Survey Note: For more information on the survey, consult: www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/89-653-X#wb-auto-2 CANADIAN AMBITIONS • Canadians have access to sufficient, affordable and nutritious food • Canadian agriculture is sustainable GOVERNMENT ASSESSMENT OF CANADA’S PROGRESS • Rising food prices and economy-wide inflation are making it more difficult for many families to consistently afford nutritious food. SPOTLIGHT: Food insecurity is present in Canada at varying levels across regions and socioeconomic profiles Food insecurity increased among Canadians from 11.6% in 2018 to 12.9% in 2021. This shows that there has been a deterioration of progress toward the goal of ending hunger and food insecurity in Canada. Female lone-parent families are at a higher-risk of food insecurity, with 34.1% living in moderate or severe food insecurity, unchanged from 2018. Among persons younger than 65 (non-elderly) who did not live in an economic family, 18.5% lived in food insecurity in 2021, a rate substantially higher than the national average of 12.9%. Food insecurity is higher in the Canadian territories than in the provinces, with 49.5% of people in Nunavut, 20.4% in Northwest Territories, and 21.2% in Yukon living in moderately or severely food insecure households in 2020.37 Indigenous households also experience higher rates of food insecurity than the general Canadian population.38 In 2016, 50.8% of First Nations adults living on reserve experienced food insecurity39 and, in 2017, 77.1% of Inuit adults living in Inuit Nunangat experienced food insecurity.40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Figure 9 Global Indicator 2.1.2—Proportion of persons living in family living with food insecurity, Canada All persons Persons in female lone-parent families Non-elderly persons not in an economic family Percent Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Income Survey 2018 2021 Deterioration 5 -2.5 2.5 -2.8 0 -5 SECTION III 45 • Organizations and partners continue to strengthen food systems in Canada by improving access to culturally acceptable food, enhancing food literacy in schools, and working to advance northern and Indigenous food security, among other initiatives. • Canada has increased investments in agri-environmental programs to help farmers increase sustainable production and promote greater food security. KEY NATIONAL PRIORITY INITIATIVES The Government of Canada launched the Food Policy for Canada in 2019 with a vision that all people in Canada are able to access a sufficient amount of safe, nutritious, and culturally diverse food, and that food systems are resilient and innovative, sustain the environment and support the economy. As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government of Canada provided additional investments in support of that vision through initiatives such as, the Emergency Food Security Fund and the Indigenous Community Support Fund. Through its COVID-19 Economic Response Plan, the Government of Canada provided $20 million per year in 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 to respond to emerging vulnerabilities in inspection capacity due to COVID-19 and ensure an adequate, safe and reliable food supply for Canadians. Canada continues to improve and expand its food security programming in Canada’s North. The Harvesters Support Grant was developed in 2020 in direct collaboration with Indigenous partners to increase their access to traditional foods. Since its launch, it supported more than 5500 harvesters across 108 eligible communities, with more than 85 new food-sharing initiatives and 113 community hunts and harvests taking place. Partners have welcomed the Grant’s design and flexibility and described it as an important step toward reconcili￾ation. In 2021, Canada expanded the Grant and added a new Community Food Programs Fund to support the local food infrastructure in 112 isolated communities to strengthen food sovereignty. These investments seek to encourage a return to traditional diets and practices, reduce reliance on store-bought foods, and increase food sharing activities that support the most marginalized. Canada also funds and supports nutrition education initiatives in all eligible isolated northern communities to increase knowledge of healthy eating and help develops skills in selecting and preparing healthy food. INTERNATIONAL ACTIONS Canada provides agriculture and food systems development assistance to address the root causes of hunger, and allocated $650 million in global humanitarian food and nutrition assistance in 2022. This included $100 million to support small and medium-sized agri-food enterprise growth in Africa through the African Development Bank to increase food security, and $52 million for agricul￾tural solutions including temporary grain storage equipment in Ukraine. Canada also provided $30 million in humanitarian funding to the World Food Programme to facilitate the transport, storage and distribution of Ukrainian grain moving through the Black Sea Grain Initiative toward countries grappling with acute food insecurity. Additionally, Canada has supported Canadian civil society organizations to benefit hundreds of thousands of smallholder farmers, fishers and small livestock producers in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America, particularly women, through improved food security, nutrition and livelihoods. 46 Canada’s 2023 Voluntary National Review A CONTINUED JOURNEY FOR IMPLEMENTING THE 2030 AGENDA AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES Many Canadians are facing increased strain due to inflation and other economic factors and are increasingly concerned about food insecurity, especially those living in vulnerable households. Global conflict also has implications for food security across the world. The Government of Canada delivers a range of initiatives to alleviate immediate financial pressures on Canadian households and support broader, longer-term community solutions to strengthen food and social systems. The Government is also making improvements in the measurement of food security drivers and outcomes. More recently, the federal government made a commitment to work with prov￾inces, territories, municipalities, Indigenous partners, and stakeholders to develop a National School Food Policy and to explore how more Canadian children can receive nutritious food at school. Ensuring the long-term vitality of the food and agriculture sector and securing a stable, safe supply depends on a healthy environment and resilience to climate change. The Government of Canada has committed over $1.5 billion in funding to accelerate the agriculture sector’s progress on reducing emissions, enhance climate resiliency, and becoming a global leader in sustainable agriculture. Additionally, the new Sustainable Canadian Agricultural Partnership, a $3.5 billion, 5-year agreement between the federal, provincial and territorial governments, is making an important contribution to promote and increase sustainable agricultural production in the Canadian agriculture sector. The Sustainable Agriculture Strategy will also help set a shared direction for collective action to improve environmental performance in the sector over the long-term, support farmers’ livelihoods and strengthen the business vitality of the Canadian agricultural industry. SPOTLIGHT: Stakeholder Actions Organizations and farmers across Canada are improving access to food, promoting sustainable agriculture, and reducing food waste. The Egg Farmers of Canada (EFC), the national organization representing egg farmers across the country, strives to deliver a constant supply of a healthy, whole food items to Canadians while contributing to the food security of communities and supporting vibrant rural communities where egg farmers operate. Egg farmers contribute to advancing SDG 2 by ensuring Canadians have year-round access to fresh, local, affordable and high-quality eggs throughout the country. EFC regularly partners with organizations such as Food Banks Canada and the Breakfast Club of Canada to deliver millions of eggs to Canadians in vulnerable situations and to children through breakfast programs each year. Through the Women in the Egg Industry Program, EFC aims to address and overcome the barriers women may face in the industry (SDG 5, Gender Equality). The organization also invests in ongoing climate research to explore best practices for sustainability and reduce the industry’s environmental footprint while continuing to meet Canada’s demand for local and affordable eggs (SDG 13, Climate Action). In the past 50 years, Canadian egg farmers have reduced the environmental impact of egg production by 68% in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, 69% in terms of sustainable water use, 81% in terms of land use, and 41% in energy use. SECTION III 47 In addition, EFC partners with international organizations to provide vulnerable communities with access to a dependable source of protein-rich eggs, which were named a ‘star ingredient’ by the United Nations (UN) during World Food Day 2021. For instance, their work with the Canadian-led humanitarian organization Heart for Africa has bolstered egg production in Eswatini by sharing Canadian farming expertise to train and support local farmers (SDG 17, Partnerships for the Goals). In addition to operating a large-scale farm and employing local community residents, this pro￾ject supplements a meal program that reaches 4,500 community members on a weekly basis. Over 11 million eggs have been locally produced and delivered to the community since 2016. CropLife Canada is the trade association representing the manufacturers, developers and distributors of plant science innovations, including pest control products and plant breeding innovations, for use in agriculture, urban and public health settings. Launched in 2018, its Manage Resistance Now initiative has provided farmers and resellers the ability to search and locate relevant best-practice strategies that provide crucial and timely advice on managing pest resistance. The initiative is a collaborative effort of industry, academia and government experts to increase knowledge and promote the adoption of strategies that will lead to a reduction of weed, insect and disease resistance. Since launching, it has successfully delivered 19 factsheets, 11 case studies, 16 videos, feature articles, active social media and a grower contest to facilitate information transfer to farmers and ensure awareness and understanding of resistance management. It also helps advance the SDGs through its outcomes to: • safeguard crops from domestic and invasive pest species; • provide safe and nutritious food security in Canada and aboard; and, • ensure farmers can continue to responsibly use crop protection technologies to produce a sustainable, high-yielding crop. 48 Canada’s 2023 Voluntary National Review A CONTINUED JOURNEY FOR IMPLEMENTING THE 2030 AGENDA AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
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[ 2 ]
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ODD 2 : Éliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable 37 Statistique Canada, Enquête canadienne sur le revenu. 38 fnfnes.ca/fr/. 39 Enquête régionale sur la santé des Premières Nations 2015-2016. Remarque : Pour en savoir plus sur le sondage, consultez : fnigc.ca/online-library/?wpv_aux_current_post_id=409&wpv_aux_parent_post_id=409&wpvview_count=516&wpv-publication￾topic%5B%5D=frst-nations-regional-health-survey-phase-3 [disponible en anglais seulement]. 40 Enquête auprès des peuples autochtones de 2017. Remarque : Pour en savoir plus sur l’enquête, consultez : www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/fr/catalogue/89-653-X. AMBITIONS CANADIENNES • Les Canadiens ont accès à une nourriture suffisante, abordable et nutritive. • La production agricole canadienne est durable. ÉVALUATION DES PROGRÈS DU CANADA PAR LE GOUVERNEMENT • La hausse des prix des aliments et l’inflation à l’échelle de l’économie font en sorte qu’il est plus difficile pour de nombreuses familles de se procurer des aliments nutritifs de façon constante. PLEINS FEUX : L’insécurité alimentaire est présente au Canada à divers degrés dans toutes les régions et pour tous les profils socioéconomiques. Le taux d’insécurité alimentaire chez les Canadiens est passé de 11,6 % en 2018 à 12,9 % en 2021. Cela montre qu’il y a eu une détérioration des progrès vers la réalisation de l’objectif consistant à éliminer la faim et l’insécurité alimentaire au Canada. Les familles monoparentales dirigées par une femme courent un risque plus élevé d’insécurité alimentaire, 34,1 % d’entre elles se trouvant en situation d’insécurité alimentaire modérée ou grave, soit le même pourcen￾tage qu’en 2018. Parmi les personnes de moins de 65 ans (non âgées) qui ne vivaient pas dans une famille économique, 18,5 % se trouvaient en situation d’insécurité alimentaire en 2021, un taux nettement plus élevé que la moyenne nationale de 12,9 %. Le taux d’insécurité alimentaire est plus élevé dans les territoires canadiens que dans les provinces, 49,5 % des habitants du Nunavut, 20,4 % des habitants des Territoires du Nord-Ouest et 21,2 % des habitants du Yukon vivant dans des ménages qui se trouvent en situation d’insécurité alimentaire modérée ou grave en 202037. Les ménages autochtones affichent également des taux d’insécurité alimentaire plus élevés que la population canadienne en général38. En 2016, 50,8 % des adultes des Premières Nations vivant dans une réserve se trouvaient en situation d’insécurité alimentaire39 et, en 2017, 77,1 % des adultes Inuits vivant dans l’Inuit Nunangat se trouvaient dans une telle situation40. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Figure 9 Indicateur mondial 2.1.2 – Proportion de personnes vivant dans une famille en situation d’insécurité alimentaire, Canada Toutes les personnes Personnes dans les familles monoparentales ayant une femme à leur tête Personnes non âgées hors famille économique Pourcentage Source : Statistique Canada, Enquête canadienne sur le revenu 2018 2021 Détérioration 5 -2,5 2,5 -2,8 0 -5 SECTION III 49 • Les organismes et les partenaires continuent de renforcer les systèmes alimentaires au Canada en améliorant l’accès à des aliments culturellement acceptables, en haussant la littératie alimentaire dans les écoles et en s’efforçant de promouvoir la sécurité alimentaire dans le Nord et chez les Autochtones, entre autres initiatives. • Le Canada a augmenté ses investissements dans les programmes agroenvironnementaux pour aider les agriculteurs à accroître la produc￾tion durable et à promouvoir une plus grande sécurité alimentaire. INITIATIVES NATIONALES PRIORITAIRES Le gouvernement du Canada a lancé la Politique alimentaire pour le Canada en 2019, dont l’objectif est de faire en sorte que toutes les personnes au Canada aient accès à une quantité suffisante d’aliments salubres, nutritifs et culturellement diversi￾fiés et que les systèmes alimentaires soient résilients et novateurs, soutiennent l’environnement et appuient l’économie. En réaction à la pandémie de COVID-19, le gouvernement du Canada a effectué des inves￾tissements supplémentaires à l’appui de cette cible au moyen d’initiatives comme le Fonds d’urgence pour la sécurité alimentaire et le Fonds de soutien aux communautés autochtones. Dans le cadre de son Plan d’intervention économique pour répondre à la COVID-19, le gouvernement du Canada a versé 20 millions de dollars par année en 2020-2021 et en 2021-2022 afin de remédier aux vulnérabilités émergentes concernant la capacité d’inspection qui découlent de la pandémie de COVID-19 et d’assurer un approvisionnement alimentaire adéquat, salubre et fiable pour les Canadiens. Le Canada continue d’améliorer et d’élargir ses programmes de sécurité alimentaire dans le Nord canadien. La Subvention pour le soutien aux chasseurs-cueilleurs a été mise au point en 2020, en collaboration directe avec des partenaires autochtones pour accroître leur accès aux aliments traditionnels. Depuis son lancement, elle a permis de soutenir plus de 5 500 chasseurs-cueilleurs dans 108 communautés admissibles, et elle a donné lieu à plus de 85 nouvelles initiatives de partage d’aliments et à 113 activités de chasse et de récolte communautaires. Les partenaires ont salué la conception et la souplesse de la Subvention et l’ont décrite comme une étape importante vers la réconciliation. En 2021, le Canada a élargi la Subvention et ajouté une nouvelle Subvention pour les programmes alimentaires des communautés afin de soutenir l’infrastructure alimentaire locale dans 112 communautés isolées et d’ainsi renforcer la souveraineté alimentaire. Ces investissements visent à encourager le retour aux régimes alimentaires et aux pratiques traditionnelles, à réduire la dépendance envers les aliments achetés en magasin et à accroître les activités de partage des aliments qui soutiennent les plus marginalisés. Le Canada finance et appuie également des initiatives d’éducation nutritionnelle dans toutes les communautés isolées du Nord admissibles afin d’accroître les connaissances en matière d’alimentation saine et de faciliter l’acquisi￾tion de compétences en matière de sélection et de préparation d’aliments sains. MESURES PRISES À L’ÉCHELLE INTERNATIONALE Le Canada fournit un soutien au développement de systèmes agricoles et alimentaires pour s’attaquer aux causes profondes de la faim et a affecté 650 millions de dollars à l’aide alimentaire et nutritionnelle humani￾taire mondiale en 2022. Cela comprenait 100 millions de dollars pour soutenir la croissance des petites et moyennes entreprises agroalimentaires en Afrique par l’entremise de la Banque africaine de développement afin d’accroître la sécurité alimentaire, et 52 millions de dollars pour appuyer des solutions agricoles, notamment de l’équipement temporaire de stockage des céréales en Ukraine. Le Canada a également versé un financement humanitaire de 30 millions de dollars au Programme alimentaire mondial pour faciliter le transport, l’entreposage et la distribution des céréales ukrainiennes acheminées dans le cadre de l’Initiative céréalière de la mer Noire vers les pays aux prises avec une insécurité alimentaire aiguë. De plus, le Canada a soutenu des organisations de la société civile canadienne pour qu’elles viennent en aide à des centaines de milliers de petits exploitants agricoles, de pêcheurs et de petits éleveurs de bétail en Afrique subsaharienne, en Asie et en Amérique latine, en particulier les femmes, grâce à une amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire, de la nutrition et des moyens de subsistance. 50 Examen national volontaire 2023 du Canada UNE DÉMARCHE CONTINUE À L’APPUI DE LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DU PROGRAMME 2030 ET DE L’ATTEINTE DES OBJECTIFS DE DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE DÉFIS ET POSSIBILITÉS De nombreux Canadiens éprouvent des difficultés accrues en raison de l’inflation et d’autres facteurs économiques et sont de plus en plus préoccupés par l’insécurité alimentaire, en particulier ceux qui vivent dans des ménages vulnérables. Les conflits mondiaux ont également des répercussions sur la sécurité alimentaire partout dans le monde. Le gouvernement du Canada met en œuvre un éventail d’initiatives visant à atténuer les pressions financières immédiates pour les ménages canadiens et à appuyer des solutions communautaires plus vastes et à plus long terme afin de renforcer les systèmes alimentaires et sociaux. Le gouvernement améliore également la mesure des facteurs de sécurité alimen￾taire et des résultats en matière de sécurité alimentaire. Plus récemment, le gouvernement fédéral s’est engagé à collaborer avec les provinces, les territoires, les municipalités, les partenaires autochtones et des intervenants en vue d’élaborer une Politique nationale en matière d’alimentation dans les écoles et d’exami￾ner les mesures pouvant être prises pour qu’un plus grand nombre d’enfants canadiens puissent recevoir des aliments nutritifs à l’école. La vitalité à long terme du secteur de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture et l’établissement d’un approvisionne￾ment stable et salubre dépendent d’un environnement sain et de la résilience face aux changements clima￾tiques. Le gouvernement du Canada s’est engagé à verser plus de 1,5 milliard de dollars pour accélérer les progrès du secteur de l’agriculture en ce qui concerne la réduction des émissions, l’amélioration de la rési￾lience climatique et le fait de devenir un chef de file mondial de l’agriculture durable. De plus, le nouveau Partenariat canadien pour une agriculture durable, une entente de 3,5 milliards de dollars sur 5 ans entre les gouvernements fédéral, provinciaux et territoriaux, contribue de façon importante à la promotion et à l’augmentation de la production agricole durable dans le secteur canadien de l’agriculture. La Stratégie pour une agriculture durable aidera également à établir une orientation commune pour une action collective visant à améliorer la performance environnementale du secteur à long terme, à soutenir les moyens de subsistance des agriculteurs et à renforcer la vitalité des entreprises agricoles canadiennes. PLEINS FEUX : Mesures prises par les intervenants Partout au Canada, des organismes et des agriculteurs améliorent l’accès aux aliments, font la promotion d’une agriculture durable et réduisent le gaspillage alimentaire. Les Producteurs d’œufs du Canada (POC), l’organisme national qui représente les producteurs d’œufs de partout au pays, s’efforcent d’offrir aux Canadiens un approvisionnement constant en aliments sains et entiers tout en contribuant à la sécurité alimentaire des communautés et en soutenant les communautés rurales dynamiques dans lesquelles des producteurs d’œufs exercent leurs activités. Les producteurs d’œufs contribuent à faire progresser l’ODD 2 en veillant à ce que les Canadiens aient accès toute l’année à des œufs frais, locaux, abordables et de grande qualité partout au pays. Les POC collaborent régulièrement avec des organismes comme Banques alimentaires Canada et le Club des petits déjeuners du Canada pour livrer des millions d’œufs aux Canadiens en situation de vulnérabilité et aux enfants dans le cadre de programmes de petits déjeuners chaque année. Dans le cadre du Programme des femmes dans l’industrie des œufs, les POC cherchent à éliminer les obstacles auxquels les femmes peuvent faire face dans le secteur (ODD 5, Égalité entre les sexes). L’organisme investit également dans des recherches continues sur le climat afin d’explorer les pratiques exemplaires en matière de SECTION III 51 durabilité et de réduire l’empreinte environnementale du secteur, tout en continuant de répondre à la demande canadienne d’œufs locaux et abordables (ODD 13, Action climatique). Au cours des 50 dernières années, les producteurs d’œufs canadiens ont réduit les réper￾cussions environnementales de la production d’œufs de 68 % sur le plan des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, de 69 % sur celui de l’utilisation durable de l’eau, de 81 % sur celui de l’utilisation des terres et de 41 % sur celui de l’utilisation de l’énergie. De plus, les POC font équipe avec des organisations internationales pour offrir aux communautés vulné￾rables l’accès à une source fiable d’œufs riches en protéines, qui ont été nommés « ingrédient vedette » par l’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) lors de la Journée mondiale de l’alimentation 2021. Par exemple, leur travail avec l’organisme humanitaire dirigé par le Canada Heart for Africa a renforcé la production d’œufs à Eswatini en partageant l’expertise agricole canadienne pour former et soutenir les agriculteurs locaux (ODD 17, Partenariats pour la réalisation des objectifs). En plus d’exploiter une grande ferme et d’embaucher des résidents de la communauté locale, ce projet vient compléter un programme de repas qui rejoint 4 500 membres de la communauté toutes les semaines. Plus de 11 millions d’œufs ont été produits localement et livrés à la communauté depuis 2016. CropLife Canada est l’association commerciale qui représente les fabricants, les concepteurs et les distributeurs de solutions phytoscientifiques novatrices, ce qui comprend des innovations en matière de produits antiparasitaires et de sélection des plantes, pour l’agriculture, le milieu urbain et la santé publique. Lancée en 2018, son initiative Gérer la résistance maintenant a permis aux agriculteurs et aux reven￾deurs de rechercher et de trouver des stratégies de pratiques exemplaires pertinentes qui fournissent des conseils cruciaux et opportuns sur la gestion de la résistance aux parasites. L’initiative consiste en un effort de collaboration entre des experts de l’indus￾trie, du milieu universitaire et du gouvernement en vue d’accroître les connaissances et de promouvoir l’adoption de stratégies qui permettront de réduire la résistance des mauvaises herbes, des insectes et des maladies. Depuis son lancement, elle a donné lieu à la production de 19 fiches d’information, de 11 études de cas, de 16 vidéos et d’articles de fond ainsi qu’à une présence active sur les médias sociaux et à un concours à l’intention des producteurs pour faciliter la communication d’information aux agriculteurs et assurer la sensibilisation à la gestion de la résistance et la compréhension de celle-ci. Elle aide également à faire progresser les ODD grâce à ses résultats dans les domaines suivants : • protéger les cultures contre les espèces de ravageurs domestiques et envahissantes; • assurer l’accessibilité à des aliments sains et nutri￾tifs au Canada et à l’étranger; • faire en sorte que les agriculteurs puissent continuer d’utiliser de façon responsable les tech￾nologies de protection des cultures pour produire des cultures durables et à haut rendement. 52 Examen national volontaire 2023 du Canada UNE DÉMARCHE CONTINUE À L’APPUI DE LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DU PROGRAMME 2030 ET DE L’ATTEINTE DES OBJECTIFS DE DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "can", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-can-2023-fr-2.pdf", "language": "fr", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2023 }
8 SDG 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture The Swiss agricultural sector produces about 55% of the country’s food requirements, employing ap￾prox. 150,000 people and utilising about 25% of total land area. The remaining food requirement is met through imports. No one suffers from hunger in Switzerland. Calorie production and income in the agricultural sector are largely stable. Obesity poses a problem in the general population, and represents a significant risk factor for non-communicable diseases. This problem is being combated with public funds. In the agricultural sector, participation in environmental and animal welfare programmes is growing, as is the percentage of organic farms (12% in 2016). Yet the long-term conservation of sustainable ecosys￾tems and provision of ecosystem services are still compromised by agriculture. Nitrogen pollution, loss of biodiversity and the extensive use of pesticides and antibiotics are not yet in line with the environmental objectives of the agricultural sector. The existing strategies and action plans are designed to reduce 3 For the definition of poverty, see next footnote. 4 The absolute (as opposed to the relative) poverty threshold is defined in Switzerland as falling below a speci-fied subsistence level. For the measurement of absolute poverty in Switzerland, the FSO bases itself on the subsistence level, as recommended by the Conference of Cantonal Directors of Social Services (CDSS). Accordingly, persons who do not have the financial means to acquire the goods and services necessary for a socially integrated life are classified as poor. ZERO HUNGER the target gaps for antibiotics and pesticides. Moreover, agriculture will have to deal with the constant pressure on cultivated land. Switzerland’s agriculture and food sector is strongly integrated in global markets through free trade and WTO agreements and on a global scale is therefore also involved in the challenges of food security, climate, the environment and social justice. 2.1 / 2.2 Consumption of fruit and vegetables 2.4 Nitrogen balance from agriculture Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture 2.5 Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture 2.b Export contributions Nitrogen balance from agriculture In 2015, the annual nitrogen surplus in Swiss agriculture was 91,100 tonnes. UN: “Agriculture, forestry and fisheries can provide nutritious food for all and generate decent incomes, while supporting people-centred rural development and protecting the envi￾ronment. Right now, our soils, freshwater, oceans, forests and biodiversity are being rapidly degraded.” Goal: Trend: Assessment: – 5% since 2000 Federal government’s goal: […] to ensure the long-term sustainability of ecosystems and ecosystem services in its agricultural policy. International level: Switzerland supports a paradigm shift from short-term food aid to long-term food security and an improvement in the resilience of smallholder farmers and food systems. It is particularly committed to framework conditions in favour of sustainable agriculture and food systems. These include combating malnutrition, which is to a growing extent responsible for non-communicable diseases, includ￾ing in developing countries. Switzerland promotes innovation to improve smallholder income and produc￾tivity, e.g. by securing land rights, developing innovative approaches to crop failure insurance, improving the geographical indication system, assisting with marketing and agricultural education and training, as well as developmental research in the field of plant breeding and improved cultivation methods.
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18 Switzerland's Voluntary National Review 2022 SDG 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture SDG 2 sets out to eliminate hunger, end all forms of malnutrition, and set guidelines for promoting sustainable agriculture. Food systems have an overarching effect on all 17 SDGs under the 2030 Agenda, and may therefore be crucial to achieving it. Switzerland and SDG 2 Hardly anyone in Switzerland goes hungry, yet malnutrition is an issue. In fact, 42% of the resident population is overweight or clinically obese. The objective of the Swiss Nutrition Policy 2017-2446 is therefore to achieve a healthy, balanced diet for all. The Federal Constitution states that the Confederation must create the conditions required to attain food security. Various policy fields are involved here, specifically agriculture, spatial planning, environment and trade. The Swiss agricultural sector produces more than half of what is consumed in Switzerland, and thus makes a significant contribution to food security. To achieve SDG 2, Switzerland must continue to implement, review and where necessary adapt the measures that are already being taken to address biodiversity, greenhouse gas emissions, nitrogen surpluses, soil fertility and food waste, and to ensure diversified imports and a healthy and sustainable diet. Switzerland contributes significantly to further the recognition of the food system approach, which takes a holistic view of all of the complex challenges surrounding food. At the international level, including its trade relations, Switzerland supports the transformation to efficient, resilient and sustainable systems to guarantee food supplies. It is also active in publicising and applying the agroecological principles determined by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)47 and the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS), and recognises agroecology as a relevant systemic approach to this transformation to sustainable food systems. Nitrogen balance from agriculture | 89,600 tonnes in excess in 2019 | -9.2% since 2000 Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture | 6.5 million tonnes CO2 equivalents in 2019 | -5.7% since 2000 Organic farming | 17% of the utilised agricultural area in 2020 | +9.3 pp since 2000 Arable land | 388,400 ha in 2018 | -11% since 1985 Plant genetic resources | 5,400 registered plants in 2020 | +81 since 2016 Fruit and vegetable consumption | 5 portions/day by 21.5% of the population in 2017 | +2.3 pp since 2012 Indicators for the monitoring in Switzerland Source: FSO – MONET 2030 Switzerland's Voluntary National Review 2022 19 Progress Challenges In the national context Sustainable food systems: The 2030 Sustainable Development Strategy (2030 SDS) and its accompanying 2021-23 Action Plan48 firmly establish the transformation to sustainable food systems in Switzerland and abroad as an important transversal issue. Efforts focus on four quantifiable goals that address (1) the nutritional recommendations of the Swiss food pyramid, (2) avoidable food losses, (3) the carbon footprint of our food, and (4) the proportion of farms engaged in especially environment and animal-friendly production. In addition, Parliament has passed legislative amendments to further reduce the risk attached to pesticide use and to nutrient loss. Agroecology: Switzerland advocates the application of agroecological principles as a relevant systemic approach to the transformation to sustainable food systems. Making the application of these principles an integral part of strengthening the resilience of food systems, by including them in the 2030 SDS for example, ensures that greater attention is paid to resilience as an issue in its own right. Furthermore, the Federal Council will include agroecological principles in its proposals for the next iteration of the Agricultural Policy. Healthy and sustainable nutrition: Progress has been achieved on information and education on healthy and balanced diets with schemes such as the Nutri-Score, as well as in more effective cooperation between the federal government, the cantons, experts and other actors. There have also been positive developments in the underlying conditions for healthy and balanced diets. For example, the federal government has been working more closely with the business sector to improve the composition of processed food, and in the healthy and sustainable community catering sector, lunchtime services to small-scale businesses and care homes have also been enhanced. In the international context Sustainable food systems: For more than ten years Switzerland has been furthering an understanding and consensus about the need for a holistic approach to promoting sustainable food systems. It has been particularly involved in the One Planet Network (10YFP). 49 At the UN Food Systems Summit (UNFSS21),50 Switzerland strongly advocated a transformation to sustainable food systems, and presented its own roadmap to 2030 on the basis of the 2030 SDS. It has also joined the Agroecology and Healthy diets from sustainable food systems for all coalitions, as well as the Global Methane Pledge Initiative. 51 Additionally, as a net importer of agricultural goods Switzerland has an interest in the transformation of food systems on a global scale, and promotes such moves in its trade relations. In the national context Sustainable productivity: Sustainable productivity in agriculture and the food industry is key to maintaining Switzerland's long￾term food security. Climate change and biodiversity loss present challenges to various areas within the food system. Appropriate responses must therefore be formulated and implemented. To this end, the 2030 SDS intends to improve sustainability at each stage of the value chain and to make food systems more resilient, by fully applying agroecological principles for example Healthy and sustainable nutrition: There is a lack of comprehensive information about the eating habits of the Swiss population. Currently, it is impossible to know to which extent people are eating a healthy, balanced and sustainable diet according to the Swiss food pyramid. The question of a dedicated indicator will be examined when the Swiss Nutrition Policy is updated. Food waste: Switzerland is estimated to produce an annual 330kg of avoidable food waste per person. The Action Plan Against Food Waste is designed to further efforts to halve food waste by 2030. Equal opportunities and the ageing population: The proportion of farms run by women has increased over the past 20 years by only around 3 percentage points, from 3.3% in 2000 to 6.6% in 2019. A proper social safety net must be put in place for the spouses and partners who work alongside them on those farms. Efforts must also be made to tackle the generation gap that farming faces. The average age of farm managers in Switzerland is 51. In the international context Sustainable food systems: About half the food consumed in Switzerland is imported. This means that a considerable portion of the adverse environmental and social impacts of producing that food is felt abroad. The UNFSS21 emphasised the need for a transformation to more sustainable food systems in response to such challenges. The task now is actually to implement the roadmaps and coalition work that have been announced and move ahead with the transformation. Multiplier of positive side-effects Efforts to achieve Target 2.4 (farms engaged in especially environment and animal￾friendly production) further the achievement of targets under SDG 6 (drinking water quality), SDG 12 (material and carbon footprint, food waste), SDG 13 (resilience and adaptability to the consequences of global warming) and SDG 15 (soil function, intact ecosystems).
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[ 2 ]
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18 Rapport national 2022 de la Suisse ODD 2 Éliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable L’ODD 2 comprend l’élimination de la faim et de toutes les formes de malnutrition, et la promotion d’une agriculture durable. Les systèmes alimentaires influent sur l’ensemble des 17 ODD et peuvent, de ce fait, apporter une contribution décisive à leur atteinte. La Suisse et l’ODD 2 Personne ne souffre de la faim en Suisse, mais la malnutrition y est largement répandue : 42 % de la population résidante sont obèses ou en surpoids. La Stratégie suisse de nutrition 2017-202446 vise donc à promouvoir une alimentation saine et équilibrée. Conformément à la Constitution, la Confédération crée les conditions de la sécurité alimentaire. Plusieurs champs politiques y contribuent, notamment ceux relatifs à l’agriculture, à l’aménagement du territoire, à l’environnement et au commerce. L’agriculture suisse produit plus de la moitié de ce qui est consommé en Suisse, contribuant ainsi de manière significative à la sécurité alimentaire. Pour atteindre l’ODD 2, il faut poursuivre la mise en œuvre, la vérification et l’ajustement, si nécessaire, des mesures arrêtées, notamment dans les domaines de la biodiversité, des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, des excédents d’azote, de la fertilité des sols, des déchets alimentaires, de la diversification des importations et de l’alimentation (sous l’angle de la santé et du développement durable). La Suisse est un ardent défenseur de l’approche fondée sur les systèmes alimentaires, qui aborde les enjeux complexes de l’alimentation d’un point de vue global. Sur le plan international, y compris dans les relations commerciales, elle soutient les efforts de transition vers des systèmes alimentaires efficaces, résilients et durables. Reconnaissant l’agroécologie comme une approche systémique pertinente pour cette transition, elle œuvre à faire connaître et à faire appliquer les principes édictés dans ce domaine par l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture47 et par le Groupe d’experts de haut niveau du Comité de la Sécurité alimentaire mondiale. Bilan d’azote de l’agriculture | 89 600 tonnes en excès en 2019 | -9,2% depuis 2000 Emissions GES de l’agriculture | 6,5 mios de tonnes équivalents CO2 en 2019 | -5,7% depuis 2000 Agriculture biologique | 17% de la surface agricole utile en 2020 | +9,3 pp depuis 2000 Terres arables | 388 400 ha en 2018 | -11% depuis 1985 Ressources phytogénétiques | 5 400 végétaux enregistrés en 2020 | +81 depuis 2016 Consommation de fruits et légumes | 5 portions/jour par 21,5% de la population en 2017 | +2,3 pp depuis 2012 Bilan d’azote de l’agriculture Différence entre les quantités d’azote qui entrent dans les terres agricoles et celles qui en sont retirées Un excédent d’azote est une source de pollution de l’air et des eaux. 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 89,6 Milliers de tonnes illiers de tonnes Etat des données: 28.02.2022 Source: OFS – Bilan d'azote © OFS 2022 Indicateurs pour le monitoring en Suisse Source : BFS – MONET 2030 Rapport national 2022 de la Suisse 19 Dans le contexte national Systèmes alimentaires durables : La SDD 2030 et le Plan d’action 2021-202348 qui l’accompagne font de la transition vers ces systèmes un thème transversal majeur à l’étranger comme en Suisse. Ce thème correspond à quatre objectifs quantifiables relatifs aux recommandations nutritionnelles issues de la pyramide alimentaire suisse, au gaspillage alimentaire évitable, à l’empreinte carbone des denrées alimentaires et au pourcentage d’exploitations agricoles aux méthodes particulièrement respectueuses de l’environnement et des animaux. Le Parlement a par ailleurs adopté des modifications législatives visant à réduire le risque lié à l’emploi de pesticides et la perte de nutriments. Agroécologie : La Suisse œuvre à l’application des principes de l’agroécologie comme approche systémique pertinente pour la transition vers des systèmes alimentaires durables. L’inscription de cette approche dans la SDD 2030, par exemple, est un pas de plus dans cette direction. Par ailleurs, le Conseil fédéral tiendra compte de ces principes dans ses propositions pour développer la politique agricole. Une alimentation saine et durable : L’instauration du Nutri-Score et l’amélioration de la collaboration entre la Confédération, les cantons, les experts et d’autres acteurs encore ont permis de réaliser des progrès en matière d’information et en matière d’éducation à une alimentation saine et durable. On note aussi un mieux sensible des conditions générales permettant une telle alimentation, sur le plan de la composition des aliments grâce à une collaboration renforcée avec l’économie, et dans le domaine de la restauration collective (petites structures offrant des repas de midi, restaurants d’entreprise et homes). Dans le contexte international Systèmes alimentaires durables : La Suisse défend depuis plus de dix ans la nécessité d’une approche holistique éclairée et consensuelle pour promouvoir les systèmes alimentaires durables, notamment dans le Cadre décennal de programmation (One Planet Networks [10YFP])49. Lors du Sommet des Nations Unies sur les systèmes alimentaires50, la Suisse s’est prononcée très clairement en faveur d’une transition vers des systèmes alimentaires durables et a présenté son programme de mise en œuvre fondé sur la SDD 2030. Elle a en outre rejoint les coalitions Agroecology et Healthy diets from sustainable food systems for children & all, et l’engagement mondial en faveur de la réduction des émissions de méthane51 . Il est par ailleurs dans l’intérêt de la Suisse, en tant qu’importateur net de produits agricoles, que les systèmes alimentaires se transforment partout dans le monde, position qu’elle défend notamment dans ses relations commerciales. Dans le contexte national Productivité durable : La productivité durable de l’agro-alimentaire est capitale pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire à long terme de la Suisse. Les changements climatiques et le recul de la biodiversité créent dans différents domaines du système alimentaire des difficultés qu’il va falloir résoudre. La SDD 2030 prévoit de renforcer le développement durable tout au long de la chaîne de valeur et la résilience des systèmes alimentaires, notamment par l’application des principes agroécologiques. Une alimentation saine et durable : La Suisse manque d’informations sur les habitudes alimentaires de sa population. Actuellement, elle n’a pas les moyens de savoir dans quelle mesure ces habitudes correspondent à une alimentation saine, équilibrée et durable au sens de la pyramide alimentaire suisse. Le choix d’un indicateur sera envisagé dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de la Stratégie suisse de nutrition. Déchets alimentaires : En Suisse, le volume annuel de déchets alimentaires évitables est estimé à 330 kg par personne. Le plan d’action contre le gaspillage alimentaire vise à réduire de moitié les déchets alimentaires d’ici à 2030. Égalité des chances et vieillissement de la population : La proportion de femmes parmi les chefs d’exploitation agricole n’a guère augmenté que de 3 % au cours des vingt dernières années (de 3,3 % en 2000 à 6,6 % en 2019). Il faut régler la couverture sociale du conjoint ou partenaire travaillant sur l’exploitation agricole. Il faut aussi affronter la question du manque de relève dans le monde agricole. L’âge moyen des chefs d’exploitation est de 51 ans en Suisse. Dans le contexte international Systèmes alimentaires durables : La moitié environ des denrées alimentaires consommées en Suisse est importée, ce qui fait qu’une grande partie des effets écologiques et sociaux négatifs de l’alimentation se produisent à l’étranger. Le Sommet des Nations Unies sur les systèmes alimentaires a souligné la nécessité d’une transition vers des systèmes alimentaires plus durables pour résoudre ce genre de problème. Il faut à présent mettre en œuvre les plans d’action prévus et mener à bien les travaux annoncés des coalitions. Multiplicateur de retombées positives Les efforts en direction de la cible 2.4 (exploitations agricoles respectueuses des animaux et de l’environnement) rapprochent de différentes cibles des ODD 6 (qualité de l’eau potable), ODD 12 (empreinte écologique des matériaux et empreinte gaz à effet de serre, gaspillage alimentaire), ODD 13 (résilience et capacités d’adaptation aux effets du réchauffement climatique) et ODD 15 (fonction des sols, intégrité des écosystèmes). Progrès accomplis Défis à relever
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ODS 2. Poner fin al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible I. SITUACIÓN DEL PAÍS, ASPECTOS CUANTITATIVOS Para Chile se dispone de información de 4 indicadores asociados a este objetivo. Entre ellos los referidos a subalimentación; retraso en el crecimiento de los niños y niñas; malnutrición en la población menor de 5 años; y la orientación agrícola para los gastos públicos. Indicador 2.1.1 Prevalencia de la subalimentación: La información disponible23 señala que en el periodo 2014 – 2016, la prevalencia de subalimentación es menor a 5%, situación que se mantiene desde el año 2010 de acuerdo a valor estimado por la Organización de la Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y Nutrición (FAO). Indicador 2.2.1. Número de niños y niñas menores de 5 años con retraso en el crecimiento24 (estatura para la edad, desviación típica < -2 de la mediana de los patrones de crecimiento infantil de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS): La información preliminar disponible indica que el 2% de la población menor de 5 años se encuentra con retraso de crecimiento. Indicador 2.2.2. Malnutrición en población menor de 5 años. La malnutrición afecta al 10,6% de los niños y niñas menores de 5 años, considerando específicamente como peso para la estatura con desviación estándar> +2 o < -2 de la mediana de los patrones de crecimiento infantil de la OMS. Mientras el 10,3% de los niños y niñas de este grupo registra un peso para la estatura con desviación estándar> +2 de la mediana de los patrones de crecimiento infantil OMS, el 0,3% tiene un peso para la estatura con una desviación estándar< -2 en dichos patrones. Indicador 2.a.1 Índice de orientación agrícola para los gastos públicos Finalmente, respecto de los recursos destinados a la agricultura, el Indicador 2.a.1ha sido estimado en 0,56% para el 2013 por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO). II. ACCIONES PÚBLICAS DE APOYO AL LOGRO DE LOS OBJETIVOS: 1. Legislación Nacional: Respecto de las metas referidas a “Poner fin a todas las formas de malnutrición”, recientemente Chile ha impulsado una exigente normativa, las cuales están contenidas en: • Ley Nº 20.606 (2012), modificada por la Ley Nº 20.869, sobre la composición nutricional de los alimentos y su publicidad, más conocida como “Ley de etiquetado de alimentos", ampliamente 23 Valor estimado para todos los países por la Organización de Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y Nutrición. 24*Datos preliminares. Fuente: Resúmenes Estadísticos Mensuales (REM) - Departamento de Estadísticas e Información de Salud (DEIS), Ministerio de Salud. 24 valorada por la ciudadanía, respecto de la cual, ya se observan cambios positivos en los hábitos de consumo de las personas y en la industria alimentaria. Respecto de la legislación vinculada a la agricultura, destacan las siguientes normativas: • Ley 18.450 para el fomento de la inversión privada en obras de riego y drenaje. • Ley 20.412, que establece un sistema de incentivos para la sustentabilidad agroambiental de los suelos agropecuarios. 2. Políticas, Planes y Programas: En relación a las metas referidas a alimentación y malnutrición se destacan una serie de programas y acciones de promoción de conductas saludables, implementadas por el Ministerio de Salud, entre ellas: • Programas de alimentación complementaria. • Inocuidad Alimentaria. • Programa nacional de Salud de Infancia. • Programa nacional de Promoción de la Salud, Estrategia Municipios, Comunas y Comunidades Saludables. • Programa Vida Sana en Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) para personas con malnutrición por exceso. • Componente Salud del Subsistema de Protección a la Infancia Chile Crece Contigo. • Promoción de la Lactancia Materna exclusiva hasta los 6 meses y complementarias hasta los 2 años. • Consulta nutricional en la población bajo control de 5 meses de vida y prescolar de 3 años 6 meses. • Controles de Salud Integral y de Salud Escolar. • Examen de Medicina Preventiva del Adulto Mayor (EMPAM). • Elige vivir sano. Por otra parte, la Fundación para la Innovación Agraria (FIA) del Ministerio de Agricultura, cuenta con varios programas estratégicos alineados con la mejora de la nutrición y la seguridad alimentaria. Se destacan el Programa de Innovación en Alimentación más Saludable (PIA+S), con 2 convocatorias realizadas y 17 proyectos en ejecución, y el Programa de Innovación “Patrimonio Agroalimentario”, con 4 convocatorias realizadas y 50 proyectos en ejecución. Desde el punto de vista de la integralidad de los ODS, destacan las medidas de la Agenda de Productividad y Crecimiento (APC), que vinculan el ODS 2 sobre alimentación y agricultura con el objetivo de crecimiento sostenible (ODS 8), específicamente cuando incorpora el Programa Estratégico Nacional de Alimentación Saludable y el Plan de Trazabilidad, sanidad y calidad agropecuaria (SAF - CORFO). Este programa estratégico en Alimentos Saludables contempla iniciativas como el desarrollo de aditivos naturales, cuando más clientes en el mundo exigen este tipo de alimentos. En este contexto, cabe destacar que Chile ha obtenido la equivalencia en productos orgánicos de la Unión Europea. Respecto a las meta de productividad agrícola e ingresos de pequeños productores, el Instituto de Desarrollo Agropecuario (INDAP) del Ministerio de Agricultura, se enfoca en estos desafíos. Por ley orgánica, su mandato es “Promover el desarrollo económico, social y tecnológico de los pequeños productores agrícolas y campesinos, con el fin de contribuir a elevar su capacidad empresarial, organizacional y comercial, su integración al proceso de desarrollo rural y optimizar al mismo tiempo el uso de los recursos productivos”. A nivel de política pública, la Plataforma de Servicios de Fomento de INDAP persigue contribuir al desarrollo económico sostenible y la valorización de la agricultura familiar campesina (AFC) del país. En la actualidad, INDAP apoya a cerca de 160 mil pequeños agricultores entregándoles servicios de asistencia técnica y capacitación, incentivos a la inversión predial y apoyo crediticio. 25 Dentro de la Plataforma de Servicios de INDAP destacan programas dirigidos específicamente al fomento de la asociatividad de los pequeños productores, tanto económica como gremial o de representación, así como también aquellos que van en directo apoyo de los grupos sociales más vulnerables, tales como mujeres, jóvenes y pueblos originarios del mundo rural. Complementariamente, se ha puesto énfasis en promover estrategias de comercialización y diferenciación de los productos derivados de la AFC, tales como el Sello Manos Campesinas, las Compras Públicas y los Circuitos Cortos (mercados y ferias campesinas, expos, entre otros). Actualmente, más de 100 empresas asociativas cuentan con un Plan Estratégico definido, mientras que 14 mil productores acceden a canales de comercialización más estables. Finalmente, en lo que respecta a jóvenes y mujeres rurales, cabe destacar las nuevas líneas de financiamiento crediticio dirigidas a ellos y el nuevo Programa de Jóvenes Rurales que entrega un apoyo específico a menores de 35 años. Adicionalmente, las iniciativas de Compras Públicas y Circuitos Cortos para pequeños agricultores, facilitan el acceso a alimentos saludables de la población más vulnerable, como niños y adultos mayores. Además del desafío de incrementar la productividad, la agricultura chilena enfrenta el reto de gestionar de manera sostenible los recursos naturales, adaptarse a los nuevos desafíos ambientales, incluidos los nuevos patrones climáticos. Frente a un escenario de creciente degradación del suelo, escasez hídrica y vulnerabilidad frente al cambio climático, es necesario que la agricultura incorpore prácticas de producción más sostenibles. En ese contexto el Ministerio de Agricultura ha establecido su compromiso por promover una agricultura competitiva, basada en la sostenibilidad y para ello se desarrollan diversos instrumentos y programas. El Sistema de Incentivos para la Sustentabilidad Agroambiental de los Suelos Agropecuarios (SIRSD-S) promueve la recuperación del potencial productivo de suelos, incorporando prácticas de conservación y recuperación de suelos degradados, contribuyendo así a la sostenibilidad de los sistemas productivos agrícolas. En 2016, este programa benefició a más de 19.000 agricultores. Por otro lado, el Programa de Fomento a la Inversión Privada en Riego y Drenaje, mejora la disponibilidad de agua de riego, aspecto fundamental para la sostenibilidad agrícola, que permite la adaptación al cambio climático y disminuye la vulnerabilidad. En los últimos cuatro años, se han beneficiado más de 95.550 productores con este programa. Adicionalmente, se encuentra en desarrollo un plan de construcción de tres grandes embalses, y otros tres de menor envergadura. Complementariamente, el plan de pequeños embalses, ha contemplado la construcción y rehabilitación de 14 embalses y se proyectan 27, al 2018. La implementación de prácticas sostenibles en los sistemas productivos se aborda a través del apoyo en asistencia técnica y capacitación que entrega el Programa de Agricultura Sustentable de INDAP, así como con el trabajo en Acuerdos de Producción Sustentable, que se realiza en el marco del Convenio de Colaboración de Agricultura Sustentable entre Oficina de Estudios y Políticas Agrarias (ODEPA), INDAP, ASCC y CORFO. Estas iniciativas se complementan con las adaptaciones e innovaciones resultantes del Programa Nacional de Investigación en Agricultura Sustentable y Medio Ambiente del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), del Ministerio de Agricultura. Otra importante iniciativa sobre sistemas alimentarios sostenibles, es la Iniciativa sobre Sistemas Importantes del Patrimonio Agrícola Mundial (SIPAM) y Sistemas Importantes del Patrimonio Agrícola Nacional (SIPAN) que promueve el rescate, protección y valorización del patrimonio natural y cultural de los sistemas campesinos que son manejados con prácticas productivas sustentables, contribuyendo a mejorar las condiciones de los recursos naturales e identificar estrategias de adaptación al cambio climático. Para promover la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción de alimentos, en un contexto de cambio climático, son necesarias políticas públicas que favorezcan la adaptación de la agricultura a este contexto, y reduzcan la vulnerabilidad del sector. Es así que Chile cuenta con un Plan de Adaptación al 26 Cambio Climático del sector Silvoagropecuario que contempla 21 medidas, a cargo de los distintos servicios del Ministerio de Agricultura. Adicional a ello, en 2015, se creó el Programa de Innovación en Cambio Climático de la Fundación para la Innovación Agraria (FIA), que a través de una convocatoria anual apoya y supervisa la ejecución de proyectos de innovación que contribuyan a la adaptación del sector agrícola al cambio climático, a través de una agricultura sustentable que busca fortalecer la resiliencia de la pequeña y mediana agricultura frente a los cambios del clima. A la fecha se han realizado 2 convocatorias, con 52 proyectos en ejecución. Para complementar estas iniciativas, y realizar transferencia tecnológica a los agricultores, INIA ha desarrollado una línea de Investigación y Extensión para la Adaptación al Cambio Climático. Finalmente, a nivel institucional, en 2015 se crea el Departamento de Gestión Integral de los Riesgos del Ministerio de Agricultura para proporcionar una respuesta más eficaz a los agricultores en materia de desastres naturales y emergencias agrícolas en el contexto del cambio climático. Mantener la diversidad genética es fundamental para la sostenibilidad y resiliencia de los sistemas de producción de alimentos. El Ministerio de Agricultura cuenta con políticas que permiten mantener la diversidad genética de semillas, plantas cultivadas y animales de granja y domesticados, y sus parientes silvestres a través de una Red de Bancos de Germoplasma de vegetales y microorganismos, áreas silvestres protegidas y en predios de agricultoras y agricultores. Además, el Ministerio de Agricultura cuenta con una Política de acceso a recursos genéticos para la alimentación y la agricultura, y distribución de beneficios, a través de la cual se han firmado contratos de acceso. Asegurar el buen funcionamiento de los mercados nacionales e internacionales que permite que los alimentos puedan llegar a los lugares de consumo con costos de transacción menores, es una condicionante esencial para alcanzar la seguridad alimentaria global. Para monitorear el buen funcionamiento del mercado interno, en 2014, se creó la Unidad de Transparencia de Mercado en ODEPA, con el objetivo de analizar las condiciones de competencia en los mercados agrícolas, así como la difusión y promoción de aspectos centrales para el mejoramiento de la trasparencia y competencia en estos mercados. En relación a los mercados internacionales, la apertura comercial de Chile, así como la eliminación de las políticas de distorsión de mercados, ha estimulado tanto el crecimiento agrícola, como la reducción de la pobreza y la seguridad alimentaria. En este contexto, es relevante destacar el emblemático acuerdo de reconocimiento mutuo entre Chile y la Unión Europea de los sistemas de certificación de productos orgánicos, el cual tiene por objeto no sólo promover una producción más ecológica, sino que también favorecer la conectividad de las regulaciones y así mejorar el funcionamiento de los mercados. III DESAFIOS En el proceso de análisis de la información disponible, tanto cuantitativa, como de las acciones públicas, se han identificado preliminarmente los siguientes desafíos para avanzar hacia este objetivo. 1. Disminuir la proporción de niños y niñas con malnutrición por exceso. 2. Aumentar la disponibilidad de datos para el monitoreo y seguimiento de las metas de este objetivo, especialmente aquellas referidas a la agricultura sostenible, así como también el fortalecimiento de capacidades para ello. 3. Fortalecer la asociatividad dentro de la agricultura familiar campesina (AFC), así como la agregación de valor de sus productos. 4. Aumentar cobertura de los programas de fomento de la sostenibilidad agrícola y el desarrollo de capacidades de agricultores, profesionales y técnicos. 5. Alinear y fortalecer la coherencia de las políticas que fomenten la productividad, sostenibilidad, resiliencia e inclusividad de los sistemas de producción de alimentos. 27
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PONER FIN AL HAMBRE, LOGRAR LA SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA Y LA MEJORA DE LA NUTRICIÓN Y PROMOVER LA AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE ODS 2 ODS 2 PRESENTACIÓN En el siguiente capítulo se analizan los anteceden￾tes referidos al ODS 2 orientado a poner fin al ham￾bre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición, y promover la agricultura sostenible. Para esto, se presentan las metas del ODS, se estudia la si￾tuación nacional a partir de los indicadores con infor￾mación disponible y las acciones orientadas a dicho objetivo (públicas, privadas, de la sociedad civil, de los gobiernos locales y de la academia). A partir de los antecedentes enunciados, se plantean entonces los principales desafíos asociados al avance hacia este ODS. METAS 2.1 Poner fin al hambre y asegurar acceso a un alimentación sana, nutritiva y suficiente. 2.2 Poner fin a todas las formas de malnutrición. 2.3 Duplicar la productividad agrícola y los ingresos de los productores de alimentos en pequeña escala. 2.4 Asegurar la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción de alimentos mediante prácticas agrícolas resilientes. 2.5 Mantener a 2020 la diversidad de semillas y animales. 2.a Aumentar inversiones en infraestructura, investigación y tecnologías para mejorar la producción agropecuaria. 2.b Corregir las restricciones y distorsiones comerciales en los mercados agropecuarios mundiales. 2.c Medidas para asegurar el buen funcionamiento de los mercados de productos básicos alimentarios. 61 ODS 2 SITUACIÓN NACIONAL 20 Para el gráfico N° 1 a un 95% de confianza, se encuentran diferencias estadísticamente significativas a un 95% de confianza entre la estimación 2017 y 2020 de la prevalencia de la inseguridad alimentaria Moderada-Severa. Para la prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria Severa NO se encuentran diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Ahora se presenta en detalle la situación de los indica￾dores ODS 2.1.2, 2.2.1, 2.2.2 y 2.a.1. Con respecto al indi￾cador 2.1.1 (Prevalencia de la subalimentación), solo se dispone de datos para el año 2015 (valor de < 5), y con relación al indicador 2.b.1 (Subsidios a la exportación de productos agropecuarios), Chile no entrega subsi￾dios a la exportación, por lo cual no aplica su reporte. ›Indicador 2.1.2: Prevalencia de la inseguridad ali￾mentaria moderada o grave entre la población, según la escala de experiencia de inseguridad alimentaria El indicador mide el porcentaje de hogares que ha experimentado inseguridad alimentaria a niveles moderados o graves durante el período de referen￾cia20. Para el caso del nivel moderada a severa, se ob￾serva un aumento desde un 13,1% en el año 2017 a un 19,8% en el año 2020, lo que refleja quienes han experimentado situaciones como haber comido me￾nos, quedarse sin comida, sentir hambre (y no comer) al menos una vez durante los últimos 12 meses por falta de dinero u otros recursos (Gráfico N° 1). En cambio, para el caso del nivel severa, no hay di￾ferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los datos de ambos años, se ha mantenido el porcentaje de hogares que han pasado todo un día sin comer al menos una vez durante los últimos 12 meses por falta de dinero u otros recursos (Gráfico N°2). 13,1 19,8 0 10 20 2017 2020 Porcentaje GRÁFICO Nº 1 Prevalencia de la inseguridad alimentaria moderada o grave entre los hogares, según la escala de experiencia de inseguridad alimentaria Moderada-Severa (2017-2020) (Indicador 2.1.2) Fuente: Encuesta Casen 2017- Encuesta Casen en Pandemia 2020 y Encuesta Social COVID-19, Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia GRÁFICO Nº 2 Prevalencia de la inseguridad alimentaria moderada o grave entre los hogares, según la escala de experiencia de inseguridad alimentaria Severa (2017-2020) (Indicador 2.1.2) Fuente: Encuesta Casen 2017- Encuesta Casen en Pandemia 2020 y Encuesta Social COVID-19, Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia 3,4 3,5 0 5 10 2017 2020 Porcentaje 62 ODS 2 ›Indicador 2.2.1: Prevalencia del retraso del cre￾cimiento (estatura para la edad, desviación típica < -2 de la mediana de los patrones de crecimien￾to infantil de la Organización Mundial de la Salud OMS) entre los niños menores de 5 años El retraso en el crecimiento en menores de 5 años está directamente relacionado con la malnutrición. Para el retraso del crecimiento, el indicador se ha mantenido en el 2% entre 2015-2020. Luego de subir al 2,8% en 2017, ha bajado hasta el 2% en el año 2020 (Gráfico N° 3). Luego, por sexo, este indica￾dor también ha ido a la baja para niños y niñas entre 2017 y 2019, pero es mayor en el caso de los niños (Gráfico N° 4). GRÁFICO Nº 3 Fuente: Resúmenes Estadísticos Mensuales (REM), Departamento de Estadísticas e Información de Salud (DEIS), Ministerio de Salud. 2,0 2,0 2,8 2,2 2,4 2,0 0 1 2 3 4 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Prevalencia del retraso del crecimiento entre los niños menores de 5 años (2015-2020) (Indicador 2.2.1) Porcentaje GRÁFICO Nº 4 Fuente: Resúmenes Estadísticos Mensuales (REM), Departamento de Estadísticas e Información de Salud (DEIS), Ministerio de Salud. Prevalencia del retraso del crecimiento entre los niños menores de 5 años, por sexo (2015-2020) (Indicador 2.2.1) 3,1 2,4 2,4 2,5 1,9 2,2 0 1 2 3 4 2017 2018 2019 Hombre Mujer Porcentaje 63 ODS 2 GRÁFICO Nº 5 Fuente: Resúmenes Estadísticos Mensuales (REM), Departamento de Estadísticas e Información de Salud (DEIS), Ministerio de Salud. Prevalencia de la malnutrición entre los niños menores de 5 años (2015-2020) (Indicador 2.2.2) 10,6 10,8 10,6 11,4 11,7 12,3 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Porcentaje 11,0 11,8 12,1 10,1 11,0 11,3 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2017 2018 2019 Porcentaje GRÁFICO Nº 6 Fuente: Resúmenes Estadísticos Mensuales (REM), Departamento de Estadísticas e Información de Salud (DEIS), Ministerio de Salud. Prevalencia de la malnutrición entre los niños menores de 5 años, por sexo (2017-2019) (Indicador 2.2.2) Hombre Mujer ›Indicador 2.2.2: Prevalencia de la malnutrición (peso para la estatura, desviación típica > +2 o < -2 de la mediana de los patrones de crecimiento infan￾til de la (OMS) entre los niños menores de 5 años, desglosada por tipo (emaciación y sobrepeso) Para el caso de la malnutrición, se observa un incre￾mento sostenido desde el año 2015 al año 2020 (solo bajó levemente para el año 2017), con una cifra ini￾cial de 10,6% en 2015 y de 12,3% en 2020 (Gráfico N° 5). Mismo incremento se observa entre 2017 y 2019 para niños y niñas, siendo todos los años mayor en el caso de los niños (Gráfico N° 6). 64 ODS 2 Indicador 2.a.1: Índice de orientación agrícola para el gasto público El Índice de Orientación Agrícola (IOA) se define como la proporción del gasto público destinada a la agricul￾tura dividida por la proporción del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) correspondiente a la agricultura, enten￾diendo por agricultura, además de los sectores del mismo, la silvicultura, la pesca y la caza. Esta medida se expresa como un ratio que compara el gasto públi￾co en agricultura, caza, pesca y silvicultura con la con￾tribución del sector al PIB. Si el ratio es mayor a 1, sig￾nifica que la proporción del gasto público destinado a agricultura es mayor a la proporción que representa el sector agricultura en el PIB, mientras que, si es menor a 1, la proporción de lo gastado en agricultura es me￾nor a lo que representa dicho sector en el PIB. Para el caso de Chile, este índice está bajo el nivel mundial, y si bien se observa una tendencia a la baja desde 2015, cuando el ratio era de 0,42, entre 2016 y 2019 se mantuvo más bien estable, entre 0,38 y 0,39. Por su parte, en 2020 se ve una baja relevante ubi￾cando el ratio en 0,3, es decir, en 2020, la proporción del gasto total destinada a agricultura por parte del Estado de Chile es 0,3 veces la proporción que dicho sector aportó al PIB total (Gráfico 7). La baja del indicador en el año 2020 está relaciona￾da con el aumento del gasto público en áreas como Protección Social y Salud para poder combatir la pan￾demia y sus efectos. Al aumentar fuertemente otras partidas del gasto, la proporción gastada en agricul￾tura disminuye, lo que, en consecuencia, hace caer el Índice de Orientación Agrícola. GRÁFICO Nº 7 Fuente: Registros administrativos, Ministerio de Hacienda Índice de orientación agrícola para el gasto público (2015-2020) (Indicador 2.a.1) 0,42 0,39 0,38 0,39 0,38 0,30 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 índice 65 ODS 2 POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS PARA EL LOGRO DEL ODS 2 En esta sección se describen y destacan las iniciativas públicas impulsadas para avanzar en el logro de este objetivo. Entre ellas se destacan las propuestas por el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia; el Ministe￾rio de Salud y el Ministerio de Agricultura / Oficina de Oficina de Estudios y Políticas Agrarias. MINISTERIO DE DESARROLLO SOCIAL Y FAMILIA-FOSIS › Iniciativa: Ecomercados Solidarios Población objetivo: familias en condición de pobreza. Descripción breve: Pone a disposición de familias en situación de pobreza y vulnerabilidad alimentos de manera gratuita, promoviendo la recuperación y redis￾tribución de alimentos que no serán comercializados. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.1 Se asocia a la meta orientada a poner fin al hambre y asegurar el acceso a los alimentos de todas las perso￾nas, en particular los pobres y las personas en situa￾ciones de vulnerabilidad. MINISTERIO DE DESARROLLO SOCIAL Y FAMILIA – ELIGE VIVIR SANO › Iniciativa: Fondo de Promoción de Entornos Saludables Población objetivo: comunidades escolares y barrios. Descripción breve: Este fondo financia iniciati￾vas orientadas a la implementación de huertos en establecimientos escolares y/o en organizaciones comunitarias o sociales, implementación de progra￾mas, talleres y actividades deportivas comunitarias, o implementación de microbancos de alimentos. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.5 y 2.c Se relaciona con la meta referida a mantener la di￾versidad genética de las semillas, plantas cultivadas, entre otras cosas mediante una buena gestión y di￾versificación de los bancos de semillas y plantas a ni￾vel nacional. Y adoptar medidas para asegurar el buen funcionamiento de los mercados de productos bási￾cos alimentarios y sus derivados y facilitar el acceso oportuno a la información sobre los mercados, incluso sobre las reservas de alimentos. MINISTERIO DE SALUD › Iniciativa: Política Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Población objetivo: Toda la población nacional. Descripción breve: La Política Nacional de Alimen￾tación y Nutrición (MINSAL 2017) constituye una herramienta orientadora de las acciones para el lo￾gro de los objetivos de salud pública vinculados a la dieta, que contiene la información técnica, los valores y principios, que se encuentran expresados en la Es￾trategia Nacional de Salud y a nivel internacional en los ODS. Esta política es una herramienta ética, polí￾tica y técnica para las estrategias, programas, planes, proyectos y acciones, tanto del Estado como de otros actores en la materia. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.2 Esta política está orientada a poner fin a todas las for￾mas de malnutrición. 66 ODS 2 › Iniciativa: Ley N° 20.606 sobre Composición Nutricional de los Alimentos y su Publicidad Población objetivo: Toda la población nacional Descripción breve: Esta ley entró en vigencia en 2016, a través del decreto supremo Nº 13 (2015), que modi￾ficó el Reglamento Sanitario de los Alimentos. Regula la composición y etiquetado de alimentos a través de la incorporación de una señal de advertencia a bebidas y alimentos que sobrepasan los límites en nutrientes críticos establecidos, y prohíbe la publicidad a niños menores de 14 años y la venta en establecimientos escolares. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.2 Esta ley facilita a la población el acceso a la informa￾ción sobre los alimentos y bebidas. › Iniciativa: Ley N° 20.869 sobre Publicidad de los Alimentos Población objetivo: población menor de 14 años. Descripción breve: Como complemento a la normativa anterior, esta ley aumenta las restricciones de publici￾dad dirigida a niños, de los alimentos con alto conteni￾do de nutrientes críticos en cine y televisión, estable￾ciendo una franja horaria entre las 22 y 06 horas en la que se permite la publicidad de alimentos “Altos En”, mientras que durante el resto del día queda comple￾tamente prohibida. De manera adicional a la prohibi￾ción que rige en todo horario relativa a la realización de publicidad de “Altos En” dirigida a menores de 14 años. Por otro lado, prohíbe la publicidad de sucedáneos de la leche materna, entendidos como fórmulas de inicio y continuación para menores de 12 meses de edad, in￾cluyendo todo tipo de medios y el rótulo. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.2 Esta ley contribuye a las restricciones a la publicidad dirigida a niños, de los alimentos con alto contenido de nutrientes críticos. › Iniciativa: Ley N° 20.780 Reforma Tributaria Población objetivo: Toda la población nacional. Descripción breve: Esta ley modifica el sistema de tributación de la renta e introduce diversos ajustes en el sistema tributario. En el marco de la Reforma Tribu￾taria del año 2014, se aumentó el impuesto de 13% a 18% a las bebidas azucaradas con una concentración de azúcar agregada mayor o igual a 6,25 gramos por 100 ml y se rebajó de 13% a 10% a bebidas con me￾nor concentración de azúcar. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.2 La ley busca poner fin a la desnutrición, aumentando impuestos a bebidas azucaradas. › Iniciativa: Guías Alimentarias para Chile Población objetivo: Toda la población nacional. Descripción breve: En 2022 se realizó la actualización de las Guías Alimentarias para Chile, considerando el actual perfil epidemiológico, sus factores determinan￾tes y los actuales patrones alimentarios del país, abor￾dando la dimensión biológica, sociocultural y ambiental de la alimentación, e incorporando aspectos de orden social, económico e incluyendo el modelo de sosteni￾bilidad para reducir el impacto ambiental, y contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional de las actuales y futuras generaciones. Así también se consideró la per￾tinencia cultural y territorial, implicando concebir que la alimentación va más allá del valor biológico y nutri￾cional, e incorporando los factores esenciales del pro￾ceso de alimentación, como son cocinar, el bienestar, el reunirse en torno a la mesa y las relaciones sociales y en complemento con la Ley N° 20.606 de Composición Nutricional y Publicidad de los Alimentos. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.2 Las guías facilitan a la población el acceso a la infor￾mación sobre seguridad alimentaria y nutricional. 67 ODS 2 › Iniciativa: Reformulación de productos del Programa Nacional de Alimentación Complementaria (PNAC) Población objetivo: niños y niñas menores de 12 años de edad. Descripción breve: En 2021 se inició la primera etapa de la reformulación del PNAC, por medio de la expan￾sión del Proyecto de fortalecimiento de la lactancia materna y del PNAC, el cual dispone acciones dirigidas al fomento y protección de la lactancia materna, así como el reemplazo de la Leche Purita Fortificada (LPF) por fórmula de inicio (sucedáneo de leche materna). Di￾cho producto nuevo está destinado a beneficiarios del FONASA menores a 12 meses, atendidos en el sistema público de salud que no pueden ser alimentados con le￾che materna o necesiten complementarla, conforme al protocolo de gestión administrativa para la incorpora￾ción de la fórmula de inicio en la canasta de productos del Programa Nacional de Alimentación Complementa￾ria (PNAC) Básico y Refuerzo, en menores a doce meses. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.2 Esta iniciativa contribuye a poner fin a la malnutrición con la modificación de los productos de los programas muy relevantes en la nutrición infantil. › Iniciativa: Reformulación Técnica del Programa de Alimentación Complementaria del Adulto Mayor (PACAM) Población objetivo: personas mayores. Descripción breve: Considerando que la población objetivo del PACAM son las personas mayores y que el perfil demográfico y epidemiológico del país se ha modificado, se levantó la necesidad de realizar ajus￾tes en el programa, para adecuarlo a la población be￾neficiaria, revisar el perfil y cantidad de los productos por cada beneficiario/a y potenciar la integración con otras acciones, como los controles de salud y el Pro￾grama Nacional de Inmunizaciones. En este sentido, uno de los objetivos centrales del trabajo fue definir un perfil de productos que fueran adecuados desde la mirada nutricional, sensorial, calidad e inocuidad y de su envase y rotulado. Para avanzar en este objetivo se diseñó un proceso de cuatro grandes etapas: Diag￾nóstico y revisión internacional (2019), grupo asesor de expertos (2019-2020), evaluación de factibilidad (2020-2021) e implementación (2022-2023). Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.2 La iniciativa colabora a la mejor alimentación y nutri￾ción de las personas mayores. › Iniciativa: Implementación de la Estrategia Nacional de Prevención y Control de la Malnutrición de Micronutrientes en Chile (2021-2030) Población objetivo: Toda la población nacional. Descripción breve: En respuesta a la necesidad de mejorar la seguridad alimentaria de la población en el contexto de pandemia, y particularmente la deficien￾cia o exceso de algunos micronutrientes, el Minsal en el año 2021 elaboró una Estrategia Nacional de Pre￾vención y Control de la Malnutrición de Micronutrien￾tes en Chile (2021-2030), la cual incorpora dentro de sus acciones, modificaciones regulatorias que buscan fortificar los productos lácteos y de harinas de panifi￾cación con vitamina D, junto a la reducción de la forti￾ficación de yodo en sal, entre otras medidas. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.2 Colabora en mejorar la seguridad alimentaria de la población en el contexto de pandemia. › Iniciativa: Programa Nacional de Vigilancia y Control de las Intoxicaciones por Floraciones Algales Nocivas Población objetivo: Toda la población nacional. Descripción breve: En 2018, mediante la resolu￾ción exenta N°20 se aprueba el Programa Nacional de Vigilancia y Control de las Intoxicaciones por 68 ODS 2 Floraciones Algales Nocivas (Marea Roja) el cual constituye un conjunto mínimo de procedimientos comunes a las regiones del país, cuyo objetivo cen￾tral es prevenir las intoxicaciones de la población derivadas del consumo de productos del mar con￾taminados con biotoxinas marinas producto de las floraciones algales nocivas (marea roja), incluyendo la aplicación de estrategias y acciones sectoriales e intersectoriales para lograr el éxito de las medidas de prevención y control, así como también las de mi￾tigación, contribuyendo a la seguridad alimentaria. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.2 Esta iniciativa colabora al logro de la meta referida reducir la malnutrición, al prevenir las intoxicaciones por consumo de productos del mar contaminados. › Iniciativa: Actualización del Reglamento Sanitario de los Alimentos D.S. 977/96 Población objetivo: Toda la población nacional. Descripción breve: Este reglamento determina re￾quisitos específicos que deben cumplir las instala￾ciones de alimentos como industrias o locales, así como requisitos a los propios alimentos, con el obje￾tivo de garantizar productos seguros para el consumo humano. Desde el año 2018, se han emitido 11 re￾soluciones de actualización con alcance en aspectos de higiene e inocuidad de los alimentos y también nutricionales. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.1 Esta medida contribuye al logro de la meta referida a la seguridad alimentaria al regular las instalaciones de alimentos y los requisitos de los mismos. › Iniciativa: Fiscalización y formalización de instalaciones de alimentos Población objetivo: Toda la población nacional. Descripción breve: En los últimos 5 años, tanto la formalización como la fiscalización de instalaciones de alimentos ha sido estructurada bajo estándares de sistemas de aseguramiento de calidad. Al respecto, es importante señalar que ambos procesos se encuen￾tran certificados con ISO 9001-2015 lo que ha mejo￾rado enormemente la estandarización, la comunica￾ción a responsables de instalaciones y en definitiva, como elementos preventivos de eventos que afectan la seguridad de las personas a través de los alimentos. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.2 Esta iniciativa colabora al logro de la meta referida para reducir la malnutrición al fiscalizar las instala￾ciones de alimentos. › Iniciativa: Vigilancia de alimentos Población objetivo: Toda la población nacional. Descripción breve: En los últimos 5 años se ha refor￾zado la vigilancia de contaminantes en los alimentos, considerando los peligros microbiológicos y químicos. En el caso de microorganismos patógenos, se ha com￾plementado con el plan de acción nacional contra la resistencia a los antimicrobianos. Respecto de la Vigi￾lancia de Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimen￾tos (ETA), se estandarizó la investigación de brotes de ETA mejorando los objetivos de limitar la ocurrencia de nuevos casos y contribuir a la vigilancia con infor￾mación sobre alimentos de riesgo, pero también po￾ner a disposición un visor con información estadística sobre ellos. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.2 Facilita el acceso a la información sobre los alimentos y bebidas. › Iniciativa: Reactivación de la Certificación Establecimientos de Salud Amigos de la Madre y del Niño y la Niña 69 ODS 2 Población objetivo: gestantes y población infantil. Descripción breve: Para apoyar a las madres y opti￾mizar el éxito de la lactancia, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF) publicaron una declaración conjunta en 1989 titulada: “Protección, fomento y apoyo de la lactancia materna: papel especial de los servicios de maternidad”, en la que se describen los 10 pasos para una lactancia exitosa. En el país esta estrategia da estándares de protección a la lactancia materna en establecimientos hospitalarios y de aten￾ción primaria de salud. Sin embargo, su continuidad se ha visto dificultada por distintos factores y es por esto que la estrategia se encuentra en reactivación. El año 2022 se pilotearon las pautas de evaluación y se definió un nuevo manual para este efecto. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.2 Esta iniciativa contribuye a la nutrición de las gestan￾tes y niños en sus primeros años de vida. › Iniciativa: Financiamiento del Control Preconcepcional Población objetivo: gestantes y población infantil. Descripción breve: En 2019 se incorporó en el finan￾ciamiento per cápita en la atención primaria de salud el control preconcepcional; hito que permitirá incremen￾tar la cobertura de esta prestación en toda la red asis￾tencial. Entre los objetivos de este control se describe: » Derivar a aquellas mujeres con sospecha de en￾fermedad crónica /o intercurrentes. » Identificar e intervenir estilos de vida no saluda￾bles: malnutrición (por déficit o por exceso), se￾dentarismo, consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.2 Esta medida colabora en el avance hacia la meta de mejor nutrición en gestantes y población infantil. › Iniciativa: Publicación de manual de talleres prenatales en la atención primaria de salud Población objetivo: gestantes, niños y niñas Descripción breve: El documento, que fue elaborado en 2017, tiene como objetivo: “Contribuir a estandarizar y mejorar la metodología y contenidos de las sesiones educativas prenatales en la atención primaria ejecuta￾dos por parte del equipo de salud para mejorar resulta￾dos en salud materno infantil”. Algunas de sus metas son: » Mejorar la calidad de la nutrición de la mujer gestante. » Motivar a la mujer para aumentar su actividad física y disminuir sedentarismo. » Motivar a la mujer para realizar ejercicio físico adecuado a su gestación. Este manual está dirigido a matronas, matrones y TENS que realicen talleres de educación en atención primaria de salud. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.3 Esta iniciativa contribuye a una mejor alimentación y nutrición, mediante acciones educativas y de acceso a la información. MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA › Iniciativa: Estrategia de Soberanía para la Seguridad Alimentaria Población objetivo: Toda la población nacional. Descripción breve: Esta política busca orientar la gestión y acciones del Estado hacia el fortalecimien￾to de la seguridad alimentaria, desde la soberanía. La estrategia fue validada por las distintas instituciones públicas, representando una visión interministerial de las directrices necesarias para avanzar hacia el res￾guardo del derecho a la alimentación. 70 ODS 2 Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.1 La estrategia tiene por objetivo fortalecer la seguri￾dad alimentaria de la población que habita el territo￾rio nacional. Por ello, contribuye a una serie de ODS, pero con mayor fuerza a la consecución de las metas contenidas en este. › Iniciativa: Estrategia de Sustentabilidad Agroalimentaria Población objetivo: sector silvoagropecuario. Descripción breve: Esta política establece una vi￾sión común del sector agroalimentario al 2030, es￾tableciendo principios rectores y ámbitos de acción en las dimensiones económica, social y ambiental. Para ello, fija mecanismos de implementación y un plan de acción que se aplicará desde el segundo se￾mestre de 2023. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.4 Tiene por objetivo contribuir a la transición del sec￾tor agroalimentario a la sustentabilidad, mediante el lineamiento de los esfuerzos públicos y privados en esta materia. › Iniciativa: Política Nacional de Desarrollo Rural Población objetivo: población de territorios rurales. Descripción breve: La Política tiene por objetivo me￾jorar la calidad de vida y aumentar las oportunidades de la población rural, a través de la adopción gradual, planificada y sostenida del nuevo paradigma rural, para lo cual se concibe un accionar público con en￾foque territorial e integrado en distintos niveles, que propicie sinergias entre iniciativas públicas y públi￾co-privadas, con el objeto de diversificar y potenciar el desarrollo rural, resguardando el acervo natural y cultural esencial para la sustentabilidad territorial. Vínculo con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.4 En sus ámbitos de acción se incluyen el bienestar so￾cial, las oportunidades económicas, la sustentabili￾dad, y la cultura e identidad, por lo que se vincula con toda la Agenda2030. › Iniciativa: Sistemas Importantes del Patrimonio Agrícola Mundial (SIPAM) Población objetivo: productores silvoagropecuarios y campesinos y campesinas de Chiloé. Descripción breve: Estrategia para implementar la política del Ministerio de Agricultura relacionada con el rescate, protección y valorización del patrimonio natural y cultural de un territorio, y de la identidad cultural ligada a la agricultura familiar campesina que lo utiliza como medio de subsistencia. La iniciativa fue impulsada por FAO y permitió que, como un mecanismo de agregación de valor y de di￾ferenciación de los productos y servicios provenientes de estos sistemas, en octubre de 2013 se creara la marca de certificación SIPAM Chiloé. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Metas 2.4 y 2.5 SIPAM considera el trabajo en tres niveles, a saber, nivel global, nacional y local, con los objetivos prin￾cipales de incorporar la protección y conservación de la agrobiodiversidad en las políticas e instrumentos nacionales, fortalecer las capacidades humanas y téc￾nicas, y crear redes y articulaciones entre y dentro de los tres niveles de intervención. Socios: FAO, INDAP, GEF › Iniciativa: Sistemas Importantes del Patrimonio Agrícola Nacional (Red SIPAN) Población objetivo: productores silvoagropecuarios. Descripción breve: Programa que trabaja por la con￾servación del patrimonio agrícola nacional en los te￾rritorios Alto Andino Precordillera Norte y Cordillera Pehuenche, a partir de la actividad agrícola, ganadera, 71 ODS 2 forestal y la economía local, conservando, adaptando paisajes y sosteniendo una riqueza invaluable. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.4 La Red SIPAN busca la conservación dinámica y uso sostenible de agrobiodiversidad, el desarrollo e im￾plementación de estrategias de mercado y comercio de los bienes y servicios derivados de la agrobiodiver￾sidad, y la generación de una institucionalidad y go￾bernanza que contribuya a su conservación, junto con el desarrollo de una economía local colaborativa. › Iniciativa: Convocatoria Nacional de Proyectos de Innovación Población objetivo: sector silvoagropecuario. Descripción breve: Financiamiento dirigido a apo￾yar el desarrollo e implementación de iniciativas que contribuyan a la solución eficiente de desafíos estra￾tégicos del sector silvoagropecuario nacional y/o de la cadena agroalimentaria. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Metas 2.3 y 2.4 Contribuye al desarrollo e implementación de ini￾ciativas que colaboran con la solución eficiente de desafíos estratégicos del sector silvoagropecuario nacional y/o de la cadena agroalimentaria, abordando elementos de productividad y desarrollo sostenible. › Iniciativa: Sistema de Incentivos para la Sustentabilidad Agroambiental de los Suelos Agropecuarios (SIRSD-S) Población objetivo: productores agrícolas del país (personas naturales o jurídicas), sean propietarios, arrendatarios, comodatarios, usufructuarios o medie￾ros, que cumplan con los requisitos establecidos en la Ley N°20.412, su reglamento y las bases de sus res￾pectivos concursos públicos. Descripción breve: Es un instrumento de fomento cuyo objetivo es recuperar el potencial productivo de los suelos agropecuarios degradados y mantener los niveles de mejoramiento alcanzados. El Programa es coordinado por la Odepa, y ejecutado descentraliza￾damente por los directores regionales de INDAP para los pequeños agricultores, y por los directores regio￾nales del SAG para el resto de los productores. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.4 Busca disminuir la degradación de suelos. Socios: Odepa, INDAP, SAG › Iniciativa: Programa para la Protección de Variedades Tradicionales Población objetivo: campesinas y campesinos, agri￾cultores y agricultoras de la Agricultura Familiar Cam￾pesina del territorio nacional. Descripción breve: Programa que busca rescatar, res￾guardar y valorizar las variedades tradicionales que forman parte del patrimonio e identidad cultural de la Agricultura Familiar Campesina, a través de accio￾nes de generación de conocimiento, uso sustentable, creación de capacidad institucional y humana, y desa￾rrollo de normativa. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Metas 2.4 y 2.5 A través de diversas acciones, el programa contribuye a la sostenibilidad del sistema agrícola y a mantener la diversidad de semillas y animales. › Iniciativa: Chile Origen Consciente (ChOC) Población objetivo: Toda la población nacional y en particular la vinculada al sector agroalimentario. Descripción breve: El programa de sustentabilidad para el sector agroalimentario chileno tiene por obje￾tivo mejorar el desempeño de sustentabilidad del sec￾tor y, de esta manera, hacer un aporte al cumplimien￾to de las metas comprometidas en la Agenda 2030 sobre Desarrollo Sostenible, además de aumentar el 72 ODS 2 reconocimiento a nivel global de los productos y em￾presas chilenas de alimentos. El Programa ChOC contempla el diseño e implemen￾tación de estándares de sustentabilidad certificables para cada subsector agroalimentario, mediante un trabajo coordinado con sus asociaciones gremiales y en colaboración con la Agencia de Sustentabilidad y Cambio Climático. De este modo, el Programa ChOC, a través de una distinción reconocerá cuáles son las empresas que voluntariamente asumen el desafío de producir sustentablemente. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.4 A través del programa, se le ofrece a empresas y agri￾cultores una metodología para incorporar la susten￾tabilidad a su realidad productiva, con un esquema que les permite verificar su cumplimiento a través de autoevaluaciones y auditorías independientes en una lógica de gestión, transparencia y mejora con￾tinua para producir alimentos más sanos, inocuos y sustentables, que aporten al cuidado y desarrollo de los territorios, mediante la gestión sostenible y uso eficiente de los recursos. MINISTERIO DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES › Iniciativa: Hoja De Ruta De Chile: Sistemas Alimentarios Saludables, Sostenibles e Inclusivos Población objetivo: Toda la población nacional. Descripción breve: La Hoja de Ruta surge como el compromiso de Chile, al finalizar la Cumbre sobre los Sistemas Alimentarios, convocada por el Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas, con el objetivo de contribuir a la mejora de los sistemas alimentarios para que sean sostenibles, equitativos, y capaces de proveer dietas saludables para todas y todos. Los aspectos centrales son: » 1. Fomentar Sistemas Alimentarios Sostenibles, con el objetivo de contribuir a la seguridad ali￾mentaria, con un énfasis en la alimentación salu￾dable de la población, la protección social y de la naturaleza. Las personas deben estar al centro de la generación de políticas públicas y promoción de iniciativas, las que deben construirse consi￾derando las determinantes sociales de la salud. » 2. Propender hacia sistemas productivos soste￾nibles que protejan los recursos naturales y la biodiversidad, con el objetivo de contribuir a la resiliencia del sector agroalimentario y de las comunidades frente a los desafíos ambientales, políticos y sociales. » 3. Promover un desarrollo territorial inclusivo para la igualdad de oportunidades y mejora de la calidad de vida del mundo rural, en especial de la agricultura familiar campesina, con el objetivo de contribuir en la disminución de la pobreza ru￾ral y las brechas con las zonas urbanas. » 4. Reconocer e incorporar como actores esen￾ciales a las mujeres, los pueblos originarios y la juventud, con un enfoque de género y equidad. » 5. Implementar las medidas surgidas a partir de esta Hoja de Ruta en conformidad con las obliga￾ciones internacionales vigentes en nuestro país. Vinculación con la Agenda 2030: Meta 2.2 y 2.4 La actualización de las Guías Alimentarias para Chi￾le, de diciembre 2022, entrega 10 nuevos mensajes de orientación alimenticia para la población chilena con el objetivo de conseguir bienestar en la salud de las personas. El instrumento, además, promueve la identidad territorial, la perspectiva de género y la sostenibilidad económica y ambiental de la política alimentaria. Socios: Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia, Mi￾nisterio de Salud, Ministerio de Educación, Ministerio de Agricultura, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Sub￾secretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura 73 ODS 2 OTRAS ACCIONES PARA EL LOGRO DEL ODS 2 A continuación, se reportan acciones de otras partes in￾teresadas en la Agenda 2030 y su contribución al ODS 2. ORGANIZACIONES DE LA SOCIEDAD CIVIL A partir del auto reporte de las iniciativas implemen￾tadas por organizaciones de la sociedad civil (OSC) a nivel nacional y teniendo en cuenta su vinculación con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), se consolida un catastro que permite conocer que de las iniciativas o actividades presentadas por cada orga￾nización, 11 se encuentran relacionadas a este ODS. Diversas temáticas son abordadas por las iniciativas presentadas, donde algunas de estas se relacionan con: entrega de alimentos y mercadería para ollas co￾munes; comedores sociales dirigidos a la población en general, pero otros más específicos en favor de niños niñas y adolescentes, personas migrantes y personas mayores; entrega de comida en recorridos en calle; recuperación de alimentos que serán desechados por diversas razones; implementación de huertos urbanos para consumo en barrios y territorios; apoyo a familias con inseguridad alimentaria e infraestructura para preparar alimentos. REGIONES Las actividades orientadas al ODS 2 de las organiza￾ciones de la sociedad civil se despliegan en la región Metropolitana, Valparaíso, Atacama, Aysén, Magalla￾nes, Ñuble y Biobío. Algunas iniciativas presentadas son: i. Apoyo a niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) de es￾casos recursos, para entregarles alimentación en un comedor social. Este comedor funciona tanto cuando los establecimientos de educación no pueden entregarla, o bien cuando los NNA no se encuentran en dichos recintos, por el periodo de vacaciones y/o fin de semanas. ii. Recuperación de alimentos que se encuentran en buen estado y que serán desechados, ya sea porque están por vencer o por alguna otra razón (mal etiquetado, problemas en el envoltorio, etc.), para que puedan ser donados a comedores soli￾darios que trabajan con población en situación de vulnerabilidad. Algunas de las iniciativas, además, compostan aquello que no se encuentra apto para consumo humano. iii. Acompañamiento integral para la comunidad mi￾grante, especialmente en cuanto a alimentación consciente de cada hogar. Se otorga educación alimentaria dirigida a la prevención y mejora￾miento de la salud, los conceptos de sostenibili￾dad por medio del fomento al reciclaje, la creación de huertas urbanas y la reducción del desperdicio de alimentos. ACADEMIA La Red de Campus Sustentables en 2018 diseñó la he￾rramienta Reporte y Evaluación de la Sustentabilidad en Instituciones de Educación Superior (RESIES), que tiene un ciclo anual que consiste en tres etapas: i) in￾greso de información; ii) auditoría y iii) entrega de re￾sultados. En la primera, cada institución incorpora sus datos a la plataforma dispuesta por la Red, junto a la evidencia o medios de verificación, en diversas áreas como gobernanza y seguimiento, cultura sustenta￾ble, academia, gestión de campus y vinculación con el medio y responsabilidad. En la segunda, se realiza un proceso de revisión y validación de los anteceden￾tes entregados, y en la tercera etapa se procesa la 74 ODS 2 información validada y posteriormente, se entregan los resultados a nivel de institución y de la agrupación. En el Reporte de avances de las Instituciones de Edu￾cación Superior de la Red Campus Sustentable en los ODS del año 2022, que incluye los resultados de las acciones desplegadas en el 2021 por la IES, es posible visualizar los siguientes progresos de dichas entida￾des vinculados al ODS 2 Hambre cero: » Desde el punto de prestación de servicios a las personas, de las 36 IES de la organización 15 de ellas, ponen a disposición menús vegetarianos y/o veganos. Asimismo, 15 IES exigen a sus pro￾veedores de alimentos cumplir con los criterios de inocuidad. » Adicionalmente, 15 IES desarrollan programas de alimentación saludable. » En 17 de las IES se ha optado por la utilización de loza definitiva. » De las 36 IES, 12 incorporan criterios de soste￾nibilidad mediante una oferta alimentaria que comprende en sus menús frutas y/o verduras de la estación. Desde un punto de vista general, el reporte 2022 de la Red de Campus Sustentables, permite constatar el avance de las instituciones de educación superior res￾pecto de los compromisos de cada una de ellas en ma￾teria de sostenibilidad, en una escala de 0 a 100. Para el año 2022 el puntaje promedio de avance de las institu￾ciones se mantuvo respecto de la evaluación anterior, no obstante, se incrementó sustantivamente el puntaje máximo observado, de 69,6 a 88,1. MUNICIPIOS De las municipalidades que participaron del catastro, se desprende que 13 municipios (52%) señalan tra￾bajar en temas ODS 2. De las iniciativas o actividades presentadas por cada una, 9 (4,8%) se encuentran re￾lacionadas a este ODS. Temáticas Diversas temáticas son abordadas por las iniciativas presentadas, donde algunas se relacionan con: » Desarrollo de un mercado para el acceso gratuito a alimentos y productos de primera necesidad en favor de personas de escasos recursos. » Recuperación de alimentos de empresas que no los pueden vender por no ser aptos, pero que sí se encuentran en buen estado, para entregar a las familias más vulnerables. » Apoyo a personas en situación de vulnerabilidad brindándoles almuerzo todos los días. Algunas iniciativas presentadas son: i. Implementar un almacén solidario comunitario, propiciando espacios que permitan a las familias acceder a alimentos saludables y productos de primera necesidad, en buen estado de conserva￾ción y a título gratuito. Tendrá tres focos: segu￾ridad alimentaria, fortalecimiento de capacida￾des y gestión comunitaria. Asimismo, permitirá fomentar una cultura local asociativa, instalando capacidades en las y los vecinos de la comuna. Para esto se relacionarán a diversas partes locales para el aporte de los productos. ii. Recuperación de alimentos que no pueden ser vendidos por las empresas, como supermerca￾dos, ferias o vegas mayoristas, y entregar dichos alimentos a vecinas y vecinos que se encuentren en una situación económica compleja, además de colaborar con comedores sociales, adultos mayo￾res, ollas comunes, entre otras. SECTOR PRIVADO El proceso de elaboración de este INV 2023, consideró trabajar de manera conjunta con todas las partes inte￾resadas. En el caso del sector privado, en coordinación 75 ODS 2 con Pacto Global Red Chile y el Sistema de Naciones Unidas en Chile. A partir del instrumento aplicado que indagó preferentemente en los ODS en examen (ODS 6 Agua limpia y saneamiento; ODS 7 Energía asequible y no contaminante; ODS 9 Industria, innovación e in￾fraestructura; ODS 11 Ciudades y comunidades; ODS 17 Alianzas para lograr los objetivos), también se in￾dagó sobre las iniciativas que responden a los otros ODS. Los resultados indican que, de las 87 empresas que reportaron, 10 de ellas informaron realizar accio￾nes vinculadas al apoyo del ODS 2 Hambre cero. Además, las acciones realizadas por estas empresas también se pueden agrupar en tres tipos de acciones, con la siguiente selección de iniciativas en cada una: Gestión de alimentos para evitar su desperdicio Programa rescate de alimentos: Esta iniciativa regional tiene como objetivo revalorizar los productos aptos para el consumo que han sido retirados de la venta de los supermercados y evitar así su desperdicio. Esto se logra a través de donaciones gestionadas en alianza con diferentes organizaciones de la sociedad civil y, de esta manera, contribuir significativamente con solu￾ciones alimentarias a sectores socialmente vulnerables de los países donde opera la compañía. Combate de la obesidad infantil Índice de Riesgo de Obesidad Infantil Comunal (IRO￾BIC): Este nuevo indicador busca sintetizar en un valor global los factores de riesgo a nivel comunal asocia￾dos a la obesidad infantil. El IROBIC puede resultar de gran utilidad para la determinación de áreas priorita￾rias de intervención y para la elaboración de políticas públicas focalizadas. Para aquellas comunas con ma￾yor riesgo según IROBIC, es posible recomendar a los municipios que implementen acciones preventivas en aquellas dimensiones que además muestran los peo￾res puntajes. Generación de productos alimenticios de alta calidad para la población Promoción de consumo de pesca y salmones: Los pro￾ductos de pesca y acuicultura aportan proteínas de alto valor nutritivo, que contribuyen a una alimenta￾ción saludable, rica en vitaminas, minerales y ácidos grasos esenciales y omega 3. Por ello, se contribuye a donaciones permanentes a juntas de vecinos y co￾munidades; aporte a Corporación Biobío Sustentable; Proyecto Banco de Alimentos de Mar; certificaciones de los productos; entre otros. 76
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[ 2 ]
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Rapport National Volontaire sur les ODD - Année 2019 32 L’objectif 2 ambitionne éliminer d’ici à 2030, la faim et à faire en sorte que chacun ait accès toute l’année à une alimentation saine, nutritive et suffisante. Il s’agit également de mettre fin à toutes les formes de malnutrition et de répondre aux besoins nutritionnels des adolescentes, des femmes enceintes ou allaitantes et des personnes âgées. Suite à l’exercice de priorisation des ODD au niveau de la Côte d’Ivoire, deux cibles et trois indicateurs ont été retenus pour l’ODD 2 qui occupe une place prépondérante parmi les grandes priorités du Gouvernement ivoirien dont l’un des défis majeurs demeure en effet l’élimination de la faim. Pour y parvenir, la Côte d’Ivoire a mis au point plusieurs stratégies contenues dans des documents de planification tels que le Programme National d’Investissement Agricole (PNIA), le Plan National Multisectoriel de Nutrition (PNMN) et le PND. Cette politique a été renforcée dans le PSGouv, dont une des mesures phares est le reprofilage sur tout le territoire national de 120 000 km de routes en terre et de pistes rurales pour redynamiser la maîtrise des charges de transport sur les denrées vivrières. Cette mesure devrait faciliter l’acheminement des productions agricoles vers les centres urbains et contribuer ainsi à lutter contre la faim. Le secteur agricole en effet joue un rôle crucial dans l’économie ivoirienne et la réduction des inégalités sociales. Sur cette base, le défi majeur à relever reste celui de rendre l’agriculture ivoirienne plus compétitive et plus rémunératrice pour les producteurs, tout en assurant la sécurité alimentaire. L’examen stratégique consultatif « Faim zéro » mené en 2018 sous la direction des autorités nationales a permis de répertorier un certain nombre d’instruments juridiques et de politiques susceptibles de faire progresser la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition dans le pays. L’insuffisance de la coordination, la faiblesse des capacités nationales et la lenteur de la mise en œuvre des programmes nationaux entravent toutefois les progrès vers la réalisation de l’Objectif de Développement Durable 2. L’insécurité alimentaire est fortement liée à la pauvreté, à la production alimentaire non durable, aux dérèglements climatiques récurrents, aux prix élevés des produits alimentaires et à la faible résilience des ménages et des communautés. Plusieurs évaluations de la sécurité alimentaire et l’examen stratégique national « Faim zéro » indiquent que les disponibilités alimentaires sont particulièrement perturbées par les dérèglements climatiques, surtout dans le nord, du fait de l’absence de marchés de gros et de l’insuffisance des infrastructures rurales. Il en résulte des prix élevés des produits alimentaires dans tout le pays qui, conjugués à la pauvreté généralisée et au faible pouvoir d’achat, entravent l’accès à la nourriture. En 2015, les ménages ruraux ont consacré plus de 55,8% de leur revenu à l’alimentation, contre 39,1% pour les ménages vivant en milieu urbain. À l’échelle nationale, les ménages pauvres consacrent 50,2% de leur revenu à l’alimentation, contre 40,7% pour les ménages non pauvres. La pauvreté touche davantage les femmes (47,4%) que les hommes (45,4%), en partie en raison de la précarité et de la nature informelle du travail et des activités productives des femmes. Objectif 2 : Eliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable Rapport National Volontaire sur les ODD - Année 2019 33 République de Côte d’Ivoire RNV 2019 Cible 2.1: D’ici à 2030, éliminer la faim et faire en sorte que chacun, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes en situation vulnérable, y compris les nourrissons, ait accès tout au long de l’année à une alimentation saine, nutritive et suffisante Indicateur 2.1.1 : Prévalence de la sous-alimentation La malnutrition aigüe ou émaciation qui est en général la conséquence d’une insuffisance nutritionnelle récente, stagne depuis plus de dix ans aux alentours de 7%. Elle touche en 2016 environ 6% des enfants de moins de cinq ans, soit un recul de 1,5% par rapport à 2012. Selon la dernière enquête MICS, un peu plus d’un enfant de moins de cinq ans sur cinq (21,6%) souffrent en 2016 d’un retard de croissance sous la forme modérée et grave contre 29,8% en 2012. L’incidence de la malnutrition aigüe modérée chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans est de 0,7‰ en 2017. Les plus faibles incidences ont été relevées dans le Worodougou-Béré (0,1‰), Hambol et N’Zi Iffou avec chacun 0,2‰. Les incidences plus élevées sont notées dans les régions sanitaires de Kabadougou-Bafing-Folon (2.1‰), Poro-Tchologo-Bagoué (2 ‰) et Tonkpi (1,9‰). Concernant l’insuffisance pondérale, elle est en baisse chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans. Elle est en effet passée de 21% en 2006 à 14,9% en 2012 sans pour autant atteindre le seuil acceptable de 10%. La prévalence est jugée sérieuse dans certaines régions. Par ailleurs, de nombreux enfants continuent de naître avec un faible poids, particulièrement ceux du groupe des mères adolescentes qui sont elles-mêmes une population à risque. En 2012, on estimait à 14% la proportion des enfants nés avec un poids inférieur à 2 500 grammes. On note que la prévalence du faible poids à la naissance chez les enfants nés des mères adolescentes (15 à 19 ans) est de 22%, soit près du double de la prévalence observée dans les autres tranches d’âges. La sous nutrition maternelle (indice de masse corporelle inférieur à 18,5) est également à la base de la malnutrition de l’enfant. Dans les régions à forte prévalence, l’indice de masse corporel inférieur à 18,5 chez les mères est de 10,3% au Nord, de 12,7% au Nord-Est et de 9,7% au Nord-Ouest. La comparaison des résultats des évaluations ESNAPOCI menées en 2009 et en 2015 montrent une diminution de la prévalence de toutes les formes de malnutrition. En effet, en 2015, au total 7% des ménages de PIAVIH sont en insécurité alimentaire (IA) contre 10,1% en 2009. Parmi eux, 3% sont en insécurité alimentaire sévère et 4% en insécurité alimentaire modéré. Tout comme en 2009, la région des savanes était la plus touchée par le phénomène en 2015, même si l’on observe une baisse. Ainsi de 20% de ménages en insécurité alimentaire en 2009, le niveau se situe à 11% en 2015 dans cette zone. La prévalence de la malnutrition aiguë globale chez les adultes était de 25,4% (22,7% de modérée et 2,7% de sévère) contre 28,7% (22,5% de modérée et 6,2% de sévère) 2009. Chez les femmes enceintes et allaitantes, la prévalence de la malnutrition aigüe globale était de 7,2% en 2015 contre 8% en 2009. Au niveau des OEV de 6 à 59 mois, la prévalence de la malnutrition aigüe globale était de 8,8% en 2015 alors qu’elle était de 10,5% en 2009. Selon la revue à mi-parcours du PSN de lutte contre les IST et le VIH 2016-2020, la mise en œuvre du paquet d’activités de nutrition/VIH pour les PVVIH a débuté dans 4 sites des régions sanitaires d’Abidjan (2011) puis étendue à toutes les 20 régions sanitaires du pays avec 661 sites (2018). Par ailleurs on note un renforcement de capacité des acteurs menant les activités de nutrition –VIH et un processus d’amélioration de la qualité des soins sur 11 sites de prise en charge de l’infection à VIH avec la mise à disposition des aliments thérapeutiques et de kit alimentaire. Cependant, on note une baisse de la PEC nutritionnelle des OEV avec seulement 7% des OEV malnutris en 2017 et 44% en 2018. Malgré toutes ces actions, le dépistage des malnutris reste faible ainsi que leur prise en charge insuffisante. De plus, il est difficile d’identifier les PVVIH malnutris guéris. Rapport National Volontaire sur les ODD - Année 2019 34 République de Côte d’Ivoire RNV 2019 Le plan stratégique national 2016-2020 de lutte contre le sida et les infections sexuellement transmissible recommande de renforcer la participation communautaire au soutien nutritionnel et alimentaire des PVVIH et étendre l’offre de service des soins et soutien nutritionnels et alimentaires à tous les sites de prise en charge globale des PVVIH.  Bonnes pratiques Face aux problèmes de sous-alimentation et de malnutrition, notamment chez les enfants, le Gouvernement a adopté une stratégie « une école, une cantine » qui permet de fournir des repas chauds aux élèves des écoles primaires. Cette stratégie permet de lutter contre la malnutrition et l’absentéisme des élèves. C’est dans ce cadre que le PAM à travers son plan stratégique-pays renforce les capacités des nationaux afin de faciliter le transfert de ses programmes aux mains du Gouvernement et des communautés. Au cœur de cette approche stratégique se trouve la volonté de pérenniser le programme national de repas scolaires, dans le cadre duquel le PAM appuie 613 écoles, soit 10% des établissements couverts. Ce programme est considéré comme un tremplin pour promouvoir l’éducation, la nutrition et l’égalité de genre et stimuler la production alimentaire locale et l’économie rurale.  Politiques, mesures et actions en cours ou à venir Le plan stratégique pays constitue pour le Gouvernement une occasion d’aider les petites agricultrices de manière globale et de diversifier la consommation alimentaire en mettant en place des politiques destinées à réduire les pertes après récolte et à pérenniser l’accès aux marchés. Indicateur 2.1.2 : Prévalence d’une insécurité alimentaire modérée ou grave, évaluée selon l’échelle de l’insécurité alimentaire fondée sur l’expérience Les différentes enquêtes réalisées par le Ministère de l’Agriculture avec l’appui du PAM et de la FAO et de l’INS ont montré, à partir de la méthode CARI (Consolidated Approach to Reporting Indicators of Food Security), une nette régression de l’insécurité alimentaire courante. Ainsi, la prévalence de l’insécurité alimentaire est passée de 12,6% en 2009 à 12,8% en 2015 puis à 10,8% en 2018 et surtout avec la disparition de la forme sévère de l’insécurité alimentaire. L’analyse selon les régions montre que les trois régions les plus affectées par l’insécurité alimentaire sont les régions du Tonkpi (38%), du N’Zi (28%) et du Iffou (18%). Cependant, la prévalence de l’insécurité alimentaire modérée au-dessus de la moyenne nationale a été enregistrée dans les régions suivantes: Guémon (16%), Gboklê (15,8%), Bafing (15,7%), Bélier (15,6%), Folon (15,4%), Loh Djiboua (14%), Bagoué (13,7%), Bounkani (12,5%) et Hambol (12%). Selon le Rapport GHI 2016 de l’Institut International de Recherches sur les Politiques Alimentaires (IFPRI), l’indice de la faim est passé de 31,4 en 2000 à 25,3 en 2016, traduisant une baisse d’environ 20%. Figure 5:Evolution du retard de croissance modéré et grave chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans Source : MICS5_2006 à 2016 Rapport National Volontaire sur les ODD - Année 2019 35 République de Côte d’Ivoire RNV 2019 Il existe une inégalité par sexe et par milieu de résidence dans le retard de croissance des enfants de moins de cinq ans. Selon le graphique ci-après les petits garçons (7,6%) sont plus exposés à la malnutrition que les petites filles (6%). Suivant le milieu de résidence, il est plus avantageux pour un enfant de vivre en zone urbaine (3,3%) qu’en zone rurale (9%). Dans l’ensemble, 6,9 % des enfants sont malnutris. Figure 6: Evolution du retard de croissance chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans par sexe Figure 7: Répartition du retard de croissance chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans selon les aires géographiques Le retard de croissance chez les enfants de moins de cinq (5) ans est plus observé dans les régions du Nord-Ouest et Nord où 10 à 11% d’enfants présentaient un retard de croissance sévère en 2016. La prévalence de la malnutrition chez les enfants de moins de cinq (5) ans peut s’appréhender à travers les indicateurs de l’état nutritionnel, publiés par l’enquête MICS de 2016. En Côte d’Ivoire, Source : MICS5_2006 à 2016 Source : MICS5_ 2016 Rapport National Volontaire sur les ODD - Année 2019 36 République de Côte d’Ivoire RNV 2019 les résultats de la MICS5 montrent que la proportion d’enfants de moins de 5 ans souffrant de l’émaciation et de la surcharge pondérale se situe respectivement à 1,2% et 1,5% (tableau 3). Ces prévalences sont beaucoup plus accentuées en milieu rural (1,3% et 1,5%) qu’en milieu urbain (1,1% et 1,4%) et chez les garçons (1,5% et 1,8%) que chez les filles (1% et 1,1%). Figure 8: Prévalence d’émaciation et de surpoids chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans  Réformes, mesures de politiques et les bonnes pratiques Pour apporter des solutions idoines, le Gouvernement s’est doté d’un Plan National Multisectoriel de Nutrition (PNMN 2016-2020) et a démarré la mise en place des comités décentralisés de Conseil Nation de Nutrition. Dans la même dynamique, la Cote d'Ivoire a participé à la Concertation régionale sur l’état de mise en œuvre des plans nationaux de réponses (PNR) et d’accueil 2017-2018 face à l’insécurité alimentaire au Sahel et en Afrique de l’Ouest et la gestion de la transhumance dans les pays d’accueil (à Abidjan en Côte d’Ivoire). Par ailleurs, l’Etat s’est engagé à l’achat des intrants nutritionnels et à mettre en place un centre d’excellence. De plus, une assistance est apportée par le PAM au Gouvernement pour aider celui-ci à parvenir à la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle. Cette assistance est fondée sur cinq effets directs stratégiques qui se renforcent mutuellement, à savoir (i) Effet direct stratégique 1: Dans les zones touchées par l’insécurité alimentaire, les enfants en âge de fréquenter l’école primaire et leur famille ont accès toute l’année à une alimentation suffisante et nutritive ; (ii) Effet direct stratégique 2: Les populations touchées par des crises disposent de nourriture pour subvenir à leurs besoins alimentaires et nutritionnels essentiels pendant et après les crises ; (iii) Effet direct stratégique 3: D'ici à 2023, l’état nutritionnel des populations vulnérables en situation d’insécurité alimentaire dans les zones ciblées, en particulier les enfants, les femmes en âge de procréer et les personnes vivant avec le VIH s'améliore ; (iv) Effet direct stratégique 4: D’ici à 2023, les populations et les communautés ciblées disposent de moyens d’existence plus solides, sont plus résilientes face aux crises climatiques et autres et tirent profit de chaînes de valeur plus efficientes et plus équitables et de systèmes alimentaires durables ; et (v) Effet direct stratégique 5: D’ici à 2023, les institutions nationales ont des capacités renforcées pour cibler et gérer plus efficacement les programmes de sécurité alimentaire, de nutrition et de protection sociale. En matière de dépistage de la malnutrition en stratégie avancée/routine, la systématisation de la prise en charge de la malnutrition après diagnostic est en constante augmentation. L’évolution de la proportion des enfants de moins de 59 mois pris en charge lors du dépistage actif de la malnutrition aigüe dans les districts sanitaires Nord, Nord-est et Ouest, est passée de 49% en 2016 à 59% en 2017. Cette bonne performance est due au fait que 84% des formations sanitaires offrent désormais Source : MICS5_2016 Rapport National Volontaire sur les ODD - Année 2019 37 République de Côte d’Ivoire RNV 2019 des interventions essentielles de nutrition. Ainsi 78% d’enfants souffrant de malnutrition aigüe sévère ont bénéficié d’une prise en charge adéquate dans les districts ciblés. Par ailleurs, au vu du faible taux de malnutrition aigüe globale enregistré au niveau pays, les interventions de prise en charge de la malnutrition aigüe modérée ont été remplacées par des interventions de prévention. Ainsi, dans les zones les plus vulnérables, plus de 80% d’enfants âgés de 6 à 23 mois et de femmes enceintes et allaitantes ont bénéficié d’une alimentation complémentaire durant la période de soudure. Aussi, le renforcement de la lutte contre la malnutrition s’est-il traduit par la prise en charge au niveau du dépistage en stratégie avancée et en routine, de l’allaitement maternel et de la promotion des bonnes pratiques nutritionnelles et lutte contre le VIH. S’agissant de l’allaitement maternel, le taux d’allaitement exclusif chez les enfants de moins de 6 mois est le principal indicateur qui mesure les interventions. Ce taux a enregistré une amélioration notable, il est passé de 12% en 2012 à 23,5% en 2016 (EDS, 2012 et MICS, 2016) ; l’analyse tendancielle montre qu’en cas de maintien des efforts, l’objectif de 2020 qui est de 50% pourrait être atteint. En ce qui concerne la promotion des bonnes pratiques nutritionnelles et de lutte contre le VIH, les campagnes organisées ont permis de sensibiliser 24 900 personnes pour une cible de 30 000 personnes soit un taux de réalisation de 83%. L’offre de prestation nutritionnelle aux groupes spécifiques s’est améliorée en générale sans atteindre les cibles fixées. Par exemple, l’offre relative aux personnes vivant avec le VIH (PVVIH) est passée de 88% en 2016 à 89% en 2017 pour une cible de 90% attendue. Le Gouvernement de Côte d’Ivoire a créé un centre d’excellence contre la faim et la malnutrition pour toute l’Afrique. Avec ce centre, le Gouvernement a donné un coup d’accélérateur à la recherche sur la faim et la malnutrition et aussi à la diffusion des bonnes pratiques dans ces domaines.  Politiques, mesures et actions en cours ou à venir Elles s’articulent essentiellement autour du renforcement de la mise en œuvre du PNM et de l’accélération de la mise en œuvre du Projet Multisectoriel de Nutrition et de Développement de la Petite Enfance (PMNDPE) dans les 14 régions. Cible 2.4 : D’ici à 2030, assurer la viabilité des systèmes de production alimentaire et mettre en œuvre des pratiques agricoles résilientes qui permettent d’accroître la productivité et la production, contribuent à la préservation des écosystèmes, renforcent les capacités d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, aux phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes, à la sécheresse, aux inondations et à d’autres catastrophes et améliorent progressivement la qualité des terres et des sols. Indicateur 2.4.1 : Proportion des zones agricoles exploitées de manière productive et durable Le Gouvernement à travers sa politique de transformation des matières premières, a fait progresser les taux de transformation du cacao, de la fibre de coton et de l’anacarde à respectivement 33%, 7,58% et 8,58% en 2016 contre 30% pour le cacao, 5% pour le coton et 5,84% pour l’anacarde en 2015. Pour cette dernière spéculation, l’objectif fixé en 2016 de 35% est loin d’être atteint et traduit les efforts substantiels à entreprendre pour atteindre le cap de 50% à l’horizon 2020.  Bonnes pratiques La Côte d’Ivoire, déjà engagée, à travers son PNIA 2, dans la promotion et l’adoption de technologies et de bonnes pratiques d’agriculture intelligente face au climat à travers des projets et programme majeurs, entend améliorer la résilience des zones agricoles qui subissent les impacts du changement climatique. 8 République de Côte d’Ivoire RNV 2019 Il s’agit de développer des capacités suffisantes et renforcer les liens entre les institutions de recherches, les organisations paysannes et les communautés locales, dans le domaine de d’agriculture intelligente face au climat. Au titre du renforcement de la productivité et de la compétitivité des produits agricoles, les actions majeures ont concerné la poursuite du programme de renouvellement du verger des filières café et cacao qui a donné les résultats ci-après: (i) 40 088 ha de semences améliorées ont été distribuées à 34 895 producteurs de cacao sur l'ensemble des zones de production ; (ii) 28 500 ha de plants de café sont mis en pépinière pour la création de nouvelles plantations en vue de la relance caféière ; (iii) 1 050 ha de cacao infestés par le swollen shoot ont été arrachés; (iv) le programme de relance caféière par le recensement de 10 300 ha de café en vue du recépage est mis en œuvre ; 28 500 ha de semences en pépinière sont mis en place; et (v) 44 525 ha de semences sélectionnées ont été distribuées à plus de 34 895 producteurs. Le Gouvernement avec l’appui technique et financier des partenaires au développement, renforce la capacité technique des petits producteurs qui sont engagés à la production vivrière. Ainsi, ces petits producteurs bénéficient des formations en techniques agricoles, en technique de conservation et de transformation des productions afin de baisser les pertes post-récoltes. Aussi, ces petits producteurs bénéficient d’alphabétisation et de formation sur la gouvernance des groupements.  Politiques, mesures et actions en cours ou à venir Les politiques, mesures et actions attendues portent sur la mise en œuvre efficace des programmes PNIA2 et la mise en œuvre de la stratégie de production vivrière.  Défis à relever Les principaux défis à relever pour éliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable sont (i) le développement d’un système alimentaire national plus robuste, résilient et durable moins tributaire des importations et offrant de meilleures possibilités de subsistance aux populations vulnérables ; (ii) le renforcement de la sécurité alimentaire et ; (iii) la réduction des pertes post-récoltes.
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Rapport National Volontaire sur les ODD - Année 2022 39 République de Côte d’Ivoire RNV 2022 Objectif 2 : Eliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable 109.L’objectif 2 ambitionne à l’horizon 2030 d’éliminer la faim et à faire en sorte que chacun ait accès toute l’année à une alimentation saine, nutritive et suffisante. Il s’agit également de mettre fin à toutes les formes de malnutrition et de répondre aux besoins nutritionnels des enfants, des adolescent(e)s, des femmes enceintes ou allaitantes et des personnes âgées. Cible 2.1: D’ici à 2030, éliminer la faim et faire en sorte que chacun, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes en situation vulnérable, y compris les nourrissons, ait accès tout au long de l’année à une alimentation saine, nutritive et suffisante. Indicateur 2.1.1 : Prévalence de la sous-alimentation 110.Les données récentes de routine collectées au niveau de 15 districts sanitaires, indiquent que sur 16 731 enfants malnutris aigus attendus, 9 018 ont été pris en charge, soit un taux de couverture de 54% dont 78% ont été déclarés guéris. Concernant la vitamine A, 5 506 830 enfants de 6 à 59 mois ont été supplémentés en campagne et 285 194 enfants en routine. Ce sont également 4 991 103 enfants de 12 à 59 mois qui ont été déparasités en campagne et 197 854 en routine. 111.La prévalence reste préoccupante. L’opérationnalisation de la Plateforme Nationale Multisectorielle d’Information Nutritionnelle (PNMIN) est effective et a contribué à Rapport National Volontaire sur les ODD - Année 2022 40 République de Côte d’Ivoire RNV 2022 améliorer la prise en charge de la malnutrition chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans, les femmes enceintes et allaitantes. En effet, la proportion d'enfants souffrant de malnutrition aiguë qui reçoivent un traitement et sont guéris est de 32% à l'échelle nationale. Cette proportion varie d’une région à une autre. Elle est de 23% dans le Worodougou et le Béré et de 46% à Abidjan 1. Indicateur 2.1.2 : Prévalence d’une insécurité alimentaire modérée ou grave, évaluée selon l’échelle de l’insécurité alimentaire fondée sur l’expérience 112.Cet indicateur mesure la fréquence avec laquelle différents groupes d’aliments sont consommés et permet d’apprécier la diversité de l’apport alimentaire des ménages. 113.En 2020, selon l’analyse de l’extrême pauvreté et ses déterminants produite par l’INS, 7,6% de la population vit dans une situation d’insécurité alimentaire. L’insécurité alimentaire affecte beaucoup plus les ménages extrêmement pauvres (13,9%), que les ménages non pauvres (6,9%). Cet écart important met en évidence l’insécurité alimentaire comme un facteur potentiel de vulnérabilité à l’extrême pauvreté. 114.La prévalence des PVVIH en insécurité alimentaire a connu une augmentation passant de 8,8% en 2015 à 19,2% en 2020. Toutefois une réduction remarquable de la forme sévère d’insécurité alimentaire est constatée chez la même cible avec des prévalences respectives de 4,1% en 2015 et 1,5% en 2020. 115. Le taux d’allaitement maternel exclusif s’est accru de 12,1% à 23,5% sur la même période. De même, la proportion de nourrisson mise au sein dans l’heure qui suit la naissance a augmenté de 30,8% à 36,6%. Cible 2.4 : D’ici à 2030, assurer la viabilité des systèmes de production alimentaire et mettre en œuvre des pratiques agricoles résilientes qui permettent d’accroître la productivité et la production, contribuent à la préservation des écosystèmes, renforcent les capacités d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, aux phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes, à la sécheresse, aux inondations et à d’autres catastrophes et améliorent progressivement la qualité des terres et des sols. Indicateur 2.4.1 : Proportion des zones agricoles exploitées de manière productive et durable Impact de la COVID-19 sur la sécurité alimentaire 116.La crise de la COVID-19 a aggravé les vulnérabilités socio-économiques des ménages. L’enquête COVID-19 réalisée en avril 2020 (INS et PNUD, 2020) a révélé que la plupart des ménages (80,7%) ont été impactés par au moins une des mesures prises par le Gouvernement. Il ressort que, du fait du COVID-19, l’emploi de 78,8% des chefs de ménages a été impacté du fait des tensions de trésorerie affectant 64,4% des entreprises du secteur informel qui ont fait face à une réduction du niveau d’activité de 52,8%. Rapport National Volontaire sur les ODD - Année 2022 41 République de Côte d’Ivoire RNV 2022 117.La vulnérabilité de ces ménages a fait que l’allègement des mesures de prévention n’a pas amélioré significativement leur situation nutritionnelle. Il y a eu une baisse quantitative du repas chez les ménages dirigés par les femmes (30%) contre 9% chez les hommes et une baisse qualitative du repas chez les femmes (23%) et 9,5% chez les hommes (UNICEF 2020). 118.Les défis économiques semblent conduire à une insécurité alimentaire généralisée. Selon l’enquête COVID-19 réalisée en avril 2020 (INS et al, 2020), 94,1% des ménages interrogés ont une consommation alimentaire acceptable contre 5,4% qui ont une consommation limite et 0,5% qui ont une consommation alimentaire pauvre. La pauvre consommation est plus prononcée dans les ménages dirigés par des femmes (0,6%) que dans ceux dirigés par des hommes (0,4%). 119.Par ailleurs, le choc économique de la COVID-19 a continué d'entraver la capacité des 1 329 répondants à accéder à une diète suffisante à cause des pénuries sur les marchés (28%), la baisse de revenus (54%), le prix de la nourriture trop élevé (46%), l’alimentation infantile moins saine (31%). La forte hausse des prix des produits alimentaires a été également mentionnée par plus de 60% des ménages interrogés comme l’une des principales difficultés d’accès à une alimentation saine, équilibrée et suffisante dans l’étude COVID menée par l’INS (INS et PNUD, 2020). 120.En revanche, plus de 60% des ménages interviewés dans l’enquête CEDEAO-PAM￾CEA (2020), relèvent que les produits alimentaires de base étaient toujours disponibles sur le marché et dans les boutiques au 2ème trimestre de l’année 2020. Seulement, 18% des ménages ivoiriens admettent n’avoir aucune difficulté à manger à leur faim contre 29% qui ont consommé des aliments moins préférés, 38% qui ont sauté des repas ou mangé moins que d’habitude et 12% qui ont passé une journée sans manger (CEDEAO, PAM, CEA, 2020) (Figure 2). Figure 2 : Situation alimentaire des ménages ivoiriens au 2ème trimestre 2020 Source : CEDEAO, PAM et CEA (2020) 121.Au niveau spatial, un an après la survenance de la COVID-19 en Côte d’Ivoire, sur 19 régions analysées, quatre (04) sont classées en phase de sous pression (Bélier, Grand- Rapport National Volontaire sur les ODD - Année 2022 42 République de Côte d’Ivoire RNV 2022 Ponts, Béré, Marahoué) et deux (02) en phase de crise (Iffou, N’zi) et les autres en phase d’insécurité alimentaire minimale. L’évaluation du nombre de personnes en phase de crise alimentaire est de 210 027 personnes. Ces populations en crise ont besoin d’interventions d’urgence pour leur prise en charge afin de sauver leurs vies et protéger leurs moyens d’existence (CILSS, 2021).
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[ 2 ]
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EXAMEN NATIONAL 90 VOLONTAIRE ODD ODD 2 : ELIMINER LA FAIM, ASSURER LA SÉCURITÉ ALI￾MENTAIRE, AMÉLIORER LA NUTRITION ET PROMOUVOIR UNE AGRICULTURE DURABLE 4.2.2. Progrès réalisés concernant l’ODD 2 : « Eliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir une agriculture durable » Concernant l’ODD 2, le Cameroun a contextualisé cinq cibles et les indicateurs ont été défnis pour chacune des cibles dans l’optique de mesurer les progrès réalisés. Lesdites cibles sont contenues dans l’encadré suivant : Encadré 7: Cible 2.1 : d’ici à 2030, éliminer la faim et faire en sorte que chacun, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes en situations vulnérables, y compris les nourrissons, aient accès tout au long de l’année à une alimentation saine, nutritive et suffsante ; Cible 2.2 : d’ici à 2030, mettre fn à toutes formes de malnutrition, y compris en réalisant d’ici à 2025 les objectifs arrêtés à l’échelle international relatif aux retards de croissance et à l’émaciation parmi les enfants de moins de 5 ans, et répondre aux besoins nutritionnels des adolescentes, des femmes enceintes ou allaitantes et des personnes âgées ; Cible 2.3 : d’ici à 2030, doubler la productivité agricole et les revenus des petits produc￾teurs alimentaires, en particulier les femmes, les autochtones, les exploitants familiaux, les éleveurs et les pêcheurs, y compris en assurant l’égalité d’accès aux terres, aux autres ressources productives et intrants, au savoir, aux services fnanciers, aux marchés et aux possibilités d’ajout de valeur et d’emploi autres qu’agricoles ; Cible 2.4 : d’ici à 2030, assurer la viabilité des systèmes de production alimentaire et mettre en œuvre des pratiques agricoles résilientes qui permettent d’accroitre la production et la productivité, contribuent à la préservation des écosystèmes, renforcent les capacités EXAMEN NATIONAL 91 VOLONTAIRE ODD d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, aux phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes, à la sécheresse, aux inondations et à d’autres catastrophes et améliorent progressivement la qualité des terres et des sols ; Cible 2.5 : d’ici à 2020, préserver la diversité génétique des semences, des cultures et des animaux d’élevage ou domestiqués et des espèces sauvages apparentées, y compris au moyen de banques de semences et de plantes bien gérées et diversifées aux niveaux national, régional et international, et favoriser l’accès aux avantages que présentent l’utili￾sation des ressources génétiques et du savoir traditionnel associé ainsi que le partage juste et équitable de ces avantages, comme convenu à l’échelle internationale. Ces cinq cibles peuvent être regroupées en trois thématiques à savoir : (i) la lutte contre la faim, et la malnutrition ; (ii) le renforcement des systèmes de production durables et accroissement de la production, de la productivité et des revenus des producteurs et, (iii) la promotion de la biodiversité. 4.2.2.1. Progrès réalisés en matière de lutte contre la faim et la malnutrition L’évolution des progrès réalisés pour les cibles en lien avec cette thématique s’appré￾ciera à travers quatre indicateurs à savoir : (i) la prévalence de la sous-alimentation ; (ii) la prévalence d’une insécurité alimentaire modérée ou grave, évaluée selon l’échelle de l’insécurité alimentaire fondée sur l’expérience ; (iii) la prévalence du retard de croissance (indice taille/âge inférieur à -2 écarts types par rapport à la moyenne des normes de croissance de l’enfant définies par l’OMS chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans ; et (iv) et la prévalence de la malnutrition (indice poids/taille supérieur à +2 écarts types par rapport à la moyenne des normes de croissance de l’enfant définies par l’OMS chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans, par forme (surpoids et émaciation) dont les données restent à produire par l’INS à partir de la MICS-2014. La situation du Cameroun concernant la faim, la malnutrition et l’insécurité alimentaire a depuis quelque temps été jugée préoccupante. Relevons à titre d’illustration qu’en 2014, selon l’INS, environ 15,4% de la population camerounaise souffrait de la faim. Par ailleurs, les résultats de l’Analyse Globale de la Sécurité Alimentaire et de la Vulnérabilité réalisée en 2017 (CFSVA) relève que 15% des ménages au Cameroun souffre d’insécurité alimen￾taire. Concernant les progrès réalisés, l’on relève des avancées notoires avec certes des disparités régionales qui subsistent toujours. Par exemple, le niveau global d’insécurité alimentaire est passé de 15% en 2017 à 10% en 2018 (CFSVA). Par ailleurs, le Cameroun a réalisé d’importants progrès dans la lutte contre la faim ces dernières années et la ré￾duction du nombre de personnes en sous-alimentation ; la prévalence de la sous-alimen￾tation étant passée de 38% en 2000 à 22% en 2016. D’importants progrès ont également été enregistrés dans la lutte contre la malnutrition no￾tamment : (i) le renforcement de la prise en Charge de la Malnutrition Aigüe Sévère chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans; (ii) l’amélioration de la fortification à travers la distribution des poudres de micronutriments pour les enfants de 6 à 23 mois ; (iii) l’adoption croissante d’une alimentation appropriée chez les enfants de moins de 23 mois ; (iv) le renforcement EXAMEN NATIONAL 92 VOLONTAIRE ODD de la supplémentation biannuelle en vitamine A et le déparasitage des enfants de 6-59 mois ; (v) l’introduction substantielle de la supplémentation en vitamine A en routine avec le Programme Elargi de Vaccination. D’autres avancées sont à relever sur le plan institu￾tionnel avec : la mise en place du Comité Interministériel de Lutte Contre la Malnutrition et du Groupe Technique National de Nutrition ; l’élaboration de la politique Nationale de nutrition et d’Alimentation ainsi que son plan opérationnel ; l’élaboration et la validation des documents stratégiques et normatifs tels que le Guide Alimentaire et Nutritionnel, les protocoles et guides pour la prise charge et le suivi de la croissance et des modules et algorithme sur les différents programmes de lutte contre la malnutrition. 4.2.2.2. Progrès réalisés en matière de renforcement des systèmes de production durables et accroissement de la production, de la productivité et des reve￾nus des producteurs L’évolution des progrès réalisés pour les cibles en lien avec cette thématique s’apprécie￾ra à travers trois indicateurs à savoir : (i) le volume de production par unité de travail, en fonction de la taille de l’exploitation agricole, pastorale ou forestière, (ii) le revenu moyen des petits producteurs alimentaires, selon le sexe et le statut d’autochtone et (iii) la pro￾portion des zones agricoles exploitées de manière productive et durable. Les données issues du rapport de suivi du DSCE sur la période 2010-2018 montrent des progrès considérables en matière de production durable et d’accroissement des revenus des producteurs. Pour ce qui est de l’amélioration de la productivité, le renforcement des capacités de production, la modernisation des outils de production et l’appui à l’adoption des variétés améliorées et des techniques performantes ont augmenté de manière signi￾ficative les rendements à l’hectare dans certaines filières. Par exemple, dans la filière riz, 12 774 producteurs de riz ont été formés, 8160 ont reçu des semences améliorées, pour une augmentation significative de la production de 153 078 tonnes en 2011 à 367180,6 tonnes de riz en 2017. Pour la filière plantain, 1 600 000 plants de plantain produits et distribués ont permis d’emblaver 1333 hectares pour une production attendue de 21 995 tonnes en 2015 contre 1 650 000 plants produits et distribués ayant permis d’emblaver 1380 hectares pour une production attendue de 22 680 tonnes en 2014. Pour la filière pomme de terre, 19 547 Groupements d’Initiative Commune (GIC) ont été formés, et 2000 tonnes de semences certifiées distribuées aux producteurs. Pour la filière manioc, près de 100 ha de champs de multiplication de matériel végétal de base pour le manioc ont été entretenus; 1,5 millions de boutures ont été achetées auprès des semenciers privés. Pour une production de 33 356 398 tonnes de manioc, soit une croissance de 1,2 % depuis 2011. En ce qui concerne la production animale, les avancées suivantes ont été enregistrées : pour la viande de volaille, la production est passée de 97 144 tonnes en 2010 à près de 140 787 tonnes de viande en 2018 ; pour la viande porcine, la production est passée de 58 281 tonnes en 2010 à près de 53 878 tonnes de viande en 2018 ; concernant la viande ovine, la production est passée de 81 910 tonnes en 2010 à près de 14 700tonnes de viande en 2018 et pour la viande caprine, la production est passée de 53 162 tonnes en EXAMEN NATIONAL 93 VOLONTAIRE ODD 2010 à près de 25 114 tonnes de viande en 2018. Il y’a également une amélioration de la qualité sanitaire des denrées alimentaires d’origine animale et halieutique avec la baisse du taux de prévalence moyen des maladies animales qui devrait passer de 20% en 2017 à 10% en 2020 et l’accroissement durable des productions halieutiques qui devrait passer de 219 000 tonnes en 2017 à 237 744 tonnes en 2021. Par ailleurs, la production halieutique est en croissance constante puisque entre 2011 et 2018, la production halieutique a connu une évolution à la hausse en passant de 204 960 milles tonnes en 2011 à 368 880 milles tonnes en 2018. En ce qui concerne le renforcement des systèmes de production durables, les modes de productions durables sont depuis quelque temps promus par l’Etat du Cameroun et les PTF, compte tenu du rôle de l’agriculture verte sur la préservation de l’environnement et de biodiversité. Ainsi, les progrès majeurs ont été enregistrés et on peut relever en guise d’exemple, le cas des ressources en eau et agro forestières qui sont mieux valorisées. Le gouvernement envisage de passer de 13,85% en 2016 à 22, 97% en 2020 des superficies agricoles recourant aux bonnes pratiques de production. Par ailleurs des programmes de reboisement ont été lancés. En outre, dans le cadre de l’Aménagement et du renouvelle￾ment de la ressource forestière, 6 225 540 ha soit 104 Unités Forestières d’Aménagement (UFA) ont été aménagées. La superficie des forêts en gestion participative a atteint 64 466 ha en 2018. Le reboisement et la régénération des ressources forestières a concerné 29 180,7 ha grâce aux appuis financiers accordés aux acteurs de reboisement et à l’Agence Nationale d’Appui au Développement Forestier (ANAFOR). Le Programme National de Développement des Plantations Forestières est en cours d’élaboration. S’agissant des revenus des producteurs, le taux de bancarisation en milieu rural s’est ac￾cru, y compris, l’amélioration de la solvabilité des emprunteurs ruraux ainsi que de leurs revenus. Dans l’optique de l’amélioration de la productivité et des revenus des producteurs, les in￾frastructures du monde rural et de production agricole ont connu une modernisation et la productivité ainsi que la production des filières agro-sylvo-pastorales et halieutiques sont significativement améliorées de même que les produits agro-sylvo-pastoraux et halieu￾tiques qui sont plus compétitifs et mieux commercialisés. 4.2.2.3. Progrès réalisés en matière de promotion de la biodiversité L’évolution des progrès réalisés pour les cibles en lien avec cette thématique s’appréciera à travers deux indicateurs à savoir : (i) le nombre de ressources génétiques animales et végétales destinées à l’alimentation et à l’agriculture sécurisées dans des installations de conservation à moyen ou à long terme et (ii) la proportion des variétés et races locales considérées comme en danger, hors de danger ou exposées à un risque d’extinction de niveau non connu. Lesdits indicateurs n’ont pas de données disponibles. Toutefois, cer￾taines données permettent de capter des progrès en matière de promotion de la biodiver￾sité. En effet, plusieurs actions ont été menées pour la préservation de la biodiversité et sont EXAMEN NATIONAL 94 VOLONTAIRE ODD clairement indiquées dans le rapport de suivi du DCSE. En matière de gestion durable des ressources naturelles, l’action a notamment porté sur l’application du code de conduite pour une pêche responsable. Dans ce cadre, le repos biologique est effectivement implé￾menté dans les sept (07) communes riveraines des quatre (04) retenues d’eau constituant des plans de pêche intérieurs (Maga, Lagdo, Mbakaou et Mapé). La restauration des éco￾systèmes de mangroves et des plans d’eau dégradés a porté sur le Wouri, la retenue de Lagdo et le Nyong. Concernant la superficie de palétuviers mis en terre, l’objectif prévu de 2010 à 2018 est de 30 ha et 30 000 palétuviers produits et mis en terre. Le niveau de réalisation en 2018 est de 27 ha restaurés avec 26 500 palétuviers mis en terre. En ce qui concerne la superficie débarrassée de la jacinthe d’eau, l’objectif projeté entre 2010 et 2018 a été de 110 ha de plans d’eau débarrassés de la jacinthe d’eau. En 2018, la valeur de cet indicateur à date est de 90 ha de plans d’eau débarrassés de la jacinthe d’eau. Pour la préservation de la santé des cours et plans d’eau, le Gouvernement a poursuivi la mise en œuvre du projet de lutte contre la jacinthe d’eau et les autres plantes aquatiques envahissantes à travers les compétences transférées aux communes, notamment dans les communes de Douala IV et V, de Fako, de Lagdo et de Mbalmayo. En outre, des progrès sont enregistrés en ce qui concerne la production et la facilitation de l’accès des producteurs aux semences améliorées à travers notamment l’appui : • du Projet de Développement de l’Elevage (PRODEL) à travers sa Composante 1 : Amélioration de l’accès et de la fourniture des services d’élevage. Il faut dire que cette composante vise à améliorer l’accès des producteurs aux services clés d’éle￾vage notamment les services de santé animale, le matériel génétique et d’autres intrants de qualité ; • du Projet d’Investissement et de Développement des Marchés agricoles (PIDMA) à travers sa composante B : Appui institutionnel et renforcement de capacités des services publics de base. Il faut dire que l’un des objectifs poursuivis dans le cadre de cette composante est d’apporter un appui nécessaire au MINADER qui, avec l’as￾sistance technique de l’IIAT et de l’IRAD appuiera le renforcement du contrôle, de la certification des semences, et la multiplication des semences de pré-base et de base pour le maïs, le manioc et le sorgho ; • de l’IRAD et de l’IIAT à travers un travail en synergie avec le MINADER dans le cadre du PIDMA notamment ; • du CIRAD à travers un travail en synergie avec le MINEPIA dans le cadre du PRO￾DEL notamment. 4.2.2.4. Principaux défis en matière de lutte contre la faim et de production agri￾cole Les défis concernant l’ODD 2 consistent à : (i) renforcer la prise en compte des aspects liés à la nutrition avec notamment, l’allocation d’une ligne budgétaire spécifique à la nutrition, dans le budget du MINSANTE ; (ii) assurer la disponibilité et l’accessibilité des produits alimentaires de qualité et une alimentation saine à tous les camerounais en quantité suffi￾sante notamment par les Administrations en charge de la production agricole, (iii) réduire la perte de la biodiversité notamment par les acteurs en charge des questions agricoles, de la protection de la faune et de l’environnement, (iv) réduire les pertes post-récolte et améliorer la conservation et la transformation des produits agricoles et halieutiques ; (v) promouvoir la professionnalisation des acteurs du secteur agricole ; (vi) poursuivre les actions entamées pour la modernisation de l’appareil de production.
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[ 2 ]
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56 3.2.2. ODD 2 : Eliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir une agriculture durable Dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de l’ODD 2, le Cameroun a contextualisé cinq cibles et les indicateurs ont été définis pour chacune des cibles dans l’optique de mesurer les progrès réalisés. Lesdites cibles sont En lien avec la SND30, l’enjeu de l’ODD 2 est d’accompagner la mise en œuvre de la stratégie Gouvernementale en matière d’agriculture qui vise à terme, l’autosuffisance alimentaire, la réduction de l’exposition des populations aux maladies dues à la mauvaise alimentation, la modernisation de l'appareil productif, l'amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire, le développement de l’agro-industrie et la lutte contre la vie chère. 3.2.2.1. Appréciation des progrès enregistrés et réalisations clés de l’ODD 2 Malgré les efforts consentis par les pouvoirs publics pour adresser la problématique de l’ODD2, la prévalence de l’insécurité alimentaire se trouve nette augmentation au Cameroun, avec un taux qui se situe à 22,9% en 2021 contre 10% en 2018. Cette détérioration de la sécurité alimentaire est principalement imputable aux crises sécuritaires qui affectent certaines régions du pays notamment le Nord-ouest, le Sud-ouest et l’Extrême-Nord et les afflux des réfugiés centrafricains 57 depuis quelques années. À cela s’ajoute d’autres facteurs tels que la survenue de la pandémie de la COVID-19, les attaques des oiseaux tisserands, les chocs climatiques (inondations, périodes de sècheresse prolongées) ainsi que l’accès limité à la terre des personnes déplacées internes et des populations hôtes. Une personne sur dix (9,9%) a souffert de la sous-alimentation au Cameroun entre 2014 et 2016. La prévalence de la sous-alimentation a ainsi été réduite au tiers en 16 ans, se situant à 30,8% en 2020. La proportion d’enfants de moins de 5 ans souffrant d’un retard de croissance a connu une baisse au cours de ces dernières années, passant de 31,7% en 2014 et 29% en 2018. En revanche la proportion d’enfants en surpoids a augmenté d’environ de 5 points passant de 6,7% en 2014 à 11% en 2018 (EDS, 2018). Un certain nombre d’actions ont été menées par le Gouvernement du Cameroun avec l’appui de ses partenaires afin d’améliorer l’état nutritionnel des enfants, au rang desquelles : (i) le renforcement de la prise en charge de la malnutrition aigüe sévère chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans ; (ii) l’amélioration de la fortification à travers la distribution des poudres de micronutriments pour les enfants de 6 à 23 mois ; (iii) l’adoption croissante d’une alimentation appropriée chez les enfants de moins de 23 mois ; (iv) le renforcement de la supplémentation biannuelle en vitamine A et le déparasitage des enfants de 6-59 mois.  Progrès réalisés en matière de renforcement des systèmes de production durables et accroissement de la production, de la productivité et des revenus des producteurs Les volumes de production animale et halieutique sont contenus dans le tableau ci-après : 58 Aussi, le revenu annuel moyen tiré de l’élevage est de FCFA 360 439 et celui de l’agriculture est de FCFA 518 83. Les actions menées par le Gouvernement en vue d’améliorer la production animale et végétale comprennent entre autres : (i) l’importation des géniteurs améliorés ; (ii) l’intensification des inséminations artificielles bovines et introduction de l’insémination artificielle ovine et porcine ; (iii) la mise en œuvre des plans de gestion durable des ressources pastorales dans 30 communes ; (iv) la mise en place des champs semenciers ; (v) l’acquisition et la distribution des intrants et équipements agricoles ; (vi) l’appui conseil aux producteurs et la vulgarisation des bonnes pratiques ; (vii) l’aménagement et la gestion durable des pâturages. Dans le cadre de cette cible l’on note comme action majeure l’adoption de la Loi N°2021/014 du 09 juillet 2021 régissant l’accès aux ressources génétiques, à leurs dérivés, aux connaissances traditionnelles associées, et le partage juste et équitable des avantages issus de leur utilisation.  Progrès réalisés en matière de promotion de la biodiversité Plusieurs actions ont été menées pour la préservation de la biodiversité. En matière de gestion durable des ressources naturelles, l’action a notamment porté sur l’application du code de conduite pour une pêche responsable. Dans ce cadre, les actions portant sur le repos biologique se sont poursuivies dans sept (07) communes riveraines et quatre (04) retenues d’eau constituant des plans de pêche intérieurs (Maga, Lagdo, Mbakaou et Mapé). La restauration des écosystèmes de mangroves et des plans d’eau dégradés a porté sur le Wouri, la retenue de Lagdo et le Nyong. Pour la préservation de la santé des cours et plans d’eau, le Gouvernement a poursuivi la mise en œuvre du projet de lutte contre la jacinthe d’eau et les autres plantes aquatiques envahissantes à travers les compétences transférées aux communes, notamment dans les communes de Douala IV et V, de Fako, de Lagdo et de Mbalmayo. En outre, des progrès sont enregistrés en ce qui concerne la production et la facilitation de l’accès des producteurs aux semences améliorées à travers notamment l’appui : du Projet de Développement de l’Elevage (PRODEL), du Projet d’Investissement et de Développement des Marchés agricoles (PIDMA). 3.2.2.2. COVID-19 : Effets et mesures d’atténuation Selon le rapport sur l’évaluation des effets de la COVID-19 sur l’agriculture et la sécurité alimentaire des ménages au Cameroun (MINADER, 2021), les activités agricoles ont été affectées négativement par la pandémie de coronavirus, du fait entre autres du renchérissement du coût du transport. Aussi, la hausse des prix des intrants agricoles a considérablement impacté le développement de la production et la transformation des produits. Les prix élevés des intrants agricoles consécutifs à la hausse du coût du transport, a ainsi limité en 2020, l’accès aux engrais à plus de 50% des exploitations, conduisant les exploitants à réduire leurs dépenses de production. En outre, en 2021, près de 16% des ménages agricoles ont vu leurs activités perturbées, entrainant une perte énorme de leurs revenus. Par ailleurs, avec cette crise, 51,4% des ménages agricoles ont été affectés négativement par l’augmentation du prix des intrants des principaux aliments consommés, et la perte d’emploi (Indicateurs ODD Cameroun, 2021). 59 Les mesures proposées aux décideurs par les responsables des exploitations agricoles pour renforcer leurs stratégies de résilience afin de faire face à la pandémie de la COVID-19 ont porté sur : (i) l’appui financier ; (ii) l’appui en intrants et matériels agricoles ; (iii) l’appui en infrastructures de développement communautaire ; (iv) les aides alimentaires ; (v) les kits COVID-19 ; (vi) la baisse des prix des intrants agricoles et ; (vii) la baisse des frais de transport. Par ailleurs, dans l’optique de lutter contre l’insécurité alimentaire et d’atténuer les effets néfastes de la pandémie de la COVID-19, le Gouvernement du Cameroun envisage de mettre en œuvre, avec le concours financier de la Banque mondiale, le Projet d’Urgence de Lutte Contre la Crise Alimentaire au Cameroun (PULCCA). Ce projet a pour objectif de développement, d'augmenter l'accès à la nourriture et de réduire la vulnérabilité aux chocs climatiques des ménages et producteurs ciblés. Il ambitionne de fournir une aide alimentaire et nutritionnelle à 256 000 personnes extrêmement vulnérables, et de soutenir 159 000 agriculteurs pour qu'ils atteignent une productivité plus élevée et une résilience climatique dans les régions du Nord, de l’Extrême￾Nord, du Nord-Ouest, du Sud-Ouest, de l’Adamaoua et de l’Est. 3.2.2.3. Leçons apprises, défis et actions envisagées Malgré d’indéniables résultats positifs en termes d’amélioration de la production des filières agrosylvopastorales et halieutiques, l’impact du secteur rural reste encore insuffisant sur les conditions de vie des populations rurales, qui continuent à souffrir d’un taux de pauvreté significativement supérieur à la moyenne nationale. De plus, 22% des ménages ruraux souffrent encore d'insécurité alimentaire contre seulement 10,5% des ménages urbains (SDSR/PNIA, 2020). Au-delà des effets des crises sociales et des catastrophes contributrices de la malnutrition, il s’avère évident que seule l’augmentation de la production ne permettra pas d’atteindre la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle tant désirée au niveau des ménages et des communautés. Il serait par conséquent intéressant de mettre aussi l’accent sur la « valorisation du capital humain », d’approcher la sécurité alimentaire de manière plus holistique en construisant l’humain à travers la diffusion des connaissances en nutrition et hygiène alimentaire. Plusieurs défis sont inhérents à la mise en œuvre de l’ODD 2 à savoir : (i) la faible allocation dédiée à la nutrition dans le budget des sectorielles en charge des questions de nutrition ; (ii) la faible disponibilité et accessibilité aux produits alimentaires de qualité ; (iii) la perte de la biodiversité ; (iv) les pertes post-récolte ; (v) la faible conservation et transformation des produits agricoles et halieutiques (vi) le manque de professionnalisation des acteurs du secteur agricole ; (vii) difficultés d’accès aux intrants et la faible mécanisation du secteur agricole ; (viii) la faible structuration de l’interprofession ; (ix) le faible accès aux technologies à forte productivité ; (x) le manque de formation des producteurs aux techniques culturales modernes ; (xi) la persistance de la pandémie de la COVID-19 ; (xii) la persistance des crises sécuritaires dans les régions de l’Extrême-Nord, de l’Est, du Nord-Ouest et du Sud-Ouest. En vue d’atteindre les cibles de l’ODD 2, le Gouvernement envisage de mettre en œuvre les actions suivantes :  intensifier les actions en faveur de l’accès à la terre, l’accès aux équipements de production et l’amélioration des infrastructures de production en milieu rural afin de promouvoir la mécanisation agricole ; 60  renforcer les actions en matière de gestion durable des ressources naturelles (sol, flore, faune, eau) et prendre des mesures adéquates d’adaptation et d’atténuation des effets des changements climatiques ;  promouvoir une approche par filière structurée autour des chaines de valeurs agropastorales et halieutiques, tout en tenant compte des spécificités liées aux différentes zones agroécologiques ;  soutenir l’accès aux intrants et promouvoir des technologies agricoles plus efficientes ;  renforcer la recherche et vulgariser les résultats de la recherche agricole et pastorale ;  mettre en place un système d’information sur l’agriculture notamment sur les opportunités de marché, de partenariat et de financement ;  mettre en place un système de financement adéquat de l’agriculture ;  renforcer la capitalisation de l’information climatique pour optimiser la mise en œuvre des activités agrosylvopastorales.
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25 RDC - Examen National Volontaire des Objectifs de Développement Durable - 2020 La malnutrition chronique est « une épidémie silencieuse et pernicieuse » dont les effets sont aussi bien présents à court-terme qu’à long terme. A titre indicatif, la sous-nutrition en RDC est à la base de 31,50% de mortalité des enfants de moins de 5 ans, de 15,80% du taux de redoublement à l’école et a amputé 4,45% du PIB en 2014. La RDC reste un des pays au monde présentant la prévalence de la faim la plus élevée. Comparativement à l’Afrique et au monde, le cas congolais est très inquiétant. Avec une prévalence de 55,80%, la RDC présente un taux 2,4 fois supérieur à l’Afrique et 5,2 fois au monde. La situation ne cesse se détériorer au re￾gard de l’IPC, qui mesure l’insécurité alimentaire aiguë. En effet, entre 2015 et 2019, le nombre de personnes souffrant de l’insécurité alimentaire ai￾guë est passé de 5,9 à 15,6 millions de personnes, soit une hausse de 164,40%. La sous-alimentation chronique demeure présente. Elle est restée pratiquement inchangée au cours de la décennie passée : 43% d’enfants de moins de 5 ans étaient en retard de croissance en 2010. Ce taux a reculé de 1,2 points pour se situer 41,80% en 2018. La situation sévissant en RDC est plus grave que celle de l’Afrique (32%) et du monde (22%) pour la même période. A propos de la malnutrition aigüe ou d’émaciation (poids insuffisant par rapport à la taille), la RDC fait mieux que le monde : 6,50% d’enfants congo￾lais de la tranche de moins de 5 ans sont exposés à cette forme de malnutrition contre 7,30% pour le monde. De plus, la performance congolaise par rapport à cet indicateur mérite d’être soulignée dans la mesure où d’une part, entre 2010 et 2018, le pays a amélioré la situation de 4,50% d’enfants de cette tranche et d’autre part, son taux actuel ODD 2. Éliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable d’émaciation est proche de la cible mondiale de 5% pour 2025 et de 3% pour 2030. Par ailleurs, l’obésité n’est pas encore inquiétante. En effet, elle ne concerne que 3,80% des congolais contre 3,90% d’africains au Sud du Sahara et 5,90% de la popu￾lation mondiale. A la base d’une situation de la faim inquié￾tante, il y a la conjugaison de plusieurs facteurs. Primo, le ralentissement économique, avec le désé￾quilibre macroéconomique, plombe toujours la ca￾pacité budgétaire du pays à protéger les personnes les plus vulnérables contre la perte de pouvoir d’achat sur le marché intérieur et la perte de revenus (et l’accentuation de la pauvreté), résultant notam￾ment de l’augmentation du chômage. Par voie de conséquence, l’accès aux produits alimentaires nu￾tritifs variés devient difficile. Secundo, de mauvaises conditions climatiques affectant la disponibilité et le prix des produits alimentaires sont au nombre des causes à considérer. En effet, la résurgence des ma￾ladies des plantes a des impacts sur la production. C’est le cas avec la Chenille Légionnaire d’Automne qui attaque le maïs. Les catastrophes naturelles (inondations, sécheresse dues aux déficits pluvio￾métriques) impactent négativement sur la produc￾tion des produits alimentaires essentiels (le maïs, le manioc et la banane). Tertio, l’équilibre alimentaire est à indexer. Environ 4 ménages sur 10 en RDC ont une alimentation pauvre et limitée. Le régime ali￾mentaire des congolais est composé essentiellement de céréales (mais et riz) et tubercules (manioc), qui sont consommés presque sept jours sur sept ; des lé￾gumes (feuilles) qui sont consommées en moyenne 5,5 jours sur sept et les huiles consommées sept jours sur sept3 . Quarto, la persistance des conflits armés et intercommunautaires dans l’espace grand Kasaï, la partie Est du pays (provinces de l’Ituri, Nord-Kivu et Sud-Kivu) et dans le Tanganyika est parmi les principaux facteurs à l’origine de ces tendances. En effet, non seulement ces conflits détruisent la pro￾duction, ils rendent aussi difficiles l’accès physique aux activités de moyens de subsistance et aux mar￾chés, à cause notamment de l’insécurité générée, la destruction des infrastructures, etc. En somme, ce n’est donc pas dénoué de toute pertinence que le Ministère de l’Agriculture signale un déficit alimen￾3 IFPRI & WFP, Analyse Globale de la Sécurité Alimentaire et de la Vulnérabilité en RDC (CFSVA), 2014. 26 RDC - Examen National Volontaire des Objectifs de Développement Durable - 2020 taire en 2019 d’environ 6,9 millions de tonnes des produits alimentaires, soit -22% de besoins alimen￾taires nationaux. En dépit de la gravité de la situation, la volon￾té politique ne semble pas être très nette. En effet, les ressources étatiques ne sont toujours pas cana￾lisées vers le secteur agricole. La part des dépenses publiques consacrées à la production agricole pré￾sente une tendance à la baisse. En 2013, ce ratio était de 1,52% contre 1,28% en 2016. Il s’est situé à 0,69% en 2018. En des termes différents, l’estima￾tion du soutien à la production agricole ne cesse de reculer, s’éloignant de plus en plus du seuil fixé dans l’accord de Maputo. L’indice d’orientation agricole, qui est la part des dépenses publiques pour l’agriculture divisée par la part de l’agricul￾ture dans le PIB, appréciée par l’échelle de droite du graphique 4.4, était infinitésimalement station￾naire avant l’Agenda 2030. Depuis, la tendance est descrendo. Elle est passée de 0,077 en 2016 à 0,035 en 2018. Par ailleurs, la plupart d’initiatives éta￾tiques au courant de la période se sont soldées par des résultats mitigés. Il s’agit notamment du Parc agro-industriel de Bukanga Lonzo, la relance du Domaine Agro-industriel de la N’sele (DAIPN), etc. L’aide internationale à l’agriculture, quant à elle, présente une tendance erratique. L’amplitude de ces fluctuations est devenue moins importante dans la période des ODD. La moyenne de la pé￾riode de l’aide internationale à l’agriculture est de 6,80% de l’ensemble de l’aide reçue par la RDC. Depuis 2017, la forme de la courbe est davantage convexe. Toutefois, plusieurs actions sont à enre￾gistrer dans le compte de la collaboration avec les PTF. Pour le compte de la Banque mondiale, plu￾sieurs projets ont été lancés, notamment le Projet d’Appui à la Réhabilitation et à la Relance du Sec￾teur Agricole/Financement Additionnel (PARR￾SA-FA), le Projet de Développement des Pôles de croissance Ouest (PDPC), le Projet d’Appui à la Réhabilitation et à la Relance du Secteur Agricole (PARRSA), etc. En ce qui concerne la BAD, on dénombre entre autres : le Projet d’Appui au Déve￾loppement des Infrastructures Rurales (PADIR), le Projet de Renforcement des Infrastructures So￾cio-Economiques dans la Zone Centre de la RDC (PRISE), le Projet d’Appui au Secteur Agricole dans la Province du Nord-Kivu (PASA-NK), le Projet multinational de Pêcheries et Gestion in￾tégrée des Ressources en Eau des Lacs Edouard et Albert, etc. Les projets de FIDA sont en l’oc￾currence : le Programme d’Appui au Développe￾ment des Pôles d’Approvisionnement de Kinshasa en produits vivriers et maraîchers (PAPAKIN), le Programme Intégré de Réhabilitation de l’Agri￾culture dans la Province du Maniema (PIRAM), etc. Le PAM a appliqué notamment son Plan Stratégique Pays Intérimaire (ICSP), 2018-2021. Il a été fortement impliqué dans le cas d’interven￾tions urgentes pour appuyer le gouvernement, etc. Avec son concours, le gouvernement congolais a conduit une Revue Stratégique Faim Zéro (RS￾FZ)4 , avec à la clé une feuille de route à considérer dans les perspectives d’élaboration future des po￾litiques, plans et programmes visant l’élimination de la faim et de la malnutrition en RDC. 4 ICREDES & Ministère du Plan, Revue Stratégique Faim Zéro en RDC, 2019
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "cod", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-cod-2020-fr-3.pdf", "language": "fr", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2020 }
xx RDC - Examen National Volontaire des Objectifs de Développement Durable - 2020 ODD 2 : Lutte contre la faim : - Forte prévalence de la faim (55,8% de la population en souffre) et sous￾alimentation chronique importante (41,8% d’enfants de moins 5 ans sont en retard de croissance) ; - De moins en moins d’engagement étatique dans le secteur agricole, comme en témoigne le recul de l’indice d’orientation des dépenses publiques et du soutien à la production agricole ; - Elaboration récente de la Revue Stratégique Faim Zéro en RDC et d’autres programmes du secteur.
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26 ODD2. Éliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable Etat des lieux L’ODD 2 appelle à éliminer la faim et toutes les formes de malnutrition, et à réaliser une production alimentaire durable d’ici à 2030. Pour donner une réponse au principe d’un accès pour tous à une alimentation suffisante et nutritive, le Gouvernement devrait prendre des mesures destinées à favoriser une exploitation agricole durable à grande échelle. En République du Congo, la proportion de personnes sous-alimentées est passée de 38,2% en 2014 à 37,7% en 2015, soit un recul de 0,5 points de pourcentage. Selon le MICS 2014-2015, le retard de croissance affecte 21,3% des enfants de moins de 5 ans, soit chaque année, 200 000 enfants qui n’atteindraient pas leur plein potentiel cognitif et physique. Selon le sexe, le retard de croissance est légèrement plus courant chez les garçons (22%) que chez les filles (20%). Les enfants de 18 à 23 mois (30%) et 24 à 35 mois (27%) constituent les tranches d’âges les plus touchées par la malnutrition aigüe. En République du Congo, la malnutrition est la cause directe de 8 939 décès en 2015 et de 543 en 2016. Les enfants de moins de 5 ans, les femmes enceintes ou allaitantes constituent les couches les plus vulnérables de la population. L’émaciation touche 8% des enfants de moins de 5 ans, dont 2, 6% sous forme sévère, avec une prévalence plus élevée chez les garçons (9%) que chez les filles (8%). Ainsi, la lutte contre la faim requiert des efforts conséquents de plusieurs ministères, notamment ceux de l’agriculture et de la santé. Dans le sous-secteur agricole, le Plan National de Développement Agricole (PNDA 2018- 2022) accorde une priorité aux aliments de bases, notamment : le manioc, la banane et le cacao. Grace à ce plan, la production du manioc passe de 2 673 675 tonnes de racines tubérisées fraiches en 2013 à 4 629 222 tonnes en 2016, et celle du cacao avoisine les 892,1 tonnes en 2016. Par ailleurs, un important programme en faveur du développement du secteur privé agricole compétitif a abouti à l’implantation des fermes modernes de production agricole, à la consolidation des acquis de l’industrie sucrière, à la relance des filières agroindustrielles des oléagineux, à la relance de l’hévéaculture et enfin au démarrage de la production de l’anacardier. Dans le sous-secteur élevage, le cheptel bovin est passé de 23 000 têtes en 2014 à environ 37 000 têtes en 2016, soit une augmentation de 6%. Au cours de la même période, le cheptel ovin et caprin a accru en moyenne de 7,6%. Il passe de 90 528 à 119 633 têtes. Le cheptel porcin a pour sa part augmenté de 15,5%. Sa production passe de 45 898 à 54 317 têtes. 27 La filière avicole se développe en zones périurbaines et repose essentiellement sur les exploitations privées et les nouveaux villages agricoles. La production d’œufs de consommation est estimée à 41 720 000 unités en 2016. Dans le sous-secteur pêche, la production de la pêche maritime artisanale et industrielle a été d’environ 50 000 tonnes de poissons, toutes espèces confondues. Dans le domaine de la santé, différentes mesures ont été prises pour faciliter l’accès des enfants victimes de malnutrition aux services de santé de proximité (Centre de Santé Intégré) et leur suivi par un personnel qualifié. Lesquelles mesures s’attestent par l’engagement du Congo, malgré l’amenuisement des recettes publiques du fait de la crise, à poursuivre l’extension géographique de la couverture sanitaire par la création de nouveaux districts sanitaires et l’adoption des paquets de services essentiels pour élargir la couverture en soins et services de santé à toutes les couches de la société. Programmes/Actions prévu(e)s par le PND 2018-2022 À l’horizon du PND 2018-2022, plusieurs stratégies en rapport avec les cibles de l’ODD 2 seront mises en œuvre. Il s’agit entre autres de : (i) promouvoir une agriculture durable ; (ii) mettre en place un système intégré de protection sociale ; (iii) promouvoir des régimes alimentaires sains, équilibrés et variés ; et (iv) développer un partenariat dynamique et efficace. Le tableau 4 ci-dessous fait le point de la situation des indicateurs de l’ODD 2 de 2014 à 2017. 28 Tableau 4 : Indicateurs de l’ODD 2 Cibles Indicateurs sources Indicateurs nationaux Sources 2014 2015 2016 2017 Cibles 2030 par rapport à 2015 2.1 2.1.1 Prévalence de la sous￾alimentation Prévalence de la sous- alimentation FAO (Rapport SOFI) 38,2 37,7 37,5 37,5 0 2.1.2 Prévalence d’une insécurité alimentaire modérée ou grave, évaluée selon l’échelle de l’insécurité alimentaire fondée sur l’expérience Prévalence d’une insécurité alimentaire modérée ou grave, évaluée selon l’échelle de l’insécurité alimentaire fondée sur l’expérience 2.2 2.2.1 Prévalence du retard de croissance chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans Prévalence du retard de croissance chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans INS-MICS 2014- 2015 21 10,5 2.2.2 Prévalence de la malnutrition (indice poids/taille supérieur à +2 écarts types ou inférieur à -2 écarts types par rapport à la moyenne des normes de croissance de l’enfant définies par l’OMS chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans, par forme Prévalence de la malnutrition (indice poids/taille supérieur à +2 écarts types ou inférieur à -2 écarts types par rapport à la moyenne des normes de croissance de l’enfant définies par l’OMS chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans, par forme Banque Mondiale 21,2 10,6 2.3 2.3.1 Volume de production par unité de travail, en fonction de la taille de l’exploitation agricole, pastorale ou forestière Volume de production par unité de travail, en fonction de la taille de l’exploitation agricole, pastorale ou forestière 29 Cibles Indicateurs sources Indicateurs nationaux Sources 2014 2015 2016 2017 Cibles 2030 par rapport à 2015 2.3.2 Revenu moyen des petits producteursalimentaires, selon le sexe et le statut d’autochtone Revenu moyen des petits producteursalimentaires, selon le sexe et le statut d’autochtone
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "cog", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-cog-2019-fr-3.pdf", "language": "fr", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2019 }
Tabla 6. Iniciativas P4G en implementación Fuente: Secretaría Técnica Comisión ODS, DNP con base en información suministrada por P4G, 2021. 963.070,28 USD PlusPlus Desarrollar una plataforma de crowdfunding que permita a los inverso￾res contribuir al desarrollo agrícola y mejorar salarios y los medios de vida de los pequeños agricultores. El resultado es atraer EUR 12,5 millones de inversión por más de 40.000 inversiones privadas en 2021. Colombia | Zambia | Ghana | Indonesia | Kenia 108 REPORTE NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 2021
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "col", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-col-2021-es-2.pdf", "language": "es", "locality": null, "size": "s", "type": "vnr", "year": 2021 }
ODS 2 HAMBRE CERO ración del estado nutricional de niñas y niños menores de cinco años con desnu￾trición aguda moderada o aguda severa, los CRN cuentan con la participación de un equipo interdisciplinario y personal de apoyo, quienes desarrollan acciones de atención en salud, nutrición, alimentación y suministro de complementos nutricio￾nales, enfocando además esta promoción y prevención en términos de salud y nutri￾ción en un trabajo conjunto con la familia. Con el objetivo de No dejar a nadie atrás, se focalizó la atención en los territorios con mayores afectaciones. Con base en la información del ICBF, el porcentaje de niños y niñas menores de cinco años que recuperaron su estado nutricional que se encuentran en la modalidad de CRN fue de 96,4 % en La Guajira y de 100 % en el departamento de Chocó, lo cual implica un avance signifcativo para atender a los niños y las niñas con mayores riesgos de desnutrición y alcanzar la meta a 2030 2020 Entendiendo la importancia de la alimen￾tación en los primeros años de vida, y con el objetivo de reducir la tasa de mortalidad por desnutrición en menores de cinco años a 2030 —cinco defunciones por 100.000 niños y niñas—, el PND 2018- 2022 lanzó el Plan de Trabajo contra la Desnutrición Infantil Ni1+, que busca brindar asistencia técnica a las diferentes entidades territoriales de salud para ha￾cer seguimiento a niñas y niños menores de cinco años con desnutrición aguda, moderada y severa, priorizando los departamentos con las tasas más altas. Dentro de este plan, otra de las estrategias que han contribuido a atender la desnutri￾ción infantil ha sido la puesta en marcha de los Centros de Recuperación Nutri￾cional (CRN). Bajo una modalidad de atención intramural que busca la recupe￾32 REPORTE NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 2021 2020 97,6 % de los niños y las niñas que ingresaron con desnutrición moderada o severa recuperaron su estado nutricional. 13 CRN en 28 % de los departamentos del país: Cesar, Chocó, La Guajira, Córdoba, Nariño, Norte de Santander, Risaralda, Vaupés y Vichada. Fuente: ICBF, 2021a. 33 13 Maíz, papa, cebolla bulbo, caña panele￾ra, leche, pesca y acuicultura, aguacate, algodón y plantaciones forestales. en la reducción de la tasa de mortalidad infantil por esta condición (ICBF, 2021a). Adicionalmente, a través de la imple￾mentación del proyecto Salud para la Paz, bajo el liderazgo del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social (MinSalud), se han benefciado 2.931 niños y niñas de uno a dos años con desparasitan￾tes, 2.934 niños de seis a 23 meses con micronutrientes y 92 menores de cinco años con desnutrición aguda, mode￾rada y severa con formula terapéutica lista para el consumo, contribuyendo a mitigar las condiciones de desnutrición en estas poblaciones (MinSalud, 2020b). De igual forma, con el objetivo de asegurar el acceso a los niños y niñas en situación de vulnerabilidad a una alimentación sana y nutritiva, en 2020 un total de 169.608 menores a un año re￾cibieron alimentos sólidos de alto valor nutricional. Gracias a la labor realizada por el ICBF, se logró la distribución de 1.343 toneladas de Bienestarina Más en el territorio nacional (ICBF, 2021b). En línea con lo anterior, en 2021 el Pro￾grama Mundial de Alimentos (PMA), en conjunto con la primera dama de la Nación, lanzaron el proyecto Innovación para la Nutrición, el cual tiene como objetivo impulsar soluciones innovado￾ras en seguridad alimentaria y nutrición con el fn de acelerar el cumplimiento de las metas del ODS 2, no solo en Colom￾bia, sino también en América Latina y el Caribe. Esta iniciativa multiactor busca generar una nueva visión en torno a la nutrición y la seguridad alimenta￾ria a través de soluciones innovadoras que empoderen a las comunidades más vulnerables en los territorios colombianos, con especial énfasis en mujeres, jóvenes y comunidades étnicas. La iniciativa incluye la frma de un pacto multiactor en América Latina y el Caribe, donde la nutrición y la seguridad alimentaria son los motores centrales en las agendas de desarrollo de los países de la región. De manera similar, y apuntando a la meta ODS 2.3 de duplicar la productividad agrícola y el ingreso de pequeños produc￾tores, el Ministerio de Agricultura y De￾sarrollo Rural (MinAgricultura) bene￾34 REPORTE NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 2021 fció a 20.000 productores con asistencia técnica rural a través del servicio público de extensión agropecuaria, orientado a diagnosticar, recomendar, actualizar, capacitar, transferir, asistir, empoderar y generar competencias, haciendo así el campo más productivo. Mediante este acompañamiento se gestiona el desarrollo de capacidades de los productores agrope￾cuarios, su articulación con el entorno y el acceso a conocimiento, tecnologías, pro￾ductos y servicios de apoyo, promoviendo la sostenibilidad y competitividad de su producción y, al mismo tiempo, contri￾buyendo al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida familiar (MinAgricultura, 2021b). Adicionalmente, para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria y fortalecer los sistemas de producción agrícola para que sean sostenibles y resilientes, en línea con la meta ODS 2.4, en 2019 MinAgricultura estructuró los Planes de Ordenamiento de la Producción en 11 cadenas priorizadas13. Estos instrumentos tienen como propósito mitigar los ciclos de sobreproduc￾ción y escasez, así como disminuir la volatilidad de los precios y reducir los costos de producción. Con ellos se espera generar las condiciones para mejorar la productividad, rentabilidad y sostenibilidad ambiental del sector agropecuario en la frontera agrícola, compuesta por 40 millones de hectáreas. Bajo lo establecido en la Ley de Compras Públicas 2046 de 2020, el Plan Nacional de Comercialización y el Sistema Nacio￾nal de Innovación Agropecuaria, Mi￾nAgricultura, sus agencias adscritas y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), de la mano de actores privados y la coope￾ración COL-COL, han desarrollado un programa de sistemas agroalimentarios sostenibles en diferentes territorios prio￾rizados por el Gobierno nacional, donde se evidencian resultados como modelos inclusivos de abastecimiento de alimentos con pequeños y medianos productores. De esta forma, no solo se ha logrado activar la canasta básica y la cohesión social en momentos de crisis, sino que, a través de alianzas comerciales y agricultura por contrato, se garantiza una producción sostenible, ingresos a las asociaciones de agricultura familiar y fomento a la seguridad alimentaria y nutrición (SAN). 35
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[ 2 ]
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43 Éliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable Dans l’ensemble, des progrès sont enregistrés dans la réalisation de cet objectif, de moins en moins de personnes connaissent une sous-alimentation. En revanche, la nutrition des enfants s’est vue améliorée. Cependant, la sécurité alimentaire est loin d’être maitrisée. Le suivi de cet ODD se fera à travers quatre cibles retenues comme prioritaires par l’Union des Comores. Il s’agit des cibles : 2.1; 2.2; 2.4; et 2.5. Cible 2.1. D’ici à 2030, éliminer la faim et faire en sorte que chacun, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes en situation vulnérable, y compris les nourrissons, ait accès toute l’année à une alimentation saine, nutritive et suffsante Cette cible vise à éliminer la faim et faire en sorte que chacun, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes en situation vulnérable, y compris les nourrissons, ait accès toute l’année à une alimentation saine, nutritive et suffsante. Même si le taux de pauvreté reste à des niveaux élevés, des progrès ont été réalisé en matière de sous-alimentation40 (pauvreté alimentaire) estimé à 12,33% (EHCM2020- INSEED) contre 23,5% en 2014 (BM, Rapport sur l’évaluation de la pauvreté, 2018). Pour les Comores, spécifquement les besoins nutritionnels minimaux sont fxés à 2300 Kcal. En considérant le seuil de 1800 Kcal par personne et par jour, la prévalence de la pauvreté alimentaire s’élève plutôt en 2020 à 11,06% en 2020 (EHCVM-2020). 40 Il s’agit ici de la proportion de la population dont la consommation totale annuelle par personne est inférieure au seuil de pauvreté alimentaire. Cette catégorie de population n’arrive pas à subvenir leurs besoins nutritionnels minimaux de 2400 kilocalories (kcal) par personne et par jour et vivent par conséquent dans l’extrême pauvreté. 44 12,33% 11,06% 23,50% 0,00% 5,00% 10,00% 15,00% 20,00% 25,00% Pauvreté alimentaire en 2020 (seuil de 2400 Kcal) Pauvreté alimentaire en 2020 (seuil de 1800 Kcal) Pauvreté alimentaire en 2014 (seuil de 2200 Kcal) Graphique 11: Prévalence de la pauvreté alimentaire Source : EHCVM 2020, Nos Calculs 41 Sévère et modéré 42 EDS-MICSII 2012 L’insécurité alimentaire41 touche plus d’un quart de la population comorienne en 2020 (EHCVM-2020). Plus de la moitié de cette tranche de la population vivent dans une insécurité alimentaire sévère et concerne plus les personnes vivant en milieu rural. En comparaison avec d’autres pays de l’Afrique subsaharienne, les Comores présentent une prévalence globale de l’insécurité alimentaire plus faible mais une insécurité alimentaire sévère plus élevée. 22 22,4 21,3 23,1 21,2 22,4 24,6 17,9 30,4 16,2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Insécurité au niveau national Insécurité alimentaire en milieu rural Insécurité alimentaire en milieu urbain Insécurité alimentaire en Afrique subsaharienne Insécurité alimentaire en Afrique de l’Est Insécurité alimentaire sévère Insécurité alimentaire modérée Graphique 12 Prévalence de l’insécurité alimentaire Source : Banque Mondiale, Rapport d’évaluation de la pauvreté et de l’équité en Union de Comores, 2021 Cible 2.2. D’ici à 2030, mettre fn à toutes les formes de malnutrition, y compris en atteignant d’ici à 2025 les objectifs arrêtés à l’échelle internationale relatifs aux retards de croissance et à l’émaciation chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans, et répondre aux besoins nutritionnels des adolescentes, des femmes enceintes ou allaitantes et des personnes âgées Cette cible vise, d’ici à 2030, de mettre fn à toutes les formes de malnutrition, y compris en atteignant d’ici à 2025 les objectifs arrêtés à l’échelle internationale relatifs aux retards de croissance et à l’émaciation chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans, et répondre aux besoins nutritionnels des adolescentes, des femmes enceintes ou allaitantes et des personnes âgées. La prévalence du retard de croissance des enfants âgé de moins de cinq ans a presque baissé de moitié par rapport aux niveaux enregistrés il y’a presque dix ans (30,1%). En effet, la prévalence de la malnutrition chronique (MC) est largement au-dessous de la norme acceptable de 20% fxée par l’OMS. Les enfants de sexe masculin (19,2%) et ceux vivant en milieu rural (19,4%) sont plus touchés par le retard de croissance. Selon les résultats provisoires de l’enquête MICS de 2022 près d’un enfant sur dix (9,1%) âgé de moins de cinq ans connait une insuffsance pondérale. Elle touche plus les enfants de sexe masculin (9,9%) ainsi que les enfants du milieu rural (9,3%). Cette proportion est en baisse en comparaison du niveau estimé en 201242 où la prévalence de l’insuffsance pondérale était de 15,3%. L’émaciation pour sa part, a connu une baisse de la moitié des niveaux enregistrés dix ans auparavant. En effet 5,1% des enfants de moins de cinq ans connaissent une émaciation en 2022 contre 11,1% en 2012. Les enfants du milieu urbain et ceux de sexe masculin sont les plus touchés, avec des prévalences respectives de 5,4% et 5,9%. Graphique 13 Prévalence de l’insuffsance pondérale, retard de croissance et émaciation selon le sexe et le milieu de résidence 9,9 8,4 8,8 9,3 9,1 19,2 17,1 15,5 19,4 18,2 5,9 4,2 5,4 4,9 5,1 0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 Masculin Féminin Urbain Rura Ensemble Sexe Minieu de résidence Insuffisance pondérale Retard de croissance Emaciation Source : MICS 2022/résultats provisoires 26,3 15,3 9,1 42,3 30,1 18,2 11,5 11,1 5,1 2000 2012 2022 Insuffisance pondérale Retard de croissance Emaciation Graphique 8: Evolution de la prévalence l’insuffsance pondérale, retard de croissance et émaciation Source : Annuaire des Statistiques sanitaires, MICS 2022 Rapport National Volontaire sur la mise en œuvre des ODD en Union des Comores 45 Cible 2.4. D’ici à 2030, assurer la viabilité des systèmes de production alimentaire et mettre en œuvre des pratiques agricoles résilientes qui permettent d’accroître la productivité et la production, contribuent à la préservation des écosystèmes, renforcent la capacité d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, aux phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes, à la sécheresse, aux inondations et à d’autres catastrophes et améliorent progressivement la qualité des terres et des sols Cette cible vise, d’ici à 2030, à assurer la viabilité des systèmes de production alimentaire et mettre en œuvre des pratiques agricoles résilientes qui permettent d’accroître la productivité et la production, contribuent à la préservation des écosystèmes, renforcent la capacité d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, aux phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes, à la sécheresse, aux inondations et à d’autres catastrophes et améliorent progressivement la qualité des terres et des sols. Le pays a mis en place des Centres Régionaux de Développement Économique pour accompagner les populations concernées dans la mise en œuvre des stratégies et politiques agricoles. Dans la même foulé le pays en partenariat avec ses principaux partenaires au développement s’est doté de plusieurs politiques et stratégies intégrant l’adaptation au changement climatique, l’agro-écologie, la gestion durable des ressources en eau, en sol, la sécurité foncière et l’autonomisation des femmes. C’est le cas du Plan National d’Investissement Agricole (PNIA 2020-2024) et de la Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN 2021-2030) actualisé dont les processus d’élaboration incluaient des consultations des parties prenantes comprenant des groupes vulnérables tels que les femmes, les jeunes et les personnes en situation de handicap. Depuis 2029, plusieurs programmes très ambitieux des chaines de valeurs agricoles sont lancés et d’autres sont encours de préparation pour être lancés d’ici fn de l’année. Cible 2.5. D’ici à 2020, préserver la diversité génétique des semences, des cultures et des animaux d’élevage ou domestiqués et des espèces sauvages apparentées, y compris au moyen de banques de semences et de plantes bien gérées et diversifées aux niveaux national, régional et international, et favoriser l’accès aux avantages que présentent l’utilisation des ressources génétiques et du savoir traditionnel associé ainsi que le partage juste et équitable de ces avantages, comme convenu à l’échelle internationale Cette cible vise, d’ici à 2020, à préserver la diversité génétique des semences, des cultures et des animaux d’élevage ou domestiqués et des espèces sauvages apparentées, y compris au moyen de banques de semences et de plantes bien gérées et diversifées aux niveaux national, régional et international, et favoriser l’accès aux avantages que présentent l’utilisation des ressources génétiques et du savoir traditionnel associé ainsi que le partage juste et équitable de ces avantages, comme convenu à l’échelle internationale. L’union des Comores a fait quelques avancées sur la réalisation de cette cible en promulguant par décret la loi43 sur la ratifcation du Protocole de NAGOYA portant sur l’accès aux ressources génétiques et le partage juste et équitable des avantages découlant de leur utilisation relative à la convention sur la diversité biologique. Des ONG locales qui œuvrent sur le développement du secteur agricole, la gestion durable des ressources naturelles et la préservation de la biodiversité mènent des activités en vue de renforcer la conservation des ressources génétiques végétales agricoles appréciées des communautés en les multipliant. L’INRAPE de son côté a commencé en 2019 dans l’île de Mohéli un travail de collecte de plusieurs espèces vivrières (60 variétés) en vue de leurs conservations et multiplications. Des ONG locales qui œuvrent sur le développement du secteur agricole, la gestion durable des ressources naturelles et la préservation de la biodiversité mènent des activités en vue de renforcer la conservation des ressources génétiques végétales agricoles appréciées des communautés en les multipliant. L’INRAPE de son côté a commencé en 2019 dans l’île de Mohéli un travail de collecte de plusieurs espèces vivrières (60 variétés) en vue de leurs conservations et multiplications.
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[ 2 ]
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40 41 VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT of this important goal of sustainable development in particular, the Law on the Human Right to Adequate Food (1), the national school feeding Program (2), the National Program for Agricultural Investment, Food and Nutrition Security for the period 2018-2022, (3) the Single Social Registry, (4) the Resilience Coun￾try Priorities (RPP/ACT) of Cabo Verde for the period 2017-2021, (5) the POSER/ CLIMA Project (6) that aims to improve living conditions of the rural population in the intervention areas, particularly women and the young breadwinners, and therefore increase the resilience of the country against climate change. According to the 2015 Agricultural Cen￾sus, the agricultural structure comprises 45,399 farms, an active agricultural population of 92,322 people, of which about 71.6% is between 20 and 65 years, with a slight predominance of men (51.3%). In the last 11 years in agrarian structure, sensitive changes occurred in Cabo Verde namely the decrease in the farming population by about 40,000 people, the number of parcels at about 12% settling at 75,000. Also with an increase in the number of farms (2.1%), with slight reduction of non-irrigated land and increase of forestry, but also of the irrigated farms (22.2%), a result of large investments in water mobilization and creation of perimeters irrigated. In 2015, the agricultural area was 36,456 ha, equivalent to 9.0% of the country's land area, representing a negative variation of 1.9% in relation to 2004. Approximately 82.5% of the agricultural area is exploited. Approximately 82.5% of the agricultural area is exploited. Almost all farms are family-owned, with small plots making it diffcult to achieve economies of scale. Agriculture is practiced in family properties with average surface of about 1.2 ha, mainly in non-irrigated land, having the combina￾tion of corn-beans as the main crops (in 95% of the cultivated land). The majority of farm parcels are in Santiago island (59%), livestock is practiced in 85.3% of farms, while the dry farming is practiced in 73.4% of these parcels. In the context of the implementation of the national plan for agricultural invest￾ment (PNIA of 1st generation) important achievements for the agricultural sector were met, with the construction of 7 dams which resulted in the considerable increase in the availability of water for irrigation. The dams, the holes, the le￾vees and other infrastructure built mo￾bilized roughly 30,958,000 m3 of water for agriculture in the 2013-2015 period. The management of hydrographic basins carried out in an integrated way in the fve river basins provided for a total of 315 ha. In the last 16 years, approximately $484 million has been invested in agriculture, equivalent to an average of $ 28 million a year, also equivalent to approximately 1.8% of the GDP in 2016 and this perfor￾mance testifes to the level of priority devoted to the sector. In the 2007-2015 period, agriculture contributed on average 7.3% to the GDP and therefore, the primary sector represents only 8.7% of the national wealth, a contribution that SDG 2. END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRI￾CULTURE Cabo Verde is a country extremely vul￾nerable from the standpoint of food, agro-climatic variations, but also exter￾nal market fuctuations. In the past few years, more than 90% of cereals (corn, rice, wheat) came from abroad, both in the form of food aid and commercial imports, and the weight of the latter tends to increase with the decrease of food aid that represents about 30% of the imports, due largely to the middle-in￾come country status and changes in offcial development aid modalities. In Cabo Verde, hunger is not a mass phe￾nomenon, but food unreliability exists. According to FAO, in 2017, about 13% of the population were under-nourished. The data available indicate that 20% of rural families lived in a situation of food insecurity being 13% moderately and 7% severely. This information is to be up￾dated in the course of this year, with the Family Food Vulnerability Survey. (ISVAF, 2005). The country made an outstanding jour￾ney since independence, putting the food and nutritional security in the center of the Government agenda, at central, local and community levels by focusing on the planning with the preparation in 2002 of the frst strategic document for food and nutritional security (ENSA), up￾dated in 2014 for 2020, putting a greater emphasis on nutritional issues and the human right to adequate food (DHAA), whose law was approved by Parliament this month in Cabo Verde. It is noted as an important gain, the recent approval of the strategic plan for agricultural statis￾tics that will provide statistics essential to management of food and nutritional security, including the strengthening of governance of the National Council for Food and Nutritional Security created in 2013 to improve the mechanisms for co￾ordination of food and nutritional safety policies. To ensure food and nutritional security is possible, as acknowledged by the Cabo Verdean authorities. It requires good articulation and coordination among the various stakeholders involved in the sector, as policy priorities, fnancing and partnerships needs are identifed. THE National Food and Nutritional Security Strategy (ENSAN) by 2020 aims to ensure food and nutritional security through the achievement of the Adequate Food Human Right to the (DHAA). The ENSAN aims also to contribute to the improve￾ment of access to water, basic sanitation and other components of well-being, to increase agricultural production and fsheries in a sustainable way, improving the food supply mechanisms, improving the income of vulnerable populations for fnancial access to food, developing preventive measures and treatment of nutritional disorders, nutritional supple￾mentation, guidance and education to adopt healthy eating habits. Important instruments for strategic gover￾nance work towards the achievement 42 43 VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT also relevant to investment in technology, research and agricultural development. Due attention will be given to outsourcing the activity of rural extension and tech￾nical assistance, and the strengthening of vocational training in the areas of agriculture, forestry, livestock, sector, stimulating greater entrepreneurship, especially youth looking to have an inclusive approach to gender issues. The goal is to invest in advanced techniques and existing methods of production, promoting its adaptation to the agro-ecological conditions of Cabo Verde. During the PEDS cycle, i.e. between 2017 and 2021, agricultural production should grow slightly. In order to sustainably in￾crease production and productivity, farm incomes, and enhance adaptation and resilience against climate change and variability, innovations were introduced in none rain-fed agricultural practices of sub-humid and high humid areas. This approach has made it possible to increase the resistance of rain-fed prac￾tices to climatic shocks, as well as an improvement and scaled up quality pro￾duction, and proftability of the farms. To overcome the challenge of adaptation to climate change, increased resilience and reduction of risks in the agricultural sector, interventions in climatically smart agriculture are proposed, in￾cluding the use of renewable energy in agriculture, watershed planning with focus on rational management of water and soil resources, the development and adaptation of agro-forest-pastoral systems, the strengthening of research and development, the protection of coastal zones and alternative activities for women. At livestock level, priority will be given to short cycle breeds. With regard to the processing of agricultural products and livestock, the guidelines move towards the valuation value added in relation to agricultural and livestock products, with emphasis on increased production of value-added processed products. In the feld of agroforestry, interventions focus on the forests of protected areas and tree-planted perimeters with anti-ero￾sive soil protection measures. Biological/organic farming is an agri￾cultural model that is gaining a great reputation in recent years due to its environmental and social character, in this context, incentives for organic farming and the production of bio-food for special niche markets are granted. Promoting sustainable agriculture is one of the biggest challenges of Cabo Verde. Contributing to the appreciation of investments already carried out, par￾ticularly on mobilization of water, land use, research with integrated water re￾sources management, including the use of treated wastewater and desalinated water produced with moderate energy costs for renewable energies, the mo￾bilization of the youth population, and the paradigm shift for entrepreneurship. In addition, the appreciation of modern technologies and in particular the quality assurance, production regularity, in connection with the tourist market, in an effcient transportation context. remains low, against approximately 17% for the secondary sector and 61% for the tertiary sector. Agriculture, livestock and fshing continue to be the main economic activities in rural areas and the ones that most expose the rural populations to poverty. Approximately 40,000 people left agri￾culture and the vast majority migrated to urban centers, in particular to the tourist islands. The abandonment of agri￾culture is thus a striking phenomenon and may indicate failure of agricultural policies, taking into account the large investments made. However, sensitive progress is being made in the mass production of new technologies such as agriculture in the greenhouse and hydroponic units. The development of an agricultural row approach is a priority with the aware￾ness of the actors and the selection of more than 10 rows of vegetable and fruit crops, capacity building activities and the construction of post-harvest cen￾ters aimed at adding value, and aggre￾gating product value, as well as support in the organization of producers and production, making possible the emer￾gence of agricultural companies along the agricultural value chain. Post-harvest facilities will be included into an agricul￾ture logistics and technical assistance to agricultural production company, aiming at the quality and stability of agricultural products’ prices. Research and development has allowed for the adaptation and development of technologies, particularly in selecting a variety of vegetables, fruits, roots and tubers, which contribute for the increase, diversifcation and availability of agricultural production throughout the year. The Government's action focuses on a paradigm shift of rural development, with the disruption of the traditional vision and setup of an era of transfor￾mation and modernization of the agri￾cultural sector, which will be based on business agriculture, essentially turned to conquering the markets that require quality production with added value. For this reason, the following policy mea￾sures will be prioritized: To that end, the following policy measures will be prioritized: To increase productivity and production, in addition to the investment already made in road infrastructures, another set of interventions have been put in place, related to road construction for better access and connection of the production areas with the market. The improvement of inter-island transpor￾tation is one of the aspects in which a solution is being developed to enhance national agro-livestock production. In order to facilitate the production and distribution of products, negotiations are under way with Cabo Verde's de￾velopment partners for the creation of a large Agricultural Logistics Company; these centers will provide services di￾rectly linked to individual farmers or or￾ganized in cooperatives so as to serve as the warehouse of agricultural products towards the market. These are short- and medium-term challenges to improve quality and the enhancement of agricultural products, the development and award of quality labels and designation of origin, and is 44
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[ 2 ]
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38 5.3. ODS 2: Hambre cero Costa Rica ha mantenido desde la década de los años noventa una clara tendencia hacia la adopción del modelo de desarrollo sostenible y como parte de este, hacia una agricultura climáticamente inteligente que busca el uso de sistemas de producción de alimentos que contribuyan al mantenimiento de ecosistemas, fortalezcan la capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático, la gestión del riesgo y mejoren la calidad y acceso a la tierra, el suelo y el agua58. De acuerdo con encuestas nacionales de nutrición de 1996 y 2008-2009, se determinó que la desnutrición crónica en menores entre las edades de 1 - 4 años de edad, medido por el indicador Talla/Edad, pasó de 7.3% a 5.6%. Asimismo, en cuanto a la desnutrición, según el indicador de Peso/Edad, esta representó el 2.1% en 1996 y se redujo al 1.1% en 2008-2009 y en el indicador Peso/Talla se mantuvo en 7,3%. Por su parte, la prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad, según el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), en la población entre 5 a 12 años pasó de 14,9% en 1996 a 21,4% en 2008-2009. Para el mismo rango de edad, el Primer Censo Nacional de Peso y Talla del año 2016, evidenció que la población escolar presenta en promedio un 34,9% y un 31,4% de sobrepeso entre la población urbana y rural infantil, respectivamente. Asimismo, dicho censo concluyó que 118.078 estudiantes tenían sobrepeso u obesidad en 2016 y que los distritos con menor IDH son los que presentan mayor prevalencia de obesidad. En esa misma línea, la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición 2008-2009 estimó una prevalencia de 14,7% de sobrepeso y 6,1% de obesidad. En relación con la población adulta, el comportamiento del sobrepeso /obesidad alcanza una tasa de 64,5%. El 66% de las mujeres costarricenses entre 20 y 45 años son obesas o tienen sobrepeso; entre el grupo de 45 a 64 años la cifra asciende a 77,3%. En el caso de los hombres el 39,8% entre 20 y 44 años presentan sobrepeso y el 19,1% obesidad. En el grupo de 45 a 64 años, la proporción es de 49,2% con sobrepeso y 18,7% con obesidad. Estos resultados determinan que existe un ambiente obesogénico, que afecta a las familias costarricenses en un número creciente. En cuanto a la producción agropecuaria del país, esta se encuentra en zonas rurales en donde se evidencia una gran brecha socio-económica en comparación con las zonas urbanas. Debido a esto, existe un fuerte vínculo entre el sector agro y la pobreza rural por ingresos la cual representa aproximadamente el 25.7% de los hogares en esas zonas. El 58 Políticas, programas e iniciativas específicas para el abordaje del ODS 2 se encuentran en el Anexo 2. 39 mayor porcentaje de la población en condición de pobreza se encuentra en la Región Brunca, en el Sur del país. Algunas acciones específicas que ha implementado el país entre el 2015 al 2017, para el logro del ODS 2, bajo un enfoque multidimensional, asociando otros objetivos (1,4,5,8,9, 10, 12 y 13) (Figura 7) son las siguientes: iniciativas para el fomento de la agricultura familiar y reducción de la pobreza rural; iniciativas para mejorar la productividad de pequeños y medianos productores(as); iniciativas para una agricultura sostenible y resiliente; e iniciativas para la igualdad de género y el empoderamiento de mujeres rurales. Figura 7. Iniciativas multidimensionales del ODS 2 y su vinculación con otros ODS Fuente: elaboración propia 5.3.1. Iniciativas para fomentar la agricultura familiar y reducir la pobreza rural El Sector Público Agropecuario (SPA) está conformado por doce instituciones 59 cuya rectoría recae en el Ministro de Agricultura y Ganadería (MAG). Estos entes han implementado una serie de acciones para el fomento de la agricultura familiar por medio del apoyo a familias productoras en zonas rurales. En la actualidad, se registran aproximadamente 3.150 sistemas agro productivos beneficiarios de la agricultura familiar con enfoque de producción sostenible. Se han establecido módulos de producción agrícola y pecuaria, entrega de insumos, mejoramiento de sistemas productivos, materiales, equipamiento y micro-proyectos los cuales han beneficiado a 4.047 familias. 59 Estas instancias son: el MAG, el Instituto Nacional de Innovación y Transferencia en Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), el Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA), el Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado (SFE), la Oficina Nacional de Semilla (ONS), la Secretaría Ejecutiva de Planificación Sectorial Agropecuaria (SEPSA) y el Consejo Nacional de Clubes 4-S (CONAC) (todas ellas adscritas al MAG); se les añaden las instituciones sectoriales descentralizadas: el Instituto de Desarrollo Rural (INDER), el Consejo Nacional de Producción (CNP), el Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA), el Programa Integral de Mercadeo Agropecuario (PIMA), y el Instituto Costarricense de Pesca y Acuicultura (INCOPESCA). 40 Por otra parte, se han ejecutado proyectos para la adquisición de tierras para 121 familias, para la gestión agraria, regularización e infraestructura rural, crédito rural, seguridad alimentaria y otros proyectos destinados a 35.578 familias en zonas rurales. A su vez, se han desarrollado proyectos de alimentación escolar sustentada en proveedores del ámbito de agricultura familiares, los cuales simultáneamente benefician a 10.800 escolares y a 160 familias productoras. Con el fin de promover la articulación, coordinación y diálogo nacional para la incidencia, la construcción e implementación y el seguimiento de políticas públicas diferenciadas para la agricultura familiar se está fortaleciendo la „Red Costarricense de Agricultura Familiar‟ (REDCAF). Además, se implementó una prueba piloto de registro de la agricultura familiar dirigida a lograr el establecimiento de un Registro Nacional de Agricultores Familiares. En cuanto a la población joven en zonas rurales, se desarrolló una estrategia de inclusión de personas jóvenes en territorios rurales mediante su integración en los Consejos Territoriales de Desarrollo Rural (CTDR) y el desarrollo de proyectos productivos (huertas y granjas familiares y comunitarias) bajo un convenio entre el MAG y el Ministerio de Educación Pública (MEP) para establecer un Plan de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional en Colegios Técnicos Profesionales (CTP) orientados a la producción agropecuaria. 5.3.2. Iniciativas para la productividad Con el fin de duplicar la productividad agrícola y los ingresos de los productores de alimentos en pequeña escala, se han realizado actividades orientadas a la innovación y la transferencia tecnológica a 3.126 personas productoras de las cuales el 31% eran mujeres. Asimismo, se han creado créditos y otras fuentes de recursos económicos para las y los pequeños y medianos productores como: el „Programa de Renovación Cafetalera‟, el „Sistema de Banca para el Desarrollo‟, el „Programa de Transferencias Condicionadas‟ y „Crédito Rural‟. Además, se ha mejorado la capacidad del riego y el drenaje para pequeños productores. En cuanto a la comercialización y mercados, se ha implementado el „Programa de Abastecimiento Institucional‟ (PAI) el cual incrementó la demanda agraria de un 23% en 2015 a un 27.6% en 2016, generando 35.902 empleos directos y 106.620 empleos indirectos. También, se implementa el „Proyecto del Mercado Regional Chorotega‟ el cual está destinado a dinamizar la economía regional y el establecimiento de un centro de gestión de la oferta y la demanda agroalimentaria. 5.3.3. Iniciativas para una agricultura y ganadería sostenible y resiliente 41 Durante el periodo 2015- 2017, el país ha implementado la „Estrategia de Articulación Sectorial Agroambiental y de Cambio Climático‟ aprobada en el año 2016 por el Consejo Agropecuario Nacional (CAN), la cual aborda conjuntamente el sector de ambiente, energía, mares y ordenamiento territorial. En esta misma línea, se encuentra la „Estrategia Nacional de Ganadería Baja en Carbono y su Plan de Acción‟ NAMA Ganadería, para que el sector ganadero pueda contribuir a los efectos negativos del cambio climático por medio de la reducción de los gases del efecto invernadero y también la estrategia „NAMA Café‟ la cual busca la mitigación y adaptación del cambio climático del sector café promoviendo bajas emisiones de carbono en la producción. Adicionalmente, se ha implementado la „Agenda Agroambiental‟ realizada en el año 2016 por el MAG y MINAE con la cual se promueven las fuerzas intersectoriales para mitigar, adaptarse al cambio climática y reducir los riesgos asociados a fenómenos climáticos y meteorológicos extremos, haciendo énfasis en las zonas rurales. La Agenda comprende los siguientes ejes temáticos: manejo y gestión de paisajes productivos e inclusivos; aprovechamiento del recurso hídrico; gestión integral de territorio marino-costeros; esquemas de financiamiento; mecanismos de articulación sectorial e intersectorial; e investigación agroambiental aplicada. 5.3.4. Iniciativas para igualdad de género y empoderamiento de mujeres rurales La Red Sectorial de Género coordina la implementación del Plan Sectorial de Género 2015 - 2018 el cual facilita el acceso al Fondo de Fomento de Actividades Productivas y de Organización de las Mujeres (FOMUJERES), dirigido a proyectos ambientales, de agricultura orgánica, agricultura tradicional, pecuaria, pesca y acuicultura. Durante el año 2016, se beneficiaron 290 proyectos liderados por mujeres. 5.3.5. Desafíos nacionales identificados para la implementación del ODS 2 Para el cumplimiento de este ODS, se presentan desafíos sectoriales/ institucionales; desafíos en la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SAN); en la agricultura sostenible y resiliente; y finalmente, igualdad de género y empoderamiento de las mujeres rurales. Los desafíos en aspectos sectoriales/institucionales son los siguientes:  Mejorar la articulación de la institucionalidad sectorial e intersectorial la cual debe de establecerse a través de una estrategia país, que tenga por objetivo el desarrollo de mejores y más efectivas condiciones basadas en las afinidades de mandato, prioridades de política reflejadas en componentes programáticos y presupuestarios con rendición de cuentas. 42  Mejorar la ejecución presupuestaria, logrando trabajar con presupuestos plurianuales para mejorar la calidad de la planificación a cargo de las instituciones.  Potenciar las alianzas público- privadas como medio para mejorar la gobernanza. Los desafíos para fomentar la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SAN) son:  Disminuir la pobreza y desigualdad, especialmente en las áreas costeras y fronterizas y entre la población de los grupos indígenas al mejorar y hacer más equitativo el apoyo del Estado al productor rural y priorizar los cantones donde la concentración de empleo en el agro está relacionada con la proporción de hogares con Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas (NBI).  Definir y ejecutar políticas públicas intersectoriales para detener el aumento del sobrepeso y la obesidad, adulta e infantil por medio de la articulación de acciones de todos los actores sociales, participación de la sociedad civil, reconociendo que es un problema que trasciende a los sectores de la salud y la educación.  Aumentar la productividad enfatizando la agricultura orgánica o agroecológica y la figura de la agricultura familiar y de baja escala; mejorar la distribución y tenencia de la tierra; fomentar el uso de tecnología y de semillas de alta calidad y riego eficiente; y desarrollar un programa de apoyo al productor orgánico para el acceso a mercados locales.  Mejorar la infraestructura vial, caminos rurales, obras de almacenamiento, riego y drenaje considerando la variabilidad climática y los efectos futuros del cambio climático.  Mejorar la integración a las cadenas de valor para reducir las condiciones desiguales que afectan o impiden la inserción del pequeño y mediano productor.  Formalizar el Programa Integral de Abastecimiento de Agua para Guanacaste (PIAAG).  Modernizar el Sistema Nacional de Información en Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SINSAN) y hacerlo más accesible para las y los usuarios.  Disponer de un registro nacional de Agricultura Familiar, para facilitar la implementación de políticas públicas diferenciadas de acuerdo a sus tipologías.  Establecer un programa de buenas prácticas agrícolas y certificación pública de inocuidad de la producción. 43 Entre los desafíos planteados para la agricultura y ganadería sostenible y resiliente para el desarrollo de capacidades en producción sostenible, adaptación al cambio climático y gestión del riesgo de desastres, se encuentran los siguientes:  Fomentar la ganadería sostenible con enfoque climático al favorecer el escalamiento de sus componentes en 1.800 fincas ganaderas y la diferenciación comercial de productos ganaderos amigables con el ambiente.  Crear una herramienta de tipo „Pago por Servicios Ambientales‟ (PSA) para café y ganadería.  Disminución de pérdidas y desperdicios de alimentos al crearse las políticas públicas y estructuras de gestión que permitan asumir este desafío como un compromiso del Estado, buscando convertir estas acciones en un medio de reducción de la pobreza rural y el mejoramiento de la SAN.  Aplicar las „Acciones de Mitigación Apropiadas al País‟ (NAMA) a otras actividades del sector, que se consideran altamente contaminantes y con potencial de mitigación de Gases del Efecto Invernadero (GEI).  Dar cumplimiento a la „Estrategia de Articulación Sectorial Agroambiental y de Cambio Climático y a la Agenda Agroambiental‟.  Mejorar las capacidades del sector en la gestión del riesgo y la adaptación ante el cambio climático.  Gestionar un mejor ordenamiento de las actividades del sector pesquero y acuícola y fortalecimiento de las comunidades de pescadores de pequeña escala.  Fortalecer las capacidades en Ciencia y Tecnología al establecer centros de información y conocimiento, a cargo de Instituto de Desarrollo Rural (INDER), basados en información intersectorial a nivel territorial, orientados al servicio al productor. Finalmente, los desafíos para la igualdad de género y empoderamiento de las mujeres rurales son:  Promover la incorporación del enfoque de género en todos los instrumentos de política del sector.  Generar estadísticas diferenciadas para hombres y mujeres con el fin de implementar iniciativas específicas para estas últimas.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "cri", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-cri-2017-es-2.pdf", "language": "es", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2017 }
OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE COSTA RICA 2020 “DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE EN ACCIÓN: LA RUTA HACIA LA SOSTENIBILIDAD” 128 ODS 2: Poner fin al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible El ODS 2 en Costa Rica presenta avances favorables, entre ellos: en el trienio 2015-2017, se registran 220 mil personas que sufren de subalimentación y representan una proporción del 4,4% de la población, inferior en 1,2 pp equivalente a 80.000 personas menos al trienio 2014-2016. En cuanto, al ingreso medio por hora en el sector agropecuario mostró una tendencia creciente para el período 2015- 2018, así para el total registró un crecimiento del 8,5%, mientras que para el empleador de 2 a 5 personas fue de 9,7% y para el de 6 a 9 empleados fue del 17,5%, explicado en parte por una mayor productividad y mejores condiciones de mercado que garantizan una mayor colocación de sus productos, tanto a nivel interno como internacional, donde sus exportaciones crecieron en 6,2% como promedio para 90 Representa el monto mínimo requerido para que una persona pueda satisfacer las necesidades básicas alimentarias y no alimentarias, incluidas en una canasta de bienes y servicios diferenciada para la zona urbana y rural. 91 El INEC define a las personas en pobreza por LP como aquellas que registran un ingreso per cápita igual o inferior al costo per cápita de la Canasta Básica Alimentaria (CBA) ubicados en extrema pobreza y los hogares de pobreza no extrema tienen un ingreso per cápita igual o inferior a la línea de pobreza, pero superior al costo per cápita de la Canasta Básica Alimentaria (CBA) o línea de extrema pobreza. Por su parte, las personas que se clasifican en Hogares no pobres son los que tienen un ingreso per cápita que les permite cubrir sus necesidades básicas alimentarias y no alimentarias por lo que su ingreso per cápita es superior al valor de la línea de pobreza. SEGUNDO INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO el período en referencia y adicionado a ello por apoyo institucional en procesos de capacitación, asistencia técnica y transferencia tecnológica. El país cuenta con importantes instrumentos que han venido orientando las diversas acciones para disminuir la subalimentación que son: Política Nacional para la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional 2011-2021 (SAN) y el Plan Estratégico para la Seguridad Alimentaria, Nutrición y Erradicación del Hambre, 2025 y más recientemente con la Política Nacional de Producción y Consumo Sostenibles 2018 -2030.
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[ 2 ]
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64 65 I INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO CUBA 2021 PARTE III. ESTADO DE IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LOS ODS EN CUBA METAS 2.1 Acceso universal a alimentos sanos y nutritivos. 2.2 Terminar con todas las formas de desnutrición. 2.3 Doblar productividad e ingresos de pequeños productores de alimentos. 2.4 Producción de alimentos sostenible y prácticas agrícolas resilientes. 2.5 Mantener la diversidad genética en la producción de alimentos. 2a. Invertir en infraestructura rural, investigación agrícola, tecnologías y bancos de genes. 2b. Evitar restricciones al comercio agrícola, distorsiones del mercado y subsidios a la exportación. 2b. Garantizar mercado de productos estable y acceso oportuno a la información. En Cuba, la soberanía alimentaria constituye una prioridad de la política social. Incluso en las condiciones de mayores restricciones económicas, se garantiza a la totalidad de las familias un nivel de alimentación a precios asequibles, de acuerdo con las disponibilidades totales de productos alimenticios y teniendo en cuenta los reque - rimientos nutricionales de grupos vulnerables (niños y niñas, adultos mayores, gestantes y enfermos crónicos). La canasta familiar normada que reciben todos los cubanos y cubanas, incluye 19 productos alimenticios de pri - mera necesidad, que se distribuyen de acuerdo a los grupos etarios y las zonas urbanas y rurales. ODS 2 Poner fin al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible En todas las comunida - des, se realizan accio - nes de promoción de la lactancia materna; de prevención de la anemia y las deficiencias nutri - cionales en los niños, con especial atención a los más vulnerables, me - diante alimentos y suple - mentos nutricionales; así como de prevención de la obesidad y el sobrepeso, a través de la vigilancia y la educación nutricional. 66 67 I INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO CUBA 2021 PARTE III. ESTADO DE IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LOS ODS EN CUBA 7,4% DISPERSOS Tales esfuerzos han permitido el progreso sostenido de Cuba en las metas 2.1 y 2.2: y Cuba es el quinto país entre los 14 primeros que han logrado reducir el índice del hambre y la desnutri￾ción de manera sostenida por varios años (FAO, 2018). y Eliminación de la desnutrición infantil severa. y Índice de niños con bajo peso al nacer inferior a 5,5 % desde el año 2005, con un comportamiento homo￾géneo en todos los territorios. y Porcentaje de niños menores de 5 años con baja talla de 7,1 % y prevalencia del bajo peso en menores de cinco años de 0,2 %. y Existencia de siete bancos de leche humana para bebés en hospitales maternos provinciales. y Tasa de mortalidad materna por anemia en 2019 de 0,9 por 100 mil nacidos vivos. y Índice de prevalencia de la malnutrición de 2 % por debajo de >-2 desviaciones estándar de los patrones de referencia (emaciación) y de 10,3 % >+2 desviaciones estándar (sobrepeso) en una muestra de 5 mil 297 niños cubanos, según la Encuesta CUBA/MICS 2020. GRÁFICO III.2.1. ESTRUCTURA DE TENENTES DE TIERRA ENTRE PERSONAS NATURALES % Fuente: ONEI Por otro lado, la degradación progresiva de los re￾cursos naturales y la alta dependencia energética de combustibles fósiles afectan la producción e imponen retos para el logro de la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción de alimentos (meta 2.4). El 70 % de la superficie agrícola se encuentra con bajo contenido de materia orgánica y el 60 % y 58 %, respectivamente, bajos en fósforo y potasio asimilables. El 43 % pre￾senta afectaciones por erosión;27 3,4 millones de hec￾táreas son afectadas por acidez y se registran más de un millón de hectáreas salinas o salinizadas (15 % de la superficie agrícola). A su vez, el 16 % y 17 % de los suelos están clasificados como muy productivos y pro￾ductivos, respectivamente, concentrándose el 66 % restante en las categorías de medianamente producti￾vos (21 %) y poco productivos (46 %). El Programa Nacional de Conservación y Mejora￾miento de Suelos ha beneficiado 1 millón 13 mil 450 ha con prácticas de manejo sostenible de suelos y prin￾cipios de agricultura de conservación, que equivale al 32,5 % de la superficie cultivada del país. Existen va￾rios centros de investigación que trabajan el mejora￾miento orgánico de los suelos, fruto de la inversión en el área del conocimiento para optimizar el rendimien￾to de la tierra. Para 2030 se proyecta alcanzar un área beneficiada que corresponda al 60 % de la superficie cultivada total del país. Sin embargo, la consecución de la seguridad ali￾mentaria en Cuba enfrenta importantes desafíos. La insuficiente producción nacional de alimentos (en cantidad, variedad, calidad), la baja productividad y rendimientos productivos y la elevada dependencia de las importaciones para cubrir las necesidades ali￾mentarias evidencian brechas en cuanto al alcance de la meta 2.3. A ello se adicionan las grandes pérdidas del sector agropecuario ocasionadas por el impacto de eventos hidro-meteorológicos extremos y el cambio climático. En los últimos años se aprecia una contrac￾ción y estancamiento de la producción agropecuaria en la mayoría de los rubros esenciales para la alimen￾tación, así como el deterioro de los rendimientos en el quinquenio 2015-2019. Adicionalmente, constituye un desafío para el país la necesidad de elevar el porcentaje de superficie agrí￾cola cultivada, el cual al cierre de 2019 solo alcanzó el 49 % con respecto a la superficie agrícola total (3 millones 120 mil 926 ha). En esta dirección, aun cuan￾do el Estado es mayoritariamente propietario de las tierras, su gestión se ha ido diversificando para garan￾tizar un mejor aprovechamiento. En la actualidad, el Estado gestiona el 27 % de estas, mientras el 73 % res￾tante es gestionado por el sector no estatal (41 % por cooperativas y 32 % por privados). Ello ha sido resultado de la política de entrega de tierras en usufructo, la cual se ha ido perfeccionando en los últimos años. Entre 2008 y hasta diciembre de 2020, se entregaron en usufructo 2 millones 521 mil 549 hectáreas, a 291 mil 386 usufructuarios; de ellas, 380 mil 381 hectáreas fueron entregadas a 36 mil 667 usufructuarios por el Decreto Ley 358/2018. Al cierre de 2019, 404 mil 445 personas naturales son tenentes de tierras, de los cuales el 92 % es propietario o usu￾fructuario (Gráfico III.2.1). Uno de los mayores desafíos que enfrenta la gestión sostenible de la tierra y la producción de alimentos en Cuba es la baja proporción de superficie agrícola bajo riego. Esta representa el 9,26 % con relación a la super￾ficie agrícola total y 19 % de la superficie cultivada (592 mil 785 ha). Se proyecta para el periodo 2020-2030 llegar al 30 %, con lo cual los rendimientos agrícolas y ganaderos se incrementarían notablemente. Para enfrentar los desafíos de este ODS, se han aprobado desde 2015 disímiles políticas públicas y/o programas de desarrollo a favor de la agricultura cuba￾na (Recuadro III.2.1). 27 Si se refiere a la erosión potencial, el porcentaje se eleva hasta el 56 %. 27% GESTIONADA POR EL ESTADO 41% GESTIONADA POR COOPERATIVAS 32% GESTIONADA POR PRIVADOS 49% SUPERFICIE AGRÍCOLA CULTIVADA 68,2% USUFRUCTUARIOS 24,1% PROPIETARIOS 0,3% ARRENDATARIOS 68 69 I INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO CUBA 2021 PARTE III. ESTADO DE IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LOS ODS EN CUBA POLÍTICAS APROBADAS y Plan de Soberanía Alimentaria y Nutricional y Programa de la Agricultura Urbana, Suburbana y Familiar y Política de Recursos Fitogenéticos y Semillas y Política para la Genética Animal y los Recursos Zoogenéticos y Perfeccionamiento del Sistema de Sanidad Animal de Cuba y Conservación, mejoramiento y manejo sostenible de los suelos y uso de fertilizantes y Mecanización, riego, drenaje agrícola y abasto de agua a los animales y Perfeccionamiento de la base productiva (cooperativas) y la autorización a los productores para contratar fuerza de trabajo y Entrega de tierras estatales ociosas en usufructo gratuito, modificada recientemente PROGRAMAS EN EJECUCIÓN y Programa para el desarrollo arrocero y Programa de desarrollo tabacalero y Programa de cítricos y frutales y Programa de desarrollo de café, cacao y miel de abejas y Programa de recuperación de la ganadería bovina y Programa de incremento de la producción de carne porcina y Programa de incremento de la producción de alimento animal con materias primas nacionales y Programa de incremento de la producción de papa y Programa de generalización de la experiencia de polos productivos exportadores agropecuarios POLÍTICAS EN PROCESO DE APROBACIÓN y Política para organizar los polos productivos agropecuarios y Política para impulsar el desarrollo de las cooperativas y Política Forestal y flora y fauna silvestre y Política para el autoabastecimiento municipal y Política de bienestar animal y Política para la producción, desarrollo y utilización de Bioproductos de uso agrícola FUENTE: MINAG RECUADRO III.2.1. POLÍTICAS Y PROGRAMAS DE DESARROLLO DE LA AGRICULTURA CUBANA También se han desarrollado y puesto en práctica estrategias para reducir al mínimo la erosión genética y salvaguardar la diversidad genética. Según lo reporta￾do al Sistema Mundial de Información y Alerta Rápida sobre los Recursos Fitogenéticos para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (WIEWS),29 el número de recursos ge￾La Política de Recursos Fitogenéticos y Semillas ( julio de 2018) ha garantizado el soporte para conser￾var, proteger, mejorar y utilizar los recursos fitoge￾néticos, producir semillas de calidad para contribuir a incrementar los rendimientos en las producciones agrícolas y forestales28 con resultados satisfactorios de cara al logro de la meta 2.5. En ese sentido, para 2020 se mantiene la diversidad genética de las espe￾cies vegetales cultivadas y de los animales de granja y domesticados y de las especies silvestres emparenta￾das, incluidas otras especies de valor socioeconómico y cultural. 28 Para dar cumplimiento a la Política Recursos Fitogenéticos y Semillas se elaboró un marco regulatorio, conformado por el Decreto Ley No. 388 del 7 de octubre de 2019 «De Recursos Fitogenéticos para la Alimentación y la Agricultura y Semillas» y el Decreto No. 10 del 17 de julio de 2020 Reglamento del Decreto Ley No.388 «De Recursos Fitogenéticos para la Alimentación y la Agricultura y Semillas». Ello permite fortalecer los marcos legales y contraven￾cionales en materia de protección de la diversidad biológica, que corresponde a la meta 8 del Programa Nacional de Diversidad para el periodo 2016-2020. 29 Para dar cumplimiento a la Política Recursos Fitogenéticos y Semillas se elaboró un marco regulatorio, conformado por el Decreto Ley No. 388 del 7 de octubre de 2019 «De Recursos Fitogenéticos para la Alimentación y la Agricultura y Semillas» y el Decreto No. 10 del 17 de julio de 2020 Reglamento del Decreto Ley No.388 «De Recursos Fitogenéticos para la Alimentación y la Agricultura y Semillas». Ello permite fortalecer los marcos legales y contraven￾cionales en materia de protección de la diversidad biológica, que corresponde a la meta 8 del Programa Nacional de Diversidad para el periodo 2016-2020. 30 El Centro de Investigaciones para el Mejoramiento de la Ganadería Tropical, coordinador nacional, mantiene actualizada las existencias de los recursos zoogenéticos y garantiza los informes solicitados por la FAO. 31 Existe un programa para recuperar la raza Crimuosin y Brasford y la Cabra Criolla (categoría amenazada mantenida), razas creadas y localmente adapta￾das, y para las razas equinas existe un programa de recuperación para la raza Cubano de Paso y Patibarcino en categoría de amenazada. néticos vegetales y animales para la alimentación y la agricultura preservados en instalaciones de conserva￾ción a mediano y largo plazos ha mantenido una ten￾dencia creciente en Cuba, alcanzando un total de 19 mil 378 recursos fitogenéticos en diciembre de 2019 (Gráfico III.2.2). GRÁFICO III.2.2. RECURSOS GENÉTICOS VEGETALES Y ANIMALES El acceso de los productores a los recursos zooge￾néticos se garantiza a través de la compra de semen, la adquisición de reproductores y la producción de su auto-reemplazo. Existe, además, una reserva de semen de 39 genotipos en los vacunos, que permite enfren￾tar los cambios de tecnología; y se proyecta el Banco de Germoplasma para asegurar la conservación de se￾men, embriones y ovocitos fecundados.30 Como parte integral del Programa, están definidas las especies o razas a conservar in-situ y ex-situ. Se tra￾baja en nueve especies de interés económico –bovina, bufalina, equina, ovina, caprina, porcina, cunícola, aví￾cola y apícola– y se desarrollan con programas de me￾jora o de conservación 100 razas, en estado de pureza o en formación. Se identifican las razas y variedades locales consideradas en riesgo de extinción y se desa￾rrollan programas de recuperación. De las 18 razas bo￾vinas entre puras y en formación presentes en el país, trece se encuentran sin riesgo, dos amenazadas y tres amenazadas críticas. En esta última categoría, clasifi￾can también seis razas equinas de un total de 20, una raza ovina y una caprina.31 En el perfeccionamiento de los programas de conservación y mejora de los recursos zoogenéticos y en las vías para lograr el acceso a la mejora genética de los productores, previstos en la estrategia, traba￾jan de forma integrada un número importante de or￾ganizaciones y centros de todo el país para mantener 19 500 19 000 18 500 18 000 17 500 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Fuente: Minag 70 71 I INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO CUBA 2021 PARTE III. ESTADO DE IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LOS ODS EN CUBA y salvaguardar la diversidad genética de las especies autóctonas y las de valor socioeconómico para el año 2030. El desarrollo de los programas agroalimentarios se respalda con un programa inversionista financia￾do por préstamos externos y capital propio, donde tienen un peso primordial el arrocero, el de granos (frijol y maíz), el de cítricos y frutales, el ganadero, el de producción de viandas y hortalizas y el de café. En ese sentido, se han acometido inversiones en todos los eslabones de las cadenas productivas, dirigidas al mejoramiento de la infraestructura logística; la mo￾dernización e introducción de tecnologías, así como la modernización y construcción de nuevas industrias procesadoras de alimentos, en función de revertir gra￾dualmente el elevado nivel de obsolescencia y deterio￾ro del plantel industrial cubano. Adicionalmente, se trabaja en 61 proyectos con IED en el sector agrope￾cuario y forestal, de ellos uno en la Zona Especial de Desarrollo Mariel.32 Entre 2013 y 2019, se han ejecutado 3 mil 14 mi￾llones de pesos, con un crecimiento promedio de las inversiones del 4,8 % anual, muestra de la voluntad del país para desarrollar los programas del sector, independientemente de la falta de financiamiento externo. En julio de 2020, el gobierno aprobó el Plan Nacio￾nal de Soberanía Alimentaria y Educación Nutricio￾nal,33 con el objetivo de lograr una gestión de trabajo del Estado que facilite la organización de sistemas ali￾mentarios locales, soberanos y sostenibles que inte￾gren la producción, transformación, comercialización y consumo de alimentos y el fomento de una cultura alimentaria y educación nutricional que contribuya al logro de una población saludable. Con dicho Programa se busca promover una mayor autonomía y protagonismo de las autoridades territo￾riales y la participación ciudadana en los procesos de gestión del desarrollo local, así como fomentar la crea￾ción de sistemas locales de innovación que articulen actores de la administración pública, el sector empre￾sarial, el sector no estatal, la esfera educacional y la población en general. De esta manera, el país avanza en la integración de resultados de la ciencia y la tec￾nología en la producción de alimentos, para lo cual se han estrechado los vínculos de científicos y expertos con las instituciones públicas asociadas al sector agro￾alimentario. 32 El monto de inversiones estimado en estos proyectos es superior a 2 mil millones de dólares. En la actualidad, 28 de esas inversiones tienen identificados socios extranjeros y en 14 ya fueron aprobadas sus directivas por el órgano decisor. 33 Elaborado con la participación de 22 ministerios, 12 grupos empresariales, 27 entidades de ciencia, tecnología e innovación, 11 organizaciones de la sociedad civil y cinco organismos internacionales, entre ellos, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) que acompañó la formulación desde el punto de vista metodológico y sobre la base de las experiencias en la construcción de planes de seguridad alimentaria en la región, en el marco del programa cofinanciado por la Unión Europea «Impacto, Resiliencia, Sostenibilidad y Transformación para la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional» (First, por sus siglas en inglés) y con la colaboración de OXFAM Internacional.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "cub", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-cub-2021-es-2.pdf", "language": "es", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2021 }
16 SDG 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Access to safe food in sufficient nutrition quality and quantity is fundamental for the daily life of every citizen. While in Cyprus hunger does not constitute a problem, due to the 2013 financial crisis, 2500 families were supported by various food banks in order to cover their daily needs. Though the number of the families in need has now decreased, such welfare efforts for the support of our most vulnerable citizens must continue. The nutritional status of people living in Cyprus is generally good. However, nutritional disorders￾primarily related to unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity are a challenge, especially for children’s proper development. The Department of Agriculture is facing this challenge by being involved in the EU programme for fruits, vegetables, milk and milk products supply to a significant 17 percentage of school students according to the Regulations (EU) 1308/2013, 39/2017, 40/2017. The Department of Agriculture is also responsible for the withdrawal of citrus fruits and their free distribution to schools and approved charity institutions according to the Regulations (EU) 921/2016 and 376/2017. Food safety is a fundamental strategy of the EU and specific attention is given to the legislative settlement and monitoring of all of the different scales of food production from the field until the final consumer. Specific improvements towards the target of quality production of agricultural products are expected through the Rural Development Programme 2014-2020 (RDP), where, beyond other measures for market information and promotion, investments on certification of quality production systems locally or nationally, are encouraged. The contribution of the agricultural sector to the GDP in Cyprus results, with small fluctuations, to an average of 3% (mainly agricultural crops and livestock farming), a limited percentage due to the fast growth of other economy sectors in the recent past. Nevertheless, agricultural products (primary and secondary sectors) contribution to the total exports value, is approximately 37%. Agriculture in Cyprus faces several additional challenges, compared to mainland countries. The basic problems arise from the fact that, Cyprus as a small and rather isolated Mediterranean island, is more vulnerable to climate change. Cyprus has a semi-arid climate and limited water resources which depend mainly on rainfall, which is unevenly distributed with considerable regional variations. Moreover, water resources are scarce and expensive to exploit and droughts occur frequently. Further problems which adversely affect the equitable and efficient management of agricultural investments in Cyprus are the small size of holdings and the agricultural land parcelling (5 parcels per holding on average, accounting for 75,1% of the farms have an average size of less than 2 ha per holding), as well as the low agricultural education level and the age-related structure of the agricultural sector (only 2,6% of the farm-leaders are less than 35 years old, while most Cypriot farmers are more than 55 years old). Strengthening the competiveness of the primary and secondary agricultural sectors and reviving the Cypriot countryside while protecting the environment form part of the national priority for rural development. The RDP 2014-2020, co-funded by the EU, is the basic strategic tool through which agriculture’s multifunctional objectives are supported for the modernization and the improvement of competiveness of the agricultural sector. The RDP 2014-2020 aims to encourage young people (under 40 years old) to get involved in the agricultural production, through the adoption of several financial measures for the first establishment, agricultural investments funding and agriculture oriented education, as well as innovation and transfer of knowledge. Specific attention is also given to family oriented agricultural enterprises, while special measures have also been adopted to encourage agriculture related investments on mountainous and arid areas, aiming to prevent land abandonment and degradation and to revive rural population. Cyprus’ specific goals and strategies for increasing sustainable food production through targeted agricultural investments and innovation are also included in the RDP 2014-2020. Specific efforts are implemented for the rise of the sheep/goat milk productivity and other agricultural products for local food consumption markets but also for export oriented purposes in order to facilitate the revival of Cyprus economy. Young farmers as leaders and entrepreneurs through the implementation of innovative agricultural production systems are encouraged to invest in the rise of the sustainable productivity of Cyprus agriculture sector. Organic farming and the transitional period during the transformation from conventional farming towards organic farming is also promoted through RDP 2014-2020 as an important tool towards sustainable and climate-smart agriculture. Organic farming in Cyprus occupied 3, 71% of the utilisable agricultural area in 2015 and its further development is targeted. Moreover, in order to reduce pollution from production, where there is significant potential for improvement, 10 different agro-environment and agro-climatic measures are included in the RDP towards decrease of agrochemical inputs in the agricultural production; agricultural fields rotation; agricultural land use reclamation concerning the smart use of irrigation water reserves; conservation of natural landscapes, habitats, genetic resources and preservation of crop diversity. Such measures will also progressively improve the agricultural land and soil quality for sustainable agriculture. Regarding the contribution of agriculture in climate change, the 18 Department of Agriculture has submitted recently a specific study on the efficient use of energy in specific sectors of agriculture in Cyprus. Cyprus has banned genetically modified organisms (GMOs) farming in its territory. Towards its commitment for the preservation of crop diversity and domesticated animals, the Agricultural Research Institute (ARI) runs a significant Gene Bank/Herbarium of more than 12000 named specimens of plant genetic resources. As national coordinator, ARI, cooperates with Biodiversity International mainly through the participation in the European Cooperative Programme FOR Plant Genetic Resources and other international and national organizations. ARI is also the National Focal Point in the European Internet Search Catalogue, the national correspondent for the FAO-World Information and Early Warning System on Plant Genetic Resources and the national representative to the Committee established by the EU Council Regulation 870/2004. ARI is also a partner in the “Trust project” for collecting, protecting and preparing crop wild relatives. Moreover, ARI is involved in improvement, breeding, evaluation, conservation and management of plant genetic resources and domesticated animals. It maintains in protected environments several mother plant species for basic fruit tree propagation material and operates animal research farms. Also the DA maintains reference fruit tree fields and protected environment establishments in order to cover farmers’ needs in certified fruit tree propagation material. In order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries and despite its small size, and limited resources, Cyprus has signed bilateral agreements with developing countries for mutual cooperation in several sectors including the agricultural production, agricultural research and plant and livestock gene banks. CAs a member of EU, Cyprus is firmly committed to the promotion of open and fair trade with all its trading partners. The EU has specific trade policies in place for all its partners and abides by the global rules on international trade set out by the WTO. All former export subsidies were lifted upon Cyprus’ accession to the EU in 2004 and support is provided to exporters only by market information practices and assistance for participation in related international fairs. Furthermore, Cyprus has also adopted the EU single market rules which are strengthening competiveness in all aspects of the economy, including specific efforts for legislative control of unfair trading practices in agriculture. Cyprus has also implemented relevant efforts that promote the use of local food systems based on short circuits between producers and consumers. In conclusion, with the Rural Development Programme put in place and its EU participation, Cyprus can point to fairly good progress and will continue to work for the full achievement of this sustainable development goal, implementing related European and national policies and reviewing progress made.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "cyp", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-cyp-2017-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2017 }
44 DEVELOPMENT IN NUMBERS VNR 2017 VNR 2020 2017-2020 Growth SDG02 – ZERO HUNGER OVERALL IMPLEMENTATION LEVEL (%) 55.43 53.88 -2.80% Obesity Rate - Obese: BMI ≥ 30 (% of population aged 18 or over) 14.5 14.7 1.4% Government Support to Agricultural Research and Development (Euro per inhabitant) 7.0 6.6 -5.7% Area Under Organic Farming (% of total utilised agricultural area) 3.7 5.0 33.9% Gross Nutrient Balance on Agricultural Land – Nitrogen (kg per hectare utilised agricultural area) 194.3 194.0 -0.2% Ammonia Emissions from Agriculture (kg per hectare utilised agricultural area) 59.5 51.3 -13.8% Note: Green shows an improvement of the indicator, while red shows a decline in progress. White colour shows a stable perormance. 45 ZERO HUNGER SDG 2 | End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Highlights – 2020 • Cyprus faces great challenges in the area of food security and nutrition, with the overall implementation of this SDG being one of the lowest in implementation, falling to 53.88% in 2020 from the already low 55.42% in 2017. • Agricultural Production is severely afected by climate change. • Intensive cultivation results in the substantial degradation of agricultural land. • While adult obesity is consistent with EU levels, the overweight and obesity level among six to nine-year-olds is extremely high, with about 43 % of children falling in this category. Covid Response • Hunger occurred due to a decrease in income and reduced food availability, especially among the self-employed. • Poorer nutrition among children from vulnerable groups due to the interruption of the school meals Scheme. • Lower demand for food due to the disruption of the tourist sector activities. Looking Ahead • Substantial investments have been included in the RRP and the Agricultural Plan aiming to improve the uniqueness and competitiveness of the primary sector, and improving the yield, eficiency and profitability of the sector. • Eforts are being made to modernise and expand the infrastructure supporting the agriculture, farming, horticulture, and aquaculture of Cyprus. • Additional eforts to reduce agricultural contribution to greenhouse gas emissions through the development of innovative practices and an eficient monitoring system. • The Government has prepared a national plan to introduce healthy eating courses for school-aged children. EU RANK TREND MALNUTRITION Obesity Rate (Overweight: BMI ≥ 25) 8 Obesity Rate (Obese: BMI ≥ 30) 6 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION Agricultural Factor Income per Annual Work Unit 14 Government Support to Agricultural Research and Development 7 Area Under Organic Farming 20 Harmonised Risk Indicator for Pesticides 25 Gross Nutrient Balance on Agricultural Land (Nitrogen) 27 Gross Nutrient Balance on Agricultural Land (Phosphorus) 27 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION Ammonia Emissions from Agriculture 25 Nitrate (ΝO3) in Groundwater 12 Estimated Soil Erosion by Water 20 Note: Data comes from the Statistical Service of Cyprus. EU rank presents the rank of Cyprus among the EU member states, for the most recent available year. Trend presents the 10-year trend from 2010-2019. Pos, Neg, Neg-Pos, and, Pos-Neg indicate a positive, a negative, a U-shape and an inverse U-shape trend, respectively. Green arrows indicate an improvement in the perormance of Cyprus and red arrows indicate a decline in the perormance of Cyprus. indicates a constant trend. : indicates that the trend is not calculated, because less than 8 years of data are available. 46 of phosphorus per hectare of utilised agricultural area in Cyprus, whereas the EU equivalent is 44.1 kg of nitrogen and 0.8 kg of phosphorus. It is very apparent that the policy of Cyprus needs to be greatly refined in order for the country to protect its valuable natural assets. Similarly, the indicators showing the impact of agricultural production on the environment place Cyprus among the last countries within the EU. Specifically, in Cyprus we observe 51.3 kg (20 kg – EU) of ammonia per hectare of utilised agricultural area, 42.1 mg (23 mg – EU) of nitrate per litre and 6.5% (5.3% – EU) of (estimated) soil erosion by water. A silver lining which can be noted here is the fact that Cyprus ranks 7th among EU countries in Government support to agriculture research and development. The Cyprus Government spent €6.6 per inhabitant relative to the EU average of €6.5 (see Figure 11). This relatively high R&D expenditure is expected to ameliorate the position of Cyprus in the promotion of sustainable agricultural production. In addition, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) drives Cyprus towards sustainable food production, sustainable farm management and environmentally and climate-friendly practices and methods. NARRATIVE Cyprus ranks in the lowest positions among EU countries in relation to sustainable agriculture. It is severely afected by climate change, putting at risk both the safety and adequacy of domestically produced food and livestock production. Rising temperatures, declining rainfall and extreme weather events are the main threats faced by farming today. In addition, the lack of irrigation water and new diseases exert destructive pressures on agricultural development, while intensive cultivation results in the substantial degradation of agricultural land, posing a threat on biodiversity. In general, Cyprus’ agriculture sector is characterised by low productivity, increased fragmentation, an aging population of farmers, and a limited use of technology. Obesity is a growing concern for children and adolescents due to unhealthy habits. One in seven adults (about 14 %) were obese in 2017 –a share similar to the EU average. Very high overweight and obesity levels among Cypriot children are much more concerning, with data showing that among six- to nine-year old children, about 20% were obese in 2015-17, and 43% were obese or overweight (these figures apply to both boys and girls) (WHO Regional Ofice for Europe, 2018). A scheme is in place in an efort to encourage healthy eating habits. The main objectives of the school scheme is to encourage fruit, vegetables, and fresh milk consumption instead of the consumption of industrialised products, to strengthen the knowledge of children on fruit, vegetables, and fresh milk products, in the short- and long-term period and to contribute to a proper diet for the benefit of the health of the residents of Cyprus. ANALYSIS Cyprus faces substantial challenges in the promotion of sustainable agricultural production. The country ranks in the lowest positions among EU countries in almost all the relevant indicators. In particular, the harmonised risk indicator for pesticides in Cyprus was 134, whereas in the EU it was 83, maintaining a low level all along (see Figure 10). Another worrying finding is that Cyprus ranks last among EU countries in the indicators measuring nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural land, causing surace and groundwater pollution. In particular, there are a 194 kg of nitrogen and 32 kg 134.0 83.0 50 70 90 110 130 150 Cyprus EU index,averagefor2011 2013= 100 - Figure 10.: Harmonised risk indicator for pesticides, for all groups of active substances Figure 11.: Government support to agricultural research and development 6.6 6.5 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 Cyprus EU Europer inhabitant 47 GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) • Cyprus CAP Strategic Plan for the period 2023–2027 is currently under preparation. The provisions under the new CAP require an enhanced Green Architecture and the consideration of Farm to Fork Strategy of the EU. • Cyprus will address all 9 specific objectives of CAP including measures for investments to new practices and technology in order to increase productivity, investments for the use of renewable energy in agriculture, investments in reducing emissions from animal husbandry, investments in circular economy. • Agri-environmental measures under Pillar II and eco-schemes under Pillar I will be introduced in order to significantly reduce Cyprus’ underperormance in sustainable agriculture (e.g. promoting practices that reduce the need for pesticides, increased budget for organic farming, together with significant higher target for land under organic, measures that include the substitution of chemical fertilisers, etc.). • The total budget for the 5-year programme will be more than €450 million and aims to transform the primary sector of Cyprus. Recovery and Resilience Plan • Resilient and competitive primary sector reforms: – Move agricultural practices from the 20th century to the 21st century by investing in a national centre for excellence in Agri-Tech. – Online, cloud-based platorm for improving the trade and information symmetry in the fresh produce supply chain. – Genetic improvement of sheep and goat population of Cyprus. • Investments: – Enhancing the existing isotopic databases of Cypriot local traditional food/drinks, by developing a Block Chain platorm, to ensure their identity. – Upskill the existing farming community and professionalise future labour force by investing in human capital. • Healthier children: – Renovating and upgrading the Makarios Children Hospital in response to the need for a comprehensive suite of medical services for children which currently does not exist, including digitalisation of patients’ personal dossiers. Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund • Baby’s dowry: – The project aims at reducing material deprivation, enhancing social inclusion, and reducing the risk of social exclusion. – A Baby Dowry Package, including basic consumer goods, such as equipment, linen, baby diapers and personal hygiene and baby care items, is provided to families with children born as from 1 January 2017 or that will be born until the end of the Scheme and who are beneficiaries of Guaranteed Minimum Income, or recipients of Public Aid, or who face any other particular problems as reported by the competent welfare Services. • Providing school breakfast to disadvantaged pupils in public schools: – The project was originally implemented through the Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD). Once it was completed it was decided to continue implementing it through the European Social Fund (ESF) due to the great need faced. – The project concerns the daily provision of free breakfast (sandwich) to all needy students attending public education at all levels. It was found that, as a result of the financial crisis, many students do not take breakfast before or afer arriving at school, which can afect their perormance and contribute to the creation of negative feelings of sadness, lead to isolation, increasing the risk of early school leaving and social exclusion. It was, therefore, decided to implement the specific programme for poor students.
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38 2.1 The Czech Republic has eliminated hunger. Obesi￾ty and the afordability of quality foods are however ongoing challenges. There are, however, targeted programmes for poor and vulnerable people ensu￾ring access to quality and safe foods. 2.2 Neither the population in general nor children in the Czech Republic sufer from malnutrition as a whole. The slight occurrence of malnutrition and health risks is linked to disadvantaged persons and food intake disorders, particularly in young women. Outpatient care was provided to 3,731 individuals with a diagnosis of food intake disorders in the Czech Republic in 2017. 2.3 The Czech Republic guarantees everyone the right to use and own land. Overall productivity in agricultu￾re and work in agriculture reaches only approximate￾ly half the average productivity in the EU. Targeted programmes and tools from the EU’s Common Agri￾cultural Policy are used to support agriculture and rural areas. 2.4 The Czech Republic supports organic farming, and 13.2% of its land is farmed organically. Innovations and agro-environmental measures have long-term support. 2.5 The Czech Republic successfully protects the ge￾netic diversity of animals and plants. 2.a Support for agriculture and rural areas is one of the priorities of foreign development cooperation. The Czech Republic spent EUR 3.7 million on this pri￾ority in 2019 2.b The Czech Republic supports and actively pro￾motes the elimination of trade restrictions, combats dual food quality, dumping and export subsidies, and unfair business practices. 2.c Agriculture comprises an approximate 5% share in Czech international trade in the long-term. Czech ex￾ports of agricultural commodities to third countries show a dynamic increase, and the volatility of agri￾cultural producer prices is low in the Czech Republic over the long term. School lunches The state has helped children whose pa￾rents cannot aford school lunch fees sin￾ce 2015. It specifcally contributes towards school meals. The basis of this project is a contribution provided by the state, howe￾ver individuals can also contribute. The pro￾ject was originally a civic society initiative by the Woman for Woman organisation, with the state subsequently also becoming involved. All the regions were involved star￾ting in the 2019/2020 school year, as a result of which 9,600 disadvantaged children re￾ceived support. Hunger no longer exists as a social issue The Czech Republic has successfully elimina￾ted hunger and ensures a high level of food safety. Shortages of food and malnutrition are rather marginal issues in the long term, which food aid and material assistance through social support, school meals and support by regional non-proft organisations helps resolve. Food banks, which provided help to 100,000 appli￾cants in 2019, have proved a crucial measure. These banks registered a substantial increase (60%) in the number of people requesting food aid in 2020 as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. 39 Ecological farming is expanding Conventional farming is often a problem in terms of soil degradation, particularly through soil compaction, soil erosion, and the substan￾tial use of pesticides and fertilisers. Hence the Czech Republic actively promotes ecological agriculture, which covered 13.2% of the total area of agricultural land in the Czech Republic in 2019. In this, the Czech Republic ranks 6th of all EU Member States, and the percentage is well above the European average of 8.5%. However, it lags signifcantly behind in the area of arable land in ecological agriculture. The number of eco-farms has been increasing in the long term, with their number reaching 4,690 in 2019. Permanent grassland (80%) is dominant in Czech ecological agriculture and this has a positive impact on the adaption to climate change and the water management in the landscape. Ecological agriculture initia￾lly spread most quickly in highland and foo￾thill areas. Over 40% of the agricultural land in protected areas is farmed through ecological agriculture. In recent years there has been an evident positive trend in the increase in the percentage of arable land: from 10% in 2008 to 16% in 2019. This trend also corresponds to the goal of increased production on arable land with a primary focus on organic food, where the Czech Republic set the goal of increasing the percentage of arable land under ecological agriculture to 30% by 2027. Yields correspond to the EU average and reach 50% to 85% of tho￾se of conventional agriculture. We protect the genetic resources of Czech na￾ture In a situation where many species are rapidly dying out, the climate is changing and yields from traditional crops are declining, steps must be taken to ensure the genetic diversi￾ty of the natural environment. As well as pro￾tecting biodiversity itself, one of the ways to do this is to preserve plant and animal genetic resources. Here, the Czech Republic has a lon￾g-standing tradition. The amount of plant ge￾netic resources in gene banks has been incre￾asing for some time and consisted of 55,000 samples as of 2019. 62,000 animal samples for reproduction have also been preserved. Tradi￾tional breeds are also preserved under in vivo conditions by more than 1,000 farms and bree￾ders, with support from the national resource conservation programme. The Czech Republic supports sustainable agri￾culture in less developed countries Agriculture and rural development are priori￾ties of the Czech development cooperation. In 2019 the Czech Republic provided EUR 3.7 million to support related research. Projects to increase the efectiveness of agricultural pro￾duction at small farms, ecological agriculture and to strengthen the capacities of educatio￾nal and consultancy services, were primarily supported. The main guiding principles are adaptation to climate change and food safety. One example of a multi-year project is support for agricultural cooperatives and small cattle farmers in Zambia, which allows them to main￾tain milk production even during droughts. Agriculture 4.0 Efective irrigation, efective fertilisation and simultaneous inspection of water pollution by nitrates, safe storage of crops, land records, and the automatic generation of property tax returns. The common denominator in all this is the data that can be obtained from various sources and interconnected within a digital environment. This means that agriculture can be precise and in accordance with the SDGs. This is the approach adopted by the Clever Farm platform.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "cze", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-cze-2021-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2021 }
21 SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Today, almost 800 million people worldwide still go hungry, while two billion suffer from micronutrient deficiencies, or hidden hunger. Sustainable, resili￾ent, innovative and productive agriculture is key to global food security. This is also essential if we are to ensure that ecosystems remain intact and that soil retains its fer￾tility in all countries. This is why, during negotiations, Germany pushed to have food security and agriculture linked in one and the same sustainable development goal. The German Gov￾ernment supports the international human rights-based approach to the right to food and sees food as a fundamental right. Hunger and malnutrition are not only the result of insufficient production, but also the consequence of distribution problems. 98% of those who go hungry live in developing countries. This means that food security and the establishment of sustaina￾ble and resilient agriculture are focuses of the development activities of the German Govern￾ment. 22 National challenges When implementing SDG 2 in Germany, the focus is on ensuring better and more balanced diets. Agriculture depends on natural resources like no other branch of industry, and thus has a special responsibility to manage these resources sustainably. In view of existing challenges (e.g. improving animal welfare, protecting and managing ecosystems, preserving biodiversity and ensuring that it is managed sustainably, reducing nutrient surpluses), additional steps are needed to move towards a broader understanding of sustainability. Activities with effect at national level are concentrating on: • a national action plan on healthy eating with a wide range of initiatives and infor￾mation; • implementing the National Action Plan on the Sustainable Use of Plant Protection Products; • elaborating a future strategy for organic farming with a target of having at least 20% of land farmed organically within the foreseeable future. Global responsibility At global level, the German Government is working in particular for the following: • Correcting and preventing trade barriers and distortions. To give an example, the German Government is endeavouring, within the framework of the WTO, to reduce trade￾distorting subsidies in the agricultural sector; at the tenth WTO Ministerial Conference, agreement was reached on the elimination of direct export subsidies in the agriculture sec￾tor. • Ensuring that food markets function properly. Strong price fluctuations that harm producers and consumers, especially in developing countries, should be limited. In this con￾text, the German Government supports moves within the WTO to regulate export re￾strictions more robustly, since these magnify undesirable price volatility on agricultural mar￾kets. And Germany is actively involved in the Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS) launched in 2011 by the G20 states. • Preserving genetic diversity and using it sustainably. Germany has established a national network to preserve genetic resources, and its central gene bank for crop genetic resources is an institution of international repute. The government promotes the develop￾ment of European and international networks and global initiatives, also within the scope of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) and the Global Crop Diversity Trust (GCDT). It also promotes in￾vestment to establish and develop regional and international genetic resources banks in partner countries. 23 Support for other countries The German Government is working in particular for the following: • Ending hunger: The fight against hunger is a priority of international agricultural policy and German development cooperation. The German Government earmarks around 1.5 bil￾lion euros every year for development activities in the fields of agriculture, rural develop￾ment and food security. Under the German Presidency in 2015, the G7 states agreed to free 500 million people from hunger and malnutrition by 2030. • Improving the quality of food; about 70 million euros were dedicated to fighting malnutri￾tion in women and young children in 11 countries (under the special initiative One Word, No Hunger). • The rule of law, including property rights and equal access to resources and financial ser￾vices for all, especially by promoting the elaboration, implementation and enforcement of international legal standards and guidelines (Principles for Responsible Investment in Agri￾culture and Food Systems (PRAI), Voluntary Guidelines for the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries, and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (VGGT), OECD/FAO guidelines). • Increasing sustainable agricultural productivity, partly by establishing 13 green innovation centres and specifically promoting agricultural research in developing countries; also by supporting the international Wheat Initiative. • Ensuring the sustainability and resilience of food systems: sustainable agriculture must seek to reconcile the divergent demands of resource management and protection, produc￾tion and health protection. In an effort to reconcile these conflicting objectives, knowledge sharing is promoted, as well as the development of possible strategies and technology transfer. The German Government supports climate-smart agriculture as well as the inte￾grative nexus approach to make use of synergies in the fields of water, energy and food se￾curity. • Retaining and enhancing soil fertility, partly by financing measures (currently in the amount of around 93 million euros) to rehabilitate 200,000 hectares across five countries (within the framework of the special initiative One Word, No Hunger). • Promoting socially acceptable structural change in rural areas with investment in building agricultural value chains in country as well as sustainable rural services and infrastruc￾ture with employment and income opportunities. The present draft of the National Sustainable Development Strategy 2016 envisag￾es that national sustainability indicators and goals/measures concentrate on: (a) nitrogen surplus and (b) organic farming.
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[ 2 ]
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34 By adopting the 2030 Agenda, the international community of states has set itself the ambitious aim of ending hunger and all forms of malnutrition. Besides increased produc￾tivity and the assurance of enshrined equal rights of access to land and other productive resources, the sustainability of food systems is to be ensured, and sustainable and resilient farming methods are to be used which preserve ecosystems, withstand climate changes, improve soil quality and maintain genetic diversity. Progress towards SDG 2 contributes signifcantly to guaranteeing and realising the human right to adequate nutrition. In addition, there are close links with other goals, such as SDG 1 (no poverty), SDG 5 (gender equality), SDG 6 (drinking water and sanitation) and SDG 15 (life on land). In the quest for SDG 2, the food, agriculture, forestry and fsheries sectors as well as national and global makers and executors of food and agriculture policy are confronted throughout the world with formidable challenges SDG 2 End hunger, achieve food security and im￾proved nutrition, and promote sustainable ag￾riculture Nitrogen surplus in agriculture Organic farming Support for good governance in achieving appropriate food supplies worldwide Source: Sustainable Development in Germany – Indicator Report 2021 German Voluntary National Review to the HLPF 2021 35 Pursuit of the 17 SDGs in, by and in partnership with Germany | SDG 2 Relevant indicators and exemplary trends In the German Sustainable Development Strategy, SDG 2 is covered by three indicators in two categories: • Farming: Nitrogen surplus in agriculture and organic farming • Food security: Supporting good governance in the achievement of adequate nutrition world￾wide 1 The numerator includes land that has been fully converted to organic management as well as areas still undergoing conversion. The indicator organic farming, which is examined below, shows the area of land that is devoted to organic farming on farms subject to verifcation procedures under the organic farming legislation of the EU, expressed as a percentage of the total area of land used for agriculture. 1 Organic farming is a resource-saving form of farming that has wide-ranging benefcial effects on the climate, the environment and nature. Over the past few years, although the organically farmed area in Germany has steadily increased, the rate of increase has not been fast enough. If this trend were to continue, the target of organic farming on 20% of Germany’s agricultural land by 2030 would not be achieved. Organically farmed agricultural land Share of total utilised agricultural land, in % 0 1999 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 20302020 2.85 Target 2030: 20.0 9.6 Source: Federal Statistical Offce, Eurostat © Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) 2021 36 Pursuit of the 17 SDGs in, by and in partnership with Germany | SDG 2 Context, challenges and core activities since 2016 In 2019, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates, more than two billion people worldwide suffered from a lack of essential vitamins and minerals (malnutrition). Some 690 million people were affected by chronic undernourishment, i.e. by hunger. Some 98% of the people suffering from hunger live in develop￾ing countries. According to FAO estimates made in 2020, an additional 80 to 130 million people may be suffering from chronic hunger as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The German Government supports the human rights-based approach to realisation of the right to adequate food. The key to global food security is sustainable and resilient agriculture. The political focus in Germany is not only on promoting sustainable agriculture but also, and primarily, on environmentally, economically and socially sustainable as well as nutritionally bal￾anced and healthy diets. The main foundations of the food, agriculture, forestry and fsheries sectors are natural resources such as soil, water, air and biodiversity. Sustainable, responsible management of these resources and the preservation of agricul￾tural land are essential if continuing high-quality food production and food security are to be guaranteed in Germany. An important instrument in the pursuit of these objectives is the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union. In the negotiations and development process for the new funding period starting in 2023, the German Government is campaigning for a higher level of green ambition within the CAP. For example, the previous requirements for the maintenance of direct payments (conditionality) are being amend￾ed with a view to better protecting the environ￾ment and the climate. Another key element are the eco-schemes, which will in future serve to support additional environmental and climate efforts on the part of the agricultural sector. In this context, transferable learning and practical experience of organic farming will play an important role in future throughout the food, agriculture, forestry and fsheries sectors. In addition, digital technology will gain increasing signifcance in agriculture by contributing to more effcient use of resources and simplifying work processes. Within the framework of international develop￾ment cooperation, Germany is supporting the establishment and development of sustainable agriculture in partner countries of the Global South. German Voluntary National Review to the HLPF 2021 37 Pursuit of the 17 SDGs in, by and in partnership with Germany | SDG 2 In Germany: • Adoption of the National Bioeconomy Strategy in 2020: The overarching aim of the strategy is to use biological resources sustainably and to establish green and resource-effcient produc￾tion processes in all sectors of the economy. An important objective in the food and agriculture sector is the sustainable production of food and feed and of renewable resources for material use. • The digital transition in agriculture: Through the establishment of digital experimentation sites, diverse potential uses of digital technolo￾gy in agriculture are tried out and tested in realistic scenarios. • Climate action and climate adaptation in agriculture and forestry: Under the German Government’s Climate Action Programme 2030, ten climate action measures have been devel￾oped in the realms of agriculture and of land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). Their purpose is to ensure that the climate goals in those areas are achieved. • Flagship Initiative on Sustainable Consumption for Biological Diversity in Agriculture and Food: The main aim here is to promote the cultiva￾tion and marketing of old regional fruit and vegetable varieties and endangered livestock breeds in Germany. • The quality standards of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) for communal catering have been revised with a clear focus on more sustainable menus. • A voluntary enhanced system of nutritional value labelling, known as the Nutri-Score, has been introduced as a source of information for consumers. The Nutri-Score is a grading system comprising fve letters, A to E, each with its own colour code, enabling consumers to compare the nutritional quality of foodstuffs in a particular product category at a glance. This makes it immediately visible which food products are better placed to contribute to a balanced diet. 38 Pursuit of the 17 SDGs in, by and in partnership with Germany | SDG 2 In the global context and in cooperation with partner countries: • Close cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and the International Fund for Agricul￾tural Development (IFAD): In cooperation with these United Nations food and agriculture entities, Germany supports the realisation of the right to adequate nutrition. • Support for international networks: In this area, Germany primarily supports the establishment and development of international gene banks and information systems for the preservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of genetic resources, subject to fair conditions of access. • International research cooperation in the feld of global nutrition: Germany supports interna￾tional agricultural research where its fndings are freely accessible as a public asset. Such cooperative ventures are a central source of turnkey innovations designed to increase productivity, sustainably transform food systems, promote agroecology and adapt to the consequences of climate change. • The special One World – No Hunger initiative: Since 2014, in the framework of this special initiative, Germany has made food security, agriculture and rural development priorities of its development policy. Providing more than EUR 2 billion a year, it is the second-largest bilateral donor to this initiative after the United States. • Reinforcing political, institutional and legal governance in the realm of food security: In 2018, a total of EUR 223 million, representing 18.3% of Germany’s ODA (Offcial Development Assistance) expenditure on food security, was devoted to governance, compared with 16.7% in 2016. • Establishment of Green Innovation Centres and Centres of Excellence: Germany has established Green Innovation Centres in 15 African partner countries. The purpose of these centres is to improve regional food supplies, increase the income of smallholdings and create jobs. In addition, Centres of Excellence on climate change and sustainable land management have been established in Southern and West Africa. • Establishment and support of the Sustainable Agricultural Supply Chain Initiative: This multi-stakeholder partnership, which the German Government initiated in 2018, com￾prises more than 70 stakeholders from the private sector, civil society and politics. It has set itself the aim of achieving more sustainabili￾ty in global agricultural supply chains and improving the living conditions of smallhold￾ers. It focuses especially on living incomes and resource-effcient, deforestation-free supply chains. German Voluntary National Review to the HLPF 2021 39 Pursuit of the 17 SDGs in, by and in partnership with Germany | SDG 2 Lessons learned, areas requiring action and anticipated priority areas • The Arable Farming Strategy adopted by the German Government is intended to set out options and pathways for making arable farming sustainable – that is, environmentally sound, economically viable and socially accept￾ed. Relevant areas include improving soil conservation and fertility, increasing crop diversity and extending crop rotation, using fertiliser more effciently and reducing nutrient surpluses, using and developing resistant and site-adapted varieties and species, preserving and fostering farmland biodiversity, and developing climate-adapted cultivation strategies. • Intensifed efforts to make the transition to organic farming: Not only will this help Germa￾ny to achieve its target of having 20% of its agricultural land organically farmed by 2030. It will also support the Farm to Fork Strategy of the European Commission and so help achieve the aim of sustainable farming. 2 For more on this, see the relevant FAO Report and the brochure on Organic Agriculture and the Sustainable Development Goals – Part of the Solution available here http://www.db.zs-intern.de/uploads/1570196865-2019EostaOrganicSDGs.pdf On several requirements for the accelerated pursuit of targets, there is now greater urgency as a result of the COVID 19 pandemic: • to combine economic recovery measures in partner countries with action to ensure food security and the establishment of sustainable food and agriculture systems – for which reason Germany made some EUR 2.3 billion available in 2020 alone for food security, rural development and agriculture to alleviate the impact of the pandemic and will continue this commitment in 2021 and subsequent years • to foster the development of multi-stakeholder partnerships (see also SDGs 8 and 12) • to promote organic farming worldwide so as to increase the resilience of agricultural systems, especially in countries of the Global South.2
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48 ➢ Situation et tendances des cibles priorisées. Les priorités et les objectifs du PND (Djibouti ICI) 2020-2024 sont alignés à 70% avec les cibles de l’ODD1. Trois cibles opérationnelles et deux cibles de mise en œuvre sont priorisées. La tendance globale affiche une stagnation avec des défis majeurs. ❖ Cible 2.1 : D’ici à 2030, éliminer la faim et faire en sorte que chacun, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes en situation vulnérable, y compris les nourrissons, ait accès toute l’année à une alimentation saine, nutritive et suffisante Selon la base de données mondiale ODD gérée p ar la Division de Statistique des Nations Unies, la prévalence de la sous-alimentation à Djibouti a continué à diminuer depuis 2015 (17,5 %), quoiqu’avec un léger rebond en 2019 (16,2 %). Graphique n°5 : Prévalence (%) de la sous-alimentation à Djibouti 33 Programme conjoint OMS/UNICEF de surveillance de l’approvisionnement en eau, de l’assainissement et de l’hygiène (2019) Éliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable 49 Source : FAO L’enquête « Analyse Globale de la Vulnérabilité, de la Sécurité Alimentaire et de la Nutrition (AGVSAN) », réalisée en 2014, a mis en évidence, qu’au niveau national, 14,5 % des ménages étaient en insécurité alimentaire : 2,8 % en insécurité alimentaire sévère, soit 2 160 ménages (environ 14 150 personnes) et 11,7 % en insécurité alimentaire modérée, soit 91 30 ménages (environ 56 000 personnes). Environ 32,1 % des ménages étaient en sécurité alimentaire limite et étaient donc vulnérables à l’insécurité alimentaire, tandis que 53,5 % vivaient en conditions de sécurité alimentaire. Cependant, la situation est loin d’être identiques selon le milieu de résidence car les disparités sont énormes entre le milieu rural et le milieu urbain. En milieu rural, 46,1 % des ménages étaient en insécurité alimentaire, dont 11 % en insécurité alimentaire sévère tandis qu’en milieu urbain, seulement 7,4 % des ménages étaient en insécurité alimentaire modérée (6,5 %) ou sévère (0,9 %). ❖ Cible 2.2 : D’ici à 2030, mettre fin à toutes les formes de malnutrition, y compris en atteignant d’ici à 2025 les objectifs arrêtés à l’échelle internationale relatifs aux retards de croissance et à l’émaciation chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans, et répondre aux besoins nutritionnels des adolescentes, des femmes enceintes ou allaitantes et des personnes âgées La prévalence du retard de croissance chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans a chuté de 12,6 points de pourcentage sur une période de 8 ans. Cette prévalence est passée de 33,5 % en 2012 à 20,9 % en 2019 avec un niveau un peu plus élevé chez les garçons (21,7 %) que chez les filles (20,2 %). De plus, il est important de souligner que la situation en milieu rural est très alarmante comparativement au milieu urbain. En effet, en 2019, 33,6 % des enfants du milieu rural souffraient d’un retard de croissance contre 18,5 % pour les enfants du milieu urbain. Quant à la prévalence de la malnutrition chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans, elle a été réduite de 11,2 points de pourcentage en passant de 21,5 % en 2012 à 10,3 % en 2019. La malnutrition, légèrement plus élevée chez les garçons (11,9 %) que chez les filles (8,4 %), touche plus les enfants vivants en milieu rural (17,5 %) que ceux vivant en milieu urbain (9,3 %). Graphique n°6 : Prévalence (%) du retard de croissance et de la malnutrition chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans 50 Source : EDSF-PAPFAM 2012, Enquêtes SMART 2013 & 2019 Selon les données de l’OMS, en 2019, on estime à 32,3 % la part des femmes de 15-49 ans souffrant d’anémie. Cette prévalence était légèrement plus prononcée chez les femmes enceintes (37 %) que chez les autres femmes (32,1 %) Selon les données issues des statistiques du système de santé de Djibouti, la proportion de femmes enceintes, vues en consultation prénatales, soufrant d'anémie (simple ou sévère) était de 8,7 % en 2016. ❖ Cible 2.5 D’ici à 2020, préserver la diversité génétique des semences, des cultures et des animaux d’élevage ou domestiqués et des espèces sauvages apparentées, y compris au moyen de banques de semences et de plantes bien gérées et diversifiées aux niveaux national, régional et international, et favoriser l’accès aux avantages que présentent l’utilisation des ressources génétiques et du savoir traditionnel associé ainsi que le partage juste et équitable de ces avantages, comme convenu à l’échelle internationale À Djibouti, il n’existe aucune race locale pour laquelle des ressources génétiques suffisantes sont stockées pour la reconstitution. ❖ Cible 2.a : Accroître, notamment grâce au renforcement de la coopération internationale, l’investissement dans l’infrastructure rurale, les services de recherche et de vulgarisation agricoles et la mise au point de technologies et de banques de plantes et de gènes d’animaux 51 d’élevage, afin de renforcer les capacités productives agricoles des pays en développement, en particulier des pays les moins avancés À Djibouti, le secteur primaire ne représente que 1,5 % du PIB national. Ce secteur, dominé par l’agriculture et l’élevage, a reçu 6,1 millions de $ US d’apports publics (aide publique au développement plus autres apports publics) en 2015. Ce montant a reculé en 2016 et en 2017 avec respectivement 6,74 et 2,67 millions de $ US mais a repris de l’ampleur à partir de 2018 qui a enregistré 6,97 millions de $ US pour ensuite atteindre 7,9 millions de $ US en 2019. Cible 2.c : Adopter des mesures visant à assurer le bon fonctionnement des marchés de denrées alimentaires et de produits dérivés et à faciliter l’accès rapide aux informations relatives à ces marchés, y compris le niveau des réserves alimentaires, afin de contribuer à limiter l’extrême volatilité des prix alimentaires En ce qui concerne la volatilité des prix des denrées alimentaires, l’indicateur d'anomalies des prix alimentaires appliqué à l’indice des prix à la consommation des aliments indiquait qu’en 2020, Djibouti a enregistré des prix alimentaires généraux élevés par rapport au moyen historique – une situation qui ne s’était pas produite depuis 2015. Les prix alimentaires anormalement élevés peuvent influer sur l’accessibilité économique de certains produits alimentaires essentiels, signalant la nécessité de prendre des mesures appropriées pour atténuer les conséquences des fluctuations des marchés de consommation. Graphique n°7: Indicateur d'anomalies des prix alimentaires appliqué à l’indice des prix à la consommation des aliments Source : FAO
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53 | SDG 2: Zero Hunger End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture A Snapshot of Our Progress to Achieving SDG 2 Agricultural Land (% of land area) 33.3% (2018)40 Agriculture Contribution to GDP 15.2% (2020)41 Agriculture Contribution to Employment 14% (2019) 40 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.AGRI.ZS?locations=DM 41 Ibid 54 | Food Production Index 99.56 (2018) # Farmers ~2,600 % Agricultural Produce Consumed Locally 60% % Crops Destroyed Following Hurricane Maria 90% Government target for sustainable agriculture practices 60% of farmers Dominica’s Resilience Targets… towards the world’s 1st climate resilient small island developing state • Less than 50% agriculture and fisheries losses as a percentage of total losses • 60% of agricultural land cultivated sustainably, supporting environmental protection and the sustainable development agenda Dominica is defined as organic and green, but a significantly large portion of the country’s food consumption comes from imports, creating challenges to food security. Notwithstanding, the country credits its consumption of local foods to the longevity of its population and its ability to have the most centenarians per capita in the Caribbean. This success is not a result of providence. It emanates from a deliberate campaign of strategic investments in food production. Agriculture and tourism are the key drivers of growth and employment. To improve the international competitiveness of the agricultural sector, the priority goals for the sector focuses on the enhancement of: To achieve the above, the development and strategic direction of the agricultural sector places emphasis on: ● resilient and sustainable agriculture food systems ● value chain development ● supporting rural livelihoods and development ● Ending hunger and reducing poverty ● Ensuring healthy diets for the most vulnerable Food Security Productivity Diversification Market Access 55 | The Government continues to make significant investments in agriculture both for local consumption and for export. Since 2017, there has been a 13 percent increase in agricultural production reflecting an increase in the acres of agricultural land farmed. The Government continues to strengthen market access to its farmers, including strengthening the linkages and food systems along the value chain between the agricultural sector and the accommodation and restaurants sub-sector towards greater efficiency, transparency and competitiveness. In line with this, the government has undertaken other initiatives to support strengthening market access including: the construction of banana packing sheds in accordance with Global Gap standards; strengthening farm certification and quality assurance systems that will ensure market access, and meet international standards requirements; conducted analytical and chemical testing to meet food safety standards; and, conducted training of farmers in good agricultural practices The agriculture sector is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and Dominica is establishing itself as a Global Centre for Agriculture Resilience (GCAR). Lessons learned from Hurricane Maria has provided an opportunity to restructure the country’s farming practices and build institutional capacity at the level of the Ministry of Agriculture at farm levels. The Global Centre for Agriculture Resilience will disseminate, at the global level, experiences and technologies related to climate-smart agriculture. It is expected to create a powerful knowledge-sharing forum of great relevance to Eastern Caribbean countries. The centre also will provide opportunities for analyzing ways in which countries can recover from a major disaster as well as avoid food shortages and the stagnation of agricultural production systems under these circumstances. The main thrust of the Government with respect to agriculture is to build a resilient agricultural sector with 60 percent of the farmers on the island adopting sustainable agricultural practices that will secure the access and availability of food for local consumption, creation of employment and improved economic growth. Rain-fed agriculture, particularly banana, citrus and coconut production, represents a significant proportion of Dominica’s income, accounting for 15.2 percent of GDP (2020) and 14 percent of employment (2019). The Government has set a target of US$257 million for the sector’s contribution to GDP by 2030. The agricultural sector in Dominica is largely composed of small family farms and subsistence production from small plots locally referred to as kitchen gardens. Subsistence farmers augment their income through local sale of limited excess production. Efforts prior to Hurricane Maria in the expansion of production of root crops was the main source of food and was a lifesaver immediately following the devastation wrought by that hurricane and up to mid-2018. With the support of our development partners, the country has expanded the range of vegetables and fruits produced locally and formalized and improved the production of poultry, pork, and fish with limited export to neighboring islands. Underpinning this success in food production is the Dominica Bureau of Standards, a member of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). By virtue of the Standards Act of 1999, the Bureau is the national standards body. It regulates the quality of food production in Dominica 56 | so that all produce sold through Government facilities or exported from our shores must first meet the qualifying mark of the Bureau. Much of the agricultural production serves the local markets. However, Dominica has maintained and expanded a thriving industry that exports produce throughout the Caribbean. The agriculture sector registered growth of 19.9 percent in 2019 and expanded by a further 2.2 percent in 2020 following the impacts of Hurricane Maria in 2017. This is significant given the impact of Hurricane Maria on the agriculture sector, in which ninety percent of the country’s agricultural products were destroyed. Livestock also was significantly impacted. For example, the country lost 45 per cent of its cattle, 60 percent of its pigs, 90 percent of broiler chickens, 90 percent of layers and 25 percent of its beehives. The loss of agricultural products and livestock due to Hurricane Maria resulted in at least 24,000 people becoming severely or borderline food insecure (World Food Programme). In addition to crops and livestock, agricultural infrastructure and equipment were either damaged or destroyed including buildings, animal husbandry facilities, and agricultural roads. The COVID-19 pandemic further reemphasized the need to increase the contribution of the agriculture sector and achieve greater levels of food and nutrition security. The vulnerability of Dominica’s agricultural sector is therefore manifested in the risks presented by natural disasters and climate extremes, as well as in the sector’s vulnerability to climate variability and other exogenous shocks, such as economic shocks. The agricultural sector is key to the economic and social development of Dominica as it boosts GDP, employment and the livelihoods and income security of people particularly in the rural areas. Dominica has the highest share of agricultural value added in GDP among other Caribbean countries42. Therefore, the Government continues to focus on creating the enabling environment aimed at achieving a sustainable food and agriculture system that will guarantee food and nutrition security, employment and improved livelihoods, income generation, and economic development and growth. Within the context of the enabling environment, focus is also being placed on strengthening the policy frameworks. Recent policies that have been developed include: ● National Agriculture Policy (2021 - 2030) ● Agriculture and Food Systems Transformation Roadmap; (currently in draft) ● Blue Economy Roadmap 2030 ● Agriculture Disaster Risk Management Plan (ADRM) (currently in draft) 42 Food and Agricultural Organization, Caribbean Development Bank. 2019. Study on the State of Agriculture in the Caribbean 57 | Transformational Initiatives – Building Back Better… From Vulnerability to Resilience Emergency Agriculture Livelihoods Climate Resilience Project To build resilience in the sector, the Government through its Ministry of Agriculture also is implementing the USD 25 million World Bank funded Dominica Emergency Agriculture Livelihoods Climate Resilience Project (EALCRP), which is delivering on the resilience agenda. Since 2017, the project has produced the following results: ● A 13 percent increase in agricultural production reflecting an increase in the acres of land farmed ● Growth in the agriculture sector of 19.9 percent in 2019, with a further 2.2 percent expansion in 2020 ● Approximately 80 percent trained beneficiaries of the project have adopted new technologies in one way or another ● 76 per cent of target farmers reached with productive assets (3,732); of which 25% were female (target-20%) 73 percent of the fisherfolk (106 to fisherfolks and 3 canoes) had their assets (engines and canoes) replaced This project has provided inputs (including fertilizers, materials for building greenhouses, provision of water tanks to farmers to allow for and promote rainwater harvesting etc., quality seeds and planting materials of suitable crop varieties) to farmers and has promoted the involvement of rural youth and women in agriculture. The project also provides technical assistance, and investment in small mechanization tools and advanced technologies which have already begun to enhance production and productivity in the sector. Other programmes and projects that are being implemented or have been recently completed to support food security, rural developments, jobs and advance the country’s growth prospects are: High Impact Climate Resilient Initiative Under SDG 2 Dominica as a Global Centre for Agriculture Resilience A Global Centre for Agriculture Resilience will transform the country into a model for best practice regionally and internationally, working across the value chain from farmers to end￾users, with a dynamic Ministry of Blue and Green Economy, Agriculture and National Food Security as a key part of the sector’s engine. This initiative will develop a scientific, and practical, approach to reducing the vulnerability of farmers and fisherfolks through the adoption of resilient practices, as well as the introduction of resilient crops and infrastructure. To be delivered by 2030 58 | ● The national backyard gardening programme, supported by the Dominica-China Modern Agricultural Center which has the dual objectives of supporting national beautification and good security with the planting of vegetables, horticultural produce, and fruit-trees. Over the period January 2020 to May 2021, over 490,000 high-quality vegetable seedlings, 17,768 flower seedlings and 2,289 fruit trees were propagated. ● Distributing citrus plants and trees to backyard farmers, schools and small subsistence farmers. In 2020 for example, a total of 4235 citrus plants were distributed and 60 acres of farmland established among 111 farmers. ● Providing small-scale farmers with access to affordable inputs, quality seeds and planting materials of suitable crop varieties. This has also contributed to attracting rural youth and women into agriculture as well as enhancing production and productivity ● Enhancing agro-processing facilities geared towards improving agriculture-based infrastructure for small scale farmers in rural areas, improving access to markets and services for some of the indigenous industries, augmenting production systems and value chain development, generating sustainable income for farmers and agro-processors, strengthening collaboration among users of the facilities, and providing opportunities to restore and modernize some of the traditional processing plants. ● Programmes for livestock development and expansion with a view to increasing food availability and reducing the importation of meat ● Rehabilitation of fisheries landing sites that were damaged during Hurricane Maria ● Building a resilient fisheries sector including the application of modern technology to the fisheries sector, capacity building of fishers to be able to better adapt to the changing climate A Review of the SDG Targets under Goal 2 and Dominica’s Progress This dashboard shows at a snapshot how Dominica is progressing with respect to the achievement of the SDG targets under Goal 2: Zero Hunger SDG Targets Goal #2 – Zero Hunger Dominica’s Progress By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round. By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older people. 59 | SDG Targets Goal #2 – Zero Hunger Dominica’s Progress By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers. By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality. By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels. National Strategies, Opportunities, and Future Directions to 2030 To advance the achievement of SDG 2, the Government of Dominica in partnership with its citizens and development partners will: Policy and Regulatory Environment ● Promulgate the recently developed sustainable agriculture policy which includes strategies and actions that will optimize opportunities within the blue and green economic space, enhance food and nutrition security, promote strategies for building resilience of the agriculture sector, promote inclusiveness and equitable access to resources and ultimately bolster the overall socio-economic development goals of Dominica ● Improve the general policy and regulatory environment to stimulate investments in agriculture and agribusiness, promote greater use of technology and innovation, germplasm conservation, standards and certification, towards enhancing the growth of the sector and significantly reducing rural poverty Value Chain Development ● Transform the productive systems in agriculture, support and enhance integrated value chain development towards food and nutrition security Food Security ● Enhance synergies between agriculture and food security Youth in Agriculture ● Create incentives to encourage higher levels of youth participation in agriculture, which could be a key driver for reducing youth unemployment 60 | ● Attract young professionals to actively participate in agricultural development. Specifically, graduates from the Dominica State College Agriculture Programme will be mentored and provided with emerging opportunities in the sector. In addition, further support will be given to the Dominica Youth Business Trust to increase their capacity to provide financing to young farmers and enterprises which are directly agriculture based or spin-offs of the agriculture and fisheries sector Sustainability of the Agriculture Sector ● Climate proof the agricultural sector through the development and diffusion of climate￾smart agriculture (CSA), including the development of crop varieties which are better adapted to the expected effects of climate change, introduce new technologies and focus on disaster risk mitigation towards reducing the impacts of natural hazards on the agriculture sector ● Engage in higher levels of organic agriculture, to contribute to health outcomes due to reduced use of fertilizer, environmental outcomes and better management of waste. Over 40 percent of the material that enters the Dominica landfill is compostable waste and therefore farmers groups could create the waste into compostable material. The idea would be to view waste as a resource ● Focus on the expansion of the vegetable sub sector, tree crop, livestock development, and modernization of traditional crops
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Statistical follow-up on the 2030 Agenda - Denmark - 91 Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Target 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment 2.3.1 Volume of production per labour unit by classes of far￾ming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size The indicator shown in the figure shows the development of output from agriculture and forestry over the labour input- in constant prices. The indicator, which follows the definition for the indicator 2.3.1., shows a significant increase in labour productivity in the agricultural production, driven by new technology and by increasing yields. Figure: Development of output from agriculture and forestry over the labour input (constant prices) Target 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase pro￾ductivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that pro￾gresssively improve land and soil quality 2.4.1 Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture The figure shows a slight increase in the share of agricultural land grown by organic methods, i.e. without using pesticides and artificial 60 80 100 120 140 160 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Index, 2005=100 92 - Statistical follow-up on the 2030 Agenda - Denmark fertilizers. Whether this type of farming should be the only type regarded as productive and sustainable agriculture, as phrased in for indicator 2.4, has to be further discussed. The total agricultural area has been almost stable since 2005, even though some land has been needed for urbanization and development of infrastructure. For EU Member States, the shares are between 1 and 13 per cent. Figure: Area under organic farming, as percentage of total farming area 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Per cent Area under organic farming, as percentage of total farming area
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Statistical follow-up on the 2030 Agenda - Denmark - 15 Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round Indicator 2.1.1 Prevalence of undernourishment Denmark does not compile continuous and official statistics in accordance with the methodology of the indicator. However, organisations such as Ældresagen, which is a Danish national organisation of senior citizens, point out that elderly people admitted to hospital risk being undernourished. Data is available on the extent of underweight in Denmark. It is estimated that 2.4 per cent of the population was underweight in 2017. n/a Indicator 2.1.2 Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) Denmark does not compile continuous and official statistics in accordance with the methodology of the indicator. However, Statistics Denmark estimates that food insecurity is not common in Denmark. 0% By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons Indicator 2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age To the best of our knowledge, there are no such statistics for 0-5 year-old children, since general practitioners are not obligated to report data on height/weight for children older than one year. Data (from the general practitioners) is available from the Danish Health Data Authority’s database on children aged 0-1. n/a Indicator 2.2.2 Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height >+2 or <-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight) To the best of our knowledge, there is no database on the extent of malnutrition in Denmark. Health visitors and general practitioners register this information, but aggregate data is not available. n/a By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment Indicator 2.3.1 Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size The Danish farmers’ productivity has increased in the recent ten years measured as gross yield pr. working hour adjusted for inflation by about ten per cent since 2010. This is a normal tendency in agriculture, where new technology is introduced and where small and less productive farmers currently stop their activities, leaving behind the land and livestock to bigger farms and thus allowing for big scale advantages to take over. The productivity might fluctuate quite considerably from one year to another so the increased productivity is a long term trend. Interesting enough, the increase in productivity for part time farms has been biggest. There is Target 2.1 Target 2.2 Target 2.3 16 - Statistical follow-up on the 2030 Agenda - Denmark no certain explanation for that but maybe the scope for better productivity has been biggest for small farms. Figure 2.3.1: Gross yield per working hour Indicator 2.3.2 Average income of small-scale food producers, by sex and indigenous status In the last ten years, small farmers and fishermen have experienced an increase in income of 14 per cent from 2012 to 2019. The income might consist of both farm income and income from non-agricultural work, for instance from wage earner jobs outside agriculture. The income rise has been significantly bigger for women with 40 per cent against 15 per cent for men. The reason for this development is unknown but maybe better job opportunities and lower unemployment simply have favoured women in particular. Figure 2.3.2: Average income of small-scale food producers 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Gross yield, per working hour, total Gross yield, per working hour, full-time Gross yield, per working hour, part-time Index, 2010 = 100 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 DKK Men Women Statistical follow-up on the 2030 Agenda - Denmark - 17 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality Indicator 2.4.1 Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture The indicator consists of 11 sub-indicators divided into three main dimensions: economic, environmental and social. In Denmark, the indicator has been calculated for 2019. It has only been possible to calculate 10 of the 11 sub-indicators. Denmark does not have surveys targeted directly at obtaining information for this indicator, which is why existing data sources have been used to make estimates in combination with expert judgement. In 2019, the proportion of the agricultural land area under productive and sustainable agriculture is estimated to be 99.1 per cent, which is within the category “Desirable” by the UN definition. Figure 2.4.1: Proportion of the agricultural land area under productive and sustainable agriculture By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed Indicator 2.5.1 Number of plant and animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium- or long-term conservation facilities Conservation of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture is processed by conserving the material either as seeds or as vegetative material, that is as living plants. Denmark's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, which can be conserved as seeds, are conserved in the joint Nordic seed gene bank in the Nordic Genetic Resource Center, NordGen, and are considered as common Nordic material. In 2019, NordGen had 39,164 accessions, which was 19 per cent higher than in 2018. There are two central national clone collections with a total of 1,103 accessions in 2019 of vegetative material of fruit and berries, one at Pometet at the Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, the other at the 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2019 Per cent Target 2.4 Target 2.5 18 - Statistical follow-up on the 2030 Agenda - Denmark Collection of Vegetables at the Department of Food, University of Aarhus. Compared to 2018, the collection increased by 6 per cent. Conservation of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture includes both conservation of living animals and cryo-conservation of material in gene banks that is as frozen semen, eggs or embryos. In Denmark, conservation work with the old Danish breeds of livestock is focused primarily on preserving viable populations. The living animals of the Danish old conservation-worthy animal genetic resources are primarily preserved by private owners / breeders or public institutions such as museums. In Denmark, 12 animal species within animal genetic resources for food and agriculture are considered worthy for conservation. Included in the 12 animal species are 25 Danish local domestic animal breeds, which are divided into 5 cattle breeds, 2 pig breeds, 2 sheep breeds, 1 goat breed, 3 horse breeds, 6 poultry breeds including chickens, ducks, geese, pigeons, 1 rabbit breed, 4 dog breeds and 1 bee race breed. Figure 2.5.1: Number of plant genetic accessions and animal local breeds worthy for conservation Indicator 2.5.2 Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk of extinction Working with conservation of livestock breeds requires a certain critical mass compared to the number of animal breeders involved – just like the size of the population is the one parameter that is most important to establish the risk overview. If the work of conservation for certain breeds is less than the critical mass, it will be very difficult to re-establish the breed and the genes will be lost forever. Compared to FAO’s risk classification, the size of the population has been set for 2018 figures. Of the 25 local Danish breeds of livestock, 8 breeds are classified as critical of extinction and 6 local Danish breeds of livestock are classified as breed at risk. However, it has to be noted that due to lack of information on the size of the population of breeds it is not possible to classify all local Danish breeds of livestock according to the FAO classification and as such it is not possible to calculate the true proportions within the risk classification. The indicator is therefore visualized as number of breeds and not as proportions. The indicator is not fully in compliance with the UN definition which requires that data has to be based on the most updated figures in FAO’s Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources (DAD-IS). The Danish figures in DAD-IS are not 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 Number of plant genetic accessions in Denmark Number of plant genetic accessions in NordGen Number of animal local breeds worthy for conservation in Denmark Number 2018 2019 Statistical follow-up on the 2030 Agenda - Denmark - 19 adequate, which is why this indicator is based on information from the Danish Agricultural Agency only. Figure 2.5.2: Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk of extinction Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries Indicator 2.a.1 The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures The figure shows that the agriculture orientation index for government expenditures has decreased from 0.5 in 2009 to 0.2 in 2012. Since 2012, the index has been relatively stable. This means that the government support to agriculture has decreased from 2009 to 2012 adjusted for the relative importance of agriculture calculated as the value added share of GDP. Since 2012, the government support to agriculture has been relatively stable. Figure 2.a.1: The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 In total, Denmark Critical Breed at risk Number 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Index Target 2.a 20 - Statistical follow-up on the 2030 Agenda - Denmark Indicator 2.a.2 Total official flows (official development assistance plus other official flows) to the agriculture sector The total official flow from all donors to the agriculture sector in developing countries is – as the figure shows – highly volatile. The amounts vary between 267 million DKK and 1,231 million DKK. The variation is due to the fact that the aid to the agriculture sector in developing countries is only a small part of total development aid and is therefore very sensitive to e.g. the introduction and closure of schemes. The development in total official aid is very stable on the contrary. Figure 2.a.2: Total official flow from all donors to the agriculture sector in developing countries Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round Indicator 2.b.1 Agricultural export subsidies Denmark has no agricultural export subsidies. 0% Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility Indicator 2.c.1 Indicator of food price anomalies The indicator of price anomalies (IFPA) should not be the only source of information for analysing market dynamics. It may be a guide to understand the market dynamics and whether a food price in a particular market at a given time is abnormally high or low. In Denmark, IFPA has been calculated for five agricultural food items: wheat, rye, barley, rapeseed and potatoes using monthly prices in DKK per 100 kg. If IFPA is between -0.5 and 0.5, the prices are assessed to be “normal”, and if IFPA is between 0.5 and 1, the prices are assessed to be “moderately high”, and if IFPA is above 1.0, then prices are assessed to be “abnormally high”. Taking into account the drought in 2018, which affected the prices, the development in prices may be assessed to be normal in the past five years, indicating that market dynamics are working as expected. 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 M DKK Target 2.b Target 2.c Statistical follow-up on the 2030 Agenda - Denmark - 21 Figure 2.c.1: Indicator of food price anomalies -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Wheat Rye Barley Rapeseed Potatoes -
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96 VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021 The Government’s Assesments End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. The Government is committed in its efforts to promote sustainable agriculture in Denmark. Agriculture must contribute to the goal of a 70% reduction in total greenhouse gas emissions and a doubling of organic agricultural output by 2030. Hunger and food insecurity, which are also themes under SDG 2, are not considered existing challenges in Denmark, but it is important to help combat both of these problems in developing countries. Assessment of targets 2.1 In Denmark, everyone has the right to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round. 2.2 Young children’s weight development is stable and is moni￾tored by a health visitor during the child’s first year of life. There is a focus on nutrition among young girls, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and the elderly. There is also a focus on the rising inci￾dence of overweight and obesity in Denmark. 2.3 It is assessed that the general rules on access to land and other significant production resources are handled in existing legislation. 2.4 The goal of sustainable agricultural practices and food pro￾duction is generally part of the goals in the forthcoming Common Agricultural Policy for the EU 2.5 Denmark is actively working on the conservation of agricul￾tural seed, cultivated plants and livestock. Danish agriculture has successfully reduced its environmental impact through regulations and the adoption of environmental technologies and production methods. For example, in the last 30 years Denmark has roughly halved the discharge of nutrients from agriculture and the pesticide load, and has reduced the wastewater discharge of nitrogen by approximately 80%. However, intensive production does not leave much room for biodiversity. The impacts of agriculture on the environment, nature and the climate must be reduced further, and the conditions for biodiversity in the open landscape must be improved. With the Agreements on Pesticide Strategy of 2017 and 2019, a broad majority of the Danish Parliament adopted a series of initiatives that support more sustainable food production (target 2.4). In Denmark, there is still great need for promoting green transitions and sustainable agriculture, and for reducing the impacts of agri￾culture on the environment, nature and climate. This is despite the fact that regulation and technology have significantly reduced the environmental impacts of agriculture in a number of areas. There￾fore, Denmark is working on reducing the impacts of agriculture on the environment, nature and climate through increased focus on precision agriculture, organic agriculture, bioeconomy, feed and food properties, space for nature reserves and biodiversity and the reduction of pesticide loads. Denmark has in recent years focused on bio-economy to increase the sustainable utilisation of biological resources. The industry can contribute to provide solutions to future challenges, e.g. by improving the quality of feed and food production, and by utilising residual products from feed and food production that would otherwise go to waste. There is also a need in Denmark to address health challenges asso￾ciated with unhealthy dietary habits, which is particularly related to target 2.2 on malnutrition. Obesity is one of today’s biggest health challenges, and since 1987 the incidence of overweight and obesity has doubled. In 2017, 51% of Danes were overweight. Denmark’s international effort An increase number of people worldwide suffer from hunger. Whereas 155 million people in 2019 lacked food, this figure is estimated to have grown to around 270 million people in 2020. People living in areas of conflict most often suffer from hunger, and conflict and war is the main cause of increasing food insecurity and hunger crises. Denmark supports humanitarian, development, and peace & stabilisation programmes, all of which contribute to improving food security. Apart from conflict, climate change and COVID-19 are the main causes of increasing food insecurity and hunger crises globally in 2020. Denmark supports international efforts, including the UN World Food Programme, and in 2012 Denmark acceded to the Food Assistance Convention. Denmark also supports development of the agricultural and food sectors through bilateral development cooperation and through funding of activities by Danish civil soci￾ety organisations. Denmark works to promote more extensive and effective partnerships and to fully utilise the potential of the global political platforms. We are also advocating increased investment in disaster prevention and climate adaptation to improve self-suf￾ficiency and resilience to crises. These challenges are greatest in Africa. Denmark conducts wide-ranging efforts in Africa in the areas of relief aid and development cooperation. As the Common Agricultural Policy for the EU includes measures aiming to ensure a stable food market in the EU, it is also expected to support the fulfilment of target 2.c on making food markets stable and providing access to information. Selected initiatives Fighting antibiotic resistance The Government has set new goals for a reduction of antibiotic use in pig farming to counteract antibiotic resistance. The Government has also established the International Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Solutions (ICARS) in Copenhagen, which collects knowledge and contributes in the fight against antibiotic resist￾ance – both in relation to human health and livestock production (target 2.4). Precision agriculture In partnership with agricultural trade organisations, the Govern￾ment is conducting a number of projects in the area of precision agriculture. Precision agriculture includes more precise operation of machines and targeted allocation of fertilizer, etc. These pro￾jects are exploring new cultivation technologies that hold potential economic improvements for farmers, while also benefiting the environment and nature, thereby contributing to the fulfilment of target 2.4. Forthcoming action plan for sustainable agriculture It is the Government’s ambition to further accelerate the green transition in agriculture. Aims include a significant reduction of nitrogen runoff in aquatic environments and ensuring that the Danish agricultural industry contributes to the Government’s goal of a 70% reduction in total greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. The Government also has an ambition to double organic agriculture by 2030, both in terms of total area, exports and consumption, and the Government expects to present an action plan to achieve this aim (target 2.4). Dietary recommendations for health and climate In January 2021, the Government introduced official dietary recommendations – “Good for health and climate”. This marks the first time the Danish state has given advice on a healthy and climate-friendly lifestyle. Following the dietary recommendations reduces the risk of lifestyle diseases like cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer (targets 2.1 and 2.2). VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2021 97 Nationally In Denmark, at least 4–5% (i.e just under 100,000) of Danish households are affected by food insecurity. Such lacking or uncertain access to the acquisition of sufficient foods of an adequate quality is inextricably linked to economic factors. According to a study undertaken by the Department of Food and Resource Economics (IFRO), disposable household income is a key factor in this regard. It is therefore the case that people with low incomes and single parents are disproportionately affected by food insecurity. This is the case for somewhere between 31% and 48% of Danish recipients of transfer incomes such as cash benefits, disability pensions or unemployment bene￾fits and up to a fourth of all single parents. Food insecurity and food budget cuts not only have consequences for physical health, but they also have an impact on general quality of life and on physical wellbeing. Despite the seri￾ous consequences, there has been no sustained focus on this problem and there remains an outstanding need to discuss solutions which might reduce food insecurity in Denmark. Internationally Conflicts, inequality, climate change and a devastated food system mean that millions of people die from starvation each and every year. In 2020, 690 million people (approx￾imately 8.9% of the world’s population) were starving, which equates to an increase of approximately 60 million over five years. The COVID-19 crisis has exacerbated an already fragile food system and it is estimated that more people are at risk of dying from socioeconomic conse￾quences such as hunger and poverty as a result of the crisis than of the actual virus itself. It is further estimated that 183 million people are going to starve in 2050 as a consequence of climate change. Denmark’s support to multilateral organisations such as WFP, FAO and IFAD, which all work to combat hunger, has been stable over recent years, but as the Danish Minister for Development Cooperation makes clear, we are heading in the wrong direction with regards to SDG 2. There is a need for a more strategic and long-term approach which recognises that hunger is a product of poverty and extreme inequality and that it is therefore necessary to address structural prob￾lems. Inequality also manifests itself between the sexes as food insecurity is globally higher for women than it is for children and for men. It is also striking that the world produces enough food that nobody should have to go to bed hungry, yet one-third of all food produced globally is wasted. Organisations participating in this assessment: Oxfam IBIS, Fødevarebanken Recommendations • The Department of Food and Resource Economics (IFRO) must carry out regular studies into food insecu￾rity in Denmark so that we have updated knowledge about the scope, causes and societal consequences of the problem. • Denmark must support collaboration between the food sector and civil society organisations in order to ensure that fresh surplus food items can be safely and effectively redistributed to organisations for the socially disadvantaged. This might be through fnancial support, but also through a continuous focus on the legal framework conditions and administrative procedures which enable and support the donation of fresh surplus food items. Recommendations • Denmark must continue to support the multilateral work to combat hunger and famine and it must develop a long-term and strategic approach to fghting hunger by seeking to reduce extreme ineTualities and the underlying structural problems which are associated with gender ineTuality, conficts and the climate crisis. • Denmark must give funds to climate fnancing which is additional to its ordinary development aid and attach great importance to adaptation so that developing countries will have real possibilities to adapt to climate change and to ensure resilient food production. • Denmark must actively recognise the role played by women in food production and strengthen their lead￾ership in this area through reliable data and studies into how and why women are particularly vulnerable. Civil Society’s Assesments Targets in focus: 2.1-2.2 + 2.4 Internationally Nationally Progress 2017-2021:
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "dnk", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-dnk-2021-en-6.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2021 }
35 INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO SDG2. Malnourishment and malnutrition have also declined, and gaps between rural and urban areas have been closed, but there are still other gaps to be closed and new challenges to face. 0DOQRXULVKPHQW KDV GHFOLQHG IURP PRUH WKDQ  DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKHV WROHVV WKDQLQ  DQG FKURQLF FKLOG PDOQXWULWLRQ KDV DOVR EHHQ VLJQLÀFDQWO\ UHGXFHG ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKHUH DUH LQFUHDVHV LQ DJULFXOWXUDO SURGXFWLRQDQGSURGXFWLYLW\ +RZHYHUDQHVWLPDWHGRIWKHSRSXODWLRQ VXIIHUV IURPPDOQRXULVKPHQWDQG WKHUHDUH UDWHV RI FKURQLF PDOQXWULWLRQ DPRQJ JLUOV DQG ER\V IURP SRRU KRXVHKROGV  LQ KRXVHKROGV LQ WKH ORZHVW ZHDOWK TXLQWLOH FRPSDUHG WROHVV WKDQQDWLRQDODYHUDJH DQG RI PRWKHUV ZLWK OLWWOH VFKRROLQJ DQG QXWULWLRQDO GHÀFLWV HJ YLWDPLQ $ LURQ DQG LRGLQH LQ VSHFLÀF SRSXODWLRQV ,Q DGGLWLRQ D KLJK DQG JURZLQJ DPRXQW RI WKH DGXOW SRSXODWLRQLVRYHUZHLJKWRUREHVHDQGWKHUH 36 COMPROMISOS, AVANCES Y DESAFÍOS CON EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE: LVHYLGHQFHWKDWWKHSURGXFWLYLW\DQGLQFRPH IURPVPDOODJULFXOWXUDOJURZHUVDUHWKHORZHVW LQWKHHFRQRP\
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "dom", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-dom-2018-es-3.pdf", "language": "es", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2018 }
13 INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO ODS2. La subalimentación y la malnutrición también han declinado, y las brechas entre las zonas rurales y urbanas se han cerrado, pero todavía persisten otras brechas que cerrar y nuevos retos que enfrentar. /DVXEDOLPHQWDFLyQKDGHFOLQDGRGHVGHPiV GHDLQLFLRGHODGpFDGDGHORVQRYHQWD KDVWD PHQRV GH  HQ  \ OD GHVQXWULFLyQ LQIDQWLO FUyQLFD WDPELpQ VH KD UHGXFLGR VLJQLÀFDWLYDPHQWH $GHPiV VH REVHUYDQLQFUHPHQWRVHQODSURGXFFLyQ\OD SURGXFWLYLGDGDJUtFROD 1R REVWDQWH VH HVWLPD TXH FHUFD GHO  GHODSREODFLyQVXIUHGHVXEDOLPHQWDFLyQ\ H[LVWHQ WDVDV GH GHVQXWULFLyQ FUyQLFD HQWUH QLxDV \ QLxRV GH KRJDUHV SREUHV  HQ KRJDUHV HQ HO TXLQWLO LQIHULRU GH ULTXH]D FRPSDUDGR FRQ PHQRV GH  SURPHGLR QDFLRQDO \GHPDGUHVFRQHVFDVDHVFRODULGDG 14 COMPROMISOS, AVANCES Y DESAFÍOS CON EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE: \GpÀFLWVQXWULFLRQDOHV SHYLWDPLQD$KLHUUR \\RGR HQSREODFLRQHVHVSHFtÀFDV$GHPiV VHH[KLEHXQDHOHYDGD\FUHFLHQWHSURSRUFLyQ GHSREODFLyQDGXOWDHQVREUHSHVRXREHVLGDG \KD\HYLGHQFLDGHTXHODSURGXFWLYLGDG\ORV LQJUHVRVGHODDJULFXOWXUDSURYHQLHQWHVGHOD SHTXHxDSURGXFFLyQVRQORVPiVEDMRVGHOD HFRQRPtD
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[ 2 ]
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Para 2015-2017 el porcentaje de la población que no alcan￾za el mínimo de energía alimentaria era 10.4 %[6]. Se requiere profundizar las intervenciones de políticas públicas orientadas a mejorar la situación alimentaria del país. La referida tasa de prevalencia de la subalimentación signifıca que en el país hay alrededor de un millón de personas que carecen de alimentos sufıcientes para satisfacer las necesidades energéticas para llevar una vida sana y activa (indicador ODS 2.1.1). Al ritmo de reducción del período 2015-2019, al año 2025 alrededor del 7 % de la población dominicana no alcanzaría el mínimo de energía alimentaria requerido, distante de la meta hambre cero y ase￾gurar el acceso de todas las personas a una alimentación sana, nutritiva y sufıciente. Una de las metas del ODS 2 (hambre cero) es poner fın a to￾das las formas de malnutrición, cuyo monitoreo ha sido previs￾to a través de la medición de la prevalencia del retraso del cre￾cimiento (indicador 2.2.1) y la prevalencia de la malnutrición (indicador 2.2.2). En el plano nacional, el SEGUIMIENTO a las metas sobreMALNUTRICIÓN se realiza mediante la medición de las tasas de desnutriciónglobal, aguda y crónica en la población MENOR DE CINCO AÑOS. Para el año 2015, la desnutrición global (peso/edad) en menores de cinco años fue de 3.8 % y la desnutrición aguda (peso/talla) 2.0 %.[7] Estos datos ponen de relieve el desafío del país para mejorar el acceso de la población a una buena alimentación y reducir los niveles de desnutrición existentes; lo que requiere de interven￾ciones de políticas públicas relacionadas con las metas de po￾breza, salud, empleo y otras áreas. Según estimaciones de FAO, la prevalencia de la subalimen￾tación en el país para el período 2017-2019 fue 5.5 %, 1.7 puntos porcentuales más baja que en América Latina y el Caribe y una disminución de 0.5 punto respecto a 2016-2018 (gráfıco 7). 6 MEPyD. SISDOM, con base a información de FAO: El estado de la situación alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2018. 7 No se dispone de información reciente sobre estos indicadores. Según las estimaciones del Mapa Mundial del Hambre del Programa Mundial de Alimentos, el 15 % de la población do￾minicana tiene un consumo insufıciente de alimentos, siendo Montecristi y Elías Piñas las provincias más afectadas con un porcentaje superior al promedio nacional de 33.8 % y 31.9 %, res￾pectivamente. Por otro lado, el informe de Latinobarómero de 2018 repor￾ta que 36 % de las personas del país declararon no tener sufı￾ciente comida, cifra equivalente a nueve puntos porcentuales por encima del promedio de la región, y que coloca al país entre los cuatro países donde las personas manifestaron que su acce￾so a comida es insufıciente. a. Evolución de los indicadores ODS 2: HAMBRE CERO 23 INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 2021 l CRECIMIENTO con equidad y respeto al medioambiente. Otras metas planteadas en el ODS 2 (hambre cero) son la duplicación de la productividad agrícola y los ingresos de las pequeñas unidades productivas y asegurar la sostenibilidad de la producción de alimentos mediante prácticas resilientes que protejan los ecosistemas. Aún persisten limitaciones estadísticas para monitorear adecuadamente la evolución de los indicadores correspon￾dientes a dichas metas, sin embargo, losdatos disponibles re￾velan que existe amplio espacio para aumentar la producti￾vidad agropecuaria y mejorar los ingresos de los productores del campo, especialmente de los productores de alimentos en pequeña escala. Las remuneraciones promedio al trabajo en el sector agropecuario, son más bajas que en el resto de las ramas de actividad económica. Para el 2019 el ingreso laboral pro￾medio por hora en la agropecuaria fue RD$72.5, equivalen￾te al 64 % del ingreso promedio por hora nacional y la mitad (50 %) de las remuneraciones del sector servicios. Para el 2020, producto de la pandemia, el ingreso pro￾medio por hora del sector agropecuario se redujo un 2.8%, proporción mucho menor que en los demás sectores y el promedio nacional (-7.2 %) pero con un incremento en la brecha con respecto a estos; 67% del promedio nacional y 54 % del sector servicios. La BAJA productividad y generación de ingresos de la actividad AGROPECUARIA constituyen un importante RETO al logro de las metas del país en materia alimentaria 24 INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 2021 l CRECIMIENTO con equidad y respeto al medioambiente. Cabe resaltar que la población ocupada en el sector agrope￾cuario en el período 2016-2020 ha sido de un promedio anual de 411 000 personas de 15 años y más, equivalente a 9.2 % de la población total ocupada. En dicho período, la participación del valor agregado del sector en el PIB total ha sido alrededor de 5.4 %, lo que pone de manifıesto la baja productividad del sector en su conjunto y, consecuentemente, los niveles más bajos en ingresos percibidos por los productores agropecuarios. Ade￾más, cabe señalar que el salario mínimo establecido para los trabajadores del campo es de RD$400 (US$7.07 a tasa de cam￾bio de 2020) por jornada de 10 horas, sustancialmente más bajo que el salario mínimo en otras áreas de la economía, incluyendo pequeñas empresas[8]. Para acelerar el AVANCE hacia el ODS 2 (hambre cero), se requiere un MAYOR gasto público en infraestructura rural y servicios de apoyoa la PRODUCCIÓN de alimentos. 8 Por ejemplo, para las empresas industriales, comerciales y de servicios cuyas instalaciones o existencias no superen los RD$2 mi￾llones (US$ 35 349) el salario mínimo es RD$ 10 730 (US$189.68) mensual (jornada de 8 horas). Resolución 22/2019 del Comité Nacional de Salarios, de fecha 9 de julio de 2019. El indicador utilizado para medir el esfuerzo fıscal de apoyo a la agricultura es el índice de orientación agrícola (indicador 2.a.1), que resulta de dividir la proporción que representa el gasto público en el sector agropecuario en el total de gasto público entre la participación del PIB agro￾pecuario en el PIB total. El valor de este indicador, previo a la pandemia de CO￾VID-19, era de 0.30, resultado de un volumen de gasto público en el sector agropecuario equivalente a alrededor de 1.6% del gasto público total de y una participación promedio del valor agregado del sector en el PIB de 5.4 %. En 2020, dicho índice fue de solo 0.215, lo que representa una reducción de 29.2 % respecto a 2019 (gráfıco 10). Esto se ex￾plica por el aumento del gasto total del gobierno para mitigar los efectos de la pandemia, sin que se registrara un incremento de orden similar en el gasto público en el sector agropecuario. Como se observará en el capítulo sobre medios de implementa￾ción de los ODS, en 2019 el gasto en agropecuaria, caza, pesca y silvicultura fue RD$ 11 848 millones y en 2020 fue RD$12,703 millones[9], lo que representa un incremento nominal de 7.2 %, mientras que el gasto total del Gobierno central, sin aplicacio￾nes fınancieras, aumentó 30.7 %. 9 A la tasa de cambio de cada año, estas cifras equivalen a US$231 millones y US$224 millones, respectivamente. En términos de dóla￾res, el gasto público en el sector agropecuario disminuyó en 2020. 25 INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 2021 l CRECIMIENTO con equidad y respeto al medioambiente. b. Principales medidas de política vinculadas a la erradicación del hambre y la seguridad alimentaria El Informe sobre la implementación del PNPSP 2017- 2020 reportó que las acciones llevadas a cabo estuvieron orientadas a: 1.- Impulsar la investigación, la innovación y el desarrollo tecnológico, incluyendo la biotecnología, para mejorar los procesos de producción, procesamiento y comercialización de productos agropecuarios y forestales; 2.- Promover mejores prácticas de cultivo, el incremento de la productividad y la oferta en los rubros agropecuarios con mayor aporte a la seguridad alimentaria y a la adecuada nutrición de la población dominicana; 3.- Desarrollar y fortalecer estructuras asociativas y alian￾zas público-privadas con actores del sector agropecuario, incluidos los pequeños productores; 4.- Fomentar servicios fınancieros que faciliten la capitali￾zación, tecnifıcación y manejo de riesgos de las unidades de producción agropecuaria y forestal; 5.- Desarrollar un sistema de sanidad e inocuidad agroa￾limentaria, que involucre a todos los actores de la cadena productiva. Entre las acciones destinadas a tales objetivos, el citado in￾forme destaca las facilidades crediticias otorgadas a través del Banco Agrícola a los productores del campo, así como las ofre￾cidas por entidades fınancieras del sector privado; y los esfuer￾zos en procura de incrementar la productividad a través de la tecnifıcación de cultivos y poniendo en práctica acciones defı￾nidas en el Plan Nacional de Soberanía y Seguridad Alimenta￾ria (Plan SSAN 2019-2022). Por otra parte, se encuentra en ejecución el movimiento Hambre cero que busca implementar la hoja de ruta del ODS 2 (hambre cero) a través de la participación de todos los ac￾tores sociales en la lucha contra la malnutrición y la falta de acceso a alimentos por parte de los sectores más vulnerables. Este movimiento realiza campañas de concientización sobre alimentación saludable, actividades para fortalecer bancos de alimentos, elaboración de recetas saludables y orientaron so￾bre la importancia de la buena alimentación y aprovechamien￾to de recursos disponibles y el no desperdicio de alimentos por parte de los chefs solidarios, entrega de raciones de alimentos a población vulnerable, entre otras. Mediante la política población rural, el desarrollo agropecuario y pesquero la actual gestión gubernamen￾tal procura mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas que resi￾den en las zonas rurales y promover la seguridad alimentaria, mediante acciones orientadas a: a.- Incrementar la productividad en la producción agroa￾limentaria y pecuaria tanto para el mercado local como de exportación con un enfoque de género y respecto al medioambiente; b.- Apoyar a las pequeñas empresas rurales y a la comercia￾lización; c.- Garantizar la efıciencia del riego en la agricultura d.- Diversificar las modalidades de fınanciamiento e.- Mejorar de la infraestructura de caminos y almacena￾miento, y f.- Apoyar a la construcción de nuevas facilidades de pro￾ducción bajo techo 26 INFORME NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 2021 l CRECIMIENTO con equidad y respeto al medioambiente.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "dom", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-dom-2021-es-3.pdf", "language": "es", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2021 }
» HAMBRE cero (ODS 2). A largo plazo, la situación ali￾mentaria ha mejorado, sin embargo, hay que profundizar los esfuerzos para lograr un mayor acceso al derecho a la alimentación, ya que alre￾dedor de 10 % de la población carece de alimentos sufıcientes para satisfacer las necesidades ener￾géticas para llevar una vida sana y activa[1]. 12
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "dom", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-dom-2021-es-4.pdf", "language": "es", "locality": null, "size": "s", "type": "vnr", "year": 2021 }
123 Retos róximas medidas Retos y próximas medidas Objetivo 2. Poner fin al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible El crecimiento poblacional y los problemas derivados del cambio climático representan verdaderos desafíos para que el país pueda producir, de manera sostenible, alimentos suficientes que garanticen la seguridad alimenta￾ria y la lucha contra el hambre y la malnutrición. El combate a la doble carga de malnutrición representa para Ecuador una prioridad nacional con énfasis en la atención de niños y niñas, de manera que no se condicione su futuro desde pequeños sino que puedan desarrollarse en todo su potencial. En este sentido, para el logro de este objetivo es necesario un enfoque integral que permita orientar las acciones para promover nuevas formas y tecnologías de producción agrícola, que fomenten el desarrollo de la economía popular y solidaria pero, sobre todo, que garanticen el acceso a alimentos suficientes y saludables para la población. En este objetivo, las in￾tervenciones “Misión Ternura”, “Misión Agua y Saneamiento para Todos” y la “Minga Agropecuaria” son el eje fundamental de la política nacional.
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[ 2 ]
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34 2 35 Hambre Cero Hambre Cero Poner fin al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible Visión de país Una de las principales metas a nivel nacional será lograr soluciones para garantizar la seguridad y la sobera￾nía alimentaria de todos los habitantes. El país apuesta por soluciones enmarcadas en la economía popular y solidaria, encaminadas a fomentar la agricultura, silvicultura y acuicultura, con base en la inversión en nuevas tecnologías y formas de producción, y que permitan mejorar la producción y abastecer alimentos al tiempo que se generan ingresos, empleo, cadenas productivas y acceso a mercados para apoyar al área rural y la sosteni￾bilidad territorial. De la misma manera, se deberá continuar con la entrega de incentivos económicos a campesinos y comunida￾des indígenas que se comprometan voluntariamente a la producción de alimentos, conservación y protección de sus bosques nativos, páramos u otra vegetación nativa. Este conjunto de acciones y los cambios positivos de la cobertura y uso de la tierra lograrán proteger numerosos ecosistemas importantes para la biodiversidad y asegu￾rarán la provisión de alimentos y los servicios ecosistémicos en beneficio de las actuales y futuras generaciones. Diagnóstico de la situación actual El hambre y los problemas alimenticios son una manifestación de las condiciones de vida de una población. Así, el poner fin al hambre y alcanzar la seguridad alimentaria se posicionan como uno de los pilares en la Agenda de Desarrollo Sostenible y que tienen el potencial de ser alcanzados a través de una adecuada gestión en el sector agrícola de cada país. El gran desafío para los próximos años es, justamente, poder garantizar la adecuada provisión de alimentos para todas las poblaciones alrededor del mundo, desde una perspectiva sostenible, que promueva el desarrollo y vaya de la mano con la protección del medio ambiente. Como parte de este compromiso, Ecuador ha venido trabajando en la promoción de prácticas alimenticias sa￾ludables y la asistencia para el desarrollo del sector agrícola como mecanismos para garantizar una vida digna a la población. La reducción de la prevalencia de desnutrición crónica, la promoción de la lactancia materna, el fomento de consejerías nutricionales así como la inversión en nuevas tecnologías y mecanismos para la pro￾ducción agrícola son, en la actualidad, algunas de las prioridades que se plasman en las acciones de política nacional emprendidas desde hace varios años. Dentro de este marco, y de manera particular, el país se ha planteado como uno de sus principales desafíos la atención de la primera infancia con énfasis en los primeros 1.000 días de vida. Como parte de ello, se ha busca￾do la reducción de la desnutrición crónica en niños menores de 2 y 5 años, que a 2014 se encontraba en 24,8% y 23,9%, respectivamente (INEC, 2014). Pero la búsqueda por mejorar las condiciones nutricionales de la población en el país ha ido más allá generando condiciones para propiciar el incremento de la lactancia materna exclusiva durante los primeros 6 meses de vida, cuya prevalencia a 2014 fue de 46,4%, cifra aproximadamente 2,6 puntos porcentuales por encima de 36 lo registrado en 2012. Por otro lado, existe una latente preocupación por enfrentar los problemas de obesidad y sobrepeso en niños de 5 a 11 años, cuya prevalencia fue de 31,2% en 2014 (INEC, 2014). Así, todas estas acciones buscan constituirse en mecanismos efectivos para combatir la doble carga de malnutrición existente en el país y que representan verdaderos retos para las naciones al ser necesaria la articulación de políticas y acciones intersectoriales que se traduzcan en una verdadera atención integral. Por otro lado, se han evidenciado avances importantes en cuanto a las mediciones del consumo alimenticio promedio de los hogares que permiten satisfacer sus necesidades alimenticias, reflejándose en los datos de la pobreza y pobreza extrema por consumo. Dichos indicadores hacen referencia a la canasta de bienes y servicios que permite la satisfacción de necesidades básicas de los hogares y que, entre 2006 y 2014, pasaron de 38,3% a 25,8% y de 12,9% a 5,7%, respectivamente (INEC, 2016). Esta información representa un elemento adicional para el análisis y la toma de acciones en lo referente a la lucha contra el hambre, ya que estarían mostrando que cada vez más hogares se encuentran en condiciones de adquirir alimentos como cereales, carnes o lácteos, necesarios para garantizar una adecuada ingesta calórica. Política pública Las políticas públicas encaminadas a combatir la malnutrición en el país y fomentar la producción que garantice la seguridad alimentaria han adquirido una creciente relevancia en el contexto nacional. No solamente se ha logrado institucionalizar su importancia sino, además, corresponsabilizar a las familias y comunidades para que se conviertan en gestores de cambio a través de organizaciones de economía popular y solidaria basadas en relaciones de solidaridad, cooperación y reciprocidad. A pesar de ello, los esfuerzos requeridos para combatir estas problemáticas requieren ser mantenidos y profundizados en el tiempo de manera que se logren cambios estructurales en la población. En este sentido, Ecuador le apuesta a varias políticas para mitigar el hambre, consolidar la seguridad alimentaria, mejorar la nutrición y promover una agricultura sostenible. Tabla 2. Políticas del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo vinculadas con el ODS 2 No. Política PND 1.17 Garantizar el acceso, uso y aprovechamiento justo, equitativo y sostenible del agua; la protección de sus fuentes; la universalidad, disponibilidad y calidad para el consumo humano, saneamiento para todos y el desarrollo de sistemas integrales de riego. 1.3 Combatir la malnutrición, erradicar la desnutrición y promover hábitos y prácticas de vida saludable, generando mecanismos de corresponsabilidad entre todos los niveles de gobierno, la ciudadanía, el sector privado y, los actores de la economía popular y solidaria en el marco de la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria. 1.4 Garantizar el desarrollo infantil integral para estimular las capacidades de las niñas y niños, consi￾derando los contextos territoriales; la interculturalidad; el género y las discapacidades. 1.6 Garantizar el derecho a la salud, a la educación y el cuidado integral durante el ciclo de vida bajo criterios de accesibilidad, calidad y pertinencia territorial y cultural. 4.7 Incentivar la inversión privada nacional y extranjera de largo plazo, generadora de empleo y trans￾ferencia tecnológica, intensiva en componente nacional y con producción limpia; en sus diversos esquemas, incluyendo mecanismos de asociatividad y alianzas público-privadas, con una regula￾ción previsible y simplificada. 5.10 Fortalecer e incrementar la eficiencia de las empresas públicas para la provisión de bienes y ser￾vicios de calidad, el aprovechamiento responsable de los recursos naturales, la dinamización de la economía, y la intervención estratégica en mercados, maximizando su rentabilidad económica y social. Hambre Cero 37 En relación al cumplimiento de este objetivo, se han definido los siguientes mecanismos: • Gran Minga Nacional Agropecuaria: estrategia de modernización agropecuaria que a través de la inter￾vención en nueve ejes prioritarios (propiedad de la tierra, entrega de kits, crédito, riego, seguro agrícola y ga￾nadero, mecanización y asistencia técnica, y acceso a mercados) busca generar empleo e ingresos, inclusión e innovación, diversificación productiva y un incremento de la productividad en el sector rural del país. • Misión Ternura: intervención enfocada en la atención de niños desde la gestación hasta sus primeros 5 años de vida, para lo cual se ha enfocado el accionar en promover una nutrición y hábitos saludables en la población. • Comités Locales de Salud Guardianes de la Vida: impulsa el acompañamiento y sensibilización de la comunidad para colaborar con a madres embarazadas en riesgo, recién nacidos con bajo peso al nacer, y niñas y niños de hasta 2 años con desnutrición crónica, fortaleciendo la vigilancia comunitaria. • Estrategia Médico del Barrio: estrategia de captación puerta a puerta de personas que requieren cui￾dados especiales con énfasis en grupos priorizados como mujeres embarazadas, niños menores de 5 años, adultos mayores, personas con discapacidad, o enfermos crónicos, para realizar seguimiento de sus casos. 5.2 Promover la productividad, competitividad y calidad de los productos nacionales, como también la disponibilidad de servicios conexos y otros insumos, para generar valor agregado y procesos de industrialización en los sectores productivos con enfoque a satisfacer la demanda nacional y de exportación. 5.4 Incrementar la productividad y generación de valor agregado creando incentivos diferenciados al sector productivo, para satisfacer la demanda interna, y diversificar la oferta exportable de manera estratégica. 5.5 Diversificar la producción nacional con pertinencia territorial, aprovechando las ventajas competiti￾vas, comparativas y las oportunidades identificadas en el mercado interno y externo, para lograr un crecimiento económico sostenible y sustentable. 5.5 Diversificar la producción nacional con pertinencia territorial, aprovechando las ventajas competiti￾vas, comparativas y las oportunidades identificadas en el mercado interno y externo, para lograr un crecimiento económico sostenible y sustentable. 5.8 Fomentar la producción nacional con responsabilidad social y ambiental, potenciando el manejo eficiente de los recursos naturales y el uso de tecnologías duraderas y ambientalmente limpias, para garantizar el abastecimiento de bienes y servicios de calidad. 6.2 Promover la redistribución de tierras, y el acceso equitativo a los medios de producción, con énfasis en agua y semillas, así como el desarrollo de infraestructura necesaria para incrementar la produc￾tividad, el comercio, la competitividad y la calidad de la producción rural, considerando las ventajas competitivas y comparativas territoriales. 6.3 Impulsar la producción de alimentos suficientes y saludables, así como la existencia y acceso a mercados y sistemas productivos alternativos, que permitan satisfacer la demanda nacional con respeto a las formas de producción local y con pertinencia cultural. 6.4 Fortalecer la organización, asociatividad y participación de las agriculturas familiares y campesinas en los mercados de provisión de alimentos. 6.5 Promover el comercio justo de productos, con énfasis en la economía familiar campesina y en la economía popular y solidaria, reduciendo la intermediación a nivel urbano y rural, e incentivando el cuidado del medioambiente y la recuperación de los suelos Fuente: Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo (Senplades) – Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2017-2021 “Toda Una Vida”. Hambre Cero
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Examen Nacional Voluntario 47 48 Examen Nacional Voluntario Objetivo 2: Poner fin al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible Visión de país Al 2030, el país apuesta por soluciones enmarcadas en la economía popular y solidaria, con base en la inversión en nuevas tecnologías y formas de producción que permitan mejorar la generación y abastecimiento de alimentos, al mismo tiempo que se crean ingresos, empleos, cadenas productivas y acceso a mercados, para apoyar la sostenibilidad del área rural. De manera complementaria, se desarrollarán buenas prácticas para la transición a la producción sostenible y libre de deforestación, y demás principios agroecológicos, en la lógica de no agotar los recursos naturales productivos -suelo y agua- y sus entornos. Este conjunto de acciones permitirá asegurar la provisión de alimentos y los servicios ecosistémicos en beneficio de las actuales y futuras generaciones. Avances en el desempeño de los indicadores del ODS 2 El desarrollo económico y las mejoras en la productividad agrícola permitieron mejorar las condiciones nutricionales de la población a nivel mundial. Cumplir con el objetivo de “hambre cero” en la región de América Latina y el Caribe requiere, sin embargo, redoblar esfuerzos considerando que el número de personas subalimentadas en la región aumentó de 38,5 a 39,3 millones entre 2014 y 2017 (FAO, OPS, WFP, & Unicef, 2018). El cambio climático y la desaceleración económica han incidido en el crecimiento de la inseguridad alimentaria y el deterioro de los perfiles de hambre y nutrición (FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA, & Unicef, 2019). En este marco, Ecuador ha orientado sus políticas a la atención de la población desde la primera infancia, con énfasis en los 1 000 primeros días de vida. Para ello, se han planteado como prioridades de política pública nacional las acciones vinculadas con la prevalencia de la lactancia materna exclusiva en los primeros seis meses de vida, condición que ha pasado de 46,4% a 62,1%, entre 2014 y 2018. La mejora en las condiciones de lactancia materna representa un avance destacable en la lucha que tiene el país con la prevalencia de la desnutrición crónica17 en niños/as menores de dos años, que pasó de 24,8% 17 Baja talla para la edad. a 27,2% entre 2014 y 2018; asimismo, la prevalencia de desnutrición crónica en niños/as menores de cinco años, que pasó de 23,9% a 23,0%. Enfrentar el problema de la desnutrición se ha convertido en una prioridad nacional enmarcada no solo en la Agenda 2030 sino en los diferentes planes nacionales de desarrollo del país, desde hace varios años. Si bien los esfuerzos se encuentran enfocados en combatir la desnutrición crónica, también se ha trabajado sobre desórdenes causados por la ingesta insuficiente de alimentos en períodos cortos y/o episodios repetidos de enfermedades. Así, la prevalencia de la desnutrición aguda18 en 2014 afectó al 1,6% de los niños y niñas menores de 5 años. En lo referente a la producción agrícola y seguridad alimentaria, se han evidenciado avances importantes en el impulso a la producción sostenible. Para eso, se ha trabajado en la democratización de los medios de producción y el fortalecimiento de programas de asistencia técnica, capacitación e innovación para los productores. Así, el índice de productividad agrícola19 presentó avances entre 2016 y 2018, al pasar de 98,89 a 121,64. Dicha condición implicó un incremento de 23 puntos en el índice. Respecto a la seguridad alimentaria, el país también trabaja en la promoción de alimentos producidos para el consumo local, medido a través de la tasa de 18 Bajo peso para la talla. 19 Mide el comportamiento de los rendimientos de los principales cul￾tivos en el país y permite observar su comportamiento agregado en el tiempo. Los productos considerados para este índice son: arroz, arveja (seca y tierna), banano, brócoli, cacao, café, caña de azúcar, cebada, fréjol (seco y tierno), haba (seca y tierna), maíz duro, suave, seco y choclo, mango, maracuyá, naranja, palma africana, palmito, papa, piña, plátano, quinua, soya, tomate de árbol, tomate riñón, trigo y yuca. Ilustración 13. Índice de productividad agrícola Fuente: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC) - Espac. Examen Nacional Voluntario 49 participación de alimentos en el consumo nacional. A 2018, se registró una tasa de 82,0%, lo que representa una caída de 2,8 puntos porcentuales respecto de la tasa de 2017. Entre otras cosas, esta condición se presentó debido al aumento de las importaciones (en toneladas métricas) del trigo, manzana, leche, atún y cacao. Políticas públicas orientadas al ODS 2 Ecuador ha concentrado sus esfuerzos en lograr la soberanía alimentaria y combatir la malnutrición a través de acciones dirigidas a grupos poblacionales como mujeres embarazas, lactantes y menores de cinco años. Mediante el Plan de Reconversión Productiva y de Exportación Asociativa se impulsa el desarrollo productivo y la sustitución de importaciones, a través de capacitaciones y asistencias técnicas, créditos agropecuarios, acceso a infraestructura, trazabilidad, certificaciones, incentivos tributarios, contratos de futuro, fortalecimiento de los modelos asociativos, entre otros. Además, el Plan contempla alianzas con empresas interesadas en compras agrícolas, lo que contribuye a la lucha contra la pobreza en el campo. La Gran Minga Agropecuaria tiene como propósito el desarrollo integral del sector agrícola y pecuario, a través de la entrega de títulos de propiedad que ayudan a los agricultores en la obtención de créditos, riego, kits con semillas, seguro agrícola y ganadero, asistencia técnica, mecanización agrícola y acceso a mercados. Misión Ternura promociona el bienestar humano desde la gestación y durante los primeros cinco años de vida de niños y niñas. En esta iniciativa participan cooperativamente el Estado, los gobiernos autónomos descentralizados, la comunidad y la familia, mediante la entrega de servicios específicos en los ámbitos de: salud con ternura; promoción de alimentación y nutrición adecuada; fomento del juego para el aprendizaje temprano; y, entornos seguros y protectores. Como parte de Misión Ternura, el Plan Intersectorial de Alimentación y Nutrición avanza en su objetivo de alcanzar una adecuada nutrición para la población (niños, adolescentes, adultos y adultos mayores), durante todo su ciclo de vida, mediante la provisión de atención integral y mecanismos de corresponsabilidad entre todos los niveles de gobierno, la ciudadanía y el sector privado. El Plan deriva en líneas de acción, entre las que destacan las siguientes: asegurar la atención integral en salud y nutrición en todos los niveles; fomentar y proteger la lactancia materna; generar intervenciones de promoción de la salud que fomenten estilos de vida saludables; mejorar hábitos alimenticios; y, contribuir a la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria. Resultados de la gestión institucional Con el fin de promover la reactivación del Agro, a 2019, se han beneficiado 286 434 pequeños y medianos productores, con un total de 1 155 122 asistencias técnicas, capacitaciones y acompañamientos, para incrementar la productividad en rubros agrícolas y pecuarios. A 2019, a través de la Gran Minga Agropecuaria se han implementado 3 099 hectáreas de riego tecnificado parcelario a escala nacional; se entregaron 223 973 paquetes tecnológicos de alto rendimiento, parcialmente subvencionados; se emitieron 70 359 títulos de propiedad a predios de pequeños y medianos agricultores, con la finalidad de desarrollar proyectos agroproductivos. Asimismo, se redistribuyeron 763 hectáreas a pequeños y medianos productores, alcanzando un total de 192 beneficiarios directos; se titularon 17 840 hectáreas a favor de comunidades, pueblos y nacionalidades, se intervinieron mediante seguro agrícola a 269 706 hectáreas. BanEcuador ha beneficiado a 112 420 clientes de crédito a nivel nacional, por un monto de USD 973.2 millones. En el marco de la intervención Misión Ternura – a través del Plan Intersectorial de Alimentación y Nutrición￾a 2019, 346 502 menores de cinco años y 70 404 mujeres embarazadas forman parte del padrón nominal de 50 cantones, priorizados a nivel nacional, con el fin de alcanzar una adecuada nutrición y desarrollo de la población ecuatoriana durante todo el curso de vida (primera fase). Además, 169 municipios están adheridos al programa de Municipios Saludables y se cuenta con 25 municipios que alcanzan, al menos, uno de los tres tipos de certificación como promotor, garante o saludable, respectivamente. Evaluación de Política Pública Evaluación del programa emblemático Acción Nutrición Con el objetivo de implementar mecanismos de coordinación interinstitucional de la política pública en materia de malnutrición infantil, Ecuador puso en marcha el proyecto emblemático Acción Nutrición. Su evaluación identificó como necesario fortalecer la capacidad de coordinación en cuanto a la atención en territorio, además de trabajar en el seguimiento y evaluación del programa de manera conjunta con actores de ministerios nacionales y gobiernos autónomos descentralizados. 50 Examen Nacional Voluntario Adicionalmente, se consideró necesario institucionalizar un instrumento de medición anual de la desnutrición en el país, de manera que se pueda contar con información oportuna para tomar decisiones y corregir falencias. La identificación de esta necesidad favoreció a que, actualmente, las instituciones del sector social se encuentren trabajando en la implementación del sistema para el monitoreo, seguimiento nominal y captación temprana de mujeres embarazadas, niñas y niños en sus primeros mil días de vida. Iniciativas impulsadas por varios actores La Implementación y monitoreo de políticas públicas para la soberanía y seguridad alimentaria y nutricional del Ecuador, de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), contribuye a reducir la prevalencia de malnutrición en todas sus formas en niños de hasta 5 años, mediante la implementación efectiva del Plan Intersectorial de Alimentación y Nutrición. La iniciativa Modelo complementario de alimentación escolar, del Programa Mundial de Alimentos de las Naciones Unidas (PMA), impulsa la vinculación de asociaciones de pequeños productores para proporcionar alimentos saludables y nutritivos, y complementar el programa nacional de intervención en la alimentación escolar del Gobierno Nacional. El proyecto de Salud y nutrición de la primera infancia, de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), contribuye a la implementación de modelos intersectoriales que operen las actuales políticas públicas, orientada a la reducción de la desnutrición. Además, promueve el desarrollo temprano de la primera infancia en la población rural y urbana.
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{ "country": "ecu", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-ecu-2020-es-4.pdf", "language": "es", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2020 }
Examen Nacional Voluntario 113 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible ODS 2-Hambre cero El país ha dado pasos significativos en favor de una producción sostenible que garantice la soberanía alimentaria. Como parte de ello, la institucionalización de la economía popular y solidaria representa un hito en el proceso que permite no sólo erradicar el hambre sino generar medios para apoyar a los territorios, reducir la pobreza y generar empleo. De igual modo, Ecuador ha logrado concentrar sus esfuerzos en la institucionalización y generación de condiciones para enfrentar la malnutrición con enfoque en grupos poblacionales como mujeres embarazadas, lactantes y menores de 5 años. Dentro de los desafíos que tiene el país para erradicar el hambre, se requiere entre otros elementos, incrementar y mejorar la producción agrícola a través de nuevos métodos, así como empoderar al campesino para fomentar el desarrollo de la economía popular y solidaria, y garantizar el acceso a alimentos saludables para toda la población. Asimismo, el combate a la desnutrición crónica en el país representa un verdadero desafío, por lo que se ha constituido como una de las prioridades nacionales a lo largo de los últimos años; sin embargo, la gestión gubernamental debe ir acompañada de la corresponsabilidad de la población, de la apropiación de nuevas prácticas desde el sector privado y de la concientización sobre la importancia de cuidar a niños y niñas en beneficio de las actuales y futuras generaciones. De ahí nace la necesidad de consolidar la política pública enfocada en la erradicación de la desnutrición crónica, mediante la articulación interinstitucional entre los diferentes niveles de gobierno y entre actores de varios sectores.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "ecu", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-ecu-2020-es-5.pdf", "language": "es", "locality": null, "size": "s", "type": "vnr", "year": 2020 }
7 ODS 2 - Hambre cero Se registran importantes avances a favor de la producción sostenible que garantice la soberanía alimentaria, especialmente, en la institucionalidad de la economía popular y solidaria. Sin embargo, se requiere consolidar un sistema de producción con nuevas tecnologías para contar con procesos más eficientes, dinámicos y sostenibles.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "ecu", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-ecu-2020-es-6.pdf", "language": "es", "locality": null, "size": "s", "type": "vnr", "year": 2020 }
Egypt's Voluntary National Review 2018 27 The Government of Egypt is aware of the necessity to provide appropriate support to vulnerable segments of the population while carrying out necessary economic reforms, and accordingly initiated several programs and upgraded other programs to overcome the short-term impact of the economic reforms. Hunger is not only a critical social problem; it also has severe long-lasting repercussions on cognitive abilities, especially for children. There are several initiatives to effectively address this problem on the part of both the Government and civil society, which have refected positively on the indicators related to SDG 2 depicted in the above table. School Meals Program The Government of Egypt initiated a new school meals program that is implemented under the National Strategy of School Meals. The program covers all the students in state preschool and primary education. President Abdel-Fattah Al-Sisi has highlighted the importance of school meals and assured that the strategy is a priority for the Government. The meals include a number of items aimed at meeting the pupils’ nutritional needs. The distribution of school meals is also expected to decrease the dropout rate and increase pupils’ engagement at school. Commodity Subsidies Egypt has implemented nationwide a new subsidy system based on a points system. This system includes the replacement of the main supply commodities (oil, sugar, rice) with foodstuffs or non-food items from up to 50 different items. The citizen has the freedom to choose the commodities they purchase according to their needs. The new subsidy system covers 67.8 million people.6 In addition, the Government has implemented a new bread subsidy system, whereby each citizen can get fve loaves per day. Those who need less bread can exchange the extra loaves for points that can be used to purchase other goods. The Egyptian Food Bank The Egyptian Food Bank is an NGO that provides vulnerable citizens with food on a monthly basis, and on special occasions such as during Ramadan and on religious holidays. Its monthly feeding program covers 250,000 households,7 and it has started a new initiative to collect waste food from hotels and social gatherings, to provide healthy meals for poor people. The organization works with the Tahya Masr fund and Misr El-Kheir charity to deliver food to the poor all over the country. S'G  =HUR +XQJHU
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27 SDG 2: ZERO HUNGER (1) PROGRESS TOWARDS THE GOAL Ending hunger, improving nutrition, and increasing agricultural productivity are fundamental cornerstones to lift people out of poverty and underdevelopment. Hunger and malnutrition are not only critical humanitarian issues but also have long-term spillover efects if untreated swiftly and efectively including on cognitive abilities and hence the path of productivity. Food security remains a national priority for the government of Egypt as is evident in the Egypt Vision 2030. Egypt’s score in composite food security indices such as the Economist Intelligence Unit’s Global Food Security Index shows Egypt’s score steadily increasing since 2017 with an overall score of 60.1/100 reaching a high of 65.4/100 in 2019 before dropping to 61.1/100 in 2020. There are also good strides in reducing malnutrition especially among children. Among children under 5 years of age, prevalence of stunting dropped from 22.7% to 15.5%, wasting from 8% to 3%, and anemia from 27% to 22.3% all from 2015 to 2018. (2) GOVERNMENT EFFORTS TOWARDS ENDING HUNGER (2.1) Increasing Agricultural Productivity and Supply of Strategic Crops Banking on the improved indicators, the GoE continues to work on ensuring food security through improving agricultural productivity and prioritizing the production and reserves of strategic crops. The volume of agricultural production has increased from 158.6 tons per hectare in 2016 to around 163.3 in 2018. The Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation sets production targets for key strategic crops with regular annual increases. For example, wheat production is planned to rise from 3.4 million feddans in 2018/2019 to 3.6 million feddans in 2020/2021, and Maize from 2.8 million feddans to 3.2 million feddans for the same years. Egypt is at or near self-sufciency rates in the production of Diary, Poultry, and Fish. Prevalence Among Children Under 5 years old 22.7% 8.0% 27.0% 17.5% 3.0% 22.3% Stunting Wasting Anemia 2014/2015 2017/2018 Source: CAPMAS Global Food Security Index (Egypt Overall Score out of 100) 60.1 62.9 65.4 61.1 2017 2018 2019 2020 Source: Economist Intelligence Unit Indicator Previous Progress (2.1.2) Proxy Food Security Index 62.9 2018 61.1↓ 2020 (2.2.1) Prevalence of Stunting (children under 5 years) 22.7% 2015 17.5%↓ 2018 (2.2.2) Proxy Prevalence of Anemia (children under 5 years) 27% 2015 22.3%↓ 2018 (2.2.2) Proxy Prevalence of Wasting (children under 5 years) 8% 2015 3%↓ 2018 (2.3.1) Proxy Volume of Agriculture Production per hectare (tons) 158.6 2016 163.3↑ 2018 Source: Misr El-Kheir Foundation Examples of Misr El-Kheir Foundation’s Social Solidarity Projects Debtors Relief: • Supporting poor & destitute families through paying their distressed debts. (75,000+ beneficiaries) Fulfilling Basic Needs: • Emergency relief for victims of disasters such fires. (6,900+ beneficiaries) • Monthly financial aid for families who have lost their breadwinner. (22,700+ beneficiaries) Seasonal Campaigns: • Ramadan Campaigns: Providing food services in the holy month of Ramadan in all governorates. • Winter Campaigns: Shielding the most in need from the winter frost in Upper Egypt and remote areas. 28 (2.2) Food Subsidies: The “Tamween” Program In addition to improving agricultural productivity, budget allocation for food subsidies increased by around 5% from 2017/2018 to 2020/2021. The GoE continuously works towards improving the efciency and efectiveness of its “Tamween” food subsidy system, a cornerstone of Egypt’s social safety nets. The EIU’s Global Food Security Index have constantly showed that one of Egypt’s greatest strengths in food security is the presence, funding, coverage, and operation of food safety net programs. The system is managed by the Ministry of Supply and Internal Trade, which along with other partners constantly strives towards improving. Some of the most recent reforms included: Raising the efciency of the system: with the improved targeting of food subsidies, subsidies witnessed an overall drop from 88.6% of population in 2015 to 84% in 2020. Consequently, families in the least spending category (1st decile) receive the highest food support both in absolute EGP terms and as a percentage of their total spending on food and beverages (11.9% in 2019/2020) with this percentage dropping steadily as the family spending category goes up. Replacing commodity quotas with a monthly cash-based system: so that card holders have more choice as the food basket has been expanded to include more food items with the aim of improving nutritional value & dietary diversity. Shifting to an output-based subsidy system: so rather than supplying subsidized four to bakeries, the government now subsidizes the production cost of the bread itself which reduces resource leakage. Further eforts are still needed to address key challenges such as managing the high costs and leakages in the program, indexation to adjust for infation after the shift to a cash-based system, and working to improve the nutritional value of the ofered food items. (3) PARTNERSHIPS TOWARDS ENDING HUNGER The Egyptian civil society has always been a key partner in this particular goal recognizing hunger as a humanitarian crisis in need of constant urgent attention. This was exemplifed during the pandemic when organizations came together to support to the most vulnerable: During May 2020, Misr El-Kheir Foundation in partnership with the Ministry of Social Solidarity launched “Al-Kheir Convoys” to deliver foodstuf to families most in need during the pandemic. Three diferent convoys were launched during May, reaching families in every governorate, each carrying as many as 1,250 tons of foodstuf (over 2 million meals). Similarly, from April till December 2020, the Tahya Misr Fund launched the campaign “Together, We Overcome the Crisis” along two axes: supporting the healthcare sector and supporting the families most in need. The second axis involved distributing Population Covered by Ration Cards (proxy) 80.5% 95.4% 88.6% 80.2% 95.5% 88.5% 74.9% 91.1% 84.0% Urban Rural TOTAL 2015 2018 2020 Source: Ministry of Supply and Internal Trade Food Support Received by Families 2019/2020 (percent of their total spending on food & drink) 11.9% 10.0% 9.2% 8.7% 8.1% 7.8% 7.2% 6.8% 6.0% 4.5% 1st decile 2nd decile 3rd decile 4th decile 5th decile 6th decile 7th decile 8th decile 9th decile 10th decile Source: CAPMAS (Most in Need) (Least in Need) Other partnerships focus on nutrition: “First 1,000 Days” Program Source: WFP, MOSS The program, ongoing since August 2020, targets more than 41,000 pregnant and nursing promoting healthy nutrition during this critical stage of a child’s development, with a fund of ~USD 3.6 million. World Food Program under the auspices of: Ministry of Social Solidarity in collaboration with: Sawiris Foundation for Social Development 29 Population Covered by Ration Cards (proxy) 80.5% 95.4% 88.6% 80.2% 95.5% 88.5% 74.9% 91.1% 84.0% Urban Rural TOTAL 2015 2018 2020 Source: Ministry of Supply and Internal Trade over 6,600 tons of food to those most in need in poor villages, in cooperation with over 22 civil society organizations. One of the convoys received the Guinness record title in November 2020 for largest truck convoy with 480 trucks carrying humanitarian aid. (4) COVID-19 IMPACT & GOVERNMENT RESPONSE The short-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hunger￾related indicators is thankfully negligible in Egypt. The percentage of malnourished people dropped from 4.4% in 2019 to 4.1% in 2020 despite the pandemic. A similar case can be seen in child stunting, with the prevalence increasing marginally from 17.5% in 2019 to 17.6% in 2020 with no particular efect due to COVID-19 per se. As the pandemic hit Egypt in March 2020, policies were swiftly implemented to ensure food security during global lockdowns such as: • Stopping the exports of strategic items such as legumes and sugar for a few months due to the disrupted trade and supply chains. • Facilitating the import of strategic foodstuf with the Central Bank of Egypt allowing banks to exclude imports of rice, beans and lentils from the 100% cash cover. • Granting companies in the agriculture sector loans at a diminished interest rate that to support their operations during the pandemic. • Deferring loans payments for farmers and breeders for six months under a program by the Egyptian Agricultural Bank. That is in addition to the policies targeting poverty, as well as the several emergency convoys distributing food support. Egypt is determined to put malnutrition, already at relatively low levels, on a steep downward trajectory to reach 2.3% of the population by 2030. A similar case is with stunting rates in children, projected to drop to 12.2% by 2030 under a strong policy reinforcement scenario. Other partnerships focus on nutrition: “First 1,000 Days” Program Source: WFP, MOSS The program, ongoing since August 2020, targets more than 41,000 pregnant and nursing promoting healthy nutrition during this critical stage of a child’s development, with a fund of ~USD 3.6 million. World Food Program under the auspices of: Ministry of Social Solidarity in collaboration with: Sawiris Foundation for Social Development 4.4 12.9 9.7 4.1 13.1 9.5 4.1 12.3 9.2 Egypt LMICs MENA 2019 2020 (COVID) 2020 (No COVID) Effect of COVID: Malnourished people, % of population 17.5 31.8 16.1 17.6 31.9 16.1 17.6 31.8 16.1 Egypt LMICs MENA Stunting, % of children aged 0-5 Source: Pardee Center for International Future Studies (2021), Denver University Horizon 2030 Projections By 2030: Business as Usual With SDG Push MALNUTRITION 3.3% 2.3% CHILD STUNTING 15.5% 12.2%
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "egy", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-egy-2021-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2021 }
SPAIN – VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 134 SDG 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. The Government of the Balearic Islands has created a Social Emergency Fund for schools to meet the pressing basic needs of families in financial difficulties. The assistance for school dinners has also been improved. In the field of ecological farming, significant assistance is being provided within the framework of the 2017-2020 Rural Development Plan for the Balearic Islands.
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[ 2 ]
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SPAIN – VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 36 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture The aims of SDG 2 are to put an end to hunger, to achieve food security, to improve nutrition and to promote sustainable agriculture by 2030. These targets are primarily focused on improving nutrition by facilitating universal access to a healthy, nutritious and sufficient diet and SPAIN – VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 37 by eradicating all forms of malnutrition. Other areas to be addressed are those of food production, agriculture and the food system in general. According to the INE Living Conditions Survey, the proportion of the population experiencing significant food deficiency, defined as those unable to afford a meal with meat, chicken or fish at least once every two days, reached a peak value in 2017, at 3.7%. By sex, women were slightly worse off than men (3.8% vs. 3.5%). By age, the most severely affected groups in this respect were those of minors (3.4%) and persons aged over 65 years. Among the latter, this rate increased from 2.2% in 2016 to 3.3% in 2017. Table 5. Percentage of persons experiencing significant food deficiency: “Unable to afford a meal with meat, chicken or fish at least once every two days” 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 All 2.2 2.1 2.6 3.2 2.6 3.5 3.3 2.6 2.9 3.7 Men 2.4 2.1 2.6 3.1 2.8 3.4 3.4 2.7 2.8 3.5 Women 2.0 2.1 2.6 3.2 2.3 3.5 3.2 2.5 3.0 3.8 Source: INE, Living Conditions Survey Table 6. Percentage of persons, by age, experiencing significant food deficiency: “Unable to afford a meal with meat, chicken or fish at least once every two days” 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Under 16 years 2.4 2.4 2.8 2.8 2.5 3.6 4.2 3.2 3.2 3.4 Under 18 years 2.5 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.6 3.7 4.3 3.2 3.2 3.4 18 - 64 years 2.0 2.0 2.5 3.2 2.5 3.5 3.4 2.7 2.9 3.8 65 years or more 2.5 2.5 2.9 3.5 2.7 3.1 1.8 1.8 2.2 3.3 Total 2.2 2.1 2.6 3.2 2.6 3.5 3.3 2.6 2.9 3.7 Source: INE, Living Conditions Survey Action will be taken to overcome the situations of inequality that generate problems of hunger in Spain, via the development of social services and support networks for this purpose. In Spain, hunger and inequality are fundamentally caused by poverty, social vulnerability and marginalization. Inequality includes social exclusion, which undoubtedly influences nutrition, but also refers to aspects such as unsustainable consumption patterns and unhealthy lifestyles. In Spain, this SDG forms part of the competences of three Ministries; Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAPA); Health, Consumer Affairs and Welfare (MSCBS); and Education and Science SPAIN – VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 38 (MEC). MSCBS has a fundamental responsibility in the management of these targets, but MAPA also implements policies related to the supervision of food quality, the development of mechanisms to improve food availability and the promotion of healthy eating, activities that undoubtedly impact on the achievement or otherwise of the SDGs. The third of these actions is also addressed within the education system, via the Ministry of Education. The measures adopted regarding the first two targets of this SDG present strong synergies with those described in SDG 1, concerning the fight against poverty and social exclusion, and in SDG 3 on improving public health. In view of the significant relationships between vulnerability, poverty, social exclusion and food-related problems, it seems clear that coordinated action, taking into account the human right to food, is one of the most effective methods that can be employed to resolve problems concerning hunger and malnutrition. One such approach is that taken by FEAD, which finances material assistance for disadvantaged persons. Another is the Spanish Strategy for Obstetric Care within the National Health System, which among other activities encourages the Autonomous Communities to promote best practices regarding breastfeeding and infant nutrition. Actions taken to address situations in which food problems coexist with unhealthy lifestyles are complementary to those adopted in the framework of SDG 12, concerning the reduction of food waste and, especially, the promotion of sustainable, responsible consumption. There is also a high degree of complementarity with some actions carried out in the education system, and therefore with SDG 4 targets. This is one of the most important areas in which to tackle problems of childhood malnutrition and to educate young people on healthy eating. Actions taken in this respect include the “Know what you eat” campaign and various programmes to promote the consumption of fruits, vegetables and milk in schools, to combat problems such as childhood obesity and to promote other healthy living habits such as physical exercise. In 2014, according to MSCBS and data from the European Health Survey (Eurostat), 16.9% of the population were obese and 35.7% overweight. At the opposite end of the scale, 2.2% had insufficient weight. These figures are slightly above the EU average. Since 2014, the Ministry has been implementing the Strategy for the promotion of health and for disease prevention in the National Health System, which was approved in December 2013. This Strategy takes a lifelong health approach, to foster public health and welfare, promote healthy environments and lifestyles and strengthen health security. An area in which special attention is needed is that of the current increase in diseases related to poor nutrition, overweight and obesity, such as diabetes, cancers and cardiovascular diseases. For all of these reasons, and with particular regard to Target 2.2, efforts are being made to promote a healthy diet based on fresh products, without additives, to favour the consumption of locally-sourced products, to highlight the importance of agro-ecology and to combat bad eating habits, which often begin in childhood. The latter area of attention requires coordinated action from the educational system and from families, focusing in particular on minors at risk of exclusion, who are most likely to be affected and who encounter most difficulty in accessing a healthy diet. Accordingly, coordinated actions should be undertaken on the sectoral, health- SPAIN – VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 39 related, agricultural and educational aspects of food, and cooperation mechanisms among the relevant Ministries should be strengthened and extended. The second group of targets is related to food production, agriculture and to the food system in general. Actions have been proposed to improve the food system by raising the productivity, quality and efficiency of agriculture, stabilizing or increasing the incomes of producers (especially small-scale ones), fostering sustainable agrifood systems and maintaining agricultural diversity (of seeds, cultivated plants and farm and domesticated animals). In this set of targets, most of the management responsibility corresponds to MAPA, in the framework of the EU Common Agricultural Policy and other programmes related to agricultural production and sustainability, rural development and the management of food chains and the environment. Target 2.3 aims to protect and promote family farming (coinciding with the UN Decade of Family Farming), improving its economic dimension, supporting productive local investment and the sustainable management of resources. In Spain, family farming is usually non-intensive and is often related to sustainable patterns of production and consumption (extensive systems, traditional techniques, production in disadvantaged areas enabling protection for land, flora and fauna of high ecological value). Therefore, the protection and maintenance of family farming is a crucial element of sustainable development. In this regard, many of the measures proposed among policies for rural development facilitate the modernization of farms and the implementation of productive investments, allowing family farms and small producers to remain competitive against globalized agricultural concerns. Target 2.4 seeks to promote sustainable consumption and to raise awareness among farmers of the challenges posed by climate change and related environmental problems such as desertification and extreme weather events, thus reinforcing their adaptive capabilities. Actions foreseen in this context include the National Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change (PNACC) and the 2018-2022 National Action Plan for the Sustainable Use of Phytosanitary Products. Proposals have also been made to promote integrated agricultural production and ecological agriculture and livestock farming, via the Strategy for Ecological Production, for example through agreements with the Autonomous Communities and local governments within the framework of existing legislation promoting the sustainable development of the rural environment. Another factor relevant to this target is the category of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), established by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In 2017, Spain achieved the recognition of two GIAHS sites, the first such in Europe, thanks to the hard work done by the corresponding Autonomous Communities, local entities and producers’ associations and other bodies, as well as support from MAPA. These sites are dedicated to the production of salt (in the Salado de Añana valley, Álava province) and muscatel grapes (in the Axarquía valley, Málaga province). In Spain, 2,018,802 hectares are dedicated to ecological farming, the largest such area in any EU country, equivalent to 8.24% of all agricultural land in 2015, according to Eurostat data. In the EU as a whole, 16.9% of all ecological land use is located in Spain. Furthermore, this type of farming has increased significantly, from 5.3% in 2008 to 7.5% in 2011 and 8.2% today. However, the majority of this production is exported, since the growth rate of national SPAIN – VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT 40 ecological consumption has been much lower, and therefore strategies are needed to consolidate and support the domestic market. Another important challenge is that of conserving agricultural, animal and plant biodiversity, a question that may be related to the practices employed in traditional agrarian systems. Spain, due to its biogeographic position and the diversity of ecologies and agrarian systems in its territory, contains a wealth of resources, both plant and animal, and of practices associated with the traditional management of agrarian systems. With this in mind, strategies have been adopted, first to identify and inventory the genetic and cultural resources related to agricultural diversity, and then to establish conservation measures and develop sustainable models of diversified, ecological agricultural production, using these resources. Relevant policy measures in this respect include the FAO International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources, the National Programme for the Conservation, Improvement and Promotion of Livestock Breeds and the National Programme for the Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Agriculture and Food. In recent years, there has been growing involvement by consumers in the assessment of environmental behaviour, favouring production methods that contribute social value or in which there are more direct relationships between the consumer and the producer. However, a major challenge remains to be addressed, that of transmitting information to consumers about the environmental impact of sectors whose products are of a more industrial nature or that are not supplied directly to the final consumer, such as livestock feed. In this regard, certain measures concerning not so much production techniques or even the transformation of products, but rather the establishment and promotion of short distribution chains, could significantly help family farms and small-medium sized producers to achieve higher incomes and thus bring consumers closer to sustainable, high-quality methods of production. In addition to the above, MAPA has carried out actions regarding health, hygiene and traceability, seeking to ensure that food production is safe, in terms of public health, at every stage of the food chain. Among the actions taken in this field are the issuing of specific regulations, the publication of guidelines on best practices and the organization of events to raise consumer awareness. These initiatives will be complemented with others aimed at promoting the supply of healthy food, at reducing food losses and waste and at minimizing environmental damage, through the promotion of local, seasonal and agro-ecological products. In this context, too, labelling and traceability must be taken into consideration. Finally, special mention should be made of policies for rural development. Sustainable development must be based on a territorial balance, in which rural areas, cities and towns are all prosperous, populated and connected.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "esp", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-esp-2018-en-4.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2018 }
ESPAÑA - INFORME EXAMEN NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 140 ODS 2. Poner fin al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible. El GOIB ha creado el Fondo de Emergencia Social en las escuelas para atender necesidades básicas urgentes de familias con dificultades económicas. También se han mejorado las Ayudas para comedores escolares. En materia de Agricultura ecológica, se están realizando importantes ayudas dentro del marco del Plan de Desarrollo Rural de las Islas Balears 2017-2020.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "esp", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-esp-2018-es-3.pdf", "language": "es", "locality": null, "size": "s", "type": "vnr", "year": 2018 }
ESPAÑA - INFORME EXAMEN NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 37 2. Poner fin al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible El ODS 2 tiene como objetivos poner fin al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible para el año 2030. Sus metas atienden en primer lugar a la mejora de la alimentación a través del acceso de todas las personas a una alimentación sana, nutritiva y suficiente y la erradicación de todas las formas de malnutrición, y se ocupan también de la producción de alimentos, la agricultura y en general el sistema alimentario. La Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida (INE) muestra cómo el porcentaje de personas que sufre carencia material alimentaria, medido a través del porcentaje de personas que no pueden permitirse una comida con carne, pollo o pescado una vez cada dos días, alcanzó su valor máximo el año pasado, 2017 con un valor de 3,7%. Por sexo, las mujeres se encuentran ligeramente peores que los hombres (tasa del 3,8% en mujeres frente al 3,5% en hombres). Finalmente, por edades, el grupo más afectado es el de los menores de edad, cuya cifra en el 2017 es del 3,4%, destaca también la carestía en las personas mayores de 65 años, cuya tasa se ha aumentado en más de un punto en un año pasando del 2,2 en 2016 a 3,3%. Tabla 5. % Personas con carencia material por sexo: "No puede permitirse una comida de carne, pollo o pescado al menos cada dos días" Sexo 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Ambos sexos 2,2 2,1 2,6 3,2 2,6 3,5 3,3 2,6 2,9 3,7 Hombres 2,4 2,1 2,6 3,1 2,8 3,4 3,4 2,7 2,8 3,5 Mujeres 2,0 2,1 2,6 3,2 2,3 3,5 3,2 2,5 3,0 3,8 Fuente: INE, Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida Tabla 6 % Personas con carencia material por edad: "No puede permitirse una comida de carne, pollo o pescado al menos cada dos días" 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Menores de 16 años 2,4 2,4 2,8 2,8 2,5 3,6 4,2 3,2 3,2 3,4 Menos de 18 años 2,5 2,4 2,9 2,8 2,6 3,7 4,3 3,2 3,2 3,4 De 18 a 64 años 2,0 2,0 2,5 3,2 2,5 3,5 3,4 2,7 2,9 3,8 65 y más años 2,5 2,5 2,9 3,5 2,7 3,1 1,8 1,8 2,2 3,3 Total 2,2 2,1 2,6 3,2 2,6 3,5 3,3 2,6 2,9 3,7 Fuente: INE, Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida Por ello, se plantea revertir las situaciones de desigualdad que puedan generar problemas de hambre y desarrollar servicios sociales y redes de apoyo que la eviten el hambre en la nuestra sociedad española. Estos dos problemas, en España, están fundamentalmente ligados a ESPAÑA - INFORME EXAMEN NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 38 situaciones de pobreza, vulnerabilidad social y marginación. Además, en el segundo, incide una casuística mayor, que recoge los aspectos exclusión que, sin duda, influyen en la nutrición, pero que, además, incluye otros aspectos como modalidades de consumo no sostenibles o hábitos no saludables. Confluyen en este ODS las competencias del MAPA, del MSCBS y del MEC El MSCBS tiene una responsabilidad fundamental en la gestión de estas metas, aunque el MAPA también desarrolla políticas ligadas a la supervisión de la calidad de los alimentos, el desarrollo de mecanismos para mejorar su disponibilidad y el fomento de la alimentación saludable que, sin duda, tienen influencia en la consecución de las mismas, acción esta última que también recae en el sistema educativo y el MEC. Las medidas adoptadas en el marco de las dos primeras metas de este ODS presentan fuertes sinergias con aquellas acciones descritas en el ODS 1 de lucha contra la pobreza y la exclusión social y del ODS 3 de mejora de la salud. Dadas las importantes relaciones entre vulnerabilidad frente a la pobreza, la exclusión social y los problemas relacionados con la alimentación, la acción coordinada y desde el enfoque del derecho humano a la alimentación se presenta como uno de los métodos más eficaces para resolver los problemas relativos al hambre o la malnutrición. En esta línea, una de las medidas ha sido la actuación del FEAD (Fondo de Ayuda Europea para las Personas más Desfavorecidas), un programa europeo que financia medidas para proporcionar asistencia material a los más desfavorecido; y la “Estrategia de atención al parto normal en el Sistema Nacional de Salud”, que insta a las CCAA a fomentar las mejores prácticas de lactancia materna y de alimentación infantil. Asimismo, aquellas situaciones en las que los problemas alimentarios tienen que ver con hábitos de vida no saludables se ven complementadas con las adoptadas en el marco del ODS 12, en el campo de la reducción del desperdicio alimentario y, especialmente, con aquellas que promocionan el consumo sostenible y responsable. Finalmente, también hay un alto grado de complementariedad con algunas de las acciones que se desarrollan en el sistema educativo, relacionadas, por tanto, con metas del ODS 4. Este es uno de los ámbitos más importantes para resolver problemas de malnutrición en la infancia y para educar en los modos de alimentación saludable. Entre estas acciones destacan las Campañas “Conoce lo que comes” y diversos programas y campañas para promocionar el consumo de frutas, hortalizas y leche en los centros escolares y combatir problemas como la obesidad infantil o para fomentar hábitos más saludables que van más allá de la alimentación, como el ejercicio físico. Según datos del MSCBS y de la Encuesta Europea sobre la Salud (Eurostat), en 2014, el 16,9% de la población tenía obesidad y el 35,7% sobrepeso. En el extremo contrario, el 2,2% tenía peso insuficiente. Estas cifras están ligeramente por encima de la media de la UE. Desde 2014, el anterior MSSSI ha implementado la Estrategia de promoción de la salud y prevención en el Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS), aprobada en diciembre de 2013, que cuenta con un enfoque de curso vital y cuyo objetivo es fomentar la salud y el bienestar de la población, promoviendo entornos y estilos de vida saludables y potenciando la seguridad. Especial atención debe ESPAÑA - INFORME EXAMEN NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 39 prestarse al actual crecimiento de las enfermedades relacionadas con la mala nutrición, el sobrepeso y la obesidad, tales como la diabetes, las oncológicas y las cardiovasculares. Por todo ello, y en relación con la meta 2.2., es necesario promover una alimentación saludable basada en productos frescos y sin aditivos, potenciando el consumo de productos de sistemas locales y, muy especialmente, la agroecología y luchar contra los malos hábitos alimenticios desde la infancia, lo cual requiere de una acción coordinada desde el sistema educativo y desde las familias. Debe prestarse especial atención a los menores en riesgo de exclusión, puesto que son los que pueden verse más afectados y los que tienen un acceso más difícil a una alimentación sana. Como consecuencia de ello, es necesaria una acción coordinada de las vertientes sectoriales, sanitarias, agrícolas y educativas de la alimentación debiéndose profundizar en los mecanismos de cooperación entre el MSCBS, el MAPA y el MEFP. El segundo grupo de metas está relacionado con la producción de alimentos, la agricultura y, en general, con el sistema alimentario. Con las acciones contempladas se pretende mejorar el sistema alimentario a través de la mejora de la productividad, la calidad y eficiencia de la agricultura, mejorando y estabilizando los ingresos de los productores (en especial de los pequeños) y fomentándose los sistemas agroalimentarios sostenibles y el mantenimiento de la diversidad agrícola (de las semillas, las plantas cultivadas y los animales de granja y domesticados). En este conjunto de metas, la mayor parte de la responsabilidad de gestión recae en el MAPA, en base a la Política Agraria Común (PAC) y otras políticas relacionadas con la producción agraria, la sostenibilidad de la agricultura, el desarrollo rural, la gestión de las cadenas alimentarias y el medio ambiente. Para ello, la meta 2.3 se plantea proteger y promover la agricultura familiar coincidiendo además con el decenio de la agricultura familiar, mejorando su dimensión económica, apoyando las inversiones productivas a nivel local y la gestión sostenible de los recursos. En España, la agricultura familiar es poco intensiva y, a menudo, está relacionada con patrones de producción y consumo sostenible (sistemas extensivos, técnicas tradicionales, producción en ámbitos desfavorecidos que dan soporte a zonas y especies de alto valor) por lo que, su protección y mantenimiento, es clave para avanzar hacia un desarrollo sostenible. En relación con la agricultura familiar y los pequeños productores, muchas de las medidas planteadas dentro de la política de desarrollo rural facilitan la modernización de sus explotaciones y la realización de inversiones productivas, permitiéndoles mantenerse competitivos frente a una agricultura globalizada. Por otra parte, fomentar aquellas modalidades de consumo sostenible y enfrentar a las explotaciones agrarias a los retos introducidos por el cambio climático y otros problemas ambientales relacionados, como la desertificación o los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, fortaleciendo su capacidad de adaptación, es un reto relacionado con la meta 2.4. Entre las acciones, en este contexto, destaca el Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (PNACC) y el Plan de Acción Nacional para el Uso Sostenible de Productos Fitosanitarios 2018-2022. También se ha trabajado en el impulso de la producción agrícola integrada y la agricultura y ganadería ecológicas, la Estrategia para la Producción Ecológica, por ejemplo a través de convenios con las CCAA y los GGLL en el marco de la Ley para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Medio Rural. Dentro de esta meta, hay que mencionar los Sistemas importantes del Patrimonio ESPAÑA - INFORME EXAMEN NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 40 Agrícola Mundial (SIPAM) de la Organización de NNUU para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO). En 2017, España ha obtenido el reconocimiento por FAO de dos sitios SIPAM, los primeros de Europa, gracias al impulso de las CCAA implicadas, así como de las entidades locales y colectividades de productores y asociaciones de los lugares donde se ubican estos sitios y el apoyo del MAPA. Se trata de la producción de sal en el Valle Salado de Añana (Álava) y de la producción de la uva pasa moscatel del Valle de la Axarquía (Málaga). España es el país de la UE con una extensión mayor de agricultura ecológica: 2.018.802 hectáreas, el 8,24% del total agrícola en 2015, según datos de Eurostat. El 16,9% del total de terrenos bajo este sistema productivo, de toda la UE, se encuentra en España. Además su extensión ha crecido significativamente pasando del 5,3% en 2008 al 7,5 en 2011 y finalmente al 8,2% actual. Sin embargo, gran parte de esta producción es exportada ya que el ritmo de crecimiento del consumo ecológico nacional ha sido muy inferior, por lo que será deseable el desarrollo de una estrategia que consolide y apoye el mercado interno. Otro reto importante de trabajo es el de la conservación de la biodiversidad agraria, animal o vegetal, y que pueda tener que ver con las prácticas realizadas en los sistemas agrarios tradicionales. En este ámbito, España, debido a su posición biogeográfica y a la diversidad de ecosistemas y sistemas agrarios presentes en su territorio, contiene una elevadísima diversidad de recursos, tanto vegetales como animales, como de prácticas ligadas a la gestión tradicional de los sistemas agrarios. Por ello, se vienen adoptando estrategias, en primer lugar, para inventariarla y conocer aquellos recursos, tanto genéticos como culturales, relacionados con la diversidad agraria para, después, establecer medidas de conservación y desarrollar modelos sostenibles de producción agraria diversificada y ecológica que utilicen dichos recursos garantizando su pervivencia. La aplicación del Tratado Internacional de Recursos Fitogenéticos de la FAO, el Programa Nacional de Conservación, Mejora y Fomento de Razas Ganaderas y el Programa Nacional de Conservación y Utilización Sostenible de los Recursos Fitogenéticos para la Agricultura y la Alimentación, son algunos ejemplos. En los últimos años, se ha incrementado sustancialmente la implicación, de los consumidores en la valoración del comportamiento ambiental en el caso de aquellas producciones a las que se otorga un mayor valor social o en las que hay relaciones más directas entre el consumidor y el productor. Sin embargo, existe todavía un reto muy importante en cuanto a informar al consumidor acerca del comportamiento ambiental de aquellos sectores en los que los productos tienen un carácter más industrial o que no tienen un destino directo al consumidor final, como por ejemplo la alimentación destinada al ganado. A ese respecto, ciertas medidas que no tienen que ver tanto con las técnicas productivas o incluso con la transformación de los productos, sino más con el establecimiento y fomento de cadenas cortas de distribución, pueden ayudar significativamente a la agricultura familiar y a los productores a pequeña y mediana escala a mejorar su nivel de renta y acercar al consumidor a las modalidades productivas sostenibles y las producciones de elevada calidad. Desde el MAPA se desarrollan otras líneas de actuación en temas de sanidad, higiene y trazabilidad con el objetivo de que las producciones sean seguras, desde el punto de vista sanitario, a lo largo de todos los eslabones de la cadena alimentaria. Se han llevado a cabo ESPAÑA - INFORME EXAMEN NACIONAL VOLUNTARIO 41 diversas acciones como el desarrollo de normativa, la elaboración de guías de buenas prácticas o la organización de eventos para informar al consumidor, entre otras. Estas líneas se completarán con otras orientadas a que los alimentos sean saludables, se reduzcan las pérdidas y desperdicios de alimentos, así como los daños medioambientales, mediante la promoción de productos locales, estacionales y agroecológicos. En este contexto, el etiquetado y la trazabilidad se hacen también necesarios. Especial mención merece la política de desarrollo rural. No existe desarrollo sostenible que no se base en un equilibrio territorial, donde las áreas y poblaciones rurales sean prósperas, pobladas, articuladas y conectadas.
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[ 2 ]
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19 6.2 Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Estonia's goals and the situation in general Estonia is part of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), funded from the EU’s common budget and governed by the same rules. During the years the general goals of the CAP have remained unchanged; however via several reforms the agricultural policy has become considerably more modern. In addition, measures to improve productivity, incomes of the producers, stabilisation of markets, food security and reasonable consumer price sustainability have been added. The goal of the Government of Estonia is to support areas in achieving viable and competitive agriculture and fisheries, guaranteeing food safety and consumer satisfaction. The Government supports the development of environmentally-friendly and ecologically-clean organic production, as well as supporting processing, marketing and developing export possibilities, and valorisation of agricultural land for more effective use of the biological resources. Regarding the productivity of the agricultural sector the Government in its action programme has set the target for a net growth of 3% per labour unit per year (compared to the previous year) in the agricultural sector and an added value of at least 21,150 euros per employee in fisheries. In making food production more sustainable, Estonia's challenges are finding a balance between food production, soil preservation, water and biodiversity. Environmental conservation, sustainable use of renewable natural resources, preserving nature and biodiversity in agricultural production can be guaranteed only through the implementation of organic farming and other agri-environment benefits included in the rural development plan. Indicator Current situation Target Average annual value-added net growth per labour unit (compared to the previous year) in the agricultural sector (SBA; EGAP) (-)7.1% (2014) 3.0 (2019) Value-added net growth per labour unit in the fishing sector (EGAP) 18,249 (2014) 21,150 (2019) Measures and activities The Estonian Government’s Action Plan, the SBA and the Rural Development Plan include several measures for developing sustainable agriculture, including increasing the awareness of agricultural producers, developing production technology, promoting competitive and resource-efficient agriculture, improving the position of food producers in the supply chain, sustainable use of the environment and optimal use of resources in the fishing sector. In addition, environment and climate change support is paid to agricultural companies. In order to guarantee the development of agricultural sustainability, innovation and knowledge transfers are promoted in the agricultural sector. Developing sustainable agriculture is done via the measures included in the Rural Development Plan. 20 In organic farming, the main requirements stem from the EU legislation. They apply both in plant and livestock farming, in processing as well as marketing. Measures targeted toward improving the competitiveness of organic farming and increasing the consumption of organic foods are implemented via the Organic Farming Development Plan 2014-2020. Keeping and managing the genetic resources of agricultural crops is done via the Ministry of Rural Affairs programme Collecting and keeping the genetic resources of agricultural crops 2014-2020. Through this programme the genetic resources of agricultural crops are collected and the collections managed; international cooperation is promoted; managerial work is done; and organisation and awareness-raising increased. Likewise, through the programme the preservation of genetic resources for global agricultural crops and their sustainable use, and the just and impartial distribution of these benefits in the interests of sustainable agriculture and food security practices is being monitored to comply with the international agreement on sustainable agricultural and in conformity with the convention on biodiversity. In 2017 the Green Book on nutrition and exercise will be completed. The purpose of this document is to shape an integrated and long-term policy on preventing problems coming from unhealthy nutrition and lack of exercise. In order to foster healthy diets, information activities on food production technologies will be organised for the producers, the caterers and the people. Estonia is taking part in the EU's School Milk Scheme, the aim of which is to promote milk products and provide a balanced menu for the children. In the last few years the subject of food waste has received more attention. The state has commissioned studies in order to estimate the amount of food waste in different sectors, in domestic households as well as in the retail- and wholesale industries, in the food industry and the agricultural sector. A food-waste roundtable comprised of representatives of different ministries meets in order to find solutions geared to the prevention of food waste. In the non-governmental sector the European Aid Fund and the Estonian Food Bank, the group organising food aid distribution in Estonia and the local authorities cooperate in order to reduce hunger and prevent food waste. In terms of development cooperation and humanitarian aid, Estonia’s priority is to direct food aid and other humanitarian aid to saving lives during natural or man-made catastrophes or post catastrophe.
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Review of the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda in Estonia 17 5.2 GOAL 2. END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION, AND PROMOTE SUSTAI￾NABLE AGRICULTURE End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture Estonia is part of the European Union’s common agricultural policy (CAP). Over the years, the overall objectives of the CAP have remained unchanged, but several reforms have made it signifcantly more modern: the topics of produc￾tivity, farmers’ incomes, market stabilisation, food security, and reasonable consumer prices have been complemented by sustainability and so-called greening requirements related to environmental policy, including climate policy. The goal of the Government of the Republic is to ensure a rural area with a viable compet￾itive agricultural and fshing economy and to ensure food safety. The government supports the development of environmentally friendly and sustainable agriculture and the reali￾sation of the potential of organic production, together with the development of processing and marketing and export opportunities, the enhancement of agricultural land, and more effcient use of biological resources. The Devel￾opment Plan for Agriculture and Fisheries until 2030 is being prepared to guide agriculture and fsheries policy. In the area of productivity in the agricultural sector, in the action plan 2019–2023, the government has set the goal of increasing annual net value added per unit of the labour force (compared to the previous year) by 3% in agriculture and at least 21,150 euros of value added per employee in fsheries. By 2030, the overall target level for the feld has been set at 29,100 euros. GOAL 2 In making food production more sustainable, Estonia’s challenge is to fnd a balance between food production and the preservation of soil, water, and biodiversity. Environmental protection, the sustainable use of renewable resources, and the preservation of biodiversity in agricultural production can be ensured through environmental support under the Rural Devel￾opment Plan, directing investments to the digiti￾sation of agriculture, realising the potential of integrated agricultural and organic farming, and supporting joint activities. In 2019, the Development Plan for Agriculture and Fisheries until 2030 was completed, the activities of which contribute to the development and competitiveness of Estonian agriculture, fsheries, aquaculture, and food industry, balanced development of rural and coastal areas, maintaining good plant and animal health, ensuring food safety, and maintaining a clean environment and species diversity in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. ESTONIA’S GOALS AND GENERAL SITUATION 18 Review of the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda in Estonia 5.2.1 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT LEVEL In order to transform the organic economy sector into a viable economic and export sector and to take advantage of Estonia’s competitive advantage arising from a clean environment, a comprehensive organic economy programme has been prepared, as a result of which admin￾istration related to the organic economy must become simpler and more coordinated, and exports of organic products and services must increase. Within the framework of the programme, information seminars and working groups have been organised in 2017–2019 with the aim of raising awareness of organic food and catering in catering establishments and local governments. An export study has also been carried out to identify target markets that are attractive to Estonian organic producers, and the establishment of the Organic Estonia joint marketing platform has been supported. Since 2015, the Ministry of Social Affairs has been purchasing and distributing food aid twice a year with the support of the Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD). In addition, from the end of 2019, the Ministry of Social Affairs is supporting the distribution of donated food to people in need from the resources of FEAD. A Green Paper on nutrition and physical activity will be completed in spring 2020, with the aim of increasing regular physical activity and making nutrition more balanced. In the context of a balanced diet, important objectives are to reduce the fat, salt, and sugar content of foods, to provide the consumer with well-legible and comprehensible information on food labels and MEASURES AND ACTIVITIES to introduce a labelling system for the nutrient content of foods on the front of the package, to infuence consumption and purchasing prefer￾ences through pricing policies, and to promote healthy dietary choices and the consumption of selected food groups in cooperation between the state and food business operators. In 2018, the Action Plan for the Sustainable Use of Plant Protection Products for 2019–2023 was prepared, the central goal of which is to reduce the risks associated with the use of plant protection products to human health and the environment. A humus and nutrient balance calculator will be developed to increase the effciency of fertiliser use. The requirements for safe and environmentally sound plant protection, including the use of fertilisers, largely derive from European Union law. As a new solution, the creation of a data exchange environment that consolidates agricultural data has been initiated, which promotes the devel￾opment of ICT solutions that reduce the burden on the environment. In 2017–2019, the implementation of agri-environ￾mental and climate measures, including support for environmentally-friendly management, support for regional soil protection, support for environmentally-friendly horticulture, support for regional water protection, and support for organic farming, has contributed to the promotion of environmentally friendly agricultural production. Great emphasis is also placed on providing the necessary laboratory services and research related to state supervision, as a result of which, agricultural production has become more environmentally friendly (e.g. farmers of nitrate-sensitive areas are being directed to more environmentally friendly management, Review of the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda in Estonia 19 thus reducing nutrient leaching from agricultural land), the area of organically managed land has increased, and the competitiveness of organic farming and the consumption of local organic food have also increased. Contingency plans for dangerous pests have been prepared, monitoring of the spread of dangerous pests, map applications, and the plant health register have been ensured, and readiness for crisis management has been prepared, including informing the European Commission, other Member States, and the Estonian public about the spread of dangerous pests. The diversifcation of school meals will continue to be supported by encouraging the consumption of milk and dairy products and fruit and vegetables (organic products are preferred) by children and the development of conscious eating habits in pre-school, basic school, and upper secondary school. The support scheme has been implemented since 2017, and it also contributes to the reduction of social inequalities in the school environment (link to Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 4). 5.2.2 ACTIVITIES OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS In the non-governmental sector, the European Aid Fund and the Estonian Food Bank (together with local governments), which is a partner organ￾isation organising the distribution of food aid in Estonia, are cooperating to eliminate hunger and reduce food losses. Food has been purchased and distributed to those in need since 2015. An average of 25,000 people receive aid each year (a large part twice a year), and from the end of 2019, the distribution of donated food was also started with the support of the aid fund. In the last three months of last year, food was distributed to 2,890 people from this measure. The activities of the Food Bank contribute to the reduction of waste in society, as many food products that were previously destroyed now reach where they are really needed. The work of the Food Bank relies on volunteers who assist in the collection, storage, packaging, and delivery of food. In order to reduce food waste and increase public awareness, in 2016, the Estonian Food Bank and the Stockholm Environment Institute Tallinn Centre organised the campaign “Consume food wisely!” The biggest stores and restaurants helped to convey the message. The campaign was aimed at home consumption, shops, as well as restaurants. During the campaign, a website (www.tarbitoitutargalt.ee) was set up, where information and tips can be obtained even after the end of the campaign. The Estonian Chamber of Agriculture and Commerce in cooperation with the Estonian University of Life Sciences and the Association of Estonian Food Industry, is actively raising FOTO: TARVO PUUSEPP 20 Review of the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda in Estonia awareness regarding food safety among agricul￾tural and food producers. In 2017–2019, several information days, conferences, and training on food safety for producers have been organised within the framework of the Rural Development Plan “Long-term knowledge transfer programme in the feld of food safety”. In addition, infor￾mation materials, manuals, and instructional videos have been published. For example, in 2019, the EPKK produced the handbook “Guide to good hygiene practice: milk”, and a similar handbook on meat processing is currently being drafted. Organic Estonia is an association of volunteers, on the initiative of which an umbrella organi￾sation for organic farming was established in 2017. It brings together companies and organi￾sations to promote organic products. The organ￾isation has created the frst interactive web map of organic areas, which brings together Estonia’s organic and clean integrated environment (forests and harvesting areas together). The map also indicates organic apiaries, which show the cleanliness of the environment and the richness of the species in Estonia. The concept of a comprehensive programme for organic farming has also been created, which includes fve certifed economic sectors – organic forestry, organic food and catering, natural and organic cleaning products and natural cosmetics, health and nature tourism, and organic wool and textiles. All sectors are supported horizontally through research, innovation, and education programmes. 5.2.3 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION The project of the Estonian Animal Breeding Association “Implementation of cattle breeding and feeding measures in Georgian dairy farms” (2016–2017), during which initial training in the breeding and feeding of cattle was provided to Georgian farmers and the specialists of the partner Caucasus Genetics were advised on the start-up of an artifcial insemination centre, and the production of deep-frozen bull semen can be highlighted in terms of increasing agricul￾tural productivity in development cooperation partner countries. The aim of the project was to improve farmers’ knowledge of cattle breeding, feeding, and husbandry technologies and thus increase effciency. Lecturers, researchers, and practitioners were involved in the activities. The project focused on the importance of scientifc breeding and feeding and keeping conditions that would increase the productivity of both dairy cows and beef cattle. In order to ensure food security and better nutrition, OÜ Snille implemented in Moldova the project “Introduction and implementation of EU food safety requirements and principles in the dairy sector” (2018–2019). During the project, the participants were given an overview of the European Union’s food security system, the current rules, the company’s own responsibility for ensuring food safety, and the organisation of food safety supervision. Better knowledge of the company’s precondition programmes and self-control system was provided by the HACCP method.14 A 10-day theoretical-practical training was organised in Estonia, and small Estonian companies were visited to demonstrate the implementation of the rules arising from legis￾lation. In addition, an overview of international SPS and TBT measures and their role in inter￾national trade was provided.15 As one of the outputs of the project, video training material was produced on the company’s self-control plan and food production precondition programmes. Based on the previous practice of NGO Mondo in the digital feld, the project “Escalation of the NGO Mondo digital education project in East Africa”, carried out in 2019–2020, can also be highlighted as a good experience. The target group of the project is young refugees in Uganda and households suffering from famine in Yemen. A part of the project comprises deliv￾ering food aid to the most vulnerable groups in the war- and famine-stricken Yemen. 14Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points system 15Sanita! and phytosanita! measures and technical barriers to trade agreements
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "est", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-est-2020-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2020 }
43 12.3.3c Early performance trends of the six sets of SDGs (1, 2, 3, 5, 9 and 14) 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture: The government of Ethiopia has strived to expand agricultural productivity through continous capacity development of smallholder farmers and pastoralists, ensuring access to improved technology and agricultural extension services and transform the economy from that of agricultural development led to industrial economy with a realization of food security while aid-dependency ceases to exist. Agricultural productivity, preparedeness for disaster prevention and managment, urban employment generation and food security program have recieved priority attention in light of eliminating hunger, acheive food security & improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Priority is also given to Climate Resillient Green Agriculture Development in an endeavor to increase productivity and ensure sustainability of agricultural development. Though climate change induced drought-the worest everseen in the last 50 years, had occured in some parts of the country during 2015/16, 10.2 million people became victims of the drought. However, the government of Ethiopia has succefully manageged the effects of the drought without any loss of human life largly through effective domestic resource mobilization and the supply of nutritious food items to mothers and children. The government has also registered an average real GDP growth rate of 8 %, despite the worst drought ocurred in the country. The productivity of food crops was affected by the drought, as a result, production of major crops (cereals, pulses and oils seeds) declined from 270.3 million quintals in 2014/15 to 266.8 million quintals in 2015/16. However, the decline in crop production due to the effects of drought was compensated by irrigation in 44 non drought victim areas of the country. On the other hand, in light of ascertaining food-security, massive natural resources development works were executed by mobilizing the rural communities in 2015/16.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "eth", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-eth-2017-en-3.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "s", "type": "vnr", "year": 2017 }
24 7.4.2 Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Policy Directions: The national and sectoral policies and strategies that Ethiopia adopted ensure at all levels that citizens participate in and benefit from the economy. Ensuring food security at the national, community and household levels could be attained through the efforts to accelerate economic growth, by expanding infrastructure and social development and by building democratic system. The principal directions set in the Ethiopian Rural Development Policiy and Strategy are (1) Developing and utilizing the knowledge and skills of the country’s human resource (2) Effectively exploiting the land resources (3) Preparing and implementing environment and eco-system compatible Rural Development Package (4) Ascertaining market-led agricultural development (5) Improving the rural financial systems (6) Encouraging the private sector to invest in agricultural development (7) Expanding rural development (8) Strengthening other non-agricultural rural based economic activities. Impressive results in ascertaining food security was obtaind through the implementation of development works across the nation in well coordinated and organized ways during the last 15 years. Productivity of food crops in Ethiopia has been on the increase assisted by efforts made to increase produces and productivity of the agricultural sector through trainings, research and the supply of agricultural extension services. Main food-crops’ produces reached 270.3 million quintals in 2014/15, a volume well over the national food self sufficiency requirements. In the 2019/20 which marks the 5th year of the implementation period of the SDG the volume of main food-crops’ produces are planned to reach 406.32 million quintals. GTP II required the adoption of Climate-Change-Resillient Green-Agricultural Development in the endeavor to increase productivity and produces. To achieve the goal of eliminating hunger as set in the 2030 sustainable development agenda, most attention needs to be given among others to (1) the strategy to expand agriculture (2) increasing the productivity and produces of small-holder farmers and pastoralist and (3) encouraging increased engagement of the private sector in agricultural development Details of Performances: To ascertain food security at various levels, increasing agricultural productivity to desirable levels and attaining structural transformation in the economy through predominantly moving into the productive industries are critically important. Agricultural productivity, disaster prevention and preparedness and prioritizing and effecting urban employment generation and the implementation of food security programs received utmost attention in the implementationof the SDG inlight of attaining the 2030 sustainable development goal of eliminating hunger. 25 Encouraging results were obtained from FY 2014/15 with regard to improving the produces and productivity of the agricultural sector, ascertaining food security at communities and househods levels, strengthening rsearche in agriculture, expanding the agricultural extension services and increasing the supply of agricultural inputs. Supply of agricultural inputs in 2014/15 reached 752,282 metric tons of fertilizer and 2, 203,541 quintals of improved seeds. In 2015/16, agricultural extension services given to the farming and pastoral communities reached an impressive number of 15,791,000 households. It is remarkable and importnat to notice that whereas the performances are very encouraging, actually these performances occured despite the serious adverse impacts caused by the severe drought that occured in Ethioopia during the 2015/16. Considerable adverse impact occured on the agricultural sector by the severe drought that occured during 2015/16. The volume of main food-crops produced reduced to 266.8 million quintal from the volume produced in FY 2014/15 which was 270.3 million quintals. Meat produces reduced to 669 thousand tons from the tonnage produced in FY 2014/15 which was 1321 thousand tons. The volume of milk produced reduced to 4466.7 million litres from the volume produced in FY 2014/15 which was 5304 litres. On the otherhand, performances in the diverse natural resources development works (physical and biological soil and water conservation works) executed through mobilizing communities were reported to have reached 1.028 million hectares in FY 2015/16. Households suffering from chronic food insecurity have been made beneficiaries of safety-net programs enabling them to build family-assets and preparing them to graduate from the safety-net program. The government rolled out the safety-net programs along with family liverlihood improvement systems from which 108,228 heads of households received loans for family-asset building. Furthermore, in relation to disaster prevention and preparedness and to generate rural employments 105,300 metric tons of food crops could be availed from food security programs. Implementation mechanisms for ascertaining food security and end hunger: Critically important are accelerating the transformation of the economic structure to productive industries through implementing the Agriculture-led-Industrial development policy, through fully implementing the food security strategy and by increasing the productivity and produces of agriculture. Increased efforts in rural and urban employment generation and increasing reserve food and non-food stock are engagements aiming at ensuring food-security. In the agricultural sector development interventions, major implementation mechanisms relied on availing agricultural extension services and on enabling extensive human resources to knowlegeably and effectively utilize complete packages of agricultural inputs appropriately. It has thus been a major engagment to build the capacities of the farming and pastoral communities in order to be able to make fundamental changes in the agriculture sector. Other endevors include agricultural research, crops and livestock husbandry, supply of agricultural inputs and financial loans, marketing of agricultural produces, supply of education, health potable water, road infrastructure, telephone services and electrical power. Small scale irrigated agriculture is expanding following and in observance of climate change resillient green agricultural development strategy which is in turn in harmony with supply of agricultural inputs that have reduced Green-House-Gas effects (GHG). In 2015/16, a remarkable 15 million members of the farming and pastoral communities were served by agricultural extension services. Sustainable natural resources management system are utilized; the private sector has been encouraged to invest in agro-ecology compatible agriculture; Agricultural inputs identified through agricultural research have been supplied to increase the national agricultural productivity and to increase the volume of agricultural produces. Challenges: Climate-change-caused drought that occured in 2015/16 and 206/17 FYs has had severe adverse impact onthe agricultural sector in particular. Drought victims in 2014/15 were 10.2 million while in 2016/17 the drought lingered on but number of victims reduced to 5.2 million. Consequently the national performance target set for volume of agricultural produces for the FY 2015/16 reduced by 5.9 percent which reduced the GDP by 3.2 percent. Livestock resources were severely impacted; responding to the drought effects needed resources that competed with resouces needed for development works. The encounters shed light on the need to even more efforts to strengthen the economy such that food-security at all levels is ascertained. Lessons learned: The lesons drawn include (1) the availability and implementation of the Agriculture-led Industrial development Policy (2) the availability and implemntation of the Food-Security Strategy (3) Ability to deploy massive human resources and exploit massive land resources (4) Implementing rural and agricultural centered development activities (5) Rolling out and utilization of the National Policy on Disaster Prevention and Management (6) Ability to pull sufficient domestic resources to respond effectively to the drought incidence in such a way that human life could be spared without a single loss to the drought impact. Continued development efforts shall capitalize on the lessons learned and proceed with more efforts to increase agricultural productivity, to expand labor-intensive manufacturing industries, to expedite the transformation of the structure of the economy, to ascertain food security at national, communities and household levels and to attain the 2030 sustainable development goals of eradicating poverty and eliminating hunger.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "eth", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-eth-2017-en-4.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2017 }
ETHIOPIA VNR 2022 69 Ethiopia has also made progress in reducing the prevalence of stunting and wasting, with acute malnutrition in under fve children declining from 10% in 2015/16 to 7% in 2019/20 (Figure 3). Both stunting and wasting declined in rural and urban areas. But chronic malnutrition remained high, with 37% of children under 5 years stunted in 2019/20. On the other hand, the volume of crop production has increased from 299.9 million quintals in 2015/16 to 388.3 million quintals in 2020/21, growing by 5.3% per year.1 The average productivity of major crops for smallholders increased from 21.4 quintal per hectare in 2015/16 to 26.3 quintal per hectare in 2020/21, growing by 4% per year (Figure 4). GOAL 2 – ZERO HUNGER 5.6. MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 70 The government has been implementing programs to improve agricultural productivity and reduce food insecurity. These include PSNP, Agricultural Growth Program (AGP) and Sustainable Land Management Program (SLMP). Crop yield index increased by 6.8 percentage points. Although progress has been made in reducing food insecurity and improving agricultural production and productivity, the progress has been slow and food insecurity has remained a challenge. The number of food insecure population is increasing over the years due to multiple factors, including drought, COVID-19, displacement, locust infestation, rising food prices, rising cost of inputs and inadequate supply of improved seeds which could reverse or stagnate some of the gains in reducing food insecurity. This calls for increased investments and elevated eforts in boosting agricultural productivity through lowland and highland irrigation agriculture and strengthening social protection programs. The government, with support from the African Development Bank (AfDB), International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) and other partners, has been implementing the Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation (TAAT) project since 2018. The TAAT initiative aims at revolutionizing wheat production and achieving food self-sufciency in the country through improved, climate-smart, high-grain yielding, better grain quality, water use efcient, and heat-tolerant wheat varieties able to grow on the arid Ethiopian lowlands. 5.7. ETHIOPIA VNR 2022 71 5.8.
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{ "country": "eth", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-eth-2022-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2022 }
282 Main achievements: The release of the European Green Deal Farm to Fork Strategy is a welcome step forward as it represents a crucial opportunity to move towards achieving SDG 2. The development of a comprehensive food policy in the EU is indeed essential. It should aim at providing healthy diets from sustainable food systems, linking agriculture to nutrition and ecosystem services and ensuring supply chains that protect public health for the whole of European society. Food businesses across the supply chain (including European farmers and fishers, cooperatives, agri-food companies, retailers, wholesalers and other types of companies) are already working to make progress on sustainability and to offer consumers healthy and sustainable products in line with the European Green Deal. Challenging areas where further action is required: ▶ Promote healthy and sustainable diets (namely to address the prevalence of obesity); invest in education on sustainable diets from an early age to help young people appreciate the value of food; introduce transparent food labelling practices to empower the consumer to opt for the more sustainable choice. ▶ Foster a fair food supply chain with fair prices (reflecting the true cost of production for the environment and society); ban unfair trading practices. ▶ Support farmers in making the transition to resilient, diverse, agroecological, organic agriculture. Challenges remain regarding closing the yield gap, gross nitrogen balance on agricultural land as well as ammonia emissions from agriculture. ▶ Align food business practices with the SDGs; support business operators with adequate tools and a “grammar for sustainability”. ▶ Strengthen the external dimension of the F2F Strategy; ensure true reciprocity of standards in preferential trade agreements; address the spill-over effects of exports of EU-banned pesticides. ▶ Tackle food speculation and address the financialisation of the food sector. The current commodity market is not delivering for sustainable development, climate ambition and just transition. On the contrary, it undermines the efforts to solve hunger and foster fair revenues and prices. ▶ Address the financialisation of the food sector as massive money-making off the backs of people, eg by introducing windfall taxation on excess profits before dividends of corporations and a food speculation tax to curb high frequency trading and breaking oligopolies at all levels of the chain and financial interests. ▶ Improve governance of food systems to overcome governance fragmentation, and ensure structured involvement and participation of civil society; set up a multi-stakeholder, multi-level European Food Policy Council. ▶ Uphold the ambition and commitments of the Farm to Fork Strategy for a transition to sustainable and healthy food systems and reject attempts to undermine this agenda based on misleading food security arguments. SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
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{ "country": "eu", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-eu-2023-en-3.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2023 }
End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture EU internal action Overview and challenges Various crises – the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russian war against Ukraine and the triple planetary crises of climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution – have increased pres￾sures on global food systems and placed food security at the top of the political agenda. The EU is largely self-sufficient for key agricultural products. It is a main wheat and barley exporter and isable to cover a high share of its consumption for other staple crops such as maize or sugar. The EU is also self-sufficient for most animal prod￾ucts, including dairy and meat; the notable exception is sea￾food. Agricultural production trends have been favourable over the past 5 years. Labour productivity in the EU’s agricultural sector has improved and public investments in agricultural R&D have increased. In addition, the area under organic farm￾ing has grown steadily. Agricultural production in the EU does have some adverse impacts, most notably water use stress, rising nitrate concen￾trations in EU groundwater bodies, and the continued decline ofcommon farmland birds and pollinators. The EU land area at risk of severe soil erosion by water has decreased slightly, as have the ammonia emissions from agriculture. In the EU, 36.2 million people cannot afford a quality meal every other day. At the same time, it is estimated that around 10% of food made available to EU consumers (retail, food services and households) may be wasted. Reducing food losses and food waste has the potential to reduce the resources we use to produce the food that weeat and to address some food secu￾rity challenges. Food accounts for around 45% of the environ￾mental impacts of EU consumers. More than 80% of agricul￾tural emissions are attributable to the livestock sector. In the current EU food environment, most people are exposed and predisposed to unsustainable food choices and unhealthy eating patterns; these are closely related to an increased risk of non-communicable diseases. In 2019, 16.5% of the popu￾lation aged 18 or over suffered from obesity, a 1.1 percentage point increase since 2014. Recent surveys show that one in three children aged 6-9 and 52% ofthe adult population in the EUare overweight or obese. Up to 70% of national health budgets were spent on the treatment of diseases linked to obesity. Indeed, obesity alone was responsible for reducing life expectancy by up to 4 years, reducing GDP growth by up to 4.5 percentage points, and consuming up to 7% of health budgets. Key initiatives The EU has a wide range of policies in place that address ortouch on the various aspects of SDG 2. This section provides an overview of some of the most recent and relevant initiatives. The EU’s common agricultural policy provides income sup￾port, market measures and rural development measures to safe￾guard farmers’ income and to increase agricultural productivity 40 2030 targets and trends at EU level Target and policy reference Trends At least 25% of the EU’s agricultural land should be under organic farming by 2030 Set in the Farm to Fork and biodiversity strategies The area under organic farming increased by 55.6% between 2012 and 2020 and constituted 9.1% of the EU’s agricultural land. However, greater progress will be required to meet the 2030 target. The use of pesticides and the use of more hazardous pesticides should be reduced by 50% by 2030 Set in the Farm to Fork and biodiversity strategies In both cases, the target is a 50% reduction by 2030 compared with the base￾line period of 2015-2017. The most recent data show that the use and risk ofchemical pesticides declined by 14% from 2015-2017 to 2020 while the use of more hazardous pesticides declined by 26% over the same period. Reduce nutrient losses by at least 50% by 2030, while ensuring that there is no deterioration in soil fertility Set in the Farm to Fork and biodiversity strategies The gross nitrogen balance was 46 kg per hectare of utilised agricultural area and gross phosphorus balance 1 kg per hectare of utilised agricultural area (EU average 2012-14). The EU average share of groundwater monitoring sta￾tions with nitrates concentrations above 50 mg/L was 14.1% in 2016-2019, slightly up from 13.2% in the period 2012-15. Reduce the sale of antimicrobials for farmed animals and in aquaculture by at least 50% by 2030 Set in the Farm to Fork strategy By 2021, Member States had already achieved around one third of the overall Farm to Fork reduction target. Ensure that at least 10% of agricultural area is under high-biodiversity landscape features Set in the biodiversity strategy and the Nature Restoration Law Support provided by the EU common agricultural policy isallocated to around 2.86 million hectares for maintaining or preserving landscape features, which include habitats supporting the lifecycle of pollinators. More details on indicators and trends for SDG 2 can be found in the statistical and analytical annex and in Eurostat’s monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs. in a sustainable way while protecting rural landscapes and the environment. The EU farm to fork strategy for afair, healthy and environ￾mentally friendly food system, adopted in May 2020, aims at: i) ensuring that the food chain, covering food production, trans￾port, distribution, marketing and consumption, has a neutral or positive environmental impact; ii) ensuring food security, nutrition and public health, including sustainable seafood pro￾duction through sustainable aquaculture and fisheries; and iii) preserving the affordability of food while generating fairer eco￾nomic returns in the supply chain, so that ultimately the most sustainable food also becomes the most affordable, fostering the competitiveness of the EU supply sector, promoting fair trade, and creating new business opportunities, while ensuring integ￾rity of the single market and occupational health and safety. The biodiversity strategy for 2030 aims to bring back at least 10% ofagricultural area under high-diversity landscape features in order to provide space for wild animals, plants, pollinators and natural pest regulators. An EU contingency plan for food security in times of crisis was published in November 2021. The plan aims to ensure asufficient and varied supply of safe, nutritious, affordable and sustainable food to citizens at all times. The March 2022 Communication on safeguarding food security and reinforcing the resilience of food systems presented a range of short-term and medium-term actions to increase global food security and to support farmers and consumers in the EU in light of rising food prices and input costs, such as energy and fertilisers. The May 2022 Solidarity Lanes Communication set out an action plan to establish Solidarity Lanes to ensure Ukraine can export grain, but also import the goods it needs, from humanitarian aid to animal feed and fertilisers. 41Progress in the implementation of the SDGs In June 2022, the Commission proposed a Regulation for the sustainable use of plant protection products. This seeks to support the Farm to Fork strategy and will establish a legal basis for the calculation and publication of progress towards both pesticide reduction targets in the Farm to Fork strategy. The November 2022 Communication on ensuring availa￾bility and affordability of fertilisers presented a wide range of actions and guidance on how to tackle the challenges that EU farmers and industry, as well as partner countries, are cur￾rently facing. In January 2023, the Commission published a staff working document that analyses the main drivers of food security. Selected enablers The European Agricultural Guarantee Fund has a budget allocation of EUR 291.1 billion. Up to EUR 270 billion will be provided for income support schemes, with the remainder committed to supporting agricultural markets. For the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development, the total allocation amounts to EUR 95.5 billion. This includes EUR 8.1 billion from the NextGenerationEU recovery instru￾ment to help address the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The EU4Health programme is the key financial tool for pro￾tecting public health and fighting major public health threats. Under this programme, the EU will invest EUR 5.3 billion in actions with a view to complementing policies in EU coun￾tries and achieving 10 specific objectives, including health pro￾motion and disease prevention. The Fund for European aid to the most deprived (FEAD) supports actions by EU countries in providing food, clothing and other essential goods to the poorest in society. Italso cov￾ers non-material social inclusion measures. In April 2020, new amendments to the FEAD Regulation entered into force, intro￾ducing specific measures for addressing the COVID-19 crisis. The Recovery and Resilience Facility also supports measures to promote sustainable agriculture. For instance, Italy’s recov￾ery and resilience plan includes a measure to support a variety of investments in digitalisation, transport and innovation for the agri-food sector to reduce the costs of food production and promote precision farming and traceability. This action also aims to improve the sector’s energy efficiency by increasing the use of electric vehicles and renewable energy. The project ‘Enabling politically sensitive climate change impact assessments for the 21st century (POLIMPACT)’ is financed by a European Research Council grant under Horizon Europe 2021. Using cutting-edge methods, including dynamic statistical simulations, machine learning, and expert elicitation, the project will develop a new portfolio of empir￾ically grounded and rigorously validated scenario projections on governance, conflict, and economic development. This will, for the first time, enable accounting for political sources of vulnerability in climate change impact assessments. If suc￾cessful, POLIMPACT will initiate a major revision in climate change impact modelling, radically improving the quality and real-world relevance of climate change impact assessments for key social risks over the 21st century. The objective of the BrightSpace project, funded under Horizon Europe 2022, is to design effective and sustain￾able strategies for assessing and addressing the challenges of EU agriculture to navigate within a safe and just operating space, including planetary boundaries. BrightSpace will pro￾vide aset ofanalytical instruments to experiment, analyse, and coordinate the effects of innovative governance structures and policies related to agriculture to navigate within asafe and just operating space. The project is expected to run from the end of 2022 to the end of 2027 and features 14 different partners from all over the EU. Another example is the project ‘Implementation and embed￾ding a reform programme for the better regulation of food in Ireland’ supported by the Technical Support Instrument under the call for 2021. The Irish agri-food sector has been negatively affected both by Brexit, due to the high trade inten￾sity with the UK, and by the coronavirus crisis. The objective of the project is to restructure food control systems in Ireland to strengthen the food safety, authenticity and competitiveness of its agri-food sector. Stakeholder engagement The EU delivers on SDG 2 in acollaborative approach. Some example are as follows. ▶ The EU Platform on Food Losses and Food Waste is a multi-stakeholder platform bringing together international organisations, Member States and actors in the food value chain. It aims to accelerate the EU’s progress towards SDG target 12.3, by defining measures needed to prevent food waste, sharing best practice and evaluating progress made over time. The Platform has a sub-group dedicated to facilitating food donation. ▶ The Advisory Group on Sustainability of Food Systems will provide the Commission with stakeholder views on the sustainability of food systems. ▶ The EU Code of Conduct on Responsible Food Business and Marketing Practices sets out the actions that actors ‘between the farm and the fork’, such as food processors, food service operators and retailers, can voluntarily commit to undertake to tangibly improve and communicate their sustainability performance. ▶ EIT Food is a Knowledge and Innovation Community with a unique combination of public engagement, 42 education, innovation and support to new business models allows the partnership to tackle the challenges of healthier diets, circular food systems and ensuring food security and safety. ▶ Relevant stakeholders in the food supply chain are part of the European food security crisis preparedness and response mechanism. ▶ In 2022, the EU organic awards took place for the first time. Multilevel approach SDG delivery implies ambitious action atall levels. Good prac￾tices in implementing SDG 2 include the following. ▶ At national level, France has launched its national food programme (Programme national pour l’alimentation (PNA) for the years 2019 to 2023. The PNA aims at improving the nutritious quality and diversification of food distributed within the country, and at tackling food insecurity and food waste. This is achieved through a yearly call for projects to support local initiatives and associations, giving awards to outstanding initiatives, and a national communication campaign to promote the PNA. ▶ Czechia facilitates food donation and tackles food waste with the help of food banks. Food business operators may donate food on a voluntary basis. However, there is a legal obligation for food stores bigger than 400 m2 to donate to charity organisations any safe food that cannot be sold. The Ministry of Agriculture is providing financial support to food banks in the form of subsidies. Thanks to these measures, more than 21 000 tonnes of food were saved in 2019 and donated to 100 000 beneficiaries. In 2020, Czech food banks registered a 60% increase in the number of people applying for food aid as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and in 2021 they helped more than 200 000 beneficiaries. In Czechia, there are currently 15 food banks and they have collected food to a value of over CZK 425 million (over EUR 17 million). ▶ In Sweden, the Mistra Food Futures programme will create a science-based platform to enable transformation of the Swedish food system. It considers sustainability in all its three dimensions: environmental, economic and social. ▶ With the support of the EU, the city of Maribor in Slovenia has developed a project to deal with its internal waste while meeting the city’s needs. Maribor uses biological waste, waste from green trimmings and excavation materials from construction to produce innovative urban soil with a tailor-made pilot production plant. The new urban soil is then made available for citizens to use for urban agricultural activities, increasing their food self-sufficiency and minimising the city’s environmental footprint. 43Progress in the implementation of the SDGs EU external action Global trends In recent years, the absolute number of people going hun￾gry and suffering from food insecurity and malnutrition has been gradually rising. According to the latest State of Food Security and Nutrition report, as many as 828 million people worldwide were suffering from hunger in 2021 and almost 3.1 billion people could not afford a healthy diet in 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic pushed as many as 150 million more people into hunger, and the impacts of the war in Ukraine on food and fertiliser prices have significantly worsened the situation. Conflicts, climate change and environmental degradation, and economic shocks have been eroding the resilience of food systems around the world. According to the Global Network Against Food Crises, an initiative founded by the EU, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Food Programme, a total of 205 million people were in food crisis, emergency orfamine in 2022. This makes 2022 the fourth con￾secutive year of rising levels of acute food insecurity. Internal/external coherence including policy coherence for development A global systemic transformation is necessary to make food and agricultural systems sustainable and resilient. The EU is work￾ing actively with its international partners to develop pathways for the global food system transformation, including through better data and evidence-based policymaking. The EU also sub￾stantially contributed to the success of the UN Food Systems and the Tokyo Nutrition for Growth (N4G) summits. The DeSIRA initiative on the development of smart inno￾vation through research in agriculture aims at contributing to a climate-relevant, productive and sustainable transforma￾tion ofagriculture and food systems in partner countries. The EU pledged EUR 140 million to support CGIAR, the largest international network on agricultural research for develop￾ment, in furthering food systems research to tackle hunger, preserve natural resources and improve livelihoods. Furthermore, the EU Space Programme is providing innova￾tive solutions to make agriculture more productive and sus￾tainable. For example, Earth observation data provided by the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service helps national bodies in partner countries to monitor crop conditions, providing early warnings on failing crops and predicting crop yields. This enables a considerable improvement in how to use fertilisers, fuel and pesticides resulting in healthier food and a reduced environmental impact. The EU is pursuing the transition towards more sustainable food systems consistent with actions in other key areas such as trade. With the launch of the Farm to Fork strategy for afair, healthy and environmentally friendly food system, the EU seeks to reduce the environmental and climate footprint of its food system and strengthen its resilience, and to ensure food security in the face ofclimate change and biodiversity loss. Asthe world’s largest food importer, and in line with the EU trade policy review, the EU is also using its free trade agreements to stimulate and incentivise more sustainable practices by its trade partners. One example is the inclusion of a chapter on sustainable food systems in the free trade agreement (FTA) agreed with New Zealand and Chile and proposed in ongoing FTA negotiations Earth Observation data provided by the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS) helps national institutions in monitoring crop conditions, providing early warnings on failing crops and predicting crop yields. © European Union, Copernicus Sentinel-2 imagery 44 with Australia and Indonesia. The EU will strive to promote international standards in relevant international bodies. It will encourage the production ofagri-food products complying with high safety and sustainability standards, and will support small￾scale farmers inmeeting these standards and in accessing markets. Furthermore, the recognition and protection of geographical indications are key aspects oftrade agreements concluded by the EU with partner countries. Such recognition gives consumers a guarantee ofauthenticity and quality linked to its origin, rep￾utation and know-how developed to produce genuine products. Throughout the reforms of the common agricultural policy (CAP), the EU focused on providing income support to farm￾ers and ensuring targeted measures aimed at environmental protection whilst minimising the risk of creating distortions in global agricultural markets. The CAP contributes to the EU’s international commitments by: ▶ focusing on an enhanced environmental and climate delivery, helping to secure resource efficiency and fight the consequences of climate change in the EU and globally; ▶ aiming to better use the potential of knowledge, innovation and technologies with a view to a more sustainable farming sector and to provide opportunities for rural economies; ▶ maintaining the very favourable terms of trade in agricultural products for partner countries, particularly for least developed countries; and ▶ encouraging non-EU countries, both through bilateral and multilateral initiatives, to add value to agri-food production, for example by adopting and developing systems for the protection of geographical indications or organic production. As concerns environmental impacts, the EU is highly dependent on natural resources embodied in goods and services consumed within the EU. This is illustrated by the land footprint, an esti￾mated amount of land needed to produce one unit of a given final product consumed in acountry, regardless of where in the world this land was used. With regard to imported agricultural products, the EU’s global farmland footprint, combining crop￾land used to cultivate crops and grassland used to produce meat and dairy products, represented around 4% of farmland world￾wide in 2019. In addition, the EU’s food demand is responsible for 5% of the EU’s total CO2 consumption-based footprint and the EU imports about 70% of its seafood consumption. These spillover effects take place both within and outside the EU, and therefore require high levels of policy consistency between internal and external actions (an issue described below in other areas, such as SDG 14). Measures such as the new Regulation ( 5 ) Selected results from EU-funded interventions managed by NEAR (European Neighbourhood Instrument) and INTPA. Further information on scope and methodology in Chapter 6 of the Report on the Implementation of the European Union’s External Action Instruments in 2021 (SWD(2022) 353). on deforestation-free supply chains for a range of agricultural commodities and derived products mainly linked to deforesta￾tion and forest degradation aim atreducing the footprint of EU consumption linked to deforestation driven by land conversion for agricultural use. EU and Member States external financial support for SDG implementation and results In 2021, EU institutions reported to the OECD commitments for EUR 1.1 billion in projects contributing to SDG 2. The main share of the EU contribution to SDG 2 isaccounted for by projects that target SDG 2 as the main SDG. These pro￾jects also contribute to other interlinked SDGs such as SDG 1, SDG 5, SDG 8 and SDG 13. Other SDGs also contribute to SDG 2 asasignificant objective. The main contributors are SDG 1, SDG 13 and SDG 14. When taking into account also other official flows, private funds mobilized through public intervention and support to international public goods, the Total Official Support to Sustainable Development (TOSSD) of the EU to SDG 2 amounted to EUR 3.6 billion in 2021. In terms of selected results of the assistance (5 ), EU assistance to food-insecure people reached 28 million people, while nearly 19 million women of reproductive age, adolescent girls and children were reached by EU-funded nutrition-related inter￾ventions. In addition, over 21 million smallholder farmers benefited from EU interventions aimed at increasing their sustainable production, access to markets, and/or land security. Collectively, the EU and those Member States that reported on SDGs to the OECD in 2021 contributed EUR 5.4 billion to SDG 2. EU and Member State funding to SDG 2 in 2021 predominantly focused on projects in Africa (42%) and Asia (32%). The collective response as Team Europe to global food insecurity exacerbated by the war ofaggression against Ukraine is supported by an envelope ofaround EUR 18 billion from the EU and its Member States for the period 2021-2024 which contributes to SDG 2. Main policy orientations and initiatives for external engagement The deteriorating situation on SDG 2 requires both longer￾term and immediate life-saving responses. In terms of longer￾term assistance, the EU focuses on actions targeting sustainable agriculture and seafood production, resilience of food systems, research and innovation, and nutrition. With regard to imme￾diate action, the EU is a main provider of humanitarian food assistance. The EU applies a nexus approach to support syner￾gies between the short- and long-term responses. 45Progress in the implementation of the SDGs To accelerate progress in cooperation with Africa, the EUlaunched two major initiatives. One is on sustainable agri￾value chains, which aims to boost public and private investments in African agri-value chains. The second is on resilient food systems, which supports African food systems to become more resilient to unfavourable trends, shocks and crises. The fight against acute hunger and acute malnutrition is also at the centre of the EU’s humanitarian interventions. Food assistance, where possible through cash transfers, addresses the most vulnerable. As for the immediate and underlying causes of malnutrition, these are addressed through nutrition interventions targeting the specific needs of vulnerable groups. A collective Team Europe commitment amounting to EUR 4.3 billion for 2021-2024 was made at the Nutrition for Growth Summit in 2021, of which the EU pledged EUR 2.5 billion, to address all forms of malnutrition in humanitarian and devel￾opment settings. In the current context of the Russian war against Ukraine and the ensuing increases in food and energy prices, the Commission took action to urgently support the most vul￾nerable groups in countries and regions affected by food price increases in north Africa, the Middle East, Asia and sub-Sa￾haran Africa by increased commitments in humanitarian aid, short-term tailor-made support and actions facilitating trade and supporting food systems, while working through the mul￾tilateral system to tackle global challenges. Examples of EU actions (with a focus on Global Gateway and Team Europe initiatives) In relation to SDG 2, inspired by the EU Farm to Fork strategy for a fair, healthy and environmentally friendly food system, in the framework of the European Green Deal, the EU and Member States are joining forces to support Uzbekistan’s agri￾food sector and rural development through a Team Europe Initiative supporting private sector growth, job creation, inclu￾sion, and climate change mitigation and adaption aiming for inclusive and green growth. The initiative supports the roll￾out of the Global Gateway strategy. In Rwanda, under the Team Europe Initiative Sustainable and Inclusive Agricultural Transformation, the EU and Member States are supporting the shift towards market-oriented high￾value cropping systems geared towards feeding the cities. This initiative, in support of the Global Gateway Africa-Europe investment package, also aims to contribute to food and nutri￾tion security by supporting the agricultural transition to more climate-resilient and inclusive food systems. The Team Europe Initiative Climate-Smart Agriculture￾Based Resilience Building supports building a more resil￾ient agriculture sector in Zimbabwe, combining smart agri￾cultural practices with improvements on territorial planning and access to renewable energy at community level. Through climate-smart and environmentally conscious agro-ecological principles, the initiative aims to contribute to enhanced food security, economic and environmental resilience, and new export possibilities, all in support of the Global Gateway. The EU supports nutrition and food security in Honduras asaresponse to the country’s worsening inequality, poverty and food insecurity problems following the COVID-19 pandemic. Over 60% of the funds target food security and resilience in the most vulnerable regions, supporting food assistance, agricul￾tural production, access to credit and markets and improved water infrastructure. Overall, the EU helped 39 vulnerable municipalities to develop food security and nutrition devel￾opment plans, benefiting more than 700 000 inhabitants. In Benin, EU budget support prompted asubstantive reform of the agricultural sector and helped double the value ofagri￾cultural exports between 2014 and 2020 even despite the COVID-19 pandemic. Since 2017, the EU has provided budget support to Georgia’s strategy for agriculture and rural development contribut￾ing to astrengthened policy framework for rural development, improved agriculture, diversified rural economic opportuni￾ties, and an enhanced environment for a more effective impact on poverty alleviation. EU humanitarian funding for nutrition, which aims at pro￾viding life-saving interventions to the most vulnerable pop￾ulations, has targeted severely malnourished children such as in Sudan, as well as children under 5 years of age and preg￾nant and lactating women in many countries including Syria. Moreover, the EU supports WFP initiatives such asa voucher programme for fresh food with high nutritional values in Syria or emergency food distribution and cash in South Sudan. To help address the food and nutrition crisis in the Sahel and Lake Chad regions of Africa, which affects more than 38 million people, the EU has deployed a combination of humanitarian and development funding (as of April 2022, EUR 654 million committed for food security and resilience in the region over the period 2021-2024) implemented under a humanitarian-development-peace approach. In a regional approach for the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan), the EU supports UNICEF in athree￾year partnership aimed at fighting children’s malnutrition through improved access to efficient and integrated manage￾ment of severe acute malnutrition. In Central America, actions to address food security and nutri￾tion needs, and the humanitarian response, have been concen￾trated in the Dry Corridor countries (Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and El Salvador) where the EU has provided food assistance as well as direct cash transfers, vouchers and in-kind assistance, while helping to build resilience. 46 In Venezuela and Colombia, the EU supports the WFP to address the food and nutrition consequences of the Venezuelan crisis. Actions tackle education needs, food inse￾curity and socio-economic vulnerabilities of affected popula￾tions, with afocus on children, and vulnerable indigenous and migrant populations. Actions by the EU and its Member States are mutually rein￾forcing and coordinated to ensure complementarity and impact in support of the SDGs. In addition to acting together with the EU through joint programming and Team Europe Initiatives, Member States carry out their own projects in support of the 2030 Agenda, including SDG 2, such as the following initia￾tives for illustrative purposes. Apart from being a major funder of CGIAR, Sweden supports agricultural development projects targeting SDG 2 with strong interlinkages to other SDGs. Its Beog-Puuto project (Farms of the future) aims at restoring eroded abandoned farmland, increasing productivity in family farms, and strengthening resil￾ience of 50000 vulnerable households in dry areas in northern ( 6 ) Notably the ongoing FAO work on Guidelines for sustainable aquaculture and the sustainable manage￾ment of fisheries in regional organisations (see SDG 14 as well). and eastern Burkina Faso. The GROW project in Liberia focuses on improving the quality of cocoa through training in good agricultural practices, setting up traceability systems, investment in organic certification, branding and marketing, partner coaching, and linking partners with international pre￾mium market buyers. Germany’s support to food security, agriculture and rural development ranges from action through global programmes to initiatives such as the establishment of Green Innovation Centres and Centres of Excellence in 15 African partner countries. Centres of Excellence on climate change and sus￾tainable land management have been established in Southern and West Africa. The Sustainable Agricultural Supply Chain Initiative brings together more than 70 stakeholders from the private sector, civil society and politics, with the aim of achieving more sustainability in global agricultural supply chains, notably in relation to resource efficiency and preventing deforestation, creating jobs and improving the incomes and living conditions of smallholders. Looking ahead The Commission will continue its work on strengthening food security and building sustainable and resilient food systems. For example, going forward, the Commission will table pro￾posals on the following. ▶ A general legislative framework for sustainable food systems, which will aim to accelerate and facilitate the transition to sustainability. It will mainstream sustainability in food-related policies and across the entire value chain, from primary producers to consumers. In addition, the framework will help facilitate favourable food environments. ▶ Setting EU-level targets as part of the EU’s commitment to reduce food waste. ▶ Revising EU marketing standards for agricultural and seafood products in order to update these standards and encourage the supply of more sustainable products to consumers. ▶ A new soil health law as announced in the EU soil strategy for 2030. The Commission will also consider new areas of action, such as legislation for plants produced by certain new genomic techniques. On the external side, the EU will continue to take determined actions to accelerate the implementation of SDG 2 globally. This includes promoting sustainability in the key multilateral organi￾sations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), to support partner countries to ensure a sustainable future for the global food system (6 ). Its action is undertaken through the roll-out ofarange of multiannual indicative programmes with partner countries where ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture, isashared priority. Atangible contribution to SDG 2 (and other interlinked SDGs) will bethe deployment ofthe Global Gateway strategy at regional and national level, including the following initiatives presented during the sixth EU-Africa Summit as part of the Global Gateway Africa-Europe Investment Package. ▶ Sustainable Agri-Value Chains: these aim to boost public and private investments in African agri-value chains, of which 95 have been identified so far in 23 sectors. ▶ Resilient Food Systems: these support African food systems in becoming more resistant towards unfavourable trends, shocks and crises. In addition, while working towards the transition to sustaina￾ble food systems, the EU will continue to focus on short-term humanitarian assistance to the most vulnerable. 47Progress in the implementation of the SDGs
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108 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Government’s assessment 2.1 Finland has ensured that everyone has access to safe and nutritious food all year round. 2.2 No significant malnutrition exists in Finland; conversely, the proportion of overweight people is growing. 2.3 Finland has ensured everyone’s right to land and other productive resources and inputs. Everyone in Finland has freedom to engage in commercial activity. 2.4 Finland aims to develop a sustainable food system, which is pursued through the European Union’s common agricultural policy and a national toolkit. 2.5 Finland has safeguarded the genetic diversity of agricultural production inputs and farmed animals as part of EU law and national legislation in keeping with international treaties. IN FINLAND, there is little malnutrition, whereas obesity is prevalent. National challenges are related to dietary quality. People in general consume too much energy, salt and saturated fat and not enough fruits, vegetables or wholegrain cereals, while men in particular eat too much red meat and meat products. Sustainability has been included in Finnish nutrition recommendations since 2014. In recent years, the recommendations have been updated and healthy nutrition has been promoted by influencing mass catering. Specific challenges for Finland include obesity and dietary quality. In 2017, the majority of adults were at least slightly overweight while 26.1% of men and 27.5% of women aged over 30 were obese (with body mass index of 30 kg/m2 or over). Almost one in two adults (46%) is also abdominally obese. The problem is already evident in children: in 2018, 4% of girls and 8% of boys aged 2–16 were obese. There is room for improvement in the quality of nutrition. In 2017, only 14% of men and 22% of women consumed at least the recommended half a kilogram of fruits, berries and vegetables per day. The recommended intake of salt and saturated fat was exceeded by nine out of ten adults. Finland has succeeded in ensuring food security, while malnutrition is not an issue. Free school meals and other subsidised mass catering secure nutrition and even out socio￾economic disparities. The comprehensive health clinic system makes it possible to address problems at an early stage. Key measures to improve environmental sustainability in agricultural production are included in the EU common agricultural policy. The measures have aimed to reduce environmental nutrient pollution; maintain biodiversity; improve air quality; mitigate and promote adaptation to climate change; and maintain good soil condition. A major challenge relating to the sustainability of agriculture is low profitability, which has been tackled by seeking appropriate measures. A more permanent solution can only be found through agricultural productivity improvements, increasing market prices and moderate cost developments. As for global responsibility, promotion of food security is part of development policy. Finland supports the development of sustainable agricultural production and food value chains, land management and organisation of small-scale farmers, in particular. During the previous government term, Finland sup￾ported about 900000 food producers through bilateral and CSO projects, improving food security for over four million people. Key national policy initiatives in 2015–2020 In 2017, the Government published its report on food policy, entitled Food2030, and launched its measures. The meal recommendations for early childhood education and care (2018), schools (2017) and the upper secondary level (2019) have strengthened the opportunities of children and young people for healthy nutrition. Nutrition recommendations for the elderly are to be completed in 2020. Sustainability is part of all recommendations. Healthy nutrition has also been supported through key government projects and project funding. Some schools launched a system to distribute fruits and vegetables in 2017. As a result of the 2019 Government Programme, the excise duty on sugary soft drinks was increased, a ‘climate food’ programme is getting started, and the knowledge base on children’s and young people’s nutrition will be improved. The EU common agricultural policy for 2014–2020 includes many measures to promote the overall sustainability of agriculture and rural areas. 2–6 7–12 13–16 18–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69 70–79 80+ 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % men women Percentage of obese persons (BMI over 30), % 109 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Civil society’s assessment TREND: NEUTRAL FINLAND’S CHALLENGE is the deprivation of some people, which also involves hunger or food shortages, but there is very little data or statistics on the need for support.   According to Eurostat, in 2018 the price of food in Finland was almost 20 per cent higher than in other EU countries. Despite this, Finland has not used tax policy to support access to food. It would be possible to influence the price structure of food in such a way that would allow producers to gain a sufficient livelihood from sales while consumers could afford to buy nutritious and healthy food.   Food security could be promoted both nationally and globally to ensure an even-handed improvement in general wellbeing while also ensuring natural biodiversity and climate sustainability. Globally, malnutrition and hunger particularly affect food producers and agricultural workers. It would be possible for Finland to better promote global food security by investing in the development of food systems in its development policy. In 2016–2019, however, Finland cut its development cooperation and research finance, and the finance of themes affecting food security has received little attention. There has not been much fluctuation in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions from one year to another; in 2018 they made up 11 per cent of Finland’s overall emissions. Methane emissions from dairy production, for example, have been reduced in the past 50 years. Yet, much remains to be done in terms of reducing overall food production emissions if Finland is to achieve carbon neutrality in 2035.   On arable sector the yield levels of cereal crops have not increased in the 2000s. Reasons for this include the poor profitability of food production, the fact that a large share of the total cultivated area is leased land where the duration of leases is short. Thus, it has not been possible to properly care and conserve soil fertility. A positive aspect is that the use of industrial commercial fertilisers has decreased, and efforts have been made in the recycling of nutrients and the purity of recycled nutrients. The decrease in nutrient volumes can be seen as a decline of nitrogen and phosphorus in nutrient balances over the past 30 years.   Finland has succeeded at national level in diversifying food assistance and making it more humane while also improving access to it. There has also been a shift in attitudes, so that those receiving food assistance feel less stigmatised.   Food assistance structures have been clarified and there is now better awareness of how to administer food assistance. The circular economy aspect and acceptance of reducing food waste have had a positive impact on food assistance. Food assistance is provided through a chain with a growing number of actors. Municipalities, civil society organizations, churches and grocery stores are often involved.   Since 2016, Parliament has granted government subsidies to third sector operators providing food assistance. In 2019 subsidies were also granted for developing long-lasting food assistance solutions in addition to urgent food assistance. Finland must   • acquire research data on how many Finns need food assistance and how the assistance is best provided to avoid emergency relief from becoming a permanent fixture • develop structural solutions, such as reforming basic social protection and restraining living costs, to reduce poverty as a whole • grant public funding for continuing and developing food assistance measures   • ensure through tax policy measures that the food price structure guarantees producers a sufficient livelihood while making sure consumers can afford to buy nutritious and healthy food   • enact a law that would help reduce food waste throughout the food chain   • increase development finance focusing on food security and support cross-sector and multi-actor cooperation • contribute to making CAP 2021–27 supportive of climate￾resilient agriculture that boosts biodiversity and also takes into account water protection goals. Organisations participating in this assessment: Fida International, Finnish Development NGOs Fingo, Food and Forest Development Finland (FFD), Church Resources Agency, Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners (MTK), the Finnish Blue Ribbon, International Solidarity Foundation, the Finnish National Organisation of the Unemployed, ViaDia
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24 | VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW • FIJI’S PROGRESS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS SDG 2: Zero Hunger End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Overview The global indicator framework for SDGs outlines 8 Targets and 13 Indicators for SDG 2. The baseline data collected for SDGs in Fiji revealed many gaps in the availability of data. Highlights of Fiji’s baseline status on nutrition are based on available data on undernourishment, stunting and malnutrition. Every Fijian has the Constitutional Right to have access to adequate food of acceptable quality and nutritional value. To achieve food security in Fiji, greater emphasis is being placed on domestic agriculture and fsheries. A climate vulnerability assessment conducted in 2017 found that between 2001 and 2017, cyclones and floods resulted in a total of FJ$791 million in damages and losses to the agriculture sector. Recognising that climate change is the single greatest threat to food security for a small island developing state like Fiji, the climate vulnerability assessment emphasised that an investment of about FJ$34 million is required to strengthen the resilience of the agriculture and fsheries sectors in the next 10 years4 . The mobilisation of domestic fnance for food security and nutrition through Fiji’s annual national budgets has increased from FJ$50.8 million in 2016-2017 to FJ$117.9 million in 2017-2018 and FJ$124.5 million in 2018-20195 . Similarly, the total amount of Offcial Development Assistance (ODA) for the agricultural sector has also increased from FJ$2.06 million in 2000 to FJ$17.1 million in 20166 . The Fijian undernourished population is very minute; however, baseline assessments reveal that it will take Fiji several more years to fully realise SDG 2. Undernourishment cases had decreased from 5.2 per cent in 1997 to 4.2 per cent in 20067 , but the prevalence of undernourishment has been increasing since 2006, standing at 4.6 per cent in 2016. Data on overweight and wasted children under fve years of age obtained from the National Food and Nutrition Centre also reveals a general decrease in the proportion of 4 Climate Vulnerability Assessment, 2017 5 National Budget Supplements, 2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019 6 OECD-DAC database 7 Data sourced from World Bank Indicators Data Catalogue and National Food and Nutrition Center Fiji malnourished children. Stunting is an indicator of underweight children and is measured by low height￾for-age. Between 2004 and 2015, the proportion of stunted children under 5 years in Fiji fell from 7.5 per cent to 4.9 per cent. Several indicators for SDG 2 are yet to be fully achieved, and to fll these gaps, the Fijian Government – committed to ensuring Fijians get adequate and nutritious foods – is investing resources in research and development in agriculture, fsheries and food security. While under￾nutrition and micronutrient defciencies continue to persist, prevalence of overweight and obese Fijians of all ages, and as a result, related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a nationwide epidemic. The World Health Organisation in 2016 revealed that 84 per cent of deaths in Fiji occurred due to NCDs. Fiji must reevaluate how malnutrition and obesity are addressed both in terms of planning and capacity implementation, while emphasising the interplay and key role of agriculture, health, education, trade and other sectors. Through an aggressive marketing and branding initiative spearheaded by the Ministry of Industry, Trade & Tourism, Fiji is increasing efforts to promote local, “Fijian-Made” and “Fijian-Grown” produce. However, to achieve food security, there is a crucial need to improve effciency at the farm level, which ultimately contributes to low commodity pricing in the market as well as the need to improve market arrangements for primary agriculture and fsheries produce. Other innovative industries, such as aquaculture, are being actively cultivated in Fiji’s maritime communities. Opportunities for Collaboration Fiji’s development plans provide several opportunities to address SDG 2. The development of a national food and nutrition security policy is currently underway, which will strengthen the enabling environment and provide a nexus for agriculture and nutrition. The policy will allow for joint periodic agriculture and fsheries censuses, and will strengthen statistics and information collection through the development of a Domestic Food Production Database (agriculture and fsheries) as well as through the existing Food Balance Sheet and VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW • FIJI’S PROGRESS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS | 25 National Nutrition Survey8 . Over the next fve years, the agriculture sector has key interventions to increase production of commodities under bilateral quarantine agreements (such as eggplant, okra, pawpaw, chillies, and breadfruit), as well as rice, taro, cassava, fruits and vegetables, kava, organic products, livestock and dairy products. Mechanisation and new technologies will be adopted through government support and private sector partnerships, particularly for hydroponics, livestock and dairy, organic farming, and processing of agricultural products (e.g. ginger, rice, fresh fruits and vegetables and fruit drinks). To improve food security in the fsheries sector, the Fijian Government plans to address existing development challenges such as falling fsh stocks, slow growth in aquaculture, weak value-addition for fsheries resources, and the negative effects of climate change. The soon￾to-be-completed National Fisheries Policy will guide the management and development of offshore, inshore/ coastal and aquaculture activities, with a long-term focus on sustainable management of existing offshore and inshore/coastal resources while supporting further growth in aquaculture. 8 Fiji 5 Year and 20 Year National Development Plan.(2017-2036)
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31 32 SDG 2: Zero Hunger End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition and Promote Sustainable Agriculture Fiji has made signifcant progress in Target 2.c, but there is a need for accelerated progress in Targets 2.1, 2.2, and 2.a. Unfortunately, Targets 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 and 2.b could not be measured. Ensuring Access to Sufcient, Safe and Nutritious Food Given that Fiji’s economy is predominantly agriculture-based, with tourism also playing a signifcant role, the agricultural sector holds great importance for the country. The people of Fiji have a strong understanding of and familiarity with the agricultural sector, allowing them to actively participate without requiring extensive orientation. The food and agricultural sector in Fiji has been identifed by Investment Fiji as a potential area for growth and attracting foreign investment. Fiji is capable of producing enough food to meet domestic needs and also has the capacity for export. Fiji’s priority targets for SDG 2 are: Target 2.1 - By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufcient food all year round Target 2.2 - By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons Target 2.3 - By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fshers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, fnancial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment Target 2.4 - By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, fooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality Goal 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.a 2.b 2.c Undernourishment and food security Malnutrition Small-scale food producers Sustainable agriculture Genetic resources for agriculture Investment in agriculture Agricultural export subsidies Food price anomalies Maintain Accelerate Reverse Not Assessed 33 The prevalence of undernourishment in Fiji has shown a declining trend, decreasing from 6.6% of the total population in 2011 to 4.9% in 2019. However, there was a slight increase to 5.7% in 2020, which can potentially be attributed to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the prevalence of both moderate and severe food insecurity, measured through the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), also exhibited an increase during this period. Moderate food insecurity rose from 14.3% in 2019 to 19.3% in 2020, indicating a higher proportion of the population experiencing limited access to adequate food. Similarly, severe food insecurity increased from 2% in 2019 to 4.2% in 2020, highlighting a greater level of deprivation and vulnerability to hunger. Increasing Agricultural Productivity The agriculture sector in Fiji plays a signifcant role in the country’s economy and employment. It contributes approximately 28% to total employment in the formal sector and also supports livelihoods in the informal sector. In terms of economic contribution, the agriculture sector is the third-largest in Fiji, contributing around FJD 451 million (USD 207 million) annually to the nation’s GDP as of 2020. Historically, sugarcane was the dominant crop in the sector, but its prominence has been surpassed by other crops, horticulture, and livestock production. This diversifcation indicates the evolving landscape of agriculture in Fiji. Fiji Crop and Livestock Council (FCLC) FCLC is a legislatively established council comprising various growers’ associations in Fiji. These associations represent different agricultural sectors, including Pigs, Honey, Dalo, Yaqona, Tavioka, Grazing Livestock, Ginger, Cocoa, Agri-Exporters, Rice, Coconut Producers/Millers, Dairy, Organics, Fruits & Vegetables, and Mushrooms. One of the primary roles of FCLC is to provide support, training, and upskilling services to crop and livestock farmers. To beneft from these services, farmers are required to register with FCLC. In addition, FCLC manages a risk insurance scheme specifcally designed for farmers affected by climate-induced natural disasters such as cyclones, foods, and droughts. The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) has been actively advocating for the enhancement of livelihoods and the creation of environmentally sustainable employment opportunities, particularly targeting women and youth. This objective is pursued through the implementation of youth in agriculture and gender in agriculture policies. The primary goals of these policies include improving overall food security by ensuring access to safe and nutritious food, enhancing the resilience of agriculture and food systems in the context of climate change, and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, the MOA aims to foster inclusive and efcient food value chains to promote agribusiness development. 34 Despite the shift in focus, the total agricultural land area in 2020 was 194,769 hectares, which decreased by 23% compared to 2009. However, the number of farming households with farmland increased by 5%11 during the same period, indicating a higher concentration of farmers on available land. In terms of crop production, the area harvested for temporary crops12 experienced a substantial increase of 43% since 2009, reaching 29,334 hectares. The volume of temporary crops harvested also increased by 122%, totaling 306,035 metric tons. The value of these temporary crops amounted to FJD 2.4 billion, with the Yaqona (kava) crop accounting for 83.1% of the total value. This signifcant growth in temporary crop production demonstrates its economic importance. On the other hand, permanent crops faced a different trend. The area harvested for permanent crops decreased by 72% to 5,598 hectares since 2009. However, the volume harvested increased by 2.6 times, reaching 93,023 metric tons. The value of permanent crops amounted to FJD 164 million. This indicates a shift in agricultural practices, with a smaller area dedicated to permanent crops but with increased productivity. Between 2009 and 2020, there has been a noticeable increase in the percentage of farming households in Fiji that own less than one hectare of farmland. In 2009, 44% of farming households fell into this category, while by 2020, it had risen to 65%. This indicates a signifcant rise in the number of smallholder farming households in terms of farmland size. In terms of income composition, agriculture activities contribute to the household income of Fijian families. On a national level, agriculture activities make up around 9.6% of the household income composition. In urban areas, this fgure is lower, accounting for approximately 2% of the household income. In contrast, in rural areas, agriculture activities contribute signifcantly more, making up about 24% of the household income. This highlights the greater reliance on agriculture as a source of income in rural communities. However, it is important to note that comprehensive data and information are still needed to obtain a more comprehensive overview of the income and productivity of small-scale food producers in Fiji. At both the national and divisional levels in Fiji, the largest group of farmers in terms of population falls within the age range of 30-39 years. This holds true for both female and male farmers, with approximately 22% of farmers in this age group. Additionally, there is signifcant youth engagement in farming, particularly in the provinces of Cakaudrove and Bua in the Northern Division. In these areas, around 23.8% and 22.4% of farmers, respectively, are within the age range of 20-29 years. This trend may be attributed to the economic value of kava, which has attracted farmers to these regions in recent years. In the province of Kadavu in the Eastern Division, the highest proportion of young female farmers is found, with 27.4% falling within the 20-29 years age range. However, similar to the national data, the majority of female farmers in each division are in the age group of 30-39 years. Notably, the Western Division has the oldest group of female farmers, with 25.3% of them falling within the 50-59 years age range. This is particularly prominent in the provinces of Nadroga/ Navosa (26.9%) and Ba (25.7%).13 11 Fiji Agriculture Census 2009 and 2020 12 Mainly cassava, bele, dalo, eggplant and yaqona (kava). 13 Ministry of Agriculture (2021) 2020 Fiji Agriculture Census. Volume 3: Gender Analysis Report. Fiji Ministry of Agriculture and Food and Agriculture Organisation Since 2013, the agriculture sector has received substantial support through the Integrated Human Resource Development Programme (IHRDP), with over 58 projects benefting from these initiatives. The investments made under the program have encompassed a wide range of activities aimed at promoting sustainable agricultural practices and enhancing productivity. Examples of supported projects include the provision of bee equipment to facilitate apiculture, the introduction of farm mechanization through the acquisition of tractors, the implementation of modern hydroponics farming systems, and the expansion of the horticulture industry. Saltwater Inundation In Narikoso Village, located on Kadavu Island, the residents are facing a signifcant challenge related to agricultural sustainability. The continuous exposure to saltwater inundation resulting from frequent storm surges and coastal erosion has led to the contamination of the soil, rendering it unsuitable for vegetable cultivation. As a consequence, villagers have observed a detrimental impact on their vegetable crops, which exhibit signs of distress such as browning, wilting, and ultimately dying. 35 Supporting Sustainability in Food Production Agriculture plays a signifcant role as a major economic activity and a source of income for 70,991 households in Fiji.14 Agricultural sustainability is a complex and comprehensive concept that encompasses multiple dimensions, including economic, social, and environmental aspects. To assess and evaluate agricultural sustainability, various themes are considered, each capturing different facets of sustainability. These themes provide a framework for understanding and measuring the progress of agricultural systems. The key themes in assessing agricultural sustainability are land productivity, proftability, resilience, soil health, water use, risks associated with fertilizer and pesticide use, biodiversity, decent employment, food security and land tenure. 14 Ministry of Agriculture Costed Operational Plan 2021/2022. 15 Fiji Agricultural Census 2020 16 HIES data 17 https://www.fao.org/3/i9174en/I9174EN.pdf 18 https://spc.int/updates/news/2023/03/new-pacifc-pesticide-registration-scheme-announced-at-pacifc-week-of 19 https://leap.unep.org/countries/fj/national-legislation/national-biodiversity-strategy-and-action-plan-fji-2020-2025 While further analysis is needed to comprehensively evaluate the economic, environmental and social sustainability of food production, the following observations can be made: • In terms of land productivity, at the national level, the cumulative production value of temporary and permanent crops harvested was FJD 2.6 billion, over a cumulative harvested area of 34,882 hectares:15 This translates to an average of FJD 6,100 per hectare per month (FJD 2,100 if Yaqona is not considered), which is a value 18 times higher than 11 years ago. The average size of land per household in 2020 ranged between 2 to 3 hectares.. • The average contribution of agricultural activities to households’ income is FJD 209 per month, accounting for 9.6% of the income composition (compared to 7.1% in 201116). A signifcant portion (32% to 95%) of the temporary crop production is consumed at the household level in 2020. • Regarding access to fnance, only 2.1% of agricultural households in Fiji took agricultural loans, a decrease from 6.0% in 2009. • Deforestation, intensive sloping, fat farming, and reclamation of mangrove swamps are the primary drivers of land degradation in Fiji. The country is losing over 50 tons of soil per hectare each year through run-off, which is four times the average in tropical areas. Sustainable development is further threatened by the rising sea level, a consequence of climate change.17 Numerous actions are currently being undertaken to support the UNCCD National Action Programme for Fiji, with the aim of building resilience, increasing the productivity of forest landscapes, and improving the livelihoods of the local population through the restoration of degraded land and the sustainable management of natural resources. • Concerning water use, only 4.2% of agricultural households have a water tank for irrigation or stock watering. • The 2020 Fiji Agriculture sector policy agenda emphasizes the prudent use of fertilizer based on site-specifc recommendations instead of subsidizing it. However, the use of pesticides in the Pacifc Island countries has doubled over the past decade, which is a signifcantly higher increase than the global average. This trend has raised concerns among policymakers due to its impact on human health and the fragile island ecosystems. In Fiji alone, the use of insecticides and herbicides increased by 34-fold between 1992 and 2013, according to FAO. Although the annual import trends show a rise in pesticide use, the technical capacity to make informed registration decisions, manage and control their use is extremely limited. This is primarily due to inadequate regulatory and compliance processes, limited technical expertise in evaluating pesticide risks, insufcient stafng for pesticide registration, sensitivity of (agro)ecosystems to pesticide disruption, and constraints on using personal protective equipment in hot weather conditions. The announcement of a new Pacifc Pesticide Registration Scheme during the 2023 Pacifc Week of Agriculture and Forestry is expected to facilitate monitoring of pesticide use in the region.18 • Livestock farming is a contributing factor to biodiversity loss that needs mitigation. Fiji has developed a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) for 2020-2025, which aims to integrate biodiversity considerations into all aspects of development, including agriculture, fsheries, forestry, tourism, and waterways. This involves conserving and sustainably using terrestrial, freshwater, and marine biodiversity, as well as maintaining ecological processes and the functioning of ecological systems.19 Several initiatives are currently underway in Fiji to reduce biodiversity loss. Shifting Cropping Seasons In Draubata, located in Navosa, farmers are confronted with the need to adapt their planting seasons due to shifting weather patterns. Previously, farmers relied on traditional planting calendars as a guide for their agricultural activities. However, with changing climatic conditions, they have had to make adjustments and wait for periods of wet weather to commence planting yagona (kava), dalo (taro), and vegetables. 36 • Starting from January 2023, the new rate for the National Minimum Wage (NMW) in Fiji is FJD 4.0 per hour. In the agriculture sector, employment is predominantly based on family involvement, with 77% of agricultural household members engaged as self-employed or unpaid family workers in at least one agricultural activity across the four sub-sectors (crop, livestock, fsheries, and forestry), as reported in the Fiji Agriculture Census 2020.20 • According to the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in Fiji was 19.3% in 2020, affecting approximately 173,000 people, with 4.2% of them classifed as severely food insecure.21 However, there is no FIES data specifc to agricultural households. • Regarding secure tenure rights to land, more than half (54.1%) of the total agricultural land in Fiji (194,768.6 hectares) is operated under traditional ownership systems (Mataqali, Tokatoka, Yavusa, Kovukovu). Native lease covers 23.7% of the land, while 13.9% is under freehold ownership, 6.0% under lease from the State, and 2.1% under informal arrangements. Only a negligible proportion, 0.2%, is operated without any legal or formal arrangement. Efforts are currently underway to promote the development of organic farming in Fiji. However, a more concentrated and targeted approach is required to establish it as a mainstream activity within the agricultural sector. The MOA has been actively involved in the development of a National Organic Policy. The necessary skills to support these endeavors are available both in the country and the region. Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture Climate change is already exerting a detrimental effect on Fiji’s agriculture, and this impact is anticipated to escalate in the future. The consequences include a heightened decline in soil productivity, diminished crop yields, the emergence of new pests and diseases, land degradation, compromised water quality and availability, and alterations to cropping seasons. Fiji relies on agricultural produce as a signifcant source of foreign exchange, with exports of ginger, turmeric, taro, and kava playing a crucial role. However, the country heavily depends on imports for various other agricultural products such as wheat, sheep meat, rice, and potatoes (refer to the charts below). 20 Fiji Agriculture Census 2020 21 https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/database Producing Local Cassava Flour The production of cassava four is recognized as a viable alternative to wheat, offering the additional advantage of being a healthier and highly sought-after gluten-free product. Cassava, also known as tavioka, holds the status of a staple food among indigenous Fijians, making it a crop they are adept at cultivating. A considerable amount of native land has the potential to be utilized for expanding cassava production, as it is currently primarily grown for subsistence purposes and sold in local markets on a small scale. While it is essential to maintain the domestic use of cassava for local consumption, there is a growing emphasis on increasing its production for milling into four, both for domestic consumption and export. The Ministry of Agriculture and cassava growers are actively encouraging this expansion in cassava cultivation for the purpose of producing four. 37 While the contribution of agriculture value added to the GDP has increased from 7.87% in 2015 to 14.89% in 2020, there has been a slight decline in the share of government expenditure allocated to the agriculture sector during the same period. Specifcally, the agriculture share of government expenditure has decreased from 5% in 2015 to 4.4% in 2020. Consequently, the agricultural orientation index, which measures the proportion of government spending on the agriculture sector relative to its economic value-added, has experienced a decline from its peak of 0.64 in 2015 to 0.30 in 2020. In relation to food price volatility, it was observed that moderate to high food prices were experienced in 2019, as indicated by the Consumer Food Price Index. However, in 2020, the food price anomalies decreased, returning to normal levels. Accelerating the achievement of SDG 2 Several strategic frameworks and sectoral policies are contributing to the acceleration of action towards achieving SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) in Fiji. These initiatives demonstrate the national commitment to the 2030 Agenda. Here are some notable examples: • The fnal draft of the Fiji Policy for Food and Nutrition Security (FPFNS) recognizes the importance of addressing food and nutrition security through a multi/inter-sectoral approach. It acknowledges that “nutrition plays a direct role in achieving SDG 2 and SDG 3, while also enabling progress across the other 15 SDGs.” • The Fiji 2020 Agriculture Sector Policy Agenda serves as an inclusive development framework. It aims to tackle both domestic 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.4 0.0 0.1 0.7 -2.2 -0.4 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Indicator of Food Price Anomalies (IFPA), by Consumer Food Price Index 38 and global challenges related to food security, climate change, renewable energy feedstock, water resource utilization for aquaculture, agricultural exports, and the revitalization of traditional agriculture industries22 such as sugarcane and coconut. • Fiji’s Social Protection schemes are among the most well-established in the Pacifc region. They have proven to be invaluable assets in the government’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic, providing support to over 118,000 individuals in 2021. However, the pandemic has also highlighted the need to enhance the social protection system,23 to include informal workers and to ensure its responsiveness to disasters, safeguarding food security, nutrition, and development gains from the negative impacts of recurrent calamities. The appropriate integration of crosscutting issues, such as climate change, gender, poverty, urbanization, non￾communicable diseases (NCDs), and nutrition-sensitive approaches to agriculture, as well as the transformation of agri-food systems, are crucial for accelerating the achievement of SDG 2. The MoA has implemented various agricultural policies and projects, leading to recommendations to address several key areas: 1. Reviewing outdated actions and policies. 2. Strengthening consistency in policy direction and fostering a concerted political will to develop and revamp the entire agriculture sector. 3. Promoting a business-like approach to agriculture by mobilizing existing human resources and supporting small and medium-sized enterprises with a focus on secondary processing. 4. Upgrading rural infrastructure in a sustainable manner to support agriculture commodity development, including improvements in roads, water supply (through main grids and localized systems), communications, and electricity. Additionally, research has highlighted the lack of monitoring and evaluation capacity, overambitious production projections, weather-related calamities, and an outdated policy environment as contributing factors to poor outcomes in numerous agricultural projects (Kumar and Kumar, 2015).24 The Ministry of Agriculture had a Strategic Development Plan (SDP) in place for the period 2019-2023 and was actively working on fnalizing a new SDP for the subsequent period of 2024-2028. Adequate funding is essential for implementing existing strategies and policies related to food and nutrition security. The presence of appropriate political will, experience, and operational procedures for cross-sectoral implementation mechanisms are key factors for success. To eradicate food insecurity and malnutrition in Fiji, it is crucial to strengthen data collection, analysis, and policy implementation capacities. Generating information and practical evidence on enhancing local food systems is vital. Accelerated efforts in collecting timely, relevant, and high-quality data are necessary to support policy formulation, sector decision-making, and measure progress towards achieving the 2030 SDG Agenda. 22 https://www.agriculture.gov.fj/documents/fji-2020-agriculture-sector-policy-agenda.pdf 23 https://p4sp.org/documents/2/P4SP_Poster_Series_-_Fiji.pdf?download=True 24 https://www.foodsecurityportal.org/sites/default/fles/2021-01/PEAR_Fiji_Final.pdf
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "fji", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-fji-2023-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2023 }
16 GUIDELINES  Ensure safe, sufficient food for all and end all forms of malnutrition  Scale up productive agricultural practices that maintain ecosystems and strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change  Maintain the genetic diversity of species and share the benefits arising from their utilisation  Ensure the proper functioning of the food commodity markets to limit price volatility  Improve the environmental and economic aspects of family farming as a vehicle to end malnutrition CHALLENGES AND ACTIONS IN FRANCE France promotes family farming that creates wealth and jobs and respects ecosystems and biodiversity. The country is actively engaged in reducing food waste (reported by the French Environment and Energy Management Agency to cost €100 to €160 per person per year in 2015) and developing more responsible, climate-smart agriculture. For example, the French organic market has doubled in size in five years and France has the third largest organic farming surface area in the European Union, standing at 4.14% of the French utilisable agricultural area in 2014 (Agence Bio) for a target 8% by 2017 (Ambition Bio 2017 programme). In addition, innovative local authorities and players are promoting the use of local food systems based on short circuits between producers and consumers: farmland safeguards, support for small farms and family farming, land tenure policies in support of equal access to land, creation of local food governance councils, increase in the share of organic products in institutional catering, etc. However, with part of the population growing poorer, requests for food aid are on the rise. In France, 12% of adults live in a household in a situation of cash-strapped food insecurity (ONPES, 2010). INTERNATIONALLY France promotes family farming that creates wealth and jobs and respects ecosystems and biodiversity. The aim is to increase food and nutrition security, mainly in Sub￾Saharan Africa, with support to family farms, the food and livestock sectors, and agricultural and food and nutrition policies. With the help of French research bodies such as the Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), France provides assistance to cope with the changes made necessary by the dual challenge of demographic growth and climate change. Here, it promotes initiatives designed to restore and raise soil fertility and the adoption of agroecological practices. It builds people’s resilience to economic, political and climate shocks. With the French Agency for Development, France supports the economic, social and environmental development of over 770,000 family farms worldwide today, thereby promoting diverse, sustainable food systems. The eradication of undernourishment is also one of the priorities of France’s Development and International Solidarity Policy. In this area, France takes a multisector approach to further nutrition-smart humanitarian and development programmes. France is working with its partners to mainstream the elimination of hunger and malnutrition. It plays an active role in improving global governance in this area within the European Union, the United Nations organisations in which it is a member, the Committee on World Food Security, the G20 and the G7. End 2012, 4,7 % of French farms were engaged in an organic farming approach. END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 17 Share of organically farmed surface areas by département at the end of 2012 An INTERMINISTERIAL GROUP ON FOOD SECURITY (GISA) PLATFORM was set up in 2008 to feed into enhanced multistakeholder dialogue on food security and nutrition in the developing countries. It has produced a first roadmap. FOOD RETAILER COMMITMENTS The Stop Food Waste Pact is set to halve waste from 2013 to 2025. In August 2015, the major French retailers signed a voluntary agreement to donate or recycle unsold food and reduce waste. FOOD AID Many associations (Restos du Coeur, Red Cross, Secours Populaire Français, etc.), food banks and social and solidarity supermarkets collect and redistribute food donated by the public and provided by the Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD) and National Social Supermarket Allocations (CNES). NUTRITION AND HEALTH Nutritional quality and balance are the pillar of the nutritional goals for public health set by the High Council for Public Health (HCSP) and the National Nutritional Health Programme (PNNS) actions. RESPONSIBLE AGRICULTURE The 13 October 2014 Act on the Future of Agriculture, Food and Forestry provides for the practical implementation of agroecology: farmer training, regulations restricting the use of pesticides and antibiotics, sustainable seeds plan, and biocontrol (natural plant protection methods). The act also endorses support for small-scale family farming. The Agriculture Innovation 2025 plan scales up research in the area. France also introduced a ban on farming genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on French soil in 2008.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "fra", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-fra-2016-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2016 }
16 ORIENTATIONS  Assurer une alimentation saine et en quantité suffisante pour tous et lutter contre toute forme de malnutrition  Renforcer les pratiques agricoles productives préservant les écosystèmes et renforçant les capacités d’adaptation aux changements climatiques  Maintenir une diversité génétique des espèces, et assurer le partage des bénéfices de leur exploitation  Assurer le bon fonctionnement des marchés de denrée alimentaires pour limiter les fluctuations des prix  Renforcer agriculture familiale dans ses dimensions environnementales et économiques, en tant que vecteur de lutte contre la malnutrition ENJEUX ET ACTIONS EN FRANCE La France promeut une agriculture familiale, productrice de richesses et d'emplois, et respectueuse des écosystèmes et de la biodiversité. Elle s’engage dans la lutte contre le gaspillage alimentaire (il représente 100 à 160€ par an et par personne en 2015 selon l’ADEME) et le développement d’une agriculture plus responsable, qui prend en compte les impacts du changement climatique. Ainsi, le marché bio français a été multiplié par deux en cinq ans, et la France compte la troisième surface bio de l’Union Européenne, avec 4,14% de la surface agricole utile française en 2014 (Agence Bio), pour un objectif de 8 % d’ici 2017 (programme Ambition Bio 2017). Par ailleurs, le déploiement de systèmes alimentaires territorialisés, basés sur des circuits courts entre producteurs et consommateurs, est également favorisé par des collectivités et acteurs territoriaux innovants : préservation des terres agricoles, soutien aux petites exploitations et à l’agriculture familiale, politiques foncières en faveur d’un accès équitable à la terre, création de conseils locaux de gouvernance alimentaire, augmentation de la part de produits biologiques en restauration collective… Toutefois, dans un contexte d’appauvrissement d’une part de la population, les demandes d’aide alimentaire sont en constante augmentation. En France, 12% des adultes vivent dans un foyer en situation d’insécurité alimentaire pour raisons financières (ONPES, 2010). A L’INTERNATIONAL L’objectif est de renforcer la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle, principalement en Afrique subsaharienne, par un soutien aux exploitations agricoles familiales, aux filières vivrières et d’élevage, et aux politiques agricoles, alimentaires et nutritionnelles. La France accompagne, avec l’appui de ses organismes de recherche comme le centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), les mutations qu’impose le double défi de la croissance démographique et du dérèglement climatique. Elle promeut à cet effet les initiatives visant à restaurer et accroître la fertilité des sols et l’adoption de pratiques agro-écologiques. Elle renforce la résilience des populations aux chocs économiques, politiques ou encore climatiques. La France, à travers l’action de l’AFD, accompagne aujourd’hui le développement économique, social et environnemental de plus de 770 000 exploitations agricoles familiales dans le monde, et soutient ainsi des systèmes alimentaires diversifiés et durables. La lutte contre la sous-nutrition est aussi une des priorités de la politique de développement et de solidarité internationale de la France. Elle intervient dans ce domaine au travers d’une approche multisectorielle qui vise à améliorer la prise en compte de la nutrition dans les programmes humanitaires et de développement. La France agit auprès de ses partenaires pour que les enjeux de la lutte contre la faim et la malnutrition soient mieux pris en compte. Elle joue un rôle actif pour améliorer la gouvernance mondiale sur ces questions au sein de l’Union européenne, des organisations des Nations unies dont elle est membre, du comité de la sécurité alimentaire mondiale, du G20 ou encore du G7. ELIMINER LA FAIM, ASSURER LA SECURITE ALIMENTAIRE, AMELIORER LA NUTRITION ET PROMOUVOIR L’AGRICULTURE DURABLE 14,3% des exploitations sont comme engagées en agro-écologie (GIEE, Agriculture biologique, certification environnementale, MAEC) Ministère de l’Agriculture 17 Une PLATEFORME DU GROUPE INTERMINISTERIEL DE LA SECURITE ALIMENTAIRE (GISA), a été mise en place en 2008 afin de contribuer à un dialogue multi￾acteurs renforcé sur les enjeux de sécurité alimentaire et de nutrition dans les pays en développement. Il a produit une première feuille de route. ENGAGEMENTS DES DISTRIBUTEURS ALIMENTAIRES Le Pacte de lutte contre le gaspillage alimentaire vise à réduire de moitié le gaspillage entre 2013 et 2025. La grande distribution française a signé en août 2015 un accord volontaire pour donner ou transformer les invendus et réduire le gaspillage. AIDE ALIMENTAIRE De nombreuses associations (Restos du cœur, Croix rouge, Secours populaire…), banques alimentaires et épiceries sociales et solidaires, collectent et redistribuent les denrées, en partie grâce aux dons des particuliers, au Fonds européen d’aide aux plus démunis (FEAD) et aux crédits nationaux aux épiceries sociales (CNES). NUTRITION ET SANTE La qualité et l’équilibre de l’alimentation sont au cœur des objectifs nutritionnels de santé publique, fixés par le Haut Conseil de la santé publique (HCSP) et des actions prévues dans le programme national nutrition santé. AGRICULTURE RESPONSABLE La loi d'avenir du 13 octobre 2014 pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et la forêt permet la mise en œuvre concrète de l’agro-écologie : formation des agriculteurs, réglementations limitant l’usage de pesticides et d’antibiotiques, plan pour des semences durables, biocontrôle (méthodes naturelles de protection des végétaux). De plus, la loi affirme le soutien à la petite agriculture familiale. Le plan « Agriculture Innovation 2025 » renforce l’engagement de la recherche. Par ailleurs, la France interdit la culture des Organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM) sur son territoire depuis 2008.
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{ "country": "fra", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-fra-2016-fr-2.pdf", "language": "fr", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2016 }
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW | 32 Priority Targets FSM has prioritized six targets related to food insecurity, under nutrition in children, adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women, the elderly, income of small scale producers, agricultural area in use, sustainable agriculture, genetic resources as well as official flows and development aid in the sector. Targets 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 are selected for discussion here. Selected Target Assessment and Progress The FSM Household, Income and Expenditure Survey 2013-14 (HIES) revealed the proportion of the population in FSM experiencing food poverty has declined by nearly 5% since 2005. Currently one out of 10 individuals is living below the food poverty line, compared to one in seven in 2005. The FPL is calculated in FSM at $US1.84 per adult per day. While only Yap State has experienced an increase in food poverty, Pohnpei+, Chuuk and Kosrae have made significant gains toward the targets of this SDG, as there have been significant declines in the ratio of food poverty within the populations15. The importance of agriculture, forestry and fisheries in FSM as a source of both formal and unpaid employment (subsistence), in addition to their respective roles in food production, cannot be overstated16. Target 2.1 End hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and vulnerable, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round. Target 2.2 End all forms of malnutrition, and address the nutritional needs of children under five, adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons. Target 2.3 Double the agriculture productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, through secure and equal access to land, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non￾farm employment. Target 2.4 Ensure sustainable food consumption with agricultural that increase production, maintain ecosystems, strengthen adaptation to climate change and improve soil quality. Target 2.5 Maintain genetic diversity of seeds. Target 2.A Increase investment in rural infrastructure. SDG 2: ZERO HUNGER VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW | 33 Reefs and forests are not only essential to communal and rural survival – more than 80% of the FSM population lives in rural areas – they are also the linchpin of economic development 17 . Terrestrial ecosystems produce the largest local inputs to the macro￾economic fabric of society in the form of betelnut, Sakau (kava), citrus and various staple root crops18. Marine ecosystems are even more vital: near shore and offshore fisheries bring in tens of millions of dollars annually to the functioning micro and macro-economic frameworks. The primary source of local revenue at the national level remains through the sale of tuna fishing licenses and the foreign fleets in FSM waters are growing per the pecuniary prerogatives of a developing nation. When it comes to food, the near shore marine areas – mangroves, reefs, blue holes, estuaries, lagoons, passes, and ocean – are majorly critical. Nearly 55% of all households engage in fishing activities on a regular (monthly) basis. A full three out five households are engaged in land-based agricultural activities (see Info graphic below), which highlights the huge importance of land to people. VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW | 34 In sum, over all of the islands of the FSM, 35% of the landscape is devoted to agro forests19. This is a critical feature of everyday way of life and accounts for a significant portion of the total productive effort of the Federation. This shows that FSM people remain committed to the agrarian lifestyle which in and of itself – without intervention – continues a generational pattern of sustainability. Challenges The proportion of underweight children is estimated at 15 according to the HIES 2013-14. However, in the FSM, as in many Pacific Island Countries (PICs), a burgeoning problem – particularly in younger, more sedentary generations – is overweight people and obesity, while being improperly nourished with major nutritional deficiencies. That is, a diet that is often out of balance with the requirements of a healthy life: high on refined sugars, excessive amounts of alcohol and tobacco, too much red meat and hydrogenated fats, with far too little consumption of green leafy vegetables, healthy fats (e.g. coconut oil) legumes and fruits. Some initiatives are now addressing this problem, but more intervention is required. In addition, the main operators of the farming activity of households (HH) in 2016 were reported to be mostly male – 77 percent. When the main operator was reported to be female, nearly half (48 percent) were aged over 55, compared to 32 percent of male main operators. There is a need to target specific, simple technology initiatives that can be rapidly adopted by women and youth. Overseas development assistance (ODA) in the Agriculture sector is also a challenge as it has changed little over time and remains around $0.2 million for agriculture, $1.0 million for fishing and $0.4 million for environment protection and management (FSM Budget Division, 2017). Way Forward These figures represent a large opportunity for increasing ODA in these and other priority sectors of the Federation, particularly as it relates to the current global economic downturn20. This can be achieved at least in part through building the capacity of VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW | 35 key individuals in government and civil society, as well as the private sector, to access both US federal funds as well as bilateral and multilateral funds from other international partners. Agriculture is a priority sector for the FSM, identified as one of the three key drivers of the economy under the FSM Strategic Development Plan (SDP), along with Tourism and Fisheries. As the table below reveals, 90% of households in the Federation has access to land that can be used for agricultural purposes. Agriculture is not just a means unto itself, but rather a means to developing all three pillars of sustainability: economic, environment and social. A strengthened strategic approach to developing small-scale, sustainable agriculture on a wider basis across the Federation would yield major positive outcomes across a whole range of other SDGs beyond just the goal of SDG to provide food security, improved diets and nutrition, as well as improved community livelihoods, particularly for those most vulnerable. Some relevant SDG2 documents in FSM are:  FSM Agriculture Policy 2012  FSM Integrated Agriculture Census 2016 VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW | 36 Kosrae State Highlight This greenhouse is part of an ongoing trend in the state of Kosrae – known as the crown ‘Jewel of Micronesia’ – at self￾sufficiency and sustainability at the household level, where a focus on significantly improving income opportunity through vegetable gardening is having a positive impact on both the micro-economy of communities, but also the macroeconomic fabric of the State. Pohnpei is currently in process of replicating this initiative.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "fsm", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-fsm-2020-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2020 }
24 Tout en restant à l’abri de la famine, le Gabon n’a tout de même pas assuré l’indépendance alimentaire que peut lui laisser espérer son potentiel agricole, notamment ses 5,2 millions de terres arables. L’indice de prévalence de la sous-alimentation est passé de 10,7% en 2000 à 15,7% en 2018 ; soit une augmentation de 5%. Le niveau des apports énergétiques alimentaires moyens baisse entre 2000 et 2018, passant de 120 à 117, soit une baisse de 3 points. L’indice de production des récoltes passe de 78,98 en 2000 à 103,3 en 2018, et est en constante augmentation depuis l’année 2001, alors qu’en matière de nutrition, en 2000, 25,9% d’enfants ÉLIMINER LA FAIM, ASSURER LA SECURITE ALIMENTAIRE, AMELIORER LA NUTRITION ET PROMOUVOIR L’AGRICULTURE DURABLE 25 présentaient un retard de croissance modéré ou sévère contre 17% en 2012 ; soit une amélioration de 8,9%. La proportion d’enfants émaciés modérément ou sévèrement, était de 4,2% en 2000. Elle tombe à 3,4% en 2012 ; soit une amélioration de 0,8%. Enfin, la proportion d’enfants en surpoids modéré ou sévère était de 5,5% en 2000 contre 7,7% en 2012 ; soit une dégradation de la situation de 2,2%. Les principaux défis à relever sont le financement du secteur, le retour en zones rurales d’une population essentiellement jeune et urbaine à plus de 80%, la dépendance à l’égard des importations alimentaire estimée à 90,6%, la maitrise de l’utilisation des produits chimiques. Au total, la persistance de ces contraintes, qui se reflète sur la dynamique des indicateurs analysés, ne permet pas d’espérer l’atteinte de l’ODD2 en 2030
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39 Goal 2: Zero Hunger End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Summary Across the UK, steps are being taken to improve the sustainability of farming and food production and help all consumers to improve the overall balance of food and drink they consume and to choose healthier diets. A view of food security requires consideration of the consumer, the UK supply chain and the global context. To better understand food needs and ensure support is targeted at those who need it most, the UK is increasing monitoring of the cases and severity of household food insecurity. Sustainable agriculture is at the heart of the UK’s ambitious commitment to leave the environment in a better state than it was inherited. Agriculture is important to the UK economy, has environmental value and supports UK supply chains. Land managers are also uniquely placed to address some of the most signifcant environmental challenges. The UK is using its global leadership, expertise and fnance to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture for the poorest communities around the world. This chapter sets out the UK’s approach to ensuring the food system delivers healthy and affordable food for everyone and is built upon a resilient and sustainable agriculture sector, supporting all sectors in contributing positively to the environment. Leave No One Behind examples: • England is helping the most vulnerable afford and have access to nutritious food through initiatives such as the Healthy Start scheme and free school meals for disadvantaged pupils. • In Scotland, free school meals are provided universally to every pupil in primaries 1 to 3 at all publicly-funded schools, with free school meals continuing throughout school years for all pupils who meet relevant eligibility criteria in relation to their own or family circumstances, saving families around £400 a year. The Scottish Government’s £3.5 million Fair Food Fund supports dignifed responses to food insecurity which help to tackle the causes of poverty. • The Welsh Food and Fun/Bwyd a Hwyl programme supports schools in areas of high deprivation to provide a nutritious breakfast, lunch, education about healthy eating and wider enrichment activities. In 2018 approximately 2,500 learners benefted across 56 schools. The aim of the scheme is to address issues like food insecurity, holiday learning loss and social exclusion. • In Northern Ireland, the Belfast Food Network is a founding member of Sustainable Food Cities, an alliance of organisations and businesses committed to taking a joined up, holistic approach to food. Key projects include the creation of fve Community Shops across the region with £1.5 million secured in funding. • The UK is driving global progress through its support as a founding member to the London-based Power of Nutrition fnancing platform to mobilise US$1 billion in new resources to reduce incidences of stunting by 600,000 around the world. 40 The UK’s Voluntary National Review 2019 Action in the UK The UK is taking action to deliver food security and improved nutrition for all, and to promote sustainable agriculture and effective land management with a view to improving productivity and growth. Food security and good nutrition (2.1, 2.2) Food Security The UK has a high degree of national food security, built on access to a range of sources, strong domestic production and global imports. Several indicators monitor levels of overall food security on an ongoing basis. The UK Food Security Assessment is a comprehensive analysis of all aspects of food security and was last published in full in 2010. A review is currently in progress, including: Global Food Security; Global Resource Sustainability; UK Availability and Access; UK Supply Chain Resilience; Household Food Security; and Consumer Safety and Confdence. The challenges in household food insecurity are closely tied to those in Goal 1. The UK government is fully committed to supporting vulnerable people and the approach to tackling poverty in all its forms is set out in Goal 1. Challenges also remain in measuring and addressing every aspect of household food security (discussed further at the end of the chapter). For instance, some food bank networks publish data on the number of parcels they supply, but not all do so, and current measures of household food security are not at UK level (discussed further at the end of this chapter). The UK government is exploring how it can build on current good practice to make it as easy as possible for food banks to identify and refer back to the local Jobcentre anyone who may, for a variety of reasons, not be receiving the full formal support to which they are entitled. To shape future evidence-based policy in this area, a review is underway on the drivers of food bank use and will be published before the end of 2019. Securing Good Nutrition Three Healthy Food Schemes are helping children in the UK receive good nutrition and are reducing health inequalities. • Healthy Start Food Vouchers encourage a healthy diet for pregnant women, families and young children from low-income households in England, Wales and, currently, Scotland. Recipients are also eligible for free Healthy Start vitamins. • The School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme provides children aged four to six at state-funded primary schools in England with a portion of fresh fruit or vegetables each day. • The Nursery Milk Scheme provides a reimbursement to childcare providers for a daily portion of milk to children and babies. From 2018-2020, up to £26 million from Soft Drinks Industry Levy revenues in England will be invested in a breakfast club programme. The programme will introduce or improve breakfast clubs in over 1,700 English schools and will be targeted at the most disadvantaged areas to ensure every child gets the best start in life. The Data Picture: Consumption of fve or more portions of fruit and vegetables Coverage: England From 2015 to 2017 the proportion of adults in England eating fve or more portions of fruit and vegetables per day, as recommended by the World Health Organization, rose by three percentage points from 26% to 29%. Percentage of people eating 5 or more fruit and vegetables a day: 2001 to 2017 Source: Health and Safety Commission, Health Survey for England 2017 41 Goal 2: Zero Hunger Diet and Healthy Weight England’s 2016 Childhood Obesity Plan (Chapter One) and the UK-wide 2018 Soft Drinks Industry Levy led to signifcant changes in the food and drinks industry and its products. In England, a Sugar Reduction programme announced in 2017 included a cross-industry ambition to achieve a 20%reduction in sugar levels.61 By 2018, there had been early reductions in fve out of eight food categories where progress was measured.62 Industry guidelines for calorie reduction are also being developed, in order to achieve a 20% reduction by 2024 in products that contribute signifcantly to children’s calorie intake. In England, following part one of the Childhood Obesity Plan, in 2018 Chapter Two made a bold ambition to halve childhood obesity and signifcantly reduce the gap in obesity between children from the most and least deprived areas by 2030. Key measures include consulting on restricting promotions of unhealthy products by location and price, further advertising restrictions and mandating calorie labelling in restaurants (see Goal 3). The Data Picture: Healthy Weight in Children Coverage: England Global Indicator 2.2.2 measures the prevalence of malnutrition in children. In England, the percentage of four to fve-year olds classifed as a healthy weight has remained relatively stable at between 76% and 77% since 2006. In 2017/18, 9.5% of four to fve-year olds were classifed as obese, 12.8% as overweight and 1.0% as underweight. Percentage of four to fve-year-olds classifed as healthy weight: 2006/07 to 2017/18 Source: NHS Digital, National Child Measurement Programme, England – 2017/18 (2018) Activity snapshot: In January 2019, Change4Life launched a national campaign in support of Public Health England’s sugar reduction and reformulation programme, encouraging parents to cut back on sugar by making simple swaps. The campaign encouraged an extensive range of manufacturers and retailers to feature a new ‘Good Choice’ badge in advertising to help families easily spot lower sugar food and drink options. The campaign also reached 16,500 state-funded primary schools in England with nutrition take-home resources and teaching materials. Resilient and productive agriculture, and sustainable and innovative food production (2.3, 2.4) In the UK 72% of land is used for agriculture.63 In 2018, the UK government published a 25 Year Environment Plan. Since the UK government is responsible for a number of policies and programmes which affect sectors across the UK and internationally, some aspects of the Plan will apply to the UK as a whole. In other areas environmental policy is devolved and responsibility rests with the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and the Northern Ireland Civil Service. The proposals in the 25 Year Environment Plan apply to England only. A key component of the Plan, and the subsequent Agriculture Bill, is a new environmental land management system that will deliver environmental benefts and provide fexibility for farmers by putting decision-making more frmly in their hands. The UK supports agricultural innovation through measures such as the agriculture technologies (agri-tech) strategy, launched in 2013, which has improved the fow of ideas and solutions from laboratory to farm. It includes £160 million of investment, over fve years, in a Catalyst fund and four world-class centres for Agricultural Innovation. The UK’s Plan for Public Procurement: Food and Catering Services aims to simplify the public procurement process and open up the market to more small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and local producers. It provides tools, including the balanced scorecard, to help contracting parties to balance a range of criteria benefcial to the consumer, the environment, and to producers. 42 The UK’s Voluntary National Review 2019 Activity snapshot: The Coca-Cola Foundation is supporting World Wide Fund for Nature-UK, Norfolk Rivers Trust and The Rivers Trust to implement water sensitive farming in East Anglia - restoring healthy rivers and supporting sustainable agriculture supply chains. Since its start in 2012, the project has worked on over 140 farms, improved more than 2,100 hectares of farmland through sustainable land use practices, and raised awareness with over 2,500 farmers. In total, 1.2 billion litres of water have been replenished to the environment. Increasing Productivity and Driving Growth The overarching objective of the UK’s Industrial Strategy is to improve living standards and economic growth. The agri-food sector is a signifcant employer across the UK. From farming through to retail and catering the sector employs 4 million workers, 14% of all UK employment.64 The UK’s Food and Drink Sector Council is developing a new agenda for the industry, capable of boosting productivity, Gross Value Added and securing the UK’s position as a global leader in affordable, safe, sustainable and high-quality food and drink. The UK has been working with the Food and Drink Federation (FDF) to develop a Food and Drink Sector Deal, an industry-led partnership to boost productivity, with proposals focusing on three priority areas: innovation, exports and skills. The Transforming Food Production Programme, which has £90 million of funding through the Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund, launched in 2019 and focuses on four major challenges to productivity. These are biotic stress management, to address damage from other living organisms; effcient use of resources for crop production and livestock; resilience to climate variation; and digital connectivity. Seed, plant and animal diversity (2.5) The UK is working with a broad range of stakeholders to maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, plants and animals. To deliver this ambition the UK funds three genebank collections and four crop Genetic Improvement Networks (GINs). The GINs were renewed in 2018 and unlock the potential of the genetic material stored in genebanks by identifying benefcial traits that support productivity, sustainability, resilience and quality. GINs work with growers, seed companies and breeders to ensure that improved genetics are incorporated in elite UK crop varieties. The Data Picture: Plant Genetic resources Coverage: UK In 2018, the UK Cumulative Enrichment Index - a measure of genetic diversity in plants - was 153,000. This is up from 145,000 in 2015. This measure relates to food security of supply. Cumulative Plant Enrichment Index UK: 2000 to 2018 Source: JNCC, Biodiversity Indicators 2018 Activity snapshot: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew’s global seed banking network, the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership (MSBP), is the largest ex situ plant conservation programme in the world with over 2 billion seeds. Its focus is plant life faced with the threat of extinction and plants of most use for the future; Kew’s 2016 ‘State of the World’s Plants’ report highlighted that 21% of global plant species are threatened with extinction. Seeds are conserved as an insurance against the risk of extinction in their native habitat. The project aims to collect and conserve seed from more than 350 species of Crop Wild Relative, facilitating their use in breeding new and improved crops better adapted to climate change. 43 Goal 2: Zero Hunger Scotland A modern and successful Scotland, with abundant natural resources, does not tolerate anyone going hungry. The right to food is protected in human rights law.65 A whole systems approach is taken to tackle poor health outcomes, diet and food insecurity and the Good Food Nation approach links farms to plates. Food security and good nutrition (2.1, 2.2) Data on household food insecurity in Scotland was published for the frst time in 2017. This showed that 8% of adults experienced food insecurity in the previous 12 months, defned as worrying about running out of food due to lack of money or other resources. Household food insecurity was more prevalent amongst adults living in the most deprived areas and with the lowest incomes.66 Scotland’s Good Food Nation ambition is that by 2025 people from every walk of life will take pride and pleasure in, and beneft from, the food they produce, buy, cook, serve and eat every day. National and local government, civil society and communities are all working to tackle food insecurity. For example, the Scottish Welfare Fund provides a safety net for people on low incomes and a holistic approach to prevent future crises. Community Food initiatives help people across Scotland access fresh, healthy food and develop the skills needed to prepare nutritious meals for themselves and their families. Regional networks in Glasgow, Edinburgh, Lanarkshire and the North East of Scotland help to link national priorities to local needs. A partnership approach to provide dignifed access to food and trial new approaches to food insecurity in school holidays, through the Fair Food Fund, is underway. From summer 2019, smart payment cards will replace Healthy Start Food Vouchers to reduce stigma and increase choice for families in accessing good value healthy foods. The Scottish Grocers Federation (SGF) Healthy Living Programme is helping to increase the range, quality and affordability of fresh produce and other healthier products in over 2,200 local convenience stores across Scotland, particularly in low income areas. The Programme has also reached over 10,000 young people, teachers and parents through their Big Breakfast and Healthy Living Days. These events link local retailers, schools and communities together by helping young people to learn about nutritious food. The Data Picture: Food Insecurity Coverage: Scotland Data on food insecurity in Scotland was collected for the frst time in 2017. The data show that the proportion of adults who at some point in the last 12 months were worried they would run out of food because of a lack of money or other resources is higher by 15 percentage points amongst adults living in the 20% most deprived areas compared with adults living in the 20% least deprived areas. The proportion of adults, broken down by Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) quintile: 2017 Source: Scottish Government, Scottish Health Survey (2018) Activity snapshot: Menu for Change is an innovative partnership project to tackle food insecurity and prevent the need for food banks in Scotland. Delivered by Oxfam Scotland, Child Poverty Action Group in Scotland, Nourish Scotland and Poverty Alliance, the project works to improve policy and practice in responding to food insecurity by increasing access to cash entitlements and welfare rights advice. A Healthier Future: Scotland’s Diet and Health Weight Delivery Plan published in 2018 set out the ambition to halve childhood obesity by 2030 and signifcantly reduce diet-related health inequalities. With a focus on prevention, the plan sets out a wide range of action 44 The UK’s Voluntary National Review 2019 to make it easier for people to eat well and have a healthy weight, including: more support for children, young people and their families to achieve a healthy weight; additional investment in weight management services for people with, or at risk of, type 2 diabetes; and proposals to tackle junk food promotions and the marketing of unhealthy food. The Data Picture: Healthy Weight (In adults) Coverage: Scotland The percentage of adults who are a healthy weight, defned as having a Body Mass Index between 18.5 and 25, was 33% in 2017 and has remained stable in recent years. The percentage of adults (aged 16 years+) who are a healthy weight: 2013 to 2017. Source: Scottish Government, Scottish Health Survey (2018) The Data Picture: Healthy Weight (In children) Coverage: Scotland In Scotland, the healthy weight of children, defned as Body Mass Index (BMI) above 2nd percentile and below 85th percentile of the UK growth reference charts, has remained relatively stable in recent years. In 2017, this fgure was 72% The percentage of children (aged 2 – 15 years old) who are a healthy weight: 2013 to 2017 Source: Scottish Government, Scottish Health Survey (2018) Sustainable food production and farming (2.3, 2.4) A range of plans and policies are in place to support sustainable agriculture, including the: • Scottish Rural Development Programme, funding a mixture of farm and non-farm schemes to help achieve sustainable economic growth in rural areas; • Knowledge Transfer and Innovation Fund implementing projects aimed at increasing farmers skills and knowledge; and • Agri-Environment Climate Scheme, offering land-managers a fve-year funded agreement and currently supporting more than 2,500 farming businesses across Scotland. Sustaining new entrants into agriculture is crucial to the vitality, resilience and competitiveness of the agricultural sector. Scotland has introduced a Farming Opportunities for New Entrants (FONE) group and, by end 2018, FONE helped provide over 70 new land opportunities across over 5,000 hectares.67 45 Goal 2: Zero Hunger Crofting contributes towards the social, economic and environmental sustainability of Scotland’s rural and remote rural areas. There are approximately 20,500 crofts and over 33,000 people live in crofting households.68 Scotland provides support to the environmental sustainability of agricultural practices and improve the livelihood of crofters. Scotland has an active Women in Agriculture Taskforce, which seeks to promote women’s role in the industry with funding of £250,000 for 2018-20. Wales Food security and good nutrition (2.1, 2.2) Securing Good Nutrition Welsh initiatives to help improve nutrition include: • The School Milk Subsidy Scheme which aims to increase consumption of milk and milk products by primary and secondary school children. • Free School Breakfasts. All children at primary schools maintained by a local authority can have a free breakfast at school, if provision is available. • Free school meals are available to eligible pupils who attend school full-time. Food poverty is one of fve key priorities in the revised Child Poverty Strategy. Research shows that in Wales, some people are reporting food poverty: the 2016-17 National Survey for Wales reported that 1% of households had received food from a food bank in the last 12 months.69 In Wales, the Keep Wales Tidy programme works with ten Eco-Schools in deprived areas to develop food growing. This work has lasting important food poverty benefts and will encourage children of all attainment levels to develop practical skills Activity snapshot: The Welsh Food Poverty Network has been set up to bring together key charities and local authorities in Wales. The Network’s aim is to engage stakeholders in the food poverty agenda in Wales and provide learning about the activities of the Food Poverty Alliance Wales. Diet and Healthy Weight The Public Health (Wales) Act 2017 has made a national obesity strategy a statutory requirement in Wales. In January 2019 the consultation ‘Healthy Weight: Healthy Wales’ was launched, setting out national ambitions to prevent and reduce obesity across Wales. The proposals include bringing forward legislation for the frst time to help tackle obesity - this includes addressing price promotions, calorie labelling on foods eaten out of the home, and banning the sale of energy drinks to children. The Data Picture: Healthy Lifestyle behaviour Coverage: Wales In Wales, programmes are in place to ensure children eat healthily and are educated about the benefts, however further work is needed. Percentage of Children following fewer than two healthy lifestyle behaviours, by school year: 2013/14 Source: Welsh Government, Health Behaviour in School aged Children (HBSC) survey 2013/14 Resilient and productive agriculture, and sustainable and innovative food production (2.3, 2.4) Agriculture is vital for Wales. Together, farm and common land accounts for 1.8 million hectares, 88% of the total (2.1 million hectares) land in Wales.70 The agricultural land in Wales is dominated by grass. Implementation of the Rural Development Plan 2014-20 and previous programmes in Wales, has maintained a focus on promoting agricultural productivity and promoting sustainable agriculture. Projects such as the Sustainable Production Grant and the Farm Business 46 The UK’s Voluntary National Review 2019 Grant directly sought to increase production and effciency levels while encouraging greater levels of environmental performance through energy effciency and low carbon technology and equipment. Farming Connect provides farm businesses with a range of services which aim to improve resilience and promote transformational change delivering a coordinated and integrated package of knowledge transfer, innovation and advisory services. It aims to improve resilience and promote transformational change in agriculture, forestry and rural communities, supporting a wide range of activities which improve competitiveness in the agriculture and forestry industries, safeguard and enhance the rural environment and foster competitive and sustainable rural businesses and thriving rural communities. Seed, plant and animal diversity (2.5) The Food Business Investment Scheme is designed to help primary producers of agricultural products in Wales to add value to their outputs by providing support to those businesses that do frst and/or second stage processing activities. Wales has been at the forefront of the development of agri-environment schemes, such as the Glastir scheme, which seek to identify and deliver real environmental improvements as part of a ‘whole farm’ approach to sustainable agriculture. Through the Glastir scheme, Welsh farmers are encouraged to maintain traditional landscape features and habitats to beneft Wales’s native biodiversity. This activity also contributes to the economic sustainability of farms and the wider rural community. Northern Ireland Northern Ireland is working to ensure those entering, and already in, the agricultural-food industry have the competency to take forward the sustainable development of the sector. Implementation of new action across key sectors of the Northern Irish economy will contribute to improved water quality and better nutrient management. In Northern Ireland, the Farm Business Improvement Scheme (FBIS) Capital scheme, launched in October 2016, is worth £40 million in its initial phase. The Scheme is part of a package of measures aimed at the sustainable growth of the agriculture and horticulture industries. The scheme will prioritise investments aimed at improving on-farm effciency and environmental outcomes. Activity snapshot: Belfast Food Network is delivering Zero Hunger – A Right to Quality, Affordable Food, with partners in Scotland and Wales, to strengthen existing networks, build knowledge, share learning and test methods for implementing a Right to Food approach. Offcial control programmes are implemented to ensure compliance with agricultural-food legislation in support of the competitiveness of the food and farming sectors. The Northern Ireland Regional Food Programme (NIRFP) also supports initiatives that raise the profle of quality regional food. The programme encourages collaboration within the local agricultural-food supply chain to develop and expand proftable and sustainable markets. UK action around the world The UK is taking ambitious action to implement Goal 2 internationally and to integrate it with wider action across the Goals. Agriculture is critical for food and nutrition security, poverty reduction, growth, climate action and sustainable natural resource management. The UK has adopted an Agriculture Policy and Economic Development Strategy that set out how it will deliver decent jobs and incomes, good nutrition, women’s agri-tech empowerment, and climate resilience. Achieving this supports the world’s poorest and most vulnerable people with their food security, sustainable jobs and livelihoods, and boosts agricultural trade and investment, while ensuring that better nourished, more productive workforces overseas also beneft the UK. Results so far are mostly to be seen in inclusive growth, nutrition, and research: UK global agriculture programmes help reduce chronic hunger. The UK is also supporting the implementation of Goal 2 directly, such as through the Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme (GAFSP) which targets the poorest and most vulnerable. GAFSP has already supported over 9 million farmers, is expected to create 1.1 million jobs for youth, and leverage more funding from the private sector.71 Its current focus is on fragile poor geographies who have increasing numbers of the global hungry. 47 Goal 2: Zero Hunger Securing good nutrition (2.1, 2.2) Globally, 1 in 9 people (821 million) are chronically hungry.72 The UK’s Global Nutrition Strategy defnes a high level of ambition to tackle this crisis. At the UK-hosted Nutrition for Growth Summit in 2013, the UK pledged over £1.25 billion of additional funding for nutrition-specifc programmes and for programmes which increase the nutrition impact of work in related sectors (for example in water and sanitation, health, agriculture or social protection). The UK also plans to reach 50 million people with nutrition interventions between 2015 and 2020, and is on track to meet these commitments. By 2018, the UK had reached 42 million children under fve, adolescent girls, and women of childbearing age with relevant services.73 The UK is a global leader on tackling malnutrition, working both at country level and through the global Scaling Up Nutrition movement. Activity snapshot: Mugu District, Nepal has an extremely high number of young children with acute malnutrition. PHASE Worldwide, a UK registered charity, with its partner NGO PHASE Nepal, is delivering a project to sustainably address the immediate and underlying causes of malnutrition among 1,600 ‘left behind’ children. The project will support 800 poor and vulnerable facilities to improve agricultural productivity and improve resilient practice of small-scale production. This will ensure access to safe and nutritious food all year round and reduce stunting and wasting in children. Resilient, sustainable and productive agriculture (2.3, 2.4, 2.a) With support from the UK, the international agriculture research system CGIAR (the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) is supporting crop productivity to help 30 million people exit poverty by 2022. In 2017 the CGIAR reported results which included 9.6 million households with improved rice varieties in Africa and 10 million households reached to date with biofortifed crops.74 The UK’s support to AgResults, a £145 million multilateral initiative incentivising agri-tech investment in underserved markets, is delivering new evidence on how to develop and effectively scale new agriculture technologies. It has successfully stimulated market development for afatoxin control agents in maize in Nigeria, leading to an annual net income increase for smallholders of US$318.75 Agricultural trade (2.b, 2.c) Since 2015 the UK has continued to positively engage with multilateral reform to address restrictions and distortions in global agricultural markets. The new UK World Trade Organization goods schedule refects zero export subsidies for agriculture. The UK also participates actively in multilateral initiatives to address food price volatility, such as the G20 Agricultural Market Information System. Challenges and next steps Signifcant work is already underway across the UK and there are a number of successes, but more needs to be done. This includes a renewed focus on Goal 2 and strong commitment to its delivery. Whole-of-system food strategy A National Food Strategy will be published to create an overarching, integrated strategy for England. This will address issues across the food system and ensure food manufacturing, production, and consumption play their part in producing good environmental and health outcomes. Measuring and addressing household food insecurity The Food Standards Agency’s 2018 Food and You Survey of England, Wales and Northern Ireland found that: • 80% of respondents lived in households with high food security; • 10% in households classifed as marginally food secure; and • 10% reported living in household with low or very low food security. These proportions are at similar levels to the 2016 survey. However, fgures are not at UK level. The Food Agriculture Organization (FAO) publishes household food security statistics at UK level, but due to the small sample size, these are presented as three-year averages. The FAO statistics show that the proportion of people experiencing severe food insecurity in the UK declined from 4% in 2014-16 to 3.4% in 2015-17.76 The UK government is fully committed to supporting vulnerable people and tackling poverty in all its forms (see Goal 1). In order to improve the understanding 48 The UK’s Voluntary National Review 2019 of household food insecurity, the UK, has worked with food security experts to introduce a new set of food security questions into the Family Resources Survey from April 2019. These questions replicate the internationally recognised Adult Food Security Survey Module, frst introduced by the United States Department of Agriculture, and will allow the UK to monitor the prevalence and severity of household food insecurity from spring 2021 Small-scale agriculture Many of those who work in the UK agricultural sector work on small-scale farms. However, relatively little is known about the characteristics of such farms as a group. In Scotland, over half of farms are below 10 hectares in size, and over 40,000 farms do not require the labour of one full-time worker.77 To create a vibrant tenanted sector, Scotland is undertaking research which aims to identify data gaps on small farms in existing datasets and literature; starting to explore small farmers as a social and economic group using qualitative research methods; and to provide recommendations and options for future research based on the project results. The challenges of European Union (EU) exit to sustainable farming and food production in Scotland are recognised. Scotland has proposed a period of stability and simplicity until 2024 to maintain certainty for farmers, crofters and land users. Good nutrition Internationally, the Global Nutrition Summit in 2020 will be a critical moment for the world to make new commitments capable of ensuring delivery of Goal 2.2 by 2030. The UK attaches the highest importance to the Summit and is working closely with Japan, as host, to prepare ambitious Summit outcomes.
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26 GHANA’S 2019 VNR REPORT Zero Hunger End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Indicator 2.2.1: Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age Figure 4.2.1: National prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age, 1998-2017 (%) Figure 4.2.1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1998 GDHS 2003 GDHS 2008 GDHS 2011 MICS 2014 GDHS 2017 MICS 2030 Actual Path to Target Ghana has made some progress in improving the nutritional status of children, particularly those under 5 years of age. According to the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS, 2011), stunting among children 5 years and younger decreased from 30 percent in 1998 to 23 percent in 2011. This further declined from 19 percent in 2014 to 18 percent in 2017 (Figure 4.2.1). The projected prevalence of stunted children in the case of Ghana, would mean a constant reduction of 0.9 percentage points annually in the stunting rate from 30 percent (estimate for 1998) to 11 percent in 2030. Strong regional variations exist with the prevalence of stunting. The incidence of stunting is highest in the northern region at 29.0 percent and lowest in the Greater Accra region at 13.0 percent (Figure 4.2.2). Hunger and malnutrition persist in some parts of the country. This is especially true for the Northern, Upper East and Volta, in addition to many rural and peri-urban communities throughout the country due to the unsustainable food production systems in the country. Source: GSS, MICS 2017 Figure 4.2.2: Prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age by region, 2011 & 2017 (%) Source: GSS, MICS 2011 and 2017 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Ashanti Brong Ahafo Central Eastern Greater Accra Northern Upper East Upper West Volta Western 2011 2017 GHANA’S 2019 VNR REPORT 27 Indicator 2.2.2: Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height >+2 or <-2 standard devia￾tion from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight) Figure 4.2.3: Prevalence of malnutrition among children under 5 years and by type, 2003-2017 (%) Source: GSS, GDHS (2003, 2008, 2014) and MICS (2011, 2017) figure 4.2.3 8 9 6.2 5 7 7.1 8.5 4.7 3 1 22.1 13.9 14.3 13 13 2003 (GDHS) 2008 (GDHS) 2011 (MICS) 2014 (GDHS) 2017 (MICS) Wasting Overweight Underweight Ghana has also made some strides in the overall malnourished population. The prevalence rate for overweight chil￾dren is witnessing a steady decline. This reduced from 7.1 percent in 2003 to 4.7 percent in 2011 and further to 1 percent in 2017. The prevalence rate of under￾weight also declined from 22.1 percent in 2003 to 14.3 percent in 2011. This trend stabilized at 13 percent from 2011 to 2017. Wasting however increased from 6 percent in 2011 to 7 percent in 2017 (Figure 4.2.3). • Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) movement which prioritises increasing government’s nutrition funding and improving the measurement of nutrition indicators; • Implementing the District Warehousing Policy to prevent food losses; • Promoting the production and utilisation of locally grown and nutrient-rich food; • Developing and implementing a nutrition strategy which adopts a life cycle approach to deal with malnutrition at all levels; • Reviewing and scaling up the Regenerative Health and Nutrition Programme (RHNP); eliminating child and adult obesity; and promoting research and development in Food and Nutrition Security (FNS). Other interventions in the agricultural sector include: Planting for Food and Jobs (to stimulate food production and generate incomes); One village, one dam (to ensure all year-round farming especially in the northern part of the country); One district, one factory (to establish at least one industrial enterprise in each district; and subsidy programmes on retail prices of seeds and fertilizers). The Ghana Zero Hunger Strategic Review supports the home vegetable gardens component of the Planting for Food and Jobs initiative as an intervention to promote food and nutrition security. MoFA embarking on outreach for ‘Planting for Food and Jobs’ programme. Source: radioxyzonline.com Key interventions to ensure food security and promote improved nutrition includes: 28 GHANA’S 2019 VNR REPORT A cassava farmer harvesting his produce One Village One Dam: Kpegu in Kumbungu District Indicator 2.a.2L: Percentage of total foreign direct investment that fows into agriculture sector Low productivity in the agriculture sector is a major problem with both direct and indirect impacts on food security, and improved nutrition. Agriculture expenditure as a proportion of national expenditure increased from 5.9 percent in 2012 to 7.7 percent in 2013 but declined to 6.3 percent in 2015 and further to 4.16 percent in 2017. Foreign direct investment to the agricultural sector is very low and except for some few years, has not gone beyond one percent of the total FDI fows into the country. It increased from 0.27 percent in 2012 to 3.88 percent in 2013, after which it witnessed a decline of 0.08 percent in 2017. Key interventions to improve investment to the Agriculture sector include: • Exemptions on import duties on agricultural inputs; • Introduction of attractive tax holidays to serve as incentives for enterprises engaged in agriculture production and processing; • Implementation of corporate tax rebate for agro-processing companies located in regional capitals and local communities; • Implementation of free transferability of capital, profts and dividends; and • Introduction of automatic immigrant quotas such as work and resident permits. 1. Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN); 2. District Warehousing Policy; 3. Promoting the production and utilisation of locally grown and nutrient-rich food; 4. Promoting research and development in Food and Nutrition Security (FNS); 5. Planting for Food and Jobs (PFJ); 6. One village, one dam (1V1D); 7. Exemptions on import duties on agricultural inputs; 8. Introduction of attractive tax holidays to serve as incentives for enterprises engaged in agriculture production and processing; 9. Implementation of corporate tax rebate for agro-processing companies located in regional capitals and local communities; Selected Government Interventions under Goal 2
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{ "country": "gha", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-gha-2019-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2019 }
GHANA 2022 VNR 21 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS GOAL 2 END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Indicator 2.1.2: Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) The proportion of the population experiencing moderate to severe food insecurity based on food insecurity and experience scale (FIES) declined from 49.5 percent in 2017 to 47.7 percent in June 2020 and 47.0 percent in September 2020 (Figure 5). Those experiencing severe food insecurity however increased from 8 percent in 2017 to 9.5 percent in June 2020 at the peak of COVID-19 pandemic and declined to 6.2 percent in September 2020 following government interventions. In all cases, the experience of food insecurity is higher in rural areas than urban.Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the agricultural sector grew by 7.4 percent in 2020 compared to the target of 6 percent as projected in the medium-term plan. The growth was due to increased production of major staple, increased investment in aquaculture, good practices in fshery management and improved extension service delivery. Major factors that affected agricultural production were fooding, illegal mining, bush fres, poor road network, price variation, and destruction of farms by nomadic farmers. Figure 5: Food insecurity based on FIES by type and locality, 2017 and 2020, (%) GHANA 2022 VNR 22 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Indicator 2.2.1: Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age Stunting among children, 5 years or younger, was 22.7 percent in 2011, and declined to 18.8 percent in 2014, and further to 17.5 percent in 2017. There are signifcant regional variations in the prevalence of stunting. The prevalence was highest in the Northern Region at 28.8 percent and lowest in the Greater Accra Region at 12.6 percent. Stunting was more prevalent in rural than in urban areas, and more among boys than girls. Low rate of exclusive breastfeeding among children under six months of age (45.7% in 2011 to 42.9% in 2017) and inadequate infant and child feeding practices contributed to the high level of stunting. Indicator 2.2.2: Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height >+2 or <-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight) The prevalence rate for overweight children has declined steadily since 2011, reducing from 2.6 percent to 1.4 percent in 2017. The prevalence rate of underweight also declined from 13.4 percent in 2011 to 11.0 percent in 2014 but increased to 12.6 percent in 2017. Wasting declined from 6.2 percent in 2011 to 4.7 percent in 2014, after which it increased to 6.8 percent in 2017. Indicator 2.2.3: Prevalence of anaemia in women aged 15 to 49 years, by pregnancy status (percentage) The Prevalence of anaemia among children of school going age has recorded a 10-percentage point improvement between 2019 and 2021. Improvement in anaemia prevalence among girls of school going age has resulted from key interventions including Girls’ Iron and Folic Acid Tablets Supplementation (GIFTS) programme and the Micronutrient Powder Initiative which were found to have contributed to a 26 percent adjusted reduction in anaemia prevalence between 2017 and 2018 in 60 schools in two regions (Northern and Volta) Box 4: Findings from the Rapid Assessment on the Cost of Food Production The increasing cost of inputs owing to the effects of the pandemic, among others, continues to threaten the productive capacity of both poultry and crop farmers. The price of feed for poultry production has almost doubled since the pandemic; coupled with the limited ability to import day-old chicks from abroad particularly during the period of restrictions. For crop farmers, the cost of inputs have more than doubled since the pandemic, with various fertilizer brands experiencing substantial upward price hikes; thereby, subjecting farmers to unwholesome products with potential consequences on food and nutrition security. Box 5: Promotion of Nutritious Food to reduce Malnutrition Ministry of Food and Agriculture and the World Food Programme (WFP) in Ghana and its partners, facilitated access to Specialised Nutrient Foods (SNFs) for vulnerable pregnant and lactating Women and Girls (PLW/G), adolescent girls, and children aged 6-23 months in nine districts with high levels of stunting and food insecurity. The pregnant and breastfeeding women were given Maizoya, a locally made fortifed corn-soya blend, fortifed vegetable oil, and iodised salt, or Maizoya and cash instead of the fortifed oil and iodised salt. GrowNut or KOKO Plus (a micronutrient food supplement) were included in the children's meal basket (a small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement). Adolescent females were given either Maizoya and cash or Maizoya and a value voucher for food and sanitary supplies worth the same as the cash amount. These interventions have put the participating districts on track to meet the national objective of 12.17 percent stunting prevalence by 2025. The frequency of stunting has steadily decreased in the target areas, from 29.4 percent in 2017 to 18.8 percent in 2019. GHANA 2022 VNR 23 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Figure 6: Proportion of school going children with anaemia, 2019 - 2021, (%) Indicator 2.a.1: The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures Government met the target of the Malabo declaration of agricultural sector expenditure of 10 percent of total expenditure in 2017 and 2018 but not in 2019 and 2020. The index of agriculture expenditure relative to contribution to GDP was at 0.48 in 2017 and 0.49 in 2018 but declined to 0.25 in 2019 and 0.19 in 2020 (Figure 7). This implies that there is a low orientation by Government to the agriculture sector relative to agriculture’s economic contribution. Adequate funding and investment accessible to farmers and all stakeholders involved in the agriculture value chain are required to resolve issues of land acquisition and irrigation, access to fertilisers and farm implements, access to markets and storage facilities and post-harvest loses in Ghana’s agriculture sector.  Figure 7: Agricultural orientation index and agriculture expenditure (GH¢,millions), 2016 - 2020 Effect of COVID-19 on Hunger, food security and nutrition A survey by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and World Food Programme revealed that farm sizes of numerous staple crops in Ghana fell because of the COVID-19 pandemic with the exceptions of rice which witnessed an increase of 54 percent followed by yam (26%), tomato (9%) and soybean (7%). The signifcant increase in rice production is partly attributed to the provision of special fnancing incentives for rice millers to Box 6: The GIFTS Programme The GIFTS Programme, the frst of its kind in the sub-Saharan region, commenced in Ghana in October 2017 in four regions (Brong-Ahafo, Northern, Upper East, Volta). The programme aims at improving haemoglobin (Hb) levels of benefciaries through free weekly Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation for in-school and out￾of-school adolescent girls, and improved nutritional status through health and nutrition education sessions given to both boys and girls. Additionally, the programme is expected to contribute to strengthening the existing IFA supplementation programme for pregnant women. The program is implemented by Ghana Health Service and Ghana Education Service with technical and fnancial support from UNICEF, United States Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC)-Atlanta, Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) and the Government of Canada. GHANA 2022 VNR 24 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS ensure continuous production. The survey also discovered that the average number of farm animals has decreased, while input supplies were not delivered on time. Credit to the agricultural sector reduced from GH¢19.6 billion in 2019 to GH¢1.5 billion in 2020. Assessment of recovery from the pandemic Government provided cooked meals to 2,744,723 vulnerable persons and worked with Faith-Based Organisations to distribute uncooked food packages to 470,000 families during the three-week partial lockdown in 2020. In addition, hot meals were provided for 584,000 fnal year Junior High School students and 146,000 staff of public and private schools from August 24 to September 18, 2020 as they wrote their fnal exams. In 2020, the government instituted the National Food Security Committee as part of measures to ensure food security. The use of e-platforms increased. Digital tools and other ICT platforms were utilised to facilitate agricultural extension delivery. About 2,395 radio broadcasts and eight television productions on extension-related messages and technologies reached 1.2 million farmers across the country. The information disseminated centred on crops, livestock, food processing and marketing. As a result of Government’s interventions, the proportion of households who reported not being able to buy at least one staple food declined from 15.9 percent in June 2020 to 13.4 percent in September 2020. Also, the proportion of households with children under 15 years who ate fewer meals than usual declined from 21.4 percent to 17.7 percent within the same period (Table 5). Table 5: Indications of recovery relating to Goal 2, 2020 Variable Wave 1 – June 2020 Wave 2 – September 2020 Proportion of Household not able to buy at least one staple food – rice, maize, yam and casava 15.9% 13.4% Proportion of Households with children under 15 years eating fewer meals than usual 21.4% 17.7% Source: GSS Household and Jobs Tracker Survey, 2020 Innovative interventions for accelerating attainment of SDG 2 Interventions being implemented by the government towards the attainment of SDG 2 include the following: s/n key Intervention Remarks 1. Planting for Food and Jobs (PFJ) • As at the end of 2020, a total of 1,736,510 farmers had benefted from subsidized fer￾tilizers and improved seeds. Such interventions among others have signifcantly in￾creased yields of selected crops thereby sustaining and increasing the number of jobs in the value chain o Maize yields increased by 111.1 percent from 1.8mMT/Ha in 2016 to 3.8MT/Ha in 2019. o Rice yields increased by 59 percent from 2.7 MT/Ha in 2016 to 4.3 MT/Ha in 2019. o Soya yields increased by 29 percent from 1.7 MT/Ha in 2016 to 2.2 MT/Ha in 2019. 2. One Village One Dam (1V1D) • Under the “One Village, One Dam” initiative, 507 small earth dams have been com￾pleted against the target of 560 as at 2021. 3. District Warehous￾ing Policy • Under the “One District One Warehouse Initiative’’ 42 out of the 50 Grain Warehouses initiated in 2018 were completed by end December 2020 and handed over to the Ministry of Food and Agriculture and the Ghana Buffer Stock Company. 4. Ghana School Feed￾ing Programme (GSFP) • Over 3.4million benefciary pupils in KG and primary schools in all the Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies (MMDAs) were provided with one hot nutritious meal every school going day in 2021. GHANA 2022 VNR 25 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Emerging issues 1. Marginal decrease in food insecurity 2. Increase in food infation 3. Low orientation by government to agriculture 4. Decrease in farm animal production 5. Delay in input supplies
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "gha", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-gha-2022-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2022 }
41 5.2.2 Goal 2: Ending Hunger As shown in figure 6.2.2, the prevalence of undernourishment from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) and The Gambia Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) shows reduction in the prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting across the country from 2013 to 2020. Further, the Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) which is a nationwide study provides estimates on prevalence of food insecurity. The 2021 CFSVA report indicated that 13.4 percent of the population was food insecure. Several child nutrition indicators are showing slow progress in the country. The prevalence of malnutrition for children under 5 in the general population was 6.2% in 2018 and increased to 7.2% in 2019-20. Improvements in child stunting was registered in the same period from 19% to 17.5% for children under 5. Impact of COVID-19 24.5% 16.2% 11.5% 19.0% 13.9% 6.2% 17.5% 12.0% 5.0% Stunting Underweight Wasting Figure 6.2.2: Prevalence of undernourishment GDHS 2013 MICS 2018 GDHS 2019-20 42 During consultations with the community, the general opinion was that the COVID￾19 pandemic had serious impact on the lives and livelihood of people in the country as shown in the adjacent box. The impact has increased hardship at community level, which is being complicated by the rise in prices due to war in Ukraine. Price inflation led to increase dependency, increase in domestic violence, and reduced access to food resulting to poor nutritional status. Community members recommended measures such as regulating the operations of the market, increase local production of food through the mechanization of agriculture and use of irrigation schemes, employment creation, and enhancing vegetable production, processing and storage. Impact of COVID-19 • Increase in school dropouts • Teenage pregnancy and early marriage • Increase in child labor • Loss of small businesses • Increase cost of commodities • Increase in birth and death rates • Increase in dependency • Loss of employment • Low academic performance limits social interaction Causes of Price Inflation in Gambia • Weak regulatory frameworks • Russia- Ukraine war • High taxes on imported commodities • Low level of manufacturing • Inefficient utilization of resources • Covid-19 pandemic • Low agricultural production and productivity and high dependence on imported products • Climate change • High tariffs on utilities
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49 ODD 2 Eliminer la faim, assurer la sécurité alimentaire, améliorer la nutrition et promouvoir l’agriculture durable. A. Situation et tendances Quelques 75 à 80% de la population active de la RGB vit en milieu rural, contribuant au PIB à hauteur de 67%. Deux grandes cultures dominent le secteur agricole : la noix de cajou et le riz. L'agriculture joue un rôle important dans la balance commerciale du pays, puisqu'elle génère plus de 90% des recettes d'exportation. L’agriculture représente 69% du PIB. Plus de 90% de ces 69% sont tirés de l’exportation des noix de cajou, qui procure un revenu direct à 85% de la population. La production de noix de cajou est principalement assurée par de petits agriculteurs et elle occupe 50% des terres arables en usage. Généralement, les petits agriculteurs, ont peu ou pas de matériel, une formation limitée, et un accès insuffisant à l’eau, à la terre et au réseau routier nécessaire. Les femmes participent d’une manière non négligeable à la culture des noix de cajou, notamment au moment de la récolte, mais ce sont les hommes qui en gèrent la vente en général, ainsi que celle du riz. Malgré les conditions agroécologiques favorables à l’essor d’une agriculture familiale avec une tradition rizicole très ancienne, la production céréalière nationale ne suffit pas à couvrir les besoins du pays. Le déficit céréalier brut en 2017/2018 s'élevait à 202 000 tonnes et le pays dépend du riz importé d’Asie qui arrive aux consommateurs nationaux à un prix 30-40% moins cher que celui du riz national, même si ce dernier est préféré pour ses qualités organoleptiques. La RGB dispose d’un fort potentiel agricole avec 1 630 000 ha de terres à vocation agricole représentant 45% de la superficie totale du pays. La superficie cultivée est estimée à 300 000 ha, soit 18% du potentiel agricole. Les infrastructures rurales dégradées et les équipements obsolètes, l’exploitation irrationnelle de l’eau d’irrigation (systèmes traditionnels et modernes) concourent à la faible productivité de l’agriculture familiale. La fragilité des écosystèmes est accentuée par les effets du changement climatique. En outre, les agricultrices sont pénalisées car elles n’ont guère de pouvoir décisionnel sur le budget du ménage, ce qui creuse les inégalités et contribue à la persistance de l’insécurité alimentaire et de la malnutrition. La majeure partie de la récolte annuelle de noix de cajou est exportée à l’état brut (en nature), Cibles pour lesquelles il manque des données : 2.1. D’ici à 2030, éliminer la faim et faire en sorte que chacun, en particulier les pauvres et les personnes vulnérable, y compris les nourrissons, ait accès tout au long de l’année à une alimentation saine, nutritive et suffisante. 2.4. D’ici à 2030, assurer la viabilité des systèmes de production alimentaire et mettre en œuvre des pratiques agricoles résilientes qui permettent d’accroître la productivité et la production, contribuant à la préservation des écosystèmes, et renforçant les capacités d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, aux phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes, à la sécheresse, aux inondations et à d’autres catastrophes et améliorent progressivement la qualité des terres et des sols. Cible 2.b : Corriger et prévenir les restrictions et distorsions entravant le fonctionnement des marchés agricoles mondiaux, y compris par l’élimination parallèle de toutes les formes de subventions aux exportations agricoles et de toutes les mesures à l’exportation ayant un effet équivalent, conformément au mandat du Cycle de négociations de Doha pour le développement. Cible 2.c : Adopter des mesures visant à assurer le bon fonctionnement des marchés de denrées alimentaires et de produits dérivés et à faciliter l’accès rapide aux informations relatives à ces marchés, y compris le niveau des réserves alimentaires, afin de contribuer à limiter l’extrême volatilité des prix alimentaires. 50 et le secteur souffre du manque d’investissement, qui se traduit par un recul des rendements. Le riz, principale culture céréalière, est essentiellement cultivé pour la consommation familiale. La production céréalière fait face à différents défis : précipitations irrégulières et inondations liées au changement climatique, investissement insuffisant dans l’infrastructure et le matériel pour le développement de chaine de valeur agricoles, dégradation de l’environnement dans les basses￾terres, manque d’intrants agricoles et de crédit, exode rural et faiblesse des organisations des petits producteurs. Le déficit céréalier brut pour 2017/18 s’établissait à 201 871 tonnes, et le pays est tributaire des importations de riz, lequel est généralement échangé contre la noix de cajou. Tout recul du revenu des ménages dû à une baisse des prix ou du volume des ventes de noix de cajou a une incidence sur la possibilité de se procurer du riz à des prix abordables. Par conséquent, les précipitations irrégulières et les fluctuations des ventes et des prix de la noix de cajou influent sur la sécurité alimentaire. Les marchés fonctionnent et sont bien approvisionnés en produits tant locaux qu’importés. 1% seulement des Bissau￾Guinéens ont recours au système bancaire, et l’accès au crédit est limité. Cet accès est encore plus difficile pour les femmes du fait qu’elles sont davantage touchées par l’analphabétisme, sont moins intégrées dans les systèmes éducatifs formels et n’ont guère de chance de posséder des capitaux, des terres ou d’autres ressources productives. Les négociants déclarent être en mesure d’augmenter de 25% en moins de deux semaines, l’offre de riz importé, mais il faut s’attendre à une forte hausse des prix du riz en période de crise. Le pourcentage de ménages en situation d'insécurité alimentaire est plus élevé dans les zones rurales où la malnutrition chronique est également plus fréquente. Chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans, le taux de malnutrition aiguë dépasse 6%. Le taux de malnutrition chronique est de 28% (29% de garçons et 26% de filles) et il est supérieur à 30% dans les régions de Oio 35%, Bafatá 34%, et Gabu 30,1%. Seuls 53% des nourrissons de moins de 6 mois sont nourris exclusivement au sein, et 20% à peine des mères pratiquent l’allaitement exclusif pendant les 6 premiers mois. 46% des femmes et des filles de 15 à 49 ans souffrent d’anémie. En 2014, 8% seulement des ménages utilisaient du sel iodé, alors qu’en 2018-2019, cette proportion a augmenté à 32,6%.102 Une enquête menée par le Ministère de la santé publique, de la famille et de la cohésion sociale montre que 11% des femmes et des filles âgées de 15 à 49 ans souffrent de malnutrition aiguë et le système de suivi de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition indique que 29% seulement des femmes et des filles atteignent le seuil minimal de diversité du régime alimentaire. L’insuffisance pondérale à la naissance touche 21% des nouveaux nés. La malnutrition des femmes enceintes et allaitantes constitue l’un des principaux facteurs sous-tendant les taux élevés de mortalité maternelle et infantile et de dénutrition infantile. Seuls 8% des enfants de 6 à 23 mois reçoivent un apport alimentaire minimum acceptable. La malnutrition aiguë chez les personnes vivant avec le VIH et les personnes malades de tuberculose dépasse les seuils critiques. Le surpoids et l’obésité deviennent un problème chez les enfants et les adolescents. En plus de la biodiversité de ses forêts qui est importante au niveau mondial (par exemple, l'archipel des Bijagós est une réserve de biosphère), la RGB possède d'abondantes ressources 102 MICS6, 2018-2019. 51 naturelles, tels que les gisements importants de pétrole, bauxite et phosphates. Le pays possède également des terres parmi les plus productives du monde. Les principales cultures pluviales sont la monoculture de la noix de cajou, du riz des zones humides dans les mangroves défrichées, et les rotations itinérantes de riz, maïs, millet et sorgho des hautes terres. Le secteur de la noix de cajou fonctionne comme la principale culture de rente pour les populations locales. La production de riz est la deuxième culture la plus importante et est cruciale dans la lutte contre la pauvreté en raison de son rôle dans la sécurité alimentaire. L'augmentation de la production nationale de riz est considérée comme un moyen de compenser les importations de denrées alimentaires de base et de stimuler les revenus ruraux (DENARPII). Toutefois, le défrichement incontrôlé des terres pour la culture du riz des plaines est également le principal facteur de déforestation et de dégradation des écosystèmes, ce qui, ajouté aux prévisions climatiques actuelles, augmente considérablement le risque de perte irréversible de productivité des terres. Cela peut compromettre la sécurité alimentaire et épuiser la principale ressource économique du pays. Néanmoins, et contrairement à ce qui se passe dans de nombreux autres pays en développement où l'agriculture est la principale activité économique, le secteur agricole présente un grand potentiel de croissance s'il est géré de manière judicieuse. On reconnaît aussi le potentiel inexploité du tourisme (en particulier l'écotourisme), qui représente actuellement une contribution marginale mais croissante à l'économie de la RGB. L’objectif 2 poursuit huit cibles dont cinq de résultats (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5) et trois de moyens de mise en œuvre (2.a, 2.b, 2.c). Sur la base des données disponibles, on peut retenir qu’en RGB, le retard de croissance et l’émaciation ont des prévalences relativement moindres par rapport aux moyennes d’Afrique Subsaharienne avec des disparités importantes entre milieux (rural/urbain) et régions de résidence. La situation de l’anémie des femmes en âge de procréer est plus préoccupante par rapport à celle de l’ensemble de l’Afrique Subsaharienne. Tendance des résultats de l’ODD 2 Parmi les cinq cibles de résultats de l’ODD 2, il y a trois qui sont centrés sur les personnes et deux portant sur l’environnement. Résultats centrés sur les personnes Cible 2.2 : D’ici à 2030, mettre fin à toutes les formes de malnutrition, y compris en atteignant d’ici à 2025 les objectifs arrêtés à l’échelle internationale relatifs aux retards de croissance et à l’émaciation chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans, et répondre aux besoins nutritionnels des adolescentes, des femmes enceintes ou allaitantes et des personnes âgées Selon les résultats de la MICS6 2018-2019, en RGB, le taux de prévalence du retard de croissance103 chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans était de 27,7%. Notant que la moyenne pour les pays d’Afrique Subsaharienne était de 32,3% en 2020. La situation est plus alarmante chez les garçons que chez les filles, avec des taux de prévalence de retard de croissance respectifs de 29,7 et 25,6%. En milieu rural, on a un taux de prévalence de retard de croissance de 31,3% contre 17,4% en milieu urbain. Alors que dans le Secteur Autonome de Bissau, on a un taux de prévalence de retard de croissance de 14,3%, et des niveaux très élevés dans les régions de Gabu (30,5%) et Oio (36,8%). La prévalence de la malnutrition104 se présente comme suit en 2019: le taux d’émaciation était de 5,1% tandis que le surpoids a concerné 2,6% des enfants. Notons que la moyenne des pays de l’Afrique Subsaharienne était de 5,9% en 2020. Le taux d’émaciation des garçons (5,6%) est plus 103 Retard de croissance modérée et sévère: indice taille/âge inférieur à -2 écarts types par rapport à la médiane des normes de croissance de l’enfant définies/ l’OMS. 104 Malnutrition modérée et sévère: indice poids/taille supérieur à +2 écarts types ou inférieur à -2 écarts types par rapport à la médiane des normes de croissance de l’enfant définies par l’OMS chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans, par forme (surpoids et émaciation). 52 élevé que celui des filles (4,5%). Le taux d’émaciation est de 5,2% en milieu rural contre 4,7% en ville. Les niveaux d’émaciation les plus élevés sont enregistrés dans les régions de Gabu (8,1%) et d’Oio (6,8%). Le taux prévalence de l’anémie chez les femmes âgées de 15 à 49 ans a régulièrement décru depuis l’an 2000 mais a connu un ralentissement au cours des dernières années. De 49,1% chez l’ensemble des femmes de 15 à 49 ans et de 53,4% chez celles enceintes en 2015, ce taux s’est établi respectivement à 48,1% et 52,3% en 2019. La situation est ainsi plus préoccupante par rapport à la moyenne des pays de l’Afrique Subsaharienne, avec un taux de 40,7% en 2019. Cible 2.3 : D’ici à 2030, doubler la productivité agricole et les revenus des petits producteurs alimentaires, en particulier les femmes, les autochtones, les exploitants familiaux, les éleveurs et les pécheurs, y compris en assurant l’égalité d’accès aux terres, aux autres ressources productives et intrants, au savoir, aux services financiers, aux marchés et aux possibilités d’ajout de valeur et d’emploi autres qu’agricoles. Selon les estimations de la FAO, la productivité agricole moyenne en RGB, pour une journée de travail, en 2019, pour les petits producteurs était de 11,5 dollars constants en parité de pouvoir d’achat de 2011. La différence est moindre avec les grands producteurs pour qui la productivité est de 12,8 dollars. Quelle que soit l’échelle de production, les productrices ont des résultats meilleurs par rapport aux hommes, avec une productivité moyenne de 16,6 dollars. En termes de gains de revenus, en 2019, les petits producteurs agricoles ont gagné en moyenne 1 941 dollars en parité de pouvoir d’achat de 2011 ; le gain moyen pour les hommes (2 055 dollars) ayant été meilleur que pour les femmes (1 333 dollars). Les grands producteurs ont gagné plus de deux fois que les petits producteurs en termes de revenus: le revenu moyen d’ensemble est de 5 837 dollars, celui des femmes est de 3 878 dollars et celui des hommes de 5 982 dollars. Afin d’augmenter les capacités productives et les revenus des petits producteurs, le développement du secteur est confronté à des difficultés relatives au faible niveau d’investissement dans les infrastructures, à la faible maîtrise des techniques de production et à une très forte pression parasitaire. Les petits producteurs peinent à se positionner dans la filière et dans la chaine de valeur afin de commercialiser de façon équitable leurs produits et d’augmenter leurs revenus et souffrent ainsi de la faiblesse de structuration du secteur et une inéquitable répartition des revenus dans la chaîne de valeur. La faible densité en infrastructure routière et leur mauvaise qualité entravent la commercialisation des produits ruraux et privent ainsi les producteurs d’accès à des marchés plus rémunérés. Cette situation multiplie le nombre 53 de collecteurs intermédiaires avec des incidences négatives sur les prix au producteur. Résultats liés à l’environnement Cible 2.5 : D’ici à 2020, préserver la diversité génétique des semences, des cultures et des animaux d’élevage ou domestiqués et des espèces sauvages apparentées, y compris au moyen de banques de semences et des plantes bien gérées et diversifiées aux niveaux national, régional ou international, et garantir l’accès aux avantages que présentent l’utilisation des ressources génétiques et du savoir traditionnel associé et le partage juste et équitable de ces avantages, ainsi que cela a été décidé à l’échelle internationale. La RGB n’a pas encore entrepris la mise en place d’installations de conservation sécurisé à moyen ou à long terme de ressources génétiques (animales ou végétales) destinées à l’alimentation et à l’agriculture. En outre, il n’existe pas de répertoire de races locales considérées comme en danger d’extinction. Durant les consultations avec la société civile, plusieurs participants ont exprimé le besoin d’être formés sur les semences et les pesticides afin d’assurer plus de rendement. Processus et moyens de mise en œuvre spécifiques à l’ODD 2 Cible 2.a : Accroître, notamment grâce au renforcement de la coopération internationale, l’investissement dans l’infrastructure rurale, les services de recherche et de vulgarisation agricoles et la mise au point de technologies et de banques de plantes et de gènes d’animaux d’élevage, afin de renforcer les capacités productives agricoles des pays en développement, en particulier des pays les moins avancés. La part de la valeur ajoutée de l’agriculture dans le PIB est importante et elle a crû passant de 46,8% en 2015 à 53,2% en 2019. Cependant, la part des dépenses publiques consacrée à l’agriculture a considérablement décru de 14,5% en 2015 à 4,2% en 2017. Ainsi, entre ces deux dernières périodes, l’indice d’orientation agricole des dépenses publiques, mesuré par le rapport à la part des dépenses publiques consacrée à l’agriculture par la part de la valeur ajoutée de l’agriculture dans le PIB, est passé de 0,100 à 0,086. Il faut relever que le niveau de cet indice est très inférieur par rapport à celui de 2010 qui était de 0,320. L’aide publique au développement orientée vers l’agriculture a régulièrement crû au cours des dernières années, passant de 8,4 millions de dollars en 2015 à 15,6 millions en 2018. Mais elle est retombée à 9,7 millions en 2019. Le manque d’investissement dans l’infrastructure routière et rurale pour le développement du secteur agricole a également été souligné de façon importante lors des consultations régionales de la société civile, organisées en Mars 2022.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "gnb", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-gnb-2022-fr-2.pdf", "language": "fr", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2022 }
69 Informe Nacional Voluntario ODS 2. Para mejorar la disponibilidad alimentaria de los hogares y la reducción de la malnutrición proteína-calórica, el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de Guinea Ecuatorial agenda 2030 prevé el desarrollo de una verdadera revolución verde a través de la realización de una cartografía rural que indique las zonas agrícolas, así como un catastro general de la agricultura y ganadería, poner en 1 marcha un Programa Nacional de Seguridad Alimentaria (PNSA), establecer un programa de modernización e intensifcación de las explotaciones agrícolas basado sobre una estrategia de diversifcación y valorización agrícola, para responder a la demanda nacional en necesidades alimentarias y producir un excedente para la exportación, reforzar las capacidades de los Ministerios encargados del desarrollo agrícola y rural, construir y equipar laboratorios bromatológicos y pedagógicos para el control de calidad de alimentos así como el análisis del suelo, crear el código alimentario (CODEX ALIMENTARIUS) con el apoyo de la FAO. Además, establecer parques de mecanización agrícola en cada Provincia y distrito para secundar y sostener las iniciativas de explotaciones agrícolas, importar con periodicidad anual las semillas mejoradas con la fnalidad de aumentar el rendimiento por hectárea, elaborar y publicar una ley de arrendamiento de tierras, planifcar la formación de recursos humanos en función de las necesidades del sector agrícola, favorecer la creación de polos de producción regionales, provinciales y/o distritales, según las ventajas comparativas de las localidades, reestructurar las células operacionales del sector agrícola, fomentar la creación de empresas y cooperativas en el sector agrícola para eliminar la incertidumbre que frena la inversión privada en el sector, favorecer y apoyar la colaboración agropecuaria, reforzar los planes y los programas de califcación agrícola, promover la cría y la ganadería moderna e intensiva para responder a las necesidades en proteínas de origen animal.
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[ 2 ]
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62 ODS 2. Hambre Cero En relación con la situación de la nutrición de la población, la malnutrición sigue siendo un problema de desarrollo en Guinea Ecuatorial por causa de una tasa de insufciencia 95 UNSTATS, “UN Sustainable Development Goals, indicator 1.4.1. Equatorial Guinea”, (2022), https://unstats-undesa.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/ da7d9e13a45b4734b5eef4b8355cdb6c/explore?location=4.212078%2C1.232241%2C2.60. 96 UNSTATS, “UN Sustainable Development Goals, indicator 2.2.1 Equatorial Guinea”, (2022), https://unstats-undesa.opendata.arcgis.com/ datasets/5a63ad2e92ff4a3491d8aaf9794f4fbe/explore?location=3.345725%2C1.735981%2C2.60. ponderal moderada y grave que se situaría al 19% entre 2000 y 2006 (MICS/UNICEF). La demacración moderada y grave asciende al 7% en los niños menores de cinco años, pero el problema que más parece inquietar es el retraso en el crecimiento relativo que se sitúa al 39% entre el 2000 y el 2006 (Ministerio de Planifcación Desarrollo Económico, e Inversiones/UNICEF). Esta tasa indica la presencia de una nutrición insufciente y de enfermedades frecuentes en los niños menores de cinco años. El retraso del crecimiento podría estar relacionado a la insufciencia ponderal de nacimientos y al escaso acceso al agua potable y a las condiciones básicas. La malnutrición está fuertemente asociada a la mortalidad infanto - juvenil. Si bien para períodos más recientes no se cuenta con la mayoría de estos indicadores, según la EDSGE-1 2011, de los 1.094 niños entrevistados, 9.2% presentaban un retraso en el crecimiento crítico y el 26.2 padecían de un retraso moderado (indicador 2.2.1). Figura 7 Indicador 2.2.1 Proporción de niños con retraso en el crecimiento moderado o grave96 Fuente: UNSTATS El indicador 2.2.2 de la fgura a continuación muestra que en 2011 el 3.1% de los niños tenía emaciación moderada o severa. Si bien se observa que esta cifra es considerablemente menor a la correspondiente al año 2000 (9.2%), hay una tendencia levemente creciente desde el 2004, donde esta proporción alcanzó el 2.8%. 63 Informe Nacional Voluntario Figura 8. Indicador 2.2.2 Proporción de niños con emaciación moderada o severa97 Fuente: UNSTATS Por otra parte, el indicador 2.a.2 muestra que en los últimos años ha habido una reducción de los recursos recibidos para ser destinados a la agricultura, lo cual es una posible explicación para la inseguridad alimentaria en Guinea Ecuatorial. Figura 9. Indicador 2.a.2 Flujos ofciales recibidos para la agricultura98 Fuentes: La Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE). Por último, en las siguientes fguras se observa una disminución de la proporción de niños menores de 5 años con sobrepeso moderado o severo, los cuales pasaron del 97 UNSTATS, “UN Sustainable Development Goals, indicator 2.2.2 Equatorial Guinea”, (2022), https://unstats-undesa.opendata.arcgis.com/ datasets/492afdc8d9ac4b23a282e31d9aa4b817/explore?location=3.345725%2C1.735981%2C2.60. 98 UNSTATS, “UN Sustainable Development Goals, indicator 2.a.2, Equatorial Guinea”, (2022), https://unstats-undesa.opendata.arcgis.com/ datasets/3d63cd7f64c949dd9fcb969bdf21a258/explore?location=3.330962%2C1.232241%2C2.60. 99 UNSTATS, “UN Sustainable Development Goals, indicator 2.2.2, Equatorial guinea”, (2022) https://unstats-undesa.opendata.arcgis.com/ datasets/04fb88034f964dc388d358fc40e5b020/explore 100 UNSTATS, “UN Sustainable Development Goals, indicator 2.2.2 (%), Equatorial guinea”, (2022) https://unstats-undesa.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/ b5fb26ce076d4b40a1ff1aab760a8bbb/explore?location=4.126856%2C1.735981%2C2.60 14 al 9.7% entre el año 2000 y el 2011 (indicador 2.2.2). Sin embargo, el número total de niños con sobrepeso moderado o severo aumentó, pasando de 14 a 15 mil en el mismo periodo99. Figura 10. Indicador 2.2.2 Proporción de niños menores de 5 años con sobrepeso.100 Fuente: UNSTATS La desaceleración económica y los problemas causados por el COVID 19 han bloqueado el sistema productivo nacional y han roto la cadena de valor establecida para el suministro de la producción nacional en los mercados. A falta de estadísticas consolidadas se podría decir que el consumo nacional de productos agroalimentarios sigue dependiendo de las importaciones. Por tanto, ha habido pocos avances en la erradicación del hambre y eso se debe principalmente a las siguientes debilidades: (i) la producción nacional sigue siendo de subsistencia y defciente para abastecer los mercados nacionales, (ii) existen defcientes técnicas de mejoras para el sistema productivo nacional y una escasa formación en áreas de la producción de alimentos (iii) Ausencia de inversión privada en el sector productivo y defciente red fable de transporte y de comercialización de los productos, lo que provoca la subida de precios.
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HELLENIC REPUBLIC I VNR 2022 56 SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture 57 Percentage of pre-Obese and Obese people Year % Pre-Obese % Obese % Overweight 2014 39.4 17.3 56.7 2019 41.0 16.7 57.6 Index of the real income of factors in agriculture per annual work unit (2010=100) Assessment of progress in relevant SDG indicators • Overweight (pre-obese and obese) adults in Greece remain a relatively stable proportion of the pop￾ulation at 57.6% with a tendency to increase. This ranks the country above the EU-members average, although not in the highest cluster. There is currently an effort to bring out obesity as a serious risk factor for health problems and diseases. • The index of real income of agricultural factors per annual unit of work, showed fluctuations during the period 2010-2018. Since 2019 it demonstrates an increase, mainly due to the implementation of policies in the agricultural sector placing emphasis on technological and organizational modern￾ization, human resources development, close cooperation with research agencies and the reposi￾tioning of Greek agri-food products to the domestic and international markets. • The government financial support to agricultural R&D which had been relatively low at up to €3.1 per inhabitant, shows an increasing trend especially after 2019 and onwards, reaching €5.3 per inhabitant (2019). Areas under organic farming increase slowly, marking 1% more in a decade. END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION, AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE HELLENIC REPUBLIC I VNR 2022 58 Key challenges The attainment of the zero hunger goal is facing challenges such as the steady, and at times pressing, influx of migrants and asylum seekers, as well as the vital need to ensure that all children up to 12 years old have access to at least one nutritious meal per day. Poor nutrition and dietary risks, including low fruit and vegetable intake, and high sugar, salt and sugar-sweetened beverages consumption, are estimated to account for about 15% of all deaths in Greece. At the same time, while adult obesity rates are close to the EU average, the relevant childhood and adolescence obesity percentages are steadily growing and more than one in five 15-year-olds are overweight or obese, a percentage higher than in most other EU countries. The framework for achieving food security and sustainable agriculture is set by the EU Green Deal, “Farm-to-Fork” and Biodiversity Strategies, in combination with the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This framework has been implemented nationally since 2014 through the Rural Development Program, and a new period is now beginning with the aim to address challenges such as improving the productivi￾ty and incomes of small-scale farmers, promoting secure and equal access to land and other productive resources, fostering knowledge, technology, financial services, markets and opportunities for value ad￾dition, and supporting sustainable and innovative food production systems and organic farming practic￾es. Within the Recovery and Resiliency Fund (RRF) framework, the reform “Economic Transformation of the Agri-Food Sector” seeks, inter alia, to improve the environmental profile of agricultural holdings and to ensure food safety and adequacy, and the reform “Digital Transformation of the Agri-Food Sector” aims at promoting the sustainable management of natural resources. Within the new National Waste Prevention Programme 2021-2030, particular focus is given to food waste prevention, an area where the country is underperforming, where measures are adopted and incentives are provided for encour￾aging food donation and redistribution. Main policy initiatives and measures • Food and meals distribution system through the Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD) contributes to achieving the specific objective of alleviating the worst forms of poverty, by providing non-financial assistance to the most deprived persons by food, basic material assis￾tance and social inclusion activities, aiming at the social integration of the most deprived persons. The program has been implemented nationally since 2015. The Greek FEAD supports (i) national schemes whereby food and basic material assistance, are distributed to the most deprived persons through 57 Social Partners and (ii) accompanying measures, complementing the provision of food and basic material assistance with a total budget of €276m for Food and €45m for Basic Ma￾terial Assistance. In July 2021 an additional budget of €62,797,650 was approved in order for the financial gap between the two periods to be covered. In view of the new programming period, the budget of the program is expected to reach €400m. FEAD has been totally integrated since 2017 in the Guaranteed Minimum Income (GMI) eligibility rules and business processes, in relation to the implementation of the second pillar, to deliver complementary social services. Each GMI’s recipient unit can be automatically included in FEAD, without a separate application. Each recipient receives a food package or takes part in the accompanying measures if the payment of the GMI income support has not been discontinued. Indicative accompanying measures are: psychosocial support, empowerment and social integration services to children and their families, dietary and healthy eating advice, family budget management advice and supportive after-school tutoring. Number of beneficiaries: 347.214. SDGs 2.1, 2.2, 10.2, 10.4 • Asylum seekers in Greece receive groceries and cooked meals through framework contracts by the Ministry of Migration and Asylum, as well as cash assistance, ensuring a long term food plan￾ning and nutrition security. SDGs 2.1, 2.2 59 • As of the second half of 2019, a dedicated effort was initiated towards combating malnutrition and obesity. The National Food Policy Plan aims to integrate healthy dietary habits and exercise into the daily lives of the Greek population. A specific online questionnaire, to collect statistical data on infant nutrition, was disseminated in public and private nurseries and kindergartens. Moreover, ini￾tiatives were taken scoping on raising awareness, dietary specifications were issued for the School Meals program and a specific section regarding nutrition and exercise was introduced in schools under the Skills Labs as seen in SDG4. Furthermore, the National Public Health Strategy “Spyros Doxiadis” Program, was launched in 2020, targeting -among others- the adoption of healthy dietary habits, while promoting the necessity of physical activity for all age groups. Key priorities include: (i) the mapping of behavioural, social and environmental risk factors, in order to address each of them with specific action plans; (ii) the control and management of risk factors related to malnutrition and physical inactivity; and (iii) the implementation of information and awareness-raising campaigns for the general population on the benefits of well-being by changing daily habits. SDG 2.2, 3.4 • Cooperation between the Government and the food industry is pursued for the improvement of the nutritional composition of food products (food reformulation), with the aim of reducing the addition of salt, sugars, saturated fatty acids and industrially produced trans fatty acids. Suggested actions aimed at food reformulation include producing food with healthier profiles (e.g. less salt and sugar), selling food in smaller portions, limiting advertising and other promoting techniques for foods high in salt, added sugars, and trans fats, and setting nutritional standards for foods offered in specific structures (such as schools, kindergartens, nursing homes, camps, etc.). SDG 2.2 • Authorities issued specific instructions regarding the diet offered to infants and toddlers in pub￾lic and private nurseries and kindergartens. The nurseries were encouraged to include wholemeal products to ensure that children have an adequate intake of fibre, to include vegetables on a daily basis and to exclude foods containing added sugars. Furthermore, recommendations regarding the feeding of pupils were sent in all-day schools, both in terms of measures to prevent the spread of coronavirus and measures to prevent foodborne diseases. SDG 2.2 • Within the framework of the RDP 2014-2020, Greece promotes measures and actions aimed at: (i) reducing water pollution from nitrate ions and other polluting inputs (e.g. phosphate ions) related to agricultural activity, targeting at vulnerable areas, including wetlands, through the take up of rel￾evant eco-friendly commitments such as green manure incorporation and land being left fallow; (ii) supporting both switching to and conservation of organic agriculture practices, which contribute to the protection of the environment (soil, water and biodiversity), the production of quality products and animal welfare; (iii) increasing the competitiveness of viable agricultural holdings, through the realization of related investments (buildings, constructions, machinery), the purchase of perennial plantations, fencing and landscaping works, purchase of software and office equipment; and (iv) supporting new farmer entrepreneurs in developing their agricultural activities and increasing the competitiveness of their agricultural holdings. SDGs 2.3, 2.4 • Food waste prevention is an important part of the new National Waste Prevention Programme 2021-2030. Measures are adopted and incentives are provided for encouraging food donation and redistribution in order to reduce food losses along the whole production and supply chain, by 2030, and reduce by 30% food waste per capita in relation to food waste produced in 2022 at retail and consumer level. SDGs 2.1, 2.2, 12.3, 11.6 • Regarding food safety, protection fraud and protection of the local farmers and importers, the last 2.5 years, in order to prevent the adulteration of products and eliminate products with forged iden￾tities, joint committees (of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food, of Hellenic Food Authority “EFET”, of Hellenic Agricultural Organization “ELGO-DIMITRA”, of the Economic Police, of the Gen￾eral Directorate of Customs, of Special Secretariat for Financial and Economic Crime Unit, of the General Secretariat of Trade & Consumer Protection and of the Directorates of Agricultural Economy and Veterinary of the Regions), are carrying out intensified audits on the market and the entrance gates of the country. SDGs 2.1, 2.3, 2.b END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION, AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE HELLENIC REPUBLIC I VNR 2022 60 Best practice example School meals programme - SDGs 2.1, 2.2 The school meals programme was introduced in 2017. It is funded by the state budget and is implemented by private contractors providing the meals directly to schools. The programme is implemented in specific primary schools across the country and is gradually expanding every school year. During the pilot school year 2016-2017, 60 schools had been included in the pro￾gramme with 9,014 pupils. The following school year 2017-2018, 800 schools had been includ￾ed in the programme with 130,000 pupils. During the school year 2018-2019, the programme was extended to cover 153.244 pupils and the following two school years, 2019-2020 and 2020-2021, 1,353 schools had been included in the programme with 185,311 pupils. Finally, during the current school year 2021-2022, a total of 1,621 schools had been included in the programme with 224.335 pupils. The government wishes to keep the programme ori￾ented in areas affected by hardship or underprivileged ones. Its main aim is to provide young children with one nutritious meal per day so that it is ensured that all children have access to indispensable, in quality and quantity, nutritional elements. In 2019 an interim evaluation took place in which students from 12 schools (random sampling), contractors, teachers, programme coordinators and parents participated by filling in an anonymous electronic questionnaire. The Forthcoming initiatives • A key milestone for tackling obesity is the roll-out of the National Action Plan for Public Health 2021-25, that encompasses a comprehensive program to address the risk of obesity in Greece, with a focus on specific initiatives for children and adolescents. Furthermore, a National Action Plan is being developed for the prevention of obesity in vulnerable children. SDG 2.2 • Implementation measures and actions of the RDP 2014-2020, covering the transitional period 2021-2022. SDGs 2.3, 2.4 • Implementing the reform “Economic Transformation of the Agri-Food Sector” which seeks, among other things, to improve the environmental profile of agricultural holdings and to ensure food safety and adequacy, prioritizing actions such as the promotion of innovation and the tran￾sition to “green” processing of agricultural products, the “green” agritourism, the restructuring of crops and the genetic improvement of animals. SDGs 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.a • Implementing the reform “Digital Transformation of the Agri-Food Sector”, aiming, among oth￾ers, at the sustainable management of natural resources, particularly water and soil, in order to contribute to the mitigation of climate change and the production of sustainable energy sources. SDGs 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.a Best practice example School meals programme SDGs 2.1, 2.2 The school meals programme was introduced in 2017. It is funded by the state budget and is implemented by private contractors providing the meals directly to schools. The programme is implemented in specific primary schools across the country and is gradually expanding every school year. During the pilot school year 2016-2017, 60 schools had been included in the programme with 9,014 pupils. The following school year 2017-2018, 800 schools had been included in the programme with 130,000 pupils. During the school year 2018- 2019, the programme was extended to cover 153.244 pupils and the following two school years, 2019-2020 and 2020-2021, 1,353 schools had been included in the programme with 185,311 pupils. Finally, during the current school year 2021-2022, a total of 1,621 schools had been includ￾ed in the programme with 224.335 pupils. The government wishes to keep the programme oriented in areas affected by hardship or underprivileged ones. Its main aim is to provide young children with one nutritious meal per day so that it is ensured that all children have access to indispensable, in quality and quantity, nutritional elements. In 2019 an interim evaluation took place in which students from 12 schools (random sampling), contractors, teachers, programme coordinators and parents participated by filling in an anonymous elec￾tronic questionnaire. The purpose of the evaluation was to highlight the positive and nega￾tive elements of the programme in order to help improve it. 61 END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION, AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
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[ 2 ]
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Página 74 de 277 Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 2 «Poner fin al hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible» El Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) número 2 se propone lo siguiente: a) poner fin al hambre; b) lograr la seguridad alimentaria y la mejora de la nutrición; y c) promover la agricultura productiva y sostenible. Si se considera que Guatemala es uno de los países de la región con mayor porcentaje de población que vive subalimentada, en inseguridad alimentaria y con malnutrición, se hace necesaria la coordinación y cooperación multisectorial y multidisciplinaria para alcanzar este objetivo. Como evidencia de lo anterior, se estimó que para el período 2014-2016, 2.5 millones de personas estaban subalimentadas en el país. Asimismo, según la Encuesta nacional de condiciones de vida 2014 (Encovi 2014), para ese año el 25% de los hogares padecía inseguridad alimentaria moderada (18.6% del área urbana y 32.5% de la rural), y 12% inseguridad alimentaria severa (10.4% del área urbana y 14% de la rural). Por otra parte, la prevalencia de desnutrición crónica para el período 2014-2015 era del 46.5% en niños menores de cinco años; la desnutrición aguda, del 0.7%, y el sobrepeso y obesidad, del 4.7% para ese mismo grupo de edad. Los grupos más vulnerables siguen siendo las personas en situación de pobreza, en especial las mujeres y los niños, principalmente indígenas. De acuerdo con la Encovi 2014, el total estimado de habitantes de Guatemala para ese año fue de 16 millones de personas; de ellas, el 50.5% residía en el área rural; es decir, 8 millones de personas, de las cuales una de cada dos era indígena. Asimismo, la mayor parte practicaba la agricultura familiar de infrasubsistencia o subsistencia, con la paradoja de que un fuerte contingente no era propietario de tierras. Esa realidad obliga a diseñar estrategias de atención urgentes dirigidas a fortalecer, a través de acciones con enfoques integrales y sostenibles, las capacidades de gestión de medios de vida de los hogares agropecuarios. En ese contexto, consciente de la importancia de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional para el desarrollo humano y económico del país, el Estado de Guatemala priorizó como parte de su agenda nacional de desarrollo las ocho metas36 del ODS 2 y sus catorce indicadores, los cuales se presentan en la tabla 2.1. 36 Cinco metas estratégicas y tres mecanismos de implementación. Página 75 de 277 Tabla 2.1 Metas e indicadores del ODS 2 priorizados por el país Metas Indicadores 2.1 Para 2030, poner fin al hambre y asegurar el acceso de todas las personas, en particular los pobres y las personas en situaciones vulnerables, incluidos los lactantes, a una alimentación sana, nutritiva y suficiente durante todo el año. 2.1.1 Prevalencia de la subalimentación. 2.1.2 Prevalencia de la inseguridad alimentaria moderada o grave en la población, según la Escala de Experiencia de Inseguridad Alimentaria. 2.2 Para 2030, poner fin a todas las formas de malnutrición, incluido el logro, a más tardar en 2025, de las metas convenidas internacionalmente sobre el retraso del crecimiento y la emaciación de los niños menores de 5 años, y abordar las necesidades de nutrición de las adolescentes, las mujeres embarazadas y lactantes y las personas de edad. 2.2.1 Prevalencia del retraso en el crecimiento (estatura para la edad, desviación típica < -2 de la mediana de los patrones de crecimiento infantil de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, OMS) entre los niños menores de 5 años. 2.2.2 Prevalencia de la malnutrición (peso para la estatura, desviación típica > +2 o < -2 de la mediana de los patrones de crecimiento infantil de la OMS) entre los niños menores de 5 años, desglosada por tipo (emaciación y peso excesivo). 2.3 Para 2030, duplicar la productividad agrícola y los ingresos de los productores de alimentos en pequeña escala, en particular las mujeres, los pueblos indígenas, los agricultores familiares, los pastores y los pescadores, lo que incluye un acceso seguro y equitativo a la tierra, a otros recursos de producción e insumos, a conocimientos, a servicios financieros, a mercados y a oportunidades para la generación de valor añadido y empleos no agrícolas. 2.3.1 Volumen de producción por unidad de trabajo según el tamaño de la empresa agropecuaria/pastoral/silvícola. 2.3.2 Ingresos medios de los productores de alimentos en pequeña escala, desglosados por sexo y condición de indígena. 2.4 Para 2030, asegurar la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción de alimentos y aplicar prácticas agrícolas resilientes que aumenten la productividad y la producción, contribuyan al mantenimiento de los ecosistemas, fortalezcan la capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático, los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, las sequías, las inundaciones y otros desastres, y mejoren progresivamente la calidad del suelo y la tierra. 2.4.1 Proporción de la superficie agrícola en que se practica una agricultura productiva y sostenible. 2.5 Para 2020, mantener la diversidad genética de las semillas, las plantas cultivadas y los animales de granja y domesticados y sus especies silvestres conexas, entre otras cosas mediante una buena gestión y diversificación de los bancos de semillas y plantas a nivel nacional, regional e internacional, y garantizar el acceso a los beneficios que se deriven de la utilización de los recursos genéticos y los conocimientos tradicionales y su distribución justa y equitativa, como se ha convenido internacionalmente. 2.5.1 Número de recursos genéticos vegetales y animales para la alimentación y la agricultura en instalaciones de conservación a medio y largo plazo. 2.5.2 Proporción de razas locales clasificadas según su situación de riesgo, ausencia de riesgo o nivel de riesgo de extinción desconocido. Página 76 de 277 2.a Aumentar las inversiones, incluso mediante una mayor cooperación internacional, en la infraestructura rural, la investigación agrícola y los servicios de extensión, el desarrollo tecnológico y los bancos de genes de plantas y ganado con el fin de mejorar la capacidad de producción agrícola en los países en desarrollo, en particular en los países menos adelantados. 2.a.1 Índice de orientación agrícola para los gastos públicos. 2.a.2 Total de corrientes oficiales (asistencia oficial para el desarrollo más otras corrientes oficiales) destinado al sector de la agricultura. 2.b Corregir y prevenir las restricciones y distorsiones comerciales en los mercados agropecuarios mundiales, entre otras cosas mediante la eliminación paralela de todas las formas de subvenciones a las exportaciones agrícolas y todas las medidas de exportación con efectos equivalentes, de conformidad con el mandato de la Ronda de Doha para el Desarrollo. 2.b.1 Estimación de la ayuda al productor. 2.b.2 Subsidios a la exportación de productos agropecuarios. 2.c Adoptar medidas para asegurar el buen funcionamiento de los mercados de productos básicos alimentarios y sus derivados y facilitar el acceso oportuno a información sobre los mercados, en particular sobre las reservas de alimentos, con el fin de ayudar a limitar la extrema volatilidad de los precios de los alimentos. 2.c.1 Indicador de anomalías en los precios de los alimentos (IPC). Fuente: Elaboración Segeplán, con base en el documento «Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, metas priorizadas» (Guatemala, Segeplán/Siscode, 2017) Las metas presentadas en la tabla 2.1 se encuentran estrechamente relacionadas con tres áreas del desarrollo: a) seguridad alimentaria y nutrición; b) agricultura productiva y sostenible; y c) inversión y mercados. El análisis de las áreas de desarrollo se realizó según la clasificación internacional que los sitúa en diferentes niveles (Tier), tal como se presenta en la tabla 2.2. Tabla 2.2 Clasificación de los indicadores Clasificación según nivel Núm. de indicadores Tier I (cuentan con metodología y con información estadística disponible) 637 Tier II (cuentan con metodología, pero no se han calculado en el país o la información es escasa) 3 Tier III (aún no se ha definido la metodología internacional y, por consiguiente, no existe información exacta al respecto ) 5 Total 14 Fuente: Elaboración Segeplán. En este apartado, según la disponibilidad de información y los acuerdos y consensos alcanzados en talleres multisectoriales,38 se propone la línea de base y la meta de país para los indicadores que 37 Según la disponibilidad de información, el país puede reportar cuatro de los seis indicadores clasificados como Tier I. 38 El taller multisectorial para el ODS 2 fue realizado el 9 de mayo de 2017 y contó con la participación de representantes de los ministerios de Agricutlura, Ganadería y Alimentación (MAGA), de Desarrollo Social (Mides), Página 77 de 277 cuentan con información, tomando como referencia la tendencia de los datos y las consideraciones y/o supuestos básicos que deben cumplirse para alcanzarla. Asimismo, se describen los indicadores que cuentan con metodología, pero no con información, estableciendo los desafíos y estrategias para la sistematización de los datos; y finalmente, se describen aquellos indicadores que no cuentan con metodología ni con información, con el propósito de ir proponiendo una concepción al respecto. 1. Descripción de los indicadores para los cuales el país cuenta con información estadística Meta 2.1. Para 2030, poner fin al hambre y asegurar el acceso de todas las personas, en particular los pobres y las personas en situaciones vulnerables, incluidos los lactantes, a una alimentación sana, nutritiva y suficiente durante todo el año. Indicador 2.1.1. Prevalencia de la subalimentación Estado de situación, línea de base y meta La prevalencia de subalimentación expresa la probabilidad de que un individuo, seleccionado aleatoriamente, consuma una cantidad de calorías insuficiente para cubrir sus necesidades energéticas para llevar una vida activa y saludable. Con base en los datos disponibles, Guatemala padecía, en 2016, una prevalencia de subalimentación del 15.16%. Al observar la tendencia y comparar el dato con el período 1990-1992, cabe indicar que esa situación ha empeorado en un 0.7%; sin embargo, el análisis se hace complejo si se toma en cuenta la sensibilidad del indicador, que para el quinquenio 1995-2000 muestra un aumento de 7 puntos porcentuales, para luego iniciar una disminución promedio de 0.42 puntos porcentuales por año (véase gráfica 2.1). Cabe mencionar que, para el período estudiado la población también se duplicó, lo que hace que, a falta de estrategias continuas para reducir la subalimentación, la cantidad de personas que padecen hambre sea mayor. de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social (MSPAS), de Economía (Mineco), la Secretaría de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (Sesán), el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (Unicef, por sus siglas en inglés), la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO, por sus siglas en inglés), el Instituto de Nutrición de Centroamérica y Panamá (Incap), la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), el Programa Mundial de Alimentos (PMA), el Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Agrícolas (ICTA) y el Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura (IICA). Página 78 de 277 Gráfica 2.1 Prevalencia de subalimentación a nivel nacional (1990-2016) Fuente: FAOSTAT (2017) El indicador es calculado por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO, por sus siglas en inglés) con información recopilada en Guatemala pero que no se procesa en el país. Los datos solo se calculan como promedio nacional y no permiten ninguna desagregación. Dada la correlación entre pobreza, ruralidad y que esto implica no tener disponibilidad de alimentos en cantidad y calidad suficientes, se hace necesario contar con una desagregación mínima a nivel de hogares y áreas geográficas; para ello, se propone la inclusión de un módulo en la Encovi. La línea de base para el indicador se definió como el último año disponible, en este caso, el promedio nacional 2014-2016, cuando se reportó que la subalimentación en Guatemala ascendía al 15.6%. Se considera que la Encovi puede ser la encuesta para recopilar los datos, siempre que el Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) se fortalezca en sus capacidades humanas y materiales para poder realizar el levantamiento de datos y luego analizarlos. La meta propuesta en los talleres multisectoriales de trabajo es: «Para 2030, disminuir la prevalencia de la subalimentación como mínimo en 10 puntos porcentuales», lo que significa para el país una reducción promedio de 0.77 puntos porcentuales por año. Para la definición de la meta, se revisó el desempeño de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) de países con condiciones similares a Guatemala, con la premisa de que sí es posible avanzar si se orientan los esfuerzos de manera adecuada. Sin embargo, aunque la meta fue definida, se recomendó realizar un análisis retrospectivo de tendencias del indicador, con el objeto de identificar cuáles son los factores que podrían afectar su cumplimiento y orientar las acciones contemplando los posibles escenarios, sabiendo que el avance de otras metas de este ODS y de otros ODS (como el de pobreza y cambio climático) afectará el indicador por la interrelación que poseen. Asimismo, para revertir la tendencia en la prevalencia, se debe priorizar políticas públicas para aumentar la producción de alimentos de consumo nacional, así como reducir la pobreza y la 14.9 15.3 15.5 19.3 22.3 20.4 16.9 16.2 15.5 15.2 14.8 15.3 15.6 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Prevalencia Año Página 79 de 277 inequidad en el país. Esto también implica fortalecer las capacidades y presupuestos de los programas que están directamente relacionados con la disminución del flagelo, por ejemplo, las transferencias monetarias condicionadas (TMC), el Programa Nacional de Extensión Rural (PNER) y el Programa de Agricultura Familiar para el Fortalecimiento de la Economía Campesina (Paffec). Por otra parte, debe considerarse que en la Política general de Gobierno 2016-2020 se ha planteado reducir la subalimentación en un 1% para 2019 (0.33% anual), lo que significa que la meta del ODS es más ambiciosa y, por consiguiente, alcanzarla requiere un mayor esfuerzo por parte del Estado guatemalteco. Indicador 2.1.2. Prevalencia de la inseguridad alimentaria moderada o grave en la población, según la Escala de Experiencia de Inseguridad Alimentaria La prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria mide el acceso de las personas o los hogares a los alimentos según las limitaciones a su capacidad de obtener alimentos suficientes. Para Guatemala, se empezó a medir en el año 2011, cuando se incluyó la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Seguridad Alimentaria (ELCSA) como un módulo en la Encovi; posteriormente, también se obtuvo información para 2014. Con solo dos datos resulta complejo establecer una tendencia; sin embargo, se observa que tanto la inseguridad moderada como la severa39 se han reducido 2 puntos porcentuales en un período de tres años, lo que representaría una disminución promedio de 0.7 puntos porcentuales por año, como se plantea en la meta (gráfica 2.2). Gráfica 2.2 Prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria a nivel de hogares (2011-2014) Fuente: Encovi de los años 2011 y 2014 La información permite desagregar los datos del indicador por departamento, nivel de pobreza y área de residencia (zona geográfica rural y urbana). De conformidad con la información, se evidencia que son las personas en condición de pobreza y pobreza extrema quienes menos tienen 39 Inseguridad alimentaria (IA) moderada: se refiere a cuando además de la calidad de los alimentos se limita su cantidad. Los adultos se ven afectados antes que los menores de edad. IA severa: Se da cuando se experimenta hambre y hasta un día sin poder comer, afectándose los adultos antes que los niños (FAO, Sesán, INE, 2016, ifografía). 27 25 14 12 8 13 18 23 28 2011 2014 Prevalencia Año Moderada Severa Página 80 de 277 acceso económico y físico a los alimentos y que, por consiguiente, padecen mayor inseguridad alimentaria; la mayoría de estos hogares se ubica en las zonas rurales del país. A pesar de que el indicador presenta cierta desagregación, es necesario ampliarla a nivel individual, de manera que se pueda contar con información por sexo de niños menores de cinco años, entre ellos los lactantes, como refiere la meta. Tabla 2.3 Inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional a nivel de hogares, desagregados por nivel de pobreza y por área de residencia (2014) Categorías Seguros Inseguridad leve Inseguridad moderada Inseguridad severa Pobreza extrema 5.5 31.7 38.8 24.1 Pobre 12.9 40.7 31.5 14.9 No pobre 34.0 43.1 16.5 6.4 Rural 15.6 37.9 32.5 14.0 Urbano 28.4 42.6 18.6 10.4 Total nacional 22.6 40.4 24.9 12.0 Fuente: Encovi 2014 Para la definición de la línea de base se tomó como referencia el año 2014, cuando se reportó un valor del 25% para inseguridad alimentaria moderada y del 12% para inseguridad alimentaria severa. Se considera que la Encovi es la encuesta pertinente para recopilar los datos, siempre y cuando sea fortalecida en la desagregación de la información para este indicador. La meta quedó establecida de la siguiente manera: «Para 2030, reducir la prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria de los hogares en 10 puntos porcentuales». La meta se planteó solo para la inseguridad alimentaria (IA) severa, debido a que las condiciones actuales del Estado apuntan a que el país debería focalizar sus esfuerzos por lo menos en garantizar el mínimo acceso a los alimentos a las personas que están padeciendo hambre. No obstante, debe considerarse que, para cumplir la meta, será necesario implementar de manera continua intervenciones integrales en el nivel del hogar; además, asegurar que los hogares con IA cuenten con la protección social mínima y se integren a programas que se dirijan a la promoción de oportunidades, especialmente para la generación de ingresos permanentes, estables y suficientes, sobre todo en el área rural. Meta 2.2. Para 2030, poner fin a todas las formas de malnutrición, incluido el logro, a más tardar en 2025, de las metas convenidas internacionalmente sobre el retraso del crecimiento y la emaciación de los niños menores de cinco años, y abordar las necesidades de nutrición de las adolescentes, las mujeres embarazadas y lactantes y las personas de edad. Página 81 de 277 Indicador 2.2.1. Prevalencia de retraso en el crecimiento (estatura para la edad, desviación típica <-2 de la mediana de los patrones de crecimiento infantil de la OMS) entre los niños menores de 5 años Estado de situación, línea de base y meta El indicador estima la proporción de niños menores de cinco años que no logran un crecimiento adecuado por no satisfacer sus necesidades alimentarias y nutricionales, de salud, acceso a servicios y cuidados. Esta situación puede tener efectos negativos en la futura vida productiva y se traduce en desnutrición crónica. Según se observa en la tendencia del indicador, durante el quinquenio 1995-2000 Guatemala logró reducir en 2.3 puntos porcentuales la prevalencia del retraso en el crecimiento de niños menores de cinco años; para 2002 sin embargo, la tendencia se había revertido en 1.3 puntos porcentuales. No obstante, en los siguientes años la disminución continuó, lográndose en 2015 un descenso de 9 puntos porcentuales en todo el período de referencia (1995-2015). En resumen, en veinte años Guatemala ha logrado reducir la prevalencia del retraso en el crecimiento en 9 puntos porcentuales aproximadamente, lo que significa una reducción de 0.45 puntos porcentuales por año. Gráfica 2.3 Prevalencia del retardo en talla en niños menores de cinco años (1995-2015) Fuente: Ensmi 2014/2015 La información de este indicador se obtiene de la encuesta nacional de salud materno infantil (Ensmi) y permite una desagregación por sexo, etnia,40 área (urbano y rural) y territorio (regiones y departamentos), por lo que se considera una buena fuente de recolección de datos, tal como se puede ver en la tabla 2.4. Tabla 2.4 40 La Ensmi 2014/2015 reporta dos opciones: etnicidad por autoidentificación y etnicidad por concepto tradicional (por observación). Para años anteriores se reportaba únicamente etnicidad por concepto tradicional. 55.5 53.2 54.5 48.2 46.5 40 45 50 55 60 65 1995 1998/1999 2002 2008/2009 2014/2015 Prevalencia Año Página 82 de 277 Prevalencia de desnutrición crónica en niños menores de cinco años, desagregada por área geográfica, sexo y etnia (1995-2015) Año Total Urbano Rural Hombre Mujer Indígena No indígena 1995 55.5 39.9 62.4 56.5 53.8 72.6 42.5 1998/1999 53.2 38.8 61.6 54.5 51.0 73.8 41.1 2002 54.5 41.4 60.8 54.7 54.3 74.8 40.9 2008/2009 48.2 33.4 56.8 50.5 49.0 63.8 35.2 2014/2015 46.5 34.6 53.0 47.1 45.8 61.2 34.5 Fuente: Ensmi 2014/2015 De conformidad con la información, se puede observar las grandes brechas que existen entre lo urbano y lo rural, las cuales, si bien disminuyeron en los últimos siete años, siguen siendo significativas: 18.4 puntos porcentuales según lo reportado para el período 2014-2015. Asimismo, si se compara a la población indígena con la no indígena, la brecha se amplía a 26.7 puntos porcentuales, lo cual confirma la alta vulnerabilidad de este grupo de población. Se consideró el período 2014-2015 como línea de base para reportar el indicador a nivel nacional, en ese momento, el valor observado en la Ensmi se situaba en un 46.5%. En la definición de la meta se consideró que, debido a la tendencia, el compromiso que Guatemala debiera asumir es una reducción de 10 puntos porcentuales; sin embargo, se optó por respetar la meta planteada en el Plan nacional de desarrollo K’atun: Nuestra Guatemala 2032 de reducir en no menos de 25 puntos porcentuales la prevalencia de desnutrición crónica, por ser este un compromiso ya asumido por el Estado. No obstante, como la meta se ha establecido para 2032 y los ODS tienen como fecha de cumplimiento el año 2030, la meta queda definida de la siguiente forma: «Al año 2030, reducir al 22% la prevalencia de desnutrición crónica», lo que representa una reducción anual, en promedio, de 1.5741 puntos porcentuales. Para el cumplimiento de la meta, es preciso atender las siguientes consideraciones: asumir el contenido del Plan nacional de desarrollo K’atun: Nuestra Guatemala 2032 como una política de Estado, dándole continuidad; fortalecer las estrategias actuales para la reducción de la desnutrición crónica; desarrollar las medidas de adaptación y mitigación ante el cambio climático para evitar los efectos adversos de los eventos naturales, dada la incidencia que tienen en la tendencia del indicador. Indicador 2.2.2. Prevalencia de la malnutrición (peso para la estatura, desviación típica a >+2 o menor a <-2 de la mediana de los patrones de crecimiento infantil de la OMS) entre los niños menores de cinco años, desglosada por tipo (emaciación y peso excesivo) Este indicador se divide en la prevalencia de malnutrición por emaciación y por peso excesivo; en ese sentido, se consideró el indicador de desnutrición aguda para reportar la emaciación. Desnutrición aguda (emaciación) 41 Considerado a partir del año 2016. Página 83 de 277 Estima el porcentaje de niños menores de cinco años de edad cuyo peso para la estatura se encuentra con dos o más desviaciones estándar por debajo de la mediana de los patrones de crecimiento infantil de la OMS. Como puede observarse en la gráfica 2.4, desde 1995 la tendencia de la prevalencia de desnutrición aguda (bajo peso para la talla) manifiesta una reducción significativa, hasta situarse en 0.7% en la última medición (2014-2015). Gráfica 2.4 Prevalencia de desnutrición aguda en niños menores de cinco años (1995-2015) Fuente: Ensmi 2014/2015 La fuente de información permite desagregar los datos por área geográfica, sexo y etnicidad (tabla 2.5). Al igual que para la desnutrición crónica, la prevalencia de desnutrición aguda es mayor en el área rural. Tabla 2.5 Prevalencia de desnutrición aguda en niños menores de cinco años, desagregada por área geográfica y etnicidad (1995-2015) Año Total Urbano Rural Indígena No indígena 1995 3.9 3.4 4.2 3.9 4.0 1998/1999 3.0 2.0 3.6 2.6 3.3 2002 2.2 1.7 2.4 2.0 2.3 2008/2009 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.6 2014/2015 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.9 Fuente: Ensmi 2014/2015 3.9 3.0 2.2 1.6 0.7 0 1 2 3 4 5 1995 1998/1999 2002 2008/2009 2014/2015 Prevalencia % Página 84 de 277 De conformidad con la información disponible, se consensuó que la línea de base para medir el indicador provenga de la Ensmi 2014/2015, que sitúa la prevalencia en 0.7%. Tras considerar que existen acuerdos previos42 de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), se definió la siguiente meta: «Para 2030, como mínimo, mantener la prevalencia de desnutrición aguda en 0.7%». Peso excesivo (obesidad y/o) La obesidad y/o sobrepeso es la acumulación excesiva de grasas que puede tener consecuencias graves, al aumentar el riesgo de sufrir enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) y reducir la calidad de vida de las personas. El indicador estima el porcentaje de niños menores de cinco años de edad cuyo peso para la estatura se encuentra con dos o más desviaciones estándar por encima de la mediana de los patrones de crecimiento infantil de la OMS. La Ensmi 2014-2015 es el instrumento que incluye por primera vez los resultados para este indicador de peso excesivo, reportando un valor de 4.7%. La información disponible desagrega los datos únicamente por sexo, presentando para los hombres una tasa de sobrepeso de 4.8 y, para las mujeres, de 4.6. Atendiendo los acuerdos globales existentes y considerando que la tendencia del indicador a nivel mundial es incremental, se llegó al consenso de que, para el país, la meta queda definida de la siguiente manera: «Para 2030, mantener la prevalencia de sobrepeso en niños menores de cinco años en un máximo de 4.7%». 2. Descripción de los indicadores que no cuentan con información estadística En la actualidad, Guatemala tiene dificultades para reportar diez de los catorce indicadores que conforman el ODS 2; sin embargo, se ha tenido avances en cuanto a la búsqueda de metodologías para la recopilación de la información, tal como se describe a continuación. Meta 2.3. Para 2030, duplicar la productividad agrícola y los ingresos de los productores de alimentos en pequeña escala, en particular las mujeres, los pueblos indígenas, los agricultores familiares, los pastores y los pescadores, lo que incluye un acceso seguro y equitativo a la tierra, a otros recursos de producción e insumos, a conocimientos, a servicios financieros, a mercados y a oportunidades para la generación de valor añadido y empleos no agrícolas. 42 Véase el Plan de aplicación integral sobre nutrición maternal, del lactante y del niño pequeño (OMS, 2014), disponbile en: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/130456/1/WHO_NMH_NHD_14.1_spa.pdf. Asimismo, las Metas globales 2025 (http://www.who.int/nutrition/global-target-2025/es/) y el Plan de acción para la prevención de la obesidad en la niñez y la adolescencia (OPS/OMS, 2014), disponible en: http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&Itemid=270&gid=28899&lang=es. Página 85 de 277 Considerando que la producción agrícola influye de manera directa en la reducción del hambre y la malnutrición, es de suma importancia que en los países en vías de desarrollo (como el caso de Guatemala), en donde los niveles de pobreza y desnutrición son elevados, se preste atención al incremento de la productividad del sector agropecuario y el ingreso de los productores, priorizando la agricultura familiar y la participación de grupos vulnerables como las mujeres. Ello, con el fin de ser más eficaces en la reducción de la pobreza y el hambre, ya que ambas variables se encuentran estrechamente vinculadas. Para darle seguimiento a esta meta se ha establecido, a nivel internacional, dos indicadores clasificados como nivel III, lo que significa que no existe una metodología que permita calcularlos; sin embargo, en el país se ha avanzado en describirlos e identificar aquellas instituciones relacionadas con reportarlos. Indicador 2.3.1. Volumen de producción por unidad de trabajo según el tamaño de la empresa agropecuaria/pastoral/silvícola. Hace referencia a la productividad43 de cada unidad de trabajo según su tamaño y el tipo de actividad realizada en los sectores agropecuario, pastoral y silvícola. Se pretende que los datos para el indicador se produzcan según el tamaño de la empresa. En Guatemala, el concepto que se asocia con los pequeños productores es el de agricultura familiar (AF).44 La caracterización de la AF está en proceso, para pasar posteriormente a registrarla con base en la experiencia de la Reunión Especializada en AF del Mercosur. Este será un elemento indispensable para poder avanzar de los indicadores 2.3.1 y 2.3.2. En cuanto a la producción agropecuaria, cabe indicar que, en Guatemala, las familias rurales aún tienden a practicar y reproducir métodos de producción para la subsistencia e infrasubsistencia, lo que no les permite enfrentar los dramáticos cambios del entorno ambiental y socioeconómico. Por ello, se hace necesaria la implementación de una estrategia de agricultura familiar que promueva la potenciación de la producción agropecuaria a esa escala, a sabiendas de que sus ventajasincluyen el conocimiento ancestral en el uso, conservación y domesticación de semillas de granos básicos (material fitogenético) (FAO, 2016). Según datos de la FAO, en el ámbito nacional los aportes de la AF son significativos, por ejemplo, se producen alrededor de 21,846,043 qq de maíz y 1,425,502 qq de frijol que corresponden al 68% y al 33% de la producción nacional, respectivamente (Cifuentes, Israel, 2011, en FAO, 2016). Asimismo, los hogares agropecuarios cuentan con sistemas productivos que combinan las actividades agrícolas, pecuarias y forestales, las cuales son complementarias en la dinámica del hogar y permiten mejorar en calidad y cantidad la dieta familiar. Para 2014, del total del número de hogares que sembraron, 96.8% obtuvo alguna cosecha, 77% crió animales y 12.5% utilizó el bosque para vender madera o leña para uso doméstico (Encovi 2014, en FAO, 2016). 43 En el caso de Guatemala, la productividad alude al valor de la unidad de trabajo. 44 Entendida como «[…] una forma de clasificar la producción agrícola, forestal, pesquera, pastoril y acuícola, gestionada y operada por una familia, y que depende principalmente de la mano de obra familiar, incluyendo tanto a mujeres como a hombres» (FAO, 2016). Página 86 de 277 Para recoger una parte de la información a la que hace alusión el indicador, el Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Alimentación (MAGA) tiene como proyecto el desarrollo de una boleta de seguimiento al productor denominada preliminarmente «Boleta de agricultura familiar», cuyo principal objetivo es identificar y caracterizar a los productores que se dedican a la agricultura familiar con el fin de crear política pública diferenciada para esta población. La boleta se encuentra en la fase de prueba piloto. Se espera que al final del año 2017 se pueda empezar a generar información que será de utilidad para construir la línea basal de cada uno de los indicadores que la componen, una vez haya sido definida la metodología. No obstante, uno de los principales desafíos para la implementación de la boleta es garantizar su institucionalización, para darle continuidad y sostenibilidad en el tiempo. En ese sentido, es preferible que el instrumento sea parte del Sistema Estadístico Nacional (podría ser complementario a la encuesta nacional agropecuaria, ENA, en donde ya se registra la producción de algunos cultivos anuales y permanentes, lo cual es un inicio para la construcción del indicador). Indicador 2.3.2. Ingresos medios de los productores de alimentos en pequeña escala, desglosados por sexo y condición indígena. De acuerdo con la información recolectada en los talleres sectoriales, este indicador busca medir la capacidad de los productores para la generación de reservas de alimentos y excedentes que puedan venderse para la obtención de ingresos que permitan satisfacer otras necesidades. En ese sentido, el indicador se calcularía a partir del promedio de ingresos obtenidos por la venta de ese excedente. Según datos de la Encovi 2014, del total de hogares con producción agropecuaria, el 98% reportó haber tenido ganancias anuales. De ellos, el 95% reportó ganancias por cultivos agrícolas; el 29.8%, por los subproductos pecuarios; el 16.1%, por la crianza de animales; y el 12.5%, por productos forestales. Asimismo, el promedio anual en quetzales obtenido por la actividad agrícola fue de Q4,963; por la venta de subproductos agropecuarios fue de Q1,471; por la venta de animales, Q595; y por productos forestales, Q127. El monto total anual ganado por los hogares fue de Q7,156, distribuido por tipo de actividad. 45 Los hogares en extrema pobreza tuvieron una ganancia promedio de Q4,185; los pobres no extremos, de Q5,767; y los no pobres, de Q12,401. De todos los hogares, el 87.7% consume parte de lo que produce. Un dato importante es que solamente el 0.6% de los hogares reportó haber contado con algún tipo de asistencia técnica (Encovi 2014, en FAO, 2016). El indicador se calcularía a partir del promedio de ingresos obtenidos por la venta del excedente y la información sería recopilada, en parte, mediante la boleta de agricultura familiar descrita con anterioridad. No obstante, es necesario esperar la metodología internacional para caracterizar de mejor forma el indicador y analizar las adaptaciones que necesitará el instrumento para obtener la información que permita la medición pertinente. 45 Forestal, subproductos pecuarios, pecuaria y agrícola. Página 87 de 277 Los desafíos para la medición que desde ya se pueden prever son, por un lado, la definición de las variables del indicador, por ejemplo, qué se entiende por producción en pequeña escala, lo cual está relacionado con el concepto de agricultura familiar; 46 por el otro, el desafío de desagregar la información (zona geográfica, sexo, etnia, edad, etc.). Meta 2.4. Para 2030, asegurar la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción de alimentos y aplicar prácticas agrícolas resilientes que aumenten la productividad y la producción, contribuyan al mantenimiento de los ecosistemas, fortalezcan la capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático, los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, las sequías, las inundaciones y otros desastres, y mejoren progresivamente la calidad del suelo y la tierra. Esta meta constituye un gran reto para Guatemala, considerando que el país se encuentra entre los diez más vulnerables al cambio climático y que en los últimos años algunos eventos climáticos han tenido gran impacto en la producción de alimentos y, consecuentemente, en la seguridad alimentaria de las familias rurales. Es así que, para asegurar la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción de alimentos y aplicar prácticas agrícolas resilientes, que permitan mantener y/o aumentar la productividad sin importar las situaciones económicas y medioambientales, tanto internas como externas que puedan afectarlas, se plantea dar seguimiento al indicador que se describe en los párrafos siguientes. Indicador 2.4.1. Proporción de la superficie agrícola en que se practica una agricultura productiva y sostenible. Este indicador se conforma por dos grandes variables: la primera, superficie agrícola, entendida como el área en metros cuadrados donde hay producción agropecuaria, ya sea agrícola o animal, para el consumo y el comercio de pequeños y grandes productores; y la segunda, área bajo agricultura sostenible, que incluye tres dimensiones: ambiental, económica y social. Hasta el momento, el país no ha reportado este indicador, para el cual se propone la siguiente fórmula de cálculo: Porcentaje de tierra bajo agricultura productiva y sostenible = Área bajo agricultura productiva y sostenible Área agrícola En donde área agrícola = tierra cultivable + cultivos permanentes + praderas y pastizales permanentes. En este caso, uno de los principales desafíos para el reporte es establecer los parámetros de la agricultura productiva y sostenible, de manera que sean comparables a nivel internacional y se recopilen de forma adecuada a nivel nacional. Por otra parte, el instrumento que podría recopilar 46 Según la definición descrita en el indicador 2.3.1. Página 88 de 277 esa información para el indicador es la ENA, que ya recoge información desagregada sobre uso de la tierra, uso de tierra con pasto y producción obtenida de cultivos anuales y permanentes. Entre las instituciones que estarían involucradas en el cálculo del indicador se encuentran el MAGA, la Asociación Guatemalteca de Exportadores (Agexport), la Cámara de Industria, la Cámara del Agro y el Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN), entre otras. Meta 2.5. Para 2020, mantener la diversidad genética de las semillas, las plantas cultivadas y los animales de granja y domesticados y sus especies silvestres conexas, entre otras cosas mediante una buena gestión y diversificación de los bancos de semillas y plantas a nivel nacional, regional e internacional, y garantizar el acceso a los beneficios que se deriven de la utilización de los recursos genéticos y los conocimientos tradicionales y su distribución justa y equitativa, como se ha convenido internacionalmente. Las metas 2.3 y 2.4 hacen referencia a la producción y a la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción; sin embargo, la diversidad genética es una parte esencial para lograr la sostenibilidad agrícola a nivel mundial, ya que permite adaptar las plantas a condiciones cambiantes, obteniendo una mayor producción y un mejor rendimiento. Por ello, la meta 2.5 es fundamental para la consecución de las anteriores. Para darle seguimiento a esta meta se establecieron dos indicadores, tal como se desarrolla a continuación. Indicador 2.5.1. Número de recursos genéticos vegetales y animales para la alimentación y la agricultura en instalaciones de conservación a medio y largo plazo. Dada la categoría del indicador (Tier III), su definición aún se encuentra en proceso. Sin embargo, tomando como base lo que dice el indicador en sí mismo, se considera que entre las fuentes de información están el Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Agrícolas (ICTA), por ser el principal responsable de promover la ciencia y tecnología agrícolas para la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción; el Viceministerio de Sanidad Animal y Regulación (Visar), del MAGA, y el Consejo Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (Conap); además, ciertas entidades privadas y centros universitarios que cuentan con sus propios bancos genéticos. En Guatemala, el indicador está relacionado con tres grandes iniciativas mundiales:  El Tratado Internacional sobre los Recursos Fitogenéticos para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (Tirfaa), que entró en vigencia el 29 de junio de 2004 y fue ratificado por 133 países.  Los objetivos estratégicos y las Metas de Aichi para la diversidad biológica, conformadas por un conjunto de veinte metas agrupadas en torno a cinco objetivos estratégicos que deberían alcanzarse para 2020, y que forman parte del Plan estratégico para la diversidad biológica 2011-2020, aprobado en 2010 por la 10ª Reunión de la Conferencia de las Partes Página 89 de 277 en el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica. 47 Específicamente, con el objetivo estratégico C, relativo a mejorar la situación de la diversidad biológica salvaguardando los ecosistemas, las especies y la diversidad genética; y con la meta 13, que señala que para 2020 se habrá mantenido la diversidad genética de las especies vegetales cultivadas, de los animales de granja y domesticados y de las especies silvestres emparentadas, incluidas otras especies de valor socioeconómico y cultural, y se habrán desarrollado y puesto en práctica estrategias para reducir al mínimo la erosión genética y para salvaguardar su diversidad genética.  Segundo plan de acción mundial para los recursos fitogenéticos para la alimentación y la agricultura, elaborado en 2011, que tiene cinco actividades prioritarias: a) conservación y manejo in situ; b) conservación y manejo ex situ; c) utilización sostenible; d) creación de una capacidad institucional y humana sostenible; y e) aplicación y financiación del segundo plan de acción mundial. El plan se elaboró en el marco de la Comisión de Recursos Genéticos para la Alimentación y la Agricultura de la FAO. En el caso del plan de acción mundial y los avances en el Tirfaa, la instancia de gobierno que reporta y/o funge como punto focal es el MAGA, por conducto del ICTA y de la Dirección de Fitozoogenética y Recursos Nativos del Visar, lo que convierte a estas dependencias en dos fuentes importantes para alimentar la información. En el caso de las Metas de Aichi, el principal responsable es el Conap. Pero también se requiere involucrar a otras entidades como la Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, que cuenta con un registro histórico de colecciones de especies, y otras que tengan sus propios bancos de semillas. El instrumento que podría recopilar la información a nivel de país es el que la FAO está utilizando para reportar los avances del plan de acción mundial; sin embargo, hay que considerar el nivel de desagregación que este tiene y si es necesaria una adaptación, tomando en cuenta la cantidad de preguntas que contiene sobre los 63 indicadores adoptados por la Comisión de la FAO.48 Uno de los mecanismos a nivel internacional que genera datos relacionados es el Sistema Mundial de Información y Alerta Rápida sobre los Recursos Fitogenéticos para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (WIEWS, por sus siglas en inglés), de la FAO. Indicador 2.5.2. Proporción de razas locales clasificadas según su situación de riesgo, ausencia de riesgo o nivel de riesgo de extinción desconocido. El indicador presenta el porcentaje de razas ganaderas49 clasificadas como en riesgo, sin riesgo o en riesgo desconocido de extinción en un momento dado, así como las tendencias para esos porcentajes. Para entenderlo, es necesario mencionar que la clase de riesgo se considera «desconocida» si no se informa el tamaño de la población, o bien, si el último tamaño de la población reportado más recientemente tiene más de diez años de antigüedad, antes del año del 47 Véase en: https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/aichi_targets_brief_spanish.pdf. 48 El instrumento está disponible en: http://www.fao.org/3/a-mm294s.pdf. 49 Se distinguen distintos tipos de ganadería en función de las especies: bovino, ovino, porcino, caprino, entre otros. Página 90 de 277 cálculo. Como mínimo se debería hacer un cálculo de la población cada diez años para saber la situación de riesgo de las razas locales clasificadas. En el país no se cuenta con registro de la proporción de razas locales clasificadas según la situación de riesgo. Pese a esa limitación de información, se sabe que Guatemala es uno de los países que adoptó el Plan de acción mundial sobre los recursos zoogenéticos y la Declaración de Interlaken, 50 en 2007, promovidos por la Comisión de la FAO de Recursos Genéticos para la Alimentación y la Agricultura. A partir de ello se han realizado informes de país en los cuales el indicador está basado en uno de los tres subindicadores definidos en el documento «Objetivos e indicadores de los recursos zoogenéticos»:51  Número de razas adaptadas localmente  Proporción de la población total representada por las razas adaptadas localmente y las razas exóticas  Número de razas clasificadas como en situación de riesgo, fuera de riesgo y en situación desconocida A nivel internacional, el mecanismo de reporte es el Sistema de Información sobre la Diversidad de los Animales Domésticos (DAD-IS, por sus siglas en inglés) alojado por la FAO. Sin embargo, en el país aún no existe información suficiente y actualizada para reportar este indicador. Meta 2.a. Aumentar las inversiones, incluso mediante una mayor cooperación internacional, en la infraestructura rural, la investigación agrícola y los servicios de extensión, el desarrollo tecnológico y los bancos de genes de plantas y ganado con el fin de mejorar la capacidad de producción agrícola en los países en desarrollo, en particular en los países menos adelantados. Tomando en cuenta que las inversiones en infraestructura rural contribuyen a aumentar la productividad y, por ende, el nivel de la producción alimentaria, el Plan nacional de desarrollo K’atun: Nuestra Guatemala 2032, en consonancia con la agenda de los ODS, plantea como objetivo buscar el fomento del desarrollo rural por medio de la provisión y el apoyo necesario, mediante el incremento de la inversión productiva, el acceso a crédito, la disposición de tierras y la provisión de insumos. Por consiguiente, el seguimiento a esta meta constituye un mecanismo que coadyuvará al logro del resto de metas planteadas en este objetivo. Para darle seguimiento, se definieron dos indicadores, tal como se describe en los apartados a continuación. Indicador 2.a.1. Índice de orientación agrícola para los gastos públicos (IOA). Este indicador muestra la relación entre la parte del gasto público que se destina al sector agrícola dividida por la participación agrícola dentro del PIB. En este marco, se entiende como agricultura el sector agrícola, forestal, pesquero y de caza. Un índice de orientación agrícola (IOA) mayor que 1 refleja una mayor orientación hacia el sector agrícola, que recibe una proporción más grande del 50 Disponibles en: http://www.fao.org/3/a-a1404s.pdf. 51 Disponible en: http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/026/me514s.pdf. Página 91 de 277 gasto público en relación con la contribución al valor económico agregado; en tanto que un IOA inferior a 1 refleja una más baja orientación hacia la agricultura; y un IOA igual a 1 significa la neutralidad del Gobierno con relación al sector.52 Aunque existen metodologías para el cálculo de este indicador, en el país este no se ha reportado de manera oficial; sin embargo, las instituciones del ramo efectúan esfuerzos para lograrlo, tomando como base datos del Sistema de Contabilidad Integrada (Sicoín) y del Banco de Guatemala (Banguat), así como la metodología siguiente: Índice de orientación agrícola = Participación de la agricultura en los gastos de gobierno Participación de la agricultura en el PIB Indicador 2.a.2. Total de corrientes oficiales (asistencia oficial para el desarrollo más otras corrientes oficiales) destinado al sector de la agricultura (Tier I). Este indicador da cuenta del total de corrientes oficiales (asistencia oficial al desarrollo, AOD, más otras corrientes oficiales, OCO) en el sector agrícola; se define como los desembolsos brutos de la AOD total y de OCO de todos los donantes del sector agrícola. Las variables para la medición de este indicador son las AOD y OCO recibidas por el país. Hasta el año 2015, el país reportó en el último informe de cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) el comportamiento de la AOD durante el período 1996-2012 de manera agregada y por sectores (educación, salud, agua potable y servicios de saneamiento), no así por sectores productivos. En ese sentido, el desafío en el marco de la agenda ODS consiste en desagregar la información, de tal manera que se pueda reportar el indicador. Actualmente se están revisando los registros de la AOD y OCO, de manera que se adapten a estos nuevos requerimientos. Para su medición, debe sumarse el total de AOD más OCO de todos los donantes en el sector agrícola, calculados en millones de dólares. Meta 2.b. Corregir y prevenir las restricciones y distorsiones comerciales en los mercados agropecuarios mundiales, entre otras cosas mediante la eliminación paralela de todas las formas de subvenciones a las exportaciones agrícolas y todas las medidas de exportación con efectos equivalentes, de conformidad con el mandato de la Ronda de Doha para el Desarrollo. La integración de la economía guatemalteca con los mercados mundiales constituye una oportunidad para acelerar el crecimiento económico; sin embargo, dicha integración se ve comprometida debido a la existencia de restricciones y distorsiones comerciales en el mercado internacional que comprometen el crecimiento de los países en desarrollo, como es el caso de Guatemala. Estas restricciones son medidas en la agenda de los ODS a partir de dos indicadores: 52 Véase en: https://gsa.github.io/sdg-indicators/2-5-2/. Página 92 de 277 Indicador 2.b.1 Estimación de la ayuda al productor. Este indicador mide la ayuda destinada a la agricultura como valor anual de las transferencias brutas a la explotación agraria originadas por políticas de apoyo a la agricultura, independientemente de su naturaleza, objetivo o impacto en la producción agraria, las rentas o el medio ambiente. La metodología utilizada para calcularlo es proporcionada por la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE) que, en los países desarrollados, expresa el monto del apoyo estimado al productor como porcentaje del PIB. En 2015, este indicador se reportó en el último informe de cumplimiento de los ODM, sin embargo, la información fue presentada únicamente para los países miembros de la OCDE y quedó como desafío el cálculo a nivel nacional. Indicador 2.b.2. Subsidios a la exportación de productos agropecuarios. De acuerdo con la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO, por sus siglas en inglés), los subsidios a la exportación de productos agropecuarios en los países desarrollados distorsionan el mercado mundial y repercuten negativamente en la agricultura de los países en desarrollo. Por ello, en diciembre de 2015 la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) acordó, dentro del «Paquete de Nairobi», un conjunto de seis decisiones importantes sobre agricultura, entre las que destaca la supresión de los subsidios a las exportaciones de productos agrícolas para el año 2018. De acuerdo con la información obtenida en los talleres sectoriales realizados, el país no cuenta con subsidios a la exportación de productos agropecuarios; sin embargo, es importante coordinar con instancias como el Ministerio de Economía (Mineco) para dar seguimiento al tema, dado que una reducción de los subsidios a nivel internacional debería repercutir en un incremento de los productos agropecuarios exportados por el país. Meta 2.c. Adoptar medidas para asegurar el buen funcionamiento de los mercados de productos básicos alimentarios y sus derivados y facilitar el acceso oportuno a información sobre los mercados, en particular sobre las reservas de alimentos, con el fin de ayudar a limitar la extrema volatilidad de los precios de los alimentos. La última meta del ODS 2 se orienta a la regulación del mercado de los productos básicos alimentarios mediante la implementación de medidas que permitan acceder a información al respecto, tanto con relación a las reservas como a los precios. Para darle seguimiento se definió un indicador, el cual se describe a continuación. Indicador 2.c.1. Indicador de anomalías en los precios de los alimentos. Este indicador busca medir el número de «anomalías de precios» que ocurre en una serie determinada de precios de productos alimenticios, en un período dado. En esta definición, se Página 93 de 277 considera que una anomalía de precios es el gravamen, en un mes determinado, de una tasa trimestral y anual de crecimiento compuesto mayor a la media histórica para ese mes. Para calcularlo es necesario contar con una serie de precios mensuales, con la cual se deben estimar las tasas de crecimiento compuesto trimestral y anual, posteriormente, debe calcularse el promedio ponderado y la desviación estándar para, finalmente, medir el indicador de anomalías de precios.53 Como una aproximación al indicador, el Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Alimentación (MAGA) realiza un monitoreo de precios por medio de la Dirección de Planificación; además, lleva a cabo un análisis del comportamiento de los precios de más de ochenta productos. Dicha información se publica anualmente de manera electrónica mediante el informe titulado El agro en cifras; sin embargo, se hace necesario que, para el reporte de este indicador, figure el Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) con el índice de precios al consumidor (IPC), sin olvidar que, por la categoría del indicador, la medida todavía está siendo conceptualizada por el grupo interinstitucional y de expertos sobre los indicadores de los ODS, por lo que habrá que esperar una metodología precisa. Aproximación de la respuesta del Estado para atender el ODS 2 Poner fin al hambre y a la malnutrición es una prioridad para Guatemala, que demanda no solo un esfuerzo por parte del Gobierno, sino del Estado como un todo: las iniciativas de este, tanto como las del sector privado, la sociedad civil y la cooperación internacional deben alinearse para alcanzar las ocho metas establecidas. Además, dado que el hambre frena el desarrollo humano, si el problema no se aborda de manera integral no se alcanzarán los otros ODS, pues todos están estrechamente relacionados. En ese sentido, la agricultura, la silvicultura, la pesca y la acuicultura pueden suministrar comida nutritiva para todos y todas y generar ingresos decentes, coadyuvando al desarrollo de toda la población y a la protección del medio ambiente. Es importante mencionar que, como parte de los esfuerzos de país encaminados al logro del objetivo en mención, se cuenta con un amplio marco legal y político que respalda las intervenciones en el tema, incluyendo la garantía de derechos enunciada en la Constitución Política de la República de Guatemala, en donde el Estado se compromete a velar porque la alimentación y la nutrición de la población reúnan los requisitos mínimos de salud (artículo 91), especialmente de los más vulnerables (artículo 51). Asimismo, el país cuenta con la Ley del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Alimentaria Nutricional, y con cerca de doce políticas que están relacionadas con la construcción de la seguridad alimentaria en el país, entre las que se pueden mencionar la de seguridad alimentaria nutricional; la de desarrollo social y población; la de desarrollo rural integral; la de desarrollo integral de la primera infancia; la de promoción del riego, y la política nacional agropecuaria. Todas ellas son instrumentos orientadores y normativos para operativizar las intervenciones y establecer la corresponsabilidad de cada una de las instituciones relacionadas con su implementación. 53 La definición fue tomada de: https://gsa.github.io/sdg-indicators/2-c-1/. Página 94 de 277 En este apartado, con el propósito de visibilizar las intervenciones de mayor relevancia que el Estado está realizando para dar respuesta a la problemática y contribuir a la consecución de este objetivo, se han clasificado tres áreas de desarrollo en las cuales se enmarcan las acciones: 1) Seguridad alimentaria y nutrición Aunque todas las metas e indicadores del ODS 2 que han sido priorizados por el país guardan relación estrecha con la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición, 54 a continuación se describen las intervenciones relacionadas con las metas 2.1, subalimentación e inseguridad alimentaria, y 2.2, desnutrición crónica, desnutrición aguda y sobrepeso. En el sector público,55 las instituciones relacionadas con el tema incluyen en sus planes operativos anuales una serie de programas y acciones estratégicas que tienen incidencia en la atención a la subalimentación y la inseguridad alimentaria y, por ende, contribuyen con la reducción de la prevalencia de las formas de malnutrición de la población. Entre dichas acciones cabe mencionar las siguientes:  La Estrategia nacional para la prevención de la desnutrición crónica 2016-2020, que busca reducir el indicador de desnutrición crónica mediante el fomento de la nutrición y la Ventana de los Mil Días. 56 Como parte de esta estrategia se desarrollan intervenciones tales como: acciones de control prenatal, control y monitoreo de crecimiento; desparasitación; suplementación a mujeres en edad fértil y a niños de 6 meses a 5 años; vacunación; promoción y apoyo a la lactancia materna; alimentación complementaria; promoción del lavado de manos y hábitos higiénicos; control y prevención de infecciones respiratorias agudas y enfermedades diarreicas, y fortificación de alimentos. Asimismo, se implementa el Programa de Apoyo a la Agricultura Familiar para el Fortalecimiento de la Economía Campesina (Paffec), cuyos objetivos están directamente relacionados con la disminución de la subalimentación y la inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional, y se denomina «Componente de Disponibilidad de Alimentos y Economía Familiar» en la referida estrategia.  Asistencia alimentaria y entrega de alimentos, acción que beneficia con raciones de alimentos57 a familias rurales de escasos recursos afectadas por algún evento climático. 54 Se entiende la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional como «Un estado en el cual todas las personas gozan, en forma oportuna y permanente, de acceso físico, económico y social a los alimentos que necesitan, en cantidad y calidad, para su adecuado consumo y utilización biológica, garantizándoles un estado de bienestar general que coadyuve al logro de su desarrollo» (Incap, 1999). 55 Para el presente informe se consideran las acciones directas de la Sesán, el MAGA, el Mineduc, el Mides y el MSPAS. 56 La Ventana de los Mil Días es un paquete de atención en salud y nutrición que busca garantizar a las madres y sus hijos cuidados prenatales, una atención calificada del parto, buenas prácticas alimentarias (incluyendo la lactancia materna, una alimentación adecuada a los menores, la suplementación con vitaminas y minerales) y el tratamiento de la desnutrición aguda, entre otros. 57 Estas incluyen frijol, arroz, harina de nixtamal, avena, bebidas nutritivas y botellas de aceite. Página 95 de 277  Producción comunitaria de alimentos, en cuyo marco se facilitan insumos agropecuarios y medios para el establecimiento de huertos colectivos y agricultura de traspatio. Además, se brinda capacitación para población vulnerable, como mujeres y niños rurales.  Transferencias monetarias condicionadas (TMC) para la adquisición de alimentos, las cuales constituyen un mecanismo de protección social para las familias que viven en condiciones de pobreza y pobreza extrema. Mediante esta estrategia se proporcionan Q250.00 a través de una tarjeta para que las familias ubicadas en áreas urbanas y rurales que viven en pobreza y pobreza extrema adquieran alimentos de la canasta básica. En 2016 se beneficiaron cuatro municipios del departamento de Guatemala (para una cobertura del 0.77% de los municipios del país, lo cual significa un gran reto en términos de atención a la población necesitada).  «Mi Comedor Seguro», programa mediante el cual las personas y familias en situación de pobreza, crisis, emergencias, calamidades u otras, pueden acceder a raciones de comida nutritiva, balanceada e higiénica a bajo costo. Bajo esta modalidad se atienden zonas urbanas de tres municipios (para un 0.77% de los municipios del país), con una población de más de 80,000 personas beneficiadas.  La alimentación escolar constituye un apoyo económico que se proporciona para la compra de insumos que son usados en la preparación de la refacción escolar diaria de los niños y niñas, con el propósito de mejorar su nutrición y contribuir al rendimiento y permanencia escolar, fortaleciendo conocimientos y capacidades en la comunidad educativa. Lo establecido para el Programa de Alimentación Escolar en los municipios priorizados con muy alta prevalencia en desnutrición crónica es de Q1.61 diarios por alumno, en el área urbana, y de Q2.08, en el área rural. En el resto de municipios los alumnos reciben un monto diario de Q1.11 en el área urbana, y de Q1.58 en la rural. Por su parte, el sector privado constituye un aliado para la atención de la inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional en el país. Sin embargo, la información de las acciones estratégicas del sector es escasa. Por ello, en el presente informe se consideran dos grandes iniciativas: la Red de Pacto Global58 y la Alianza por la Mutrición, en cuyo marco se evidencian programas, proyectos y/o acciones que, si bien no son de cobertura nacional, contribuyen en alguna medida a mejorar la situación alimentaria nutricional de las poblaciones con las que trabajan.  En Guatemala, la Red de Pacto Global aglutina a cerca de 29 empresas del país que se encuentran comprometidas con la promoción de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional en apoyo al ODS 2. Se registran intervenciones dirigidas a familias, niños, niñas y mujeres madres o en edad fértil que viven con alta vulnerabilidad a la inseguridad alimentaria y 58 Debe aclararse que lo descrito en el informe es lo reportado por la red según la solicitud realizada; sin embargo, la información aún es incompleta. Página 96 de 277 nutricional y/o en situación de pobreza. Entre ellas destacan «Mejores Familias»,59 «Mejora de la SAN» y huertos escolares.  La Alianza por la Nutrición está conformada por organizaciones del sector privado y de la sociedad civil que contribuyen al combate de la desnutrición mediante acciones integrales enfocadas en la Ventana de los Mil Días. Entre los proyectos que destacan están el de huertos escolares, Asociación Puente y «Cultivando con Energía». De igual manera, la cooperación internacional apoya los esfuerzos del país en materia de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, ya sea en sus modalidades de cooperación internacional reembolsable (CIR) o préstamos, y cooperación internacional no reembolsable (CINR) o donaciones. Para ello, las agencias coordinan su accionar con los lineamientos estratégicos del Gobierno. En ese sentido, cada grupo de cooperantes desarrolla diferentes líneas estratégicas:  Apoyo institucional: En esta línea estratégica sobresale el apoyo a la Sesán60 para atender emergencias, reducir la desnutrición crónica y mejorar el seguimiento y evaluación. Destacan dos proyectos: «Validación del sistema de monitoreo de acciones de SAN a nivel territorial» y «Fortalecimiento de la gobernanza local en SAN», ambos, financiados por la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (Aecid). Asimismo, diversas agencias, entre ellas la FAO, brindan apoyo al MAGA para el desarrollo e implementación del Paffec, el cual busca propiciar el bienestar integral de la familia campesina mediante la mejora de la agricultura familiar y el fortalecimiento de las capacidades productivas. Otro de los ministerios apoyados mediante asistencia técnica y financiera es el MSPAS, con el objeto de contribuir al desarrollo de intervenciones enmarcadas en la Ventana de los Mil Días.  Apoyo a oenegés: En este rubro sobresalen las intervenciones de Catholic Relief Services (CRS), Project Concern International (PCI), Acción Contra el Hambre, CARE, Save the Children y Visión Mundial. Estas organizaciones desarrollan programas y actividades en materia de agricultura, salud, generación de ingresos, cambio climático, entre otros. Entre sus proyectos, vale la pena resaltar la implementación de huertos escolares, capacitación y campañas de salud y nutrición, provisión de refacción escolar, construcción y/o rehabilitación de cocinas, dotación de estufas eficientes, capacitación a madres de familia en la preparación y almacenaje de alimentos, salud y nutrición escolar, construcción y remozamiento de áreas sanitarias (letrinas), mejora de acceso a agua potable, y distribución de desparasitantes, minerales y vitaminas. La sociedad civil también se suma a las acciones encaminadas a lograr la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional con acciones como estas: 59 Véase en: http://www.fundazucar.org/mejores-familias-2/. 60 Entre las fuentes cooperantes que brindan apoyo a la Sesán se encuentran la Unión Europea (UE), Aecid, FAO y PMA. Página 97 de 277  Red Nacional por la Defensa de la Soberanía Alimentaria en Guatemala, la cual desarrolla propuestas y acciones políticas, estratégicas y operativas, con pertinencia cultural y equidad de género para la defensa de la soberanía alimentaria de los pueblos originarios. 61  Colectivo Social por el Derecho a la Alimentación en Guatemala, el cual generó el Informe alternativo del derecho a la alimentación en Guatemala, así como el Monitoreo de las directrices voluntarias para el derecho a la alimentación. 62 2) Agricultura productiva y sostenible El ODS 2 busca orientar acciones relacionadas con el ingreso de los productores de alimentos en pequeña escala, la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción de alimentos, prácticas agrícolas resilientes, la gestión de la diversidad genética de las semillas, las plantas cultivadas y los animales de granja y domesticados y sus especies silvestres conexas (metas 2.3, 2.4 y 2.5). En ese sentido, para ordenar la respuesta del Estado en esta área primero se enuncian las acciones estratégicas encaminadas al aumento de la productividad agrícola, el mejoramiento los ingresos de los productores de alimentos a pequeña escala63 y el aseguramiento de la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción de alimentos. Luego se aborda el tema de la diversidad genética. Productividad agrícola, ingresos y sostenibilidad: Como se mencionó con anterioridad, Guatemala cuenta con un marco legal y político que orienta las acciones en materia de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional y, por ende, aquellas que son implementadas en el tema agrícola. En concordancia con lo anterior, se está promoviendo una ley específica de agricultura familiar que tiene como objetivos: a) promover la producción de alimentos y la dinamización de las economías locales, apoyando directamente a los productores de infrasubsistencia y subsistencia; b) impulsar la productividad y la articulación de pequeños productores para promover la generación de empleos; y c) lograr el avance progresivo y permanente en la calidad de vida de los habitantes de los territorios rurales, a través del acceso equitativo y sostenible a recursos productivos, medios de producción, bienes naturales y servicios ambientales, así como las oportunidades de emprendimiento y empleo digno para alcanzar el desarrollo humano.64 Es así que, como parte de ese marco, las acciones estratégicas implementadas por el sector público son:  Implementación del Gran plan nacional agropecuario (GPNA) (Asíes/PMA, 2016), cuyos objetivos son desarrollar de forma sostenible y competitiva la agricultura y los territorios rurales; generar empleo e ingresos para reducir las migraciones; mejorar la disponibilidad y acceso a alimentos sanos y libres de enfermedades en contribución a la 61 Véase en: http://www.redsag.net/acerca.php. 62 Véase en: http://www.albedrio.org/htm/otrosdocs/comunicados/vvaa￾InformeAlternativoDerechoAlimentacion2014.pdf. 63 Aproximando el concepto de pequeña escala al de agricultura familiar. 64 Véase en: http://old.congreso.gob.gt/archivos/iniciativas/registro4947.pdf. Página 98 de 277 seguridad alimentaria y nutricional; y reducir la pobreza rural. A través de ello, busca contribuir a que los productores de infrasubsistencia y subsistencia pasen a ser excedentarios. Como estrategias plantea el fortalecimiento del Sistema Nacional de Extensión Rural (SNER), acceso a riego, vigilancia sanitaria y fitosanitaria permanente, y un amplio proyecto de encadenamientos productivos. El monto asignado para la ejecución del GPNA para 2017 es de Q969.4 millones.  Programa de Agricultura Familiar para el Fortalecimiento de la Economía Campesina (Paffec),65 el cual forma parte fundamental del GPNA y pretende contribuir al bienestar integral de la familia rural, campesina, indígena y ladina en condición de alta y mediana vulnerabilidad frente a la inseguridad alimentaria y la pobreza general. Ello, por medio de tres ejes estratégicos: incremento sostenible de la producción familiar campesina para la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional y la diversificación; acceso a mercados e inclusión en cadenas de valor; y desarrollo institucional para la agricultura familiar. El Paffec se operativiza a través del Sistema Nacional de Extensión Rural (SNER),66 cuyo objetivo es potenciar las capacidades de producción, organización y autogestión de la población rural del país a través de procesos de educación no formal y ejecución participativa que tiendan a mejorar la calidad de vida de las familias campesinas. Para 2016, el SNER mantuvo el funcionamiento de las 340 agencias municipales de extensión rural (AMER), permitiendo transferir conocimientos y tecnología a 649,421 promotores voluntarios y agricultores, promoviendo mejoras en sus sistemas productivos. Además, 25,956 familias recibieron insumos como semillas de hortalizas, plantas, pie de cría y equipo para establecer unidades productoras familiares. Complementariamente, para la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción se hizo partícipe a 9,859 productores forestales y empresarios del agroturismo en todo el país, quienes se integraron a actividades de capacitación relacionadas con el desarrollo agropecuario, el uso adecuado de los recursos naturales y el fomento del agroturismo. Se entregaron insumos, así como materiales, equipo e infraestructura agropecuaria para elevar sus rendimientos y mejorar sus sistemas productivos, esfuerzos coordinados desde el MAGA. Cabe mencionar que dentro del SNER funcionan tres tipos de extensionistas que, si bien interactúan entre sí, brindan asistencia puntual a diferente tipo de productor; es así que se cuenta con a) el que brinda asistencia a productores excedentarios (debe ser profesional universitario); b) el que presta asistencia a agricultores de subsistencia (perito agrónomo); c) el promotor o promotora que apoya al programa de casa/hogar saludable (trabajadora social o maestra de educación para el hogar). De ellos, solo quienes brindan asistencia directa a excedentarios tienen una plaza fija en el MAGA; los demás aún están contratados por prestación de servicios, por lo que su rotación es alta. 65 Es importante mencionar que se ha creado un espacio de diálogo nacional para la agricultura familiar en el cual convergen los diversos sectores; este espacio tiene como uno de sus objetivos identificar qué le corresponde hacer a las instituciones en el tema. 66 Presentación Chamalé, M. (2013). Página 99 de 277 Por otra parte, con el propósito de contribuir al aseguramiento de la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción de alimentos y aplicar prácticas agrícolas resilientes, encaminadas a aumentar la productividad y la producción, cabe describir las siguientes acciones:  Plataforma BioFORT, la cual se usa desde 2015 y tiene como fin aumentar y mejorar la productividad agrícola a través de la generación de nueva tecnología. Obedece a la visión de que en Guatemala cada niño y niña tenga acceso a alimentos biofortificados que maximicen su crecimiento y desarrollo. Las instituciones y organizaciones integrantes de la plataforma BioFORT pretenden incidir en políticas públicas para que los cultivos fortificados formen parte de los programas de gobierno. En el año 2016 y el primer cuatrimestre de 2017, se validó una variedad nueva de frijol negro que ha sido nombrada por el Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Agrícolas (ICTA) como «ChortíACM». La semilla de la nueva variedad se produce a través de organizaciones de agricultores constituidos en la Red de Semilleristas de Guatemala (Redsegua). En el cultivo de maíz, se validó en campo la variedad de maíz de grano blanco ICTA B-9ACP, la cual podría ser una opción para los pequeños agricultores del Corredor Seco del país debido a su alta calidad de proteína, lo que vendría a contrarrestar en alguna medida la desnutrición de la población, principalmente del área rural. Estas acciones son coordinadas y ejecutadas desde el ICTA, dependencia del MAGA.  Estudio Agricultura sostenible adaptada al clima, el cual presenta una serie de alternativas para el Corredor Seco guatemalteco, con el objetivo de identificar, priorizar y promover las prácticas o tecnologías agrícolas que contribuyan a mejorar la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, la productividad sostenible y las capacidades de adaptación de los agricultores. Asimismo, la cooperación internacional contempla en sus líneas de acción el desarrollo y/o apoyo a programas y proyectos orientados al incremento de la productividad y el acceso a los mercados de los pequeños productores, así como la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción. Como parte de esa modalidad se mencionan los siguientes proyectos:  Asistencia técnica al MAGA. En el marco de las metas 2.3 y 2.4, cooperantes como la FAO acompañaron al MAGA en un proceso de definición, caracterización y registro de la agricultura familiar, cuyos resultados serán base para ambas metas. Asimismo, apoyaron técnicamente al ministerio en un proyecto de ley de agricultura familiar que constituya el marco legal institucional para avanzar en estas metas. Por otra parte, la cooperación también ha venido acompañando la Política nacional de desarrollo rural integral (PNDRI), tanto a nivel institucional como en la implementación a nivel de los territorios rurales. En ese sentido, la FAO en específico apoya con proyectos relacionados con seguridad alimentaria y nutricional la gestión sostenible de los recursos naturales renovables, así como la competitividad de la agricultura en los mercados agroalimentarios.  «Apoyo presupuestario al Programa de Agricultura Familiar y de Fortalecimiento a la Economía Campesina (Appaffec)», que cuenta con USD21,100,000 de inversión Página 100 de 277 focalizada en los departamentos de Huehuetenango, Alta Verapaz, Quiché, Chiquimula, San Marcos, Totonicapán y Sololá. Mediante esta iniciativa, liderada por la UE, se beneficia a agricultores de subsistencia e infrasubsistencia.  Compras para el Progreso (P4P) es una estrategia de intervención que atiende la oferta y la demanda; la combinación de oportunidades para acceso a mercado, apoyando el aumento de la productividad; la reducción de pérdidas postcosecha; y la mejora de la calidad. Asimismo, fortalece a las organizaciones de pequeños agricultores con miras a que hagan sostenible su negocio rural.  «Seguridad alimentaria sostenible adaptada al cambio climático, incluido el uso sostenible de los recursos naturales y los servicios del ecosistema», iniciativa impulsada por la Embajada de Suecia, con un monto de quince millones de coronas suecas. Las actividades contribuyen a la seguridad alimentaria sostenible adaptada al cambio climático, incluido el uso sostenible de los recursos naturales y los servicios de ecosistemas. En el marco de este resultado, la Embajada de Suecia apoya al Sistema de las Naciones Unidas (SNU) a través de los programas conjuntos en Chiquimula, San Marcos y Quiché.  «Fortalecimiento de las capacidades de instituciones guatemaltecas en investigación agropecuaria para apoyar el desarrollo agrícola rural», Programa CRIA, cuenta con recursos provenientes del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos (USDA, por sus siglas en inglés). Tiene como objetivo general fortalecer e integrar las acciones de consorcios de instituciones de investigación integrados por el ICTA, los centros regionales universitarios, el MAGA y los grupos de actores vinculados con las cadenas de valor, para que en conjunto se conviertan en protagonistas eficaces del desarrollo económico territorial y socios confiables para la cooperación internacional y otros financiadores nacionales.  El sector privado contribuye de igual manera al fortalecimiento del mercado agropecuario y a las inversiones, interviniendo en coordinación con la sociedad civil en el marco de la Alianza para la Nutrición, en donde si bien no se tiene sistematizada toda la información (número de beneficiarios, áreas de intervención, montos ejecutados, etc.), sí se cuenta con información reportada que vale la pena mencionar para evidenciar en alguna medida el aporte del sector. Así, una de las iniciativas que puede resaltarse es la de Cadenas de Valor Rurales, 67 la cual cuenta con apoyo de USAID y en cuyo marco se brinda asistencia técnica para el mejoramiento de la calidad y productividad en el área rural, además de cumplir con la demanda de productos, según los requisitos del consumidor. Este programa es implementado bajo la iniciativa «Alimentando el Futuro», del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos. 67 Véase mayor información en: http://www.anacafe.org/glifos/images/a/a7/FUNCAFE_MEMORIA_DE_LABORES_2015_FINAL_tres.pdf. Página 101 de 277 Diversidad genética: Se ha detectado debilidad tanto en las acciones que realizan los diferentes sectores para dar respuesta al tema, como en la sistematización y reporte de la información. No obstante, se describen a continuación algunas de las acciones identificadas en la materia. Adopción de instrumentos internacionales como el Tirfaa; el Segundo plan de acción mundial para los recursos fitogenéticos para la alimentación y la agricultura; el Plan de acción mundial sobre los recursos zoogenéticos y la Declaración de Interlaken; y los objetivos estratégicos y las Metas de Aichi, que tienen relación directa con el alcance de la meta 2.5 del ODS 2 y, por consiguiente, las acciones que se realicen en ese marco lo apuntalan.68 Como base para lo anterior, se encuentran en construcción la ley de recursos genéticos y la política de recursos genéticos, para ser presentadas a los organismos correspondientes como base para el alcance de la meta. Por otra parte, con apoyo de la FAO se está realizando un informe sobre el estado de la biodiversidad para la alimentación y la agricultura, el cual generará datos importantes para la línea basal de los indicadores sobre diversidad genética. El Plan de acción mundial sobre los recursos zoogenéticos se está adaptando a un plan nacional que se ajuste al marco normativo de Guatemala. En el componente de investigación y clasificación de razas, un aliado importante del MAGA es el Centro Universitario de Oriente (Cunori).  Banco de semillas, destinado a la conservación de la diversidad genética nacional, manejado por el ICTA. Mediante este esfuerzo se colecta material vegetal vivo en forma de semillas, con el objetivo de conservar plantas de especies consideradas prioritarias para la alimentación de la sociedad guatemalteca; también se cuenta con un laboratorio de biotecnología. En 2016, se logró la recolección de germoplasma de al menos 10 accesiones de cacao proveniente de la costa sur de Guatemala, de los departamentos de Suchitepéquez y Retalhuleu. Esta actividad estuvo a cargo de la Disciplina de Recursos Genéticos. También es importante resaltar que Guatemala cuenta con un banco en donde se conserva germoplasma de importancia para actividades de mejoramiento genético, el cual cuenta con cámara fría y banco activo de semillas, conservación in vitro y colecciones de campo. 3) Inversión y mercados Las metas del ODS 2 relacionadas con inversión y mercados plantean los mecanismos de implementación que servirán de base para la consecución de las demás metas; reflejan, ante todo, la necesidad de aumentar las inversiones (propias y de cooperación) en el sector agrícola; corregir y prevenir las restricciones y distorsiones comerciales en los mercados agropecuarios mundiales; y adoptar medidas para asegurar el buen funcionamiento de los mercados. 68 Véase el indicador 2.5.1 de este informe, apartado «Indicadores que no cuentan con información estadística». Página 102 de 277 De esa cuenta, en cuanto al aumento de las inversiones en el sector agrícola, resulta complejo cuantificar el aporte de cada sector del Estado debido a la falta de sistematización de la cooperación internacional y de la inversión del sector privado, así como de algunas instituciones de sociedad civil que trabajan en el tema. Sin embargo, en el caso del sector público, como una aproximación a la inversión se presenta a continuación una serie histórica del presupuesto ejecutado por tres instituciones clave: el MAGA en el mejoramiento de la capacidad de producción agrícola y los servicios de extensión; el ICTA en investigación agrícola, desarrollo tecnológico y bancos de genes de plantas y ganado; y el Ministerio de Comunicaciones Infraestructura y Vivienda (CIV), en infraestructura rural. Gráfica 2.569 Presupuesto devengado en infraestructura rural, investigación y servicios de extensión agrícola (2013-2016, en millones de quetzales) Fuente: Elaboración de Sgeplán, con base en el Sistema de Contabilidad Integrada Gubernamental Descentralizada (Sicoindes), junio de 2017 Como la gráfica 2.5 muestra, 2014 es el año en el que se presentó una mayor asignación presupuestaria para la infraestructura rural, la investigación y los servicios de extensión agrícola. Sin embargo, en 2015 se evidenció una reducción en el presupuesto que afectó principalmente al programa de agricultura familiar desarrollado por el MAGA, puesto que esta instancia presentó una reducción en la asignación presupuestaria de aproximadamente el 56%. Aunado a ello, es importante resaltar que durante 2014 la ejecución presupuestaria de esos rubros alcanzó un 89.95%, mientras que un año después fue del 55%. Esa disminución se justifica debido a la baja ejecución histórica del MAGA y la asignación que esta dependencia ha dado a programas con poca efectividad, como el de fertilizantes. De la misma manera, en el caso de las restricciones y distorsiones comerciales, así como en las medidas que aseguren el buen funcionamiento de los mercados, los sectores consultados no 69 Se incluye el presupuesto del MAGA, ICTA y CIV. 1,319.74 2,445.64 674.51 380.88 0.00 500.00 1,000.00 1,500.00 2,000.00 2,500.00 3,000.00 2013 2014 2015 2016 Página 103 de 277 reportaron información sobre lo que se está realizando, o solo lo hicieron escasamente. Sin embargo, se rescatan algunas acciones70 orientadas a contribuir con la generación de información sobre precios y comportamiento de la producción de alimentos, tales como:  Monitoreo de cultivos de maíz y frijol, el cual proporciona información detallada sobre el comportamiento de los precios mayoristas y el comportamiento de los precios a nivel departamental.  Informes mensuales sobre precios mayoristas y departamentales, los cuales facilitan el acceso a la información a los usuarios.  Documento sobre el agro en cifras, que consiste en 32 fichas de mercado que incluyen información sobre la producción, importaciones, exportaciones y precios, entre otros, dirigida a los usuarios del sector agrícola del país.  Anuario de precios agropecuarios, que provee información sobre precios y análisis de comportamiento de los mismos durante el año, para facilitar así la toma de decisiones de parte de los usuarios del sector.  Sistema de Monitoreo y Análisis de Precios (SMAP), el cual es utilizado mensualmente por 2,250 usuarios de 90 países. Es una herramienta de uso público desarrollada para monitorear y analizar la información de los precios que permite visualizar y comparar los datos de forma gráfica; comparte los datos a formatos abiertos, maneja funciones estadísticas básicas y muestra la ubicación de los mercados. El SMAP tiene un costo de Q180,000.00. Percepción de los adolescentes y jóvenes acerca del ODS 2 Considerando que más de la mitad de la población guatemalteca es joven, es de suma importancia contar con la percepción de ese sector poblacional al respecto de las diversas problemáticas que aquejan al país, entre ellas, una de las más relevantes, la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional. Por ello, a través de la herramienta U-Report elaborada por Guatemala, con apoyo del Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (Unicef, por sus siglas en inglés), se lanzaron cuatro preguntas relacionadas con la nutrición y la seguridad alimentaria, contando con la participación de 669 U￾Reporters,71 de los cuales la mayoría se encontraba en diez departamentos del país, entre los que destacan Guatemala, San Marcos, Quetzaltenango y Alta Verapaz. A continuación se presentan los principales hallazgos, según las preguntas realizadas. En cuanto a la primera pregunta, «En los últimos 12 meses, por falta de dinero o recursos, en tu comunidad, ¿crees que algunas familias se quedaron sin comer?», más de la mitad (64%) de los usuarios respondió que sí, 14% respondió que no y el resto no sabe. Al analizar la información desagregada por sexo, un 67% de las mujeres considera que algunas familias se quedaron sin comer, de igual manera, un 62% de los hombres compartió la misma opinión. 70 Todas implementadas por el MAGA. 71 Personas usuarias de la herramienta U-Report mayores de 14 años. Página 104 de 277 La segunda pregunta se enfocaba en una alimentación balanceada y, para que los usuarios pudieran responderla con mayor conocimiento, se les brindó una breve definición sobre «alimentación saludable y balanceada», entendida como «aquella que tiene distintos nutrientes y grupos de alimentos (en frutas y verduras) adecuados para cada persona». Con base en la definición proporcionada, un 75% de los usuarios cree que en su comunidad las personas no tienen una alimentación balanceada, en comparación con un 16% de usuarios que considera que sí; el resto desconoce la respuesta. Por sexo, tanto hombres como mujeres (67 y 62%, respectivamente) indicaron que en su comunidad las personas no tienen una alimentación balanceada. En la misma dirección, la tercera pregunta fue acerca de la desnutrición. En este caso, un 80% de usuarios considera que en su comunidad hay personas que padecen desnutrición, mientras que únicamente el 11% cree que no, y el resto de usuarios no lo sabe. Esta percepción es mucho más pronunciada entre la población joven y adulta, en donde más del 80% proporcionó una respuesta afirmativa, mientras que los adolescentes consideran, en un 71%, que en su comunidad hay personas con desnutrición. La última pregunta se centraba en el número de comidas que una familia tiene al día. Un mínimo porcentaje (4%) de los U-Reporters percibe que las familias que habitan en su comunidad comen más de tres veces al día; cerca de la mitad (51%) percibe que las familias de su comunidad comen tres veces al día; un 46% considera que comen solo dos veces, y el 6% opina que lo hacen una vez al día. Las respuestas obtenidas por rango de edad denotan que el 70% de los usuarios comprendidos entre los 30 y los 34 años considera que en la comunidad las familias comen únicamente dos tiempos de comida, mientras solo un 32% de los adolescentes que participaron en la encuesta consideran que las familias comen dos veces al día. Por otra parte, de manera general pudo observarse que entre el 30 y el 55% de usuarios respondió que las familias tienen tres tiempos de comida. Los resultados de la encuesta confirman que la población no es ajena a la problemática de la inseguridad alimentaria, puesto que han manifestado que perciben en sus comunidades altos niveles de desnutrición; además, indican que no se tiene una alimentación saludable y balanceada, opinión consistente con los datos estadísticos de los que el país dispone.
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[ 2 ]
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17 GUYANA VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2019 PROGRESS ON GOALS AND TARGETS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 2: END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Context and Key Achievements Agriculture remains an important productive sector of Guyana’s economy, contributing approximately 26 percent of export earnings and employing about 17.8 percent of the labour force in 2017 (Ministry of Agriculture). Guyana has vast tracts of productive land which continue to present many opportunities to advance both growth in food security, and sustainable agriculture. Notwithstanding, the agricultural sector, in recent years, has seen a steady decline in contribution to GDP; the sector’s contribution was 19.4 percent in 2015, and by 2018 it declined to 16.1 percent of GDP. The sector has been driven mainly by primary production of rice and sugar. However, between 2015 and 2016, there were signifcant developments within both industries, including the loss of preferential access to export markets, and the restructuring of the sugar industry, which involved the closure of multiple estates. Cognisant of this reality, Vision 2040 articulates to accelerate the diversifcation of the agriculture sector, and promote practices for sustainable, resilient, and value-added processing to achieve overall economic development. “Vision for Agriculture 2020” is the frst overarching agriculture sector strategy and is centred on sustaining economic and social prosperity. It outlines a roadmap that aims to ensure that Guyana achieves its ambitions as a food and nutrition secure nation and as a major contributor to food and nutrition security within CARICOM. To this end, it sets out several core focus areas including food security, improving accessibility to fbre and nutritious food, developing alternative fuel sources and promoting diversifcation, particularly in fashion, health products, crafts and furniture. The strategy is near the end of its term and an end of term evaluation is expected to be conducted which will feed into a new strategy. The new strategy will be aligned to and draw from the green economy principles of the national development plan – the GSDS – for production transformation and agriculture diversifcation, specifcally toward improving ‘value added’ and ‘development of value chain’ approach for the competitive sector. Over the years, public expenditure in agriculture has increased steadily, growing from G$22.4 billion in 2015 to G$25.3 billion in 2018 (Ministry of Finance). These investments appear to have resulted in improvements in agricultural productivity with the agriculture orientation index improving from 0.53 to 0.63, over the same period. The Index is a signal of the effcacy of public investments in generating additional GDP (SDG Target 2.a). Additionally, Guyana has been able to secure increased offcial development assistance to the sector, increasing from G$1.9 billion, in 2016, to G$2.5 billion, in 2018, targeting various aspects including drainage and irrigation, rural infrastructure and enterprise development (SDG Target 2.a). Notwithstanding the aforementioned improvements, the downsizing of the sugar industry as well as the vulnerability of rice export arrangements have caused the agriculture sector value-added to decline from G$112.7 billion in 2015 to G$102.5 billion in 2018. The traditional dominance of rice and sugar within the agriculture sector has re-emphasised the need to intensify diversifcation efforts and value-added production, especially as the growth in ‘other crops’ has been a paltry 2.2 percent over the same period. Notwithstanding, Guyana has the potential to export a plethora of non-traditional produce, having favourable climate conditions and available land. It is anticipated that in the near future, non-traditional agriculture could become an engine of export growth. Agricultural systems in Guyana are challenged by climate change and this poses a risk to sustainability. Agriculture is predominantly done along the low lying coast which is vulnerable to fooding, adding to the cost of production and reducing competitiveness. In response, Guyana has committed to a number of interventions. Firstly, with the support of bilateral partners, the country has installed additional drainage pumps along the coast to combat the effects of heavy rains and overtopping of the seawall and continuously increases support to the National Drainage and Irrigation Authority. This will complement the upgrading of critical sections of the main water conservancy – the East Demerara Water Conservancy (EDWC). Secondly, given the challenges of farming on the coast, there has been the opening up the intermediate savannahs, which have largely untapped and arable land. This has resulted in development of the G$220 million Ebini Agricultural Research Facility, which allowed the improvement of research programmes focusing on cassava, peanuts, orchards and livestock, as well as the improvement of extension services, and the establishment of mega farms targeting new crops such as soybeans, corn, and coconuts. Investments in infrastructure are required to make this a viable and sustainable venture. Already, interventions, such as the Hinterland Environmentally Sustainable Agricultural Development Project, have been undertaken to improve livelihood resilience through 18 GUYANA VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2019 PROGRESS ON GOALS AND TARGETS income generation, access to assets, improved nutrition, and adaptation to climate variability by strengthening and investing in rural hinterland communities, where farming is a way of life and important source of income. However, Guyana is cognisant that the wider hinterland regions also face climate risks including drought and fooding. Thirdly, the sector has increased the promotion of sustainable practices which serve to educate farmers on ways they can improve the resilience of their operations through the adoption of climate-smart practices thereby reducing their footprint on the environment. Small farmers have already been adopting low-cost technology measures such as shade houses, hydroponics, the use of biofertilisers and reducing pesticide usage among others. Specifc climate-smart initiatives include the introduction of both food-resistant and drought-resistant varieties of rice, use of renewable energy in processing operations and capacity building through Farmer Field Schools. Finally, agricultural sustainability is also being achieved through progress in maintaining genetic diversity of seed and cultivated plants with the agricultural research institutes maintaining over 6,000 genetic plant resources (SDG Target 2.5). The country has made progress in establishing systems for consistent and reliable supply of germplasm for both traditional and non-traditional crops. However, signifcant assistance and investment are required to urgently ramp up these various initiatives. In spite of the relatively undiversifed agricultural base, Guyana is still widely regarded as the one of the countries in CARICOM (Caribbean Community) that enjoys a high level of food security and is a net exporter of primary agricultural products, maintaining its status of being a food secure nation10. Additionally, the annual percentage change in the food sub-group of the consumer price index has declined steadily from fve percent in 2016 to one percent in 2018, and is anticipated to remain low. While agriculture and food security are important, in and of themselves, they are also critical to the health and well￾being of the population at large. Anemia prevalence among pregnant women has reduced from 23 percent in 2015 to 17.1 percent in 2018, thereby reducing the risk to unborn children (SDG Target 2.2). The proportion of population that is severely malnourished has also declined from 0.6 to 0.4 over the same period (SDG Target 2.1). However, signifcant efforts 10 In 2003, FAO had recognized Guyana as one of the countries that achieved Millennium Development Goal (MDG) number one, to halve the proportion of hungry people and reduce by half the absolute number of undernourished people between 1990-92 and 2010-2012. are required to be expended in the area of nutrition education and poverty reduction as the prevalence of wasting in children under 5 has increased from 0.2 to 0.6 and the prevalence of overweight children under 5 from 1.9 to 2.1.. Additionally, food security and public health are premised on good phytosanitary conditions and standards. The country’s cattle are free from major diseases such as foot and mouth, and brucellosis, and programmes to improve cattle breeds have continued over the period, including artifcial insemination, embryo transfer and enhancement of breeding stock. In 2019, Guyana has also adopted the food safety legislation which seeks to prevent the spread of foodborne diseases through the control of the production, preparation, handling, storage and transportation of food. This is important to the overall health of the population as it will provide the regulatory framework to ensure safer food practices thereby reducing instances of food-related illnesses, and, in the worst case, deaths. Overall, Guyana has a strong focus on improving food security and proftability of the country’s agro-food sector by facilitating investments, technology transfer and improvements in drainage and irrigation. Additionally, the agricultural sector has, over the years, beneftted from a number of programmes in agriculture diversifcation, building climate resilience, food security, and disaster risk management, through regional and international donor agencies and development partners such the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Inter￾American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and other regional and country partners. These initiatives inevitably lead to institutional and capacity development in key institutions across the agricultural sector. In addition, a high-level partnership has been established with the manufacturing sector to collaboratively assess the challenges facing the agro-processing industry. The intention is to develop and implement tailored solutions that have broad support from inception, to ensure viability and sustainability. In the long term, these will drive growth in manufacturing and value-added production. A feature of this partnership will result in south-south cooperation study tours to selected countries to assess other best practices in agro-processing. 19 GUYANA VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2019 PROGRESS ON GOALS AND TARGETS Challenges, Emerging Issues and Addressing the Way Forward A cross-cutting challenge of many SDGs is that of adequate and predictable fnancing. This is in recognition that without suffcient fnancing, key investments in infrastructure and service delivery may not be able to take place at the desired pace. Hinterland farming communities are particularly more susceptible given the diffculties in providing extension, fnancial and marketing services to these hard￾to-reach communities, due to the lack of adequate transport infrastructure. Efforts to promote more sustainable agriculture are not without its challenges. Guyana’s largest traditional commercial agricultural crop – sugar– has been yielding diminishing returns with the industry still undergoing restructuring. This restructuring has caused some displacement of some of its workers. Retraining of workers and re-allocation of land for other purposes, including growing cash crops for export, are required to manage the effects of restructuring. This is another reminder of the importance of diversifcation. While authorities have continuously promoted diversity in the sector, these efforts must be signifcantly supplemented in order to catalyse this change which will, in turn, ensure sustainability. Another key factor for sustainability is ensuring a sustained farmer population in light of the aging farmers and the limited interest among youth for agriculture11. Partnership with the education sector is therefore critical to ensuring the continuance of labour force in the agriculture sector by effectively promoting this discipline in schools. Diversifcation will also support sustainability, especially in agriculture exports. However, this must be in tandem with the implementation of value chain development, supply chain management, quality standards and rigorous efforts to secure export markets. Sustaining future incomes from traditional crop exports is challenged given that the high prices previously observed were not likely sustainable. This highlights the lack of competitiveness of Guyanese agriculture products, linked to issues of quality and ineffcient production practices. The implementation of the food safety legislation will address quality standards, while the promotion of new technologies and mechanisation, supplemented by education in sustainable and climate-smart farming techniques, will assist in improving productivity. Further, works will continue to improve and modernise drainage and irrigation systems and 11 See - Dolly and Ennis (2017) “Characterisation of Family Farms in the Caribbean: A Study of Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.” Available at http://repositorio.iica.int/ bitstream/11324/6104/1/BVE17109315i.pdf sea defences to better address the impact of climate change on agriculture. Additionally, the lack of effcient and adequate data systems has severely stymied the ability of the sector to effectively plan and manage the transformation of the sector. This translates to inadequate research and development capacities and decisions being made without suffcient data, which in turn, only allows for minimal innovation and piecemeal interventions. For example, data is lacking in the areas including agricultural and labour productivity, outputs, farmer income and greenhouse gas emissions. In light of this, Guyana has secured support from development partners to implement an agricultural census which is intended to fll some of the mentioned data gaps. 20 GUYANA VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW 2019 PROGRESS ON GOALS AND TARGETS Indicator Value Agriculture contribution to GDP (percent) (2017) 16.5 Export earnings from agriculture (percent) (2017) 26 Percentage of population employed to the agriculture sector (2017) 17.8 Contribution of the fsheries sector to GDP (2016) 1.9 Table 3 - Select Agriculture Indicators, Ministry of Agriculture Lessons Learned Given the historical importance of agriculture to the economy, structural changes naturally result in ripple effects across most sectors, as evidenced by the experiences of the sugar industry. As such, it is infnitely critical that every detail and risk is evaluated and planned for in order to minimise the adverse effects on livelihoods. This requirement is also applicable if diversifcation is to be realised. At the root of effective planning and analysis, is good data. As with many of the SDGs, strong data systems are at the crux of effective implementation and achieving the desired outcomes and sustainability. Having mentioned the importance of energy, infrastructure, health safety and education in this instance, multi-sectoral coordination is further emphasised. This tenet becomes an impossible-to-ignore feature of effective planning and achieving national and SDG Targets. Ultimately, multi-sectoral collaboration means a whole-of-society approach to realising economic development and a good life for all. Sustained partnerships and development assistance have proven to be benefcial in offsetting the challenges of the Guyanese agriculture sector. Collaboration and support from both international entities and private sector are crucial to ensuring the sustainability of interventions as well as effectively implementing new initiatives. Leveraging partnerships to develop new programmes will advance diversifcation, thereby improving the resilience of the economy, and sustaining growth and quality of life. © Ajay Baksh
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[ 2 ]
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1.2. Hambre Cero El ODS 2 de la agenda nacional plantea tres metas: i) asegurar a todas las personas, el acceso a una alimentación sana, nutritiva y suficiente durante todo el año; ii) disminuir las diversas formas de malnutrición; y, iii) mejorar la productividad agrícola de los productores de pequeña escala. La seguridad alimentaria, medida en este caso por la prevalencia de la subalimentación, mejoró en el periodo 2014-2018, lo que estaría vinculado con el incremento del valor agregado del sector agropecuario, de casi un 6% anual, en el mismo periodo (no incluye la caída de 0.8% de 2019), como se observa en el cuadro 3, y con los programas sociales de la EVM, así como de programas de desarrollo rural, como la Alianza para el Corredor Seco, en los departamentos con mayor vulnerabilidad social y ambiental. Es importante considerar que los datos de pobreza de ingresos corresponden a la encuesta de junio de 2019 y los de seguridad alimentaria al año 2018, por lo que no reflejan los posibles efectos de la sequía que afectó las cosechas de granos básicos y los cultivos de exportación en 2019 y que llevaron a una contracción del PIB del sector agropecuario. Según la Unidad Técnica de Seguridad Alimentaria Nutricional (UTSAN), la subalimentación en las zonas rurales del país se relaciona con la persistencia de un alto porcentaje de la población que se dedica a la agricultura de subsistencia, principalmente de maíz, frijol y cierta clase de sorgo (maicillo). De acuerdo con un estudio reciente de la FAO13, en 2017 había en Honduras más de 300,000 productores de maíz, con un tamaño promedio por explotación de aproximadamente 1.1 hectáreas, y cerca de 200,000 dedicados a la 12 https://www.sedis.gob.hn/node/5730 13 FAO. Marco de Programación País para la Cooperación de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, Honduras. Periodo 2015-2017. Cuadro 4. Dimendion Social, Indicadores del ODS2 Indicador 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2.1.1 Prevalencia de subalimentación1 14.8 ND ND 12.9 ND 2.3.1 Porcentaje de variación del VAB agropecuario2 2.6 4.8 10.3 2.7 -0.8 Fuentes:1/UTSAN; 2/BCH producción de frijol, en un área promedio de 0.65 hectáreas. Los rendimientos son muy bajos, lo cual, sumados a problemas de sequía aumenta el riesgo de subalimentación o incluso de hambre. Para atender esta problemática y lograr las metas:  En octubre de 201814 se creó la Política y Estrategia Nacional de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional 2030, la cual cuenta con un Plan de Acción y un Plan de Acción por la Nutrición (2019-2023), ambos con metas programáticas que orientan la planificación de los sectores y los territorios.  Alianza para el Corredor Seco, estrategia multisectorial para reducir la pobreza de 50 mil familias y reducir la desnutrición en 20% en varias comunidades vulnerables del Corredor Seco, mediante proyectos para: incremento de la productividad y rentabilidad de productores; construcción de reservorios de agua; instalación de riego por goteo; asistencia técnica y capacitación a productores; acceso a crédito agrícola; prevención de embarazo adolescente15. 1
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "hnd", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-hnd-2020-es-3.pdf", "language": "es", "locality": null, "size": "m", "type": "vnr", "year": 2020 }
10. ODS 2. La seguridad alimentaria, medida en este caso por la prevalencia de la subalimentación, mejoró en el periodo 2014-2018, lo que estaría vinculado con el incremento del valor agregado del sector agropecuario, de casi un 6% anual, y con los programas sociales de la Estrategia Vida Mejor (EVM), la política de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, y los programas de desarrollo rural, como la Alianza para el Corredor Seco, que cubre los departamentos con mayor porcentaje de población vulnerable, desde el punto de vista social y ambiental.
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20 Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 20 21 Increase in productivity and competitiveness of the agri-food sector Agriculture is an area of particular interest to Croatia as it is a signifcant activity in rural areas. Investments made thus far, both from European funds and the state budget, have encouraged public and private investments with the aim of achieving economic growth and development, fundamental for revitalising such areas. According to preliminary data for 2022, labour productivity in the area of agriculture in Croatia increased by 28% in comparison to 2019. The growing trend of labour productivity is particularly encouraging having in mind that the recent few years were exceptionally challenging for business due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, Croatian agriculture is still lagging behind the European Union average. According to the European Commission, labour productivity in Croatian agriculture corresponds to about 30% of the European Union average. The proportion of agricultural area in 2021 amounted to 26.4%, while agricultural area under organic production is continuously increasing in Croatia, amounting to 8.3% in 2021, compared to it making up for 7.2% of the total agricultural area in 2019. The Agriculture Strategy 2030 was adopted in February 2022, and its main objective is to increase the Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture Source: Croatian Bureau of Statistics (Indicator 2.4.1.) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 2015. 2016. 2017. 2018. 2019. 2020. 2021. % Udio korištene poljoprivredne površine u površini kopna (uključujući unutarnje vode) Udio ekološke površine u korištenoj poljoprivrednoj površini € per annual work unit Labour productivity in agriculture expressed as total gross value added per total annual work unit Source: Eurostat 6.338,00 6.665,00 7.278,00 7.184,00 8.515,63 0,00 1.000,00 2.000,00 3.000,00 4.000,00 5.000,00 6.000,00 7.000,00 8.000,00 9.000,00 2018. 2019. 2020. 2021. 2022. € po godišnjoj jedinici rada produktivnost rada labour productivity Proportion of utilised agricultural area in total land area (including inland waters) Proportion of utilised agricultural area under organic production 22 value of agricultural production in Croatia. The Agriculture Strategy 2030 supports the implementation of the National Development Strategy 2030 and the ninth strategic objective related to self-sufciency in the area of food and the development of bioeconomy within the green and digital transitions. The Agriculture Strategy 2030 provides for a series of measures aimed at increasing competitiveness of agriculture, achieving higher environmental sustainability of agricultural production, and improving the living and working conditions in rural areas. The planned investments will lead to the development of agricultural potential owing to simplifed administrative procedures, agricultural land consolidation, strengthened supply chains of healthy foods, and higher quality of agricultural products, which is important for achieving a balanced economic development of all areas of the country, as well as the demographic revitalisation of Croatia. Value of agricultural production Source: Ministry of Agriculture 2.423 2.422 2.748 3.008 0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 2019. 2020. 2021. 2022. mil € The National Recovery and Resilience Plan 2021–2026 foresees an improved use of natural resources and strengthening of the food supply chain, and it includes activities consolidated into the following measures: (1) establishment of a logistic infrastructure network for the purpose of strengthening market chains in the fruit and vegetable sector, (2) establishment of a system for restructuring agricultural lands and land reparcelling, (3) agricultural digital transformation, and (4) improvement of the food donation system. All of these measures contribute to an increased competitiveness of the agri-food sector. Logistics and distribution centres facilitate market access for small and medium producers of agricultural products and encourage them to form associations. The services of processing and preparation of agricultural products for market placement carried out in the logistics and distribution centres increase the value of such products. Agricultural land reparcelling will enable the consolidation of agricultural land, and consequently ensure a more efcient land management. Digital transformation activities will unify and improve the existing IT systems so as to reduce administrative burden for farmers, and develop tools to make business planning easier for farmers. The Common Agricultural Policy Strategic Plan of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2023–2027 was approved in 2022 including measures which contribute to overall agricultural objectives of the EU. The Strategic Plan is a national document ensuring access to support from European agricultural funds, and it is in line with the Agriculture Strategy 2030. The Strategic Plan supports the continuous process of transformation of the Croatian agriculture, including production modernisation, generational renewal, implementation of environment and nature friendly practices, an increase in the recognition of Croatian products, strengthening the resilience of forest communities, and improvement of rural infrastructure. The Strategic Plan emphasises investments in digital transition and overall use of innovations, as well as the so-called green transition, which entails investments 23 which are not detrimental to nature and the environment or are benefcial to them, as well as investments in renewable energy sources. The support will primarily be focused on small and young farmers with the largest potential for production growth and development, as well as on encouraging farmers to associate so as to strengthen their market position. The National Aquaculture Development Plan for the period until 2027 was also adopted in 2022. The National Aquaculture Development Plan for the period until 2027 takes into account the development directions and strategic objectives from the National Development Strategy 2030, and it focuses on four specifc objectives related to increasing productivity and resilience of the aquaculture sector to climate change; strengthening competitiveness of the aquaculture sector; economic reconstruction and improvement of living conditions in rural and coastal areas; as well as encouraging innovations in the aquaculture sector. Improvement of food availability for vulnerable groups, the poor, and children In Croatia, the hunger problem is almost inextricably linked to poverty. According to the most recent data available to the Croatian Bureau of Statistics for 2021 related to indicators of material deprivation, 5.6% of people lived in households which, solely due to fnancial reasons, cannot aford to eat a meal containing meat, chicken, fsh (or a vegetarian equivalent) every other day. This indicator is lower than the European Union average, which amounted to 7.3% in 2021. Through its specifc objective no. 2 (“Prevention and reduction of child poverty and social exclusion”), the National Plan for Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion for the period 2021–2027 improves the availability of free meals for children at risk of poverty and social exclusion, which represents an added value to national sectoral policies and programmes, and contributes to mitigating the worst forms of child poverty. As of 1 January 2021, a total of 25 programmes aimed at reducing social exclusion have been fnanced through a call for submission of proposals for two-year programmes aimed at reducing and preventing social exclusion as well as promoting social inclusion and integration of socially vulnerable groups published in 2021 and 2022, in an annual amount of around EUR 305,000. Resources from the Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived contribute to reducing poverty and social exclusion as an added value to existing national sectoral policies and programmes arising from the Humanitarian Assistance Act in relation to humanitarian relief activities, as well as the Social Welfare Act in relation to providing social services (which include organising meals). From 2016 to the end of 2022, a total of 10 calls for grants were published of which six calls were aimed at mitigating the worst forms of child poverty, through non-fnancial assistance to children faced with poverty or at risk of poverty, specifcally in the form of organised meals in public primary schools, based on which 196 projects were contracted with a total value of EUR 21.55 million, thus providing school meals for over 30,000 children in around 500 schools. Within the framework of four of the calls aimed at mitigating the worst forms of poverty through non-fnancial assistance (meals and/or basic material assistance) to the most deprived persons and through implementing accompanying measures which will contribute to better social inclusion of the most deprived persons, 72 projects were contracted with a total value of EUR 37.1 million, providing assistance in the form of food to over 280,000 benefciaries and basic material assistance to over 270,000 benefciaries all over Croatia. In 2023, Croatia started providing free meals for 309,455 students in primary schools, meaning that all children are guaranteed a meal at school during school days. One of the programmes aimed at improving food accessibility in Croatia, and, more specifcally, promoting healthy eating habits in children, is the School Scheme. This Scheme provides support for the distribution of agricultural products (fruit, vegetables, milk and dairy) and promotes a balanced diet for children in education institutions. The objectives of the School Scheme are to increase the consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables, milk and dairy, as well as to decrease the consumption of foods with high levels of fat, sugar and salt in the children’s daily diet, raising awareness of the importance of healthy eating and nutritional values of fresh fruit and vegetables, milk and dairy, as well as educating students on how to reduce food waste. 24 State funds in the total amount of EUR 5.8 million were used betwen 2016 till today to fnance a total of 335 programmes aimed at reducing social exclusion, in the form of two-year programmes aimed at reducing and preventing social exclusion as well as promoting social inclusion and integration of socially vulnerable groups. Since the begining of this year the state has secured a free school meal for all frst to eighth grade pupils in primary schols, thus encompassing 311 thousand pupils in Croatia, while the practice of free school transportation and free school books was already previously in place.
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[ 2 ]
{ "country": "hrv", "file_id": "sdg-02/vnr-report-hrv-2023-en-2.pdf", "language": "en", "locality": null, "size": "l", "type": "vnr", "year": 2023 }